A  TREASURE  FOR  STUDENTS,  TEACHERS,  WRITERS,  AND  OTHERS 

JOURNAL  OF  EDUCATION,  Boston:  "Thin  in  a  tremure.  No  one  can  conceive  the  icealth 
of  information,  the  convenience  for  reference,  the  elimination  of  non-essentials  which  make  this 
book  worth  much  more  than  the  price  to  any  student,  teacher,  or  writer." 


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i«!xty  vohuni*  or  KhkIImIi  cIhmIcs  wlectwl  by  tlie  commission  of  colleges  for  study  preparatory 
to  entering  the  leading  colleges  have  been  IncorporaU^d  In  this  dictionary. 

^«^^}»]}\^}\^}  •!."^'^:^'  ^^•^-  ''♦•'"'  J^^'*'""  W7///rtm  Penn  Charter  School,  Founded 
«H»  I  lilUdHph  H.  •«.:  i  nm  convinced  that  there  Is  no  acadeuUc  dictionary  published 
in  tills  tuunlry  that  upprouehta  It." 

Larqe  8»y>.  91R  j)j>.,  cloth,  leather  back,  fS.ftO  mt.    Full 
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FUNK  &  WAGNALLS  CO.,  Pubushers,  30  Lafayette  Place,  NEW  YORK. 


THE  MOST  PERFECT  UNABRIDGED  DICTIONARY 

PROF.  A.  G.  WILKINSON,  Principal  Examiner  since  1869  in  U.  S.  Patent  Office:  •'/«  is  the 
most  perfect  dictionary/  ever  made  in  any  languape,  and  I  have  them  and  co7isult  them  in  six  dif- 
ferent languages  almost  daily.  The  high  authority  of  this  dictionar)/  is  one  of  its  most  important 
features.    I  should  give  it  preference  on  all  disputed  points." 

THE    FUNK  &  WAGNALLS 

STANDARD  DICTIONARY 

IT  IS  INCOMPARA.BLY  the  greatest,  and  positively  the  latest,  most  complete,  most 
authoritative,  and  most  sumptuous  unabridged  dictionary  in  existence.  It  embodies  the 
expert  knowledge  of  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  world's  most  eminent  authorities  and 
specialists,  its  editorial  corps  representing  nearly  one  hundred  universities,  colleges,  etc., 
and  including  twenty  United  States  Government  Experts. 

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AUTHORITIES  MADE  IT  DICTIONARY  IN  EXISTENCE 

Two  hundred  and  forty- seven  of  the  most  Containing  75,000  more  vocabulary  terms  than 

eminent  and  trustworthy  authori:ies  in  all  de-  any  other  dictionary,  the  exclusive  features  of 

partments  of  human  knowledge  contributed  Synonyms   and  Antonyms    (125,000),   besides 

tlieir  expert  skill  and  experience  to  it.  45,000  Quotations,  and  5,000  Illustrations. 

THE  PRIDE  OF  THE  ANGLO-SAXON  RACE 
ST.  JAMES'S  BUDGET,  London :    "  It  should  be  the  pride  of  literary  America,  as  It 
Is  the  admiration  of  literary  England." 

UNEXCELLED  EDUCATIONAL  ADVANTAGES 
THE  INDEPENDENT,  New  York:   "It  Is  a  noble  example  In  which  the  modern 
tendency  to  popularize  knowledge  has  risen  to  the  highest  level  yet  reached." 

It  includes  new  and  valuable  word -finding  and  grouping  systems,  exclusively  indicates 
capitalization  of  words,  and  exclusively  discriminates  between  broken  words  at  the  ends  of 
lines  and  compound  words.  Its  etymologies  are  thorough,  its  definitions  full,  exact,  and  clear. 
Its  tables  of  measures,  plants,  animals,  coins,  etc.,  are  unexcelled. 

SUPERSEDES  ALL  OTHER  EXISTING  DICTIONARIES 
PROF.  SAYCE,  of  Oxford  University,  England,  the  Eminent  Philologist,  says :  "  The 
Standard  Dictionary  Is  txuly  magnificent,  and  worthy  of  the  great  continent  which  has 
produced  It.    It  Is  more  than  complete.  ...  It  Is  certain  to  supersede  all  other  existing 
dictionaries  of  the  English  language." 

A  DICTIONARY'S  LIMIT  OF  HELPFULNESS 
The  helpfulness  of  a  dictionary  can  not  reach  beyond  the  limit  of  its  vocabulary  or  the  range 
of  its  editorial  specialists.    The  Standard's  editors  are  world-wide  authorities. 

Tocab.  Terms  Editor\ 

Worcester's  Dictionary 105,000  18  ' 

Webster's  IxTEENATiONAii 125,000  41 

The  Century  Dictionary 225,000  81 

Funk  &  Wagnalls  Standard  Dictionary 301,863  524'? 

THE  LONDON  TIMES  :    "  The  merits  of  the  Standard  Dictionary  are  Indisputable 
and  are  abundantly  attested  by  a  large  number  of  unimpeachable  authorities." 

SEND    FOR    PROSPECTUS  AND    TERMS 

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The  Standard 

If 

Intermediate-School 

Dictionary 

*  Of  the   English   Language 


Designed   to    Give   the   Orthography,  Pronunciation,   Meaning,    and 

Etymology  of  about  38,000  Words  and  Phrases  in  the  Speech 

AND  Literature  of  the  English-Speaking  Peoples. 


^oo  PICTORIAL  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Abridged  from  the  Funk  &  WagnaUs  Standard  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language  by 


JAMES  C.  FERNALD, 

EDITOR  OF  THE   STUDENTS'  STANDARD  DICTIONARY  ;   ENGLISH  SYNONYMS,  ANTONYMS, 
AND  PREPOSITIONS  ;    THE  SPANIARD  IN  HISTORY,   ETC. 

FUNK   &   WAGNALLS   COMPANY 

NEW   YORK   AND   LONDON 
1899 


BEKNARD  MOSES 

Copynghty  1899,  by  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company.   Registered  at  Stationers'  Hall^  London,  England. 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED. 


PUIXTET)  TX  TIIK   UnITKD  STATKS. 


INTEODUCTORY. 


The  Standard  Intermediate=School  Dictionary  is  specially  designed 
for  use  in  Public  Schools  below  the  academic  grade.  The  aim  has  been  to 
prepare  a  dictionary  of  moderate  size  and  cost,  which  should  give  all  the 
words  and  phrases  in  most  frequent  use  among  the  English-speaking  peoples, 
and  which  should  at  the  same  time  adequately  represent  the  latest  advances 
of  lexicographic  knowledge  and  of  our  constantly  growing  language.  To  this 
end  the  present  work  has  been  abridged  from  the  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Standard 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.  It  contains  more  than  38,000  words 
and  phrases,  which,  it  is  believed,  will  meet  the  needs  of  all  pupils  of  the 
grade  referred  to,  as  well  as  of  a  large  part  of  the  reading  public. 

Following  the  methods  of  condensation  which  have  won  general  approval 
as  exemplified  in  the  Students'  Standard  Dictionary,  the  editor  has  spared 
no  pains  in  the  endeavor  to.  combine  Wiethe  present  work  the  qualities  of 
accuracy,  clearness,  and  conciseness,  with  the  view  to  include  in  the  smallest 
compass  the  greatest  worth.  It  has  been  the  constant  study  to  give  in  the 
simj)lest  form  the  Orthography,  Pronunciation,  Meaning,  and  Derivation  of 
all  words  that  are  not  self^defining.  Such  adjectives,  adverbs,  and  abstract 
nouns  as  are  self=explanatory  when  the  root  word  is  understood  have  been 
generally  given  in  one  paragraph  under  the  root  word. 

The  Standard  Intermediate=School  Dictionary  is  particularly  adapted 
to  the  needs  of  Teachers  and  Pupils,  and  its  vocabulary,  having  been  com- 
piled with  a   view  to  meeting  their  needs,  will  be 
I.    The  Vocabulary.     „         ,  .         ,i  i         •  i  i.       t 

found  exceptionally  comprehensive  and  exact,     in 

orthography  it  is  conservative,  but  when  two  ways  of  spelling  the  same 
word  are  sanctioned  by  usage,  the  two  forms  have  been  recorded,  and  prefer- 
ence has  been  given  usually  to  the  simpler  form.  The  spelling  is  that  of  the 
Standard  Dictionary  as  finally  determined  in  accord- 
ograp  y.  ^^^^  ^.^^^  ^^^  views  of  the  Advisory  Committee  of 
Fifty  leading  Philologists  and  Educators,  and  will  be  found  in  accord  with 
that  now  adopted  by  the  best  authorities. 

Only  such  words  as  should  be  written  with  capital  initial  letters  are 
capitalized  in  the  vocabulary,  thus  enabling  the  Teacher  and  Pupil  to  see  at  a 
glance  how  to  write  the  word.  The  introduction  of 
III.  Capitalization.  ^^^.^  feature  specially  distinguishes  The  Standard 
Intermediate=School  Dictionary  from  all  other  dictionaries  designed  for 
school  use. 

The  pronunciation  of  words  is  indicated  by  phonetic  respelling  in  the 

(V) 

781117 


vi  Introductory. 


characters  of  the  Standard  Scientific  Alphabet.     This  alphabet  was  prepared 

and  promulgated  by  the  American  Philological  Asso- 

IV.  Pronunciation.       .   ^.^  ,*.     -,.      J^.  .      ,  .,,  .       , 

ciati.on,  and  mdicatmg,  as  it  does,  with  a  minuteness 

and  accuracy  unattained  by  all  other  systems  for  conveying  sounds,  the 
powers  of  the  letters,  it  is  the  simplest  aid  to  exact  pronunciation  yet  devised. 
It  requires  fewer  characters,  and  involves  fewer  changes  from  the  ordinary 
spelling,  than  any  other  system. 

Special  care  has  been  taken  to  make  the  definitions  at  once  comprehen- 
sive and  concise  by  embracing  recent  meanings  and  distinctions,  and  by 

making  the  general  definitions  thoroughly  inclusive. 

V.  The  Definitions.    ^        ,    ? ,    .     ^^,        a  ix    •^-  c   ^i,      oZ       i     a    4i 

In  abridging  the  definitions  of  the  Standard,  there 

has  been  no  longitudinal  reduction,  merely  cutting  off  a  part ;  but  each  defi- 
nition has  been  thoroughly  digested,  and  reduced  by  studied  condensation  at 
once  into  the  smallest  compass  and  the  simplest  language.  The  most  common 
meaning  has  been  placed  first ;  the  others  in  the  order  of  their  divergence. 
Definitive  statements  have  been  given  as  far  as  space  permits  ;  where  defini- 
tion by  synonym  is  employed,  as  is  often  necessary,  there  has  been  none  of 
that  hasty  catching  at  synonymns  which,  in  some  of  the  small  dictionaries 
heretofore  published,  has  resulted  in  sending  the  reader  from  synonym  to 
synonym  till  he  returns,  with  no  increase  of  knowledge,  to  the  original  start- 
ing=point ;  in  this  work,  scrupulous  care  has  been  taken  always  to  define  the 
unfamiliar  by  the  familiar  word,  or  by  a  word  which  is  itself  more  fully 
defined  in  its  own  place. 

In  this  Dictionary  the  system  of  compounding  words  adopted  by  the 

Standard  Dictionary  has  been  applied,  and  the  German  double  hyphen  is 

used  to  distinguish  hyphenated  compound  words  from 

ompoun     ng.       compounds  in  which  words  originally   distinct  are 

united  without  the  hyphen,  as  coachman,  sunbeam,  wildcat,  etc.     The  single 

hyphen  is  used  merely  to  indicate  division  of  words  into  syllables. 

The  etymologies  have  been  given  in  a  clear  though  condensed  form, 
tracing  each  word  as  far  as  practicable  to  its  ultimate  source,  that  the  pupil 
may  know  whence  the  word  started,  and  just  how  it 
>mo  og  es.  came  to  have  its  present  signification.  This  introduc- 
tion of  etymologies  is  a  wholly  new  feature  in  a  dictionary  prepared  for 
pupils  below  the  academic  gi*ade,  and  meets  the  requirements  of  the  Board 
of  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  regarding  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  stems  of  words. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  pupils,  and  for  ease  of  consultation,  the  etymolo- 
gies have  been  transliterated,  thus  facilitating  the  reading  of  all  foreign 
words,  whether  of  Arabic,  Greek,  Hebrew,  or  other  origin. 

All  important  prefixes  and  suffixes  which  enter  into  the  composition  of 
words  receive  separate  treatment  in  alphabetical  place. 

Obsolete  and  dialectic  words  and   meanings,  and  the  specific  terms  of 


Special  Explanatory  Notes. 


vii 


art  and  science,  have,  in  general,  been  excluded,  for  it  is  believed  that  such 

words  do  not  ordinarily  require  place  in  a  dictionary 

^  «?' ,  ^^f **^^f   ^"*   designed  especially  for  intermediate=school  use.     It  is 
Dialectic  Words.      ,    ,.^      ,     ,  .-,     ^     -,  ,     , 

believed,  however,  that  the  vocabulary  contains  all 

words  that  are  in  general  use  or  that  are  likely  to  be  met  with  in  any  but 

special  treatises. 

The  illusti-ations,  more  than  800  in  number,  have  been  selected,  not  for 
mere  embellishment,  but  as  aids  in  definition,  conveying  the  meaning  of 
terms  through  the  eye  to  the  mind  as,  in  very  many 
cases,  mere  words  can  not  do.  These  illustrations 
have  been  in  great  part  made  especially  for  this  work, 
and  will  be  found  scientifically  exact  and  artistically  accurate. 

The  Editor  acknowledges  gratefully  valuable  suggestions  and  advice 
from  Isaac  K.  Funk,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  editor ==in:=chief  of  the  Standard  Diction- 
ary, and  also  the  cooperation  of  Frank  H.  Vizetelly,  of  the  Standard 
Dictionary  editorial  staff,  whose  care  in  the  selection  of  illustrative  material, 
and  skill  in  securing  general  typographical  and  pictorial  accuracy  have  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  general  excellence  of  the  work. 

New  York,  Jan.  1,  1899.  J.  C.  F. 


IX.    The  Pictorial 
Illustrations. 


SPECIAL  EXPLANATORY  NOTES. 


Nouns  and  their  Plurals. 

^;W  Where  the  comparative  and  superlative 

DEGREES    OF     ADJECTIVES    and   the    PLURALS    OF 

NOUNS  are  not  given,  they  are  formed  regularly, 
according  to  the  simplest  rules  of  grammar. 

The  pronunciation  of  plurals  of  nouns  is  Indi- 
cated either  by  respelling  or  by  the  sign  (•«)  Inserted 
after  the  plural  form.  Example  :  du'ty,  diu'ti,  1>. 
fDu'TiEsz,  p/.]  The  sign  (»)  is  used  to  indicate  that 
the  pronunciation  of  the  plural  is  obtained  by  ad- 
ding "z"  to  the  pronunciation  of  the  vocabulary 
word.    Thus,  du'ties  Is  pronounced  diu'tlz. 

Verbs  and  their  Participles,  Etc. 

%W~  Where  the  tense  and  participial  forms 
OF  A  VERB  are  not  given,  add  -ed  to  the  vocabulary 
word  for  the  imperfect  tense  and  the  past  participle, 
and  -ing  for  the  p.resent  participle,  except  in  com- 
pound verbs. 

The  pronunciation  of  the  participles  of  verbs  Is 
indicated  as  follows: 

The  sign  (t)  added  after  a  verb,  or  after  Roman 
I.,  as  It.  (when  several  parts  of  speech  are  grouped 
under  one  vocabulary  entry).  Indicates  that  the 
pronunciation  of  the  past  participle  or  Imperfect 
of  this  verb  Is  obtained  by  adding  "  t "  to  tlie  pro- 
nunciation of  the  vocabulary  word.  Example: 
lookt,  luk,  ».  By  adding  "t"  to  the  pronunciation 
of  look,  the  pronunciation  of  looked*  jop..  is  ob- 
tained, thus :  luk  -f  t  =  lukt ;  so  blotch,  bloch.  I*. 
vt.,  indicates  that  the  past  participle  or  imperfect  Is 
blotched,  pronounced  blecht. 

The  sign  (d)  added  after  a  verb,  or  after  Roman 
T.,  as  Id.  (when  several  parts  of  speech  are  grouped 
under  one  vocabulirv  entry),  indicates  that  the 
pronunciation  of  the  past  participle  or  imperfect 
Of  this  verb  Is  obtained  by  adding  "  ed  "  to  the  pro- 


nunciation of  the  vocabulary  word.  Examples: 
ainendd,  a-mend'.  By  adding  "ed"  to  the  pro- 
nunciation of  amend,  the  pronunciation  of 
anieuded,  imp.  and  pp.M  obtained,  thus:  a-mend' 
+  ed  =  a-mend'ed ;  so  ainoiint,  a-maunt'.  Id.  v., 
indicates  that  the  past  participle  or  Imperfect  is 
pronounced  a-maunt'ed. 

The  pronunciation  of  the  past  participle  and  Im- 
perfect of  the  verbs  is  obtained  where  no  sign  is 
given,  by  adding  "d  "  to  the  pronunciation  of  the 
vocabulary  word.  Examples:  love,  luv;  loved, 
luvd;  cable,  k^'bl;  cabled,  ke'bld. 

Compound  Words  are  defined  under  their  first 
element,  except  when  some  special  reason,  as  of 
classification,  requires  them  to  be  grouped  under 
the  second  element. 

The  participles  and  imperfects  of  compound 
verbs  (if  not  given  with  the  compounds),  as  disa- 
buse, disagree,  will  be  found  under  the  final  ele- 
ment of  each  compound,  as  under  abuse,  agree. 

Etymologies,  Etc. 

Where  the  derivation  of  a  word  has  been  traced 
through  more  than  one  language  In  the  Standard 
and  Students'  Standard,  condensation  is  secured 
in  the  present  work  by  indicating  the  intervening 
language  or  languages  by  means  of  superior  let- 
ters; the  intervening  languages  (where  more  than 
one  Is  noted)  being  given  in  the  order  which  the 
derivation  of  the  word  has  followed  :  thus,  under 
the  word  butter,  w.,  the  expression  [<  Gr.L+AS 
hoiityron]  indicates  that  the  word  hittter  has  come 
into  the  English  language  from  the  Greek  houtyron 
through  the  medium  of  the  Latin,  and  later  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon,  with  various  modifications  in  the 
process  of  transition. 

Suffixes,  as   -ly,    -ness,  following  the  treat- 


viii 


Key  to  Pronunciation. 


inent  of  any  vocal)ulary  word  denote  that  the  suffix 
Is  to  be  added  directly  to  the  preceding  word  to 
form  the  corresponding  adverb,  or  other  derivative. 
Example:  transparent,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n., 
these  Indicate  that  the  adverb  Is  transparently 
and  the  verbal  noun  transparentness;  sacri- 
ficial, -ly,  adv.,  Indicating  that  the  adverb  Is 
sacrificially. 

The  Sin&le  Hyphek  (-)  connects  parts  of  a 
word  that  are  arbitrarily  separated,  as  at  the  end  of 
a  line,  or  in  the  division  of  words  into  syllables;  the 
syllables  which  it  connects  being  closely  joined  in 
ordinary  writing  or  printing.  The  single  hyphen  is 
omitted  when  the  primary  or  secondary  accent  is 
used, as  In  vocabulary  words:  as-tron^o-my  for 
astronomy;  in'^di-vid^u-al  for  individual. 

The  Double  Hyphen  (=)  connects  only  the  parts 
of  a  compound  word,  and  is  to  be  retained  in  ordi- 
nary writing  or  printing;  as,  halfsinasf  (writ- 
ten ordinarily  half 'mast). 


Abbreviations  and  Arbitrary  Signs. 

[Colloq.l    Colloquial.  i      f  =  obsolete. 

[Dial.]    Dialectic.  II  =  archaic. 

Prep.    Prepositions.  §  =  rare. 

[Prov.]    Provincial.  %  =  variant. 

[Poet.]    Poetical.  <  =  derived  from. 

*  =  hypothetical.  >  =  whence. 

For  other  abbreviations,  see  the  list  of  Abbre- 
viations in  the  Appendix. 

A  Single  Parenthesis  Maek  before  the  last 
letter  of  a  word,  or  of  a  syllable  in  a  word,  as 
aniiabKeness,  usabKe,  etc., means  that  in  the 
reformed  spelling,  recommended  by  the  American 
Philological  Association  and  the  Philological  So- 
ciety of  England,  the  letter  immediately  following 
this  sign  is  omitted. 

'  Indicates  the  primary  or  chier  r-.ccent;  as,  a'ble. 
"  Indicates  the  secondary  accent;  as,  as-80''ci- 
a'tion ;  mul^^ti-pli-ca'tion. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


Tbe  pronunciation  of  vFords  is  indicated  by  the  phonetic  respelling  that  follows  the  vocabu- 
lary word;  as,  a'ble,  §'bl.  The  letters  used  in  the  phonetic  respelling  have  the  sounds  given  in 
the  following  table. 

Two  pronunciations  are  intended  by  the  diacritics  -^  and  ^  below  a  vowel:  (1)  a  formal 
pronunciation;  (2)  an  approved  colloquial  weakening.  The  mark  ^-^  indicates  that  the  colloquial 
weakening  is  toward  u  m  bwt.  The  mark  ^  indicates  that  the  colloquial  weakening  is  toward 
%  in  pity. 


a 

as 

a 

as 

g 

as 

a 

as 

a 

as 

» 

as 

c 

as 

y 

as 

s 

as 

gr 

as 

e 

as 

% 

as 

1 

as 

t 

as 

t 

as 

o 

as 

0 

as 

e 

as 

s 

as 

? 

as 

u 

as 

0 

as 

0 

as 

n 

as 

in  partake,  monarch,  breakfast,  final. 

in  arm,  alms,  calm,  father,  martyr. 

in  ask,  chant,  dance,  fast,  grasp. 

in  at,  add,  man,  random. 

in  fare,  bear,  fair,  heir,  there. 

in  alloy,  accuse,  madman. 

in  pen,  sunset,  excuse,  ferry,  yet. 

in  eclipse,  epistle,  elegant,  element. 

in  moment,  absence,  colonel. 

in  ever,  fem,  bird,  fir. 

in  fate,  ale,  aid,  ei^/At,  play,  they. 

in  usage,  mountain,  preface. 

in  tin,  it,  divide,  fill,  miss. 

in  machine,  meet,  eve,  bier,  serene. 

in  react,  remain,  create. 

in  obey,  follow;,  eulogy,  theory. 

in  no,  glory,  note,  blow,  over,  foal. 

in  not,  odd,  what,  comma,  forest,  was. 

in  nor,  abhor,  oughX^  awthority,  walk. 

in  actor,  idiot,  atom. 

in  fwll,  could,  book,  woman,  pwt. 

in  n/le,  rwde,  food,  unto,  wooing. 

in  meas^/re,  inj7/re,  nati^re. 

in  bwt,  twb,  ?mder,  nation,  hwrry. 


0  as  in  bwrn,  cwr,  cwrl,  hi/rt,  work,  wort. 

ai  as  in  pine,  eye,  ply,  height,  ice,  fire. 

au  as  in  aut,  thou,  oivl,  bownd,  town. 

ei  as  in  oil,  boy,  avoid,  joint,  moist. 

iii  as  in  tew,  addwce,  d?/ty,  vaute. 

iu  as  in  d«i  ation,  mt/latto. 

15  as  in  fut?/re,  lect?<re,  natwre. 

c  =  k  as  in  cat,  epoch,  sceptic,  chaBva,  ^ing. 

ch  as  in  cAurch,  cAair,  match,  chip,  muck. 

cw  =  qu  as  in  queen,  quite,  quit,  g-wality. 

dh  (th)  as  in  the,  then,  smooth,  hreathe. 

t  as  in/ancy,  sulAir,  physic,  laugh. 

g  (hard)  as  in  go,  gun,  game,  dog. 

H  as  in  abriV^,  loc/i  (Scotch),  ach  (Ger.).* 

hw  (wh)  as  in  zvhy,  when,  where,  tohiie. 

j  as  in^'aw,  .O'em,  pigeon,  reUgion,  soldier. 

ng  as  in  sing,'  long,  tongue,  Qu7ig. 

T)  as  in  ink,  bank,  junction,  single. 

ti  as  in  bon  (French). t 

s  as  in  sin,  cell,  city,  vice,  cypress. 

sh  as  in  she,  cAaise,  machine,  ocean,  social. 

th  as  in  thin,  worth,  hreath,  pith,  think. 

fl  as  in  dwne  (French).^ 

z  as  in  zone,  is,  lives,  music,  wise. 

zh  as  in  azure,  treasure,  ambrosia,  cohesion . 


♦  H  =  aAa;  t  A  =  silent;  $  ii  =  music  — these  English  substitutes  are  only  approximately  correct. 


The  Standard 
Intermediate -School  Dictionary. 


ablior 


a,  e  {unaccented,  a),  indef.  article  or  adjective. 
One;  any;  some;  each:  before  a  vowel,  an. 

a-,  prefix,  with  values  as  follows:  a-i.  On;  as, 
aboard.  [<  AS.  on,  an.']  a-^.  Away,  out  (in- 
tensive, or  without  special  force);  as,  arise; 
awake.  [<  AS.  a-,  =  Goth,  us-,  =  G.  er-.]  a-^. 
Of,  from  (intensive);  as,  adown;  athirst.  [< 
AS.  of,  af.]  a-4.  Against;  as,  along.  t<AS. 
:  Go  ■ 


and-,  -■ 


ioth.  and;  anda-,  =  G.  ant-,  ent-,  —  L. 


ante-,anti-.]  a-*.  Together; as, aware.  [<AS. 
ge-.]  a-«.  To;  as,  ado.  [ME.  a-, <  Ice.  at.]  a.-\ 
H(  • "  •  .-..., 


3,  avast.    [<I>.houd.] 
[<  L.  ab.]         -     " 


old  (opening); 

From-  as,  avert.     [<  L.  ab.]     a-^.  Out;  as, 

amend.    [<  OF.  a-,  e-,  <  L.  ex.]    a-*°.  To; 

as,  ascend.  [<L.ac?.]  a-i*.  To;  as,  avalanche. 

r<  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ad.]    a-12.  From;  as,  abate. 

[<  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ah.]    a-^^.  Ah  (intcrjectional); 

as,  alas.     [<  OF.  a-,  <  L.  ah.]    a-^*.  Not;  as, 

achromatic.     [<  Gr.  a-,  an-,  privative.] 
ab-,  prefix.     Off;  from;  away;  as.  absolve;  abdi- 
cate; abrogate.    [<  L.  ab-  (ab),  =  Gr.  apo,  =  AS. 

<?/".]    In  aftbreviate,  ab-  represents  ad-. 
a-back^,  a-bac',  adv.     So  as  to  be  pressed 

backward,  as  sails;  backward;  aloof, 
ab'a-cus,  ab'a-cus,  n.    [-cus-es  or  -ci,  -soi  or 

-ci,  pi.]     1.  A  reck- 

oning^table  with  eli- 

dingljalls.  2.  A  slab 

forming  the  top  of  a 

capital.    [Gr.!-  abax, 

counting-table.] 
a-baft',    a-bgft'. 

Naut.    I.  adv.    To- 
ward the   stern; 

back ;  behind.     II. 

[<  A-i,  prefix,  +  BE- 


Abacus. 


prep.  Further  aft  than. 
,  prefix,  -(-  AFT.] 

a-lian^doii,  a-ban'dun,  vt.  To  forsake  or  re- 
nounce utterly;  give  up  wholly;  quit;  leave; 
resign.  [<  F.  abandonner,  <  a  bandon,  in 
the  power.]  —  a-ban'don(e)d,  pa.  Given  over; 
profligate.— a-ban'don-meiit,  n. 

a-l)ase',  a-bes',  vt.  [a-based";  a-ba'sinr.] 
1.  To  lower;  cast  down;  humble.  2.  To  de- 
base, as  coin.  [<  L.*"  ad,  to, -f-  LL.  bassus, 
low;  see  base,  a.]  —  a-base'ment,  w. 

a-basli^, abash', vt.  [a-bashed" or a-basht' ; 
a-bash'ing.]  To  make  ashamed;  confuse; 
embarrass.     [<  OF.  esbahir,  astonish.] 

a-bate',  a-bet',  r.  [a-ba'ted*';  a-ba'ting.] 
I.  t.  To  lessen;  diminish;  reduce;  do  away 
with.    II.  i.    Togrow  less;  decrease.     [<L.f 


ad,    to,  -f    batuo,    beat.]  —  a-bate'ment,  n. 

ab'a-tis,    jab'a-tis,  n.    Mil.    An  obstruction 

ab'at-tis,  )  of  felled  trees,  with  the  branches 
sharpened  and  pointed  in  the  direction  of  ex- 
pected attack.     [F.]  [house.     [F.] 

a'^baf  toir',  a"bg"twflr',  n.     A  elaughter- 

ab'ba,  ab'a,  n.    Father.    [Syr.] 

ab''be',  g'be',  n.  An  abbot;  also,  a  literary  ec- 
clesiastic not  holding  a  benefice.  [nunnery. 

ab'bess,  ab'es,  n.     The  lady  superior  of  a 

ab'bey,  ab'§,  n.  [abbeys,  pi.]  A  monastery 
or  nunnery;  also,  a  place  of  worship  or  other 
building  that  is  or  has  been  connected  with  a 
monastic  establishment. 

ab'bot,  ab'et,  n.  Eccl.  The  superior  of  a 
monastery.     [<  Syr.i'  abba,  father.] 

—  ab'bot-snip,  n.    ab'ba-cy:):. 
ab-bre'vi-ate,  gb-brl'vi-et,  vt.    [-a'ted<i; 

-A'TiNG.]  To  shorten;  reduce;  condense.  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  4-  brevis,  short.]  —  ab-bre''vi-a'- 
tion,  n.  A  shortening;  an  abridgment. 
ab'di-cate,  ab'di-ket,  v.  [-ca'ted^;  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  give  up  voluntarily,  as  royal 
power;  renounce.  II.  i.  To  renounce  power, 
office,  etc.     [<  L.  ab,  from,  -f  dico,  proclaim.] 

—  ab'^di-ca'tion,  n. 

ab-do^men,  ab-do'men,  n.  The  visceral  cav- 
ity; belly.    [L.]  —  ab-dom'i-nal,  a.   -ly,  adv. 

ab-duce'!l,  ab-dius',  vt.  To  draw  away;  abduct. 
[<  L.  abduco;  see  abduct.]  — ab-du'eeut,  a. 
&n.] 

ab-duct'"i,  ab-duct',  vt.  1.  To  carry  away 
wrongfully;  kidnap,  2.  Ffiysiol.  To  draw 
aside.     [  <  L.  ab,  from,  +  duco,  lead.] 

—  ab-duc'tion,  n.— ab-duct'or,  n. 
a-beam',  a-bim',  a.  &  adv.    Naut.    At  right 

angles  to  the  line  of  a  vessel's  keel. 

a-bed',  a-bed',  adv.    In  bed;  on  a  bed;  to  bed. 

ab'^er-ra'tion,  ab'gr-e'shun,  n.  1.  Devia- 
tion; wandering;  error.  2.  Med.  Partial  in- 
sanity.    [<  L.  ab,  from,  -f  erro,  wander.] 

a-bet',  a-bet',  vi.  [a-bet'ted<>;  a-bet'ting.] 
To  encourage  and  support  (wrong»doing  or  a 
wrong'doer);  incite;  instigate;  countenance. 
[<  OF.  abeter,  <  a,  to,  +  beter,  =  bait,  v.]  — 
a-bet'ment,  n.— a-bet'ter,  a-bet^tor,  n. 

a-bey'ance,  a-be'ans,  n.  Suspension  or  in- 
action.   [<  OF.  abeance.]     a-bey'an-cy$. 

ab-bor',  ab-hSr',  vt.  [ab-horred'  ;  ab-hor'- 
bing.]  To  view  with  repugnance;  detest; 
loathe.     [<  L.  ab,  from,  +  Iioi^reo,  shrink.] 

—  ab-hor'rence,  n.— ab-hor'reut,  a. 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usege;  it,  i,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  wr; 
fiut|ure  (future);  aisle;"  au  ((Wt);  "oil;  c'ck);  cliat;  dU  (i/ie);  go;  eing,  iiBik;  thin. 


abide 
absorb 


a-bide',  a-baid',  t".    [a-rode';  a-bi'ding.]    I. 

t.     1.  To  await  expectantly  or  defiantly.    2. 

To  endure.    II.  i.    To  continue  in  a  place  or 

state;  remain;   dwell.     [<  AS.  dbidan.]  —  a- 

bidding:.    I.  pa.     Enduring;  permanent.    II. 

n.    Abode;  sojourn,    -ly,  adv. 
a-bil'i-ty,  a-bil'i-ti,  n.    [-ties^/*/.]    The  state 

of  being  able;  power;  talent;  faculty.     [<  L. 

habilitas,  <  habilis;  see  able.] 
ab'ject,  ab'ject,  a.    Mean;  despicable;  servile. 

[<  L.  06,  from,  -\-jacio,  throw.] 

—  ab'jecf  ly,  adv.—  ab'jecfness,  n.  The 
state  of  being  abject,    ab-jec'tiont. 

ab-jure',  ab-jur',  vt.  [ab-jured';  ab-jur'- 
iNti.]  To  renounce  under  oath;  recant;  repu- 
diate.    [<  L.*'  ab,  from,  -\-juro,  swear.] 

—  ab''ju-ra'tion,  w.  [blaze. 
a-blaze^,  a-blez',  a.  &  adv.  On  fire;  in  a 
a'ble,  e'bl,  a.    [a'bler;  a'blest.]    1.  Having 

adequate  power;  competent;  qualified.  2.  Hav- 
ing superior  abilities;  capable.  [<L.*^*'/ia- 
bilis,  expert,  skilful.]  — a'bly,  adv. 

-abl(e,  sxtfflx.  Given  to;  tending  to;  like  to;  fit  to; 
able  to.  [<  F.  -able,  <  L.  -abilis,iovm.  of  -bilis 
(see  -bl(e)  after  verb^stems  ending  in  a-.] 

ab-lu'tion,  ab-lu'shun,  n.  A  washing;  bath. 
[<  L.  ab,  from,  +  Ivo.,  wash.] 

ab"ne-ga'tion,  ab"ne-ge'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  renouncing;  renunciation.  [<  L.  a6,  off, 
-f  nego,  deny.] 

ab-nor'mal,  ab-ner'mal,  a.  Not  according 
to  rule;  unnatural-  irregular.  [<  L.  ab,  from, 
-|-  norma,  rule.]  -ly,  adv. —  ab'^nor-mal'l-ty, 
n.    [-ties*,  p/.l  Irregularity,   ab-nor'mi-tyt. 

a-board',  a-bOrd',  1.  adv.  On  board ;  along- 
side.   II.  prep.    On  board  or  alongside  of. 

a-bode^,  a-bod'.  I.  v.  Imp.  of  abide.  II. 
n.    Dwelling;  home;  sojourn;  stay. 

a-boFisbS  a-bel'ish,  vt.  To  do  away  with; 
put  an  end  to;  annul;  destroy.  [<  L.*"  ab, 
away,  -f-  oleo,  grow.] 

ab'"o-li'tion,  ab"o-lish'un,  n.  The  act  of 
abolishing;  extinction:  the  state  or  fact  of  be- 
ing abolished.—  aVo-ll'tion-lst,  n.  One  who 
favors  abolition,  as  of  slavery. 

a-boxn'i-na-bl(e,  a-bem'i-na-bl,  a.  Very 
hateful;  loathsome;  detestable;  horrible. 

—  a-boin'i-na-bly,  adv. 
a-boin''i-iiate,  a-bem'i-net,  vt.    [-na'ted''; 

-NA'TiNo.]  To  abhor:  hate.  [<  L.  a6,  off, -4- 
omen;  see  omen.]  — a-l)om''i-na'tion,  a-bam"- 
l-ne'shun.  n.  Strong  aversion  or  loathing;  some- 
thing to  be  abhorred  or  loatlied. 

ab"o-rigf'i-nal,  ab"o-rij'i-nal.  I.  a.  Native 
to  the  soil;  indigenous;  primitive.  II.  n.  An 
original  inhabitant.  —  aVo-rifs'l-ncs,  ab"o- 
rij'l-nlz,  n.  pi.  The  original  Inhabitants  of  a 
country.    |  L.,  <  ab,  from,  -f  origo,  origin.] 

a-bor'tion,  a-bor'shun,  n.  An  untimely  birth ; 
arrest  of  development-  failure.  [<  L.  ab, 
from,  -|-  orior,  grow.]  —  a-bor'tloii-al,  a.— 
a-bor'tlv(e,  a-bSr'tlv,  a.  Brought  fortli  i)ro- 
niaturely;  Imperfectly  developed;  unsuccessful. 
-ly,  adv.    -11688, 71. 

a-bound''',  a-baund',  vt.  To  be  or  have  in 
abundance.     [<  L.''  ab,  from,  +  nnda,  wave.] 

a•bOUt^  a-baut'.  I.  adv.  Around  the  out- 
side; on  every  side;  almost;  at  the  point: 
ready;  moving  around;  astir;  hither  ancl 
thither;  to  anclfro.  II.  prep.  On  tlu;  outside 
or  on  every  side  of ;  all  around;  over;  besi<le; 
close  to;  somewhere  near;  j.n  connection  with; 


engaged  in;  in  reference  to.     [<  AS.  dbiitan, 

<  an,  on,  -j-  butan,  outside.] 

a-bove',  a-buV.  I.  adv.  Vertically  up;  over- 
head; higher  up;  on  the  upper  side.  Above  is 
often  used  as  a.  or  n.,  by  ellipsis.  II.  prep. 
Vertically  over;  upon;  in  excess  of;  superior 
to;  beyond;  free  from.  {<  AS>.  dbufan,  <  an, 
on,  -f-  bnfan,  above.] 

—  a-bove'board",  a.  &  adv.  Open;  openly. 
ab-rade^,  ab-red',  vt.    [ab-ra'ded'';  ab-ra'- 

DiNG.]     To  rub  or  wear  away.  [<L.  a&,  from, 

+  rado,  scrape,  rub.]— ab-ra'sion,  ab-re'zhun, 

n.    The  act  or  result  of  abrading. 
a-breast',  a-brest',  adv.    Side  by  side  and 

equally  advanced, 
a-bridge',  a-brij',  t'i.  [a-bridged';  a-bridg^- 

iNG.]     1.  To   shorten;   condense;   epitomize. 

2.  To   deprive   of;    debar  (from).      [<  OF. 

abregier,  <  L.^^  ad,  to,  -j-  bi^evis,  short.] 

—  a-bridg'ment,  a-brij'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  abridging;  the  state  of  being  abridged;  an  epit- 
ome or  abstract.    a-bridge^inent:t> 

a-broad',  a-bred',  adv.  Beyond  the  bounds 
of  one's  home  or  country;  outof  doors;  away; 
at  large;  in  circulation. 

ab'ro-gate,  ab'ro-get,  vt.  [-ga"ted<1;  -ga'- 
TiNG.]  To  annul;  abolish;  repeal.  [<  L.  ab, 
from,  -}-  rogo,  propose  a  law.]  —  ab''ro-ga'- 
tion,  n.    Authoritative  repeal. 

ab-rupt%  ab-rupt',  a.  Beginning,  ending,  or 
changing  suddenly;  broken  off;  sudden;  dis- 
connected; steep.  [<L.a6,  off,  from,-]- ?-Mmpo, 
break.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ahs-,  prefix.  Off;  away;  from.  [AB-,beforec,  g, «.] 

ab^scess,  ab'ses,  n.  A  collection  of  pus  in  a 
tissue  of  the  body;  a  tumoit;  boil.  [<  L.  ab- 
scesms,  <  ab,  from,  -f-  cedo,  go.] 

ab-scind'"!,  ab-sind',  vt.  To  cut  off.  [<  L. 
ab,  off,  -}-  scindo,  cut.]— ab-scis'sion,  ab-sizh'- 
un,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  off  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing cut  off  or  removed. 

ab-scond',  ab-scend',  vi.  To  depart  suddenly 
and  secretly;  hide  oneself.     [<  L.  abscondo, 

<  ab,  from,  +  cum,  together,  -}-  do,  put.] 
ab^seuce,  ab'sgns,  n.    The  state,  fact,  or  time 

of  being  absent;  lack;  want.  [away. 

ab-sent^'J,   ab-sent',   vt.    To  keep   (oneself) 

ab^seut,  ab'sgnt,  a.  Not  present;  lacking; 
missing;  absent-minded.  [F.,  <  L.  absen{t-)s, 
ppr.  of  abmm,  <  ab,  from,  -\- sum,  be.]— ab'- 
sent-ly,  «'??'.— ab'^st^ntsmind'ed,  f'.  Men- 
tallv  abstracted.— ab^sen-tee',  «.  One  who 
Is  absent;  a  non-resident. 

ab'so-lute,  ab'so-int,  a.  1.  Unrestricted; 
unlimited;  independent.  2.  Arbitrary;  uncon- 
ditional. 3.  Complete;  perfect.  4.  Unadul- 
terated; pure.  5.  Positive;  entire;  total;  un- 
questioiuible.  [<  L.^f  absolvtu^,  pp.  of  ab- 
solvo  ;  see  absolve.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ab'^so-lu'tion,  ab  "so-iri'slnm,  n.  An  absolv- 
ing, or  a  being  absolved;  forgiveness. 

ab-solv(e',  ab-selv',  vt.  [ab-solv(e'»d';  ab- 
soLV'iNG.]  To  set  free;  forgive;  pardon;  ac- 
(juit.     [  <  L.  ab,  from,  -f-  ^'olvo,  loose.] 

ab-sorb',  ab-sSrb',  vt.  To  drink  in  or  suck 
up;  engross  completely ;  swjUIow  up.  |<  L.^ 
ab,  from,  -|-  sorbeo,  suck  in.]  — ab-sorb'ent, 
ab-sSrb'eut.  I,  a.  Absorbing  or  tending  to  ab- 
sorb. 11.  71.  A  substance,  duct,  etc.,  that  ab- 
sorbs.—  ab-8orb'inff-ly,     actv.  —  ab-sorp'- 


papA,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  usgge;  It,  |,  £  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


abstain 
accept 


tion,  ab-sSrp'shun,  n.    The  act  of  absorbing; 
the  condition  of  being  absorbed. 

ab-stain',  ab-sten',  vi.  To  keep  oneself  back ; 
refrain:  with /7vm.  [<  L.^  abstineo,  <  abs, 
from,  +  teneo,  hold.]  —  ab-stain'er,  n.  One 
who  abstains;  a  teetotaler. 

ab-ste'ini-ous,  ab-sti'mi-us,  a.  Eating  and 
drinking  sparingly;  avoiding  excess;  self- 
denying;  temperate.  [ <  L.  abs,  from,  4- tefne- 
tum,  intoxicating  drink.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ab-sterge',  ab-stgrj',  vt.  To  wipe  away; 
cleanse.  [<  L.  abs,  off,  +  tergeo,  wipe.]— ab- 
ster'geut.  I.  a.  Cleansing.  II.  n.  A  cleans- 
ing application,  ab-ster'sivet.— ab-ster'- 
sion,  n.    The  act  of  wiping  or  cleansing. 

ab^sti-nence ,  ab'sti-ngns,  n .  The  act  or  prac- 
tise of  abstaining,  especially  from  intoxicating 
drinks;  self-denial.     [<  L.*"  abs(ine?itia,  <  ab- 
stineo; see  ABSTAIN.]    ab'sti-nen-cyi. 
— ab'sti-nent,  a.    Abstemious,    -ly,  adv. 

ab-stract'<',  ab-stract',  ri.  1.  To  takeaway; 
remove;  purloin.  2.  To  withdraw  the  atten- 
tion of;  divert.  3.  To  separate  in  thought 
(attributes,  etc.).    4.  To  abridge;  epitomize. 

ab'stract",  ab'stract',  a.  1.  Considered  apart 
from  the  concrete;  general;  theoretical.  2. 
Imaginary;  visionary;  abstruse. 

ab'stract'',  n.  A  summary;  epitome;  com- 
pendium; an  abstract  idea  or  term.  [<  L. 
abs,  from,  -f  traho,  draw.]    -ly,  adv. 

—  ab-8traet'ed,  f/.  1.  Absent»mlnded.  2. 
Separated  from  all  else;  apart;  abstruse,  -ly, 
adw.— ab-strac'tioii,  ab-strac'shun,  n.  1. 
An  abstracting.  2.  An  abstract  idea;  something 
unreal  or  visionary.  3.  Separation;  removal; 
theft.    4.  Absence  of  mind. 

ab-struse',  ab-strus',  a.    Hard  to  be  under- 
stood.    [<  L.  abSi  from,  -f  irudo,  push.] 
— ab-8truse'ly,  adi?.— -ab-struse'ness,  n. 

ab-surd',  ab-surd',  a.  Opposed  to  manifest 
truth;  irrational;  preposterous;  ridiculous.  [< 
L.  ab-  (intens.)  -f-  surdus^  deaf.] — ab-surd'- 
i-ty,  n.  [-TIES*,  joZ.]  1 .  The  quality  of  being 
absurd,  ab-i^iird'ness:!:.  2.  Something  ab- 
surd.—ab-surd'ly,  adv. 

a-bun'dance,  a-bun'dans,  n.  A  plentiful  sup- 
ply; copiousness;  plenty.    [OF.;  see  abound,] 

a-bun'dant,  a-bun'dant,  a.  Plentiful; 
abounding;  ample. —  a-bun'dant-ly,  adv. 

a-buse',  a.-\i\nz',vt.  [a-bused';  a-bu'sing.] 
To  use  improperly  or  injuriously;  wrong;  hurt; 
revile;  violate;  formerly  to  deceive.  [<  L.^" 
ab.,  from,  +  utor,  use.] 

a-buse',  a-bius',  n.  Improper  or  injurious 
use;  ill 'treatment;  perversion;  misuse;  vicious 
conduct;  vituperation. 

a-bu'siv(e,  a-biu'siv,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
characterized  by  abuse.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  w. 

a-but',  a-but',  vt.  &  vi.  [a-but'ted^;  a-but'- 
TiNG.]  To  touch  at  the  end  or  side;  border: 
followed  by  on.,  njwn,  or  against.  [<  OF. 
ahiiter^  <  a,  to,  -\-  boter.,  butt,  strike.] 

a-but'ment,  a-but'mgnt,  n.  The  act  of  abut- 
ting, or  that  which  abuts  or  is  abutted  upon ; 
a  supporting  or  buttressing  structure,  as  at  the 
end  of  a  bridge  or  wall. 

a-byss',  a-bis',  n.  A  bottomless  gulf;  any 
vast  depth.  [<  Gr.^-  a-  priv.  +  byssos,  bot- 
tom.]—  a-bys'mal,  a-biz'mal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  abyss;  unfathomable. 


ac-,  pr^x.  Form  of  ad-  before  c  and  q,  as  in  ac- 
cuse;  an  improper  form  of  a-2  before  c,  as  in  ac- 
curse. 

-ac,  suffix.  Having,  pertaining  to,  affected  by,  as 
in  demoniac,  cardiac:  preceded  by  -«-,  and  some- 
times followed  by  -al.  [<  L.  -acus,  usually  < 
Gr.  -akos.} 

A-ca'ci-a,  a-ke'shi-a  or  -cg'si-a,  n.     1.  A 
genus    of    thorny  flowering 
trees  or  shrubs.     2.  [a-]  A 
plant  of    this    ge- 
nus;     also,     some 
similar    plant,     as 
the  common  locust. 

ac"a-dein'ic,  ac"- 
a-dem'ic,  a.  1. 
Pertaining    to    an 

academy.    2.  Clas-  ^'^^        Acacia, 

sical    and    literary 
rather  than  technical.    ac"a-dein'ic-alt:. 

a-cad'e-my,  a-cad'g-mi,  n.  [-MIEs^i;/.]  A 
school  intermediate  between  a  common  school 
and  a  college;  a  learned  society.  [<  Gr.  aka- 
demeia,  the  pleasure-ground  near  Athens, 
where  Plato  taught.]  — a-cad"e-nil' clan,  a- 
cad'e-mish'an,  ii.    A  member  of  an  academy. 

A-can'tbus,  a-can'thus,  n.  1.  A  genus  of 
perennial  plants,  with  large,  handsome  flowers. 

2.  [a-]  A  plant  of  this  genus;  also,  a  conven- 
tionalized representation  of  its  leaf. 

ac-cede',  ac-sid',  vi.  [ac-ce'ded'I;  ac-ce'- 
DiNG.]  1.  To  consent;  agree;  assent.  2.  Tc 
come  into  possession;  succeed.  [<  L.  accede, 
<  ad,  to,  4-  cedo,  go.] 
ac-cel'er-ate,  ac-sel'er-et,  vt.  &  vi.  [-a'ted^"; 
-a  "TING.]  To  move  faster;  hasten.  [<  L. 
ad,  to,  -4-  celer,  quick.]  — ac-cel"er-a'tion, 
TC.  — ac-cel'er-a-tiv(e,  a. 
ac-cent'<',  ac-sent',  vt.    To  speak,  write,  or 

print  with  an  accent;  emphasize. 
aCcent,  ac'sent,  n.    A  stress  of  voice  on  a 
«     particular  syllable  in  pronouncing 
Acan-    h  ^  word,  or  a  mark  used  to  indicate 
such  stress;  stress  of  voice  or  in- 
strument in  music.     [< 
L.F  ad,  to,  +  cano,  sing.] 
—  ac-cen'tu-al,  ac- 
sen'chu-al,    a.     Of,    per- 
taining to,  or  indicating 
accent.  —  ac  -  cen '  tu  - 
ate,      ac-sen'chu-et    or 
-tiu-et,  vt.    [-a"ted<1;  -a"- 
TiNG.l     1.  To  speak   or 
write  with  an  accent.    '2.  To  emphasize.- ac- 
ceii'-'tu-a'tion,  7i. 
ac-cept'*!,    ac-sept',  vt.    1. 
To  take  when  offered;  agree 
to;  receive;  believe;   resign 
oneself   to.      2.    Com.    To 
agree   to   pay,    as   a  draft. 

3.  Law.  To  acknowledge 
(as  valid  or  as  received). 
[ <  L.  ad,  to,  +  capio,  take.]     Acanthus^leaf . 

—  ac-cept'a-bl(e,  a.  Worthy  of  being  ac- 
cepted; pleasing;  welcome.  —  ac-cept'a-bl(e- 
ness,  ti.  ac-cepfa-bll'i-tyt.  —  ac-cept'- 
a-bly,  «d».— ac-cept'ance,  ac-sept'uns,  7i. 
1.  The  act  of  accepting;  state  of  being  accepted 
or  acceptable.  5J.  Co7n.  &  Law.  The  accepting 
of  a  bill,  service,  etc.;  an  accepted  bill  of  ex- 
change or  the  like.  3.  Acceptation.— ac"cep- 
ta'tion,  ac'sep-te'shun,  tc.     1.  The  accepted 


thus. 


flut|ure  (future);   aisle;  au  (put);  ©11;  c  (k);   cliat;   dh.  (^Ae);  go;  sing,  iifk;  thin. 


access 
accumulate 


meaning  of  a  word.  *i.  The  state  of  being  ac- 
cepted or  acceptable.— ac-cept'er,  -or,  n. 

ac'cess,  ac'ses  or  ac-ses',  n.  1.  Approach; 
passage;  path.  2.  Increase.  3.  An  attack,  as 
of  disease.     [<  L.^  accedo;  see  accede.] 

ac-ces'sa-ry.    See  accessory. 

ac-ces'si-blCe,  ac-ses'i-bl,  a.  Easy  of  access; 
approachable;  attainable.— ac-ces^'si-biFi-ty, 
??.— ac-ces'si-bly,  adv. 

ac-ces'sion,  ac-sesh'un,  n.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  is  added;  addition.  2.  Attainment, 
as  of  office.    3.  Assent;  agreement. 

ac-ces'so-ry,  ac-ses'o-ri.  I.  a.  Aiding  sub- 
ordinately;  contributory.  II.  n.  [-kies^,  j-j/.] 
A  person  or  thing  that  aids  snbordinately;  an 
adjunct;    accomplice.     [<    h.^^   accedo;   see 

ACCEDE.] 

ac'ci-dence,  ac'si-dgns,  n.  A  small  book 
containing  the  rudiments,  as  of  grammar; 
hence,  elements  or  rudiments.  [Corr.  of  acci- 
dents,  pi.  of  accident.] 

ac'ci-dent,  ac'si-dgnt,  w.  1.  Something  that 
happens  undesignedly;  a  fortuitous  event; 
contingency;  casualty;  mishap.  2.  Any  non* 
essential  circumstance  or  attribute.  [<  L.  ac- 
cido,  happen,  <  ad,  upon,  +  cado,  f.ill.]  — 
ac'^ci-den'tal,  I,  a.  Happening  by  cliance; 
casual;  fortuitous;  non-essential;  incidental.  II. 
n.  1.  A  casual,  incidental,  or  non=essential  fea- 
ture or  property.  2.  Mus.  A  sharp,  flat,  or  nat- 
ural elsewhere  than  in  the  signature,    -ly,  atlv. 

ac-claim',  ac-clem'.  I.rt.&vi.  To  proclaim 
by  acclamation;  shout  applause;  applaud.  II. 
n.  A  shout,  as  of  applause.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f 
clamo,  shout.] 

ac'^cla-xna'tion,  ac"la-me'8hun,  n.  A  shout, 
as  of  applause;  a  unanimous  viva  voce  vote. 

ac-cli'mate,  g.c-clai'met,  Tt.  [-ma"ted''; 
-MA'TiNo.]  To  habituate  to  a  foreign  climate: 
said  of  persons.  [  <  F.  acclimater,  <  ac-,  to, 
+  climaf,  <  Gr.  klima(t-\  region.]  —  ac^eli- 
ma'tion,  n.    ac-cli'^aia-ta'tioni. 

ac-cli^ma-tize  or  -tise,  gc-clai'ma-taiz,  vt. 
&  lit.  [-tized;  -ti"zing.]  To  habituate  or 
become  habituated  to  a  foreign  climate:  said 
of  animals  or  plants.— ac-clP'ma-ti-za'tion 
or  -Ha'tion,  n. 

ac-cliv'i-ty,  ac-cliv'1-ti,  w.  [-ties*,  7;/.]  An 
upward  slope.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -\-  clivus,  hill.] 

ac-com'mo-date,  gc-cem'o-det,  vt.  [-da"- 
TED'';  -DA"TiNo.]  1.  To do  a favor  to;  oblige; 
help.  2.  To  provide  for;  lodge.  3.  To  adapt 
or  conform;  compromise.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 
cominodus,  fit.]  —  ac.com'in(»-da''tinff,  jxi. 
Obliging.  —  ac-coni^''ino-da'tioii,  ac-ceni"o- 
d6'8hun,  n.  1.  Adjustment;  reconciliation;  com- 
promise. *2.  A  convenience;  entertainment; 
loan,    '.i,  01)llgingnc88. 

ac-com'pa-ny,  ac-cum'pa-ni,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-nied;  -ny-ino.]  To  gowith;  attend;  escort; 
play  an  accompaniment.  [  <  L.^  ad,  to,  4-  corn-, 
together,  -\-  pariis,  bread.]  —  ac-oom'pa-iil- 
inciitt  n.  1,  Anything  that  accojupanies.  '<i. 
Man.  A  subordinate  part,  voice,  or  Instrument. 
—  ac-coin^paii-iHt,  n.  Mus.  A  performer 
who  plays  or  sings  the  accompaniment. 

ac-com'plice,  gc-com'plis,  //.  An  associate 
in  wrong  or  crime.  [<  ac  (prob.  for  a,  indef. 
art.)  |-  V.  complice,  accomplice,  <  L.  corn- 
plexns;  see  complex.] 

ac•coIn'plish^  ac-com'plish,  vt.  To  bring 
to  |)as8;  perform;  effect.     [<  L.*'  ad,  to,  -f 


compleo;  see  complete,  r.]—  ac-j»om'plished, 
ac-cem'plisht,  pa.  1.  Proticient;  polite;  pol- 
ished, ti.  Completed;  consummated.  —  ac- 
coin'plisli-nient,  n.  1,  An  accomplishing; 
performance;  completion.  2.  An  acquirement; 
attainment. 

ac-coinpt',  etc.    Same  as  account,  etc. 

ac-cord^'^,  gc-cerd',  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  render  as 
due;  grant;  allow.  2.  To  bring  to  an  agree- 
ment. II.  i.  To  agree;  harmonize.  [<  L.^ 
ad,  to,  4-  C07'  (co?'d-),  heart.] 

ac-cord',  n.  1.  Harmony,  as  of  sentiment, 
action,  sounds,  colors,  etc.;  reconciliation; 
agreement.    2.  Spontaneous  impulse;  choice. 

—  ac-cord'ance,  n.  Agreement;  harmony. 
—  ac-cord'ant,  a.  Consonant;  harmonious.— 
ac-coril'ant-ly,  adv. 

ac-cord'ing,  gc-cerd'ing.  I.  j?a.  Agreeing; 
harmonizing.  II.  adv.  Agreeably;  conform- 
ably; just. —  according  to,  in  accordance  with; 
In  conformity  to;  as  stated  or  believed  by.— ac- 
cord'ing-ly,  adv.  In  a  conformable  manner; 
suitably;  consequently. 

ac-cor'di-on,  gc-cer'di-§n,  n.  A  portable 
free»reed  musical  wind-instrument,  [<  It.  ac- 
cordare  —  accokd,  f.] 

ac-cosf'i,  gc-cest',  vt.  To  speak  to;  address. 
[<  F.  accoster,  <  L.  ad,  to,  4-  casta,  rib.] 

ac-COUnt''',  sc-caunt', t).  t.  t.  To  consider; 
estimate;  deem;  attribute;  count;  compute. 
II.  i.  1.  To  answer  {with  or  to  a  person  Jo/- 
a  thing).  2.  To  explain:  followed  by  for. 
[<  L.of  ad,  to,  +  computo;  see  compute.] 

ac-couiit',y<.  1.  A  reckoning;  computation; 
record;  any  nar- 
rative, statement, 
or  description; 
mental  record; 
notice.  2.  A 
statement  of  rea- 
sons; explana- 
tion. 3.  Impor- 
tance; concern; 
consideration ;  es- 
timation; esteem. 

—  ac-couiit'- 
a-bl(e, «.  Liable 
to  be  called  to  ac- 
count; responsible.— ac-coiint''a-bil'i-ty,  n 
ac  -  count' a  -  bl(e  -  nessi. —  ac- count 'a- 
bly,  «f/?\— ac-count'ant,  «.  One  who  keeps 
or  18  skilled  in  accounts. 

ac-cou'ter,  I  gc-cu'tgr,    vt.      [-tei{(e)d     or 
ac-cou'tre,  f  -tked;  -teu-ino  or -thing.]   To 

furnish  with  dress  or  trappings;  equip.     [<  F. 

a,  to  or  for,  4-  couire,  <  L.  cnittos,  keeper.  | 

—  ac-cou'ter-ni«Mit,  ac-cou'tr«'-ment, 
n.    Kqulpment;  apparel;  dross;  trappings. 

ac-cred'it'",  gc-cred'it,  vt.  To  give  credit  to; 
furnish  with  credentials.  [<  L.*"  ad,  to;  and 
see  cKEDiT,  n.] 

ac-cre'tion,  gc-cri'shun,  n.  Growth;  in- 
crease.    [  <  L.  ad,  to,  4-  cresco,  grow.] 

—  nc-cre'tiv(e,  a. 

ac-crue',  ac-^-r^'i  ^i-  rAc-cnuED';  ac-cru'- 
iN(j.|  To  arise  as  an  addition;  be  added*  ac- 
cumulate.   I  <  li.'"  ad,  to,  4-  cresco,  grow.] 

ac-CU'mu-late,  yc-kiii'miu-let,  v.  [-la"- 
TEi)'';  -LA'TiNO.]  I.  t.  To  heap  or  pile  uj); 
amass;  collect.  II.  i.  To  increase,  as  prof- 
its, etc.;  also,  to  amass  wealth,  f  <  L.  ail,  to, 
-f-   c'imuliiH,    heap.]  —  af-cu''niH-la'lloii,  n. 


BellowssAccordlon. 


popfl,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  f uU,  rfile;  but,  ©r; 


accuracy 
acrid 


An  amassing;  increase;  a  collected  mass.— ac- 
cu'inu-la-tiv(e,  ac-kiu'miu-le-tiv,a.  Tending 
to  accumulate;  accuiuulating;  cumulative.—  ac- 
CH'iiiii-Ia'''tor,  n. 

ac'cu-ra-cy,  ac'yu-rs-si,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  accurate;  exactness;  correctness. 

ac'cii-rate,  ac'yu-ret  or  -rgt,  a.    Conforming 
exactly  to  truth  or  to  a  standard;  precise;  ex- 
act; correct.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  citra.,  care.] 
-ly,  adr.    >ness,  n. 

ac-cursed',  §c-curst'  or  gc-curs'gd,  a. 
Doomed  to,  deserving,  or  causing  a  curse; 
cursed;  wretched;  detestable.  [Properly 
acursed,  <  AS.  a-  intens.  -|-  cursian,  curse.] 

ac-cu'sa-tivie,ac-kiu'za-tiv.  Gram.  I.  a. 
Objective.  II.  «.  The  case  of  Latin  and 
Greek  nouns,  corresponding  to  the  English  ob- 
jective. 

ac-cuse',  §c-kiuz',  v.  [ac-cused';  ac-cu'- 
siNG.]  I.  t.  To  charge  with  crime,  fault,  or 
error;  censure.  II.  i.  To  make  accusation; 
bring  charges.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -\-  causa,  cause 
(inlaw).]  —  ac^'cu-sa-'tioii,  ac"yu-ze'shun,  7}. 
An  accusing;  indictment;  a  charge.— ac-cu'- 
sa-to-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  accusation.— 
ac-cu'ser,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  accuses. 

ac-cus'tom,  ac-cus'tum,  vt.  To  make  famil- 
iar by  use;  habituate  or  inure.  [<  IjP^  ad, 
to:  and  see  CUST03I.]— ac-cus'tomed,  a.  Ha- 
bitual; usual. 

ace,  es,  n.  A  single  spot  on  a  card  or  die;  a 
unit;  particle.  [<  L.  as,  unit,  <  as,  Taren- 
tine  form  of  Gr.  heis,  one.] 

-a-ceous,  -ti-8\\\\}s,,  sufflx.  Of  the  nature  of;  be- 
longing or  pertaining  to;  like;  as,  cvQlaceoiis, 
chalky.  [<  L.  -aceus,  of  the  nature  of,  -f-  -ous.J 
-aceani;. 

a-cerb'i-ty,  a-sgrb'iti,  71.  [-ties^,  pL]  Sour- 
ness, as  ol^  temper,  etc. ;  harshness;  sliarpness. 

a-ces'cent,  a-ses'gnt.  I.  a.  Becoming  or 
tending  to  become  sour;  slightly  sour.  II.  71. 
That  which  is  slightly  acid.  [ <  L.  acesc€n{t-)s, 
ppr.,  <  aceo,  be  sour.]  —  a-ces'cence,  71. 
Acetous  fermentation.  —  a-ces'ceu-cy,  n. 
Slight  sourness. 

ac'e-tate,  as'e-tet,  n.    A  salt  of  acetic  acid. 

[<  ACETIC.] 

a-cet'ic,  a-set'ic,  a.  Pertaining  toor'like  vin- 
egar; sour.  [<  L.  acetnin,  vinegar,  <  aceo, 
be  sour.]— acetic  acid,  acid  found  in  vinegar. 

a-cet'i-fy,  a-set'i-fai,  rt.  &  vi.  [-fied;  -fy"- 
iNG.]  To  turn  into  acid  or  vinegar.  [<  L. 
acetum,  vinegar,  -f  -fy.] 

ache,  ek.  I.  vi.  [ached';  a'ching.]  To 
suffer  dull,  continued  pain.  II.  7%.  A  local, 
dull,  and  protracted  pain.  [<  AS.  am??,  ache.] 

a-cliiev(e',  a-chiv',  v.  [A-cHiEv(E)r>';  a- 
CHiEv'iNG.]  I.  t.  To  accomplish  by  valor, 
skill,  perseverance,  etc. ;  perform;  finish;  win. 
II.  i.  To  accomplish  something;  attain  an 
object.     [<  F.  achever,  <  a  chef,  to  an  end.] 

—  a-chiev(e'inent,   «.     1.  A  noteworthy 
and  successful  action.    2.  Her.  An  escutcheon. 

acli''ro -mafic,  ac"ro-mat'ic,  a.  Free  from 
color  or  iridescence;  transmitting  pure  white 
light,  as  a  lens.  [<  Gr.  a-,  without,  -f  chroma, 
color.] 

ac^id,  as'id.  I.  a.  Sharp  and  biting  to  the 
taste,  as  vinegar;  sour;  pertaining  to,  yielding, 
or  like  an  acid.  II.  n.  1.  Any  sour  sub- 
stance.   2.  Chem.  A  compound  of  hydrogen 


capable  of  uniting  with  a  base  to  form  a  salt. 
[<  L.  acidns,  <  aceo,  be  sour.]  —  a-cid'i-fy, 
vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  acid.—  a-cid'i-ty, 
a-sld'i-ti,  71.  The  quality  of  being  acid;  strength 
of  an  acid,  ac'id-nessi.- a-cid'u-lale,  ^■«. 
To  make  acid  or  sour.— a-cid'u-lous,  a. 
Slightly  acid. 

-acious,  s?(^aj.  Abounding  in;  characterized  by; 
given  to;  as,  \)ugnacious.   L<  L.  -ax,  act-,  +  -ous.] 

ac-knowFedge,  ac-nel'ej,  vt.  [-edged; 
-EDG-iNG.]     To  own  or  admit  as  obligatory, 

fenuine,  or  valid;  confess;  avow;  certify. 
<  A-i  +  KNOWLEDGE.]  — ac-knowl'edg- 
iiieut,  71.  Avowal;  confession;  recognition. 
ac-knowl'edge-inentt. 

ac'me,  ac'me,  71.  The  highest  point,  or  sum- 
mit; perfectfon;  climax.     [Gr.] 

ac'o-nite,  ac'o-nait,  n.  Med.  A  poisonous 
plant.    Called  also  ttionk^s'liood  or  wolf^S'ha7ie. 

a'corn,  e'cern,  n.    The  fruit  of  the  oak,  a  one- 
seeded  nut,  fixed  in  a  woody  cup. 
[<  AS.  secern,  <  secer,  field;  see 

ACRE.] 

a-cous'tic,  a-ciis'tic  or  a-caus'tic, 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  act  or  sense 
of  hearing;  adapted  for  conveying 
sound  or  aiding  hearing.  [<  Gr. 
akouo,  hear.]  —  a-cous'tics,  n. 
That  branch  of  physics  which  treats 
of  the  phenomena  and  laws  of  sound.      Acorn 

ac-quaint''',   §c-cwent',   vt.    To 
cause  to  know;  inform;  followed  by  m^7i.     [< 
L.oF  ac/,  to,  -1-  CO-  (ciiTn),  with,  -f  gnosco,  know.] 

ac-quaint'ance,  gc-cwent'ans,  71.  1. 
Knowledge  of  any  person  or  thing.  2.  A  per- 
son or  persons  with  whom  one  is  acquainted. 
ac-quaint'ance-sliipt. 

ac^'qui-esce',  ac"wi-es',  vi.     [-esced'«;  -es'- 

ciNG.]    To  tacitly  consent  or  concur;  accept: 

assent;  complv.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  qities,  rest.] 

—  ac^'qiii-eVceuoe,  m.    Quiet  submission; 

passive  consent.— ac^qui-es'ceiit,  a. 

ac-q.uire',  gc-cwair',  vt.  [ac-quired';  ac- 
quir'ing.]  To  obtain  by  search,  endeavor,  or 
purchase;  get  as  one's  own;  receive;  gain. 
[<  L.  ad,  to,  4-  qusero,  seek.] — ac-quire'- 
ment,  ac-cwair'ment.  n.  The  act  of  acquiring; 
an  acquired  power  or  attribute;  attainment.— 
ac'^qui-si'tion,  ac"wi-zi8h'un,  7t.  1.  The  act 
of  acquiring.  '^.  Anything  gained  or  won;  a 
power  or  possession.- ac-qnis'i-tiv(e,  ac- 
cwlz'i-tiv,  a.  Able  or  inclined  to  acquire,  as 
money  or  property,    -ly,  ariw.    -ness,  w. 

ac-quit',  ac-cwit',  vt.  [ac-quit'ted''  or  ac- 
quit'; ac-quit'ting.]  1.  To  free  or  clear,  as 
from  an  accusation;  declare  innocent;  excul- 
pate; exonerate.  2.  To  relieve,  as  of  an  obli- 
gation; absolve.  3.  Reflexively,  to  deport; 
as,  he  acquitted  himself  with  credit.  4.  To 
repay,  as  a  debt,  favor,  etc.;  requite,  [<  L.*' 
ad,  to,  -\-  quietus;  see  quiet,  a.] — ac-quil'tal, 
n.  The  act  of  acquitting,  or  the  state  of  being 
acquitted.— ac-quit'tance,  ac-cwit'ans,  71. 
Release  or  discharge,  as  from  indebtedness;  sat- 
isfaction of  indebtedness  or  obligation;  a  receipt; 
an  acquittal. 

a'cre,  e'kgr,  n.  1.  A  measure  of  land,  43,560 
square  feet.  2.  A  field;  in  the  plural,  lands. 
[<  AS.  se.cer,  field.] 

ac'rid,  ac'rid.  I.  a.  Of  a  cutting,  burning 
taste;  pungent;  bitter.  II.  n.  An  irritant 
poison.  [<  L.  acris,  sharp.]  —  ac-rid'i-ty,  n. 
ac'rid-nessj.- ac'rid-ly,  adv. 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);   chat;   dh  (<Ae);    go;  sing,  iiik;  tliin. 


acrimonious 
addle 


ac'^ri-mo'iii-ous,  ac"ri-mO'ni-us,  a.  Full  of 
bitterness;  sarcastic;  sharp.  -\y,adv.  -ness,  n. 

ac'ri-mo-ny,  ac'ri-mo-rti,  n.  [-nies^,  p^.] 
Sharpness  or  bitterness  of  speech  or  temper; 
acridity.     [<  L.  acer  (acr-),  sharp.] 

ac^ro-bat,  ac'ro-bat,  n.  A  rope»dancer  or 
trapeze  performer.  [  <  Gr.  akros,  tip,  -\-  baind, 
go.  J  —  ac'^ro-bafic,  a. 

ac-rop'o-lis,  ac-rep'o-lis,  n.  The  citadel  of 
an  ancient  Greek  city.  [<  Gr.  akros,  highest, 
+  polls,  city.] 

a-cross',  a-cres'.  I.  adv.  From  one  side  to 
the  other;  over;  at  the  other  side;  crosswise. 
II.  j)7-ep.  From  one  side  to  the  other  side  of; 
over;  on  the  other  side  of;  beyond.  [<  a-* 
+  CROSS,  n.] 

a-cros'tic,  a-cres'tic,  n.  Prvs.  A  composi- 
tion in  which  initial  or  other  letters,  taken  in 
order,  form  a  word  or  phrase.  [<  Gr.  akros, 
end,  -|-  stichos,  line.] 

act'',  act,  V.  I.  t.  To  perform;  carry  out  or 
fulfil,  as  a  purpose  or  plan;  do;  play,  as  on 
the  stage;  feign.  II.  i.  1.  To  put  forth 
power;  perform  an  act;  behave;  do;  perform 
on  the  stage.  2.  To  be  employed  tempo- 
rarily in  some  office  or  capacity;  as,  the  aid  acts 
for  his  general.     [<  L.  actus,  pp.  of  ago,  do.] 

act,  n.  1.  The  exertion  of  power,  bodily  or 
mental;  something  done;  a  deed.  2.  A  sec- 
tion of  a  drama.    3.  An  enactment  or  edict. 

ac^tion,  ac'shun,  n.  1.  The  process  of  acting 
or  doing;  operation;  activity.  2.  The  mode 
of  acting.  3.  The  thing  done;  deed.  4.  A 
course  of  events,  as  in  a  drama;  a  battle;  suit 
at  law.  5.  A  mechanism  that  exerts  power. 
[<  L.  actio{n-),  <  ago,  do.] 

—  ac'tion-a-ble,  a.  Affording  ground  for 
prosecution,  as  a  trespass  or  a  libel. 

act'iv(e,  act'iv,  a.  1.  Abounding  in  action; 
agile;  lively;  brisk;  busy.  2.  Gram.  Ex- 
pressing action,  as  a  verb.  3.  Being  in  action, 
as  a  volcano.  4.  Causing  or  manifested  in  ac- 
tion; practical.     -\y,adv.    -ness,  n. 

ac-tiv'i-ty,  ac-tiv'i-ti,  n.  [-tiess^>;.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  active;  action;  vigor- 
ous movement;  active  force  or  operation. 

act' or,  act'gr,  n.  One  who  acts;  one  who 
plays  a  part,  as  on  the  stage. 

—  ac'tress,  ac'tres,  n.  fern. 
ac^tu-al,  ac'chu-al  o?'  -tiu-al.    I.  a.   Existing 

in  fact;  biding  in  existence  or  action  now;  ex- 
istent; present.    II.  n.    Something  real. 

—  ac''tu-al'i-ty,  «.  [-ties«,  ;y/.J  The  qual- 
ity of  being  actual;  reality;  realism,  ac'tu-al- 
nesst.— ac'tu-al-ly,  adw.  In  act  or  fact;  In 
reality;  truly. 

ac'tu-a-ry ,  ac'chu-g-ri  or  -tiu-a  ri, «.  [-kies, 
pi.]  The  official  statistician  of  an  insurance 
company;  a  clerk;  notary.  [<  L.  actuarius, 
clerk,  <  actus;  see  act,  t'.] 

ac'tu-ate,  ac'chu-et  or  -tiu-et,  r.  [-a"ted<>; 
-A'TiNO.]  I.  t.  To  move  or  incite  to  action- 
influence;  impel.  II.  i.  To  act.  [<  L.'-'- 
actus;  see  act,  v.] 

a-cu'men,  a-klQ'men,  n.  Quickness  of  in- 
sight or  discernment;  keenness  of  intellect. 
[L.,  point,  <  acuo,  sharpen.] 

a-cu'xni-nate,  a-kiu'mi-net.  I.  vt.  &  ri. 
[-na'ted;  -NA'TiNG.]  To  sharpen ;  taper.  II. 
a-klQ'mi-net  or  -ngt,  a.    Tapering  to  a  point. 


a-cu'ini-na"tedi.  —  a-cu'^ml-na'tion,  n. 
a-cute',  a-kiut',  a.  1.  Keenly  discerning  or 
sensitive.  2.  Affecting  keenly ;  poignant;  in- 
tense. 3.  Sharp  at  the  end;  sharp'pointed. 
4.  3Ied.  Coming  to  a  crisis  quickly;  violent. 
[<  L.  acuo,  sharpen.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

—  acute  accent,  a  stress  of  voice,  or  a  mark 
(')  Indicating  it.— a.  angle,  an  angle  less  than 
a  right  angle. 

-acy,  siifflx.  Used  In  forming  nouns  denoting 
quality,  state,  condition,  office,  etc.;  as,  curac//, 
celibacy.     [<  L.  -acia  or -alia,  or  <  Gr.  -ateid.] 

ad-,  prefix.  To;  as,  adhere:  often.  In  Englisti, 
without  perceptible  force.  Ad-  undergoes  eu- 
phonic change  to  ab-,  ac-,  a/-,  ag-,  al-,  an-,  ap-, 
ar-,  as;  at-,  before  b,  c,  and  q,  f,  g,  I,  n,  p,  r,  t; 
ad-  was  reduced  to  a-  before  sc,  sp,  st,  and  gn. 
In  some  cases  the  Anglo-Saxon  a-  and  other  pre- 
fixes have  been  erroneously  changed  to  ad-,  ac-, 
etc.,  as  In  artvance,  occuse,  etc.  [<  L.  ad,  to- 
ward, upon,  for,  etc.] 

-adi,  sujix.  Of  or  pertaining  to  (a  person,  place, 
thing,  etc.,  as  Iliad,  Dunclad).    [<  L.  -as,  -ad-, 

<  Gr.  -as,  -ad-.] 
-ad^,  stifflx.    See  -ade. 

-ad3,  stijffix.  To;  toward;  In  the  direction  of.  [< 
L.  ad,  to.] 

ad''age,  ad'§j,  n.  An  old  saying;  a  proverb. 
[<  L.*"  ad,  to,  +  aio,  say.] 

ad'a-mant,  ad'a-mant,  n.  A  very  hard  min- 
eral, real  or  imaginary;  formerly,  the  diamond. 
[<  Gr.  a-priv.  -f  cfflwa5,tame.]— ad'^a-man'- 
tin(e,  a.  Made  of  or  like  adamant;  of  impene- 
trable hardness. 

a-dapt''',  a-dapt',  vt.  To  adjust  to  situation, 
environment,  or  the  like;  make  suitable;  con- 
form; remodel.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -|-  aptus,  fit.] 

—  a-dapt'a-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being 
adapted.— a-dapt'^a-bil'i-ty,  n.  a-dapt'> 
a-bl(e-nesst.—  ad'^ap-ta'tion,  ad'ap-te- 
shun,  11.    An  adapting;  that  which  is  adapted. 

add**,  ad, '<;.  I.  t.  1.  To  join  or  tmite,  so  as 
to  increase  the  quantity  or  number;  find  the 
sum  of;  unite  in  one  sum.  2.  To  say  or  write 
further;  go  on  to  say.  II.  i.  To  make  or  be 
an  addition;  perform  addition.     [<  L.  addo, 

<  ad,  to,  +  do,  give,  put;  see  do.]  —  add^a-ble, 
add^i-blc,  a.    That  may  be  added. 

ad-den^dum,  ad-den'dum,  n.  [-da,  pl.^ 
Something  added,  or  to  be  added.     [L." 

ad'der,  ad'gr,  n.  The  com- 
mon European  viper,  about 
two  feet  long.  [<  AS.  nx- 
dre  (a  nadder  m  OE.  be- 
coming an  adder).] 

ad-dict'd,  gd-dict',  vt.  To 
apply  (oneself)  persistently ; 
give  (oneself)  up  to.  [<  L. 
addk'o.  devote,  <  ad,  to,  -f 
dico,  allirni.] 

—  ud-dic'tion,  ad-dlc'- 
fihun,  n.  Habitual  Inclination; 
bent,    ad-dict^ed-nesst. 

ad-di'tion,  ad-dish'mi,  ?^ 
The  act  of  adding,  or  that 
which  is  added;  an  increase; 
annex;  accession. 

—  ad-di'tion-al,  a.  Be- 
ing in  addition;  supplementa- 
ry .—ad-di'tion-al-ly,  adr. 

ad^dle,   ad'l,    I.  rt.   &  ri. 
[ad'dled;  ad'dling.I     To  spoil  or  become 
spoiled,  as  eggs;  muddle.    II.  a.    Spoiled,  as 


AdchT 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  fiir;  el^m^nt,  thSy,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  riile;  but,  ur; 


address 
admiration 


eggs;    rotten;    worthless,     ad'dledj.      [< 
AS.  adela,  mud.] 

ad-dress',  ad-dres',  vt.  [ad-dressed"  or  ad- 
drest';  ad-dress'ing.]  1.  To  direct  spoken 
words  to;  accost;  discourse  to.  2.  To  direct, 
as  a  letter.  3.  To  devote,  as  oneself,  one's 
energies,  etc.;  apply.  4.  To  woo.  {<liJ  ad^ 
to,  -|-  directus,  direct.] 

ad-dress',  n.  1.  A  formal  discourse;  a 
greeting;  an  appeal;  petition.  2.  The  name, 
place,  residence,  etc.,  of  a  person.  3.  Man- 
ner; bearing.  4.  pi.  Courteous  attentions; 
wooing.    5.  Skilful  conduct;  adroitness;  tact. 

ad-duce',  ad-dius',  vt.    [ad-duced";  ad-du'- 
ciNG.]     To  bring  forward  for  consideration; 
cite  or  allege.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  dnco,  lead.] 
—  ad-duce'a-bl(e,  a<l-du'ci-bl(e,  a. 

-ade,  szifflx.  Relating  to;  pertaining  to;  as,  dec- 
ade.    [<  F.  -acle,  <  L.  -as,  -ad,  <  Gr.  -as,  -ad-.] 

a-dept',  a-dept'.  I.  a.  Highly  skilful;  profi- 
cient. II.  n.  One  who  is  proficient;  an  ex- 
pert.   [  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  apiscor,  attain.] 

ad'e-quate,  ad'g-cwet  or  -cw§t,  a.  Equal  to 
what  is  required";  fully  sufficient.  [<  L.  ad, 
to,  -}-  sequus,  level.]  —  ad'e-qua-cy,  -cwg-si,  n. 
ad'e-qiiate-iiesst.— ad'e-quate-ly,  adv. 

ad-liere',  ad-hir',  vi.  [ad-hered';  ad-her'- 
iNG.]  To  stick  fast;  stick  together;  be  at- 
tached; cling;  belong:  with  /o.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
4-  hsereo,  stick.  ] — ad-her'ence,  n.  Adhesion. 
a<l-her'en-cyt.— ad-lier'ent.  I.  a.  Cling- 
ing or  sticking  fast.  II.  n.  One  who  Is  devoted 
or  attached,  as  to  a  cause  or  leader. 

ad-lie'siou,  ad-hl'zhun,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
adhering;  the  state  of  being  attached;  fidelity; 
adherence.  2.  Assent;  concurrence.  3.  Close 
connection,  as  of  ideas.  [<  Ju.  ad  -f-  hsereo; 
see  adhere.]  —  ad-he'8lv(e,  ad-hi'siv,  a. 
Tending  or  causing  to  adhere;  adhering;  cling- 
ing; sticky,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

a-dieu',  a-diu'.  I.  n.  [a-dieus'  or  a-dieux', 
a-diuz',  p^.]  A  farewell.  II.  interj.  Good- 
bv;  farewell.     [F.,  <  a,  to,  +  dieu,  God.] 

ad'i-pose",  ad'i-pOs".  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
fat;  fatty.    II.  n.    Fat.     [<  L."-  adeps,  fat.] 

ad'it,  ad'it,  n.  An  approach;  entrance;  pas- 
sage; horizontal  entrance  to  a  mine:  [<  L. 
aditus,  approach,  <  ad,  to,  -\-  eo,  go.] 

ad-j  a'cent,  ^d- je'sgnt,  a.  Lying  near  or  close 
at  hand;  adjoining;  contiguous.  [<  L.  ad, 
near,  4-  jaceo,  lie.]  —  ad-ja'cen-cy,  ad-je'sgn- 
si.  ?i.    [-cies»,7jZ.1    Contiguity,  ad-ja'ceucet. 

ad'jec-tiv(e,  aj'ec-tiv.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  an  adjective  or  adjunct. 
ad'jec-tiv-alt.  II.  n.  Gram.  A  word 
i:sed  to  limit  or  qualify  a  noun.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
■j-jacio,  throw.]  —  ad'jec.tiv(e-ly,  adv.  ad'- 
jec-tWal-lyi. 

ad-join'',  gd-jein',?).  I.  ^.  1.  To  he  next  to; 
border  upon.  2.  To  join  to;  append.  II.  i. 
To  lie  close  together;  be  in  contact.  [<  L.^' 
ad,  to,  -\-jungo,  join.] 

ad-join'ing,  »a.    Lying  next;  contiguous. 

ad-journ',  ad-jurn',  v.  I.  t.  To  close  (a 
meeting  or  session);  postpone.  II.  i.  To 
close  a  session  or  business  either  for  a  time  or 
finally.  [<  L.^  ad,  to,  -f  diwnvs,  daily,  < 
dies,  day.]  —  ad-journ'ment,  n.  The  act  of 
adjourning;  postponement. 

ad-judge',  jd-joj',  v.  [ad-judged';  ad- 
JUDG'ING.]    I.  t.    To  award;  decide  judicial- 


ly;   decree;    condemn.    II.  i.    To  pass  sen- 
tence.    [<  L.^  ad,  to,  -\-  iudico,  judge.] 
ad-j u'di-c ate,  ad-jil'di-ket,  vt.  &  vi.    [-ca"- 
ted'1;    -ca"ting.]     To  determine   judicially; 
adjudge.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -{-jndico,  judge.] 

—  ad-ju"di-ca'tion,    ad-ju'dl-kfi'shun,   n. 
A  judicial  decision. 

ad'junct,  aj'u^ct.  I.  a.  Joined  subordi- 
nately;  auxiliary.  II.  fi.  Something  con- 
nected subordinately ;  an  auxiliary.  [<  L.  ad, 
to,  -\-jungo,  join.]  —  ad-june'tion,  n.  The  act 
of  joining;  also,  the  thing  joined.— ad-j uiic'- 
tivCe,  a.  Constituting  or  contributing  to  form 
an  adjunct.—  ad-junc'tive-ly,  adv. 

ad-jure',  ad-jur',  vt.  [ad-jured';  ad-jvr'- 
ing.]  To  charge  or  entreat  solemnly,  as  under 
oath;  appeal  to;  invoke.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -\-ju7V, 
swear.]  —  ad"ju-ra'tion,  n. 

ad-just'-J,  ad- just',  vt.  To  cause  to  fit;  ar- 
range; regulate;  settle.  [<  L.*"  ad,  to,  + 
jungo,  join  (as  if  jv.ttiis,  just).]  —  ad-just'a- 
bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  adjusted.— ad- 
just'er,  n.  ad-just'orj.— ad-just'nieut, 
n.    Regulation;  arrangement;  settlement. 

ad'ju-tant,  aj'u-tant.  I.  a.  Assistant;  aux- 
iliary. II.  n.  1.  M^.  A  staff 'Officer  who  as- 
sists the  commander;  as,  the  adjtttant  of  a 
regiment.  2.  A  carrion»eating  East^Indian 
stork.    [<  L.  adjuto;  see  aid,  v.] 

—  ad'ju-tan-cy,  n.  The  of- 
fice or  rank  of  an  adjutant,  ad'- 
ju-tant-sliii>1;. 

ad-meas'ure,  ad-mezh'iur 
or-y\ir,vt.  [-ured;  -ur-ing.] 

1 .  To  assign  a  share  of  or  to ; 
apportion.  2§.  To  measure. 
[<  LL.*^^  admensuro,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  -\-metior,  measure.] 

—  ad-ineas'ure-meiit, 
n.    1,  An  admeasuring.    '^. 
Measure;  size;  dimensions.       ,,•(/ 
ad-iiien"su-ra'tiont.  _y»4li 
—  ad-meas'iir-er,  n.      L--  ■ 

ad-min'is-ter,  ad-min'- 
is-ter,  t\  I.  t.   1.  To  take        A/n„tor,f     ^/ 
or   have  the    charge  of;        Adjutant.    1/47 
manage;  regulate;  to  take  charge  of  and  settle, 
as  an  estate,  by  will  or  official  appointment. 

2.  To  supply  or  provide  with  (something); 
apply;  inflict;  cause  to  take.  II.  i.  1.  To  con- 
tribute toward  an  end;  minister:  with  to.  2. 
Law.  To  act  as  administrator.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
-f  minister,  assistant.]  — ad-min^is-tra'tion, 
ad-min"is-tre'shun,  n.  An  administering;  ofiiclal 
management;  existing  executive  government  or 
those  composing  It.  — ad-miii'is-tra"tiv(e, 
ad-min'i8-tre"tiv,a.  Pertaining  to  administration; 
executive.— ad-iiiin"is-tra'tor,  n.  One  who 
administers.— ad-niin"i8-tra'trix,  n.  fern. 
t-TKi'CEs,  -trai'slz  or  -trl'ces,  ^5^.] 

ad^mi-ra-MCe,  ad'mi-ra-bl,  a.  Worthy  of 
admiration;  excellent.     [<  L.^;  see  admire.] 

—  ad'mi-ra-bly,  ad». 

ad'mi-ral,  ad'mi-ral,  n.  A  naval  officer  of 
the  highest  rank;  the  commander»in*chief  of 
a  fleet.  '  [<  Ar.  armr,  commander,  -f  al,  the, 
-f  bahr,  sea.]  —  ad'mi-ral-ship,  71.  The  office 
or  rank  of  an  admiral.-  ad'iiii-ral-ty,  ad'ml- 
ral-tl,  n.  A  court  or  department  having  charge  of 
naval  or  maritime  affairs;  the  otfice  of  an  admiral. 

ad^mi-ra'tion,  ad"mi-re'shun,  n.  1.  Won- 
der combined  with  approbation;  gratified  con- 
templation.   2.  That  which  is  admired. 


fiut|are   (future);   aisle;  au  (.out);   oil;   c   (k);   chat;   dli  (tho);  go;  sing,  i^kf  thin. 


admire 
adverb 


ad-mire',  ad-mair',  t'.  [ad-mired';  ad-mik'- 
iNu.J  I.  (.  To  regard  with  mingled  wonder 
and  approbation  or  with  pleased  surprise;  gaze 
on  with  delight.  II.  i.  To  feel  admiration ; 
be  pleased.     [<  L-^  «^i  at,  -f  miror,  wonder.] 

—  ad-inir'er,  n. 
ad-mis'si-'bl(e,  ad-mis'i-bl,  a.    Such  as  may 

be  admitted;  allowable.  [<1LJ  admitto;  see 
ADMIT.]  —  ad-niis''si-bil'i-ty,  n.  —  ad-mis'si- 
bly,  adv. 

ad-mis'sion,  ad-mish'un,  n.  An  admitting; 
entrance;  concession. 

ad-mit',  ad-mit',  v.  [ad-mit'ted<1;  ad-mit'- 
TiNG.]  I.  f.  To  allow  to  enter;  allow;  re- 
ceive; permit;  concede.  II.  i.  1.  To  give 
scope,  warrant,  or  permission:  with  of.  2.  To 
give  entrance:  often  with  to.  [<  L.of  admit- 
To,  <  ad,  to,  -]-  mitto,  send.]  —  ad-mit'tance, 
n.    Right  or  permission  to  enter;  admission. 

ad-mix'ture,  ad-mix'chur  or  -tiftr,  n.  A  mix- 
ture; the  ingredient  added  to  form  a  mixture; 
act  of  mingling  or  mixing;  state  of  being  mixed, 
[<  L.  admixtus,  pp.,  <  ad,  to,  +  wi^ceo,  mix.] 
ad-mix'tion:|:.—  ad-mix',  vt. 

ad-mon'isli%  ad-men'ish,  vt.  To  advise  of  a 
fault;  caution;  exhort;  instruct  solemnly; 
warn.    [  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  moneo,  advise.] 

—  ad^ino-ni'tioii,  n.  The  act  of  admonish- 
ing; gentle  reproof  or  reprimand.—  ad-inon'i- 
to-ry,  a.    Giving  admonition. 

a-do',  a-du',  n.    Unnecessary  activity;  bustle; 

fups;  trouble.  [<  a-^  +  do.] 
a-do'be,  u-do'be, /i.  Asun^driedbrick.  [Sp.Am.] 
ad"o-les'cent,  ad"o-les'gnt.  I.  a.  Ap- 
proaching manhood  or  maturity;  pertaining  to 
youth.  II.  ;i.  A  person  in  the  period  of  ado- 
lescence.    r<  L.  ad,  to,  4-  alo,  nourish.] 

—  ad^o-lea'cence,  ad'o-les'ens,  n.  The 
process  or  period  of  growth;  youth. 

a-dopt'<',  a-dept',  tt.  To  accept  as  one's  own; 
as,  to  adopt  a  son,  a  phrase,  a  creed.  [<  L.^ 
ad,  to,  -+-  opto,  choose.]  —  a-dop'tlon,  n.  The 
act  of  adopting  or  the  state  of  being  adopted.— 
a-dopt'ive,  a.  Pertaining  or  tending  to  adop- 
tion; characterized  by  adoption. 

a-dore',  a-dor',  v.     [a-dored';   a-dor'ing.] 

1.  t.     1.  To  render  divine  honors  to;  worship. 

2.  To  love  or  honor  with  intense  devotion.  II. 
i.  To  offer  worship.  [<  F.  adorer,  <  L.  ad, 
to,  -f  oro,  speak,  <  os  {or-),  mouth.]  — a-dor'- 
a-bi(e,  a-dor'Q-bl,  rt.  Worthv  of  adoration  or 
devoted  affection.—  a-dor^a-bly,  adv.—  ttA'^- 
o-ra'tion,  ad'o-rC'shun, «.  The  act  of  adoring; 
worslilp  or  devotion.—  a-dor'eis  n.  One  who 
adores;  a  lover. 

a-dom',  a-dSm',  vt.  To  furnish  with  orna- 
ments; be  an  ornament  to;  make  beautiful; 
decorate.  [  <  L.^  ad,  to,  +  omo,  deck.]  —  a- 
dorii'inir*  1. 7'"-  Ornamental.  IT.  7i.  Adorn- 
ment.—a-dorn'ment,  n.  The  act  of  adorn- 
ing, or  that  which  adorns;  ornament. 

a-down',  a-daun',  adv.  &  prep.  Downward; 
down. 

a-drlft',  a-drift',  adv.  In  a  drifting  state; 
drifting. 

a-droii',  a-dreit',  a.  Skilful  In  emergencies; 
dexterous;  expert,  [F,,  <  a,  to,  -f  droit, 
rigiit.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ad"u-la'tlon,  ad'yu-lfi'shun,  n.  Servile  flat- 
tery: liypocritical  praise;  fulsome  compliment. 

ad'u-la-to-ry,  ad'vu-la-to-ri,  a.  Obsequi- 
ously rtattering.—  a({'u-la"tor,  n. 


a-dult',  a-dult'.  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  mature 
lire;  full»grovvn.  II.  n.  One  who  (or  that 
which)  has  attained  the  age  of  maturity.  [< 
L.  adultiis,  pp.  of  adolesco,  grow  up.] 

a-dul'ter-ate,  a-dul'tgr-et,  I.  xt.  [-a"ted<'; 
-A'TiNG.J  To  make  impure  by  admixture; 
corrupt.  II.  a.  Adulterated;  corrupted.  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  -f  alter,  other.]  — a-dul''ter-a'tion, 
-e'shun,  ?i.— a-dul'ter-a'^tor,  n.  One  who 
adulterates. 

a-dul'ter-y,  a-dul'tgr-i,  n.  [-ies^,  pi.']  Vio- 
lation of  the  marriage  vow;  unchastity,  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  -\-  alter,  other.]  —  a-dul'ter-er, 
a-dul'ter-ess,  n.  A  man  or  woman  guilty  of 
adultery.— a-dul'ter-ou8,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  adultery.— a-du I'ter-ous-ly,  adv. 

ad-um1)fate,  ad-um'bret,  vt.  [-bra'ted; 
-bra'ting.]  To  foreshadow;  typify:  over- 
shadow.    [<  L.  ad,  to,  ■\-  vmbra,  shade.] 

—  ad-uiii'brant,  a.  Dimly  shadowing.— 
ad'^uin-bra'tion,  n.  A  slight  sketch;  fore- 
shadowing; overshadowing.  —  ad-um'bra- 
tiv(e,  a.    Faintly  indicating;  typical. 

a-dusi'i,  a-dust',  adv.  &  a.  In  the  dust;  dusty. 

a-dust'2,  a.  Burning;  hot  and  dry;  burned; 
seared;  browned;  tawny,  l<L.adiistus,]^p., 
<  ad,  to,  +  vro,  burn.] 

ad-vance',  9.d-vgn8',  v.  [ad-vanced";  ad- 
van'cixg.]  I.  t.^  1.  To  move  or  bring  for- 
ward; present;  propose,  2.  To  pay  or  fur- 
nish beforehand  or  on  credit;  help  forward; 
accelerate.  3.  To  elevate;  increase;  promote. 
II.  i.  1.  To  go  forward;  make  progress; 
grow;  increase.  2.  To  rise  in  value,  [<  L.*' 
ab,  away,  -f-  ante,  before.] 

ad-vance',  a.    Being  an  a'flvance, 

ad-vance',  n.  1.  An  advancing;  progress- 
improvement.  2.  Anything  supplied  or  paid 
beforehand;  prepayment.  3.  An  overture;  pro- 
posal. 4.  The  place  or  persons  at  the  front;  a 
lead-  start;  the  van.—  ad-vanced',  pa.  Being 
In  advance;  having  reached  a  later  or  higher 
stage;  marked  by  or  characteristic  of  advance- 
ment.—ad-vaiice'inent,  n.  An  advancing,  or 
being  advanced;  furtherance;  promotion. 

ad-van'tage,  ad-vgn'tgj.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-taged;  -ta-ging.]  To  give  advantage  to; 
gain  advantage;  favor;  profit.  II.  n.  Any- 
thincj  favorable  to  success;  superiority;  favor- 
ing circumstance;  profit;  utility,  ("<  F.  arant, 
before.]  —  ad"van-ta'geou9,  aa"van-te'jns, 
a.  Affording  advantage;  profitable;  favorable. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ad'vent,  ad' vent,  n.  1.  A  coming  or  arrival. 
2.  [A-]  (1)  The  coming  of  Christ.  (2)  Led. 
The  four  weeks  before  Christmas.  [<  L.  ad, 
to,  4-  venio,  come.] 

ad"ven-ti'tiou8,  ad'ven-tish'os,  a.  Not  in- 
herent; extrinsic;  accidental. 

ad-ven'ture,  ad-ven'chur  or  -tiQr.  I.  it.  & 
vi.  [tuked;  -tur-ino.]  To  venture.  II. 
w.  A  hazardous  or  exciting  experience;  dar- 
ing feat;  commercial  venture;  speculation. 
[<  L.OF  ad,  to,  +  veuio,  come.]  —  ad-ven'tur- 
er,  n.  A  seeker  of  adventures;  one  who  seeks 
his  fortune  In  new  fii'lds  or  by  questionable  ex- 
pedients.—ad-v<'ii'tiir-e88,  «.  A  female  ad- 
venturer. —  ad-vcii'tu r-oiiH,  ad-ven'chur-us 
or  -tlQr-us,  «.  1,  Disposed  to  seek  adventures; 
ventiiresome.  ad-ven'tiire-soiiie+.  i2«  At- 
tended with  risk;  hazardous,  -ly,  (7f/r,  -nc89,n. 

ad'verb,  ad'vgrb,  n.     Gram.    Any  word  used 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


adversary- 
affiliate 


to  modify  verbs,  adjectives,  or  other  adverbs. 

[<  L.P  oc/,  to,  4-  verbum,  verb.]— ad-ver'bi- 

al,  a.— ad-ver'bi-al-Iy,  adv. 
ad^ver-sa-ry,  ad'ver-se-ri,«.  [-riessjs/.]  An 

opponent;  antagonist;  enemy.     [<  L.^  ad,  to, 

+  rerto,  turn.] 
ad' verse,  ad'vgrs,  a.    Opposing  or  opposed; 

antagonistic;  detrimental.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  + 

verto,  turn.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
ad-ver'si-ty,  ad-vgr'si-ti,  n.    [-ties^,  »^.]    A 

condition  of  hardship  or  affliction;  misfortune. 
ad- vert',  ad-vgrt',  vi.    To  turn  the  mind;  refer 

incidentally.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  verto,  turn.] 

—  ad-vert'eiice,  n.  The  act  of  adverting; 
notice. —  ad-vert'en-cy,  n.  Attentlveness. — 
ad-A^ert'ent,  a.  Giving  attention;  heedful.— 
ad-vert'eiit-ly,  adv. 

ad'ver-tise"  or  -tize",  ad'vgr-taiz",  v. 
[-TI8ED";  -Ti'siNG.]  I.  t.  To  make  known 
bj^  public  notice;  publish;  inform.  II.  i.  To 
give  public  notice.  [<  L.^  ad,  to,  +  verto, 
turn.] — ad'yer-tis'^er  or  -tiz"er,  n.  One 
who  advertises.— ad"ver-ti8e'nient,  ad'ver- 
taiz'ment  or  ad-ver'tiz-ment,  n.  A  printed  pub- 
lic notfce,  as  In  a  newspaper;  notification. 

ad- vice',  ad-vais',  n.  1.  Encouragement  or 
dissuasion;  counsel;  suggestion.  2.  Informa- 
tion; notification.  Si!.  Deliberation;  fore- 
thought.    [  <  L.F  ad,  to,  4-  mdeo,  see.] 

ad-vise',  ad-vaiz',  v.  [ad-vised'  ;  ad-vi'sing.] 

1.  ^  1.  To  give  advice  to;  counsel;  warn; 
recommend.  2.  To  apprise  (of);  notify;  in- 
form. II.  i.  To  take  or  give  counsel;  consult. 

—  ad-vi"8a-bil'i-ty,  n.  ad-vi'sa-bKc- 
nesst.  — ad-vi 'sa-ble,  ad-vafza-bl,  n. 
Proper  to  be  advised  or  recommended;  expedi- 
ent. —  ad-vi'8a-bly,  adv.  —  ad-vi'sed-ly, 
ad-val'zgd-Ii,  adv.  With  forethought  or  advice; 
not  hastily.— ad-vi'ser,  ad-val'zer,  n.  One 
who  advises.—  ad-vi'so-ry,  a.  Having  power 
to  advise;  containing  or  given  as  advice. 

ad'vo-ca-cy,  ad'vo-ca-si,  n.  The  act  of  ad- 
vocating; a  vindication;  defense. 

ad'vo-cate,  ad'vo-ket.  I.  rt.  [-ca'ted"!- 
-CA  "TING.]  To  speak  in  favor  of;  defend ;  plead 
for.  II.  n.  One  who  pleads  the  cause  of  an- 
other; an  intercessor;  counselor.  [<  L.^  ad- 
Toco,  call  to,  <  ad,  to,  +  vox,  voice.] 

ad-vow'son,  ad-vau'zn,  n.  The  right  of  pres- 
entation to  a  vacant  ecclesiastical  benefice; 
patronage.  [<  OF.  avoesson,  <  L.  advoca- 
tw{n-)\  see  advocate.] 

ad'y-tiiin,  ad'i-tum,  «.  [-ta, -ta,pZ.]  An  Inner 
or  secret  shrine.    [L.,  <  Gr.  a-  priv.  -\-  dyo,  enter.  ] 

adz,     {  n.    A  hand  cutting»tool  having  a  curved 

adze,  f  blade  at  right  angles  with  its  handle. 

88,  1  or  e.  A  diphthong  of  Latin 
origin.  For  words  not  found 
under  a?,  as  xgis,  yEolian,  etc., 
see  EGis,  EoLiAN,  etc. 

a'er-ate,  e'gr-et,  vt.  [-a'ted^; 
-a"ting.]  1.  To  supply  or  charge 
with  air  or  gas;  make  ethereal. 

2.  To  oxygenate,  as  the  blood. 
[<  L.  aer,  <  Gr.  aer,  air.]  a'er- 
x-tyX. —  a'^er-a'tion,  n. —  a'er- 
a"tor,  n. 

a-e'ri-al,  e-I'ri-al,  a.  Of  or  like 
the  air;  atmospheric;  high  in  air 
the  air;  airy;  spiritual.     [<  L.  aer,  air.] 

—  a-e'ri-al-ly,  adv. 
a'er-ie,  e'gr-i,  n.    The  nest  or  brood  of  a  pred 


[<  L. 


A  kite»like 


Aeroplane. 


atory  bird,  as  the  eagle,  on  a  crag. 
area,  open  space.] 

a'er-i-form,  e'gr-i-form,  a.  Like  air;  gase- 
ous; unsubstantial;  intangible.  [<  L.  aMr,  air, 
-{- forma,  form.] 

a'er-o-lite,  e'gr-o-lait,  n.  A  meteorite.  [< 
Gr.  aer,  air,  +  lifhos,  stone.] 

a'er-o-naut,  e'gr-o-net,  n.  One  who  navi- 
gates the  air;  a  balloonist.  [<  Gr.  aer,  air,  -j- 
nautes,  sailor.]— a"er-o-iiaut'ic,  e"gr-o-net'ic, 
a.  a"er-o-naut'ic-aU.  —  a^er-o-naiit'- 
ica,  n.  The  branch  of  aerostatics  that  treats  of 
floating  in  or  navigating  the  air. 

a'er-o-plane,  e'gr-o-plen',  n, 
flying'inachine,  self"- 
sustaming  only  in  a 
current  ot  air  or  when 
drawn  or  propelled. 

a'er-y,  n.    See  aekie. 

tes-thet'ic,   -thet'- 

iC8,  etc.     SeCESTHET- 

a-far',  a-fflr',  adv.  At 
or  to  a  distance;  re- 
motely.     [<    A-i  + 

FAR.] 

affa-blCe,  af'a-bl,  a.  Easy  and  courteous  in 
manner.     [<  L.*"  ad,  to,  -4-  /"w,  speak.] 

—  af"fa-bil'i-ty,  afa-bil'I-ti,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  affable;  easy  courtesy.  at''fa-bl(e- 
nesst.- af  fa-bly,  adv. 

af-fair',  af-far',  n.  Anything  done  or  to  be 
done;  business;  matter;  thing.  [<  F.  a,  to, 
-\-faire,  do.] 

af-fect'KJ,  gf-fect',  vt.  1.  To  act  upon;  in- 
fluence. 2.  To  touch  or  move  emotionally. 
[<  L.  affectvs,  pp.  of  officio,  influence,  <  ad, 
to,  -\-  facio,  do.] 

af-fect'2d,  vt.  1.  To  have  a  liking  for;  be 
fond  of;  love.  2.  To  haunt;  frequent.  3.  To 
pretend;  counterfeit;  attempt;  profess.  [<  F. 
afecter,  <  L.  afecto,  aspire  to,  <  ad,  to,  + 
facto,  do.]  —  affec-ta'tion,  af"ec-te'shun,  n. 
Pretense;  display. 

af-fect'edi,  af-fect'§d,  pa.  Acted  upon;  in- 
fluenced; moved  emotionally;  attacked,  as  by 
disease. 

af-fect'ed2,^a.  Assumed  artificially;  showing 
affectation;  inclined;  frequented;  unnatural. 
-ly,  adv.    -ii«88,  n. 

af-fect'in^,  af-fect'ing,  pa.  Moving;  pa- 
thetic— at-fect'ing-ly,  adv. 

af-fec'tioni,  af-fec'shun,  n.  The  act  of  in- 
fluencing, or  state  or  fact  of  being  influenced; 
state  of  mind  or  body;  disease. 

af-fec'tion^,  n.  1.  Strong  and  tender  at- 
tachment; love.  2.  Any  natural  feeling;  par- 
tiality or  aversion. 

af-fec'tion-ate,  af-fec'shon-etor -et,  a.  Hav- 
ing or  expressing  love;  loving;  fond. 

—  af-tec'tiou-ate-ly,  adv. 
af-fi.'ance,  af-fai'ans.   I.  vt.    [-anced';  -ax- 

cixG.]  To  betroth;  pledge.  II.  n.  A  be- 
trothal; pledge  of  faith;  confidence.  [<  L.f 
ad,  to,  -\-fidus,  faithful.] 

af  "fi-da'vit,  af "i-de'vit,  n.  A  voluntary  sworn 
declaration,  in  writing,  made  before  competent 
authority.     [LL.] 

af-firi-ate,  af-fll'i-et,  v.  F-a'ted'';  -a'ting.] 
I.  t.  To  receive  on  friendly  terms;  associate 
with;  adopt;  ally.  II.  i.  To  be  intimate;  sym- 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (put)',   oil;   c  Ck):    «liat;   dli  (Jthe)',  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


affinity 
aggrlomerate 


10 


pathize;  consort.     [<  LL.  a^lio,  <  L.  ad,  to, 
+,filius,  son.] — af-Iil'^i-a'tion,  -e'shun,  n. 

af-fln''i-ty,  gf-fln'i-ti,  n.    [-tiesS  pL]  Natural 
inclination;  close  relation ;  chemical  attraction. 
'  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  finis,  end.] 

af-flrm',  ^f-fgrm',  v.  I.  t.  To  state  posi- 
tively; maintain;  assert;  aver.  II.  i.  1.  To 
maintain  the  affirmative.  2.  To  make  a  for- 
mal judicial  declaration.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -j- 
firmus,  firm.]  —  aP'flr-ma'tion,  af"gr-me'- 
shun,  n.  A  declaration;  statement;  solemn  dec- 
laration In  place  of  a  judicial  oath.— af-firm'- 
a-tivCe,  af-ferm'a-tiv.  I.  a.  Characterized 
by  afflrmatfon;  taking  the  "  yes  "  side;  asserting 
something  as  fact.  II,  n.  That  which  affirms 
or  asserts;  an  expression  of  assent,    -ly,  adv. 

af-fix'S  a^flx',  vt.  To  attach;  fasten;  append. 
I  <  LL.  affixo,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -\-Jigo,  fasten.] 

af'flx,  af'ix,  n.  That  which  is  attached,  ap- 
pended, or  added;  a  prefix  or  suffix. 

af-flict'<*,  af-flict',  vt.  To  oppress  with  suffer- 
ing; trouble;  grieve;  distress.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
-\- jligo,  strike  down.]  —  af-flic'tion,  af-flic'- 
shun,  n.  Distress  of  body  or  mind  or  that 
which  causes  It;  grief;  calamity.— af-tlict'iv(e, 
a.  Causing  distress;  grievous,    -ly,  adv. 

af 'flu-ence,  af'lu-gns,  n.  A  profuse  or  abun- 
dant supply,  especially  of  riches;  wealth. 

af'flu-ent,  af'lQ-gnt.  I.  a.  Abounding,  as 
in  wealth;  rich;  also,  flowing  freely;  fluent. 
II.  n.  A  tributary  stream.  [<  L.f  ad,  to,  -f- 
fiuo,  flow.]  —  aPflu-ent-Iy,  adv. 

af-ford'd,  gf-fOrd',  tt.  1.  To  have  sufficient 
means  for;  be  able  to  meet  the  expense  of; 
sustain;  bear;  stand,  2.  To  produce,  yield,  or 
furnish,  as  fruit,  profit,  etc.  [<  AS.  ge- 
(changed  to  a/-),  intens.  +  fwtUan,  further, 
promote.] 

af-fray',  sf-fre',  n.  A  public  brawl;  fight; 
fray.  [<  OF.  affrayer,  <  L.  ex,  from,  -f  LL. 
fridus,  peace,  <  OHG.  fridu,  peace.] 

af-fright'll,  af -fruit',  li.vt.  To  frighten.  II. 
n.  Fright,  or  that  which  frightens.  [<  AS. 
afi/rhtan;  see  a-2,  fright.] 

af-front',  gf-frunt'.  I",  vt.  To  insult  openly; 
treat  with  insolence;  offend.  U.  n.  An  open 
insult  or  indignity.  [  <  L.^  ad,  to,  +fron{t-)8, 
front.] 

af  fu'sion,  af-fiu'zhon,  n.    Pouring. 

Af'gban,  af'gan,  «.  1.  A  native  or  the  native 
language  of  Afghanistan,  2.  [a-]  A  soft  cov- 
erlid or  knitted  wool. 

a-fleld^  a-flld',  adv.  In  or  to  the  field; 
abroad;  astray,     [<  a-* -}- field.] 

a-flre',  a-fair',  adv.  &  a.    On  fire.  [ing. 

a-flame',  a-flem',  adv.  &  a.    Flaming;  glow- 

a  float',  a-flot',  adv.  &  a.  Floating;  circula- 
ting; adrift;  unfixed, 

a-fooV,  a-fut',  adv.  On  foot;  able  to  walk; 
on  the  move;  astir, 

a -fore',  a-for',  adv.,  prep.,  A  ro»j.  Before. 
L<  AS.  ouforan;  see  on,  at,  and  foue.] 

—  a-lbre'said",  «.  Said  or  mentioned  be- 
fore.— a-f  ore'tiiiic'%  adv.  At  a  previous  time; 
formerly.    a-forc'tiincH^'t. 

a-foul',  a-faul',  adv.  &  a.  In  entanglement 
or  collision, 

a-frald',  a-fred^  a.  Filled  with  fear  or  ap- 
prehension; apprehensive;  fearful.  [ME. 
afraied,  pp.  of  afraien,  <  OF,  affrayer;  see 

AFFRAY,] 


a-fresh',  a-fresh',  adv.     Once  more;  anew; 

again, 
aft,  gft.    JVaut.    J.  a.   Of  or  near  the  stern.    II. 

adv.    At,  toward,  or  near  the  stern,    [<  AS. 

spftan,  <  afta,  behind.] 
aft'er,  gft'gr,    I.  a.    1.  Xaut.    Farther  aft. 

2.  Following  in  time,  II.  adv.  1.  At  a 
later  time,  2.  In  the  rear;  behind.  III. 
prep.  1.  In  succession  to;  subsequently  to; 
because  of;  notwithstanding.  2.  Behind, 
back  of,  or  below  in  rank;  inferior  to;  in  pur- 
suit of;  in  search  of,  3.  In  relation  to;  about; 
for;  m  imitation  of;  in  obedience  to;  accord- 
ing to,  4.  For  the  sake  of;  by  the  name  of. 
[<  AS.  SB/ter,  behind,  lit.  farther  off.]— aft'er- 
clap",  ti.  [Colloq.]  An  unexpected  and  dis- 
agreeable sequel  or  demand.— att'er-crop", «. 
A  second  crop  in  aseason.— aft'er-matn'',  n. 
The  second  mowing  of  the  season.—  aft'er- 
iiiost,  a.  superl.  Naut.  Nearest  the  stern.— 
aft^er-noon',  n.  That  part  of  the  day  between 
noon  and  sunset;  figuratively,  the  closing  part. 

aft'er-"ward,  gft'gr-ward,  adv.  In  time  fol- 
lowing; subsequently,    aft'er- wards:}:. 

a-^ain',  a-gen',  adv.  At  a  second  or  another 
time;  once  more;  anew;  afresh;  back  (often, 
back  again);  in  reply;  repeatedly;  further; 
moreover;  on  the  other  hand,  [<  AS,  ongegn, 
ongean,  <  on-  (see  on)  +  g^gn-,  against.] 

a-gainst',  a-genst', pr^/;,  i.  Into  contactor 
collision  with;  in  movement  toward;  opposite 
or  contrary  to;  in  contact  with;  also,  opposite 
to;  in  contrast  with.  2.  In  preparation  for; 
in  readiness  for,  3.  In  exchange  for,  4. 
To  the  debit  of;  as  a  charge  upon,  [ME, 
againest,  <  again  (<  AS.  ongegn;  see  again), 
-f  -es  (adv.,  orig,  gen,  ending)  -f-  IntenB.  t.] 

ag'ate,  ag'§t,  n.  1.  A  variegated  waxy 
quartz;  a  gem,    2.  A  child's  playing-marble, 

3.  Print. 

The  type  In  which  this  line  Is  set, 
[F.,  <  Gr,  Achats  (river  in  Sicily).] 

A-ga've,  a-ge'vt  or  -gg've,  n.  A  genus  of 
pUints,  embracing  the  centuryplant,  [<  Gr, 
agauos,  noble,] 

age,  ej.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  [aged;  a'ging.]  To 
make,  grow,  or  seem  to  grow,  old.  II.  n.  1. 
The  entire  period  of  life  or  existence.  2.  The 
period  of  life  already  or  previously  passed.  3. 
Thedeclineof  life;  the  state  of  being  old.  4.  A 
distinct  staf^e  of  life;  maturity;  majority.  5.  A 
distinct  period  of  time  in  history;  era;  genera- 
tion; century.     [<  F,  age,  <  L,  a;fa{t-),t,  age] 

a'ged,  e'jgd,  pa.  1.  Advanced  in  years;  of  or 
like  old  ago;  old,    2.  Of  or  at  the  age  of, 

a'gen-cy ,  e'jgn-si,  n,  [-cies»,  p/.]  1.  Active 
power  or  operation;  activity;  histrumentality, 
2.  The  relation,  business,  or  place  of  business, 
of  an  agent. 

a'gent,  e'jgnt.  I.  a.  Acting:  opposed  to 
pasdve.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
acts  or  has  power  to  act;  actor;  doer.  2.  One 
who  or  that  which  acts  for  another;  a  deputy. 
[<  L,  agen{t-)ti,  ppr,  of  ago,  do.] 

ag-gloxn'er-ate,  ag-glem'gr-6t,  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-a'ted"";  -a'ting.]  To  gather,  form,  or  grow 
into  a  ball  or  mass,  II.  a.  Gathered  into  a 
mass  or  heap;  clustered.  III.  n.  A  heap  or 
mass  of  things  thrown  together  indiscrimi- 
nately,   [<  L,  ad,  to,  +  glomvs,  ball.]  —  ag. 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  ftlr;  el§mfint,  th6y,  uefge;  It,  |,  fi  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rflle;  but.  Or; 


11 


Lggrandize 


gloiii^'er-a'tiou,  11.    An  orderless  mass,  heap, 
or  cluster. 

ag^gpran-dize  or  -dise,  ag'ran-daiz,  xt.  & 
ti.  [-dized;  -di"zing.J  To  make  or  become 
great  or  greater;  increase;  exalt.  [<  L.*' arf, 
to,  4-  grandis,  great.]  ag^gran-disej.— 
a8r'gTan-dize''ineut,  ag'ran-daiz'meut,  n. 
An  aggrandizing;  increase;  exaltation. 

ag'gra-vate,  ag'ra-vet,  vt.  [-vA"TED<i;  -va'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  make  worse;  increase;  intensify. 
2.  [Colloq.]  To  anger;  provoke.  [<  L.  ad, 
to,  -|-  gravis,  heavy.]  —  a^j^'gra-va'tion,  ag'- 
ra-ve'shun,  n.  1.  A  making  heavier  or  worse; 
an  enhancing  circumstance.  3.  [Colloq.]  Ex- 
asperation; irritation. 

ag'gre-gate,  ag're-get.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-ga"- 
TED**; -ga'ting.]  To  bring  or  come  together, 
as  into  a  mass,  sum,  or  body;  collect;  mass; 
amount  to.  II.  a.  Collected  into  a  sum, 
mass,  or  total ;  formed  by  collection;  collect- 
ive. III.  n.  The  entire  number,  sum,  mass, 
or  (quantity  of  something;  amount;  total;  col- 
lection. [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  (/rex  (greg-),  flock.] 
—  agr^'gre-ga'tion,  ag"re-ge'shun,  n.  A 
collection  or  mass;  aggregate;  whole. 

ag-gres'sion,  ag-gresh'un,  n.  An  unpro- 
voked attack;  aggressive  action. 

ag-gres'siv(e,  ag-gres'iv,  a.    Disposed  to  at- 
tach or  encroachment;  also,  disposed  to  vigor- 
ous, outgoing  activity  in  behalf  of  an  object. 
-\y,  adv.    -ness,  7i. 

ag-gres'sor,  ag-gres'^r,  n.  One  who  com- 
mits an  aggression  or  begins  a  quarrel. 

ag-grieve',  ag-grtv',  t'<.  [ag-grieve»';  ag- 
GiUEv'iNG.]  To  cause  sorrow  to;  give  cause 
for  just  complaint;  oppress.  [<  L.»'  ad,  to,  -f 
graris,  heavy.] 

a-gbast',  a-ggst',  a.    Struck  dumb  with  hor- 
ror.    [<  AS.  a-  (see  a-^)  -|-  gsestan,  terrify.] 
'il(e,  aj'il,  a.    Active;  nimble.    \_<luJ  ago. 


do.] 
i-gil' 


a-gil'i-ty,  a-jil'i-ti,  n.     Quickness  and  readi- 
ness in  movement;  nimbleness. 
ag'i-tate,  aj'i-tet,  v.    [-ta"ted'';  -ta"ting.] 
1.  t.     1.   To  excite  (the  feelings);    perturb; 
ruffle.    2.  To  shake  irregularly.     3-  To  dis- 
cuss publicly  and  incessantly.    4!1.  To  con- 
sider.   II.  i.    To  stir  public  interest  and  ac- 
tion,   j;  <  L.  agito,  f req.  of  ago,  drive.]  —  ag'^- 
i-ta'tion,  aj"l-te'shun,  n.    Violent  motion  or 
emotion;  open,  active  discussion:  urgent  con- 
sideration.—ag'i-ta''tor,  aj'I-te"tgr,  n.     One 
who  or  that  which  agitates, 
ag'nail,  ag'nel,  w.    Ahangnall.    [=  hangnail.] 
ag-nos'ti-cisxn,  )  ag-nes'ti-sizm,  ag-nes'tics, 
ag-nos^tics,  Sn.    The  doctrine  of  nes- 

cience, which  maintains  that  all  being,  inclu- 
ding God  and  the  human  soul,  is  unknown  or  un- 
knowable. [Gr.,  <o-priv.  -\- gignosko,\i.\iO\y .1 
—  ag-nos'tic,  ag-nes'tic.  I.' a.  Professing 
Ignorance,  especially  In  religion.  II.  n.  One 
who  holds  the  theory  of  agnosticism. 
a-go',  a-go'.  I.  pp.  Gone  by;  past.  II.  adv. 
In  the  T 


past;  smce. 


AS.  dgdn,  go  away,  < 


[< 

a-  intens.  -4-  gun,  go.] 

—  a-go'ing,  adv.    In  motion:  withsei. 

a-gog',  a-geg',  adv.  &  a.    In  a  state  of  eager 

curiosity;  excited  with  interest  or  expectation. 

[<  OF.  en  gognes,  <  en,  in,  -f-  gogue,  fun.] 

ag'o-nize,  /  ag'o-naiz,  t'.  [-nized;  -ni'zing.] 

ag'o-nise,  fl.  t.    To  subject  to  agony;  tor- 


ture. II.  i.  To  be  in  or  cause  agony;  writhe- 
wrestle;  strive.  [<  Gr.  agonizomai,  contend 
for  a  prize,  strive.] 

ag'o-ny,  ag'o-ni,  ??.  [-NIEs^;;^.]  1.  Intense 
suflfering  of  body  or  mind;  anguish;  struggle. 
2.  Violent  or  very  earnest  contest  or  striving. 
[<  Gr.L  agon,  contest,  <  ago,  assemble] 

a-g^ra^ri-an,  a-gre'ri-an.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
land  or  its  tenure  or  to  a  general  distribution 
of  lands.  II.  n.  One  who  advocates  agrarian- 
ism.  [<  L.  agrarius,  <  a<7«',  field.]  —  a-gra'- 
ri-an-i!§iii,  a-grd'ri-an-izm,  n.  The  theory  or 
practise  of  equal  distribution  of  lands. 

a-gree',  a-grt',  vi.  [a-greed';  a-gree'ing.] 
1.  To  come  into  or  be  in  harmony;  be  of  one 
mind;  concur.  2.  To  consent;  assent.  3.  To 
contract  or  promise  formally.  4.  To  conform; 
be  favorable;  correspond;  match.  5.  Gram. 
To  correspond  in  person,  number,  etc.  [<  F. 
d,  to,  -f-  gre,  pleasure,  <  L.  gratus,  pleasing.] 

a-gree'a-"bl(e,  a-^l'a-bl,  a.  Agreeing  with 
or  suited  to  the  mnid  or  senses;  pleasurable; 
suitable;  correspondent;  walling. —  a-gree''a- 
bil'i-ty,  n.  a-gree'a-bUe-ness:!:.— a- 
gree-'a-bly,  adv. 

a-gree'rnent,  a-gri'mgnt,  n.  1.  A  coming 
into  or  being  in  accord;  conformity.  2.  Mu- 
tual assent;  a  contract. 

ag'ri-cul'^ture,  ag'ri-cul"chur  or  -tjur,  n. 
The  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  food;  tillage; 
farming.  [<  1,.^ ager,  field,  -^cidtura,  culture.] 
—  ag''ri-cul'tar-al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  engaged  In  agriculture. —  ag'^ri-cul'tur- 
ist,  n.    A  farmer. 

a-ground',  a-graund',  adv.  &  a.  On  the  shore, 
or  bottom,  as  a  vessel;  stranded. 

a'gue,  e'giu,  n.  Chills  and  fever;  also,  a  chill. 
[<  F.  aigu,  <  L.  acutus,  acute.] — a'gu-ish,  a. 

ah.,  G,  interj.  An  expression  of  surprise,  satis- 
faction, compassion,  complaint,  or  inquiry. 

a-ha',  a-hQ',  interj.  An  exclamation  express- 
ing surprise,  triumph,  mockery,  or  the  like. 

a-head',  a-hed',  ac^tJ.  At  the  head;  in  advance; 
before;  forward. 

a-lieap',  a-hlp',  adv.    In  or  into  a  heap. 

b.-To.oY',  G.-\\Qi',  interj.    Navt.    Ho  there! 

aid<>,  ed,  V.  I.  t.  To  render  assistance  to; 
help;  succor;  help  on.  II.  i.  To  help;  as- 
sist.   [<  L.*'  ad,  to,  -\-juvo,  help.] 

aid,  n.  The  act  or  result  of  helping  or  succor- 
ing, or  the  means  employed ;  cooperation ;  as- 
sistance; a  helper;  assistant, 

aide'sdescamp'",  ed'=de=camp'  or  ed'^dj;- 
cflA',  n.  [aides'-de^camp",  edz=,  fl.']  Mil. 
An  officer  who  receives  and  transmits  the  or- 
ders of  a  general.    Called  also  aid.     [F.] 

ai'er-ie,  ai'er-y.    See  aerie. 

ai'gret,  e'gret,  n.  1.  A  heron,  the  egret.  2. 
A  tuft  of  feathers  or  the  like.    [<  F.  aigrette.'] 

ail,  el,  V.  I.  t.  To  cause  uneasiness  or  pain 
in;  trouble;  make  ill.  II.  i.  To  be  some- 
what ill.  [<  AS.  eglan,  trouble.]  —  ail'ing, 
a.  Somewhat  ill.— ail'inent,  n.  Indisposi- 
tion; Illness,    aili. 

aim,  em,  t'.  I.  ^.  To  direct,  as  a  missile,  blow, 
weapon,  word,  or  act,  toward  or  against  some 
thing  or  person;  point  or  level:  with  at.  II. 
i.  1.  To  direct  a  missile,  remark,  etc.,  or  to 
point  a  missile  weapon  at  an  object.    2.  To 


flutjure  (future);   aisle;   au  (tmt);    ©II;  c  (k);  chat;   dli  (the)-,   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


aim 
ale 


12 


have  a  purpose;  endeavor  earnestly.  [<  OF. 
esmei\  <  L.  sestirno,  estimate.] 

aim,  em,  n.  The  act  of  aiming;  line  of  direc- 
tion of  anything  aimed;  object  or  point  aimed 
at;  mark;  design;  purpose.  —  aim'less,  a. 
Wanting  la  aim  or  purpose. 

air,  ar,  vt.  To  expose  to  the  air;  purify  or  dry; 
ventilate;  make  public;  display. 

air},  n.  1.  The  gaseous  substance  composed 
of  oxygen  and  nitrogen,  surrounding  the  earth; 
the  atmosphere;  also,  an  atmospheric  current; 
wind;  breeze.  2.  Utterance  abroad;  publicity, 
f  <  Gr.i'+f'  aer,  <  aemi,  breathe.] —  air'sbiad'^- 
der,  n.  A  sac  filled  with  air,  as  in  fishes;  the 
sound.— airsbrake,  ?i.  A  brake  operated  by 
compressed  air.— airscastle,  «.  A  day«dream. 

—  aii'jgrun,  n.  A  gun  Impelling  a  missile  by 
compressed  air.— airsliole,  n.  A  hole  con- 
taining, or  made  by  or  for.  gas  or  air;  a  flaw  in  a 
casting;  an  opening  in  the  ice.—  air'ing,  n.  1 . 
An  exposure  to  the  air  for  warming  or  drying. 
3.  Exercise  In  the  air.— airsline,  n.  l.'The 
shortest  distance  between  two  points  on  the 
earth's   surface.     2.  A   direct   railroad   route. 

—  airspuinp,  «.  A  pump  for  exhausting, 
compressing,  or  trans 


-     Exhausting 
Air.pump. 


mltting  air.  —  air 
sprinir,  n.  A  device 
for  resisting  sudden 
pressure  by  the  elas- 
ticity of  compressed 
air.- airstignt,  a. 
Not  allowing  air  to 

f)ass  or  enter. 
r2,  n.     1.  Charac- 
teristic  appearance; 

mien ;   manner.     2. 

Assumed      manner; 

affectation:    com- 
monly in  the  plural.  [<Gr.i'+Faer,  atmosphere.] 
air3,  n.    3h/s.     1.  A  melody;   tune.     2.  The 

soprano.     [<  L.^^^*"  aer,  atmosphere.] 
air'y,  ar'i,  a.    1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  air; 

in  or  open  to  the  air;  breezy.     2.  Like  air; 

delicate;    etliereal;    buoyant;    visionary.     3. 

Putting  on  airs;  affected.    4.  Vivacious;  gay. 
—  air'i-ly,  (tflr.    In  a  light  or  airy  manner; 

delicately;  jauntily.— air'i-ness,  ar'l-nes,  n. 
aisle,  ail,  n.   1.  A  pa-ssageway  between  seats  in 

a  church.    2.  A  wing 

of  a  cruciform  churcli. 

[<  L.oF  a/a,  wing.] 
a-Jar',  a-jdr',  a.  &  adv. 

Partly  open,  as  a  door. 

[<  A-i  4-  ME.  char, 

turn.] 
a-kim'bo,    a-klm'bo, 

a^lv.    With  hands  on 

hips  and  elbows  out- 
ward.   [<A-»  +  KEEN 

4-  BOW2.] 

a*kiix',   a-kin',  a.  & 

adv.      Of    the    same 

kin;  related  by  blood; 

of   similar  nature   or 

qualities. 
aU,  prefix.      1.   A   on 

phonic  form  of  ad- be 

fore  /.    »i.  An  Incorrect , ,  .i~,n^ 

form  of  A-2.    3.  Tbe:^-"**^ 

Arabic  definite  article,  ... , 

as  in  Alkor&n.  Aisit. 

ara-bas^'ter,  ara-bgs'tgr.    I.  a.    Made  of 


or  like  alabaster;  smooth  and  white.  II.  n. 
Mineral.  A  white  finegrained  gypsum.  [< 
Gr.  alabastros,  aiabastos,  alabaster  box.] 

a-Iack'll,  a-\a,c' ,  inter j.    An  exclamation  of  regret. 

a-lac'ri-ty,  a-lac'ri-ti,  n.  Cheerful  willing- 
ness and  promptitude;  facility.  [<  L.  cdac- 
rUa{t-).<i,  <  alacer,  lively.] 

a-larm',  a-larm'.  I.  vt.  To  strike  with  sud- 
den fear;  arouse  to  a  sense  of  danger;  give 
alarm  to.  II.  n.  1.  Sudden  fear  or  appre- 
hension arousing  to  defense  or  escape.  2.  Any 
sound  or  signal  to  apprise  of  danger  or  arouse 
from  sleep;  a  mecharrism,  as  of  a  clock,  giving 
such  signal.  [<  It.of  a,  to,  -|-  le,  the,  -f-  aiine, 
arms.] — a-Iarm'ist,  a-lflrm'ist,  n.  One  who 
needlessly  excites  or  tries  to  excite  alarm. 

a-las',  a-lgs',  interj.  An  exclamation  of  sor- 
row. [<  OF.  a,  ah!  -\-las,  wretched,  <  L. 
lassus,  weary.]  [albus,  white.] 

alb,  alb,  n.    A  priests'  linen  vestment.  [<  LA^ 

al'ba-tross,  al'ba-tres, ;?.   [-tross-es,  j9^.]  A 
large,  long»winged  8ea«bird. 
[<  Ar.Pe  al,  the,  +  qadus, 
bucket.] 

aF'be'itll,  srbl'it, 
though. 

al-bi'no,  al-bai'- 
no  or  al-bi'no,  n. 
A  person,  animal, 
or  plant  unnatu- 
rally white.  [< 
L.Pe  albtis,  white.] 

al^bum,  al'bum, 
n.    A  blank  book 
for  holding  photo- 
graphs, autographs,  etc. 
albus,  white.] 

al-bu^men,  al-hiu'men,  n.  The  w^hite  of  an 
egg  or  a  similar  viscous  substance.  [L.,  white- 
ness, <  albus,  white.] — ai-bu'min-ouii,  a. 

al-cbem'ic,  al-kcm'ic,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  produced  by  means  of  alchemy.  -ic-al:t- 

aFclie>mist.  al'ke-mist,  n.  One  skilled  in 
alchemy.    al'cby'-mist+. 

al'clie-my,  al'ke-mi,  n.  The  crude  medieval 
chemistry  that  sought  the  transmutation  of 
base  metals  into  gold,  the  elixir  of  life,  etc. 
[<  Ar.i-L+F  al,  the,  -\-  nmld,  infusion.] 

al'CO-llOl,  al'co-hel, «.  The  intoxicating  prin- 
cijjle  of  wines  and  liquors;  pure  distilled 
spirit;  ardent  spirits.  [<  AntJ-  al,  the,  -f 
koh'l,  powdered  antimony.]  —  aK'eo-hoFic. 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to.  like,  containing,  or  pre- 
served In  alcohol.  II.  n.  1.  A  toper;  drunk- 
ard.   "Z.  pi.  Alcoholic  liquors. 

A 1 ''co-ran',  arco-run',  n.  Same  as  Koran.— 
AT'co-rau'Ic,  a. 

al'cove,  al'cov,  w.  A  covered  recess  connect- 
ed with  or  at  the  side  of  a  larger  room ;  a  recess 
for  a  bed;  a  compartment  of  a  library.  See 
illus.  on  next  page.  [<  Ar. >^p * ^  al-qobbah,  < 
al,  the,  +  qobbah,  vault.] 

al'der,  61'dcr,  n.  A  small  tree  of  the  oak 
familv,  growing  in  swamps  or  along  streams. 
[<  AS.  air  =  G.  erle,  OIIG.  erila,  alder.] 

al'der-man,  ei'd^r-msn,  n.  [-men,  ;;/.]  A 
city  magistrate;  formerlv  an  Anglo»Saxon  lord 
or  eari;    [<  AS.  eald,  ol"d,  4-  ?na7i,  man.] 

ale,  el,  T).  A  fermented  malt  liquor;  a  strong 
beer.     [<  AS.  eo/?/,  a  kind  of  beer.] 


Albijtross.    1/34 
[L.,  white  tablet,  < 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el§mfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  $,  I  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


13 


alembic 
allocution 


I.  a.    Another. 
III.  adv.   Otherwise; 

<  alius,  other.] 


a-lem'bic,  a-lem'bic.  n.  An  apparatus  for- 
merly used  in  distilling  an\ thing  that  te'«t'« 
purifies,  or  transforms?  (  <  \i  "  '  al  (inhx/  < 
al,  the,  -I-  avMq,  still  ] 

a-lert',  a-lgrt',  a 
Keenly  watchful;  on 
the  lookout;  ready  for 
sudden  action;  vigi 
lant;  also,  liveh 
nimble.  [<  It  J  all 
erta,  on  the  watch.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n 

arga,  al'ga,  n.  [ai/ 
GiE,  -jT  or  -ge,  pi.}  A 
pea-weed . 

arge-bra,  al'j§-bra, 
71.  Mathematical  (al 
culation  by  letters  and 

.  sym])ols;  a  treatise  on 
this  branch.  [<  Ar." 
al'jebr,  binding  to- 
gether.] Alcove. 

—  al'^ge-bra'ic,  arjg-bre'ic,  a.  Pertaining 
to  algebra,  -ali.— al"ffe-brn'ic-al-ly,  adv. 
—  al'Ke-bra'''i8t,  «.    One  skilled  In  alpebra. 

al'gous,  al'gus,  a.  Of,  like,  or  filled  with  algae. 

a'li-as,  e'li-as or  g'li-as.    I.  a.    Another.    II. 
n.    An  assumed  name, 
otherwise  called.     [L., 

aFi-bi,  al'i-bai  or  -bi,  n.  Law.  A  plea  of  be- 
ing elsewhere  at  the  time  when  a  crime  was 
committed.     [L.,  <  alius,  other.] 

a'lien,  e'lien.  I.  a.  Of  another  country; 
foreign.  II.  n.  An  unnaturalized  foreigner; 
a  stranger.      [<  'L.'^^  alien  us,  <  alius,  otlier.] 

a'lien-ate,  e'lien-et,  vf.  [-a"ted'';  -a"txn(j.] 
1.  To  make  alien;  estrange.  2.  To  transfer; 
sell. —  a'lien-a-bl(e,  e'lien-ci-bl,  a.  Thatr.iay 
be  alienated. —a'^lien-a'tion,  n.  Estrange- 
ment; sale;  mental  derangement. 

a-ligbt',  a-lait'.  I.  vi.  [a-light'ed<';  a- 
LiGHT'iNG.]  1.  To  descend  and  come  to  rest ; 
dismount;  settle.  2.  To  come  (upon)  by  ac- 
cident.   II.  a.  &  adv.  Lighted;  on  fire. 

a-liarn',  a-ligrn'meut,  etc.    Same  as  aline,  etc. 

a-like',  a-laik'.  I.  a.  Similar;  like  one  anoth- 
er.   II.  adv.   In  like  manner.     [<A^.onlic.] 

al'i-ment,  al'i-mgnt,  n.  Food  for  body  or 
mind;  nutriment;  sustenance.  [<  L.^  alo, 
nourish.]  —  al'^i-men'tal,  a.  Nutritious.— 
aP'i-iiiea'ra-ry,  a.  Supplying  nourishment; 
connected  with  the  function  of  nutrition. 

ari-mo-ny,  ari-mo-ni,  n.  Law.  An  allow- 
ance from  a  husband  to  a  wife  after  divorce  or 
separation,  or  during  a  suit  therefor.  [<  L. 
alimorda,  <  alo,  nourish.] 

a-line',  a-lain',  v.  [a-lined'_;  a-li'ning.]  I.' 
t.  To  arrange  in  or  bring  into  line,  as  in  military 
tactics.  II.  i.  To  fall  into  line.  [<  L.f  ad, 
\o,-{- linea,\mQ.']—a.-line^ment,n.  1.  Posi- 
tion or  place  in  line;  formation  In  line.  '^.  A 
straight  line. 

ari-q.uant,  al'i-cwant,  a.  Contained  in  an- 
other number,  but  with  remainder.  [<  L.  al- 
iqvarttus,  somewhat.] 

al'i-q.UOt,  al'i-cwet,  a.  Contained  in  another 
number  withoirt  remainder.  [<  L.  aliqnot,  < 
c'ius,  some,  +  quot,  how  many.] 

a-live',  a-laiv',  a.  Having  or  full  of  life;  ex- 
isting; sensitive;  vigorous;  active.  [<  AS. 
on,  in,  -f  nf,  life.] 


al^a-li ,  al'ka-li  or  -lai,  n.  [-lis^  or  -liess  pi.} 
A  compound  of  sodium,  potassium,  or  the  like, 
capable  of  neutralizing  acids;  a  caustic  sub- 
stance neutralizing  acids.  [<  Ar.F  a^,  the, -|- 
qoTiy,  ashes  of  saltwort.]  —  aPka-line,  al'ka- 
lin  or  -lain,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  an 
alkali;  containing  or  produced  by  an  alkali.— 
al'ka-loid,  al'ka-loid.  I,  «.  Of  or  like  an  al- 
kali. II.  n.  A  nitrogenous  organic  sulstance 
(generally  vegetable)  of  poisonous  properties. 

\  I^'ko-ran',  etc.    Same  as  Koran,  etc. 

all,  el.  I.  a.  The  whole  of;  every  one  of;  the 
utmost  possible.  II.  n.  The  whole ;  distiibu- 
tively,  each  and  every  person  or  thing.  III. 
adv.    Wholly;  entirely;  quite.      [<  AS.  call.'] 

al-lay',  gl-lo',  vt.  [al-layed';  al-lay'ing.j 
To  calm  the  violence  or  reduce  the  intensity  of; 
relieve;  sooth;  pacify;  calm.  [<  a-^  +  AS. 
lecgan,  lay.] 

al-lege',al-lej',t-;.  [al-leged';  al-leg'ing.] 
To  assert  to  be  true,  but  without  proving; 
state;  plead.  [<  L.of  ex,  out,  -|-  litigo,  liti- 
gate.]—  aP'le-pa'tion,  al'g-ge'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  alleging,  or  that  which  is  alleged. 

al-le''giance,  gl-lfjans,  n.  Fidelity,  or  an 
obligation  of  fidelity,  to  a  government,  a  supe- 
rior, or  a  principle.  [<  ME.liqeaiince,<  liege.] 

al''le-gor''ic,        I  ar§-ger'ic,  -al,  a.  Pertain- 

al''le-gor'ic-al,  f  ing  to  or  containing  alle- 
gory; figurative.— aP'Ie-gor'ic-ai-ly,  adv. — 
nl'''ie-gor'ic-al-nes8,  n. 

aFle-go-rist,  al'g-go-rist,  n.  One  who  com- 
poses or  uses  allegories.- al^'Ie-go-ris'tic,  a. 

arie-go-rize,  al'g-go-raiz,  v.  [-rized;-ki"- 
ziNG.]  I.  t.  To  treat  as  allegorical.  II.  i. 
To  use  allegory,    al'le-go-riset. 

arie-go-ry,  al'g-go-ri,  n.  [-ries%  pL]  A 
symbolic  representation  in  literature  or  art;  a 
story  to  illustrate  a  truth;  a  parable.  [<  Gr.i'+F 
allegoria,  <  alios,  other,  -4-  agoi'euo,  harangue.] 

al"le-lu'ia,  n.  &  inter).    Same  as  hallelujah. 

al-le'vi-ate,  gl-li'vi-et,  vt.  [-a"ted''-  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  make  lighter  or  easier  to  bear;  re- 
lieve; mitigate.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f-  levis,  light.] 

—  al-le'^vi-a'tioii,   al-li'vi-e'shnn,  n.     An 
alleviating,  or  that  wliich^alleviates. 

aFley,  al'g,  n.  A  narrow  passageway;  a  long 
narrow  space  for  bowling,  or  the  building  con- 
taining it.  [<  F.  allee,  passage.]  —  al'ley- 
way'',  n.    A  short  or  narrow  passageway. 

al-li^ance,  al-lai'ans,  n.  A  formal  treaty  or 
agreement  between  states  or  otlier  parties,  or 
the  union  so  formed;  any  intimate  relationship. 

alli-ga'^tor,  al'i-ge"tgr,  n.    A  large  American 
crocodilian      reptile. 
[Earlier  alligarta,  < 
Sp.  el  lagarto,  <  el, 
the,     +     lagarto, 

ai'-UtJer-a'tion,  ^"'^=^^--   '/'^o 

al-lit'er-e'shun,  n.  The  use  of  a  succession  of 
words  with  the  game  initial  letter  or  sound; 
initial  rime.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  litera,  letter.] 

—  al-lit'er-a-tiv(e,  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
marked  by  alliteration. 

al'lo-cate,aro-ket,  i'<.  [-ca'ted'';  -ca'ting.I 
To  place;  setapart;  apportion;  locate.  [<  L."* 
ad,  to,  +  locus,  place.]  —  al'^lo-ca'tion,  n. 

al'lo-cu'tion,  al"o-kiii'shiJn.  n.  A  formal  ex- 
hortation or  address,  as  of  the  Pope  to  the 
clergy.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  loquor,  speak.] 


fintinre  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    ©11;  c  (k);  cliat;   dh  («/ie);   go;  ging,  ink;  thtia-. 


allopathy 
alphabet 


14 


al-lop'a-thy ,  al-lep'a-thi,  n.  3Ied.  The  sys- 
tem of  remedial  treatment  in  vvliich  it  is  sought 
to  cure  a  disease  by  producing  a  condition  in- 
compatible with  the  disease:  opposed  to  home- 
opathy. [<  Gr.  alios,  other,  +  pathos,  suffer- 
ing, disease.]  —  al'^lo-path'ic,  al'o-path'ic,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  favoring  allopathy. 

al-lot',^l-let',  ■?;<.  [al-lot'ted<';  al,-lot'ting.] 
To  assign  by  lot;  distribute;  apportion;  ap- 
point; assign.  [<  F.  allotir,  <  LL.  lottum, 
lot.]  —  al-lot'ment,  n.  The  act  of  allotting  or 
that  which  is  allotted;  a  plot  of  land;  destiny. 

al-low',  al-lcii^i'?  ^-  !•  ^-  1.  To  put  no  obsta- 
cle in  the  way  of;  permit;  tolerate;  also,  to 
approve;  sanction  2.  To  grant;  allot;  give. 
3.  To  make  allowance  for;  deduct.  4.  To 
admit;  acknowledge.  II.  i.  To  make  allow- 
ance, concession,  or  abatement.  {Allow  derives 
its  meanings  from  both  Latin  allaudare,  to 
praise,  and  allocare,  to  place,  stow.] — al-low''- 
a-bKe,  a.  That  may  be  allowed;  permissible; 
admissible.— al-low'a-bly.  adv.— n.\-\ow'- 
ance.  I*,  vt.  To  put  on  an  allowance;  limit  in 
amount.  II.  n.  1.  That  which  is  allowed;  a 
limited  amount  or  portion,  as  of  income  or  food. 
3.  Concession;  a  difference  allowed  in  excess  or 
abatement.    3.  Acknowledgment. 

al-loy',  gl-lei'.  I.  tt.  &  vi.  To  mix  with  or  form 
into  an  alloy;  temper;  debase;  combine  by 
mixing.  II.  w.  1.  A  mixture  of  two  or  more 
metals  or  the  baser  metal  in  such  mixture.  2. 
Anything  that  reduces  purity  or  excellence,  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  -j-  ligo,  bind.] 

all'spice'',  el'epais",  n.  The  aromatic  dried 
berry  of  a  West* Indian  tree,  the  pimento. 

al-lude',  gl-liid',  ti.  [al-lu'ded<';  al-lu'- 
DiNG.]  To  refer  (to  something)  without  ex- 
press mention;  make  indirect  reference.  [< 
L.  ad,  at,  to,  -j-  ludo,  play.] 

al-lure',  gl-liir',  v.  [al-lured';  al,-lur'ing.] 
I.  t.  To  attract;  entice;  tempt.  II.  i.  To 
exercise  attraction.  [<  OF.  cdurer,  <  a,  to, 
-f-  lurer,  lure.] — al-lure'ment,  n.  1 .  Entice- 
ment; fascination;  attraction,   ti,  A  charm;  lure. 

al-lu'sion,  al-lu'zhmi,  n.  An  alluding;  indi- 
rect reference;  suggestion.  [tive. 

al-lu'siv(e,  gl-lu'siv,  a.    Suggestive;  figura- 

al-lu'vi-al,  gl-lu'vi-a],  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
composed  of  earth  deposited  by  water.  [<  L. 
ad,  to,  -|-  Ivo,  wash.] 

al-lu'vi-um,  gl-lu'vi-um,  n.  [-vi-a  or -vi-ums, 
pi.]  Deposits,  as  of  sand  or  mud,  formed  in 
the  slack  water  or  overflow  of  streams.    [L.] 

al-ly',  pl-lai',  vt.  &vi.  [al-lied';  al-ly'ino.] 
To  unite  by  relationship,  treatv,  or  compact; 
form  alliance.     [<  L.*'  ad,  to,  -f  ligo,  bind.] 

al-ly',  n.  [al-lies'*,  pi.]  A  state  or  ruler 
leagued  with  another  by  treaty;  an  associate  or 
helper;  a  kinsman. 

al'ma-nac,  §l'ma-nac,  n.  A  book  giving  the 
days  of  the  week  and  month  through  the  year, 
with  various  data;  a  yearly  calendar.  [<  Ar. 
al,  the,  -j-  vianakh,  calendar.] 

al-mighfy,  al-nuiit'i.  I.  a.  Able  to  do  all 
things.  II.  n.  [A-]  God;  the  Supreme  Being. 
[<  AS.  eal,  all,  -}-  mihti(j,  mighty.] 

alm'oild,  flm'und  or  al'mund,  n.  1.  The  stone 
of  the  fruit  of  the  almond-tree.  2.  The  almond- 
tree,  a  native  of  Barbary  or  Morocco.  See  illus. 
in  next  column.     [  <  Gr-O*"  amyridall,  almond. ) 


al'mon-er ,  al'mun-gr,  n.  An  official  dispenser 
of  alms;  formerly,  a  household  chaplain,  as  of 
a  prince.  [<  Gr.iJ'+oP, 
see  ALMS.] 

al'most,   el'mOst,  adv.    Approxi- 
mately;  very  neanv.    [<  AS. 
mmst;  see  all;  most.] 

alms,  flmz,  n.  sing.  &  2^1. 
gifts  for  the  poor; 
charitable  offer- 
ings; charity.  [< 
AS.  sdmesse,  <  Gr. 
eleemosyne,  <  eleos, 

()ity.]  —  alms'- 
louse'',  11.  A 
house  where  desti- 
tute persons  arc  sup- 
ported or  aided; 
poorhouse. 
aFoe,  al'o,  n.  Any 
plant  of  the  genus 
Aloe,  including 
many  species,  with 
thick,  fleshy  leaves. 


,  flowering  branch;  6,  c,  fruit; 
d,  stone. 

[<  Gr.AS  aloe,  aloe.] 
— aPoes,  &\'  bz,n.  sing.  &  pi.    A  bitter  cathar- 
tic from  certain  species  of  aloe.— American 
aloe,  the  century=plant. 

a-loft',  a-left',  q,dv.  In  or  to  a  high  or  higher 
place;  on  high;  high  up.  [<  Ice!^'^  ^^  on,  in, 
+  lopt,  air.] 

a-lone',  a-lon',  a.  &  adv.  Without  company; 
solitary;  unique;  unparalleled;  only.  [ME. 
al  one,  all  one.] 

a-long',  a-leng'.  I.  adv.  1.  Over  or  through 
length  in  time  or  space;  lengthwise;  onward. 
2.  In  company  or  association  (with).  II.  prep. 
On  the  line  of;  by  the  side  of;  throughout, 
r  <  AS.  and-  +  lang;  see  a-*  and  long.]  —  a- 
long'side'''.  I.  adv.  Close  to  or  along  the  side. 
II.  prep.    Side  by  side  with. 

a.-loot^,a-]uf',  adv.  .At  a  distance;  apart.  [< 
A-i  -1-  D.  loef,  part  of  a  ship.] 

a-loud^,  a-l'aud',  adv.    Loudly  or  audibly. 

alp,  alp,  n.  A  lofty  mountain.— The  Alps,  a 
range  of  lofty  mountains  of  central  Europe.  L< 
L.  Jf^pes.l— al'pen-stock'',  al'pen-stec",«.  A 
mountaineers'  long,  Iron»pointed "staff.  [G.,  < 
Alpen,  Alps, -^atock,  stick.]— Al'piiie,  al'pln,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Alps  or  any  higli  range  or  peak, 

al-pac'a,  al-pac'a,  n.  A  sheep-like  ruminant 
of  South  America, 
having  long,  silky 
wool;  a  thin  cloth 
made  of  or  in  imi- 
tation of  its  wool. 
[Sp.,  <  Ar.  al,  the, 
+  Peru,  paco,  name 
of  the  animal.] 

al'pha,al'fa,«.  The 
first  letter  In  the 
Greek  alphabet, 
equal  to  the  English 
A,  ft;  hence,  the  be- 
ginning or  first  of 
anything.    [L.,  <  Gr.  alpha,  <  Heb.  Ulleph,  ox.] 

aFpha-het,  al'fa-bet,  n.  The  letters  that  form 
the  eicnu'nts  of  written  language,  in  order  as 
fixed  by  usage;  the  simplest  elements  or  rudi- 
ments ()f  anything.  [  <  C Jr.  alphabZtos,  <  alpha 
=  a,  -f  beta  =  b.]  — al"pl«n-l>«'t'l<*i  «•  1  •  Per- 
taining to,  having,  or  exprrsscd  l)y  an  alphabet. 
2.  Alphabetical.— al''pha-bet'ic-al,  a.     1. 


|^M|        Alpaca.    1/47 


papfl,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  ©rat^r,  er;  full,  rflle;  bot,  wr; 


15 


already- 
ambidexter 


Arranged  in  the  order  of  the  alphabet,  ti.  Al- 
phabetic—al-^pha-befic-al-ly,  adv.  ■ 

al-read'y,  el-red'i,  adv.  Before  or  by  this 
time  or  the  time  mentioned;  even  now.  [ME. ; 
pee  all;  beady.] 

arso,  el'so,  adv.  &  corij.  Besides;  too;  like- 
wise.   [<  AS.  eal  Siva;  see  all;  so.] 

al'^tar,  el'tar,  n.  1.  A  raised  place  for  burn- 
ing sacrifices  or  incense.  2.  The  communion- 
table; a  place  of  prayer.  [<  L.o^  altai\  <  al- 
,h(Sj  high.] 

al'tfer,  el'tgr,  V.  1.  t.  To  change;  vary;  mod- 
ify; transform.  II.  i.  To  become  different. 
[<  L.  alter,  other.]  —al'ter-a-bl(e,  a.  Capa- 
ble of  alteration.— aPtei*-a-bly,  arft'.— af"- 
ter-a'tiou,  erter-e'shun,  n.  The  act  or  result 
of  altering,  or  the'state  of  being  altered;  modifl- 
cation;  change.—  al'ter-a-tiv(e,  el'ter-a-tiv. 

1.  a.  Tending  to  change  gradually  the"  bodily 
condition  to  a  normal  state.  II,  n.  An  altera- 
tive medicine,    al'ter-antt. 

arter-cate,  al'tgr-ket,  m.  [-ca'ted-J;  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  To  dispute;  wrangle.  [<  L.  altercor, 
wrangle,  <  a/^er,  another.] — al'^ter-ca'tlon, 
n.   Angry  controversy:  disputing;  wrangling. 

arter-nate,  al'ter-net,  vt.  &  vi.  [-NA'TEDd; 
-NA'TiNG.]  To  change,  perform,  or  occur  by 
turns.     [L.,  alter,  other.] 

al-ter^nate,  al-tgr'net.  I.  a.  .1.  Existing, 
occurring,  or  following  by  turns;  reciprocal. 

2.  Every  other  (of  a  series);  pertaining  to 
such  a  series.  II.  n.  [U.  S.]  A  substitute  or 
second. —  al-ter'nate-ly,  adv. 

al'^ter-na'tion,  artgr-ne'shun,  n.  Occur- 
rence or  action  of  two  things  or  series  of  things 
in  turn;  passage  to  and  fro ;  permutation. 

al-ter'na-tiv(e,  al-tgr'ng-tiv.  I.  a.  Afford- 
ing a  choice  between  two  things.  II.  «.  Some- 
thing that  may  or  must  be  instead  of  something 
else;  a  choice  of  two  (or  more)  things.— al-ter'- 
na-tiv(e-ly,  adv.   In  an  alternative  manner. 

al-though.',  e]-dhO\  conj.  Admitting  or  grant- 
ing that;  even  though;  notwithstandmg.  [ME. 
al  tliagh,  al  though;  see  all;  though.] 

al'ti-tude,  al'ti-tiud,  n.  Vertical  elevation; 
height.     [<  L.  altus,  high.] 

al'to,  al'to  or  al'to.  Mus.  I.  a.  Sounding  or 
ranging  between  tenor  and  treble.  II.  n.  The 
lowest  female  voice;  also,  the  highest  male 
voice,  or  counter=tenor.     [<  L.i'  altus,  high.] 

al'^to-geth-'er,  srto-gedh'gr,  adv.  Com- 
pletely; wholly;  entirely;  also,  finally;  per- 
manently.    [  <  ME.  al  (see  all)  +  together.] 

al'tru-ism,  al'tru-izm,  n.  Disinterested  be- 
nevolence. [<  L.I' +  F  o/^er,  other.]  — al'tru- 
ist,  n.  One  who  holds  to  altruism.— aP'tru- 
is'tic,  a.  Pertaining  to  altruism  or  altruists; 
marked  by  disinterested  benevolence. 

al'um,  al'um,  n.  An  astringent  mineral  salt. 
[<  L.  alunien.'] 

a-lu^mi-na,  a-hl'mi-na,  n.  CJiem.  Alumi- 
num oxid:  the  most  abundant  of  earths.  [< 
L.  alumen,  alum.] 

a-lu^mi-num,  a-lu'mi-num,  n.  A  light,  blu- 
ish=white,  malleable  and  ductile  metallic  ele- 
ment, which  does  not  oxidize  or  tarnish,  is 
lighter  than  glass,  and  by  hammering  and  roll- 
ing becomes  as  hard  as  iron.  [<  L.  alitmen, 
alum.]    a'^u-min^i-um:}:. 

al'ways,  el'wez,  a6??J.  1.  Perpetually;  cease- 
lessly.     2.    Regularly;    invariably.     [<  AS. 


ealne  iveg,  everyway,  always;  see  xi.l;  way.1 
arway:):  [Poet]. 
am,  am,  1st  per.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  be.    [<  AS. 

earn,  am;  cp.  Gr.  eimi.  Sans,  asmi,  am.] 
a-main^  a-men',  adv.    Vehemently;  exceed- 
ingly; without  delay.     [<  a-i  -f  main^,  ??.] 
a-maFgam,  a-mal'gam,  n.    An  alloy  of  mer- 
cury; a  mixture;  combination.     [<  OF.  amal- 
game;  cp.  Gr.  malagma,  soft  material.] 
a-maFga-mate,  a-mal'ga-met,  v.     [-ma"- 
TEDd;  -MA"TiNG.]     I.  t.  To  Unite  (a  metal)  in 
an  alloy  with  mercury ;  form  an  amalgam  with ; 
unite;  combine.    II.'  i.    To  form  an  amalgam ; 
mix.  —  a-mal^'ga-nia'tion,  n.     The  forming 
of  an  amalgam;  mingling  of  races  or  elements;  a 
substance  formed  by  mixture. 

a-man''u-en'sis,  a-man"yu-en''sis,  n.  [-ses, 
j)l^  One  who  copies  manuscript  or  takes  dic- 
tation.    [L.,  <  a  (ab),  from,  -{-  manus,  hand.] 

am-'a-rantli,  am'a-ranth,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Aniaimntus,  with  flowers  that  do  not 
fade  when  gathered;  also,  an  imaginary  never- 
fading  flower.  [<  Gr.^  a-  priv.  +  maraino, 
wither.] — ain'''a.ran'thin(e,  am''a-ran'thin,a. 
Pertaining  to,  like,  or  containing  amaranth;  un- 
fading; immortal;  of  purplish  hue. 

a-mass^S  a-mgs',  vt.    To  heap  up;  accumu- 
late.   [  <  F.  a,  to,  -\-  masser,  <  masse,  mass.] 
—  a-niaN>i>''ineiit,  n.  An  accumulation;  heap. 

am^'a-teur',  am"a-tur'.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to, 
like,  or  done  by  an  amateur.  II,  n.  One  who 
practises  an  art  or  a  sport,  not  professionally, 
out  for  the  love  of  it.  [<  L.^  amator,  lover, 
<  amo,  love.] 

am'a-tiv(e,  am'a-tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  sexual 
love;  amorous.  [<  L.  amatus,  pp.  of  amo, 
love.]  —  ani'a-tiv(e-nes8,  n. 

am'a-to-ry,  am'a-to-ri,  a.  Characterized  by 
or  designed  to'excite  love;  expressing  or  given 
to  sexual  love.     [<  L.  amatol^;  see  amateur.] 

a-maze',  a-mez',  ^"^.  [a-mazed';  a-ma'zing.] 
To  confound  or  bewilder;  astonish  greatly. 
[<  A-2  -|-  maze.]  —  a-ma'zed-ly,  a-me'zgd-li, 
«di?.— a-inaze'ment, «.  Wonder;  surprise;  as- 
tonishment.—a-iiia'zing,  pa.  Causing  amaze- 
ment; astonishing;  wonderful.    -|y,  adv. 

Am^a-zon,  am'a-z§n,  n.  One  of  a  mythical 
race  of  female  warriors;  any  female  warrior;  a 
virago.  [<  Gv.^ Amazon.']-—  Am''a-zo'ni-an, 
am"a-zo'nI-an.  I.  «.  1 .  "Pertaining  to  the  Am- 
azons; warlike;  masculine;  bold.  5i.  Pertaining 
to  the  Amazon  river.    II.  ?t.    An  Amazon. 

am-t)as'sa-dor,  am-bas'a-dgr,  n.  A  diplo- 
matic agent  of  highest  rank;  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary; any  official  messenger  or  agent.  [< 
F.  ambassadeur,<  L.  awftac^T/,?,  servant.]  em- 
"bas'sa-dor:!:. —  am-bas'sa-dress,  am-bas'- 
a-dres,  ?i.  1.  A  female  ambassador.  3.  The 
wife  of  an  ambassador. 

am^ber,  am'bgr.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
amber.  II.  n.  A  yellowish  fossilized  vege- 
table resin,  hard,  brittle,  and  translucent.  [< 
Ar.F '  anhar,  ambergris.] 

am^er-gris,  am'bgr-grts,  n.  A  waxy  sub- 
stance from  the  sperm-whale  used  in  perfu- 
mery.    [<  F.  ambre  gris,  gray  amber.] 

am'^bi-dex'ter,  am"bi-dex'tgr.  I.  a.  Am- 
bidextrous. II.  n.  1.  One  who  uses  both  hands 
equally  well.  2.  A  double-dealer;  hypocrite. 
[<  L.  ambi-,  on  both  sides,  -\-  dexter,  right 
hand.]  —  am'^bi-dex-ter'i-ty,    n.     1.  The 


flutjure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    ©11;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  (the);   go;  sing,  i^ik;  thin. 


ambient 
amnesty 


16 


state  or  quality  of  being  ambidextrous.  2.  Du- 
plicity; trickery.— am-^bi-dex'trous,  am"bi- 
dex'trus,  a.  Able  to  use  both  bands  equally  well; 
very  dexterous  or  skilful;  dissembling;  double, 
dealing. 

am'bi-ent,  am'bi-gnt,  a.  Enclosing;  encom- 
passing.    [<  L.  ambi-,  around,  -f  eo,  go.] 

am-big^u-ous,  am-big'yu-us,  a.  Capable  of 
being  understood  in  more  senses  than  one; 
having  a  double  meaning;  equivocal;  uncer- 
tain.    [  <  L.  ambi-,  around,  -f  cigo,  drive.] 

—  aiii-big'ii-oii8-ly,  adv.  —  am^^bi-gu'i' 
ty,  am"bi-gifi'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pi.']  The  quality  of 
being  ambiguous;  doubtfulness;  an  equivocal  ex- 
pression.   ain-big^u-ous-nesst« 

am-bi'tion,  am-bish'un,  w.  1.  Eager  or  inor- 
dinate desire  of  power  or  distinction  for  its 
own  sake.  2.  Worthy  eagerness  to  achieve 
something  great  and  good.  3.  An  object  of 
ambitious  effort.  [<  L.  amMtio(n-),  <  ambio, 
go  about  {i.  e.  to  solicit  votes).] 

am-bi'tious,  am-bish'us,  a.  1.  Actuated  or 
characterized  by  ambition;  aspiring.  3.  Pre- 
tentious; showv.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

am'bl(e,  am'bl.  I.  vi.  [am'bl(e)d;  am'- 
BLiNG.]  To  move  with  an  easy,  careless  pace 
or  with  a  swaying  motion.  II.  n.  An  easy 
gait  of  a  quadruped,  in  which  both  legs  on  one 
side  move  at  once.     [<  L.^  ambulo.,  walk.] 

am-bro'sia,  am-brO'zia,  n.  The  fabled  food 
of  the  gods;  delicious  food.  [<  Gr.  ambrosia, 
<  a-  priv.  4-  mbrotos,  for  mortos,  mortal.] 

—  am-bro'sial,  am-bro'zial,  a.  Of  or  like 
ambrosia;  fragrant;  delicious;  heavenly. 

am'bu-lance,  am'biu-lans,  n.  A  covered 
wagon  for  conveying  the  sick  and  wounded. 
[L.^  ambiilo,  walli  about.] 

am'bu-la-to''ry,  am'biu-la-tO'ri.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  walker  or  walking;  shifting;  not 
fixed  or  stationary.     II.  n.     [-ries,  jh.]    A 

Slace,  as  a  corri- 
or,  for  walking. 

am ''bus -cade', 
V.  &  n.    Ambush. 

am'busb,  am'- 
bush.  I',  vt.  1. 
To  hide,  in  order 
to    attack    unex-  Ambulance, 

pectedly.  2.  To  attack  from  an  ambush; 
waylay.  II.  n.  The  lying  concealed,  to  sur- 
prise or  attack  an  enemy;  also,  the  hiding-place 
or  the  persons  hidden.  [  <  LL.o^  imbosco,  < 
in,  in,  -j-  boscus,  <  OUG.  b^usc,  G.  busch,  bush.] 

a-meer',  a-mtr',  n.  The  sovereign  of  Afghan- 
istan; a  Mohammedan  prince  or  governor. 
[<  Ar.  amir,  ruler.]    a-mir'$. 

a-melio-rate,  a-ml'lio-ret,  v.  [-ra'ted''; 
-RA'TiNo.]  I.  t.  To  make  more  endurable; 
relieve;  mitigate;  improve.  II.  i.  To  grow 
better;  improve.  [<  F.  ameliorer,  <  a,  to,  -j- 
L.  melior,  better.]  —  a-me'llo-ra-bl(e,  a.— 
a-me"lio-ra'tioii,  a-nit'lio-rt'shun,  n.  An 
ameliorating;  improvement. 

a"men',  e'men'  or  {Muh.)  fl'men',  interj.  So 
it  is,  or  so  be  it.  [<  Ileb.  dman,  made  strong.] 

a-me'na-bl(e,  a-mt'na-bl,  a.  1.  Liable  to 
be  calletl  to  account;  suljject  to  authority.  2. 
SubnuHsive;  tractable.  [<  F.  amener,  bring 
to,  <  a,  to,  4-  m€7iei\  drive.]  —  a-me"na.bll'- 
l-ty,  n.  a-iiie'iia-bl(c-neHM:t.— a-iiie'iia- 
bly,  adv. 


a-mend'<i,  a-mend',  v.  I.  t.  To  change  for 
the  better;  correct;  reform;  improve.  II.  i. 
To  become  better  in  conduct.  [<L.^  e,  out  of, 
+  menda,  fault.]  —  a-meiid'a-bl(e,  a.—  o- 
inend'a-to-ry,  a.  Tending  to  amend;  cor- 
rective. 

a-mend'ment,  a-mend'mgnt,  w.  1.  Change 
for  the  better.  2.  The  changing,  as  of  a  con- 
stitution, bill,  or  motion;  also,  any  change 
made  or  proposed  to  be  made  therein. 

a-mends',  a-mendz',  n.  pi.  Reparation,  sat- 
isfaction, or  compensation. 

a-men'i-ty,  a-men'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^,/?^.]  Agree- 
ableness;  pleasantness;  suavity;  (in  the  plural), 
things  marked  by  such  qualities.  [<  L.  amce- 
nus,  pleasant.] 

am'ent,  am'ent,  n.  A  catkin.  [<  L.  amentum.'] 

a-merce',  a-mgrs',   vt.     [a- 
"    To 


-a-mek'cing.] 


mulct;  fine;  deprive.    [<  OF. 
a  merci,  at  the  mercy  of.; 


■inerce'inent, 
A-mer'i-can,    a-mer'i-can. 
I.  a.    Pertaining  to  the  con- 
tinent or  people  of  America,  or 
of  the  United  States.    II.  n. 

1.  A  citizen  of  the  United 
States.  2.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  American  continent.  Ament. 

— A-iner'i-can-ism,  n.  1. 
An  American  word,  phrase,  or  usage.    S*  Amer- 
ican citizenship  or  spirit. 
am'e-tbyst,  am'g-thist,  n.     1.  (Quartz  of  a 
clear  purple  or  violet  color;  a  precious  stone. 

2.  A  purple  violet  color.     [|<  Gr.^'+OF  amethys- 
tos,  <  a-  priv.  -f  methy,  wme.] 

a'mi-a-bl(e,  e'mi-a-bl,  a."  Pleasing  in  disposi- 
tion; kind'hearted;  friendly.  [F.,  <  L.  ami- 
cabitis;  see  amicable.]  — a"ini- a- bil'i-ty, 
C"mi-a-bil'i-ti,  n.  Sweetness  of  disposition;  lova- 
bleness.  a'iiii-a-bl(e-nesst.—  a'mi-a-bly, 
e'mi-a-bli,  adt\    Agreeably;  complaisantly. 

am'i-ca-bl(e,  am'i-ca-bl,  a.  Showing  or  pro- 
moting good  will;  friendly;  peaceable.  [<  L. 
amicabilis,  <  amo,  love.]  —  ani"i  -  ca  -  bil'l- 
ty.  aiii'i-ca-bl(e-nc8s,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  amicable.— am'i-ca-bly,  adv. 

a-mid',  a-mid',  prep.  In  the  midst  of;  among 
or  mingled  with.  [<  AS.  on,  in;  iniddan, 
midde.lt  [and  stern. 

a-mid'sbips,  adv.    Half-way  between  stem 

a-midst',  u-midst',  prep.  In  the  center  of;  sur- 
rounded by;  among;  amid. 

a-miss',  a-mis'.  I.  a.  Out  of  order  or  rela- 
tion; wrong;  improper.  II.  adv.  Improper- 
ly; erroneously.     [<  a^  +  miss',  v.^ 

am'i-ty,  am'i-ti,  n.  Peaceful  relations;  mu- 
tual good  will;  friendship.  l<  L.^  amicus, 
friend,  <  atno,  love.] 

am-mo'ni-a,  am-mo'ni-a,  n.  A  colorless  pun- 
gent suffocating  gas;  also,  a  solution  of  this 
gas  in  water,  known  as  spirits  of  hartMliorn, 
aqua  ainmunia,  etc.— ai«"mo-nl'a.oal,  am"- 
mo-nai'a-cal,  a.  Resembling,  containing,  or 
using  ammonia,    aiii-mo'iii-act. 

am"mu-ni'tion,  am'miu-nish'un,  n.  Pow- 
der, ball,  etc.,  used  in  thedischarge  of  firearms; 
resources  for  attack  or  defense.  [<  F.  arnu- 
mtion,  corr.  of  mutiition  (see  munition).] 

am'nes-ty,  am'nes-ti.  I.  vt.  [-tied;  -tt- 
iNo.)    To  pardon.    II.  n.    [-ties*, ;>/.]    Agen- 


papfl,  ^k|  at,  &lr;  el©mfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  orator,  «r;  full,  rttle;  but,  ur; 


17 


among 
anatomy 


eral  act  of  pardon  of  offenses  against  a  gov- 
ernment. [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  +  mnaomai,  re- 
member.] 

a-raong',      I  a-mung',  a-mungst',  prep.     1. 

a-mongsV,  f  In  or  into  tiie  midst  of:  mmgled 
with;  snared  by  all  of.  2.  In  the  class,  coun- 
try, or  time  of.  [<  AS.  on,  in,  -\-  viang,  < 
(qe)inang,  crowd.] 

am'O-rous,  am'o-rus,  a.  Influenced  by,  per- 
taining to,  or  exciting  to  love  or  sexual  desire; 
ardent  in  affection;  enamored.  [<  L.^l*^'"  aino, 
love.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

a-mor'phious,  a-mer'fus,  a.  Without  def- 
inite form;  structureless;  formless;  uncrystal- 
lized;  unorganized.  [<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -f  morphl, 
form.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

a-mount',*  a-maunt'.  I'*,  vi.  To  reach  in  the 
aggregate  or  in  effect;  be  equivalent:  with  to. 
II.  n.  A  sum  total;  aggregate;  result.  [< 
OF.  a-,  to,  -f-  mont,  mountain.] 

a-iiiour',  a-mfir',  71.    A  lovc»affalr.    [F.] 

aiii-pere',  am-par',  n.  The  practical  unit  of  elec- 
trlc=current  strength.— am-per'age,  n. 

am-pb.ib'i-ous,  am-flb'i-us,  a.  Living  both 
on  land  and  in  water;  suited  to  or  comprising 
land  and  water.  [<  Gr.  amphi,  double,  -f- 
6iOt*, life.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,?;. — am-phib'i-an, 
am-flb'i-an.  ?;.*   An  amphibious  animal. 

ain"plii-tlie'a-ter,  /  am"fi-tht'a-tgr,  n.    An 

am"plii-tlie'a-tre,  f  oval  edifice  having 
rows  of  seats  which  slope  upward  from  an 
enclosed  arena.  [<  Gr.i^  amphi,  around,  -|- 
theafro?},  theater.] 

ain'pl(e,  am'pl,  a.  Spacious  or  capacious; 
large;  complete;  abundant;  liberal.  [<  L.  am- 
pltis,  large.]  — am'pl(e-ness,  n. 

am-'pli-fy,  V.  [-fied; -fy'ino.]  I.  t.  To  en- 
large or  expand  in  statement  or  treatment;  add 
to.  11.  i.  To  dilate;  expatiate.  [<  F.  am- 
pliflei;  <  L.  amplus  (see  ample)  -f  facia, 
make.]  — am''pli-n-ca'tion,  am"pli-fi-ke'shan, 
n.   Elaboration;  augmentation;  addition. 

am'pli-tude,  am'pli-tiud,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  ample;  largeness;  scope;  ful- 
ness.    [<  L.  amplitudo,  <  amplus,  large.] 

am'ply,  am'pli,  adv.  In  an  arapje  manner; 
largely;  liberally;  sufficiently. 

am^pu-tate,  am'piu-tet,  vt.    [-ta'ted"*;  -ta"- 
TiNG.]    To  cut  off,  as  a  limb.     [<  L.  ambi-, 
around,  -|-  ptito,  trim,  <  puius,  clean.] 
—  am'^pu-ta'tion,  n. 

am'u-let,  am'yu-let,  n.  A  small  object  worn 
to  protect  from  witchcraft,  accident,  or  ill  luck; 
a  charm.    [  <  L.  amuletum,  charm.] 

a-muse',  a-miaz',  r^  [a-mused';  a-mu'sing.] 
1.  To  occupy  pleasingly;  divert;  entertain.  2. 
To  excite  to  mirth.  [<  F.  amuser,  <  a,  at,  + 
OF.  muser,  stare.]  —  a-muse'ment,  n.  Diver- 
sion; recreation;  an  entertainment,  game,  or 
spectacle.— a-mu'sing-Iy,  adv. 

an,  an,  indef.  art.  or  adjective.  One,  or  any: 
used  for  the  article  a  before  words  beginning 
with  a  vowel  sound.     [<  AS.  an,  one.] 

an-,  prefix,  with  values  as  follows:  an-^,  against; 
as,  answer  [<  AS.  aiid;  see  a-*];  an«-,  on.  In; 
as, anon  [<  AS.  an;  see  a-1];  an-3,  in;  as.onoint 
[<  L.  ^n^\  an-'*,  to;  as,  annul  [<  L.  ad]:  an-^, 
on  both  sides;  as,  ancillary  [<  L.  an-,  for  ambi-, 
around];  an-^,  up,  back;  as,  anode  [<  Gr.  ana; 
see  ana-];  an-'',  not;  as,  anarchy  [<  Gr.  an-; 
see  A-i<]. 


-an,  sujix  (often  with  euphonic  -i-).  Pertaining  to: 
used  in  nouns  or  adjectives  denoting  country,  ori- 
gin, race,  etc  ;  as,  Italian,  amphibian,  Lutheran. 
[<  L.  -anus,  -ana,  -anum,  an  adj  termination.] 

ana-,  pr^x.  Up;  back;  again;  anew;  sometimes 
capable  of  being  rendered  re-;  as,  anabaptism, 
rebaptlsm.    [<  Gr.  ana-,  <  ana  (prep.),  on.] 

-ana,  sufflx  (often  with  euphonic  -«-).  Pertaining 
to:  connected  with  a  certain  notable  subject, 
person,  place,  etc.;  as,  JohnsonIa?ia,  etc.  [L. 
neut.  pi.  of  suf .  -aiuis.] 

an-acli'ro-nisni,  an-ac'ro-nizm,  n.  A  chron- 
ological error;  something  occurring  or  repre- 
sented as  occurring  out  of  its  proper  time.  [< 
Gr.  ana,  back,  -f  chronos,  time.] 

an'^a-con'da,  an'a-cen'da,  n.  A  very  large 
non-venomous  tropical  serpent  that  crushes  its 
prey  in  its  folds;  a  boa  or  python. 

an''''{es-tlie'si-a,  etc.    See  anesthesia,  etc. 

an'a-gram,  an'a-gram,  n.  A  word  or  phrase 
formed  by  transposing  the  letters  of  a  different 
word  or  phrase.  [<  Gr.^  ana,  anew,  -f 
grapho,  write.]  —  an'''a-gram-niat'ic  or  -ie- 
al,  a.— an''a-grain-niat'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

a-nal'o-gy,  a-nal'o-ji,  n.  [-GlEs^  pi.]  Re- 
semblance of  properties  or  relations;  similari- 
ty without  identity.  [<  Gr.  l+f  qj^^^  accord- 
ing to,  4-  logos,  proportion.]  —  an'^a-Iog'ic-al, 
a.  Containing  or  involving  analogy,  an'^a- 
log'ict.— an"a-log'ic-ai-ly,  adv.  Figura- 
tively.—an-al'o-gous,  -gus,  a.  Resembling 
in  certain  respects.— an'a-logue,  an'a-leg,  ji. 
Anything  analogous  to  something  else. 

a-naFy-sis,  a-nal'i-sis,  n.  [-ses,  -siz,  pi.] 
The  resolution  of  a  compound  into  its  parts  or 
elements;  also,  a  tabular  statement;  logical 
synopsis.     [<  Gr.  ana,  back,  +  lyo,  loose.] 

—  an''a-lyt'ic  or  -ic-al,  an'a-llt'lc,  -al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  by  analysis;  resolving 
into  first  principles.— au''a-lyt'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

an-'a-lyze,  I  an'a-laiz,  t^<.     [-lyzed,  -lysed; 

an'a-lyse,  f -LY"ziNG,  -ly'sing.]    To   make 

an  analysis  of;  examine  minutely  or  critically. 

—  an'a-lyst,  n.    One  who  analyzes. 
an'a-pest,    I  an'a-pest,  n.    Pros.    A  metrical 
an''a-paest,  f  foot  consisting  of  two  short  syl- 
lables and  one  long  syllable.    [  <  Gr.  ana,  back, 
-\-paid,  strike.]  — ^  an'^a-pes'tic  or  -paes'tic,  a. 
&  n.    an''a-pes'[or  -pa;8']tic-alt. 

an'arcli-ism,  an'ark-izm,  n.  The  theory 
that  all  forms  of  government  are  wrong  and 
unnecessary.— an'areh-ist,  an'ark-ist,  n.  A 
violent  and  destructive  opponent  of  all  govern- 
ment.— an'^arcli-is'tic,  a. 

an'arcli-y ,  an'ark-i,  n.  Absence  or  utter  dis- 
regard of  government;  lawless  confusion  and 
disorder;  anarchism.  [<  Gr.  anarchia,  < 
anarchos,  without  a  head.]  —  an-ar'cliic,  an- 
ar'klc,  a.  Without  or  opposed  to  government; 
lawless.    Rn-ar'chic-ali. 

a-natli^e-ma,  a-nath'g-ma,  n.  [-mas  or  an'- 
a-them'a-ta,  pi.]  A  formal  ecclesiastical  ban 
or  curse;  also,  a  person  or  thing  anathe- 
matized. [<  Gr.  anathema,  curse,  <  ana, 
up,  +  tithemi,  place.]  — a-natU'e-nia-tize  or 
-rise,  -talz,  vt.  &  vi.  [-tized;  -ti'zing.J  To 
pronounce  an  anathema  against;  utter  anathemas. 

a-nat'o-my,  a-nat'o-mi,  n.  [-MIEs^  pi.]  1. 
The  science  of  the  structure  of  organisms,  as 
of  the  human  body;  also,  a  trectise  on  this 
science.  2.  The  art  or  practise  of  dissection ; 
also,  a  corpse  or  skeleton;  hence,  any  emaci- 
ated person.     [<  Gr.  ana,  up,  4-  temno,  cut.] 


flutlflre  (future);    atsle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli   (the);  go;   sing,   iiik;  thin. 
2 


-ance 
Angle 


18 


—  an''a-toin'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  anat- 
omy or  dissection;  produced  by  dissection; 
structural  as  distinguistied  from  functional. 
an^a-tom'ici.  -ic-al-ly,  ads.— a-nat'o- 
inist,  n.  One  skilled  in  anatomy.— a-nat'o- 
mize,  vt.  [-mized;  -mi"zing.]  To  dissect;  ex- 
amine critically;  analyze,    -iniset* 

-anc«,  suffix.  Forming  from  adjectives  in  -ant, 
and  also  directly  from  verbs,  nouns  denoting  ac- 
tion, quality,  or  state;  as,  abundance,  forbear- 
ance, perseverance.  [<  F.  -ance,  <  L.  -antia, 
-entia,  termination  used  to  form  nouns  from 
partlciples.l    -an-cyl:. 

an'ces-tor,  an'ses-t^r,  n.  A  forefather;  pro- 
genitor.    [<  L.OF  ante,  before,  -|-  cedo,  go.] 

—  an-ces'tral,  a.  Of ,  pertaining  to,  or  in- 
herited from  an  ancestor.— an'ces-tress,  n. 
A  female  ancestor.—  au'ces-try,  an'ses-tri,  n. 
[-TRIES*,  pl.\  1,  One's  ancestors  collectively. 
*J.  Descent;  noble  or  worthy  lineage. 

an'ch.or,  an'cer,  ti.  I.  t.  1.  To  secure  by 
an  anchor.  2.  To  fix  firmly;  make  secure. 
II.  i.  To  come  to  anchor;  lie  at  anchor;  be- 
come fixed,  secure,  or  abiding. 

an'clior,  n.     1.  An  implement  for  holding 
a  vessel  to  the  bottom  by  means  of  a  connect- 
ing cable,     2.    Anything 
that  makes  stable  or   se- 
cure.     [<  AS.  ancor,   < 
Gr.!-  ankyra,  hook.] 

an'clior-age,  an'c§r-§j, 
n.  1.  A  place  fit  for  or 
used  for  anchoring.  2.  A 
coming  to  or  lying  at  an- 
chor. 3.  That  to  which 
something  is  anchored;  a -^ 
means  of  support  or  secur- 
ity. 4.  The  fee  or  equip- 
ment for  anchoring. 

an'cho-ret,  a^'co-ret,  n. 
A    recluse;    hermit.      [<    Gr, 
choreo,  retire.]    an'clio-rite:]:. 

an-clio'vy,  an-cho'vi,  n.  [-viesS  pi.]  A 
very  small,  herring-like  fish,  utilized  for  table 
sauce.    [<  Basque^p  anchova,  <  antzua,  dry.] 

an'cient,  gn'shgnt,  a.  Belonging  to  or  having 
existed  from  a  remote  antiquity;  of  great  age; 
very  old.  [<  ¥.ancien,  <  LL.  untianus,  < 
L.  ante,  before.] —  an'cient-ly,  arf v.  In  the 
distant  past;  of  old. 

an'cicnt' ,  n.    One  who  lived  in  ancient  times. 

an'clent211,  n.  A  flag  or  a  standard-bearer.  LCor- 
ruptlon  of  ENSIGN.] 

and,  and,  conj.  A  particle  denoting  addition: 
used  as  a  connective,     [<  AS.  and,  and,  and.] 

and'i"ron,  and'ai'urn, «,    A  metallic  support 
for  wood  in  an  open  fireplace. 
Called  also  flre»dog.     [<  OF. 
andier,  andiron.] 

-nne,  srifflx.  Same  as -an:  where, 
however,  both  the  -an  and  -ane 
forms  exist.  It  Is  with  a  dlffer- 
cnvv.  in  meaning,  as  la  human, 
hmnane. 

an'ec-dote,  an'ec-dot,  n.  A 
brief  account  of  some  inci- 
dent; a  short  story.  [<  Gr. 
anekdota,  <  an-  priv.  -J-  ek, 
an^'ec- 


Andlrons. 


out,  -f  dotos,  given.]  - 
dot'ic.a.  J  .  rcrtalnlng  to  anecdotes,  an'ec- 
do'^tali.  ti.  Having  the  haJ)it  of  telling  nnoc- 
dotos.  nii''ee-dot'ic-aIt.—  an'^ec-dot'lc- 
al-Iy,  adv. 


a-ne'mi-a,   )  a-nt'mi-a,  -nl' [or  -ne']mi-a,  n. 

a-nae'mi-a,  (■  Deficiency  of  blood;  bloodless- 
nei?8.     [<  Gr.  an-  priv.  -f  haima,  blood.] 

a-nein'o-ne,  a-Eem'o-n§,  n.    A  plant  of  the 
crowfoot  family;  a  wind- 
fiower.  {<Gv.^anemone^ 
windfiower.] 

an'e-roid,  an'e-roid.    I. 
a.  Not  employing  a  fluid. 
II.  n.  An  aneroid  barom- 
eter or  battery.     [<  Gr, 
a-  priv.  +  news,  wet,  + 
eldos,    form.]  —  aneroid    ba- 
rometer, an  Instrument  show- 
ing atmospheric  pressure  by  the 
movements  of  the  elastic  top  of  an 
exhausted  metallic  box. 

an'^es-thCsi-a,  I  an"es-thi's!-a 

an^^8es-tlie''si-a,  i  or  -the'si-a,  n. 
Loss  of  physical  sensation.  [  <  Gr. 
an-  priv.  -f  aisthanomai,  perceive.] 
an'^ses-tlie'sis:}:. 

—  an''e8-[or  -aes-ltliet'ic,  an"- 
es-thet'ic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  producing 
anesthesia;  making  insensible  of  paiu.  II,  ?i. 
That  which  produces  anesthesia,  as  ether. 

an'eu-rism,   (an'yu-rizm,     n.      A      tumor 

an'eu-rysm,  j  formed  by  a  morbid  dilatation 
of  the  coats  of  an  artery.  [<  Gr.  ana,  up,  -j- 
eurys,  wide.] 

a-ne"W',  a-niu',  adv.  As  anew  act;  in  a  new 
way;  once  more;  again. 

an'gel,  en'jel.  I.  a.  Angelic.  II.  n.  1.  A 
spiritual  being,  especially  one  of  celestial  puri- 
ty. 2.  A  former  English  goHcoin  worth  from 
66\  M.  to  10s.   [  <  Gr.^'+OF  angelos,  messenger.] 

an-gel'ic,  an-jel'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  like,  or 
consisting  of  angels;  celestial;  pure;  beautiful; 
saintly,    an-geric-al:;:.    -al-ly,  adv. 

an'ger,  aij'ggr.  I.  vt.  To  provoke;  irritate. 
II.  n.  Violent  vindictive  passion;  sudden 
and  strong  displeasure:  wrath;  ire.  [ME.  an- 
ger,  affliction,  trouble.] 

ah'gl(e,  an'gl,  vt.  &  vi.  [an'gl(e)d;  an'- 
GLiNG.]  To  fish  with  rod,  hook  and  line:  with 
for.    [<  AS.  angel,  angtil,  hook,  fish-hook.] 

—  an'ff  ler,  n.  One  who  fishes  with  rod,  hook, 
and  line.—  au'slins:,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  fish- 
ing with  rod,  hook,  and  line. 

an'glei ,  n.  The  figure,  concept,  or  relation  of 
two  straight  lines  ema-  o 

nating  from  one  point; 
a  corner  or  point.  [F., 
<  L.  angttlns,  corner.]    i 

In  the  strictest  mathe- 
matical sense  the  word 
am/le  signifies  that  rela-  ft- 
tloh  of  the  lines  which  Is  a  n  i . 

measured  by  the  amount  Angit. 

of  rotation  necessary  to  make  one  coincide  with 
tlie  other.  This  amount  Is  commonly  expressed 
In  dee:ro('s.  When  the  sides  of  an  angle  are  per- 
]H'n(licular  to  each  other.  It  Is  a  right  angle  (see 
fig.  AOC);  when  loss  than  a  right  angle  (as  AOB 
or  WOC),  an  acute  angle;  when  greater  than  a 
right  angle  (as  ]M)D),  an  obtuse  angle:  when  the 
sides  go  out  In  oppo.sltc  directions  (as  AOH),  a 
.straight  angle.  Any  angle  not  a  right  or  straight 
angle  Is  an  oblique  angle. 

an'gle',  n.  A  fish-hook;  flshing-tackle;  a 
fishing  with  hook  and  line. 

An'gle^,  f).    One  of  the  early  conquerors  of 


papfi,  ask;  at,  air;  elgmgnt,  thfey,  ns^ge;  It,  g,  fi  (cc);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rOle;  but,  ®r; 


19 


angry 
annunciate 


Great  Britain,  from  whom  the  country  was 
called  England  (Angle»land). 

an'gry,  an'gri,  a.  [an'gri-er;  an'gri-est.] 
Moved  with,  evincing,  or  affected  by  anger; 
indignant;  inflamed;  keen;  sharp.— an'gri-ly, 
rtrf».— aii'gri-ness,  n. 

an'guisb.,  a^i'gwish.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  inflict 
or  sutEer  anguish.  II.  «.  Excruciating  men- 
tal or  bodily  pain;  agony;  torture.  [<  L.^f 
angro,  choke.] 

an'gu-lar,  a^'giu-lar,  a.  1.  Having  an  angle 
or  angles;  sharp^cornered ;  pointed.  2.  Meas- 
ured by  an  angle.  3.  Pertaming  to  angles.  4. 
Bony;  awkward  and  ungraceful.  5.  Of  a 
crabbed  disposition.     [<  L.  anguhis,  corner.] 

—  an'^'gu-lar'i-ty,  n.  [-tiesi,  pi.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  angular,  an^gru- 
lar-nesst.—  au'gii-lar-iyj  adv. 

an'il,  an'll,  n.  1.  A  West^Indian  lndlgo«plant. 
ti.  The  dye  indigo.  [F.,  <  Ar.  al,  the,  -f  nil,  < 
Sans,  nili,  indigo.] 

an'il(e,  an'il,  a.  Like  an  old  woman;  feeble- 
minded.    [<  L.  anus^  old  woman.] 

—  a-iiil'i-ty,  n. 

an^i-Iin,     (  an'i-lin,  n.    A  colorless  oily  com- 
an'i-line,  f  pound,  the  base  of  many  coal'tar 

dyes.     [<  ANIL.] 
an'"i-nxad-vert''',    an'i-mad-vgrt',    vi.      To 
pass  criticism  or  censure;  take  note  or  cogni- 
zance: followed  by  upon.    [<  L.  animadverto, 
<  aTiimus,  mind,  +  ad,  to,  -f-  verfo,  turn.] 

—  an''i-niad-ver'8ion,  an'i-mad-ver'shun, 
71.    Criticism  or  censure. 

an'i-mal,  an'i-mal.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  an  animal  or  animals;  pertaining 
to  the  bodily  life  of  man.  II.  n.  1.  A  sen- 
tient living  organism  other  than  a  plant.  2.  A 
sentient  creature  inferior  to  man;  a  brute.  3. 
A  debased  and  sensual  human  being.  [L.,  < 
anirna,  breath.]— an'i-mal-ism,  n.  The  state, 
condition,  or  activity  of  mere  animals. 

aii'^i-iiial'di-la,  n.    Plural  of  animalculum. 

an'^i-maFcule,  an"i-mal'kiul,  n.  [-cules, 
-kiulz,p^.]  An  animal  of  microscopic  smallness. 

—  an''i-inal'cu-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
like  animalcules. 

an''i-iiial'cu-luiii,  -klu-lum,  n.  [-la,  joL]  An 
animalcule.    [L.,  dim.  of  animal,  anima^^.] 

an^i-xnate,  an'i-met.  I.  -vt.  [-MA'TEDd;  -ma"- 
TiNG.]  To  impart  life  to;  make  alive;  move  to 
action;  enliven;  inspire. 
II.  a.  Possessing  animal 
life;  living;  lively.  [< 
L.  aidma,  breath.]  an'- 
i  -  ma  "  tedl.  —  an ''  i  - 
iiia'tion,  an"l-me'shun, 
n.  The  act  of  imparting  or 
the  stale  of  possessing  life; 
liveliness;  vivacity. 

an''i-mos'i-ty,  an"i- 
mes'i-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  pi."] 
Active  and  vehement  en- 
mity; hatred;  ill  will.  [< 
L.  animosita(t-)s,  <  ani- 
mus, courage.] 

an'i-mus,  an'i-mus,  n. 
The  animating  thought  or 
purpose;  spirit;  intention; 
temper.    [L.] 

an'is(e,  an'is,  n.  A  small 
North-Af rican  plant  that  furnishes  aniseed ;  an- 
iseed. [  <  Gr.  anison,  anise.]  —  an'i-seed'",  n. 
The  fragrant  warm  =tastlng  seed  of  the  anise  plant. 


Anise, 
a,  root;  6,  top. 


an-'klCe,  an'kl,  n.  The  joint  connecting  tL<- 
foot  and  the  leg.     \_<  A^.  ancleow.'] 

an'klet,  an'klet,  w.    A  band  for  the  ankle. 

an^nals,  SLn'a\z,n.pl.  A  record  of  events  in 
chronological  order.  [<  L.  annales,  <  annus, 
year.]  —  an'nal-ist,  n.    A  writer  of  annals. 

an-neaF,  ^n-nil',  vt.  1.  To  render  soft  and 
tough  by  heating  and  then  slowly  cooling.  2? 
To  flx  (colors  or  enamel)  by  heating  and  cool- 
ing.   [<  AS.  on-,  on,  -j-  seldn,  burn.] 

an-nex'S  gn-nex',  vt.  To  add  or  affix  at  the 
end;  join;  unite,  as  territory,  etc.;  attach,  as  a 
condition.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  necto,  bindj 

—  an^'nex-a'tion,  an'ex-e'shun,?*.  The  act 
of  annexing;  something  annexed;  an  addition. 

an-nex',  gn-nex'  or  an'ex,  n.  An  addition; 
appendix;  addendum. 

an-ni'hi-late,  gn-nai'hi-let,  vt.  [-la'ted'I; 
-la'ting.]  To  reduce  to  nothing;  destroy 
absolutely;  also,  to  destroy  the  identity  or  or- 
ganization of.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  nihil,  noth- 
ing.] —  an-ni'^hi-Ia'tion,  gn-nai'hi-le'shun,  n. 
An  annihilating;  destruction;  disintegration. 

an''ni-ver'sa-ry,  an'i-ver'sa-ri.  I.  a.  Re- 
curring annually.  11.  n.  [-RiES^,  j!>/.]  A  day 
separated  by  a  year  or  by  an  exact  number  of 
years  from  some  past  event;  a  commemorative 
observance  on  such  a  day.  [<  L.  annus, 
year,  -f  verto,  turn.] 

au'no  l>oin'i-ni,  an'o  dem'I-nol  or  -ni,  In  the 
year  of  our  Lord  or  of  the  Christian  era:  abbre- 
viated A.  D. 

an''no-tate,an'o-tet,  V.  [-ta"ted<J;  -ta"ting.] 
I.  t.  To  make  explanatory  or  critical  notes 
on  or  upon.  II.  i.  To  make  notes.  [<\j.ad, 
to,  -I-  nota,  mark.]  —an ''no- taction,  an"o-te'- 
shun,  n.  The  act  of  annotating;  a  note  or  com- 
ment.—an'no-ta''tor,  n.    A  commentator. 

an-nounce',  gn-nauns',  vt.  [an-nounceb''; 
AN-NOUN'ciNG.]  To  give  intelligence  of;  pro- 
claim; declare.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  nuntius,  mes- 
senger.] —  an-nounce'nient,  n.  The  act  of 
announcing;  publication;  declaration. 

an-noy',  gn-nei',  vt.  To  be  troublesome  to; 
worry;  bother;  irritate.— an-noy'ing-Iy,  adv. 
So  as  to  cause  annoyance. 

an-noy'ance,  gn-nei'ans,  n.  The  act  of  an- 
noying or  that  which  annoys;  the  state  of  mind 
of  one  who  is  annoyed. 

an'nu-al,  an'yu-al.  I.  a.  1.  Eetuming  or 
occurring  every  year.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
year;  reckoned  by  the  year.  3.  Lasting  only 
one  year.  II.  n.  1.  A  book  or  pamphlet  is- 
sued once  a  year.  2.  A  plant  or  other  organ- 
ism living  but  for  a  single  year  or  season.  [  < 
L.  a^?7?w^,year.]  -\y,adv.  Yearbyyear;  yearly. 

an-nu'i-ty,gn-niu'i-ti,  ?i.  [-ties^,  ^/.]  An  an- 
nual allowance  or  income.  [<  L.^  annus,  year.] 

an-nuF,  an-nul',  vt.  [an-nulled';  an-nul'- 
LiNG.]  To  destroy  the  force  of;  render  or  de- 
clare void;  nullify;  abolish.  [<  L.o^  ad,  to, 
■4-  mdlus,  none.]  —  an-nul'ment,  n. 

an'nu^lar,  an'yu-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
formed  like  a  ring;  ring-shaped;  marked  with 
rings.     [  <  L.  annulus,  dim.  of  anus,  ring.] 

an-nun'ci-ate,  (  an-nun'shi-et,  v^  [-a'ted''; 

an-nun'ti-ate,  j -a"ting.]  To  make  known; 
announce.     [<  L.  anmtntio,  announce.] 

—  an-niin''ci-a'tion,  an-nun"si-6'8hun,  n. 
]  .  The  act  of  announcing,  or  that  which  Is  an- 
nounced; a  proclamation.   2.  (1)  The  announce- 


fiutlQre  (future);   aisle;   au  (out);  ©11;  c  (k);   chat;  dh  (<Ae);  go;  sing,  iigik;  thin. 


anodyne 
anthropoid 


20 


men*  by  the  angel  to  the  Virgin.  Luke  i,  28-38. 
(2)  [A-]  The  festival  (March  25;  commemorating 
this  event.— an-nun'ci-a'^tor,  w.  A  person 
or  thing  that  announces;  a  device  for  showing  a 
number  or  name  when  a  bell  is  rung. 

an'o-dyne,  aa'o-dain.  I.  a.  Having  power 
to  allay  pain;  soothing.  H.  n.  Anything  that 
relieves  pain,  calms,  soothes,  or  comforts;  an 

"^opiate.     [<  Gr.  an-  priv.  +  odyne,  pain.] 

a-noint''',  a-neint',  tt.  To  put  or  pour  oil 
upon,  especially  in  sign  of  consecration;  con- 
secrate.    [<  hM'  in,  on,  -{-  iingo,  smear.] 

a-nom'a-lous,  a-nem'a-lus,  a.  Deviating 
from  the  common  rule;  irregular;  exceptional; 
abnormal.  [<  Gr.  an-,  not,  -\-homalos,  even, 
<  homoft,  same.]  —  a-nom'a-lous-ly,  adv. 

a-nom'a-ly,  a-nem'a-li,  n.  [-lies^,  pl.^  De- 
viation from  rule,  type,  or  form;  irregularity; 
anything  abnormal. 

a-non',  a-nen',  ac?v.  1.  In  a  little  while;  soon; 
presently;  immediately.  2.  At  another  time; 
again.     [<  AS.  on  an,  in  one.] 

a-non'y-mous,  a-nen'i-mus,  a.  Having  no 
acknowledged  name;  bearing  no  name.  [  <  Gr. 
an- priv.  -f  omjma,  name.]    -ly ,  adv.   -ness,  n. 

an-otli'er,  g,n-udh'gr,  a.  &  pron.  Not  the 
same;  distinct;  different;  one  more. 

an'swer,  gn'ser,  ^-  "L.  t.  1.  To  speak  or  act; 
reply  in  response  to;  acknowledge;  obey;  re- 
taliate. 2.  To  make  or  be  a  sufficient  reply 
to;  controvert.  3.  To  solve,  as  a  riddle.  4. 
To  be  sufficient  for.     5.  To  atone  for;  expiate. 

6.  To  correspond  to;  respond  to  reciprocally. 

7.  To  grant  (a  petition);  reply  favorably  to  (a 
petitioner).  II.  i.  1.  To  reply  or  respond. 
2.  To  speak  or  act  in  response  to  a  call  or  ac- 
tion. 3.  Tomeet  a  want;  be  sufficient.  4.  To 
be  responsible;  atone;  pay.  5.  To  correspond. 
[<  AS.  and-,  against,  -(-  swerian,  swear.] 

an'swer ,  n.  1 .  A  reply  or  response,  especially 
one  that  is  adequate  and  final.  2.  Any  action 
in  return  or  in  kind;  retaliation.  3.  A  correct 
solution.— an'8wer-a-bl(e,  -a-bl,  a.  1.  Re- 
sponsible; amenable;  requiring  or  admitting  of 
answer;  obligated  to  answer,  'ii.  Corresponding; 
adequate;  suitable.— an'swer-a-bly,  adv. 

ant,  gnt,  n.  A  small  insect;  an  emmet;  a  pis- 
mire"^   [Contr.  <  AS.  iemete.] 

ant-,  pre,flx.    Against,  etc.    See  anti-. 

-ant,  Hiiffix.  1.  In  the  act  or  process  of  doing 
(what  Is  denoted  by  the  stem):  used  to  form  ad- 
jectives with  nearly  the  meaning  of  the  ppr.;  as, 
mlllta?t<,  lltigaw*,  etc.  »J,  One  who  does  (what 
Is  Indicated  by  the  stem):  forming  nouns  of  ad- 

{ectlval  origin;  as,  servaw^,  one  who  serves.  L< 
.,.  -an{,t-)H,  -en(t-).%  ppr.  suffix.J 

an-tag'o-nize,  (^an-tag'o-naiz,  v.    [-nized, 

an-tag'o-nise,  S  -Ni8Ki);-NrziNG, -ni'sing.] 
I.  f.  To  oppose,  contend  with,  or  struggle 
against;  counteract;  neutralize,  offset,  or 
check.  II.  i.  To  be  or  act  in  antagonism. 
[<  Gr.  anti,  against,  +  agdnizamai,  contend, 
strive.] —an-tan'o-nlsm,  -nizm,  n.  Mutual 
resistance;  opposition;  hostility. -nn-tauf'o- 
nist,  n.  An  adversary;  opponent.— an-tasr''o- 
niH'tic,  a.    Opposed;  hostile,    -al-ly,  adv. 

ant-arc'tic,  ant-flrc'tic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
designating  the  south  pole  or  the  regions  near 
it.     [<  ♦^'f-  anfarkiikoH,  southern.] 

ante-,  prefix.  Before.  In  time,  order,  or  position; 
as.ara/echrlstian.au^enatal.  Compare  anti-.  [< 
L.  ante,  before.] 


ant'=eat''er,  gnt'^ifsr?  n.  A  mammal  that 
feeds  on  ants. 

an^'te-ce'dent,  an"t§- 
si'dgnt.      I.  a.    Going 
before;  preceding;  an- 
terior.   II.  n.     1,  One 
who  or  that  which  pre- 
cedes or  goes  be- 
fore.   2.  The  noun 
or  phrase  to  which 
a  relative  pronoun 
refers.    3.  pi.  The 
facts,  collectively,  that  have  gone  before  in  the 
history  of  a  person  or  thing. 

an'te-dxam'^ljer,  an'tg-chem'bgr,  n.  A  room 
servingas  an  entranceway  to  anotherapartmei.t. 

an'te-date,  an't§-det,  vt.  [-da'ted'';  -da"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  assign  to  a  date  earlier  than  the 
actual  one;  date  back.  2.  To  be  or  occur 
earlier  than  (something  else). 

an"te-di-lu'vi-an,  an"te-di-lu'vi-an.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  times,  events,  etc.,  before  the 
flood;  antiquated;  primitive.  II.  n.  A  per- 
son, animal,  or  plant  that  lived  before  the 
flood;  an  old  or  old-fashioned  person.  [< 
ANTE-  -\-  L.  dUinmim,  deluge.] 

an'te-lope,  an'tg-lOp,  n.    A  deer^like  animal, 
intermediate  between  cattle 
and  goats,  as  the  gazel,  etc. 
[<   (Jr.i'i'+*'  antJiolops,   an 
animal.] 

an'^te-me-rid'i-an,  an"- 
te-me-rid'i-an,  a.  Before 
noon";  between  midnight 
and  the  next  noon. 

ant"e-met'ic,  ant'e-met'ic. 
or  preventing  vomiting.     II.  n.    A  remedy 
used  to  allay  or  j)revent  vomiting. 

an^'te-muii'dane,  an"te-mun'den,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to,  existing,  or  occurring  before  i'cc 
world's  creation.  2.  Being  or  occurring  before 
one's  birth. 

an'^te-na'tal,  an"te-ne'tal,  a.  Occurring  or 
e.xisting  l)cfore  birth";  pertaining  to  conditions 
before  birth. 

an-ten'na,  an-ten'a,  n.  [-n.b,  -ni  or  -ne,  2>/.] 
One  of  the  feelers  on  the  head  of  an  insect; 
one  of  the  horns  of  a  snail.  [L.,  sail-yard,  < 
Gr.  ana,  uj),  +  teino,  stretch.] 

an-te'ri-or,  an-tfri-gr,  a.  1.  Antecedent  in 
time;  ])rior;  earlier.  2.  Farther  front  or  for- 
ward in  space;  situated  at  or  turned  to  the 
front.     [L.,  <  ante,  before.] 

an'te-room'',  an'te-rfim",  n.  A  waiting- 
room;  antechamber. 

an'tliem,  an'thcm,  n.  A  joyous  or  triumphal 
song  or  hymn,  or  the  music  lo  which  it  is  set. 
[<  (;r.i'''+'AS  anti,  against,  -\- phone,  voice.] 

another,  an'thgr,«.  Bot.  The  pollen-bearing 
l)art  of  a  stamen.     [<  Gr.  ant/ios,  flower.] 

an-tlioro-g:y,  an-thol'o-jl,  «.    [-oies»,  pt.]  A 
collection  of  choice  literary  extracts.     [<  Gr. 
ant/ia-i,  flowt-r,  +  lego,  gather.] 
—  an''tlio-loK'ic-aI,  a. 

an'thra-cite,  an'thra-soit,  n.  Mineral  coal 
of  nearly  pun-  carbon;  hard  coal.  [<  Gr. 
ant/ira.r,  co;\\.] 

an'thro-pold,  an'thro-peid.  I.  a.  Some- 
what like  a  human  In-ing  inform;  manlike. 


Antelope.    V25 
I.  a.    Allaying 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  el§m«nt,  th6y,  uegge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  dh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rfile;  bot,  Or; 


21 


anthr  op  olo  gy 
apatliy 


II.  «.  An  anthropoid  ape.  [<  Gr.  anth7opos, 
man,  +  -oil).  | 

an''th.ro-pol'o-gy,  an"thro-pel'o-ji,  n. 
[-GiES^,  j)l.\  The  science  of  man.  [<  Gr.  a?i- 
ihropos,  man,  +  -ology,  suffix.] —an'^'thro- 
po-log'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  anthropology 
or  to  man.  an'"tliro-po-log'ict.— aii^'thro- 
pol^o-gist,  n.  A  student  of  or  specialist  in 
anthropology. 

auti-,  prefix.  Against;  opposed  to;  opposite  to; 
corresponding  to;  in  return  for;  instead  of;  equal 
to;  like;  mutually:  commonly  changed  to  a7it- 
hofore  a  vowel,  and  to  a7ith-  before  the  aspirate. 
1  <  Gr.  a7iti,  against.] 

an'tic,  an'tic.  I.  a.  Odd;  fantastic;  ludi- 
crous; incongruous.  II.  n.  1.  A  prank; 
caper.  2.  A  clown;  bull'oon.  3.  A  grotesque 
figure  or  play.     [<  L.*"  antiqwus,  ancient.] 

An'ti-clirist,  n.  An  enemy  of  Christ;  a  false 
Christ.  —  an'^ti-chri-s'tian,  a.  Opposed  to 
Christ  or  Christianity;  pertaining  to  Antichrist. 

an-tic'i-pate,  an-tis'i-pet,  v.  [-pa"ted<'; 
-PA'TiNG.J  I.  t.  1.  To  look  forward  to;  fore- 
see; expect.  2.  To  act  sooner  than;  forestall; 
prevent;  foresee  and  fulfil  beforehand;  do, 
take,  or  use  beforehand;  foretaste.  II.  i.  To 
do  or  consider  something  before  the  usual  or 
proper  time;  cherish  anticipation.  [<lL,.ante, 
before,  +  capio,  take.]  —  an-tic"i-pa'tIon, 
an-tis"i-pe'shun,  n.  The  act  of  anticipating,  in 
any  sense;  prevision  or  foretaste;  expectation. 

an"ti-cli'max,  an'ti-clai'max,  n.  1.  Rhet. 
A  gradual  or  sudden  decrease  in  the  impor- 
tance or  impressiveness  of  what  is  said:  the 
opposite  of  c/imaa".  2.  Any  sudden  descent  or 
fall  contrasted  with  a  previous  rise. 

an'ti-dote,  an'ti-dot,  n.  Anything  that  will 
counteract  or  remove  the  effects  of  ])oison,  dis- 
ease, or  any  evil.  [<  Gr.  antidoto)},  <  a7iii, 
against,  +  clidomi,  give.]  —  an'ti-do"tal,  a. 
Ilaving  the  nature  or  effect  of  an  antidote;  per- 
taining to  antidotes. 

an'ti-mo-ny ,  an'ti-mo-ni,  n.  A  silver'white, 
hard,  crystalline,  metallic  element  used  in 
chemistry,  medicine,  and  in  the  arts.  [  <  LL. 
a?iHmo72iu7n,  antimony.]  —  an'^ti-mo'iii-al, 
an"ti-mo'ni-al.  I.  a.  Of  or  containing  anti- 
mony.   II.  n.    An  antimonial  medicine. 

an'''ti-iio'ini-an,  an'ti-nO'mi-an,  ?<.  One 
holding  that  faith  frees  the  Christian  from  the 
obligations  of  the  moral  law:  used  also  adjec- 
tivally. [<  Gr.  and,  against,  -f-  notnos,  law.] 
—  an'^ti-no'ini-an-isin,  n. 

an-tin''o-ray,  an-tin'o-mi,  n.  [-mies^,  jjL] 
Self-contradiction  in  a  law;  opposition  of  one 
law  or  rule  to  another;  irreconcilability  of 
seemingly  necessary  conclusions;  paradox. 
[  <  Gr.  anti,  against,  -|-  nomos,  law.] 

an-tip'a-thy,  an-tip'a-thi,  n.  [-thiess  pL] 
An  instinctive  feeling  of  aversion  or  dislike,  or 
that  which  excites  it.  [<  Gr.  UTiti,  against,  -\- 
pai/ios,  feeling.]  — an''ti-pa-thet''ic,  a.  Hav- 
ing antipathy;  naturally  repugnant  or  opposed. 

an-tip''o-des,  an-tip'o-diz  or  -des,  n.  sing.  & 
pi.  A  place  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  earth, 
or  its  inhabitants;  any  person  or  thing  dia- 
metrically opposed  to  another,  or  at  the  oppo- 
site extreme  from  another.  [<  Gr.  ar?/^,  op- 
posite, -(-  pons  (pod-),  foot.]  —  an-tip'o-dal, 
an-tip'o-dal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  situated  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  earth.    3.  Diametrically 


opposed.— an'ti-pode,  an'tl-pod,  «.  1.  An 
exact  opposite.    5i.  One  of  the  antipodes. 

an"ti-q.ua'ri-an,  an"ti-cwe'ri-an.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  antiquity  or  to  the  collecting  of 
antiquities.    II.  n.    An  antiquary. 

an-'ti-q.ua-ry,  an'ti-cwe-ri,  n.  [-riess  pi.] 
One  who  collects,  examines,  or  deals  in  ancient 
objects,  as  coins,  weapons,  etc.  [<  L.  anti- 
qmts;  see  antique,  a.] 

an'ti-q.uate,  an'ti-cwet,  vt.  [-qua'ted"!; 
-QUA'TiNG.]     To  make  old  or  obsolete. 

—  aii'ti-qua^'ted,  pa.    1.  Out  of  date;  old= 
fashioned;  obsolete.  '2.  Ancient;  superannuated. 

an-tiq.ue',  an-ttc'.  I.  a.  Ancient  in  fact  or 
in  style.  II.  n.  The  style  of  ancient  art,  or 
an  example  of  it;  the  facts  and  civilization  of 
antiquity  collectively.  [F.,  <  L.  aniiquus,  < 
a7)fe,  before.] 

an-tiq.'ui-ty,  an-tic'wi-ti,  r<.  [-tie^^,  pi.]  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  ancient.  2.  An- 
cient times,  people,  or  civilization,  or  anything 
belonging  to  ancient  times.  [<  L.  antigviivs, 
<  an/iquus,  antique.] 

an'^ti-sep'tic,  an"ti-sep'tic.  I,  a.  Prevent- 
ing or  counteracting  putrefaction,  etc.     -alj. 

II.  n.    Anything  having  antiseptic  qualities. 
an-titli'e-sis,  an-tith'o-sis,  n.    [-ses,  sTz,  w/.] 

1.  The  balancing  of  contrasted  words  or  ideas 
against  each  other.  2.  The  direct  contrary;  a 
strorig  contrast.  [  <  Gr.  anti,  against,  -|-  tithe- 
mi,  place.]  —  an''ti-thet'ic-al,  an"ti-thet'ic-al, 
a.  Directly  opposed;  strongly  contrasted,  an''- 
ti-tliet'icl:.    -ly,  adv. 

an'ti-type,  n.    That  which  a  type  prefigures. 

ant'ler,  ant'Igr,  n.  A  deciduous  bony  out- 
growth or  horn  on  the  head  of  a  deer.  [<  L.of 
a7ite,  before,  -|-  ocidus,  eye.] 

an'vil,  au'vil,  n.    A  heavy  block 
steel,  on  which  metal  may  be 
forged.     [<  AS.  an-,  on,  -{-feal- 
da7i.  fold.] 

anx^ious,  anc'shus,  a.  1. 
Troubled  in  mind  respecting 
some  uncertain  matter.  2.  Wor- 
rying; distressing.  3.  Intent;  eager;  solicitous. 
[<  L.  anxius,  <  ango,  distress.]  —  anx-i-'e-tv, 
an-zai'e-tl,  n.  [-tiess  joZ.]  Misgiving;  solicltud'e; 
eagerness.—  aux^ious-Iy,  adv.—  anx'ioiis- 
ucst^,  n.    Anxiety. 

an'y,  en'i.  I.  a.  1.  One  (person,  thing,  or 
part)  indeflnilely  and  indifferently;  a;  an; 
some.  2.  Some  (individuals)  of  a  mimber, 
class,  or  total.  II.  pro77.  One  or  more  per- 
sons,  things,   or  portions  out  of  a  number. 

III.  adv.  Somewhat;  in  the  least;  at  all.  [< 
AS.  itiiig,  one,  any  one.] 

a-or'ta,  e-or'ta,  n.  [-t^,  -tt  or  -te,  pi.]  The 
great  artery  springing  from  the  left  ventricle 
of  the  heart  and  forming  the  main  arterial 
trunk.     [  <  Gr.  aorte,  <  aeiro,  raise.] 

ap-i,  prefix.  To:  assimilated  form  of  ad-.  See  ad-. 

ai>-2,  prefix.    From:  form  of  apo-  before  a  vowel. 

a-pace',  a-pes',  at^v.    Rapidly;  fast,     [a-^.] 

a-part',  a-part',  adv.  Separately;  aside;  by 
itself:  t;sunder.     [<  F.  a,  to,  -\-pa7's,  part.] 

a-part'ment,  a-part'ment,  ??.  A  room  or 
suite  of  rooms.  [<  L.^  ad,  to,  -\-partio,  divide.] 

ap'a-thy,  ap'a-thi,  n.  [-thtessj?/.]  Lack  of 
feeling,  emotion,  or  sensation;  insensibility; 
indifference.     [<  Gr.  apatheia,  <  a-  priv. -f 


Anvil. 


fiutiure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;   c  (k);   chat;    dli  (the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


ape 
apparel 


22 


pathos,  suffering.]— ap-^a-thet'ic,  ap"a-thet'ic, 
a.  AVitliout  emotion  or  feeling;  unconcerned; 
impassive;  stolid,    -alt.    -al-ly,  adv. 

ape,ep.  X.  vt.  [aped';  a'ping.]  To  imitate 
absurdly  or  elavisiily;  mimic.  II.  n.  1.  An 
01(1  World  mau'lilie  monliey,  as  a  ciiimpanzee; 
any  monkey.    2.  A  mimic.    [<  AS.  apa,  ape.] 

a-peak^,  a-ptli',  adv.  Naut.  In  or  nearly  in 
a  vertical  position,  as  an  anchor,  etc. 

a-pe'ri-ent',  a-pt'ri-gnt.  Med.  I.  a.  Laxa- 
tive. II.  n.  A  gently  purgative  remedy.  [< 
L.  apei  io,  open,  <  a,  away,  -j-  pario,  get.] 

ap'er-ture,  ap'gr-cliur  or  -ti]Jr,  n.  An  open 
passage;  orifice;  hole;  cleft.    [<  L.  aperio; 

see  APERIENT.] 

a'pex,  e'pex,  n.  [a'pex-es*  or  ap'i-ces^,  ap'i- 
Biz  or  -ces,  pL]  The  highest  point;  tip;  top; 
vertex  (of  an  angle).    [L.,  <  apo,  fit.] 

av\i-i  prefix.    SameasAPO-. 

aph-e'li-on,  af-i'li-en,  n.  [-li-a,  -li-a,  ])l.'] 
The  point  in  an  orbit,  as  of  a  planet,  farthest 
from  the  sun.     [<  ap-^  4-  Gr.  helios,  sun.] 

a'phis,  e'fis  or  g'fis,  n.  [aph'i-des,  af'i-diz, 
2)1.]  A  plant»eucking  insect;  a  plant-louse. 
[<  Gr.  a-  priv.  -j-  pheidomai,  spare.]  apli'- 
id  (af'id)l:. 

aph'o-risin,  af'o-rizm,  n.  A  brief,  senten- 
tious statement;  proverb;  maxim;  precept. 
[<  Gr.  apo,  from,  -j-  horizo,  divide.]  —aph'o- 
rist,  n.  A  maker  or  user  of  aphorisms. —  aph'''- 
o-ris'tic,  a.    -alt.    -al-ly,  adv. 

a'pi-a-ry,  e'[or  g']pi-e-ri,  w.     [-riesS;>/.]    A 

Elace  where  bees  are  kept;  also,  a  set  of  hives, 
ees,  and  appliances.     [<    L.  apiarium,    < 
apis,  bee.]  — a'pI-cuK'ture,  n.     Bee-keeping. 

ap'i-ces,  ap'l-slz  or  -cSs,  n.    A  plural  of  apex. 

a-piece',  a-pts',  adv.  For  each  person  or 
thing;  to  each  one;  each. 

a'pish.,  e'pish,  a.  Like  an  ape;  servilely  imi- 
tative; foolish  and  tricky,  -l^fadv.  -nesH,n. 

apo-,  prefix.  Off;  from;  away.  Before  a  vowel 
apo- 18  shortened  to  ap-,  and  before  the  aspirate 
It  Is  modified  to  aph-.    [<  Gr.  apo,  from.] 

a-poc''a-lyps(e,  a-pec'a-lips,  n.     1.  The  rev- 
elation made  to  the  Apostle  John;  any  remark- 
able revelation.    2.  [A-]  The  book  of  Revela- 
tion.    [<  Gr.  apo,  from,  +  kalypto,  cover.] 
—  a-poc'^a-lyp'tic,  a.    -alt. 

a-poc'o-pe,  a-pec'o-p§,  n.  A  cutting  off  or 
elision  of  tiie  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word. 
[  <  Gr.  apo,  off,  +  kopto,  cut.] 

A-poc'ry-pha,  a-pec'ri-fa,  n.  sinq.  &  pi. 
Fourteen  books  of  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate 
not  in  the  canonical  Hebrew  Scriptures,  and 
held  uncanonical  by  most  Protestants.  [<  Gr. 
apo,  away,  +  kri/pfd,  conceal.]  —  A-poc'rv- 

f>lia1,  a.    1.  rcrtalning  to  the  Apocrypha,    i. 
a-1  Of  doubtful  authenticity;  spurious, 
ap'od,  ap'od.    I.  a.    Without  feet.    II.  a.  A 

footless  animal.    ap'O-dant.— ap'o-dal,  a. 
ap'o-gee,  ap'o-ji,  n.     That  point  of  the  moon's 

orbit  which  is  farthest  from  the  earth.    [  <  Gr. 

a])o.  from,  -|-  g?,  earth.]— ap''o-ge'aI,  -an,  a. 
a-pol''o-get4c,  a-pero-jet'ic.    I.  a.    Of  the 

nature  or  an  apology.   a-poI''0-get'lc-al$. 

II.??.    An  apology  or  defense. 
a-poro-gist,  a-pel'o-jist,  n.    One  who  argues 

in  defense  of  any  person  or  cause. 
a-poro-gize,      -gise,      a-pel'o-jaiz,     vi. 

I-gized;  -oi'zing.]    To  offer  an  apology;  find 

or  make  excuse. 


ap'o*log(,ue,  ap'o-leg,  n.  A  fable  or  moral 
tale.  I  <  Gr.  apologos,  <  apo,  from,  -f-  lego, 
speak.] 

a-pol'o-gy,  a-pel'o-ji,  n.  [-giess  2>l-]  1. 
A  formal  acknowledgment,  as  of  error,  offense, 
or  incivility.  2.  A  justification  or  defense:  the 
original  meaning.  3.  A  poor  substitute.  [< 
Gr.  fl;/)0to9'm,  a  speech  in  defense,  <  apo,  away, 
-\-  lego,  speak.] 

ap'o-plitlieffin,  etc.    See  apothegm,  etc. 

ap'o-plex-y,  ap'o-plex-l,  n.  Sudden  loss  or 
diminution  of  sensation  and  of  the  power  of 
voluntary  motion;  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  [< 
Gr.  ajJO,  from, -\-plesso,  strike.]  — ap''o-plee'- 
tic,  ap"o-plec'tIc,a.  Pertaining  to,  afi'ected  with, 
or  tending  toward  apoplexy,    -alt. 

Si--poTt\  a-pdrt',  adv.  Naut.  On  or  toward  the 
left  or  port  (formerly  larboard)  side. 

a-pos'ta-sy,  a-pes'ta-si,  n.  [-sies»,  pi.]  De- 
sertion of  one's  faith,  religion,  party,  or  prin- 
ciples.   [<  Gr.  apo,  off,  -f-  histemi,  stand.] 

—  a-po8^tate,  a-pes'tet  or  -tet.  J,  a.  Guilty 
of  apostasy;  false.  II.  a-pes'tet,  n.  One  who 
apostatizes.— a-po8'ta-tize,t'i.  [-tized;  -ti"- 
ziNG.]    To  forsake  one's  faith  or  principles. 

a-pos'tl(e,  a-pes'l,  n.  1.  One  of  the  twelve 
chosen  by  Christ  to  proclaim  his  gospel  {Matt. 
X,  2-4).  2.  Any  zealous  advocate  of  a  doctrine 
or  cause.  [  <  Gr.  apostolos,  messenger,  <  apo, 
off,  +  stello,  send.]  —  a-po8''tl(e-8nip,  n.  a- 
pos'tol-atet.—  ap^'os-tol'ic,  ap''o8-tol'- 
Ic-al,  ap'es-tel'lc, -al,  a.  1,  Of  or  pertaining 
to  an  apostle  or  the  apostles.  2.  According  to 
the  doctrine  and  practise  of  the  apostles.  3.  H- 
C.  C/i.  Papal. 

a-pos'tro-plie»,  a-pes'tro-fg,  n.  GratJi.  1. 
A  symbol  (')  above  the  line,  to  mark  the  omis- 
sion, as  of  a  letter,  or  to  indicate  the  possessive 
case.  2.  The  omission  so  indicated.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  apostrophos,  mark  of  elision.]  —  a-pos'tro- 
phizc^,  vi.  [-PHIZKD;  -phi'zing.]  To  use  tlie 
apostrophe;  shorten  a  word  by  omission. 

a-pos'tro-phe',  n.  Rhet.  A  digressive  ad- 
dress, as  to  an  absent  person,  an  attribute,  or 
the  Deity.  [<  Gr.  apostrophe,  a  turning  away, 
<  apo,  from,  -f-  strephd,  turn.]  —  a-pos'tro- 
pliize^,  V.  l,t.  To  address  by  or  In  a  rhetorical 
apostrophe.    II.  i.    To  deliver  an  apostrophe. 

a-poth'e-ca-ry,  a-peth'g-kg-ri,  n.  [-ries», 
pi.]  One  who  keeps  drugs  for  sale  and  puts  up 
prescriptions;  a  druggist;  pharmacist.  [< 
Gr.i'+*'  apo,  away,  -j-  lithhni,  put.] 

—  a-poth'e-ca-ries'  measure,  n. 
M'eiirlit,  see  measure,  weight. 

ap'o-thegm,  ap'o-them,  n.  A  terse,  instruct- 
ive, practical  saying;  a  sententious  maxim. 
[<  Gr.  ajX),  from,  -{-  phthengomai,  cry  out.] 

ap'^o-tlie'c-slB,  ap"o-tht'o-8is,  n.  [-ses,  ;>/.] 
Exaltation  to  divine  honors;  deification.  [< 
Gr.  apo,  from,  +  theos,  god.] 

ap-pal',    I  ap-pSl',  vt.    [ap-palled';  ap-pal'- 

ap-pall^,  f  ling.]  To  fill  with  dismay  or  hor- 
ror; terrify;  shock.  [<  L.^''^  ad,  to, -\- palleo, 
be  pale.]  —  ap-pal'ling-ly,  adv. 

ap^'pa-ra'tus,  ap'a-re'tus  or  -rg'tus,  v. 
[-TUS  or  (rarely)  -tus-es.  /)/.]  A  complex  de- 
vice or  machine,  or  a  set  of  tools,  appliances, 
etc.     [L.,  <  ad,  to,  -\-paro,  make  ready.] 

ap-par'el,  ftp-par'el.  l.vt.  [-ELEDor-ELLED; 
-EL-iNG  or  -EL-LING.]  To  clothe.  II.  n.  Rai- 
ment; clothing.    [  <  L.*"  ad,  to,  +  par,  equal.] 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el©m§nt,  thSy,  UB|ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rflle;  bat,  m; 


23 


apparent 
apprehend 


ap-par'ent,  (vp-pflr'^ut,  a.  1.  Clearly  per- 
ceivea  or  perceivable;  evident;  obvious;  vis- 
ible. 2.  Seeming,  in  distinction  from  real  or 
true.  [  <  L.  appareo;  see  appear.]  —  ap-par'- 
eiit-Iy,  rtrfw.   Obviously  or  seemingly,   [fantom. 

ap"pa-ri'tion,  ap"a-rish'un,  n.    A  specter; 

ap-peal',  ap-pil',  v.  I.  t.  Law.  To  remove 
to  a  higher  court.  II.  i.  1.  To  make  earnest 
supplication;  beseech;  entreat;  awaken  re- 
sponse or  sympathy.  2.  Law.  To  take  a 
cause  to  a  higher  court.  [<  L.  apjyello,  <  ad, 
to,  -j-  pello,  drive.]  —  ap-peal'a-bl(e,  a.  That 
may  be  appealed — ap-peal''er,  n. 

ap-peal',  n.  1.  An  earnest  request;  prayer; 
entreaty.  2.  A  resort  to  some  higlier  court  or 
other  power,  as  for  sanction  or  aid. 

ap-pear',  gp-pir',  ri.  1.  To  come  forth  into 
view  or  public  notice;  become  visible,  plain, 
public,  or  certain,  2.  To  seem,  or  seem  likely. 
[<  L.F  ad,  to,  -\-pa7'eo,  come  forth.] 

ap-pear'ance,  gp-ptr'ans,  n.  1.  External 
show  or  aspect.  2.  That  which  appears  or 
seems;  semblance.  3.  pi.  Circumstances 
or  indications  collectively.  4.  A  becoming 
manifest  or  public;  advent;  publication;  a 
coming  formally  into  court.  5.  A  phenomenon. 

ap-pease^,  ap-plz',  vt.  [ap-peaskd';  ap- 
PEAs'iNG.]  1.  To  reduce  to  peace;  soothe; 
placate;  pacify.  2.  To  calm,  still,  or  allay. 
[<  OF.  ahaisier,  <  a,  to,  -{-pais,  peace.] — ap- 
peas'a-bKe,  a.— ap-peas'a-bly,  adv. 

ap-pel'lant,  ap-pel'ant,  n.  One  who  appeals, 
in  any  sense.     [<  L.  appello;  see  appeal.] 

ap-pel'late,  gp-pel'et  or  -§t,  a.  Law.  Per- 
taining to  or  havnig  jurisdiction  of  appeals. 

ap"pel-la'tion,  ap"el-le'shun,  n.  A  name  or 
title;  theact  of  calling  or  naming.— ap-peFla- 
tiv(e,  ap-pel'a-tlv.  I,  o.  1.  Serving  to  des- 
ignate of  name.  3.  Denoting  a  class,  as  common 
nouns.  II,  71.  1,  A  title;  appellation.  3,  A 
common  noun.    -ly,  adr.    •ness,  7i. 

ap-pend^'i,  gp.pend',  vt.  To  add  or  attach 
(something  subordinate  or  supplemental).  [  < 
L.  ad,  io,  ■\-  pendo,  hang.]  — ap-pend'age,  ap- 
pend'ej,  n.    A  subordinate  addition  or  adjunct. 

np-peit'di-ces,  n.    A  plural  of  appendix. 

ap-pen'dix,  gp-pen'dix,  n.  [-dix-es,  -dix-ez, 
or  -Di-CES,  -di-8iz,  pi."]  An  addition  or  append- 
age, as  of  supplementary  matter  at  the  end  of 
a  book.     [L.,  <  ad,  to,  +  j^enrfo,  hang.] 

ap'^per-tain',  ap"er-ten',  vi.  To  pertain  or 
belong  as  by  right,  fitness,  etc.;  relate:  with 
to.    [<  L.*'  ad,  to,  -\-pertineo,  pertain.] 

ap'pe-tence,   )  ap'e-tgns,  -ten-si,  ??.    [-ten- 

ap'pe-ten-cy,  f  CEs^  -ten-cies*,  pi.']  Strong 
craving  or  propensity;  instinct  or  tendency; 
affinity.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -{-peto,  seek.] 

ap'pe-tite,  ap'g-tait,  n.  A  physical  craving, 
as  for  food;  a  mental  craving;  longing.  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  +  peto,  seek.]  —  ap'pe-ti'^zer,  n. 
Anything  that  excites  appetite  or  gives  relish. 
ap'»e-ti''8er1:.— ap'pe-ti'^zing,  pa.  Giving 
relish;  tempting,    ap'pe-ti'^singt. 

ap-plaud'<',  gp-pled',  vt.  &  vi.  To  express 
approval  of ,  as  by  clapping  the  hands;  com- 
mend; praise.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -\-2Jlaudo,  strike.] 
—  ap-plaiise',  ap-plez',  n.  The  act  of  ap- 
plauding; acclamation;  approval;  praise.— ap- 
plaiis'ivCe,  a.   Expressing  applause,  -ly,  «f<?;. 

ap'ple,  ap'l,  n.  The  fleshy  fruit  of  a  tree  of 
the  rose  family;  also  a  tree  bearing  such  fruit. 


[  <  AS.  seppd,  aepl,  apple.]  — apple  of  the  eye, 
the  pupil  ur  the  eyeball;  something  precious.  * 
ap-pli'ance,  gp-lai'ans,  a.    1.  Something  ap- 


plied to  ellect  a  result;  a  devce;  tool;  an  in 
strument.  2.  The  act  of  applying;  application 

ap'pli-ca-'blce,  ap'li-ca-bl,  a.  Capable  of  or 
suitable  tor  application;  relevant;  fitting.  [< 
li.  applico;  see  apply.] —ap'"^pli-ca-Ml'i-ty, 
n.  L-TiESSjs?.]  Thequallty  of  being  applicable; 
suitability;  fitness.  ap'pli-ca-bUe-nessi.— 
ap'pli-ca-bly,  adv. 

ap'pli-cant,  n.  One  who  applies;  a  candidate. 

ap"pli-ca'tion,  ap"li-ke'6hun,  m.  1.  The 
act  of  ap'plying.  2.  That  which  is  applied,  as 
a  remedial  agent.  3.  That  by  which  one  ap- 
plies; a  request.  4.  Appropriation  to  a  par- 
ticular use.     [<  L.^  applico;  see  apply.] 

ap-ply',  gp-plai',  t;.     [ap-plied';  ap-ply'ing.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  bring  into  contact  with  some- 
thing; devote  to  a  particular  use;  test  in  a 
particular  case;  attach;  refer  to.  2.  To  give 
wholly  (to);  devote  (oneself),  as  to  study.  II. 
i.  1.  To  make  formal  request;  ask;  petition; 
solicit.  2.  To  have  reference,  or  adaptation. 
[<  L.  applico,  <  ad,  to,  -\-plico,  fold.] 

ap-poinf'i,  gp-peint',  v.  t.  t.  1.  To  name 
or  select  (a  person  for  a  position);  name  a 
time  and  place  for  (an  act  or  meeting);  assign. 

2.  To  ordain,  as  by  decree;  command;  pre- 
scribe. 3.  To  fit  out;  equip;  furnish.  II.  i. 
To  decree  or  ordain  the  doing  of  something; 
designate  a  person  for  a  position.  [<  L.^  ad, 
to,  ■^punctmn,  point.]  — ap-point-ee',  n.  One 
who  Is  appointed.—  ap-poiiit^er,  n.  One  who 
appoints.— ap-point'iiieiit,  «.  1.  (1)  An  ap- 
pointhig  or  being  appointed;  position  or  service 
to  which  one  Is  or  may  be  appointed,  station; 
ofllce.  (2)  An  agreement,  as  for  meeting  at 
a  given  time;  an  engagement.  "2,  Something 
agreed  upon;  direction;  decree;  stipulation.  3. 
Anything  for  use  or  adornment;  equipment. 

ap-por'tion,  gp-pOr'shun,  vi.  To  divide  and 
assign  proportionally;  allot.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f 
portio,  portion.]  —  ap-por'tlon-ment,  n. 

ap'po-site,  ap'o-zit,  a.  Well  adapted;  appro- 
priate; pertinent;  apt.  [<  L.  appositns,  pp., 
<  ad,  to, -\-pono,  place.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness, «. 

ap^'po-si'tion,  ap"o-zi8h'un,  n.  1.  Gram. 
Tlie  relation  between  nouns  in  the  same  subject 
or  predicate  and  in  the  same  case,  where  one  is 
attributive  or  complementary.  2.  A  placing 
or  being  in  immediate  connection;  application; 
addition.  [<L.^  appositus;  see  apposite.] 
—  ap''po-8i'tion-al,  a. 

ap-praise',  gp-prez',  r>^.  [ap-praised';  ap- 
PRAis'iNG.]  To  make  an  official  valuation  of; 
estimate;  value.  [<  'L.^^+of  ^d,  to,  -f-  W^- 
tiiim,  price.] — ap-prais'al,  n.  An  apprais- 
ing; omclal  valuation,  ap-praise'menti:.— 
ap-prais'er,  n. 

ap-pre'ci-ate,  gp-prl'shi-et,  v.  [-a"ted<'; 
-A "TING.]  I.  /.  1.  To  esteem  adequately; 
perceive  distinctly.  2.  To  raise  in  value.  3. 
To  estimate.  II.  i.  To  increase  in  value. 
[<  Ij.^\  ad,  to,  -\-pretium,  price.]— ap-pre'- 
ci-a-bl(e,  ap-prl'shl-a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  ap- 
preciated; perceptible.— ap-pre'ci-a-bly,  adv. 
—  ap-pre^'ci-a'tion,  ap-prrshl-e'shun,  «.  1, 
An  appreciating;  true  or  adequate  estimation  or 
rocognltlon.    tJ.  Increase  In  value. 

ap'^pre-hend'^,  ap"r§-hend',  ^.  1.  t.  1.  To 
lay  hold  of  or  grasp  mentally;  perceive.    2.  To 


flut|flre  (future);   aisle;  an  (owt);    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;  dli  {thQ)\   go;  sing,  i^k;  thm. 


apprentice 
Arabian 


24 


have  an  imprespion  or  opinion  of;  know  par- 
tially. 3.  To  expect  with  anxious  foreboding; 
be  apprehensive  of  or  concerning.  4.  To  ar- 
rest; seize.  II.  i.  1.  To  think  or  suppose- 
surmise;  conjecture.  2.  To  look  forward 
with  foreboding.  3 .  To  grasp  a  truth  or  state- 
ment; perceive.  [<  li.  apprehendo,  <ad,to, 
+  prehendo.  seize.] — ap''pre-hen'8i-bl(e,  a. 
Capable  of  being  apprehended.— ap'^pre-lien'- 
sion,  71.  1,  Distrust  or  dread  concerning  the 
future.  2.  Cognition;  estimate;  Idea;  opinion; 
3.  The  faculty  that  apprehends;  capacity.  4. 
Legal  arrest.  5.  A  mental  Image.—  ap'^pre- 
heu'sivCe,  a.  1.  Antlclpatlve  of-  evil;  anx- 
ious; fearful;  suspicious.  2.  Quick  to  appre- 
hend. 3.  Responsive  to  sense-lmpreeslons.  4o 
Having  cognizance;  conscious. 

ap-pren'tice,  sp-pren'tis.  I.  vt.  [-ticed'; 
-Ti-ciNG.]  To  bind  as  an  apprentice.  II.  n. 
One  who  is  bound  by  indenture  to  serve  an- 
other in  order  to  learn  a  trade  or  business;  any 
learner  or  beginner.  [<  L.^^  apprehendo,  ap- 
prehend.] —  ap-pren'tice-ship,  n. 

ap-prise'i,  (  §p-praiz',  vt.    [ap-prised',  ap- 

ap-prize'i,  (prized';  ap-pri'sing,  ap-pri'- 
ziNG.J  To  notify;  advise;  inform.  [<F.  aj9- 
l>riSy  <  L.  apprehendo;  see  apprehend.] 

ap-prise2  or  -prize2.    See  appraise. 

ap-proach',  sp-proch'.  I',  -ct.  &  li.  To  come 
or  cause  to  come  near  or  nearer  to;  make  ad- 
vances to.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  approaching; 
a  coming  nearer.  2.  Nearness;  approxima- 
tion. 3.  Opportunity,  means,  or  way  of  ap- 
proaching. 4.  pi.  Advances,  as  to  acquaint- 
ance, etc.  [  <  L.*"  ad,  to,  -j-jyropius,  compar.  of 
prope,  near.]  —  ap-proach'a-bl(e,  a.   -ness,  n. 

ap'^pro-ba-'tion,  ap'ro-be'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  approving;  approval;  commendation. 

—  ap'pro-ba''tiv(e,  a.  Expressing  or  im- 
plying approbation.— ap'pro-ba-to-rj',  a.  Of 
the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  approbation. 

ap-pro'pri-ate,  jjp-pro'pri-et.  I.  vf.  [-a'- 
TED^;  -A'TiNG.]  1.  To  Set  apart  for  a  partic- 
ular use.  2.  To  take  for  one's  own  use.  II. 
a.  Suitable  for  or  belonging  to  the  person, 
circumstance,  place,  etc.  [<  L.^  ad,  to,  -f 
2>7'opnus,  one's  own.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ap-pro''pri-a'tion,  8p-prO"pri-e'shun,  n. 
An  appropriating  or  something  appropriated. 

ap-prove',  ap-prQv',  v.  [ap-proved';  ap- 
pRov'iNG.]  1.  t.  1.  To  regard  as  worthy, 
proper,  or  right;  commend;  sanction.  2.  To 
show  (oneself)  worthy  of  approval.  311.  To 
prove  by  trial;  test.  11.  i.  To  think  with  fa- 
vor: often  with  of.  [<  L.of  ad,  to,  -\-j)robus, 
good.)  —  ap-prov'a-bl(e,  a.  Worthy  of  ap- 
proval.—ap-prov'al,  n.  Approbation;  sanc- 
tion; commendation.— ap-prov'inB-Iy,  adv. 

ap-prox'i-inate,}ip-prex'i-met,i\  [-ma'ted"*; 
-ma'ting.]  I.  it.  &ri.  To  approach  or  cause 
to  approacli  closely  without  exact  coincidence. 
II.  sp-prex'i-met  or  -met,  a.  Nearly,  but  not 
exactly,  accurate  or  complete;  near.  [<  L.'-'' 
ad,  to,  -\-  j)roxwiu8,  superl.  otpro})e,  near.] 

— ap-prox'i-inate-Iy,  rtfi».— ap-prox''l- 
ma'tiou,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  approxima- 
ting; an  approximate  result.- ap-pr«x'i-ina- 
tlv(e,  a.  Obtained  by  or  involving  approxima- 
tion; approximate.    -ly,  adv. 

ap-pur'te-nance,  op-pur't§-nan8,  n.  Some- 
thnig  belonging  or  attached  to  something  else 
as  an  accessory  or  adjunct.     [<  OF.  aperie- 


Aprlcot. 


nance,   <  L.  ad,  to,  -|-   perfmeo,  pertain.] 

—  ap-pur'te-nant,  ap-ptjr'te-nant,  a.    Ap- 
-    pertaining  or  belonging,  as  by  right;  accessory. 

a'pri-cot,  e'pri-cet,  «.    A  fruit  intermediate 
between    the    peach    and    the 
plum,  or  the  tree  that  yields  it. 
[  <  F.  abricof.] 

A'pril,  e'pril,  n.  The  fourth 
month.  [<  L.  Aprilis,  <  ape- 
rio,  open.] 

a'pron,  e'prunore'piJrn, «.  A 
covering  to  protect  or  adorn  the 
front  of  a  person's  clothes;  an 
apron-like,  adjustable  covering  on  the  front  of 
a  carriage.  [ME.  napron.  <  OF.  naperon.  A 
napron  became  an  apron.'] 

a'''pro-pos',  g'prO-pO'.  I.  a.  Pertinent;  op- 
portune. II.  adv.  1.  Pertinently;  appropri- 
ately. 2.  By  the  way.  [<  F'.  dproj)os;  a,  to, 
-\-  jn'opos,  purpose.]  — apropos  of,  with  refer- 
ence to;  as  suggested  by. 

apt,  apt,  a.  1.  Having  a  tendency:  liable;  like- 
ly. 2.  Quick  to  learn;  skilful.  3.  Pertinent; 
apposite.     [<  L.  aptvs,  pp.  of  ajw,  fasten,  fit.] 

—  apt'ly,  adv.— apt'ness,  n.    Aptitude. 
apt^i-tude,  apt'i-tiud,  n.    1.  Natural  or  ac- 
quired adaptation,  bent,  or  tendency;  fitness. 
2.    Quickness  of    understanding;    readiness; 
aptness.     [F.,  <  L.  aptus,  fit,  fitted;  see  apt.] 

a'qiia,  6'cwa  or  g'cwa,«.    "Water.    LL.] 

— a'qiia  ani-ino'ui-{e«  ammonia.- a.  for'- 
tis,  nitric  acid.— a.  vi'tte,  distilled  spirits. 

a-qua^ri-um,  a-cwe'ri-um  or  -cwg'ri-um,  n. 
[-RI-UMS  or  -Ri-A,  pL]  A  tank  or  building  for 
aquatic  animals  or  plants.   [L. ,  <  aqua,  water.] 

a-q.uat'ic,  a-cwat'ic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to, 
living,  growing  in,  or  adapted^  to  the  water. 
II.  n.  An  aquatic  animal  or  plant.  [<  L. 
aqvaticus,  <  aqua,  water.] 

aq'ue-duct,  ac'wg-duct,  n.  A  water-conduit 
for  supplying  a  community  from  a  distance. 
[<  L.  aqua,  water,  -\-  ductus,  pipe.] 

a^que-ous,  e'[or  g']cw§-Ds,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
made  with,  formed  by,  or  containing  water; 
watery. 

aq'ui-lin(e,  ac'wi-lin,  a.  Of  or  like  an  eagle 
or  an  eagle's  beak;  curving;  hooked.  [<  L. 
aquila,  eagle.] 

ar-,  prefix.    Euphonic  form  of  ad-.    See  ad-. 

-ari,  suffix.  Pertaining  to;  like;  as,  regular-,  sin- 
gular,- also,  the  person  or  thing  bertalning  to; 
as,  scholar.  [ME.  -er,  <  OP",  -er,  F.  -aire,  •ier,< 
L.  -arts  (In  nouns  -are),  used  for  -alis  when  pre- 
ceded by  /.] 

-ar2,  siiMx.  A  form  of  -art,  -er:  refashioned  In 
Imitation  of -arI;  as,  vicar,  ME.  \\cary,  vik^r. 

-ar3,  mfflx.  A  form  of  -kr:  refashioned  in  imita- 
tion of -ar2;  as,  beggar. 

Ar'ab,  ar'gl),  71.  1.  One  of  the  Arabian  race; 
an  Arabian  horse.  2.  [a]  A  homeless  street 
wanderer,  especially  a  child.    [Ar.] 

ar"a-ljesque',  ar'a-besk',  n.  Art.  1.  Fan- 
ciful grouping  of  animal-  and  plant-forms, 
etc.,  as  in  Roman  and  Renaissance  decoration. 
2.  Flat  ornamentation  employing  interlaced 
lines  and  curves,  as  in  Arabian  architecture. 
[<  It.*"  aral)e$co,  <  Arabo,  Arab,  ult.  <  Ar. 
Ai'ab.^  —  ar^a-besque',  a. 

A-ra'bi-an,  a-re'bi-an.  I.  a.  Of  or  i^ertain- 
ing  to  Arabia  or  its  inhabitants.  II.  n.  A 
native  or  naturalized  inhabitant  of  Arabia. 


pcpu,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  th€y,  us^ge;  It,  %,  %  (ee);  o,  oh;  eratpr,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


25 


Arabic 
-ard 


Ar'a-bic,  ar'a-bic.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Arabia,  its  people,  lan<juage,  etc.  II.  fi.  Tlie 
language  of  the  Arabians. —  Arabic  figures, 
the  numerals  1,  2,  3  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  0. 

ar'a-bl(e,  ar'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  plowed 
or  cultivated.    [<  L.  arabilis,  <  aro,  plow.] 

ar'bi-ter,  flr'bi-tgr,  n.  A  chosen  or  appointed 
arbitrator  or  umpire;  an  absolute  and  final 
judge.     [L.,  <  ad,  to,  -f-Wto,  come.] 

ar-bit'ra-ment,  Gr-bit'ra-mgnt,  n.  Decision 
l)v  arbitration  or  by  an  arbiter. 

ar''bi-tra-ry,  flr'bi-trg-ri,  a.  Fixed,  made,  or 
done  capriciously  or  at  pleasure;  absolute; 
despotic—  ar'bi-tra-ri-ly,  adv. 

ar'bi-trate,  ar'bi-tret,  v.  [-tra'ted'';  -tra"- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  decide  as  arbitrator;  settle 
by  arbitration.  II.  i.  To  act  as  arbitrator; 
resort  to  arbitration.  [<  L.  arbitror,  <  a?'- 
biter,  arbiter.]— ar'^bi-tra'tion,  Gr"bi-tre'- 
8hun,  71.  The  hearing  and  determining  of  a  con- 
troversy by  a  person  or  persons  mutually  agreed 
upon  by  the  parties.— ar'bi-tra''tor,  ar'bi- 
tre'tgr,  n.  1 .  A  person  chosen  by  agreement  of 
parties  to  decide  a  dispute  between  them.  2, 
One  empowered  to  decide  a  matter;  an  arbiter. 

ar'bori,  flr'ber,  ?i.  1.  Bot.  A  tree.  2.  A  spin- 
dle or  axle.     [<  F,  ai'bre,  <  L.  arboi\  tree.] 

—  ar-bo're-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  tree  or 
trees;  living  or  situated  among  trees.— ar-bo'- 
re-oui^,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  like  a  tree; 
forming  a  tree.trunk,  as  distinguished  from  a 
shrub.- ar'''bo-re8'ceiit,  a.  Tree^hke  In  char- 
acter, appearance,  or  size;  branching. 

ar'bor^,  n.  A  bovver,  as  of  latticework,  sup- 
porting vines;  a  shaded  walk  or  nook.  [Orig. 
herbcr,  <  LL.of  herbarium,  <  herba,  herb.] 

ar-bu'tus,  flr-biQ'tus,  w.  BoL  The  Mayflower. 

arc,  Arc,  n.  Part  of  the  circumference  of  a 
circle:  a  bow;  an  arch.     [F.,<  L.  arcus,  bow.] 

ar-cade',  Gr-ked',  n.  A  vaulted  passageway 
or  roofed  street;  a  range  of  pillared  arches. 
[F.,  <  It.  areata,  <  L.  arats,  arch.] 

Ar-ca'di-an,  flr-ke'  [or  -cg']di-an,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Arcadia;  ideally  rural  or  simple;  pastoral. 

ar-ca'uiiin,  ar-ke'num  or -cg'num,  71.  L-J^a,  jy/.] 
An  inner  secret  or  mystery,    [L.] 

arch.',  Qrch,  v.  I.  t.  To  form  into  an  arch; 
curve;  span  with  an  arcli  or  arches.  II.  i.  To 
form  an  arch  or  arches. 

arch,  a.  1.  Characterized  by  merry  and  in- 
nocent cunning;  polish;  playfully  sly;  coy. 
2.  Most  eminent;  chief.   [<  Gr.  archos,  chief.] 

—  arch'ly,  adv.  —  n.vcW\\e»s,  n. 

arch,  71.    1.  A  bow'like  curve,  structure,  or 

object.      2.   Airh.    A 

structure  supported  at 

the  sides  or  ends  only, 

and  formed  of  distinct 

pieces  no  one  of  which 

spans  the  opening.    [  < 

F.  arche,  for  arc,  <  L. 

ai'cus,  bow.] 
ar'^chae-oFo-gy*     etc. 

See  archeology,  etc. 
ar-cha'ic,  flr-ke'ic,  a. 

Belonging  to  a  former 

period;     going    out     of   «!>.  spandrel;  fc,  keystone; 

use;    antiquated.       [<  -P' P'^""- 

Gr.   arc/i?,  beginning.]  —  ar'cha-ism,    flr'ke- 
Izm,  n.    An  archaic  word,  idiom,  or  expression. 
arch'^an''gel,  ark"en'jel,  n.  An  angel  of  high- 
est rank;  in  Scriptural  use,  the  archanqel. 


Eound  Arch. 


arch'^bish'op,  Srch"bish'up,  n.  The  chief 
bishop  of  a  province. —  arch''bi8h'op-ric,  n. 
The  office  and  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop. 

arch'^dea'con,  flrch"di'cn,  n.  A  high  official 
in  a  diocese,  subordinate  to  the  bishop.— arch''- 
<lea'con-ate,  arcli'^dea'con-ry, «.  [-ries', 
joZ.]  Eccl.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  an  arch- 
deacon. 

arch"di'o-cese,  flrch"dai'o-8is,  n.  The  dio- 
cese or  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop. 

arch^dulce',  Qrch'diuk',  n.  1.  A  son  of  the 
emperor  of  Austria.  2.  Formerly,  one  of  sev- 
eral sovereigns  in  Europe.— arch-'MuVal,  a.— 
arcli^'ducD'ess,  arch'duch'es,  71.  1.  A  daugh- 
ter of  the  emperor  of  Austria.  2.  The  wife  of 
an  archduke.—  arch''duch'y,  n.  [-uuch'ies*, 
pl.\  The  territory  or  office  of  an  archduke. 
arch'^diike'domt. 

ar"che-ol'o-g:y,  |  flr"k§-el'o-ji,  n.    [-gies», 

ar'^chae-ol'o-gy,  fj?;.]  The  science  or  study 
of  history  from  relics  and  remains  of  antiqui- 
ties. [<  Gr.  ar'chaios,  ancient,  +  -ology.]  — 
ar''clie-o-log'ic,  ar''che-o-loK'ic-aI.  ar"- 
ke-o-lej'ic,  -al,  a.  Pertaining  to  archeology; 
versed  in  antiquities.  — ar'^che-ol'o-srist,  «. 
One  who  is  devoted  to  or  skilled  In  archeology. 
[All  derivatives  are  spelled  also  archte-,  etc.] 

arch'er,  flrch'gr,  n.  One  who  uses  the  bow 
and  arrow.  [  <  L.*"  arctts,  bow.]  —  arch'er-y , 
arch'er-l,  »?.  [-tes«,  jt»/.]  1.  The  art  or  sport  of 
shooting  with  the  bow.    2.  Archers  collectively. 

ar'che-type,  flr'kg-taip,  n.  A  primitive  or 
standard  pattern  or  model;  a  prototype.  [< 
Gr.  archetyix)7i;  see  archi-  and  type.] —ar'- 
che-ty''pal, «.— ar''che-typ'icor-ic-al,rt. 

arch'fiend'",  flrch'ftnd",  n.  A  chief  fiend; 
the  devil. 

ar"chi-di-ac''o-nal,  flr'ki-di-ac'o-nal,  a. 
Pertaining  to  an  archdeacon. 

ar''chi-e-pis'co-pa-cy,  flr"ki-g-pis'co-pa- 
si,  n.  [-CIES,  2)1.]  The  rank  and  rule  of  an 
archbishop. —  ar'^chi-e-pia'co-pal,  a. 

ar"chi-pera-go,  flr"ki-pel'a-go,  n.  [-goes» 
or  -Gos»,  j)l]  A  sea  studded  with  islands,  or  the 
islands  collectively.  [<  Gr.!-*!'  archi-;  see 
ARCH-  -\-pelagos,  sea.]  — ar'^chi-pe-lag'ic,  ci. 

ar'chi-tect,  flr'ki-tect,  n.  One  who  plans 
buildings,  etc.,  and  directs  their  construction. 
[  <  Gr.  a7xhitektdn,  master-builder.] 

ar'chi-tec'^ture,  Or'ki-tec'chur  or  -tjur,  n. 

1.  The  science  and  art  of  designing  and  con- 
structing buildings  or  other  structures.  2.  A 
style  or  system  of  building.  3.  Buildings,  etc., 
collectively.—  ar''chi-tec'tur-al,  a. 

ar'chive,  Gr'caiv,  n.  1.  pi.  A  depository  for 
public  documents:  used  mostly  in  the  plural. 

2.  A  public  document  or  record.  [<  Gr.iJ'  +  P 
archeion,  a  public  office,  <  archo,  rule.] 

arch'way'%  flrch'we",  n.  An  arched  entrance 
or  passage. 

arc'tic,  arc'tic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to,  suitable 
for,  or  designating  the  north  pole  or  the  regions, 
etc.,  near  it;  far  northern;  cold;  frigid.  II. 
n.  The  arctic  circle  or  regions.  \_<Gv.  arktos, 
bear,  the  constellation.] —arctic  circle,  the 
Imaginary  circle,  23°27',  that  separates  the  north 
temperate  from  the  north  frigid  zone. 

-ard,  svfflx.  Used  to  form  from  adjectives  per- 
sonal nouns  denoting  the  possession  In  a  high 
degree  of  the  quality  denoted  by  the  adjective; 
as,  drunkard;  sometimes  changed  to  -ar<,  as  in 
braggarf.    [<  F.  -ard,  <  G.  -hart,  <  hart,  hard.] 


fiut|ure  (future);   aisle;  au  {fmi)\    eil;  c  (k);  chat;  db  (^Ae);   go;  sing,  i^k;  thin. 


ardency 
aroma 


26 


ar'den-cy,  Gr'dgn-si,  7i.  The  quality  of  being 
ardent;  intensity;  warmth. 

ar^deut,  Qr'dsnt,  a.  Vehement  in  emotion  or 
action;  paseionale;  intense;  also,  hot;  burn- 
ing. [<  L.<^^  arrf€0,  burn.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,  ?i. 
—  ardent  spirits,  alcoholic  distilled  liquors. 

ar'dor,  ar'd§r,  n.  1.  Warmth  or  intensity  of 
passion  or  affection;  eagerness;  vehemence; 
zeal.  2.  Great  heat,  as  of  fire,  sun,  or  fever. 
[L.,  <  ardeo,  burn.]    ar'dourj. 

ar'du-ous,  flr'diu-us,  a.  1.  Involving  great 
labor,  hardship,  or  difficulty;  difficult.  2. 
Toiling  strenuously;  laborious.  3.  Steep  and 
lofty.  [<  L.  arduus,  steep.]  —  ar'du-ous-ly, 
adt).— ar'du-ous-ness,  n. 

are,  flr,  1st,  2d,  &  3d  per.  pi.  pres.  ind.  of  be,  v. 

are,  ar.  n.  A  land-measure  =  119.38  square  yards. 
See  METRIC  SYSTEM  uuder  metric.  [F.,  <  L. 
area,  area.] 

a're-a,  e're-a,  n.  1.  Any  open  space.  2.  A 
tract  or  portion  of  any  surf  ace.  3.  Superficial 
extent.  4.  A  small  sunken  court  in  front  of  a 
basement.     [L.,  open  space.]  —  a're-ai,  a. 

a-re'na,  a-ri'na,  n.  The  oval  central  space 
for  contestants  in  a  Roman  amphitheater;  any 
sphere  of  action  or  contest.     [L.,  sand.] 

ar'gent,  flr'jsnt,  a.  Like  or  made  of  silver; 
white;  silvery.  [<  L.^  argenhim,  silver.]  — 
ar^'eren-tiPer-ous,  a.    Silver«bearing. 

ar^gil-la'ceous,  flr"ji-le'shius,  a.  Contain- 
ing, consisting  of,  or  like  clay;  clayey. 

ar'go-sy,  flr'go-si,  n.  [-sies^,  «;.]  A  large, 
richly  laden  ship,  as  formerly  of  Ragusa.  [< 
It.  Ragusea,  <  Ragusa,  port  in  Dalmatia.] 

ar'gue,  flr'giu,  v.  [ar'gued;  ar'gu-ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  urge  reasons  for  or  against;  debate; 
discuss.  2.  To  influence  (a  person)  by  argu- 
ment. 3.  To  prove;  show;  imply.  II.  i.  To 
present  arguments;  contend  in  argument;  rea- 
son.    [<  L.  a?'9'wo,  show.] 

ar'^u-ment,  flr'giu-mgnt,  n.  1.  A  reason; 
evidence.  2.  A  course  of  reasoning  by  the  use 
of  evidence;  demonstration.  3.  Logic.  The 
middle  term  of  a  syllogism.  4.  A  contest  in 
reasoning;  debate;  discussion.  5.  The  plot 
or  gist  or  a  work;  a  summary,  [<  L.  argu- 
menlum,  <  arguo,  prove.]  —  ar''gu-men-tV- 
tion,  n.  Debate;  argument. —  ar^'KU-ni eu'- 
ta-tiv(e,  a  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
marked  tay  argument;  given  to  argumentation. 

-arian,  svffix.  Used  In  forming  adjectives  and 
adjectival  nouns  denoting  occupation,  age,  sect, 
etc.;  as,  predestlnarfa/i.  [<  L.  -arius,  -ary,  -f 
-anus,  -AN.] 

ar'id,  ar'id,  a.  Parched  with  heat;  dry;  bar- 
ren; profitless.  [<  L.  aridus,  <  areo,  be  dry.] 
—  a-rid'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  p/.]  The  state  or 
quality  of  belnp  arid,     ar'id-nesst. 

a-riglit',  a-rait',  a.  &  adv.  In  a  right  way; 
correctly;  rightly;  exactly. 

a-rise',  a-raiz',  vi.  [a-rose',  a-rOz';  a-ris'- 
EN,  a-riz'n;  a-ri'sing.]  1.  To  spring  forth; 
appear;  issue;  originate.  2.  To  get  up;  come 
up;  rise;  ascend.     [<  AS.;  see  A-^  and  rise.] 

ar"is-toc'ra-cy,  ar'is-tec'ra-si,  n.  [-ciess 
pl.\  1.  A  hereditary  nobility;  the  chief  per- 
sons of  a  country.  2.  Government  by  a  hered- 
itary nobility.  [<  Gr.  aristos,  best,  +  krated, 
rule.]  —  ar-is'to-crat,  gr-is'to-crat.  71.  A  mem- 
ber of  an  aristocracy;  u  proud  and  exclusive  per- 
son.—ar''iM-to-crat'ic.  a.  Pertaining  to  aris- 
tocracy; oligarchic;  liaughty;  exclusive,     -alt. 


a-rithL'me-tic,  a-rith'me-tic,  n.  The  science 
of  numbers  and  compululion,  or  a  treatise  upon 
it.  [<  L.  arithmetica,  <  Gr.  antlimos,  num- 
ber.] —  ar'^ith-met'lc-al,  a.—  a-rith^me-ti'- 
cian,  a-rith"in§-tlsh'an,  n.  One  who  uses  or  is 
skilled  in  arithmetic. 

-ariuin,  suffix.  A  termination  forming  noun.s 
denoting  a  place  for  (as,  aquarmm),  or  that 
which  confers  or  Is  connected  with.  [L.,  neut. 
of  -arius;  see  -ary.] 

ark,  ark,  n.  1.  Scrijyt.  (1)  The  ship  of  Noah 
{Gen.  vi,  14-2^.).  (2)  The  chest  containing  llie 
tables  of  the  law  {Ex.  xxv,  10,  etc.).  (3)  The 
papyrus  cradle  of  Moses  {Ex.  ii,  3).  2.  A  flat* 
bottomed  freight»boat  or  scow.  [<  AS.  arc, 
<  L.  area,  chest.] 

arm,  arm,  v.  I.  t.  To  provide  with  arms  or 
armor;  equip;  fortify.  II.  i.  To  have  or  take 
arms.     [<  L.  a?'mo,  arm,  <  arma,  weapons.] 

arm^,  n.  The  upper  limb  of  the  human  body; 
fore  limb  of  a  vertebrate;  an  arm-like  part  or 
branch.  [<  AS.  arm.]  —  arm'hole",  ;;>.  An 
opening  for  the  arm  in  a  garment.— arui'pit'', 
n.    The  cavity  under  the  arm. 

arm^,  arm,  n.  1.  A  weapon.  2.  A  distinct 
branch  of  the  military  service.    See  arms. 

ar-xaa'da,  ar-me'da  or  -mQ'da,  n.  A  fleet  of 
war^vessels.     [Sp.] 

ar'^ma-dil'lo,  ar"ma-dil'5,  w.    An  American 
mammal     having      an 
armor  "  like      covering. 

ar'ma-ment,  flr'ma- 
mgnt,  n.  1.  A  land  or 
naval  force.  2.  The 
guns  and  munitions  of 
a  fortification  or  vessel. 

ar'ma-ture,  flr'ma- 
chur  or  -tiyr,  n.  1.  A 
piece  of  soft  iron  or  wire-wound  metal  joining 
or  rotating  near  the  poles  of  a  magnet.  2.  Ar- 
mor; a  set  of  organs.     [<  L.i'  armo,  arm.] 

arm'ful,  flrm'ful,  n.  That  which  is  held,  or 
can  be  held,  in  the  arm  or  arms. 

ar'mis-tice,flr'mis-ti8,  n.  Mil.  A  temporary 
cessation,  by  mutual  agreement,  of  hostilities; 
a  truce.    [<  L.^  arma,  arms,  -}-  sto,  stand.] 

arm'let,  flrm'let,  n.  A  little  arm;  an  orna- 
mental band  or  armor  for  the  arm. 

ar'mor,  Qr'mur.  \.vt.&vi.  To  furnish  with 
or  put  on  armor.  II.  «.  A  defensive  covering, 
as  of  mail  or  of  metallic  plates,  for  a  war-vessel, 
a  divers'  suit,  etc.  [<  £.*■  armatura,  armor.] 
—  ar'mor-er,  Qr'mur-gr,  n.  A  maker,  re- 
pairer, or  custodian  of  arms  or  armor.  — ar- 
ino'ri-al,  ur-mo'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  herald- 
ry or  heraldic  arms.— ar'iiio-ry,  ur'niu-ri,  71. 
[-RIESX,  pl.^  A  place  for  the  safe-keeping  of 
arms,  the  assembling  of  troops,  etc. 

ar^inour,  etc.    Same  as  armor,  etc. 

arms,  flrmz,  n.  pi.  1.  Weapons  of  offense, 
collectively;  also,  formerly,  armor.  2.  The 
military  service;  war  as  a  profession.  3.  The 
official  insignia  or  device  of  a  state,  person,  or 
family.    [<  L.''  amia,  weapons.] 

ar'my,  flr'mi,  n.  [ar'mies*.  ;>/.]  A  large  or- 
(^anized  body  of  men  armed  for  military  serv- 
ice on  land.     [<  F.  annee,  <  L.  anno,  arm.] 

a-ro'ma,  a-ro'ma,  n.  [-mas*  or  -ma-ta,  -mfl- 
td,  ;;/.]  Fragrance,  as  from  plants;  agreeable 
odor.     [  <  Gr.L  ardma,  spice.]  —  ar"o-inat'lc. 


papfi,  gak;  at,  air;  el©mgnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©ratgr,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or? 


27 


arose 
articulate 


1.  a.  Having  an  aroma;  fragrant;  spicy.  II, 
n.    An  aromatic  substance. 

a-rose',  a-roz',  imp.  of  arise,  v. 

a-round',  a-rcund'.  I.  adv.  1.  So  as  to  en- 
compass or  encircle  all  sides;  in  various  direc- 
tions. 2.  So  as  to  face  the  opposite  way  or 
different  ways  successively.  3.  From  place  to 
place;  here  and  there.  II.  j5/'e/?.  On  all  or 
various  sides  of;  about.    [<  a-^  -f  round.] 

a-rouse^,  a-rauz',  vt.     [a-roused';  a-rous'- 
iNG.]    To  awaken;  excite;  animate;  rouse. 
—  a-rous'al,  n.    An  arousing;  awakening. 

a-row',  a-rO',  adv.    [Poet.]     In  a  row. 

ar-raign',  gr-ren',  ^^.  ''1.  Law.  To  call  into 
court  and  cause  to  answer  to  an  indictment. 

2.  In  general,  to  accuse.  [<  L.^f  ad,  to,  -f 
ratio{n-),  reason.]  —  ar-raign'ment,  n.  The 
act  of  arraigning;  accusation. 

ar -range',  gr-renj',  v.  [ar-ranged';  ar- 
ran'ging.]  I.  <.  To  put  in  definite  or  proper 
order;  ogree  upon  the  details  of,  as  a  plan; 
adjust;  adapt.  II.  i.  To  make  preparations; 
make  an  agreement  or  settlement.  [  <  F.  a, 
to,  -f-  ranger,  range.]  —  ar-range'nient,  n.  1 . 
An  arranging  or  that  which  is  arranged;  disposi- 
tion; order.    2.  A  preparation,  measure,  or  plan. 

3.  Settlement,  as  of  a  dispute;  adjustment. 
ar'rant,  ar'ant,  a.    Notoriously  bad;  unmiti- 
gated.    [Var.  of  errant.] 

ar'ras,  ar'as, «.  Tapestry.  [<^rras,  In  France.] 

ar-ray',  ar-re'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  draw  up  in  or- 
der of  battle;  marshal;  set  in  order.  2.  To 
clothe;  dress.  II.  n.  1.  Regular  or  proper 
order;  arrangement,  as  for  battle,  display,  etc. 
2.  The  persons  or  things  arrayed;  a  military 
force.  3.  Clothing;  dress.  [<  OF.  areyer, 
<  a,  to,  -+-  rei,  order.] 

ar-rear',  gr-rir',  n.  A  part,  as  of  a  debt,  over- 
due and  unpaid:  commonly  in  the  plural.  [< 
F.  a/7ter«,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -j-  retro,  backward,  < 
re-,  back.]— ar-rear'age,  gr-rir'gj,  n.  Arrears. 

ar-rest'"*,  gr-rest'.  1.  vt.  1.  To  stop  sudden- 
ly; check.  2.  To  take  into  custody.  3.  To 
attract  and  fix;  engage.  II.  w.  An  arresting; 
a  stop,  check,  or  stay;  seizure  by  legal  author- 
ity.    [<  L.oF  ad,  to,  -f  resto,  remain.] 

ar-rive',ar-raiv',t'i.  [ar-rived';  ar-ri'ving.] 
To  reach  or  come  to  a  destination,  place,  con- 
clusion, or  result;  come.  [<  F.  arriver,  <  L. 
ad,  to,  +  ripa,  shore.]  —  ar-ri'val,  gr-rai'val, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  arrivmg.  3.  One  who  or  that 
which  arrives  or  has  arrived. 

ar'ro-gance,  ar'o-gans,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  arrogant;  haughtiness. 

ar'ro-gant,  ar'o-gant,  a.  Having  or  showing 
excessive  pride;  supercilious;  overbearing; 
haughty.—  ar'ro-gant-ly,  adv. 

ar'ro-gate,  ar'o-get,  vt.  [-ga'ted^;  -ga". 
TING.]  To  take,  de- 
mand, or  claim  unrea- 
sonably or  presumptu- 
ously; assume;  usurp. 
[<  L.  ad,  to,  -f  rogo, 
ask.]— ar^'ro-ga'tion, 
ar"o-ge'shuu,  n.  The 
act  of  arrogating;  un- 
warrantable assump- 
tion. 

ar'row,    ar'o,   n.     A 
long,  slender  shaft  with  pointed  head,  to  be 
shot  from  a  bow.     [<  AS.  arewe,  arh,  arrow.] 


Indian  Arrow-heads. 


—  ar'rowsheaiV',  n.  The  sharp^pointed 
head  of  an  arrow.— ar'row-y,  ar'o-i,  a.  Like 
an  arrow;  swift;  sharp;  direct;  also  consisting 
of  arrows. 

ar'row-root'",  ar'o-riit",  n.  A  nutritious 
starch  obtained  from  a  tropical  American 
plant;  also,  the  plant. 

ar'se-nal,  flr'sg-nal,  n.  A  public  repository 
or  manufactory  of  arms  and  munitions  of  war. 
[<  Ar.^p  ddvag'Qi' na' ah,  workshop.] 

ar'se-nic,  flr'sg-nic,  n.  A  volatile  chemical 
element;  also,  a  white,  tasteless,  poisonous 
compound  of  this  element  with  oxygen,  arsenic 
trioxid.     [<  Gr.^^^ arsenikon,  <  arsen,  male.] 

ar'son,  flr'sgn,  n.  The  malicious  burning  of  a 
dwelling  or  other  structure.  [OF.,  <  ardoir, 
<  L.  ardeo,  burn.] 

art,  art,  2d  per.  sing.pres.  ind.  of  bk,  v. 

art,  n.  1.  Skill  in  attaining  some  practical 
result;  also,  a  system  of  rules  for  its  attain- 
ment; dexterity;  facility;  a  branch  of  prac- 
tical learning.  2.  The  embodiment  of  beauti- 
ful thought  in  artistic  forms;  also,  the  works 
thus  produced,  collectively,  the  principles  in- 
volved, or  the  artistic  skill  required  in  their 
construction.  3.  Craft;  cunning.  4.  An  or- 
ganized body  of  trained  craftsmen;  a  gild. 
T<  L.P  ar(^)s,  skill.] —fine  arts,  the  arts  of 
beauty,  as  painting,  sculpture,  music,  and  poetry. 

ar'ter-y ,  flr'tgr-i,  n.  [-ies^,  pl.\  One  of  the 
muscular  tubular  vessels  which  convey  blood 
away  from  the  heart;  any  great  channel.  [< 
Gt.^  arteria,  prob.  <  airo,  raise.]  — ar-te'ri-al, 
ar-ti'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  contained  in,  or  like 
the  arteries  or  an  artery.—  ar-te'ri-al-ize,  vt. 
To  change  (venous  blood)  to  arterial  blood. 

Ar-te'sian,  Qr-tl'zhan,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Artois,  France,  or  a  kind  of  well  originating 
there. —  Artesian  well,  a  well  bored  down  to 
a  depth  where  the  water»pressure  is  so  great  as 
to  force  the  water  out  at  the  surface. 

art'ful,  flrt'ful,  a.  1.  Craftv;  cunning; 
tricky.    2.  Artificial.     3.  Skilful;  ingenious. 

—  art'lul-ly,  adv.—  art'ful-ness,  7i. 
Ar-tlirop'o-da,  Qr-threp'o-da,  n.  pi.    Zool.    A 

subkingdom  of  animals,  including  invertebrates 
with  j(*inted  legs,  as  insects,  spiders,  and  crabs. 
[<  Gr.  arthron,  joint,  -^pous  (pod-),  foot.] 

—  ar'tliro-pod,  a.  &  n. 
ar'ti-choke,    flr'ti-chok,   n.    A    thistle«like 

garden  plant  or  its  edible  head. 

ar'ti-cle,  flr'ti-cl.  I.  vt.  [-cled;  -cling.] 
To  bind  by  or  set  forth  in  articles.  11.  n.  1. 
A  particular  thing;  a  definite  part,  item,  or 
point.  2.  A  brief  composition!  essay;  paper. 
3.  A  single  proposition  of  a  series.  4.  One  of 
a  class  of  limiting  adjectives,  as,  a,  an,  and 
the.    [  <  L.  articulus,  dim.  of  artus,  joint.] 

ar-tic'u-lar,  ar-tic'yu-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  articulation  or  joint. 

Ar-tic/'u-la'ta,  ar-tlc"yu-le'ta  or  -Ig'ta,  n.  pi. 
Zool.  A  subkingdom  of  animals,  originally  em- 
bracing all  with  a  segmented  body,  as  arthropods 
and  worms. 

ar-tic'u-late,  ar-tic'yu-let,  v.  [-la'ted"*; 
-LA'TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  utter  articulately; 
pronounce;  enunciate.  2.  To  joint  together. 
II.  i.  1.  To  utter  articulate  sounds.  2.  To 
unite  by  joints.—  ar-tie'''ii-la'tion,  n.  1 .  The 
utterance  of  articulate  sounds;  enunciation;  dis- 
tinct utterance;  an  articulate  sound.  2.  A  joint- 
ing, or  being  jointed,  together;  joint. 


fiuttllre   (future):   aisle:  au   (ouiV.   oil:   c  (k);   chat;   db  {thQ)\  go;  sing,  iigik,-  thin. 


articulate 
askance 


28 


ar-tic'u-late,ar-tic'ya-let,  a.  1.  Divided  into 
consecutive  syllables;  united  to  form  speecli. 
2.  Clear;  distinct.  3.  Jointed;  segmented.— 
ar-tic'ii-late-ly,  arf?;.  1.  By  joints.  »J.  By 
articles.    3.  With  articulate  sounds;  distinctly. 

ar-tic'U-late,  n.  An  invertebrate  animal 
with  segmented  body;  one  of  tha  Artieulata. 
r  <  L.  ai'ticulus;  see  article.] 

af'ti-fice,  (Ir  ti-fis,  n.  Subtle  or  deceptive  art; 
trickery;  strategy;  stratagem;  maneuver.  [< 
L.  ar(t-)s,  art,  -\-facio,  make.] 

ar-tif'i-cer,  Gr-tif'i-sgr,  n.  A  skilful  handi- 
craftsman ;  also,  an  inventor  or  contriver. 

ar"ti-fl'cial,  flr'ti-fish'al,  a.  1.  Produced  by 
art  rather  than  by  nature.  2.  Not  genuine  or 
natural;  affected.  3.  Not  pertaining  to  the 
essence  of  a  matter. —  ar''ti-fl'cial-ly,  adv. 

ar-til'ler-y,  ar-til'gr-i,  n.  1.  Cannon,  or  that 
branch  of  military  service  which  operates  it. 
2.  Engines  or  implements  of  ancient  warfare. 
[<  F.  artillerie,  <  OP.  artUler,  fortify.] 

ar'ti-san.'',  flr'ti-zan",  n.  A  trained  workman; 
superior  mechanic.     [F.,  <  It.  artigiano.] 

art'ist,  Qrt'ist,  n.  1.  One  who  is  skilled  in 
art  or  who  makes  a  profession  of  any  of  the 
fine  arts.  2.  One  who  works  artisticallv.  [< 
F.  artiste,  <  L.  ar{t-)s,  art.]  —  ar-tis'tic,  ar- 
tis'tic-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  art  or  artists; 
conformable  to  the  principles  of  art;  tastefully 
executed.  —  ar-tis'tic-al-ly,  adth  In  an  ar- 
tistic manner;  from  an  artistic  point  of  view. 

artless,  flrt'les,  a.  1.  Without  craft  or  de- 
ceit; unaffected;  ingenuous.  2.  Without  ar- 
tistic skill  or  taste,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

-ary,  suffix.  Denoting  In  nouns,  persons,  things, 
or  places;  as,  a  notav!/,  lihrary;  also  used  to 
form  adjectives;  as,  primari^.  L<  L-  -ftriu-s: 
confused  often  with  -ari-s.] 

Ar'yan,  flr'yun.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Aryans.  II.  n.  One  of  the  primitive 
peoples  of  central  Asia  or  of  any  of  the  races 
descended  from  them;  the  Aryan  languages, 
also  known  as  Indo-European  and  IndO' Ger- 
manic.   [<  Sans,  a/'ya,  noble.] 

as,  az,  adv.  &  conj.  Like;  for  instance;  in  the 
character  or  under  the  name  of;  when;  be- 
cause; since.     [<  AS.  eal  swa,  entirely  so.] 

as''a-fet'i-da,  as"a-fet'i-da,  n.  A  fetid  drug 
j)repared  from  the  juice  of  certain  plants  of  the 
parsley  family.  [<  Per.  aza,  mastic,  -f-  L. 
fmtidax;  see  fetid.] 

as-bes'tos,  as-bes'tgs,  n.  A  fibrous  fireproof 
mineral.  [<  Gr.i'  a-  priv.  -\-  sbennymiy  ex- 
tinguish.! 

as  c end''',  as-send',  nt.  &  vi.  To  go  or  move 
tii)\vard  on;  move  or  slope  upwara;  mount; 
climb;  rise.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -|-  scando,  climb.] 

as-cend'en-cy,  |  us-send'gn-si,     -an-si,    n. 

as-cend'an-cy,  f  Paramount  influence;  dom- 
ination; sway. 

as-cend'ent  I  as-send'gnt,  -ant.     I.  a.    1. 

as-cend'ant,  S  Ascending;  rising;  coming  to 
or  above  the  horizon.  2.  Superior;  dominant. 
II.  n.     Preeminence;  domination. 

as-cen'sion,  tts-sen'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
ascending.  2.  FA-]  Christ's  visible  ascent 
from  the  earth ;  aiSO,  Ascension  day  (tlie  40th 
day  after  Easter). 

as-cent',  }js-sent',  n.  The  act  of  ascending;  a 
rising,  soaring,  or  climbing;  promotion;  away 
of  ascending;  an  acclivity. 


as^'cer-tain',  as"gr-ten',  vt.  To  learn  with 
certainty  about;  find  out;  make  certain;  deter- 
mine; define.  [<  OF.  a,  to,  -\-  certain;  see 
CERTAIN.]  —  as'^cer-taia'a-b^e,  a. 

as-cet'ic,  as-set'ic.  I.  a.  Practising  extreme 
abstinence  and  devotion;  severely  self-deny- 
ing. II.  n.  One  excessively  austere  and  self- 
denying;  a  hermit;  recluse.  [<  Gv.asketikos, 
<  asked,  exercise.]  —  asrcet'ic-al-Iy,  adv.— 
as-cet'i-cism,  n.    Ascetic  belief  and  conduct. 

as-cribe',  as-craib',  vt.  [as-cribed';  as-cri'- 
BiNG.]  To  refer,  as  to  a  cause  or  source;  at- 
tribute; impute;  assign.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f 
scribo,  write.]  —  a8-cri''ba-bl(e,  a. —  as-crip'- 
tion,  as-crip'shnn,  n.  The  act  of  ascribing;  an 
expression  ascribing,  or  that  which  is  ascribed. 

a-sep'tic,  a-sep'tic,  a.  Exempt  from  septic 
or  blood-poisoning  conditions;  free  from  dis- 
easc'germs  or  tendency  to  putrefaction.  [< 
A-i*  4-  septic] 

a-sex'u-al,  g-sex'yu-al,  a.  Having  no  sex; 
without  sexual  agency.     [<  a-^"* -|-  sexual.] 

ashi,  ash,  n.  A  forest  tree  of  the  olive  family, 
or  its  light,  tough,  elastic  wood.     [<  AS.  3Bsc.] 

asli2,  n.  1.  The 
powdery  residue 
of  a  substance 
that  has  been 
burnt:  usually  in 
the  plural.  2.  pi. 
Remains  of  the 
dead,  or  of  per- 
ished  hopes, 
plans,  etc.  [< 
AS.  sesce.'] 

a-sbamed',    a- 
shemd',  a.     1.  Feeling  shame;   confused  by 
consciousness  of  fault  or  impropriety;  abashed. 

2.  Deterred  by  fear  of  shame;  reluctant:  fol- 
lowed by  an  infinitive. 

asb'enS  ash'gn,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  made  of 

the  ash. 
ash'en^,  a.    Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  ashes; 

l)ale. 
awli'es,  ash'ez,  n.  pi.    See  ash". 
asb'lar,  I  ash'lar,   -Igr,   n.     Masonry.    1.  A 
asb'ler,  j  block  of  stone.    2.  A  squared  stone. 

3.  Mason^work  of  sjjuared  stones.     [<  L.o*" 
axillaris,  <  axilla,  dim.  of  axis,  board.] 

a-sbore',  a-shor',  adv.  To  or  on  the  shore; 
on  land;  aground;  not  on  a  vessel,  nor  at  sea. 

Asb  "Wednesday.    The  first  day  of  Lent. 

asb'y,  ash'i,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like 
ashes;  ash»covered;  asn»colortKl ;  ashen. 

a-side^,  a-said'.  I.  «.  Something  said  or 
done  aside.  II.  adv.  1.  On  or  to  one  side; 
away;  off;  apart.  2.  So  as  not  to  be  over- 
heard, actually  or  apparently.  [  <  A-'  -j-  side.] 
—  to  set  awide  (//</w).  toannul. 

as'i-nine,  as'i-nin  cw  -nain,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  like  an  ass;  stupid;  silly.  [<  L.  aMnus, 
ass.]  —  as''l-nln'i-ty,  n. 

asks  gsk,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  a  request  for 
or  of;  solicit;  demand;  claim.  2.  To  put 
questions  to  or  about.  3.  To  invite.  II.  i. 
1.  To  make  request;  petition.  2.  To  make 
inquiries;  inquire.     [<  AS.  dscian,  ask.] 

a-skance',  a-skgns',  adv.  With  a  side  glance; 
sidewise;  disdainfully;  distrustfully.  !.<  A-> 
4-  skance.]    a-skant'$. 


Ash. 

Tree?    2.  Leaflet. 


papCI,  Qsk;  at,  air;  el^msnt.  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i.  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rfile;  bot,  At; 


29 


askew- 
assiduous 


a-skew',  a-skiu',  a.  &  adv.  In  an  oblique 
position  or  manner;  awry;  askance. 

a-slaut',  a-slgnt',  I.  a.  &  adv.  In  a  slant- 
ing direction  or  position;  oblique;  obliquely. 
II.  p?'ep.  Across  or  over  in  a  slanting  direc- 
tion or  position;  athwart. 

a-sleep',  a-slip',  a.  &  adv.  In  or  into  a  state 
of  sleep;  dormant;  dead;  benumbed.       [tion. 

a-slope',  a-slop',  a.  &  adv.    In  a  sloping  posi- 

asp,  gsp,  /;.  A  venomous  serpent,  as  the  Euro- 
pean viper.     [<  Gr.L  asjn{d-)s.,  viper.] 

as-par^a-gus,  as-par'a-gus,  n.  The  succu- 
lent edible  shoots  of  a  plant  of  the  lily  fam- 
ily; also,  the  plant.  [L.,  <  Per.^r  aspar'ag, 
sprout.] 

as'pect,  as'pect,  n.  1.  Appearance  or  expres- 
sion; mien;  look.  2.  A  view  or  phase.  3. 
A  given  side  or  surface;  exposure;  outlook. 
[  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  specio,  look.] 

asp'en,  asp'en.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
aspen;  hence,  shaking;  tremulous.  II.  n.  A 
poplar  with  tremulous  leaves,  of  North  Amer- 
ica or  of  Europe. 
[<  AS.  a^sp.] 

as-per'i-ty,  as- 
p  e  r  '  i  - 1  i ,  ?i. 
[-TIES^,  pi.] 
Roughness  ox 
harshness,  as  of 
temper;  also, 
hardship;  diffi- 
culty. [<  L.  a«- 
per,  rough.] 

as-perse^  as- 
Pijrs',  rt.  [as- 
persed"; AS- 
PEKs'iNG.]  l.To  Aspen, 

censure     harshly       «>  branch;  b,  ament;  c,  tree, 
and  falsely;  calumniate;  slander.    2.  To  be- 
sprinkle or  bespatter.    [<  L.  ad,  to,  -}-  sparr/o, 
sprinkle.] 

—  as-per'sion,  as-pgr'shun,  n.    1.  Slander; 
a'slanderous  report  or  charge.    »i.  Sprinkling. 

as'phalt,  as'falt,  «.  1.  Mineral  pitch;  hard 
bitumen.  2.  A  bituminous  composition  for 
pavements,  etc.  [<  Gr.  asphalfos.]  as- 
phartum:}:.— as-phal'tic,  a. 

as-phyx'i-a,  as-fix'i-a,  n.  Suffocation.  [< 
Gr.  a-  priv.  +  f<phyzd,  beat.]  — as-phyx'i-ate, 
as-flx'i-et,  rt.    [-a"ted<1;  -a'ting.]    To  suffocate. 

as-pir'ant,  as-pair'ant.  I.  a.  Aspiring.  II. 
n.  One  who  aspires;  a  seeker  for  honors  or 
place;  a  candidate. 

as'pi-rate,  as'pi-ret.  I.  vt.  [-ra'ted*';  -ra'- 
TiNG.l  1.  To  utter  with  a  breathing  or  as  if 
preceded  by  the  letter  h.  2.  To  draw  out,  as 
gas,  by  suction.  II.  as'pi-ret  w  -ret,  a.  Ut- 
tered with  an  aspirate  or  strong  h  sound,  as'- 
pi-ra'^tedj.  III.  as'pi-ret,  n.  The  letter 
h,  or  its  sound.     [<  L.  anpiro;  see  aspire.] 

as"pi-ra'tion,  as"pi-re'8hun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  jispiring;  exalted  desire.  2.  The  act  or  ef- 
fect of  aspirating.  3.  The  drawing  in  of  air; 
a  breath;  inspiration;  suction. 

as-pire',  gs-pair',  v.  [as-pired';  as-pir'ing.] 
I.  i.  1.  To  have  an  earnest  desire  for  some- 
thing high  and  good.  2.  To  reach  upward; 
ascend.  II.  t.  To  long  for;  aim  at.  [<  L.f 
ad,  to,  -f  spiro,  breathe.]  —  as-pir'ing,  pa. 
Eager  for  attainment  or  advancement. 


a-sqiiint',  o-skwint',  a.  &  adv.  With  sidelong 
glance,  squintlngly;  askance;  squinting. 

ass,  Qs,  ?i.  [ass'es,  «/.]  A  long=eared  equine 
quadruped  smaller  than  the  ordinary  horse;  an 
obstinate  or  stupid  person.    .[<  AS.  assa.] 

as'^sa-fet'i-da,  n.    See  asafetida. 

as'sa-gai,  /  as'a-gai,  -§-gai,  n.    A  light  spear, 

as'se-gai,  fused  by  Zulus,  Kafirs,  etc. 

as-saiF,  gs-sel',  vt.  To  attack  violently  with 
force,  or  with  argument,  censure,  or  the  like; 
assault.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -\-  salio,  rush.] 

—  as-sail'a-bKe,  a.— as-saiFant.    I.  a. 
Attacking;  hostile.    II.  n.    One  who  assails. 

as-sas'sin,  gs-sas'in,  n.  One  who  assassin- 
ates.    [F.,  <  Ar.  Hashshdshm,  hashish^eaters.] 

as-sas'sin-ate,  gs-sas'ln-et,  v.  [-a'ted*"; 
-a'ting.]  I.  t.  To  kill  by  secret  or  treacher- 
ous assault.  II.  i.  To  commit  treacherous 
murder.— as-sas'^sin-a'tioii,  n.  The  act  of 
assassinating;  secret  or  treacherous  murder. 

as-sault',  gs-selt'.  P.  vt.  To  attack  with 
violence;  'also,  to  assail  by  words,  etc.  II.  n. 
Any  act,  speech,  or  writing  assailing  a  per- 
son or  an  institution;  attack;  charge  of  troops. 
[<  L.LL+F  ad,  to,  +  salio,  leap.] 

as-say',  §s-se',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  subject  to  an 
r.ssay.  2.  To  attempt;  essay;  prove;  test. 
II.  l.  1.  To  show  by  test  a  certain  value.  2||. 
To  endeavor.  [<  L.of  exigo,  prove,  <  ex,  out, 
+  ago,  drive.]  —  as-say'er,  n. 

as-say',  n.  The  scientific  testing  of  an  alloy 
or  ore  for  valuable  metal. 

as-sem^'bla^e,  §s-sem'blgj,  n.  An  assem- 
bling; association;  any  gathering  of  persons 
or  things;  collection;  assembly. 

as-sem^ble,  gs-sem'bl,  v.  [-bled;  -bling.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  collect  or  convene.  2.  To  fit  or 
join  together.  II.  i.  To  come  together;  meet; 
congregate.  [<  h.^^ad,  to,  +  simul,  together.] 

as-semljly,  gs-sem'bli,  n.  [-blies^.  }?^.]  1. 
An  asisembling.  2.  A  number  of  persons  met 
together  for  a  common  purpose.  3.  Mil.  The 
signal  calling  troops  to  form  ranks. 

as-sent',  as-sent'.  I"*,  vi.  To  express  agree- 
ment; concur;  acquiesce.  II.  n.  1.  Mental 
concurrence  or  agreement.  2.  Consent  of 
will;  sanction.      [<  L.  ad,  to,  -(-  sentio,  feel.] 

as-sert'<*,  gs-sgrt',  vt.  1.  To  state  positively; 
affirm;  aver.  2.  To  maintain  as  a  right  or 
claim,  by  words  or  by  force.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f- 
sero,  hind.]  —  as-ser'tion,  gs-sgr'shun,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  asserting,  ti.  A  positive  declaration 
without  attempt  at  proof.  3.  The  maintenance 
of  a  cause,  principle,  or  right. 

as-sess'S  §s-ses',  vt.  1.  To  charge  (a  person 
or  property)  with  a  tax.  2.  To  determine  the 
amount  of  (a  tax  or  other  payment).  3.  To 
value  for  taxation.  [<  L.*5*"  assideo,  ad,  to,  -{- 
sedeo,  sit.]  —  as-sess'nicnt,  n.  1.  Apportion- 
ment or  amount,  as  of  taxes.  2.  A  valuation  of 
property  for  taxation.— as-sess'or,  n. 

as'set,  as'et,  n.    An  item  in  one's  assets. 

as'sets,  as'ets,  n.  pi.  Available  property,  as 
for  payment  of  debts,  legacies,  etc.  [<  ¥.  as- 
sez,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f  satis,  enough.] 

as-sev'er-ate,  as-sev'gr-et,  vt.  [-a'ted*";  -a'- 
ting.] To  affirm  or  aver  emphatically  or  sol- 
emnly.    [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f-  severus,  serious.] 

—  as-sev^'er-a'tion,    as-sev"er-6'shuD,    n. 
An  emphatic  or  solemn  declaration. 

as-sid'u-ous,  gs-sid'yu-us,   a.     Devoted  or 


flut|ure  (future);   aisle;  an  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  {tM)\   go;  sing,  ink;  min. 


assign 
astride 


30 


constant;  unremitting;  diligent.  [<  L.  ad,  to, 
-\- sedeo,  Bit.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— as-^si-du'- 
i-ty,  a8"I-cliCi'i-ti,  n.  [-tiesi, pL]  Close  and  con- 
tinuous application;  diligence;  carefulness. 

as-sign',  Qs-sain',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  set  apart 
or  select;  designate;  appoint;  allot;  specify; 
attribute.  2.  To  malce  over,  as  to  an  assignee, 
in  behalf  of  another.  II.  i.  To  make  an  as- 
signment. [<  L.  assigno,  <  ad,  to,  4-  signiim, 
marlv.]  — a9-sign'a-bl(e,  a.  That  may  be  as- 
signed or  specilied.  — as'^sig-na'tion,  as'ig- 
ne'sbun,  n.  1.  An  assigning;  assignment.  "Z. 
An  appointment  for  meeting,  especially  for  an 
illicit  love»meetlng.—  as''sign-ee'»  as'in-i',  n. 
One  to  whom  property  has  been  assigned  in  trust; 
an  agent  or  trustee.— as-sign'inent,  as-sain'- 
meat,  7i.  1.  An  assigning.  '2,  The  transfer  of 
a  property  or  the  instrument  or  writing  of  trans- 
fer.—as^'sign-or',  as"in-er',  n.  One  who  as- 
signs or  makes  an  assignment.    as-sign'er+. 

as-sign',  n.  A  person  to  whom  property, 
rights,  or  powers  are  transferred  by  another. 

as-sim^i-late,  gs-sim'i-let,  v.  [-la"ted'1; 
-la"ting.J     1.  t.    1.  To  take  up  and  incor- 

f)orate,  as  food.  2.  To  make  or  become  like; 
iken;  compare.  II.  i.  1 .  To  be  made  or  to 
make  something  a  homogeneous  part  of  the 
substance  or  system.  2.  To  become  alike.  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  +  similis,  like.]  —  aB-sim'i-la-bUe, 
a.  That  may  be  assimilated.— as-sim'^i-la'- 
tion,  n.  An  assimilating  or  being  assimilated; 
the  transformation  of  digested  nutriment  Into  an 
Integral  part  of  an  organism.- as-siin'i-la- 
tiv(e,  a.  Having  the  capability  of  or  tendency 
to  assimilation. 

as-sisf'i,  gs-gigf,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  give  succor 
or  support  to;  aid;  help;  relieve.  2.  To  act 
as  assistant  to.  II.  i.  To  render  aid  or  help; 
be  of  service.  [  <  L.  ad,  to,  +  si,sto,  <  sto, 
stand.]  —  as-sist'ance,  w.  Help;  aid;  support; 
relief.- as-sist'ant.  I.  «.  1 .  Holding  a  sub- 
ordinate or  auxiliary  place,  office,  or  rank.  2. 
Affording  aid;  assisting.  11.  v.  One  who  or 
that  which  assists;  adeputyorsubordlnate;  helper. 

as-size',  gs-saiz',  n.  [as-si'zes,  pi.']  A  ses- 
sion of  a  court,  the  court  itself,  or  the  time 
and  place  of  holding  it:  used  chiefly  in  the 
plural.  [<  F.  assise,  <  L.  ad,  to,  4-  sedeo,  sit.] 

as-so^ci-ate,  as-so'shi-et,  v.  [-a'ted;  -a"- 
TiNo.l  I.  t.  1.  To  bring  together;  unite; 
combme;  ally.  2.  To  connect  in  thought. 
II.  i.  To  be  in  company  or  relation;  have 
fellowship  or  intercourse;  unite;  join.  [<  L. 
ad,  to,  +  socius,  united.] 

as-so^ci-ate,  a.  Joined  together  or  witli  an- 
other or  others;  united;  allied. 

as-so'ci-ate,  7^  1.  Acompanion;  ally;  col- 
league.   2.  A  concomitant.    ' 

as-so''ci-a'tion,  gs-so'si-e'slmn  or  -shi- 
o'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  associating,  or  the 
state  of  being  associated;  fellowship;  com- 
bination for  a  common  purpose,  2.  Con- 
nection of  ideas  in  thought;  also,  the  process 
or  faculty  by  which  they  are  connected.  3.  A 
corporation;  society;  partnership. 

as-sort'-',  as-sSrt'  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  distribute 
into  classes;  classify.  2.  To  make  up  of  or  fur- 
nish with  a  variety,  as  of  goods.  II.  i.  To 
fall  Into  a  class;  harmonize;  associate;  con- 
sort. [<  L.P  ad,  to,  +  sor{f-)^,  lot.J— a»- 
Mo  rt^nieiit,  n.  1 .  The  act  or  process  or  assort- 
ing.   2.  A  collection  of  various  things. 


as-suage',  gs-swej',  vL  [as-suaged';  as- 
sua'ging.]  To  make  less  harsh  or  violent;  al- 
leviate; soothe;  allay;  abate;  calm.  [<  L.^f 
ad,  to,  -f-  suavis,  sweet.]  —  as-suage'ment,  n. 
—  a8-sua'siv(e,a.    Soothing;  trauqullizing. 

as-suine%  gs-siQm',  v.  [as-su3ied';  as-su'- 
MiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  take  upon  oneself;  put 
on;  adopt;  undertake.  2.  Totakeforgranted; 
suppose.  3.  To  affect;  pretend.  II.  i.  To 
be  presumptuous.  [<  L.  ad,  to,  -\-siimo,  take.] 
—  as-su^iiiingr,  pa.  Presumptuous;  arrogant. 

as-sump'tiou,  as-sump'shun,  n.  1.  An  as- 
suming, or  that  which  is  assumed;  a  taking 
upon  oneself ;  a  taking  for  granted ;  a  supposi- 
tion. 2.  Arrogance.  3.  A  bodily  taking  into 
heaven. 

as-sur^ance,  a-shur'ans,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
assuring;  any  encouraging  declaration;  a 
promise.  2.  Full  confidence;  undoubting con- 
viction. 3.  Self=confidence;  boldness;  ef- 
frontery.   4.  Insurance. 

as-sure%  a-shur',  vt.  [as-sured';  as-sur'- 
iNG.]  1.  To  offer  assurances  to.  2.  To  give 
confidence  to;  convince.  3.  To  insure.  [< 
L.F  ad,  to,  -4-  securus;  see  secure,  a.]  —  as- 
8iir'ed-ly,  adv.  Without  doubt;  certainly;  with 
confidence;  undoubtedly. 

as'ter,  as'tgr,  n.  A  plant  having  alternate 
leaves,  and  flowers  with  white, 

Surple,  or  blue  rays  and  yellow 
isk.     [<  Gr.  aster,  star.] 

-aHter,  siffflx.  A  contemptuous 
diminutive;  as,  poetaster,  grani- 
m&t\castei\  criticaster,  etc.  L< 
L.  -aster,  dim.  suflix.] 

as'ter-isk,  as'tgr-isk,  w.  "A 
star  (*)  used  in  writing  and 
printing,  for  references,  etc. 
[  <  Gr.  asteriskos,  dim.  of  aster,  star.] 

a-stern',  a-stgrn',  adv.  Naut.  At  any  point 
behind  a  vessel;  backward. 

as'ter-oid,  as'tgr-eid,  n.  One  of  a  cfroup  of 
small  bodies  between  Mars  and  Jupiter.  [< 
ASTER-  +  -oiD.]  —  as'^ter-oid'al,  a. 

astli'xna,  as'ma,  n.  A  chronic  disorder  char- 
acterized by  extreme  difficulty  of  breathing. 
[<  Gr.  asthma,  panting,  <  ad,  blow.] 

—  aHth-iiiat'ic,  as-mat'ic.  I.  a.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  affected  with  asthma.  II.  n.  A 
person  suffering  from  or  subject  to  asthma. 

a-ston'isliS  a-sten'ish,  tt.  To  affect  with 
wonder  and  surprise;  amaze;  confound.  [ME. 
astunien,  asto?nen,  stun  completely.]  — a-ston'- 
ish-inff,  pa.  Producing  or  tending  to  nroduce 
astonishment.— a-8toii'i8li-iiifnt.«.  Ihcstate 
of  being  astonished  or  that  which  causes  It;  great 
surprise;  amazement. 

a-stound^<>,  a-staund',  v.  1. 1.  To  overwhelm 
with  wonder  or  amazement;  confound;  stupe- 
fy. II.  i.  To  cause  amazement  or  alarm. 
[Corrui)ted  <  ME.  astunien;  see  astonish.] 

a-8trad'dl<>,  a-strad'l,a.  &a(/p.  In  a  straddling 
position;  astride;  bestriding. 

as'tral,  a.s'tral,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  coming 
from,  or  like  the  stars;  starry.  [<  Qr.L+LL 
mtron,  <  aster,  star.] 

a- stray',  a-stre',  a.  &  adv.  Away  from  the 
right  path;  wandering;  in  or  into  error  or 
evil,  f  <  L.!-!-*"*'  eu-tra,heyond,-\-  vago,  stray.] 

a-stride',  a-straid',  adr.  &  vren.  With  one 
leg  on  each  side  of,  or  with  tlu;  legs  far  apart. 


China  Aster. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ce);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rflle;  but,  i3r; 


31 


astringent 
-ator 


as-trin-'gent,  as-trin'jgnt.  I.  a.  Tending  to 
contract  or  draw  together  organic  tissues; 
binding;  constipative;  styptic.  II.  n.  An  as- 
tringent substance,  as  alum,  tannin,  etc.  [< 
L.  ad,  to,  +  stringo,  bind  fast.]  —  as-trin-'- 
gent-ly,  orf?).— as-trin'sen-cy,  n. 

as-trol'o-gy,  as-trei'o-ji,  n.  Anciently,  the 
science  of  the  stars,  and  their  imagined  in- 
fluence upon  the  destinies  of  men;  star^divi- 
nation.  [Gr.  astron,  <  aster,  star,  +  lego, 
speak.]  —  ao-trol'o-ger,  as-trel'o-jgr,  n.  One 
who  practises  astrology.— as'^tro-log'ic,  as"- 
tro-lej'lc,  a.    -ali. 

as-tron'o-my,  as-tren'o-mi,  n.  The  science 
that  tieats  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  their  mo- 
tions, magnitudes,  distances,  and  physical  con- 
stitution, [<  Gr.  astron,  star,  +  nemo,  distrib- 
ute.]—  as-tron'o-mer,  as-tren'o-mgr,  n.  One 
learned  in  astronomy;  a  skilled  observer  of  the 
stars.— as'^tro-noMi'Ic,  -al,  as'tro-nem'ic,  -al, 
a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  astronomy. 

as-tute',  as-tiut',  a.  Keen  in  discernment; 
acute;  shrewd;  sagacious;  cunning.  [<  Ij.  a*'- 
tutus,  <  astus,  (i\x\va\\ig?i,    -lY,adv.    -ness,  ». 

a-sun'der,  a-sun'dgr,  adv.  In  or  into  a  dif- 
ferent place  or  direction;  apart;  in  or  into 
pieces.     [<  AS.  onsundran.] 

a-sy'lum,  a-sai'lum,  n.  An  institution  for 
the  care  of  unfortunate  or  destitute  persons;  a 
refuge;  retreat;  anciently,  an  inviolable  shel- 
ter from  arrest  or  punishment.  [<  Gr.i-  a- 
priv.  -\-  sijlon,  right  of  seizure.] 

at,  at,  jrrep.  1.  Of  a  point  in  space:  on;  upon; 
close  to;  by;  near;  in;  within.  2.  Of  motion:  to; 
toward;  after;  by  way  of;  through.  3.  Of  time: 
on  or  upon  the  point,  stroke,  or  coming  of;  dur- 
ing the  lapse  of ;  in;  by.  4.  Of  occasion,  cause, 
or  instrument:  on  the  happening  or  the  utter- 
ance of;  in  response  to;  because  of.  5.  Of 
degree,  etc.:  up  to;  to  the  extent  of;  corre- 
sponding to.  6.  Of  relations  in  general:  in; 
engaged  in;  occupied  with;  connected  with; 
dependent  on;  in  a  state  or  condition  of.  [ME. 
at,  <  AS.  set,  at,  to.] 

at-,  prefix.  Euphonic  form  of  ad-  before  t,  as  in 
rtrtune. 

at'a-vism,  at'a-vizm,  n.  Intermittent  hered- 
ity; reversion  to  an  ancestral  type,  trait,  or 
the  like.     [<  L.  atavus,  <  avns,  grandfather.] 

ate,  et,  imp.  of  eat,  v. 

-atei,  svfflx.  A  form  occurring  In  participial  ad- 
jectives derived  from  the  Latin  past  participle; 
as,  desolate.  [<  OF.  -at,  <  L.  -atus,  pp.  suffix  of 
first  conjugation.] 

-ate2,  suffix.  A  form  occurring  in  verbs  repre- 
senting Latin  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  and, 
by  analogy,  in  other  verbs;  as,  fascinate,  assassin- 
ate.   [<  L.  -atus;  see  -ateI.] 

-ate3,  suffix.  A  form  serving  to  denote  office  or 
function,  also  to  denote  salts  formed  from  acids 
whose  names  end  in  -ic;  as,  magistrate,  legale, 
nitrate.  [<  OF.  -at,  <  L.  -atus,  suffix  of  nouns 
derived  from  nouns.] 

a'tlie-ism,  e'thg-izm,  n.  The  denial  of  or 
disbelief  in  the  existence  of  God.     [<  Gr.  a- 

Eriv.  +  theos,  god.]  —  a'the-ist,  n.    One  who 
olds  or  advocates  atheism.— a'^'tlie-is'tic,  a. 
n'^the-is'-tic-all:. 
ath^e-ne'um,   *  ath"e-nI'umor-ne'um,w.  A 
ath^e-nae^um,  f  literary  club  or  academy;  a 
ica(ling»room,   library,   or  the  like.      [<    Gr. 
Atlu:iiT',  Athena,  goddess  of  wisdom.] 


a-thirst',  a-thgrst',  a.  Wantingwater;  thirsty. 

atli''lete,  ath'lit,  n.  One  skilled  in  acts  or 
feats  of  physical  strength  and  agility,  as  row- 
ing, wrestling,  etc.  [<  Gr.  atldetes,  <  athlon, 
prize.]  —  ath-let'ic,  ath-let'ic,  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  like  an  athlete;  strong;  vigorous;  mus- 
cular.-ath-let'ics,  ath-let'ics,  n.  Athletic 
games  and  exercises  collectively;  a  system  of 
athletic  training. 

a-thwart',  a-thwert'.  I.  adv.  From  side  to 
side;  across;  also,  so  as  to  thwart;  perversely. 
II.  x>rep.  Across  the  course  of;  from  side  to 
side  of;  in  opposition  to. 

•atic,  SKjfflx.  Of;  of  the  kind  of:  used  in  adjec- 
tives of  Latin  or  Greek  origin;  as,  errattc,  gram- 
niatic.  [<  F.  -atiqtie,  <  L.  -aticus,  where  -icns 
(see  -IC)  is  added  to  a  past=participle  stem  In  -at, 
or  <  Gr.  -atikos,  where  -ikos  (see  -ic)  is  added  to 
a  noun  stem  in  -at-.'] 

-atioii,  suffix.  A  form  used  in  nouns  of  action  of 
Latin  origin  and,  by  analogy,  in  nouns  of  non» 
Latin  origin;  as,  creaijou,  flirtation.   [<  Y.-ation, 

<  L.  -atioin-},  where  -tio{n-)  (see  -tion)  is  added 
to  the  stem  of  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation.] 

at'las,  at'las,  n.  1.  A  volume  of  maps  or  the 
like.  3.  A  size  of  paper,  26  by  33  (34)  inches. 
3.  [A-]  Class.  Myth.  A  Titan  supporting  the 
pillars  of  heaven  on  his  shoulders.  4.  Anat. 
The  topmost  bone  of  the  spine.  [<Gr.^  At- 
las, <  a-  euphonic,  -j-  tlao,  bear.] 

ai'mos-phere,  at'mgs-fir,  n.  The  mass  or 
body  of  gases,  chiefly  air,  that  surrounds  the 
earth  or  any  heavenly  body;  any  surrounding 
element  or  influence;  environment.  [<  Gr. 
atmos,  vapor,  -|-  sphaira,  sphere.]  —  at^'mos- 
>her'ic,  at"mg8-fer'ic,a.  Pertaining  or bclong- 
ng  to  or  dependent  on  the  atmosphere,  af"- 
nos-plier'ic-alt. 

a-toll',  a-tel',  n.    A  ring'shaped  coral  if^land. 
[  <     Malayalam 
adal,  closing.] 

at'om,  at'^m,  ?«. 
1.  One  of  the  in-    ^^^^^<*-«H.i'rw^«««-~''''4**fr'-«,^ 
divisible  parts  of   3t***f*I^N«w»MM»<te*^'***'"* 

•s^s^s^  ^^^^^ 

formed     2.  The    -  -^t^ll. 

smallest     imagi- 
nable portion  of  matter.    3.  An  exceedingly 
small  particle  or  thing;  an  iota.    [<  Gr.  atomos, 

<  a-  priv.  -}-  temno,  cut.]  —  a-tom'io,  -al,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  an  atom  or  atoms;  minute;  In- 
finitesimal; elemental.—  at^om-ize,  vt.  [-ized; 
-I'ziNG.]  To  reduce  to  atoms;  pulverize;  spray. 
at'om-iset.— at'om-i^'zer,  n.  Anapparatus 
for  reducing  a  liquid  to  spray,    at'om-i'^sert. 

at'om-yi,  at'§m-i,  n.  [-iesS  pl^^  An  atom; 
pyg™y-    [<  L-  atomi,  pi.  of  atomus,  atom.] 

at'o-my2,  at'o-mi,  n.  A  skeleton  or  an  ema- 
ciated person.     [<  anatomy.] 

at-one',  gt-on',  v.  [at-oned';  at-o'ning.]  I- 
t.  To  make  expiation  or  amends  for;  propiti. 
ate;  appease;  reconcile.  II.  i.  1.  To  make 
an  expiation  for  sin  or  a  sinner;  make  amends, 
reparation,  or  satisfaction.  2.  To  be  at  one; 
agree.  [ME.  at  on  (see  at;  one)].  — at-one'- 
inent,  at-on'ment,  n.  Satisfaction,  reparation, 
or  expiation  made  for  wrong  or  injury;  some- 
thing suffered,  done,  or  given  by  way  of  satisfac- 
tion; the  sacrificial  work  of  Christ.  [above. 

a-top',  a-tep',  adv.  &  prep.    On  the  top;  up 

-at«r,  svfflx.  An  agent;  doer;  actor;  one  who  or 
that  which;   as,  arbitrator;   mediator.     f<   L. 


flutlflre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ©tl;   c  (k);    cliaf,   dh  {the)\  go;   sing,  ii^k;  thin. 


-atory 
attribute 


•ator,  where  -tor,  the  suffix  of  agency,  is  added  to 
the- stem  in  -a-  of  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation.] 

-atory,  suffix.  Of  or  pertaining  to;  producing 
or  produced  by;  of  the  nature  of;  expressing;  as, 
cxclamaior//.  [<  L.  -atorius,  where  the  adjec- 
tive suffix  -ius  Is  added  to  -ator;  see  -atok.] 

a-tro'cious,  a-trO'shus,  a.  Outrageously 
wicked,  criminal,  vile,  or  cruel;  heinous;  hor- 
rible. [<  L.  atrox,  cruel.]  —  a-tro'cious-ly, 
adv.—  a-tro'cious-ness,  n.—  a-troc'i-ty, 
a-tres'I-tl,  ?i.  [-ties«,p/.]  The  being  atrocious;  an 
atrocious  deed;  shocking  cruelty  or  wickedness. 

at  ro-phy,  at'ro-fi.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-phied; 
-PHY'iNG.]  To  cause  to  waste  away;  wither. 
II.  n.  [-PHiES^,  2)1. '\  A  wasting  or  withering 
of  the  body  or  any  of  its  parts;  also,  a  stop- 
page of  the  growth  of  a  part  or  organ.  [< 
Gr.LL+F  fi.  priv.  -f-  trex)ho.  nourish.] 

at-taclx'S  at-tach',  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  fasten; 
join;  connect;  attribute;  assign.  2.  To  unite 
by  affection;  win.  Z.  Law.  To  take  and  hold 
by  legal  process.  II.  i.  To  belong  as  a 
quality  or  the  like;  be  incident;  vest.  [<  F. 
attacher.,  <  a-  to,  -f-  Bret,  tach,  nail.] 

at-tachi'ment,  §t-tach'mgnt,  n.  1.  An  at- 
taching or  a  being  attached;  adherence;  affec- 
tion, 2.  That  by  which,  or  the  point  at  wliich, 
anything  is  attached;  a  bond;  band;  tie.  3. 
An  appendage  or  adjunct.  4.  Law.  A  legal 
seizure  of  a  person  or  property. 

at-tack'S  gt-tac',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  set  upon; 
begin  battle  or  conflict  with.  2.  To  assail 
with  speech,  etc.;  criticize;  censure.  3.  To 
begin  work  on;  set  about.  4.  To  act  npon 
vigorously,  as  acid  upon  metal.  II.  i.  To 
make  an  onset  or  assault,  [<  F,  attaquer.,  for 
attacher^  attach.] 

at- tack',  n.  The  act  of  attacking;  an  onset; 
an  attacking  force;  a  seizure,  as  by  disease. 

at-tain^  a,t-ten',  v.  I.  t.  To  arrive  at  (a  de- 
sired object);  acquire;  achieve;  reach.  II.  i. 
To  arrive  or  reach  with  effort:  with  to.  [  <  L.i' 
ac?,  to,  -\-  tango.,  touch.]  —  at-tain'a-bi(e,  a. 
That  can  be  attained;  practicable.—  at-tain''a- 
bil'i-ty,  at-tain'a-bKe-ness,  n.  —  at- 
tain'inent,  n.  The  act  of  attaining;  that  which 
Is  attained;  an  acquisition;  achievement. 

at-tain'der,  st-ten'dgr,  n.  Eng.  Law.  A 
sentence  of  confiscation  and  outlawry  against 
a  person,  as  for  treason, 

at-taint%  at-tent',  F.  vt.  To  disgrace; 
inflict  attainder  upon;  condemn;  seize  upon, 
as  disease.  II.  n.  1.  Imputation;  stigma. 
2.  Attainder.  3.  A  hit,  as  in  tilting.  [<  OF. 
ateint,  ult.  <  L.  ad,  to,  -\-  tango,  touch.] 

at'tar,  afar,  n.  The  fragrant" essential  oil  ex- 
tracted from  rose-petals.  [<  Per.  'atar.,  < 
At.  'itr,  <  'atara,  breathe  perfume.] 

at-teiu'per,  ftt-tem'pgr,  vt.  To  modify  by 
mixture;  soften;  moaerate;  temper, 

at•tempt^  attempt'.  I\  vt.  To  make  an 
effort  to  do;  make  an  effort  against,  as  to  con- 
quer or  seduce;  endeavor;  try;  essay.  II.  «. 
A  putting  forth  of  effort;  a  trial;  endeavor; 
essay;  attack.      [<   L.^  ad,  to, -{-  tento,  try.] 

at-tend'-*,  ftt-tend',  y,  I.  ^  1.  To  wait  upon; 
minister  to;  visit  or  care  for  professionally. 
2.  To  be  present  at  or  in  (a  meeting,  etc.).  3. 
To  follow,  as  a  result;  accompany.  II.  i.  1. 
To  give  heed;  listen:  give  attendance,  care,  or 
thought:   with  ^0.    2.  To  be  an  attendant;   be 


present:  with  at,  on,  or  upon.  3.  To  follow, 
as  a  result:  with  on  or  upon.  [<  L.  altendo, 
<  ad,  to,  +  tendo,  stretch.]  — -  at-tend''ance, 
n.  An  attending;  those  who  attend;  an  audience 
or  congregation;  a  retinue.— at-tend'ant,  at- 
tend'ant.  I.  a.  Following  or  accompanying; 
consequent;  waiting  upon.  II.  n.  One  who 
attends,  as  a  servant,  retainer,  companion,  or 
suitor;  also,  one  who  Is  present  (at  a  service). 

at-ten'tion,  gt-ten'shun,  n.  1.  Close  or 
earnest  attending;  active  consciousness;  the 
power  or  faculty  of  mentnl  concentration.  2. 
An  act  of  courtesy  or  gallantry.  3.  Practical 
consideration;  care.  4.  The  soldierly  posture 
of  readiness,     [<  L.  attendo;  see  attend.] 

at-ten'tivCe,  gt-ten'tiv,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
giving,  or  showing  attention;  observant;  in- 
tent; thoughtful;  courteous;  gallant;  polite. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

at-ten'u-ate,  gt-ten'yu-et,  v.  [-a'ted'';  -a"- 
ting.]  I.  t.  To  make  thin,  small,  or  fine; 
draw  out,  as  a  wire;  emaciate;  weaken;  impair; 
enfeeble,  II.  %.  To  become  thin;  lose  sub- 
stance or  force.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -f-  tenuis,  thin.] 

—  at-ten''u-a'tion,  at-ten"yu-e'shun,  n. 
at-test'd,  gt-test',  v.    I.  t.    To  certify  as  ac- 
curate, genuine,  or  true,  as  by  signature  or 
oath;  confirm;  vouch  for.    II.  i.    To  certify. 
[  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f-  testis,  witness.] 

at-test',  n.    One  who  or  that  which  attests; 

testimony;  attestation. 
at'^tes-ta'tion,  afes-te'shun,  n.    The  act  of 

attesting;  the  evidence  or  statement  made  in 

attesting. 
At'tic,  at'ic,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  Attica  or 

Athens  in  Greece;  classic;^ witty. 

—  Attic  salt,  refined,  classical  wit. 
at'tic,  n.    A  half '■story  nest  the  roof;  a  garret. 
at-tire',  gt-tair'. 

I  .     vt  .        [a  T  - 

tired';  at-tir'- 

iNG.]    To  dress; 

array;       adorn. 

II.  n.    Dress  or 

clothing;  appar-  „ 

el*       garments*  Renaissance  Attic. 

costume;  adornment.     [<  OF.  atirer,  adorn.] 

at'ti-tude,  at'i-tiud,  n,  1.  Position  of  the 
body,  as  suggesting  some  thought^  feeling,  or 
action.  2.  State  of  mind,  behavior,  or  con- 
duct regarding  some  matter.     [F.] 

at-tor'ney,  8t-tur'n§, «.  t-NEYs,jo^.]  A  per- 
son empowered  by  another  to  act  m  his  stead; 
a  lawyer.     [<  OF.  a,  to,  +  tourner,  turn.] 

at-tract'"',  ftt-tract',  v.  1.  t.  1.  Physics.  To 
draw  to  or  toward  itself,  as  a  magnet,  without 
apparent  mechanical  connection.  2.  To  draw 
(a  living  agent)  by  some  winning  influence; 
charm;  allure;  entice;  win.  II.  t.  To  exert 
attractive  influence  or  power.  [  <  L.  ad,  to,  -f 
traho,  draw.]— at-trac'tion,  ».  The  act  or 
process  of  attracting,  or  that  which  attracts;  at- 
tractive power  or  property;  anything  pleasing  or 
alluring.— at-tract'iv(c,  a.  Having  the  pow- 
er or  quality  of  attracting;  drawing;  pleasing; 
winning,    -ly,  adv.    -nesisi,  n. 

at-trib'ute,  at-trib'yut,  rf.  [-u-ted<«; 
-u-tino.J  To  ascribe  (something)  ns  due  ana 
belonging,  caused  by,  or  owing  to;  assign; 
refer:  with  to.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  -j-  tribuo,  allot.] 

—  at-trlb'u-ta-bl(c,  a. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


33 


attribute 
authenticate 


laring; 


at'tri-bute,  at'ri-biut,  n.  1.  That  which  is 
attributed;  a  characteristic.  2.  Art.  &  Myth. 
A  distinctive  mark  or  symbol.  3.  Gram.  An 
adjective  or  its  equivalent. 

af'tri-bu'tion,  afri-biu'shun,  n.  An  attrib- 
utiiip:,  or  that  which  is  attributed;  attribute. 

at-trib'u-tiv(e,  gt-trib'yu-tiv.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  attribute;  ex- 
pressing or  assigning  an  attribute;  ascribed  (to 
a  certain  author),  as  a  work  of  art.  II.  n. 
Gram.  An  attributive  word;  an  adjective  or 
its  eguivalent.    at-trib'u-tiv(e-Iy,  adv. 

at-tri'tion,  gt-trish'un,  n.  A  rubbing  out  or 
grinding  down.     [<  L.  ad,  to,  +  tero,  rub.] 

at-tune',  at-tiun',  vt.  [at-tuned';  at-tu'- 
NiNG.]    To  tune;  harmonize;  adjust. 

au'burn,  e'burn.  I.  a.  Keddish^brown;  us, 
auburn  hair.  II.  n.  An  auburn  color;  a  red- 
dish'brown.     [<  LL.of  alburni/s,  whitish.] 

auc'tion,  ec'shun.  I.  vf.  To  sell  by  or  at 
auction.  II.  n.  A  public  sale  of  property  to 
the  highest  bidder.  [<  L.  anctio{n-),  <  avgeo, 
increase.]— auc''tion-eer',ec"shun-ir'.  I.  vt. 
To  sell  by  auction.  II.  n.  One  who  sells  by  or 
at  auction. 

au-da^cious,  e-de'shus,  a.  Defiant  of  ordina- 
ry restraints,  as  of  law  or  decorum;  bold;  pre- 
sumptuous; shameless;  insolent.  [<  L.  audax 
(audac-),  <  audeo,  dare.]    -ly,  adi\    -ness,  ??. 

au-dac'i-ty,  e-das'i-ti,  n.     f-TiEs%  pl.^    The 
being  audacious;  impudence;  boldness;  a 
bold  originality;  recklessness, 

au'di-bl(e,  e'di-bl,  a.    Perceptible  by  the  ear; 
loud  enough  to  be  heard.    [  <  L.^-^  audio,  hear.] 
—  au"di-bil'i-ty,   n.    au^di-bl(e-nes8:t:> 
—  au'di-bly,  adv. 

au'di-ence,  e'di-gns,  n.  1.  An  assembly  of 
hearers.  2.  The  act  of  hearing;  a  formal 
conference.     [<  L.  audientia,  <  audio,heiiv.] 

au^dit,  e'dit.  !.<»  vt.  To  examine,  adjust, 
and  certify,  as  accounts.  II.  n.  An  official 
examination  and  verification  of  accounts;  a 
calling  to  account;  a  settlement  of  accounts; 
balance-sheet.     [<  L.  auditus,  <  audio,  hear.] 

au'di-tor,  e'di-tgr,  n.  1.  One  who  audits  ac- 
counts.   2.  One  who  listens;  a  hearer. 

au'^di-tCri-um,  e'di-tO'ri-um,  n.  [-ri-ums 
or  -Ri-A,  -ri-a,  jyl.j  1.  The  audience»room  of 
a  public  building.  2.  [U.S.]  A  large  building 
for  public  meetmgs.     [L.,  <  audio,  hear.] 

au'di-to-ry,  e'di-to-ri.  I.  a. 
ing  to  heanng,  to  the  organs  or 
sense  of  hearmg,  or  to  ah  audi- 
ence=room.  II.  n.  [-riesS 
j)l.]  1.  An  assembly  of  hear- 
ers; an  audience.  2.  An  au- 
ditorium. 

au'ger,  e'ggr,  n.  A  large  tool 
for  boring  holes  in  wood,  etc. 
[<  AS.  nafegdr:  the  ME.  a 
nauqer  becanie  an  auger.'\ 

aught,  St,  n.  Anything;  any 
part  or  item.     [<  AS.  dwiht, 

<  an  w'lht;  see  an;  whit.] 
aug-ment''",  eg-ment',  vt.  &         Augers. 

ri.  To  increase;  enlarge;  in-  1.  Twisted.  2. 
tensify.      [<  L.  a^<(7»^e//^wm,  Pos^'hole.  3.ship. 

<  augeo,  increase.]  —  aug^'men-ta'tioii,  og"- 
men-te'shun,  n.  The  act  or  result  of  augment- 
ing; enlargement;  Increase;  an  addition.—  autr- 


Auk. 


ment'a-tiv(e,  a.    Having  the  quality  or  power 
of  augmenting.    aiig-nieiit'iv(et. 

au'gur,  e'gur,  t'.  I.  ^.  1.  To  prognosticate; 
divine;  predict.  2.  To  betoken;  portend. 
II.  i.  1.  To  be  an  augury  or  omen.  2.  To 
conjecture  from  indications  or  omens. 

au'gur,  n.  A  soothsayer;  prophet.  [L.,  < 
avis,  bird,  +  garrio,  talk.] 

au'gu-ry,  e'giu-ri,  n.  [-RIEs^  2>l.]  1.  The 
foretelling  by  signs  or  omens:  divination.  2. 
A  portent  or  omen;  prediction;  presage. 

au-gUsV,  e-gust',  a.  1.  Majestic;  grand;  im- 
posing. 2.  Of  high  birth  or  rank;  venerable; 
eminent.    [<  L.  augvstvs,  <  avgeo,  increase.] 

Au''gust,  e'gust,  n.  The  eighth  month  of  the 
year,  containing  31  days.  [<  L.  Angustvs,  the 
first  Roman  emperor.] 

auk,  ek,  n.  A short»winged,  web^footed  diving 
bird  of  northern  seas.     [  <  Ice.  alka.] 

aunt,  flnt,  n.  The  sister  of  one's 
father  or  mother,  or  the  wife  of  one's 
uncle.    [<  L.o*'  amifa,  aunt.] 

antral,  e'ral,  a.    Pertaining  to  the 
ear  or  the  sense  of  hearing;  au- 
ricular.    [<  L.  auris,  ear.] 

au'ri-cl(e,  e'ri-cl,  n.   1.  A  cham- 
ber of  the  heart,  which  receives 
blood  from  the  veins  and  trans- 
mits it  to  a  ventricle.    2.  The 
external     ear;      an    [ear- 
shaped  appendage  or  part. 
[<  L.  axiricula,  dim.  of 
auris,  ear.] 

au-ric'u-lar,  S-ric'j^u- 
lar,  a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  ear  or  the  sense  of  hearing ;  intended  for  or 
perceived  by  the  ear;  audible;  confidential.  2. 
Ear  •shaped.   3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  an  auricle. 

au-rif'er-ous,  e-rif'er-us,  a.  Containing  gold. 
[<  L.  aurum,  gold,  •\-fero,  bear.] 

au-ro^ra,  e-rO'ra,  ti.  The  Eoman  goddess  of 
dawn;  the  glow  of  early  morning;  dawn.  [L., 
dawn.] — au-ro'ra  bo^'re-a'Iis,  bO"rg-e'lis  or 
-g'lis,  a  brilliant  nocturnal  radiance  often  suffu- 
sing the  sky  of  high  northern  latitudes,  nortb- 
ern  ligbtst.— aii-ro'ral,  e-ro'ral,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  like  the  dawn;  dawning;  roseate. 

aus'pice',  es'pis,  n.  Favoring  influence  or 
guidance;  patronage;  in  the  plural,  favoring 
circumstances  or  indications.  [<  L.  auspex,  a 
diviner,  <  avis,  bird,  +  specio,  view.] 

aus-pi'cious,  es-pish'us,  a.  Of  good  omen; 
favorable;  propitious;  also,  prosperous;  for- 
tunate; happy.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

aus-tere',  es'tir,  a.  1.  Severe,  grave,  or 
stern;  strict;  abstemious.  2.  Sour  and  astrin- 
gent. 3.  Severely  simple;  unadorned.  [< 
Qr.^'^'^^  austeros,  <  aub,  dry,]  —  aus-tere'Iy, 
arfr.— aus-ter'i-ty,  es-ter'i-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  ph\ 
Gravity    or   rigor;    also,   severe    self<=restraint. 

aus'tral,  es'tral,  a.  Southern;  torrid.  [<  L. 
auMralis,  <  auster,  south.] 

au-then'tic,  e-then'tic,  a.  According  with 
the  facts;  authorized;  trustworthy;  genuine. 
[<  Gr.  authenles,  real  author.]  au-then'- 
tic-alt. —  au-then'tic-al-ly,  adv. 

au-tben^ti-cate,  e-then'ti-ket,  vt.  [-ca"- 
TED'';  -ca"ting.]  To  make  or  show  to  be  au- 
thentic.—  au-then''ti-ca'tioii,  n.  An  authen- 
ticating; attestation;  confirmation. 


flutiilre    (future);   aisle;  au  (owt);   eil;   c   (k);   chat:   db  {tho);  go;  sing,  iinik;   thin. 


authenticity- 
avidity 


34 


au'^tlien-tic'i-ty ,  e'then-tis'i-ti,  n.  The  state 
of  being  authentic,  authoritative,  or  genuine. 

au'tlior,  e'thgr,  n.  1.  An  originator;  first 
cause;  creator;  theoriginalwriter,  asof  abook; 
also,  one  who  makes  literary  compositions  his 
profession.  2.  An  authpr's  writings  collect- 
ively.    [<  L.<5F  auctor,  <  augeo,  increase.] 

—  aii'tlior-ess,  n.fem.:  now  little  used. 
au-th.or'i-ta-tiv(e,   e-ther'i-te-tiv,   a.      1. 

Possessing  or  proceeding  from  proper  authori- 
ty; duly  sanctioned.  2.  Exercising  authority ; 
positive;  commanding,    -ly,  adv. 

au-tlior''i-ty,  e-ther'i-ti,  w.  [-ties% /)^.]  1. 
The  right  to  command  and  to  enforce  obedi- 
ence; the  right  to  act  officially;  personal  power 
that  commands  influence,  respect,  or  confi- 
dence. 2.  The  person  or  persons  in  whom 
government  or  command  is  vested:  often  in 
the  plural.  3.  An  authoritative  opinion,  deci- 
sion, or  precedent.  [<  L.^  auctoritas,  <  ouc- 
ior,  author.] 

au'thor-ize,  ©'th§r-aiz,  vt.  [-ized;  -i'zing.] 
1.  To  confer  authority  upon;  empower;  co:?i- 
mission.    2.  To  warrant;  justify;  sanction. 

—  au'^tlior-i-za'tion,  S'thgr-i-ze'shun,  n. 
The  act  of  authorizing;  legal  sanction. 

au'thor-sllip,  e'ther-ship,  n.  1.  The  state, 
quality,  or  function  of  an  author.  2.  Origina- 
tion or  source. 

au''to-'bi-og''ra-pliy,  e"to-bai-eg'ra-fi,  n. 
[-PHiES^,  pl.\  The  story  of  one's  life  written 
by  himself,  [<  auto- -J-  biography.]  —  au''- 
to-bi-og'ra-i>her,  n.  —  an '^  to-bi '' o- 
grapli'ic-al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  hke  au- 
tobiography.   au'^to-bi'^o-jfrapli'Ici, 

au'to-crat,  e'to-crat,  n.  A  supreme  ruler 
whose  power  is  unrestricted  and  irresponsible. 
[<  Gr.  auiofi,  self,  +  kratos,  strength,  power.] 

—  au-toc'ra-cy,  S-tec'ra-si,  n.  t-ciEs»,  pi.) 
The  rule  or  authority  of  an  autocrat;  absolute 
government;  controlling  Influence. —  an ''to- 
crat'ic,  e"to-crat'lc,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
an  autocrat  or  autocracy;  Irresponsible;  despotic. 

au'to-g^rapll,  e'to-grgf.  I.  a.  Written  by 
one's  own  hand,  as  a  note.  II.  n.  1.  Writing 
done  with  one's  own  hand;  one's  own  signa- 
ture. 2.  An  autographic  copy.  [<Gr.  autos, 
self,  -\-  qrapho,  write.]  —  au^'to-graph'ic,  e"- 
to-graf'lc,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  an  autograph; 
written  with  the  author's  own  hand,  au^^to- 
Krnpb'ioaU. 

au''to-mat'ic,  5"to-mat'ic,  a.  1.  Self 'mov- 
ing or  self-regulating.  2.  Acting  mechanical- 
ly; done  from  force  of  habit  or  without  voli- 
tion ;  done  by  self-acting  machinery,  au'^to- 
mat'ic-alt. 

au-tom'a-ton,  S-tem'a-ten,  n.  [;Tonh  or-TA, 
-ta,  ;;/.  I  Any  automatic  mechanism  that  imi- 
tates  actions  of  living  beings. 

au-ton'o-my,  e-ten'o-mi,  n.  [-mies*,^;.]  The 
power,  right,  or  condition  of  self»{?overnment; 
practical  indejjendence  with  nominal  subordi- 
nation; self-determination,  as  of  the  will. 

au'top-sy,  e'top-si,  n.  [-sies*,  pi."]  Post-mor- 
tem examination  of  a  human  body.  [<  Gr. 
autos.,  self,  -\-oj)tos,  seen.] 

au'tumn,  S'tum,  n.  The  third  season  of  the 
year:  often  called /«//.  f<  Jj.  autumtiuit,  un- 
tumn.]  —  aii-lum'iial,  S-tum'iml,  a.  Of,  per- 
taining to.  or  like  autumn;  ripening;  declining. 

aux-iri-a-ry,  6gz-iri-a-ri.    I.  a.    Giving  or 


furnishing  aid;  subsidiary;  accessory.  II.  n. 
[-ries^,  pi.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  aids  or 
helps;  assistant;  associate;  a  verb  that  helps 
in  the  conjugation  of  another  verb.  2.  pi. 
Allied  troops.  [<  L.  anxiliarins,  <  augeo, 
increase.]    aux-iFi-arJ. 

a-vair,  a-vel',  v.  I.  ^.  To  assist  or  aid;  profit. 
II.  i.  To  be  of  value  or  advantage;  suffice. 

a-vail',  n.  1.  Utility  for  a  purpose;  profit; 
benefit;  good.  2.  pi.  Proceeds.  [<  a-^^  -f  F. 
valoir,  <  L.  valeo.,  be  of  value.] 

a-vaira-lJlCe,  a-vel'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
used  advantageously;  usable;  profitable;  valid; 
at  one's  disposal,  as  funds. —  a-vaiP'a-biPi-ty, 
r  F'^ness  to  serve  a  given  purpose,  a-vair'- 
u-ol(e-nesst.— a-vaiPa-bly,  adv. 

av'a-lancli(,e'',  av  a  ignch".  n.  The  fall  of  a 
mass  of  snow  or  ice  down  a  mountain-slope; 
also,  the  mass  so  falling.  [F.,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -[- 
vallem,  ace.  of  vallis,  valley.] 

av'a-rice,  av'a-ris,  n.  Passion  for  riches; 
covetousness;  cupidity.  [<  L.  ava7'iiia,  < 
aveo,  crave.] 

av''a-ri''cious,  av'a-rish'us,  a.  Greedy  of 
gain;  grasping;  miserly,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

a-vast',  a-vast',  interj.  Naut.  Stop!  hold  I 
cease!     [<  A-''  -j-  D.  vast,  fast.] 

a-vaunt',  a.  vflnt',  interj.  Begone  !  away  I 
[<  F.  avant  before.] 

A've,  e'vl  oi  a've,  n.  R.  C.  Ch.  The  saluta- 
tion to  the  Virgin;  also,  a  prayer  of  invocation 
to  the  Virgin,  called  from  the  opening  words 
the  Ave  Maria.    [L.,  hail  or  farewell.] 

a-venge',  a-venj',  a.  [a-venged';  a-ven'- 
GiNG.]  I.  t.  To  take  v^geance  or  inflict 
exemplary  punishment  for  (an  act)  or  in  be- 
half of  (a  person  or  i)er8ons).  II.  i.  To  take 
vengeance;  exact  satisfaction.  [<  L.of  tin- 
dico,  punish;  see  vindicate.] -—a-ven'ger, 
a-ven' jer,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  avenges. 

av'e-nue,  av'g-niu,  n.  A  broad  thoroughfare- 
away  of  approach;  a  way.  [F.,  pp.  fem.  or 
avenir,  <  L.  ad,  to,  -j-  venio,  come.] 

a-ver',  a-vgr',  vt.  [a-verred';  a-ver'ring.] 
To  declare  confidently  as  fact;  affirm.  [<  L.' 
ad,  to,  +  vents,  true.]  —  a-ver'ment,  n.  Posi- 
tive aflirmation. 

av'er-age,  av'er-gj.  I.  vt.  [-aged;  -a-ging.] 
To  calculate,  fix,  or  be  the  average  of;  appor- 
tion on  the  average;  do,  take,  or  assume  as  an 
average.  II.  a.  Obtained  by  calculating  the 
mean  of  several;  medium;  ordinary.    III.  n. 

1.  T^'e  quotient  of  any  sum  divided  by  the 
num  /^  of  its  terms;  the  mean  amount,  quan- 
tity, ii  :ne  like.  2.  The  ordinary  rank,  de- 
cree, 01  amount;  general  type.  [<  F.  avarie, 
damr  le  to  s'  ip  or  cargo.] 

a-verse',  <.\-\  grs',  a.  Turned  away  in  mind  or 
feeling;  unfavorable;  reluctant:  with  to.  [< 
L.  arerto;  see  avert.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— 
a-ver'Hioii,  a-ver'shun,  n.  1.  Mental  opposi- 
tion; antipathy.    "Z,  That  to  which  one  Is  averse. 

a-vert'*",  a-vgrt',  vt.     1.  To  turn  away  or  aside. 

2.  To  prevent  (danger  or  evil);  ward  oflf.  [< 
L.  averto,  <  a  (for  au),  from,  -4-  verto,  turn.] 

a'vi-a-ry,  C'[orn']vi-j;  ri,  n.  [-ries», />/.]  An 
enclosure  for  live  birds.     [<  L.  aHs,  bird.] 

a-vid'i-ty,  o-vid'i-ti,  v.  Strong  and  engcr 
appetite  or  relish;  greediness;  chemical  afllr.i- 
ty.    [<  L.  avldus,  eager.] 


papa,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  us§ge;  It,  f,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erator,  er;  full,  rlile;  but.  Or; 


35 


avocation 
azure 


av'^o-ca'tion,  av'o-ke'shun,  n.  1.  A  casual 
or  transient  occupation;  diversion.  2.  One's 
business  or  vocation:  common  but  improper 
usage.     [<  L.  a  (a6),  awaj',  +  voco,  call.] 

a- void.''*,  a-veid',  vt.  To  keep  away  or  at  a 
distance  from;  shun;  evade.  [<  OF.  es,  out, 
-\-vuidier,  <  vinde,  empty.]  —  a-void'a-bl(e, 
«.— a-voijFa-bly,  adv.  — a.-void'a.nce,  n. 
The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning. 

av"oir-du-pois',  av"^r-du-peiz',  n.  The 
ordinary  system  of  weights  of  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  See  weight.  [< 
OF.  aver,  goods;  de,  of;  pels,  weight.] 

a-vouch.",  a-vauch',  vt.  To  affirm  positively; 
proclaim;  vouch  for;  acknowledge;  confess. 
[<  L.of  ad,  to,  -f-  t'oco,  call.] 

a-vOTV',  a-vau',  rt.  To  declare  openly;  own 
or  confess  frankly;  acknowledge.  [<  F. 
avouer,  <  a,  to,  4-  vouer,  vow.]  —  a-vow'al, 
71.  Open  declaration;  acknowledgment. —  a- 
vow'ed-ly,  adv.    Confessedly;  openly. 

a-wait'"*,  a-wet',  rt.  1.  To  wait  for;  expect. 
2.  To  be  ready  or  in  store  for.  [<0F.  a-(A-") 
+  ivaiter,  watch.] 

a-'wake',  a-wek',  v.  [a-woke',  a-wOk',  or 
a-waked';  a-wa'kin6.]  I.  t.  To  rouse,  as 
from  sleep;  excite;  arouse;  wake;  waken. 
II.  i.  To  cease  to  sleep;  become  awake  or 
alert.     [<  AS.  a-  (a-»)  +  wacan,  wake.] 

a-wake',  a.    Not  asleep;  alert;  vigilant. 

a-wa'ken,  a-we'kn,  vt.  To  awake.—  a-wa'- 
keii-iug:,  a-we'kn-lng.  I.  pa.  Stirring;  exci- 
ting. 1 1.  11.  The  act  of  waking;  an  arousing  of 
attention  or  interest;  revival. 

a-ward'"*,  a-werd'.  1.  vt.  To  adjudge  as  due 
between  or  among  contestants;  apportion;  as- 
sign; allow.  II.  w.  A  decision,  as  by  a  judge, 
umpire,  or  arbitrator,  the  document  containing 
it,  or  that  which  is  awarded.  [<  OF.  es-,  out, 
+  warder,  observe,  watch.] 

a-ware',  a- war',  a.  Possessing  knowledge  (of 
some  fact  or  action);  conscious;  cognizant. 
[  <  AS.  gewxr,  <  ge-  +  tvser,  cautious.] 

a- way',  a-we',  adv.  At  or  to  a  distance;  in 
another  direction;  off;  absent;  aside;  at  an 
end;  on  and  on  continuously.  [Often  by  ellip- 
sis used  like  a  verb  or  interjection.]  [<  AS. 
on,  on,  -J-  iveg,  way.] 

a'wCe,  e.  I.  vt.  [aw(e)d;  aw'ino  or  awe'- 
iNG.]  To  impress  with  reverential  fear.  II. 
n.  Eeverential  fear;  dread  mingled  with  ven- 
eration.    [<  Ice.  agi,  fear.] 

aw'ful,  e'ful,  a.  1.  Inspiring,  or  suited  to 
inspire,  awe;  majestic  and  terrible.  2.  Filled 
with  awe.  —  aw'ful-ly,  adv. —  aw'ful-ness,  n. 

a-wMle',  a-hwair,  ^adv.  For  a  brief  time. 
[  <  AS.  dne  hwile.,  a  while.] 


awk-'ward,  ek'ward,  a.  1.  Ungraceful  in 
bearing;  unskilful  in  action;  bungling.  2. 
Embarrassing  or  perplexing;  also,  difficult  or 
dangerous  to  deal  with,  as  an  opponent.  [< 
awk  (<  Ice.  ofxtg,  afug,  back  foremost),  -|- 
-ward.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

awl,  el,  n.  A  pointed  steel  instrument  for  ma- 
king small  holes.     [<  AS.  a%veli\ 

awn,  en,  n.  Bot.  A  bristle=like  appendage  of 
certain  grasses;  beard,  as  of  wheat  or  rye. 
[ME.  awn,  <  agun,  <  Ice.  ogn,  chaff,  husk.] 

awn'ing;,  en'ing,  n.  A  roof »like  shelter  from 
sun  or  rain.     [<  F.  aiivent,  awning.] 

a-\voke',  a-wok',  imp.  &pp.  of  awake,  v. 

a-wry',  a-rai',  a.  &  adv.  Toward  one  side; 
crooked;  distorted;  obliquely;  perversely. 

ax,     I  ax,  n.    An  edge-^tool  for  chopping,  hew- 

axe,  )  ing,  or  the  like.     [<  AS.  eax,  sex.] 

ax'i-al,  ax'i-al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  con- 
stituting an  axis. 

ax'i-om,  ax'i-um,  n.  A  self-evident  or  neces- 
sary truth.  [<  Gr.  axionia,  <  ago,  lead, 
weigh.] — ax''i-o-niat'ic,  ax"i-o-mat'ic,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  axiom;  self » 
evident.    ax''i-o-iiiat'ic-alt.    -al-ly,   adv. 

ax'is,  ax'is,  n.  [-es,  -iz  or  -es,  pl.~\  A  line  on 
which  something  rotates,  or  around  which 
something  is  symmetrically  arranged ;  any  cen- 
tral line  or  pivotal  point.    [L.,  axis.] 

ax'l(e,  ax'l,  n.  A  shaft  or  spindle  on  which  a 
wheel  is  mounted  and  on  or  with  which  it 
turns.    [<  Ice.  oxul,  axle.] 

ay,  6,  adv.  Ever;  always,  ayet.— for  ay  or 
aye,  forever;  eternally. 

aye,  Qi.  I.  w.  An  ex- 1 
pression  of  assent;  af- 
firmative vote.  II. 
adv.    Yes;  yea.    ay+. 

a-za'le-a,  a-ze'le-a  or  I 
a-zg'le-a,  n.    A  flower-  ] 
ing 'shrub  of  the  heath  | 
family.     [<    Gr.   aza- 
leos,  <  azo,  parch.] 

az'ote",  az'ot",  n. 
Chem.  Nitrogen:  old 
name.  [F.,  <  Gr.  a- 
priv.  4-  zao,  live.] 

az'ure,  azh'yijr.   I.  a 
1.  Like  the  blue  of  tin- 
sky;  8ky=blue.  2.  Like  ^Jl. 
the  clear    sky;    cloud- 
less;   spotless.     11.  n.  \/il(<i 
1.  A  clear  skyblue  color  or  pigment.     2.  The 
clear  sky;  the  blue  vault  of  heaven.     [<  Per. 
'^■'^i''  Idjward,  Idzhward,  lapis  lazuli,  a  blue 
mineral.] 


fiut|ure  (future);   aisle;   au  (out);    ell;  c  (k);  chat;  dh  (<Ae);   go;  sing,  ii^k;  tliin. 


B,l> 
bag 


36 


B 


B,  to,  bl,  w.  [bees,  B's,  or  Bb,  biz,  pL]  The 
second  letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 

toaa,  bfl.  I.  vi.  To  bleat  as  a  sheep.  II.  n. 
The  bleat  of  a  sheep.     [Imitative.] 

toato'tole,  bab'l,  v.     [bab'bled;  bab'bling.] 

1.  t.  To  utter  unintelligibly;  blurt  out;  tell 
thoughtlessly.  II.  i.  To  utter  inarticulate 
sounds;  murmur,  as  a  stream ;  prattle;  gossip. 
[Imitative.]  —bab'bler,  n. 

toato'tole,  n.  The  rippling  sound  of  a  stream; 
prattle;  gossip.  [tive;  cp.  babble.] 

toatoe,  beb,  n.    An  infant;  baby.     [Ult.  imita- 

Ba'toel,  he'bel,  n.  1.  The  tower  described  in 
Gen.  xi,  9;  also,  Babylon.  2.  [b-  or  B-]  Con- 
fusion of  many  voices  or  languages;  tumult. 
[<  Heb.  Babel,  Babylon,  perhaps  <  Assyrian 
bdb'ilu,  lit.  gate  of  God,  <  bdb,  gate,  -f  i^w, 
God.]  —  Ba'Del-doin,  n.  A  condition  like  Ba- 
bel; noisy  confusion. 

toato-oon',  bab-un',  n.    A  ferocious  Old  World 
monkey.      [  <   OF. 
babuin,  baboon.] 

toa'toy,  be'bi.  I.  vt. 
[ba'bied;  ba'by- 
iNG.]  To  treat  as  a 
baby;  play  lightly 
with.  II.  71.  [ba'- 
BiES,  pl.^  A  child 
in  arms;  an  infant. 

[Dim.  of  BABE.] 

— ba'by-hood,n. 

The  period  of  Infan-  Bahoon 

cy:   the  condition  of  i^aooon. 

being  a  baby.— ba'by-ish,  a.  Childish;  Infantile. 

toac'ch.a-ixal,  bac'a-nal,  n.  A  votary  of  Bac- 
chus; a  drunken  reveler.  [<  L.  Bacchus,  god 
of  wine.]  toac'clianti;  toac'chantet, 
bac'ant  t^fem.). —  bac''cha-iia'li-a,  bac'a-ne'- 
11-a  or  -ng'll-a,  n.  pi.  1,  [B-]  Horn.  Antiq.  A 
festival  of  Bacchus,  ti.  Drunken  revelries; 
orgies.  [L.l  — bac''cha-na'liaii.  I.  a.  Of 
or  like  bacchanalla.    II.  w.    A  bacchanal. 

toach'e-lor,  bach'§-l§r,  n.  1.  An  unmarried 
man.  2.  One  who  has  taken  his  first  universi- 
ty degree.  3.  A  young  knight.  [<  LL.o^ 
baccoTaHs,  bachelor.] 

toackS  bac,  v.    I.  t.    1.  To  force  backward. 

2.  To  supply  with  a  back;  strengthen  at  the 
back;  uphold;  sustain- support.  3.  To  mount, 
sit,  or  ride  upon  the  back  of.  4.  To  write 
upon  the  back  of;  address  or  indorse.  II.  i. 
To  move  rearward.  —  back'er,  n.  One  who 
backs,  as  with  money;  a  supporter. 

toack,  a.  1.  In  the  rear;  behind.  2.  Eemote 
or  retired.    3.  In  arrears;  overdue,  as  a  debt. 

toack,  n.  1 .  That  side  of  the  trunk  nearest  the 
spine,  in  man  the  hinder,  in  quadrupeds  the  up- 
per part.  2.  The  reverse,  rear,  or  posterior 
part  of  anything.     [<  AS.  baec,  back.] 

toack,  arfv.  1.  To  or  toward  the  rear;  behind. 
2.  To  or  toward  a  source,  a  former  place,  con- 
dition, etc.  3.  In  a  state  of  check  or  hin- 
drance. 4.  Into  time  past;  colloquially,  in  time 
past.    5.  In  return;  again;  as,  to  give  back. 


6.  In  reserve  or  concealment.    [For  aback.] 

—  back'bite'',  vt.  To  revile  or  traduce  be- 
hind one's  back.— back'bi''ter,  n.  A  secret 
calumniator  or  slanderer.- back'bi^'ting,  a. 

&  71.—  back'sbone'',  n.  The  spine  or  vertebral 
column;  firmness;  resolution.- back'groiind", 
n.  The  part  of  a  picture  which  is  represented  as 
behind  the  principal  objects;  a  subordinate  posi- 
tion; obscurity.— back'hantl''ed,  a.  1.  De- 
livered with  the  back  of  the  hand,  or  with  the 
hand  turned  backwards;  hence,  equivocal^  Iron- 
ical, ti.  Sloping  to  the  left,  as  writing.—  back'- 
side'',  n.  The  rear  or  hinder  side.— baok'- 
slide^  vi.  To  return  to  wrong  or  vicious  ways; 
relapse;  apostatize.— back''wood8'%  n.  Wild, 
sparsely  settled  districts:  used  also  attributively. 
—  back^woods'^^niau,  n.  [-men,  pZ.] 
toack^'garn'mon,  bac'gam'un,  n.  A  game 
played  by  two  persons,  on  a  special  board,  the 
moves  of  the  pieces  being  determined  by  dice- 
throws.      [<  BACK,  adv.,  +  GAME.] 

toack'ward,  bac' ward,  a.  1.  Turned  to  the 
back  or  rear;  reversed.  2.  Retiring;  bashful. 
3.  Slow;  dull.    4.  Late;  behindhand. 

—  back'ward,  adv.  1.  In  the  direction  of 
the  back;  to  the  rear;  Into  time  past.  2.  With 
the  back  foremost;  In  reverse  order;  from  better 
to  worse,  back' waiulst.- back' ward-Iy, 
rtrf?7.— back'ivard-ness,  n. 

toa'con,  be'cun,  n.  The  salted  and  dried  or 
smoked  flesh  of  the  hog,  especially  the  back 
.and  sides.  [<  OF.  baco?i,  ult.  <  v  of  back,  n.] 

toad,  bad.  I.  a.  [avorse;  wokst.]  Opposite  to 
g'OOcZ  in  any  manner  or  degree;  vicious;  wicked; 
deficient;  incorrect;  worthless;  distressing; 
unfortunate;  disagreeable.  II.  n.  1.  That 
which  is  bad ;  those  who  are  bad,  taken  collect- 
ively. 2.  A  bad  state  or  condition.  [ME. 
bad,  badde,  bad,  evil.]    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

bad(e,  bad,  tmp.  of  bid,  v. 

toadge,  baj,  n.  A  token,  mark,  or  decoration. 
[<  LL.  baaa,  ring,  collar.] 

toadg'er,  baj'^jr,  vt.  To  worry  or  persecute 
persistently;  bait. 

toadg'er,  n.  A  small,  burrowing,  nocturnal, 
ana  carnivorous 
mammal.  [<  ME. 
bageard^  <  bage,  E. 
BADGE,  from  its 
stripes.] 

toa"dl-nage',  bg"- 
di-ngzh',  7i.  Play- 
ful raillery;  banter. 
[F.] 

toaf'fle,     baf'l,    vt.  Ami-ilcan  Badger. 

[baf'fled;  baf'fling.]  To  defeat,  foil,  or 
frustrate;  circumvent.  [<  OF.  b^er,  beffer, 
baffle.] 

toag,  bag,  v.  [bagged;  bao'ging.]  I.  /.  1. 
To  put  into  a  bag  or  bags;  capture  or  kill,  as 
game.  2.  To  fill  out  like  a  bag.  II.  i.  To 
resemble  a  bag;  swell;  bulge;  sag. 

toag,  7}.    1.  A  sack  or  pouch;  the  udder  of  a 
cow.  2.  What  a  bag  will  hold.  3.  The  amount 
of  game  bagged.    I  <  Ice.  baqgi,  bag.] 
'  ,lke  a  ■ 


bag'ffy. 


bag;  loose;  bulging. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


37 


bagatelle 
balloon 


taag''a-tel(le',  bag"a-tel',  n.  1.  A  trifle.  2. 
Criimes.  A  modification  of  billiards.     [F.] 

■bag'gage,  bag'ej,n.  1.  [U.S.]  The  trunks, 
packages,  etc.,  ol  a  traveler.  Called  luggage 
in  Great  Britain.  2.  An  army's  movable 
equipment.     [<  OF.  bagiie,  pack.] 

bag'ging,  bag'ing,  n.  1.  The  putting  into 
bags.     2.  A  coarse  material  for  making  bags. 

bag'pipe,  bag'paip,  n.  A  Scotch  musical 
wind-instrument  in  which  the  reeds  are  sup- 
plied with  air  directly  from  a  bag  under  the 
player's  arm.  —  bag^pi'^per,  n. 

bails  bel,  vt.  To  admit  to  bail;  set  free  on  se- 
curity for  appearance  at  a  future  day;  also,  to 
become  surety  for.  [  <  L.of"  bajvlo^  bear  a  bur- 
den.] —  bail'a-bl(e,  a.    Admitting  of  bail. 

bail^,  vt.    To  provide  with  a  bail  or  handle. 

bail3,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  dip  out,  as  water.  2. 
To  clear  of  water  by  dipping  it  out. 

bails  n.  Law.  1.  One  who  becomes  surety 
for  the  debt  or  default  of  another.  2.  The 
security  or  guaranty  given  or  agreed  upon.  3. 
Release,  or  the  privilege  of  release,  on  bail. 

baiP,  n.  The  handle  of  a  pail  or  like  vessel; 
an  arch'shaped  support.    [ME.  bayle.] 

bail3,  n.  1.  A  division  between  the  stalls  of  a 
stable.  2.  Cricket.  One  of  the  crosspieces  of 
the  wicket.    [OF.,  prob.  <  L.  baculum,  stick.] 

bai'lif(f,  be'Iif,  n.  A  sheriff's  deputy;  local 
magistrate.     [  <  LL.^f  bajulus,  guardian.] 

bai'li-wick,  be'li-wic,  n.  The  office,  juris- 
diction, or  district  of  a  bailiff.  [child.] 

bairn,  barn,  ?i.    [Scot.l    A  child.   {<AS.bear)i, 

bait<*,  bet,  v.    1.  i.     1.  To  put  a  bait  on  or  in. 

2.  To  feed  while  resting.  3.  To  torment,  as 
by  setting  dogs  upon-  harass;  worry.  II.  i. 
To  stop  for  rest  and  refreshment.  [<  Ice. 
beita,  make  to  bite,  <  bita,  bite.] 

bait,  n.  1.  Anything  used  to  allure  a  fish  or 
other  animal.    2.  A  luncheon,  as  on  a  journey. 

baiz(e,  bez,  n.  A  napped  woolen  fabric  used 
for  table-covers,  etc.     [<  OF.  bales,  baize.] 

bake,  bek,  v.     [baked;  ba'kexj;;  ba'king.] 

I.  t.  To  cook  by  dry  and  continued  heat: 
vitrify  by  heat,  as  bricks.  II.  i'.  1.  To  do 
the  work  of  baking.  2 .  To  become  cooked  or 
hardened  by  heat.     [<  AS.  bacan,  bake.] 

—  ba'ker,  n.  One  who  bakes  and  sells  bread, 
cake,  etc.— ba'ker-y,  n.  [-tes^,  pL]  A  place 
for  baking  bread,  cake,  etc.— ba'kiiifir,  n.  The 
act  of  baking;  the  quantity  baked. 
baFance.  bal'ans,  v.  [bal'anced;  bal'an- 
ciNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  bring 
into  or  keep  in  equilib- 
rium; poise.  2.  To  ad- 
just, as  an  account.  3. 
To  offset.  4.  To  weigh; 
deliberate  upon;  ponder. 

II.  i.  1.  To  be  m  equi- 
poise.     2.   To    hesitate. 

3.  To  dance  to  and  fro. 
balance,  n.    1.  A  pair 

of  scales  or  other  instru- 
ment for  weighing.  2. 
The  act  of  balancing  or  »  t>  i 

comparing.     3.  The  be-  A  Balance, 

ing  in  equilibrium;  equipoise.  4.  Cotn.  (1)  An 
equality  between  the  credit  and  debit  totals  of 
an  account.  (2)  The  difference  between  such 
totals;  excess  on  either  side.    (3)  Hence,  col- 


loquially, remainder;  surplus.  5.  The  balance- 
wheel  of  a  watch.  [<  L.*"  bi-,  two,  +  lanx, 
dish.]  ,        ,-r         , 

bal'co-ny,  bal'co-ni,  n.  [-niesSj^^.]  A  project- 
ing balustraded  platform  before  a  window;  a 

tier  of  seats  in  a  theater.     [<  It.  balco,  scaf- 

ffold,  story.] 
bald,  bold,  a.    Destitute 

of  hair  or  other  natural 

covering ;       unadorned. 

[ME.6rt//e(/,<BALLi,n.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
bal'der-dasb,  bel'dgr- 

dash,  n.    An  empty  and 

pretentious       flow      of 

words.     [<  Dn.  balder, 

noise,  clatter,  +  dash.] 
bale,  bel,  vt.     [baled; 

ba'ling.]    To  make  into  a 

bale. 
bales   n.      A    package  of 

bulky    goods,     corded     or 

otherwise       prepared       for 

transportation.      [  <   LL.o*" 

bala,  round   bundle,    pack- 


age.] 
balesil,  n.   That  which  causes 


A  Balcony. 


ruin  or  sorrow;  wo.    [<  AS. 
ftea^jf,  evil,  wickedness.]- bale'ful,  a.    Hurt- 
ful; malign;  malignant;  pernicious. 

balks    )bok,  ■?;.  I.  t.   To  render  unsuccessful ; 

baulk,  [thwart;  frustrate.  II.  i.  To  stop  short 
and  refuse  to  proceed. 
—  balk'y,  bek'l,  a.    Disposed  to  balk. 

balk.     In.     1.  An  obstruction;  hindrance;  de- 
baulk,  )  feat.    2.  A  failure;  miss;  blunder.  3. 
A  feint.     [<  AS.  balca,  heap,  beam.] 

ball,  bel,  vt.  &  vi.    To  form  into  a  ball;  form 
balls    upon,    as    of 
snow  on  the  foot. 

balls  n.  Any  glob- 
ular or  spherical 
body;  a  game  played 
with  a  ball.  [< 
MHG.OF  balle,  bal,  a 
spherical  body.] 
bait. 

ball^,  n.  An  eve- 
ning assembly  for 
dancing.  [<  Gr. 
1^+*'  ballizo,  dance, 
<  ballo,  throw.] 

bariad,  bal'ad,  n. 
Any  popular  narra- 
tive poem.  [<  F. 
ballade,  dancing* 
song.] 

bal^last,  bal'ast. 
I'',  vt.  To  provide 
or  fill  with  ballast; 
steady.  II.  n.  1. 
Any  heavy  sub- 
stance, as  sand,  etc.,  „  „  ^  ,,,  ,  , 
laid  in  the  hold  of  a  Walloon  trailing  Anchors, 
vessel  to  steady  it.  2.  Gravel  or  broken  stone 
for  a  railroad»bed.     [D.,  lit.  'back=load.'] 

bal'let",  bg'le",  n.  A  dance  by  women  on  the 
stage;  the  ballet-dancers  of  any  theater,  col- 
lectively.    [F.,  dim.  of  bal;  see  ball^.  w.] 

bal-looh^,  bal-lun',  n.    A  bag,  inflated  with 


flut|fire  (future);    aisle;    au   (pu^;   ©II;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   ijthe)',   go;   sing,   iijik;   thin. 


ballot 
bankrupt 


38 


gas  lighter  than  air,  that  rises  and  floats  in 
the  air.  [<  It.  ballone,  <  MHG.  bcU;  see 
ball',  w.]  —  bal-loon'ist,  n.    An  aeronaut. 

bariot,  bal'^t.  I**.  vL  1.  To  cast  a  ballot; 
^ ote  by  ballot.  2.  To  draw  lots.  II.  n.  1. 
A  written  or  printed  vote  or  ticket;  a  little 
ball.  2.  The  act  or  system  of  voting  secretly 
l)y  balls  or  tickets;  also,  the  whole  number  of 
votes  so  cast.     [<  F.  ballotte,  little  ball.] 

balm,  bflm.  I.  vt.  To  anoint  with  or  as  with 
balm.  II.  n.  1.  A  soothing  application;  any- 
thing that  soothes  or  heals.  2.  An  aromatic 
resinous  exudation  from  various  trees  or 
shrubs;  balsam;  also,  a  tree  or  shrub  that 
yields  balm;  any  one  of  various  aromatic 
plants.  [<  L.oP  balsamvm:  see  balsam,  n.] 
—  balm'y,  bam'i,  rt.  1.  Fragrant;  aromatic. 
2.  Healing;  soothing;  mild. 

bal'sam,  bel'sam,  n.  1.  An  aromatic,  oily 
preparation  used  for  healing;  a  fragrant  oint- 
ment; balm.  2.  An  aromatic  resin  or  the  tree 
that  yields  it;  also,  a  flowering  plant.  [<  L. 
bnlsamum,  <  Gr.  balsamon,  balsam=tree.] 

bal'us-ter,  bal'us-tgr,  v.  One  of  a  set  of 
small  pillars  that  support  a  hand»rail  and  form 
with  the  hand-rail  a  balustrade.  [<  It.*' 
balaustro,  <  balaustra,  wild  pomegranate^ 
flower.]  —  baF'us-trade',  bal"us-tred',  n.  A 
hand=rail  supported  by  balusters. 

bam-boo',  bam-bQ',  n.  A  tall  tree*like  or 
shrubby  grass,  its  stem,  wood,  leaf,  or  fiber,  or 
any  article  made 
from  it.  [<  Ma- 
lay bambtf.] 

ban,  ban.  I.  vt. 
&  vi.  [banned; 
ban'ning.]  To 
place  under  a 
ban;  anathema- 
tize; issue  a  ban. 
II.  n.  1.  A 
proclamation  or 
edict;  a  sentence 
of  outlawry;  any 
authoritative  pro- 
hibition ;  excom- 
munication ;oath; 
curse.  2.  pi.  An 
announcement  of 
intention  to  mar- 
ry. [<  AS.  (ge)- 
ban,  proclama- 
tion, edict.] 

ba-na'na,  ba- 
nfl'nu,  71.  The 
fruit  of  a  large  herbaceous  tropical  plant;  also, 
the  plant,  banana'plant.  [Sp.,  <  native  Guin- 
ea name.] 

band,  band.  F.  Tt.  1.  To  bind,  tie,  or  unite. 
2.  To  mark  with  a  stripe.  II.  n.  1.  That 
which  binds,  ties,  or  unites;  a  bond-  aflat  flex- 
ible strip  of  any  material  used  for  binding,  as 
an  article  of  dress,  etc.  2.  A  company  of  per- 
Bons  associated,  as  for  playing  musical  instru- 
ments.    fUlt.  <  OIIG.,  <  V  of  birdaiu  bind.] 

band^age,  band'gj.  I.  vt.  [-aged;  -a-oino.j 
To  bind  or  cover  with  a  bandage.  II.  «. 
A  etrij),  usually  of  soft  cloth,  used  in  dress- 
ing wounds,  etc.;  any  band.  [F.,  <  bande, 
band.] 


Bamboo. 
a,  section  of  the  stem  at  a  node. 


band'box'",  band'bex",  n.  A  light  round 
box  for  carrying  bonnets,  etc. 

ban'dit,  ban'dit,  n.  [ban'dits  or  ban-dit'ti, 
pL]  A  highwayman;  brigand.  [<  It.  ba7i- 
dito,  pp.,  <  LL.  bandio,  banrno;  banish.] 

ban'dy,  ban'di,  vt.  [BAN'mED;  ban'i>y-ing.] 
1o  give  and  receive;  exchange,  as  words, 
blows,  etc. ;  knock  or  pass  to  and  fro. 

ban'dy,  ban'di,  a.  Crooked  outward  at  the 
knees.  —  ban'dy  s  leg{j;ed'',  -legd,  a.  Havirg 
bandy  legs;  bow-legged. 

ban'dy,  n.  [ban'diess  2^1-']  !•  Hcckey.  2. 
A  hockey =stick.     [<  G.^  band,  band,  bond.] 

bane,  ben,  n.  Anything  pernicious  or  nox- 
ious; a  scourge;  disease;  poison.  [<  AS. 
bana,  murderer,  destruction.]— bane'ful,  btn'- 
ful,  Of.  Noxious;  poisonous;  dangerous;  injuri- 
ous; deadly.— ban e'ful-ly,  adv. 

bangi,  bang,  vt.  &  vi.  To  strike  with  a  heavy 
sound;  knock;  beat;  make  a  loud,  heavy  sound. 
[<  Ice.  banga,  beat,  hammer.]  [hair. 

bang2,  vt.    To  cut  straight  across,  as  the  front 

bang*,  n.  A  sudden  or  noisy  blow,  thump, 
whack,  or  explosion. 

bang2,  n.    Front  hair  cut  straight  across. 

bang,  ac^v.  1.  With  a  violent  blow  or  loud 
and  sudden  noise.    2.  All  at  once;  abruptly. 

ban'^ian,   I  ban'yan,  n.    An  East=Indian  tree 

ban'yan,  f  of  the  nettle  family,  which  sends 
down  from  its  branches  roots  that  develop  into 
accessory  trunks;  Indian  fig. 

ban'isbS  ban'ish,  vt.  To  expel  from  one's 
country  or  from  any  customary  or  desired 
place;  drive  away;  dismiss'^  exile.  [<  OHG. 
^+<^^  bannan,  summon.] — ban'ish-ment,  n. 
Exile;  expulsion. 

ban'is-ter,  ??.  1.  A  baluster.  2.  pi.  A  bal- 
ustrade: a  corruption,    ban'nis-terj. 

ban'jo,  ban'jo,  n.  A  musical  instrument  of 
the  guitar  class, 
with  a  parch- 
ment»covered 
hoop  instead  of 
a  hollow  wood- 

,  en  body.  [Negro  corr.,  < 
Gr.sp  pandoura,  musical  in- 
strument.] 

bank",  baiik,  vt.  To  make 
into  a  bank;  shelter  under  a 
bank;  form  or  lie  in  banks. 

banket,  r.    I.  ^    To  deposit  in  a  bank.    II.  i. 

To  do  business  as  or  with  a  bank  or  banker. 

—  bank'a-bl(ts  a.    Keceivable  by  a  bank. 

bank', ».  1.  A  long  acclivity;  a  rising grotiiu'. 
2.  The  land  at  the  edge  of  a  watercourse.  3. 
A  shallow;  shoal.     [<  AS.  banc,  mound.] 

bank^,  n.  An  institution  for  lending,  borrow- 
ing, issuing,  or  caring  for  money,  [rit.  < 
MiIG.  banc,  bench.]  —  baiik'er,  bayk'gr,  n. 
One  engaged  In  bunking.— bauk'siiote''«  «. 
1 .  A  promissory  note.  Issued  by  a  bank.  5J.  A 
note  payable  at  a  bank. 

bank'lng',  n.  The  business  of  a  bank  or 
banker:  used  also  adjectivally. 

bank'ing'-',  n.  The  forming  of  a  ridge  or 
.mound;  an  eml)ankMient. 

bank'rupt.  bayk'rupt.  F.  vt.  To  make 
bankrupt.  II.  «.  Unable  to  pay  one's  debts; 
insolvent.  III.  n.  A  person  unable  to  pay 
his  debts  or  without  credit  or  resources.     [<  . 


A  Banjo. 


popfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  usgge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rater,  or;  full,  rule;  hot,  Or; 


39 


banner 
barouclie 


It.  banca,  bank,  +  rotta,  broken.]  —  bank^- 
rupt-cy,  n.  [-cies*,  »Z.]  The  state  of  being 
Insolvent;  failure  or  Inability  to  pay  just  debts. 

ban'ner,  ban'gr,  n.  A  cloth  bearing  a  device, 
su.spended  from  a  pole  by  a  cross»bar;  any  flag 
or  standard.     [<  LL.of  bandej^ia,  banner.] 

banns,  bans,  banz,  n.  pi.  of  ban. 

ban'QLuet,  ban'cw§t.  I-i.  vt.  &  vi.  To  feast 
richly.    U.  n.    A  sumptuous  feast.     [F.] 

ban'tanx,  ban'tam,  n.  A  small  breed  of  the 
domestic  hen.     [  <  Bantam,  in  Java.] 

ban'ter,  ban'tgr.  I.  vt.  To  make  sport  of; 
joke.    II.  n.  Good'humored  ridicule;  raillery. 

bant'ling,  bant'ling,  n.  A  young  child;  in- 
fant; youth.     [Corr.ofbandling,  <BAiiD^,n.] 

ban'yau,  n.    Same  as  banian. 

bap-tise',  vt.  &  vi.    Same  as  baptize. 

bap^tism,  bap'tizm,  n.    The  act  of  baptizing; 
an  ordinance  in  which  water  is  made  use  of  in 
symbol  or  acknowledgment  of  consecration  to 
Christ,  as  commanded  in  3Iatt.  xxviii,  19. 
—  bap-tis'inal,  a.    Pertaining  to  baptism. 

Bap'tist,  bap'tist,  n.  One  holding  that  the 
only  valid  baptism  is  the  immersion  of  a  be- 
liever; originally,  one  who  baptizes. 

bap'tis-ter-y,  (_bap'tis-ter-i,  -tri,  n.     [-ter- 

bap'tis-try,  )  ies^, -tries^,/?/.]  A  reservoir 
in  a  church,  for  baptism  by  immersion;  a  por- 
tion of  a  church  set  apart  for  baptisms. 

bap-tize',  bap-taiz',  vt.  &vi.  [-tized';  -ti'- 
ziNG.]  To  administer  baptism  to;  administer 
the  sacrament  of  baptism ;  to  christen  or  name ; 
consecrate;  dedicate.  [<  Gr.i'i'+F  bapiizo.,  < 
bapto,  dip.]    bap-tise^t> 

bar,  bflr.  I.  vt.  [barred;  bar'ring.]  1. 
To  close;  obstruct;  hinder;  prohibit.  2.  To 
except.  3.  To  mark  with  bars.  II.  n.  1. 
A  piece  of  solid  material,  long  in  proportion 
to  its  width  and  thickness;  a  barrier;  an  ob- 
struction; a  bank,  as  of  sand,  at  the  entrance 
to  a  river  or  harbor.  2 .  An  enclosed  place  in 
a  court-room;  a  court  or  any  place  of  justice; 
the  legal  profession.  3.  A  counter  where  liq- 
uors or  refreshments  are  dispensed.  4.  A 
stripe.  5.  3fus.  The  vertical  line  that  divides 
a  staff  into  measures.     [<  LL.of  barra,  bar.] 

barb,  bflrb,  vt.  To  provide  with  a  barb  or 
barbs ;  hence,  to  make  cutting  or  severe. 

barbi,  n.  A  backward»projecting  point,  as  on 
an  arrow,  a  fish»hook,  etc.  [<  L.^  barba., 
beard.] 

barb^,  7i.  A  horse  of  the  breed  brought  by  the 
Moors  from  Barbary  into  Spain. 

bar-ba'ri-an,  bflr-be'ri-an.  I.  a.  Uncivil- 
ized; cruel;  barbarous.  II.  n.  An  uncivilized 
or  uncultured  person;  anciently,  a  foreigner. 
[<  L.  barbarus;  see  barbarous.] 

bar-bar-'ic,  bflr-bar'ic,  a.  Rudely  splendid, 
striking,  or  picturesque. 

bar^a-rism,  bQr'ba-rizm,  n.  1.  The  status 
between  savagery  and  civilization;  rudeness. 
2.  A  foreign  or  disapproved  word  or  idiom. 

bar-bar'i-ty,  bQr-bar'i-ti,  w.  [-tiess  pi.'] 
Brutal  or  barbarous  conduct;  a  barbarous  deed. 

bar''ba-rous,  bar'ba-rus,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  like  a  barbarian;  uncultivated;  rude; 
cruel;  brutal;  savage.  2.  Marked  by  barba- 
risms in  speech;  unpolished.  3.  Rude  or 
harsh  in  sound.  [  <  L.  barbarus.,  <  Or.  bar- 
6aro«,  not  Greek,  foreign.]    •\y,adv.  -ness,  ?;. 


bar'be-cue, )  bQ.r'b§-kiu.       1.  vt.      [-cued; 

bar'ba-cue, ) -cu"iNG.]  To  roast  whole.  II. 
n.  An  animal  roasted  whole,  as  an  ox.  [< 
HaytianSp  barbacoa,  framework  of  sticks.] 

bar'ber,  bar'bgr,  n.  One  who  cuts  the  hair, 
shaves  the  beard,  etc.     [<  L.of  barba,  beard.] 

bard,  bard,  71.    A  Celtic  minstrel;  any  poet. 

barei,  bar,  vt.  [bared;  bar'ing.]  To  lay 
bare;  strip;  reveal;  expose. 

bare2||,  imp.  of  beak,  v. 

bare,  a.  1.  Devoid  of  covering  or  dress; 
naked;  unfurnished;  empty;  unarmed;  un- 
sheathed. 2.  Not  more  than  just  suffices; 
simple;  mere;  plain;  meager.  3.  Manifest  or 
evident;  undisguised.     [<  AS.  bser,  bare.] 

—  bare'faced'',  a.  Having  the  face  bare; 
hence,  impudent;  audacious.— bare'foot'^  a. 
&  adv.  With  the  feet  bare.—  bare'ly,  adv. 
Only  just:  scarcely;  scantily;  nakedly;  boldly; 
plainly.— bare'ness,  n. 

bar'gain,  bar'gen.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  barter; 
trade;  negotiate;  stipulate.  II.  n.  1.  A 
mutual  agreement  between  persons.  2.  That 
which  is  agreed  upon;  an  advantageous  trans- 
action; an  article  bought  or  offered  at  a  low 
price.     [<  LL.oF  barcanio,  traffic] 

barge,  barj,  n.  A  flat-bottomed  freight^boat 
or  other  large  boat,  as  for  pleasure  excursions. 
[  <  LL.  barga;  see  bark^,  /? .] 

bar'i-tone,  n.    Mun.    Same  as  barytone. 

bark^S  bQrk,  vi.  To  utter  a  bark,  as  a  dog. 
[<  AS.  beorcan,  borcian,  bark.] 

bark^t^  ^,^.  1.  To  remove  the  bark  from; 
scrape;  girdle.  2.  To  rub  oft"  or  abrade  the 
skin  of .  3.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  bark. 
4.  To  tan  or  color  in  an  infusion  of  bark. 

bark',  n.  A  short,  abrupt,  explosive  sound 
made  by  a  dog,  a  fox,  etc. 

bark^,  n.  The  rind  or  covering  of  a  tree  or 
other  plant.     [<  Sw.  bark,  rind.] 

bark^,  n.  A  three-masted  vessel  square-rigged 
except  for  the  mizzenmast,  which  is  forehand' 
aft  rigged;  any  vessel  or  boat.  [<  F.  barque, 
<  LL.  barca,  barga,  bark.]    barquej. 

bar'ley,  bOr'le,  n.  A  hardy,  bearded  cereal; 
also,  the  grain  borne  by  it.     [<  AS.  baerlic.'] 

barm,  barm,  n.  The  froth  or  foam  rising  on 
fermented  malt  liquors;  brewers'  yeast.  [< 
AS.  beorma,  yeast.]  —  barm-'y,  a. 

barn,  bflm,  n.  A  storehouse  for  hay,  etc. ;  also 
[U.  S.],  a  stable.     [<  AS.  bern:\ 

bar'na-cl(e,  bflr'na-cl,  n.  A  shell-fish  found 
attached  to  rocks,  ships,  etc. ;  also,  a  species  of 
wild  goose;  a  persistent  follower.  [ME.  6ar- 
nakylle,  dim.  of  bernake,  the  goose.] 

ba-rom'e-ter,   ba-rem'g-tgr,  n.    An  instru- 
ment for  indicating  atmospheric  pressure.     [  < 
Gr.  baros,  weight,  -f  metron,  measure.] 
— bar-^o-mefric,  a.  bar''o-iiiet'ric-alt. 

bar'on,  bar'un,  n.  A  member  of  the  lowest 
order  of  hereditary  nobility  in  several  European 
countries.  [F.,  <  LL.  baro{n-),  <  OHG.  baro, 
man.] — bar'on-ess,  n.  fern. —  ba-ro'ni-al,  o. 
Pertaining  to  a  baron,  a  barony,  or  the  order  of 
barons.— bar'on-y,  n.  [-ies,  pl.'\  The  rank, 
dignity,  or  domain  of  a  baron. 

bar'on-et,  bar'un-et,  n.  An  inheritable  Eng- 
lish title,  below  that  of  baron;  also,  the  bearer 
of  the  title.— bar'on-et-cy,  n.  [-cies,  pl^ 
The  rank  of  a  baronet,    bar^on-et-shipl:. 

ba-roucbe',    ba-rush',    n.    A   four-wheeled 


flutgQre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c  (k);    cliat;   dli  (JLh€)\   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


barrack 
bate 


40 


low^bodied  pleasure»vehicle  with  folding  top. 

[<  L.Jt  +  «  bis  (see  bi-)  +  rota,  wheel.] 
bar 'rack,  bar'ac,  n.    A  permanent  structure, 

as  for  the  lodgment  of  soldiers: 

generally  in  the  plural;  a  light 

adjustable  roof  for  sheltering 

hay,  etc.    [  <  It.F  baracca,  sol- 
diers' tent.] 
bar-'rel,  bar'el.    I.  vt.    [bar'- 

RELED  or  bar'relled;  bar'- 

REL-INGOrBAR'REL-LING.]     To 

put  or  pack  in  a  barrel.  II. 
71.  1.  A  round  vessel,  made  Hay=barrack. 
with  staves  and  hoops,  about  31  inches  high. 
2.  As  much  as  a  barrel  will  hold.  3.  Some- 
thing resembling  a  barrel,  as  the  tube  of  a  fire- 
arm, the  body  of  an  animal,  etc.  [<  LL.of 
barile,  barrel.] 

bar^ren,  bar'gn.  I.  a.  Sterile;  unprofitable; 
dull.  11.  n.  A  tract  of  barren  land.  [<  OF. 
baraiqne,  barren.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

bar''ri-cade',  bar"i-ked'.  I.  vt.  [-ca'ded<»; 
-ca'ding.]  To  defend  with  a  barricade.  II. 
n.  A  barrier  closing  a  passage,  as  for  defense. 
[  <  Sp.F  barricada,  <  barrica,  barrel.]    bar''- 


ri-ca'do:}:. 
bar'ri-er,  bar'i-gr. 


Ob- 


Something   that 
structs  progress  or  prevents  encroachment;  a 
boundary;  obstruction.     [<  OF.  barriere,  < 
LL.  barra.,  bar.] 

bar'ris-ter,  bar'is-tgr,  n.  Eng.  Law.  An 
advocate.     [<  bar^,  n.\ 

bar'room'',  bQr'rum",  n.  A  room  Avhere  liq- 
uors and  refreshments  are  served. 

bar'rowi,  bar'O,  n.  A  tray  or  box  having  a 
wheel  or  wheels  and  handles.  [  <  AS.  *berewe, 
<  beran,  bear.] 

bar''row2,  n.  A  burial-mound;  cairn;  heap. 
[<  AS.  beorg.,  hill,  place  of  burial.] 

bar''ter,  bflr'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  xi.  To  exchange 
(commodities);  trade  by  exchange  of  commod- 
ities. II.  n.  The  exchanging  of  commodi- 
ties or  a  commodity  given  in  exchange.  [< 
OF.  bareter,  <  bar  at,  barter.] 

bar'y-tone,  bar'i-ton.  I.  a.  Mus.  Having 
a  register  higher  than  bass  and  lower  than  ten- 
or. II.  n.  Mus.  A  barytone  male  voice,  or 
a  person  having  such  a  voice.  [<  Gr.i«  barys, 
heavy,  -f-  to/ios,  tone.]    bar'i.tone+. 

ba'sal,  be'sal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  of,  or  at  the 
base;  fundamental. 

ba-salt',  bu-solt',  n.  An  igneous  rock  of  a 
(lark  color  and  often  of  columnar  structure. 
I  <  L.  banaltes,  dark  marble.]—  ba-salt'ic,  a. 

base,  bes,  vt.  [based;  ba'sino.]  To  place 
upon  a  base  or  basis;  ground;  establish. 

base,  a.  1.  Low  in  sentiment,  morals,  or  rank; 
of  humble  or  ignoble  birth;  abject.  2.  Low 
in  value.  3.  Mus.  Same  as  bass.  [<  LL.*' 
basms,  low.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.—  base's 
born",  a.  Born  out  of  wedlock;  also,  of  low 
birth;  plebeian. 

base,  n.  1.  The  lowest  or  supporting  part; 
the  foundation.  2.  Mus.  Same  as  bass.  3. 
Chem.  A  compound  which  is  capable  of  so 
uniting  with  an  acid  as  to  neutralize  its  acid 
properties  and  form  a  salt.  4.  Mil.  A  basis 
of  operations  or  of  supplies.  [<  Qr.^*^  basis, 
stepping,  base,  <  bain5,  go.]  —  base'less,  a 
1.  Without  foundation.   2   "   " 


less  —  base'inent,  n.    The  ground  floor  of  a 
building,  beneath  the  principal  story. 
ba-shaw',  bg-shS',  n.    See  pashaw. 
bash'ful,  bash'ful,  a.    Shrinking  from  notice; 
shy;  timid.     [<  abash.]     -ly,  at/i'.    -ness,n. 
ba'sic,  be'sic,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  base. 
bas'i-lisk,  bas'i-lisk,  n.    1.  A  fabled  creature 
whose  breath  and  look  were  fatal.    2.  A  lizard 
having  an  erectile  crest.     [<   Gr.  basiliskos, 
dim.  of  basileus,  king.] 
ba'sin,  be'su,  fi.    a  shallow  vessel,  with  slo- 
ping sides;  a  cavity  like  that  of  such  a  vessel. 
[<  LL.f  bachinus,   <  bacca,  bowl.] 
ba'sis,  be'sis,  n.     [ba'ses,  be'stz,  pi.]    That 
on  which  anything  rests;  support;  foundation; 
chief  ingredient.     [L.;  see  base,  n.] 
basks  bgsk,  vi.    To  luxuriate,  as  in  warmth. 

[<  Old  Scand.  badhask,  bathe  oneself.] 
bas'ket,  bgs'ket,  n.     1.  A  vessel  of  interwo- 
ven twigs,  splints,  or  strips.    2.  What  a  basket 
will  hold,    bas'ket-fult.     [<  W.  basged.] 
bas''»re-lief' ,  bQ " -re-llf '  or  bgs"»,w.  Sculpture 
in  which  the  figure  projects  but  slightly  from 
the  background.    [<  It.^'  basso'rilievo,  <  basso, 
low,  -\-^rilievo,  relief.]     bass'^-re-lief  J. 
bass,  bes,  a.    Mus.    Low  in  tone  or  compass. 
bass^,  bgs,  n.    One  of  various  food^fishes. 
bass^,  bes,  n.    Mus.    The  lowest  tones  of  the 
male  voice,  or  of  an  instrument.     [<  OF.  bas; 
see  base,  a.] 
bas8^,  bgs,  n.    Same  as  basswood. 
bas-soon',  bas-stin',  71.    A  wooden  reed-in- 
strument with  curved  mouthpiece.   [<  It.^  bas- 
sone,  <  basso,  <  L.  bassus,  low.] 
bass  vi'ol,  bes  vai^^l.    A  large,  stringed  in- 
strument of  the  violin  type. 
bass'wood'',  bgs'wud",    ti.     The  American 

linden-  or  whitewood-tree.    bass:}:, 
bast,  bgst,  «.    The  fibrous  inner  bark  of  trees; 
also,  cordage,  etc.,  made  from  it.    [  <  AS.  bsesf, 
lime-tree.] 
bas'tard,  bas'tard.    I.  a.    Bom  out  of  wed- 
lock; spurious;  abnormal  or  unusual.    II.  n. 
An  illegitimate  child.  [<  MHG.i^J^+offtaiV.mat.] 
bas'tard-y,  n.    Illegitimacy, 
basted  best,  vt.     [ba'sted'*;  ba'sting.]     To 
sew  loosely  together.  [  <  MHG.of  besta7i,  hind.] 
baste^d,  vt.    To  cover  with  gravy  or  the  like 

while  cooking. 
bas'^ti-na'do,  bas'ti-ne'do.  or  -nQ'do.    I.  vt. 
To  beat  on  the  soles  of  the  feet;  boat  or  flog. 
bas'^ti-nade't.    II.  n.    A  beating  with  a 
stick,  usually  on  the  soles  of  the  feet.     [  <  Sp. 
bastonada,  <  basto7i,  cudgel.] 
bas'tion,  bas'tiun,  n.     Fort.    A  projecting 
part  of  a  fortification.     [<  It.  bastione,  <  bas- 
fire,  build.] 
bat,  bat,  t'^.  &  t7.    [bat'ted*;  bat'ting.]    To 

strike  with  or  as  with  a  bat. 
bat',  n.     1.  Any  stick  or  club  for  striking  the 
ball  in  baseball,  cricket,  etc.    2.  A  brickbat. 
3.  A  sheet  of  batting. 
bat^,  71.    A  nocturnal  mammal  with  wings  con- 
nected by   a  wing-membrane.     [Corr.<Dn. 
bakke,  bat.]    battt. 
batch,  bach,  n.    The  dough  for  one  baking,  or 
the  quantity  of  bread,  etc.,  baked;   the  grain 
for  one  grinding;  grist;  any  set  of  things  made 
or  done  at  one  time.     [<  AS.  bacuTi,  bake.] 


Unfounded;  ground- 1  bate,  b6t,t'<.     [ba'ted"*;  ba'tinq.]     1.  Toles- 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  usgge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


41 


bateau 
beadle 


sen;   moderate;  abate.     2.  To  deduct.     [OF. 
abatre;  see  ab.\te,  t.\ 

ba"teau',  ba'to',  n.  [ba"teaux',  -tOz,  pl.l  A 
flat'bottomed  boat;  a  pontoon  for  a  bridge. 
[<  A^M-*^  bat,  hoat.] 

batb,  bgth,  w.  [baths,  bgdhz,  ^y/.]  A  ba- 
thing; that  in  which  one  bathes;  a  building  or 
receptacle  for  bathing.     [<  AS.  bseth,  bath.] 

bathe,  bedh,  v.  [bathed;  ba'thing.]  I.  t. 
To  wash  or  immerse;  wet;  lave;  suffuse.  II. 
i.  To  take  a  bath.—  ba'tlier,  /*. 

bat'on,  bat'un,  n.  A  short  staff  or  rod.  [F. 
b'ltori,  <  LL.  basto(n-),  stick.] 

bat-tal'ion,  bat-tal'yun,  n.  Two  or  more 
companies  of  infantry;  a  body  of  troops.  [< 
LL.i'  +  P  battalia;  see  battle.] 

bat'teni ,  bat'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  grow 
fat;  thrive;  gratify  a  craving,  as  for  cruelty. 
[<  Ice.  batna,  grow  better,  improve.] 

bat'ten^,  vt.    To  put  battens  on. 

bat'ten,  n.    A  narrow  strip  of  wood;  a  cleat. 

bat'ter,  bat'sr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  strike  repeatedly; 
beat;  dent;  mar;  deface.  [<  LL.*'  batio,  < 
battuo,  beat.] 

bat'ter  1  ,n.  A  thick  liquid  mixture  beaten  up 
for  use  in  cookery. 

bat'ter^,  n.  A  heavy  blow;  also,  repeated 
blows,  or  the  condition  resulting  from  them. 

bat'ter^,  n.    A  batsman,  as  innaseball. 

bat'ter-ing»ram",  bat'gr-ing«ram",  n.     A 
long  beam,  with  heavy  head, 
ancientlj^  used  in  forcing  gates 
and  making  breaches  in  walls. 

bat'ter-y,  bat'gr-i,  n.  [-ies^, 
pi]  1.  Mil.  (1)  An  earth- 
work enclosing  cannon.  (2)  on 
A  company  of  artillerymen, 
or  their  guns  and  other  equip- 
ment. 2.  Elec.  A  group  of  Batterlng»i-am. 
cells,  dynamos,  etc.  3.  Law.  The  unlawful 
use  of  force  by  one  person  upon  another. 

bat'ting,  bat'ing,  n.  Cotton  or  wool  prepared 
in  sheets,  or  the  art  of  preparing  it;  also,  the 
act  of  batting  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

bat'tle,  bat'l.  1.  vi.  [bat'tled;  bat'tling.] 
To  fight;  struggle;  strive.  II.  7i.  1.  A  com- 
bat between  hostile  armies  or  fleets;  a  fight; 
conflict;  contest.  2}.  Arms  or  an  armed  force. 
[<  LL.F  battalia,  <  batto;  see  battek,  v.] 

bat'tle -dor  e",  bat'1-dor",  n.  A  parchment* 
covered  bat  used  to  drive  a  shuttlecock. 

bat'tle -ment,  bat'l-mgnt,  n.  A  parapet  in- 
dented along  its  upper  line. —  bat'tle-nient-ed, 
pa.    Furnished  with  battlements. 

bau'bl(e,  be'bl,  n.  A  worthless  showy  trinket; 
gewgaw;  toy;  originally,  the  wand  of  a  jester. 
[<  L.OF  babulus,  foolish.]    baw'blef. 

baulk,  V.  &  n.    Same  as  balk. 

bawl,  bel,  vt.  &  vi.  To  cry  or  wail  loudly.  [< 
Ice.  baula,  low  as  a  cow.] 

bay,  be,  v.  1.  t.  To  bark  at;  drive  or  bring  to 
a  stand  in  the  chase.  II.  i.  To  bark  hoarsely. 
[<  OF.  bayer,  <  LL.  bado,  gape.] 

bay,  a.    Red^brown:  said  of  horses. 

bay',  w.  1.  A  body  of  water  partly  enclosed 
by  land;  an  arm  of  the  sea.  2.  Any  recess. 
3.  A  kind  of  wood  used  for  furniture.  bay'= 
■wood"J.     [<  F.  baie,  <  LL.  baia,  bay.] 

bay2,  n.    1.  The  laurel-tree.    bay'stree":}:. 


2.  A^  laurel' wreath;  poetic  renown.  [<  F. 
baie,  <  L.  baca,  berry.] 

bay 3,  n.    A  bay  horse. 

bay^,  n.  1.  A  deep  bark  or  cry,  as  of  dogs  in 
hunting.  2.  The  situation  of  a  hunted  crea- 
ture compelled  to  turn  on  its  pursuers.  [For 
abay,  <  OF.  abai,  barking.] 

bay^,  w.  1.  A  large  space  in  a  barn  for  stor- 
age, as  of  hay.  2.  A  principal  compartment 
or  division,  as  between  piers  or  columns.  [  < 
F.  baie,  <  bayer,  gape;  see  bay,  v.] 

bay'ber"ry ,  be'ber'i,  n.  One  of  various  trees, 
as  the  wax^myrtle  or  the  laurel»tree. 

bay'o-net,  be'o-net.  I'',  vt.  To  stab  or 
charge  with  a  bayonet.  II.  n.  A  dagger»like 
weapon  attachable  to  the  muzzle  of  a  musket. 
[Prob.  <  Bayonne,  in  France.] 

bay'ou,  bai'u,  71.  A  sluggish  inlet  or  outlet 
from  a  lake  or  bay.     [  <  Choctaw  bayonet 

bay  ■win'dow.  Arch.  A  projecting  window 
structure  of  angular  plan,  reaching  to  the 
ground,  as  distinguished  from  an  oriel  window 
(supported  on  corbels  or  brackets)  and  from 
a  bow  window  (curved  in  plan). 

ba-zaar',  |  ba-zflr',  n.    1.  An  Oriental  mar- 

ba-zar',  i  ket-place  or  range  of  shops.  2.  A 
fancy  fair  for  charity.    [  <  Per.  bazar,  market.] 

be,  bt,  xi.  [am,  aut,  is,  are,  pres. ;  was,  wast, 
were,  imp.;  be,  were,  wert,  «w6j.;  be,  im- 
per.;  been,  pp.;  being,  ?;»y»'.]  1.  To  have 
existence.  2.  To  exist  in  a  special  state,  rela- 
tion, etc.  3.  To  happen.  4.  To  belong;  con- 
cern: with  to.     [<  AS.  beon,  be.] 

be-,  prefix.  By;  near;  on;  about:  used  (1)  In  its 
original  prepositional  sense;  (2)  to  render  intran- 
sitive verbs  transitive;  (3)  to  form  verbs  from 
adjectives  or  nouns;  (4)  to  intensify  the  notion 
of  a  verb;  (5)  to  give  a  secondary  meaning  to  a 
simple  verb;  (6)  with  nouns,  adjectives,  or  ad- 
verbs, to  form  other  adverbs,  conjunctions,  or 
prepositions;  (7)  with  privative  force;  i.  e.,  to 
give  a  meaning  opposed  to  that  of  the  simple 
word;  (8)  without  special  force.  Be-  forms  nu- 
merous compounds  which  are  readily  understood 
by  combining  the  meaning  of  the  prefix  with  that 
of  the  second  element. 

beach,  bich.  I',  vt.  To  run  or  haul  up  on  a 
beach.  II.  n.  The  sloping  shore  of  a  body 
of  water;  a  wavcwashed  margin ;  strand. 

bea'con,  bi'cn.  I.  vt.  To  furnish  with  a 
beacon;  light  up;  shine  as  a  bea- 
con; guide  by  a  light.  II.  n.  A 
prominent  object,  set  up  as  a  guide 
or  warning  to  mariners  or  others ; 
a  signal'fire  or  flight.  [<  AS. 
beacen,  sign,  signal.] 

bead,  bid.  I<'.  vt.  &  vi.  To  dec- 
orate with  or  as  with  beading  or 
beads;  collect  in  beads;  bubble; 
foam;  sparkle.  II.  n.  1.  A  little 
perforated  sphere  or  the  like,  in-  Tjpacon 
tended  to  be  strung  on  a  thread  or  * 

attached  to  a  fabric  for  decoration.  2.  pi.  A 
rosary;  hence,  prayers.  3.  A  bubble  or  bub- 
bles of  gas  on  the  surface  of  a  liquid;  froth; 
a  small  knob  used  as  the  front  sight  of  a  gun. 
4.  A  small  convex  molding.  [ME.  bede, 
prayer,  bead.] — bead'ing,  n.  Bead-like  orna- 
mentation; beads  collectively;  beaded  fabrics. 

bea'dl(e,  bt'dl,  n.  [Eng.]  A  petty  parish  or 
university  official;  a  crier  or  messenger  of  a 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle; 


(OMt);    oil;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


beadle 
become 


42 


court.     [<  OHG.OF  butil,  one  who  summons.] 
bea'gl(e,  bi'gl,  n.    1.  A  small,  short'Coated 

hunting^houna.    2.  A  constable. 
beak,  bik,  n.    The  projecting  jaws  or  other 

mouth'parts  of  birds;  bill;  also,  the  prow  of  a 

ship.     [  <  LL.F  beccus,  beak.] 
beak'er,   bik'gr,  w.    A  large  wide^mouthed 

cup  or  goblet.     [<  Gr.^^+^'^<'  bikos,  wine=jar.] 
beam,  bim,  v.    I.  t.    1.  To  send  out  as  or  like 

rays  of  light.    2.  To  furnish  with  or  as  with 

beams.    3.  To  burnish.    II.  i.   To  shine. 

—  heam^ing,  pa.    Radiant;  bright;  cheerful. 
beam,  n.    1.  A  long  horizontal  piece  of  wood, 

stone,  or  metal  forming  part  of  the  frame  of  a 
building  or  other  structure.  2.  The  bar  of  a 
balance.  3.  A  ray  of  light,  or  a  group  of 
nearly  parallel  rays.  [<  AS.  beam,  tree,  ray 
of  light.] 

beam'y,  bim'i,  a.  1.  Radiant;  joyous;  glad- 
some.   2.  Like  a  beam;  massive. 

bean,  bin,  n.  The  oval  edible  seed  of  certain 
plants;  a  plant  that  bears  beans.    [<  AS.  bean.] 

beari,  bar,  v.  [bore,  bOr,  or  bare,  bar;  borne 
orBORN,  bOm;  bear'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  sup- 
port; hold  up;  sustain;  convey;  carry.  2.  To 
show  visibly;  display;  exhibit.  3.  To  suifer; 
endure  or  undergo.  4.  To  have;  hold;  main- 
tain; entertain.  5.  To  produce;  give  birth  to. 
6.  To  conduct  (oneself);  behave.  II.  i.  1. 
To  produce  fruit.  2.  To  be  able  to  sustain  a 
desired  weight.  3.  To  have  a  certain  direc- 
tion; take  an  aim  or  course.  4.  To  rest  heavi- 
ly; lean;  press.  5.  To  be  in  a  certain  direc- 
tion. 6.  To  endure  with  patience;  suffer.  7. 
To  have  relation  or  reference;  be  pertinent. 
[<  AS.  beran,  carry,  wear,  bear,  suffer.] 

—  bear'a-bl(e,  Mr'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
borne.— bear'a-bly,  o*'.— bear'er,  bar'er, 
w.  One  who  or  that  which  bears,  carries,  or 
has  In  possession.— bear'ing,  bar'lng,  «.  1. 
The  act  of  sustaining,  enduring,  producing,  etc. 
2,  Deportment;  manner.  3.  Relation;  connec- 
tion; meaning.  4.  A  part  (of  a  machine)  that 
rests  on  something,  or  on  which  something  rests. 
5.  A  heraldic  device. 

bear2,  vt.    [U.  S.]    Finance.    To  depress  the 

price  of  (stocks,  etc.). 
bear,  n.     1.   A  large  plantigrade  carnivore, 

with  massive  body  and  short  tail 

2.  A  speculator  who  seeks  to  de 

press  prices.    3.  One 

of  two  constellations: 

the  Great  Bear  ( Ursa 

Major)  or  Little  Bear 

(Ursa       Minor).— 

bear'ish,  a.     iAkc  a 

bear;  rough;  surly. 
beard,  btrd.    I''",   r/. 

To  tak(!  by  tin;  beard; 

pull  tlic  beard  of;  de-   .        ,        ,",     ,  ,' 

IV      II    /I      1      'PI,,.  •^'"*^'J'h-»iii  I51ii<-'kBear.  Voo 

hairon  ;i  ni.iiis  l.icr.  (specially  on  the  chin.    2. 

Some  similar  mowiii  uv  appendage;  a  tuft  of 

hair»like  processes;  .m  awn,  as  of  grass;  the 

barb  of  an  arrow   or  of    a   liooiv.  '    |    .    .\S. 

ftcan?. 1  —  Ix'Hnl'rd,    (I.      llasiiiLT   a    luard. 

bcard'h'HH,  (/.    Wilhout  u  beard;  voiiiii,';  iiie.v- 

])erleiiee(i. 
beast,  l)ist,  n.    1.  One  of  the  inferior  uiiiuijiis; 

u  quadruped.    2.  A  rude  or  filthy  i>erBon.    [< 

L.  bestia,  beast.]  —  beast'ly,  a. 


beat,  bit,  v.  [beat;  beat'en  or  beat;  beat'- 
iNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  strike  repeatedly.  2.  To 
excel;  overcome;  vanquish.  3.  To  dash  or 
strike  against,  as  wind  or  wave.  4.  To  range 
over  in  hunting.  II.  i.  1.  To  strike  repeated 
blows.  2.  To  throb;  pulsate.  3.  Navt.  To 
work  up  against  the  wind  by  tacking.  4.  To 
conquer;  win.     [<  AS.  beatan,  beat,  thrust.] 

beat,  n.  1.  A  stroke  or  blow;  a  pulsation.  2. 
A  round,  line,  or  district  regularly  traversed, 
as  by  a  sentry  or  a  policeman. 

be-at'i-fy,  b§-at'i-fai,  tI.  [-fied;  -py'ing.] 
To  make  supremely  happy;  enrol  among  the 
saints.  [<  LL.^  beatus,  happy,  -f/ado,  make.] 
—  be'^a-tific,  bi'u-tif'ic,  a.  Imparting  or 
expressing  supreme  happiness;  blissful.  — be- 
af'^i-fl-ca'tion,  be-at"i^fl-ke'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  blessing,  or  the  state  of  being  blessed. 

be-at'i-tude,  b§-at'i-tiud,  71.  Supreme  bless- 
edness; a  declaration  of  blessedness,  as  in 
Matt.  V.  3-11. 

beau,  n.  [beaus  or  beaux,  boz,  pi.]  1. 
ladies' man;  a  dandy;  fop.  2.  [Colloq.]  An 
escort  or  lover.     [F.,  <  L.  bellus,  line,  pretty.] 

beau'»i-de''al,  bo'^ai-dfal,  n.  The  highest 
conceivable  type  of  beauty  or  excellence.  [F. 
beau  ideal  (the),  ideal  beautiful.] 

beau'te-ous,  biu't§-u8,  a.  Full  of  beauty; 
beautiful,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  ti. 

beau'ti-ful,  biu'ti-ful,  a.  Possessing  conspic- 
uous beauty;  excelling  in  form  or  grace;  com- 
plete and  harmonious,  -ly,  ac?t'.— beau'ti-fy, 
biu'ti-fai,  vt.  &  vi.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.]  To  make 
or  grow  beautiful;  adorn. 

beau'ty,  biu'ti,  n.  [beaxj'tiess  jjI.]  1.  That 
quality  of  objects  that  gratifies  the  esthetic  na- 
ture; the  perfection  of  form  resulting  from  the 
harmonious  combination  of  diverse  elements 
in  unity.  2.  A  person  or  thing  that  is  beauti- 
ful.    [<  F.  beaute,  <  L.  bellus,  beautiful.] 

beaux,  boz,  n.    Plural  of  beau. 

bea'veri,  bi'vgr,  n.  1.  An  amphibious  rodent 
of  rat'like  form,  with  a  scaly,  flat,  oval  tail 
and  webbed  hind  feet,  noted  for  skill  in  dam- 
ming shallow  streams,  and  valued  for  its  fur. 
2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver  or  a  hat  made  of  it; 
a  high  silk  hat.     [<  AS.  befer.] 

bea'ver^,  n.  A  movable  piece  of  medieval  ar- 
mor covering  the  lower  part  of  the  face.  [< 
OF.  baviere,  prop,  bib,  <  bave,  saliva.] 

be-calm',  bg-cflm',  vt.  To  make  calm;  still; 
delay  (a  ship,  etc.)  by  reason  of  a  calm. 

be-caiiio',  be-keni',  imp.  of  become,  ?'. 

be-cause','be-cez'.  I.  adv.  By  reason  (of). 
II.  conj.  For  the  reason  that  (literally,  by 
cause);  since.     [<  be-  -f  cause,  «.] 

be-cbance',  b§-chgn8',  vt.  &  ri.  [be- 
chanced"; be-chan'cing.]  To  befall;  happen. 

beck',  bee,  vt.  &  vi.    To  beckon. 

beck',  //.  A  nod  or  other  sign  of  wish  or 
command. 

beck-,  n.  A  small  brook,  or  the  valley  in 
which  it  runs.     [<  Ice.  bekkr,  stream,  brook.] 

beck'on,  bec'n,  v.  I.  t.  To  summon  by  ges- 
lure.  II.  i.  To  make  a  mute  signal,  as  with 
I  lie  hand.     [<  AS.  ht  ('tenia n,  bt'ckon,  nod.] 

be-cloud''',  be  (1(111(1',  r/.   To  obscure;  darken. 

be-come',  i)e-cinn',  r.  |iu;-came',  bg-kem'- 
bk-co.mk';  BE<;oM'iN(i.j  I.  t.  1.  To  accord 
with;  befit.    2.  To  set  off;  grace.    II.  i.    1. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  &ir;  el^mfint,  they,  usege;  It,  J,  i  (oe);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


43 


becoming 
begin 


To  come  to  a  state  or  condition  from  any  pre- 
vious one.  2.  To  begin;  come  about.  '3.  To 
be  fit  or  suitable.     [<  AS.  hecuman,  befall.] 

■be-com'ing,  b§-cum'ing,  j'ja.  Appropriate; 
suitable;  pleasing;  adorning,     -ly,  adv. 

bed,  bed,  t'.  [bei>'ded<i;  bed'ding.]  j^  ^_  to 
lay  in  or  as  in  a  bed;  put  to  bed;  plant  in  a 
bed;  cohabit  with.    II.  i.    To  sleep;  cohabit. 

bed,  71.  1.  Any  place  or  thing  used  for  sleep- 
ing in  or  on;  a  couch.  2.  Something  likened 
to  or  serving  as  a  bed,  foundation,  or  support. 
3.  A  layer;  deposit.     [<  AS.  bed.'] 

be-dab'ble,  be-dab'l,  vt.  [-bled;  -bling.] 
To  sprinkle  or  splash  with  liquid;  dabble. 

be-daub',  bg-deb',  Tt.  1.  To  smear  with 
something  oily  or  sticky;  soil;  abuse;  vilify. 
2.  To  load  with  vulgar  ornament  or  flattery. 

bed'bug'',  bed'bug",  n.  A  blood=sucking 
wingless  bug  of  reddish=brown  color  and  vile 
odor,  infesting  houses  and  especially  beds. 

bed'ding,  bed'ing,  n.  1.  The  furnishings  for 
a  bedstead.  2.  Straw  or  other  litter  for  ani- 
mals to  sleep  on.  3.  A  putting  to  bed.  4. 
That  which  forms  a  bed  or  foundation. 

be-deck'S  be-dec',  tt.    To  deck;  adorn. 

be-dew',  be-diu',  tt.    To  distil,  as  dew,  upon. 

be-dim',  bedim',  vt.  [be-dimmed';  be-dim'- 
MiN(;.|     To' make  dim;  obscure. 

be-diz'en,  be-diz'n,  vt.  To  dress  out;  adorn 
with  tawdry  s'plendor.    be-diz'zen+. 

bed'lam,  bed'lam,  n.  An  excited  crowd;  an 
uproar;  an  insane  asylum.  [Corr.  of  Bethlehem.] 

Bed'ou-in,  bed'u-in,  n.  One  of  the  nomadic 
Arabs  of  Syria,  Arabia,  etc.;  any  nomad  or 
vagabond.  '[<  Ar.^  6a(/«?i'7//,  desert<lweller.] 
Bed'a--weent;  Bed'u-in^. 

be-drag'gle,  be-drag'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [-gled; 
-GLiNG.J  To  make  or  become  wet  or  soiled,  as 
by  dragging. 

bed'rid'''den,  bed'rid'n,  a.  Confined  to  bed 
by  sickness  or  weakness.  [Corr.  <  AS.  bed- 
rida,  <  l)€d,  bed,  -f  rida,  rider.]    bed^rid''^. 

bed'stead,  bed'sted,  n.  A  framework  for 
supporting  a  mattress,  bedding,  etc.  [<  AS. 
bed.,  bed,  +  stede.,  place.] 

bee,  bi, /2.  1.  A  social  honey  ^gathering  insect. 
2.  A  gathering  of 
neighbors  for  work  or 
amusement.  [<  AS. 
beo.]  —  bee'hive'',  n. 
1.  A  hive  for  a  colony 
of  honey»bees.  "Z.  Any 
place  filled  with  busy 
workers.  —  beesline, 
71.  The  shortest  course 
from  one  place  to  an- 
other, as  of  a  bee  to  its 
hive. 

beech,  btch,  n.  A  for- 
est tree  of  the  oak  fam- 
ily. [<  AS.  bece  (< 
boc;  see  book),  beech.] 

Th"^e'd!bletrianguTarnn£  ^^^^-^^^IPl^Tl^'^.f^^^ 
of  the  beech,    beecli^         English  Beech. 
mast'^t.  —  beech'eii,  a.     Pertaining  to  the 
beech-tree  or  Its  wood. 

beef,  bif,  n.  1.  The  flesh  of  a  slaughtered 
adult  bovine  animal.  2.  [beeves,  ;j/.]  Any 
adult  bovine  animal.     [<  L.^  lx>s  (bov-),  ox.] 

been,  bin  or  bin,  jajo.  of  be. 


beer,  btr,  n.  An  alcoholic  fermented  liquor 
made  from  malt  and  hops;  a  similar  beverage 
made  from  roots,  etc.     [<  AS.  beor.] 

bees'wax'',  blz'wax",  n.  The  wax  of  which 
honeybees  make  the  cells  of  their  comb. 

beet,  bit,  ti.  The  fleshy  edible  root  of  a  bien- 
nial herb;  also,  the  plant.     [<  L.^^beta,  beet.] 

bee'tl(ei,  bl'tl,  m.  [bee'tled;  bee'tling.] 
To  jut  out;  overhang. 

bee'tl(e2,  vt.  To  beat  or  stamp  with  or  as 
with  a  beetle,  mallet,  etc.  ♦ 

bee'tl(e,   a.    Overhanging;  prominent;  as,  a 
beetle  brow,    bee'tling:;. 
—  bee'tKesbrowed'^  a. 

bee'tl(ei,  n.  Any  coleopterous  insect.  See 
CoLEOi'TERA.  [  <  AS.  bltel,  betl,  biting  animal.] 

bee'tl(e2,  n.  A  heavy  wooden  hammer  or  mal- 
let; a  maul.     [<  AS.  bptel,  betel,  mallet.] 

beeves,  bivs,  n.    Plural  of  beef. 

be-falll',  be-fel',  v.  [be-fell',  b§-fel';  be- 
fall'en;  be-fall'ing.]  I.  t.  To  occur  or 
happen  to.  II.  i.  To  come  about;  happen. 
[<  AS.  be-,  BE-,  +feallan,  fall.] 

be-fel  (!',  be-fel',  imp.  of  befall,  v. 

be-fit',  bg-fit',  t'^.  [be-fit'ted'';  be-fit'ting.] 
To  be  suitable  for;  be  worthy  of.—  be-flt'ting, 
pa.    Becoming;  adequate;  suitable. 

be-fog',  be-feg',  vt.  [be-fogged';  be-fog'- 
GiNG.]     To  envelop  in  fog;  confuse;  bewilder. 

be -fore',  bg- for'.  I.  adv.  1.  In  front;  ahead. 
2.  Prior  in  time;  earlier.  II.  jyreji.  1.  In 
front  of ;  ahead  of .  2.  Prior  to,  in  time;  an- 
terior to.  3.  In  advance  of,  in  rank,  etc.  4. 
In  preference  to;  in  comparison  with.  5. 
Face  to  face  with;  in  the  presence  or  within 
the  jurisdiction  or  cognizance  of .  6.  Demand- 
ing the  immediate  attention  of.     III.  conj. 

I.  Rather  than.  2.  Previous  to  the  time  when. 
[<  AS.  be-,  BE-,  -\-foran,  before.] 

be-fore'band".  I.  a.  Being  in  easy  cir- 
cumstances; forehanded.  W.  adv.  In  ad- 
vance; before  the  time. 

be-friend''',  be-frend',  vt.  To  be  a  friend  to; 
stand  by;  help'in  time  of  need. 

beg,  beg,  v.  [begged;  beg'ging.]  \.  t.  1. 
To  ask  for  (a  thing)  earnestly;  solicit  in  chari- 
ty. 2.  To  entreat  (a  person);  supplicate;  be- 
seech. II.  i.  To  ask  alms.  [<  AS.  bedecian, 
beg.]  —  to  beg  the  question,  to  take  for 
granted  the  matter  in  dispute. 

be-get',  beget',  vt.  [be-got',  bg-get',  or  be- 
gat', bg-gat';  be-got'  or  be-got'ten;  be- 
get'ting.]  To  procreate;  generate;  bring  into 
existence.     [<  AS.  bi-  (see  be-)  +  gUan,  get.] 

beg'gar,  beg'ar.  I.  vt.  1.  To  reduce  to 
want;    impoverish.      2.  To    outdo;    exhaust. 

II.  n.  One  who  asks  alms;  a  poor  person; 
(humorously)  fellow;  rogue.— beg'gar-li-ness, 
«.— beg'gar-ly.  a.  Miserably  poor;  mean; 
sordid.— beg'gar-lyll.  afZ».  In  the  manner  of 
a  beggar;  meanly;  suppllantly.— beg'gar-y,  n. 

I.  Extreme  indigence  or  deficiency.  2.  Beg- 
gars as  a  class.     3.  The  act  or  habit  of  begging. 

be-gin',  bg-gin',  v.  [be-gan',  be-gan',  or  be- 
gun', bg-gun';  be-gun';  be-gin'ning.]  I.  t. 
To  takc"the  first  step  in;  give  origin  to;  start. 

II.  ^.  1.  To  take  the  first  step;  start.  2.  To 
come  into  existence;  arise;  originate.  [<  AS. 
be-,  BE-,  +  -ginnan,  open.] — be-gin'ner,  n. 
1 .  A  founder;  originator.  »J,  A  novice;  tyro.— 
be-gin'niiiff,  n.    1 .  The  starting-point;  origin. 


fliitlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    ©il;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  {the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


0.:X^ 


begone 
toelovvr 


44 


2.  The  first  stage  or  part.  3.  The  source  or 
first  cause  of  anything. 

\iesoiie\  he-gen',  interj.    Depart!  away! 

be-Kot',  be-get'",  imp.,  be-8:ot'teu,  -get'n,  pp. 
of  BEGKT,  ^'.  [grudge. 

"be-grudge',  be-gruj',  vi.  [be-grudged';  be- 
GRUD(i'iNG.]     To  eavy  one  the  possession  of; 

toe-guile',  l)§-gair,  vt.  [be-guiled';  be-gui'- 
LiNG.]  1.  To  deceive;  delude.  2.  To  while 
away;  charm;  divert.     [<  be- +  guile.] 

be-s:uii',»be-gun',  imp.  &  pp.  of  begin,  v. 

'be-lialf',  "be-hQf ,  n.  The  interest  or  defense 
(of  any  one):  preceded  by  in,  on,  or  ttjMyn. 

be-have',  be-hev',  v.  [behaved';  be-ha'- 
viNG.]  I.  ^  1.  To  conduct  with  regard  to 
deportment  or  duty ;  comport.  2 .  To  conduct 
properly  or  suitably.  II.  i.  To  act,  operate, 
or  comport  oneself:  said  of  persons  and  things. 
[<  AS.  behabban,  restrain.]  —  be-ha'vior,  n. 

I.  Manner  of  conducting  oneself;  demeanor; 
deportment.  2.  Manner  of  action  of  a  machine, 
a  chemical,  etc.    be-ha'viourt. 

be-h.e(a)d.''',  b§-hed',  vt.  To  take  the  head 
from;  decapitate.     [<  be-4- head.] 

be-held',  be-held',  imp.  &,pp.  of  behold,  v. 

be-best',  l^e-hest',  n.  An  authoritative  re- 
quest; command.     [<  AS.  behaes,  command.] 

be-hind'',  b§-haind'.  I.  adv.  In,  toward,  or 
at  the  rear;  backward;  in  reserve;  behindhand. 

II.  jn'ep.  1.  At  the  back  of;  on  the  other  side 
of.  2.  In  a  position  to  aid.  3.  Remaining 
after  the  death  or  departure  of.  4.  Inferior 
to.    [<  AS.  be-,  be-,  -f-  hindan,  behind.] 

be-hind'band",  adv.  &  a.  Behind  time; 
late;  behind;  backward;  in  arrears. 

be-hold',  be-hOld',t7.  [be-held',  bg-held';  be- 
HOLD'iNG.]"  I.  t.  To  look  at  or  upon;  view; 
see.  II.  i.  To  observe  something;  look;  see: 
used  in  the  imperative,  like  an  interjection. 
[<  AS.  be-,  be-,  +  healdan,  hold.] 

be-bold'en,  a.    Indebted. 

be-bold'er,  «.    An  eyewitness;  spectator. 

be-hoof ,  b§-hiif',  n.  That  which  benefits; 
advantage;  use.     [<  AS.  behdf,  advantage.] 

be-boove',  bg-huv',  vt.  [be-hooved';  be- 
iioov'iNG.]  To  be  becoming  to,  needful,  or 
right  for. 

be'ing,  bl'ing.  I.  ppr.  of  be,  v.  Existing; 
continuing  to  be.  II.  n.  Anything  that  exists 
or  is  conceived  of  as  existing;  existence. 

be-la'bor,  be-le'b§r,  vt.    To  beat;  thrash. 

be-late',  be-let',r^.  [be-la'ted'';  be-la'ting.] 
To  delay  past  the  proper  hour. 

belchS  belch,  v.  I.  t.  To  eject  violently, 
as  gas  from  the  stomach;  vomit;  eject  (wind) 
noisily  from  the  stomach.  II.  i.  1.  To  eruct- 
ate noisily.  2.  To  come  forth  forcibly,  as 
flame  from  a  furnace.     [<  AS.  bealcan.] 

belcb,  n.    An  eructation. 

bel'dam,    (  bel'dam,  -dOm,  n.    A  forbidding 

bel'dame,  f  or  malicious  old  woman;  a  hag. 
1  <  F.  bel,  fair,  -f-  dame,  lady.] 

be-lea'guer,  bg-li'gyr,  vt.  To  surround  with 
an  armed  force;  besiege.     [<  D.  belegei'en.] 

bel'fry,  bel'fri,  n.  [bel'fries*,  pi.]  A  tower 
in  which  a  bell  is  hung,  or  the  part  containing 
the  bell.    [Corr.  <  ME.  berfray,  watch-tower. J 

be-lie',  be-lal',  vt.  [bk-lied';  be-ly'ing.I 
1.  To  give  the  lie  to;  contradict.  2.  To  fall 
short  of;  disappoint.    [<  AS.  ledgan,  falsify.] 


be-lief,  b§-lif',  n.  1.  Probable  knowledge; 
intellectual  conviction;  acceptance  of  some- 
thing fts  true;  trust  in  another's  veracity.  2. 
That  which  is  believed;  theory;  opinion.  [< 
AS.  geleafa,  belief,  <  gelefan;  see  believe.] 

be-liev(e',  b§-liv',  v.  [be-liev(e)d' ;  be- 
liev'ing.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  accept  as  true  on  tes- 
timony or  authority;  be  convinced  of,  as  the 
result  of  study  or  reasoning.  2.  To  credit  (a 
person)  with  veracity;  accept  the  word  of.  II. 
i.  1.  To  be  sure  of  the  existence  or  truth  of 
anything.  2.  To  have  confidence  in  the  truth 
or  integrity  of  a  person,  the  strength  of  a 
thing,  etc.  3.  To  think;  suppose.  [<  AS. 
gelljifan,  gelefan,  believe.]  —  be-liev'a-bi(e,  a. 
That  may  be  believed. —  be-Iie'v'er,  n.  One 
who  believes;  an  adherent  of  a  religious  faith. 

be-like',  b§-laik',  adv.    Perhaps;  probably. 

be-lit'tl(e,  b^-lit'l,  vt.  [-tl(e)d;  -tling.]  To 
detract  from;  disparage;  depreciate. 

bell,  bel,  vt.  To  put  a  bell  on;  shape  like  a 
bell;  give  forth  a  oell'like  sound. 

bell,  n.     A   hollow   metallic  instrument  for 
giving  forth    a  sound 
when  struck.     [<  AS. 
belle,     <    bellan;    see 
bellow.] 

belle,  bel,  n.  A  beau- 
tiful and  attractive 
woman.  [F.,  fern,  of 
beau;  see  beau.] 

belles'slet'tres,ber» 
let'r,  n.  pi.  Polite  liter- 
ature.    [F.] 

bel'li-cose",  bel'i 
cOs",  a.  Pugnacious; 
warlike.  [ <  L.  bellum, 
war.] 

bel-lig'er-ent,  bel- 
lij'gr-gnt.  I.  a.  1.  War- 
like; bellicose.  2.  Engaged  in  or  pertaining 
to  warfare.  II.  n.  A  power  or  person  engaged 
in  legitimate  warfare.  [<  L.  bellu?n,  war,  4- 
gero,  carry  on.] 

bell'man,  n.    [-men,  pi.]    A  town  crier. 

bel'low,  bel'O,  v.  I.  t.  To  proclaim  with 
loud  voice.  II.  i.  To  utter  a  loud  hollow 
sound;  roar;  shout.     [<  AS.  bellan,  bellow.] 

bel'low,  w.    A  loud  hollow  cry  or  roar. 

bellows,  bel'Oz,  7i.  sing.  &  pi.  An  instru- 
ment with  an  air-chamber  and  flexible  sides, 
for  directing  a  current  of  air  upon  a  fire. 

bel'ly,  bel'i.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [bel'lied,  bel'id; 
bel'ly-ing.]  To  swell  out  or  fill,  as  a  sail. 
II.  n.  [bel'lies*,  p/.]  The  abdomen;  some- 
thing round  and  protuberant;  as,  the  belli/  of 
a  sail.     [<  AS.  belg,  bag,  husk,  shell.] 

be-long',  bg-leng',  vi.  1.  To  be  a  possession 
or  part,  a  resident  or  native;  appertain.  2. 
To  concern;  be  an  attribute;  be  suitable  (to).— 
bo-loiiff'iiiir?  «•  That  which  or  one  who  be- 
longs to  a  person  or  thing:  usually  In  the  plural. 

be-love',  bg-luv',  vt.  [be-loved';  be-lov'- 
iNG.]    To  love:  only  in  the  passive. 

be-lov'ed,  be-luv'gd.  I.  a.  Greatly  loved; 
dear  to  the  heart.    II.  n.    One  greatly  loved. 

be-low',  bg-lo'.  I.  adv.  1.  In  or  to  a  lower 
place;  lower  in  place  or  rank;  farther  down 
on  a  page,  or  farther  on  in  a  list,  a  book,  etc. 


"Czar  Kolokol,"  the 
Great  Bell  of  Moscow. 


papfl,  ask;  at,  air;  el§mfint,  thfey,  uefge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  wr; 


45 


belt 
besiege 


2.  On  the  earth,  as  distinguished  from  heaven. 

3.  In  or  to  Hades  or  hell.  II.  prep.  1.  Be- 
neath in  point  of  place;  under.  2.  Farther 
down  than  in  course  or  direction.  3.  Lower 
than  in  grade,  degree,  etc. ;  inferior  to. 

belt,  belt.  I"*,  vt.  To  gird  with  a  belt;  fasten 
on  with  a  belt;  mark  with  belts  or  bands;  sup- 
ply with  or  drive  by  a  belt,  as  a  machine.  II. 
n.  1.  A  band  worn  around  the  waist;  a  band 
for  transmitting  power  in  machinery.  2.  Any 
broad  encircling  band,  region,  etc.;  a  zone'; 
strip;  strait.     [<  AS.  belt,  <  L.  bcdteus,  belt.] 

be-Inoan^  b§-mOn',  vt.    To  lament. 

bench.,  bench,  n.  1.  A  long,  wooden  seat, 
with  or  without  a  back.  2.  A  stout  table  for 
mechanical  work.  3.  The  judges'  seat  in 
court;  the  judge  or  the  judges  collectively;  the 
judiciary.     [<  AS.  bene] 

bend,  bend,  v.  [bent  or  bend'ed*";  bend'- 
ING.]  I.  t.  1.  To  bring  into  a  curve,  or  out 
of  or  aside  from  a  straight  line;  crook;  deflect; 
direct.  2.  To  apply  closely,  as  the  mind.  3. 
To  subdue.  4.  Naitt.  To  make  fast;  tie.  II. 
i.  1.  To  take  a  curved  shape.  2.  To  take  a 
certain  direction.  3.  To  yield;  submit;  con- 
form. 4.  To  devote  oneself.  5.  To  overhang. 
[<  AS.  bendan,  bend,  <  bend,  band,  bond.] 

bend,  n.  1.  A  curve  or  crook.  2.  An  act  of 
banding  or  bowing.    3.  Narit.  A  loop  or  knot. 

be-neath',  be-nith'.  I.  adv.  1.  At  a  lower 
point;  below;  in  a  lower  position.  2.  Under 
a  cover  or  surface.  II.  prep.  1.  Under;  lower 
in  place,  condition,  etc.,  than.  2.  Below  the 
surface  of.  3.  Under  the  power  of.  4.  Un- 
worthy of.  [ <  AS.  be-,  be-,  -j-  neothan,  below.] 

ben"e-dic'tlon,  ben'g-dic'shun,  v.  The  act 
of  blessing,  as  at  the  close  of  worship;  bless- 
ing; favor.     [<  'L.^^betie,  well,  +  c^ico,  say.] 

ben'^e-fac'tion,  ben'g-fac'shun,  n.  A  kindly 
or  generous  act;  a  gift  or  boon;  beneficence. 
[  <  L.  bene,  well,  -|-  facio,  do.]  —  ben''e-fac'- 
tor,  ben'e-fac't^r,  n.  A  friendly  helper;  a  pa- 
tron.—ben^'e-fac'tress,  n.fem. 

ben'e-flce,  ben'g-fis.  I.  vt.  To  invest  with 
a  benefice.  II.  n.  An  ecclesiastical  •  living 
or  its  revenue.     [  <  L.  benejicium,  favor.] 

—  ben'e-ficed,  a.    Holding  a  benefice. 
be-nef'i-cent,    be-nef'i-sgnt,    a.      Bringing 

about  or  doing  good;  characterized  by  charity 
and  kindness.     [<  L.  be7ie,  well,  -\- facio,  do.] 

—  be-nePi-cence,  n.  —  be-iiei'i-cent-ly, 
«rf».— ben"c-fi'<"ial,  ben'e-fish'al,  a.  Confer- 
rlngbenefita;  helpful.  —  ben'^e-H'cial-ly,  adv. 

ben"e-fi'cia-ry,  ben"g-fish'ia-ri.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  benefits  or  benevolence.  II.  n. 
[-RiEs^,  j)l.'\  A  recipient  of  a  charitable  privi- 
lege, or  of  any  benefit  or  profit.  [<  L.  bene- 
ficiarius,  <  beneficium,  favor.] 

ben'e-fit'i,  ben'g-fit,  v.  I.  t.  To  be  helpful 
or  useful  to;  profit;  improve.  II.  i.  To  de- 
rive improvement;  be  helped. 

ben'e-flt,  n.  1.  Profit;  advantage.  2.  A 
favor  bestowed ;  privilege.  [  <  F.  bienfait,  < 
LL.  bene/actum,  benefaction.] 

be-nev'o-lence,  bg-nev'o-lgns,  n.  1.  Desire 
for  the  well-being  or  comfort  of  others;  love 
to  mankind;  charitableness.  2.  Any  act  of 
kindness  or  well*doing;  charity;  humanity. 

be-nev'o-lent,  a.  Characterized  by  benev- 
olence; kindly;  charitable.   [<  L.^f  bene,  well. 


-f-  Tden{t-)s,  ppr.  of  volo,  wish.]    -ly,  adv. 

be-nigbt'<i,  bg-nait',  tt.  To  involve  in  dark- 
ness or  gloom.  —  be-night'ed,  pa.  Overtaken 
by  night;  Ignorant;  depraved. 

be-nign',  bg-nain',  a.  Gracious;  generous; 
kindly;  soft;  genial;  propitious;  mild.  [<  L. 
benignns,  benignant,  kind.]—  be-iiign'ly,  adv. 

be-nig'nant,  bg-nig'nant,  a.  1.  Condescend- 
ing; gentle;  gracious.  2.  Helpful;  salutary. 
-ly,  arte— be-nie'ni-ty,  n.  [-ties',  jo/.] 
1.  Kindliness;  beneficence.  2.  Healthfulness; 
salubrity.    3.  A  gracious  action  or  influence. 

ben'i-son,  ben'i-sun,  n.  A  benediction;  bless- 
ing.    [<  LL.OP  benedictio,  benediction.] 

bent,  bent,  imp.  &  pp.  of  bend,  v. 

bents  n.  1.  Tendency;  bias;  disposition; 
mood.  2.  The  degree  of  tension;  limit  of  en- 
durance or  capacity. 

bent^,  n.  One  of  various  stiff  wiry  grasses. 
{<  K^.beonet.}    bent'^grass":]:. 

be-nuni(b',  bg-num',  vt.  To  make  insensible 
or  torpid;  stupefy;  deaden.  [<  AS.  be-, -by.-, 
-\-  niman,  take.]  —  be-nuinbed',  pa. 

be-q.ueathS  bg-cwidh',  tt.  To  give  by  will; 
make  a  bequest  of;  transmit  by  inheritance. 
[<  AS.  be-,  BE-,  +  cwethan,  say.]  —  be-quest', 
be-cwest',  n.  The  act  of  bequeathing  or  that 
wliich  is  bequeathed;  a  legacy. 

be-rate',  bg-ret',  vt.  [be-ra'ted<';  be-ra'- 
ting]    To  chide  severely ;  scold;  rail  at. 

be-reav(e',  bg-riv',  vt.  [be-reaved'  or  be- 
reft', bg-reft';  be-reav'ing.]  To  deprive,  as 
of  something  valuable  or  beloved;  despoil;  rob. 
[<  AS.  be,  BY.-,-\-rea1ian,  rob.]  —  be-reav(e/- 
incnt,  n.  The  act  of  bereaving,  or  the  state  of 
being  bereaved;  an  afflictive  loss. 

berg,  bgrg,  n.   An  iceberg.    [  <  Ice.  or  G.  berg.l 

ber'ry,  ber'i.  I.  vi.    [ber'ried;  ber'ry-ing.] 

I.  To  form  or  bear  berries.  2.  To  seek  for  or 
gather  berries.  II.  n.  [ber'ries^  ^^/.]  1.  A 
small  succulent  fruit.  2.  A  coffee-bean  or 
the  like.     [<  AS.  6m<7e.] 

berth,  bgrth.    l^.vt.    To  provide  with  a  berth. 

II.  n.  1.  A  bunk  or  bed  in  a  vessel,  sleeping^ 
car,  etc.  2.  Naut.  Any  place  in  which  a  ves- 
sel can  lie;  sea»room.  3.  A  place  on  a  vessel; 
office  or  employment  in  general.  [Perhaps  < 
\f  of  BEARi,  v.'\    birtht. 

ber'yl,  ber'il,  n.  A  precious  stone  of  varying 
color.  The  aquamarine  and  emerald  varieties 
are  used  as  gems.     [<  Gr.i'+OF  beryllos.] 

be-seeeh',  be-sich',  f<.  [BE-souGHT',bg-set'; 
be-seech'ing.]  To  entreat  earnestly;  implore; 
supplicate;  beg;  plead.  [<  be-  -j-  ME.  sechen, 
<  AS.  se^ean,  seek.] 

he-seem',  bg-sim',  v.  I.  t.  To  be  becoming 
to;  befit.    II.  i.    To  seem. 

he-set',  bg-set',  vt.     [be-set';  be-set'ting.] 

I.  To  harass,  obstruct,  or  embarrass.  2.  To 
set  or  stud,  as  with  gems:  only  in  the  past  par- 
ticiple.    [<  AS.  be-,  about,  -\- settan,  set.] 

—  be-set'ting,  i9rt.    Constantly  assailing, 
he-side',  bg-said'.   I.  adv.    Close  by;  at  hand. 

II.  jn^ep.  1.  At  or  by  the  side  of;  near;  close 
to.  2.  In  comparison  with.  3.  In  addition 
to.    4.  Away  or  apart  from. 

he-sides',  b§-saidz'.  I.  adv.  1.  Inaddition; 
also.  2.  Aside  from.  II.  prep.  1.  In  addi- 
tion to;  other  than.    2.  Except. 

he-siege',  be-sij',  ?)<.    [besieged';  be-sieg'- 


fIut|Ore  (future);    aisle;   au   {out);    ©il;  c  (k);  chat;   db  {the);   go;  sing,  iigik;  thin. 


besmear 
beyond 


4t5 


ING.]  To  lay  siege  to;  beset  or  harass. —  be- 
siesr'er,  n. 

be-smear',  b§-sinir',  vt.  To  smear  over;  sully. 

be-smircli'S  r<.    To  soil;  stain;  defile. 

be'som,  bl'zera,  n.  A  bundle  of  twigs  used 
as  a  broom:  any  agency  that  cleanses  or  abol- 
ishes.    [<  AS.  besma,  broom.] 

be-sot',  be-set',  vt.  [be-sot'ted"*;  be-sot'- 
TiNG.]  To  stupefy,  as  with  drink;  enslave; 
infatuate.     [<  be-  +  sot,  w.] 

be-sougl>t',  bg-set',  imp.  &  pp.  of  beseech,  v. 

be-speah:',  be-sptk',  vt.  [be-spoke',  bg-spok'; 
be-spoke'  of  be-spo'ken,  be-spo'kn;  be- 
speak'ing.]  1.  To  ask  for  in  advance.  2. 
To  give  token  of;  indicate. 

Bes'se-mer,  bes'g-msr,  n.  Steel  prepared  by 
forcing  a  blast  of  air  through  the  molten  metal. 
[<  Henry  Bessemer,  the  inventor  (1855-98).] 

best,  best.  I.  a.  \Superl.  of  good.]  Most 
excellent  or  desirable.  II.  n.  The  most  ex- 
cellent; the  highest  degree  or  state;  the  utmost. 
III.  adv.  [Swperl.  of  well.]  In  the  most 
excellent  or  suitable  manner;  with  the  most 
favorable  result;  to  the  utmost  degree. 

be-sted.',     /bg-sted',    vt.      [be-sted';      be- 

be-stead',  f  stead';  be-sted'ing;  be-stead'- 
ing.]  [Now  only  in  the  participial  combina- 
tions.] To  put  in  some  (commonly  undesirable) 
position;  beset.     [<  be--}- ME.  s<i?c?e«,  place.] 

bes'tial,  bes'tial,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
beasts  or  a  beast;  animal;  brutish;  sensual; 
depraved.  [<  L.  bestialis,  <  bestia,  beast.]— 
bes''ti-al'i-ty,  bes'ti-al'i-tl,  n.  Character  or 
conduct  befitting  beasts.— bes'tial-ly,  adv. 

be-stir',  bg-stgr',  t)<.  [be-stirred';  be-stir'- 
RiNG.]  To  move  with  life  or  vigor;  incite  to 
brisk  activity. 

be-stow',  bg-stO',  vt.  1.  To  confer  as  a  gift: 
with  on  or  upon;  present.  2.  To  use  or  ex- 
pend; apply. —  be-8tow'a-bl(e,  a. —  be-stow'- 
al,  n.    The  act  of  bestowing;  gift. 

be-strew',  be-stru',  vt.  [be-strewed'  or  be- 
strewn'; be-strown';  be-strew'ing;  be- 
STROw'iNG.]  1.  To  sprinkle  with  things 
strewn.    2 .  To  scatter  about,    be-strow'j. 

be-stride',  bg-straid',  vt.  [be-strode',  bg- 
strOd',  or  be-strid',  bg-strid';  be-strid'den 
orBE-STRiD';  be-stri'ding.]  To  stand  over 
or  sit  upon  astride;  step  over  at  a  stride. 

bet,  bet,  f.  [bet  orBET'TED**;  bet'ting.]  I. 
/.  To  stake  or  pledge  on  an  uncertain  issue. 
II.  i.  To  wager  money,  etc.,  upon  some  un- 
certain issue  or  event.     [Short  for  abet.] 

bet,«.  1.  The  act  of  betting;  wager.  2.  The 
stak(!  in  any  wager. 

be-take^,  bg-tek',  vt.  [be-took',  bg-tiik';  be- 
ta'ken;  be-ta'kino.]  To  resort  (to);  take 
(oneself),  remove,  or  go  (to). 

be-think',  bg-thiijk',  vt.  &  vi.  [be-thought', 
bg-thSt';  be-think'ino.]  To  remind  oneself ; 
take  thought;  deliberate. 

be-thou():ht%  be-th6t',  imp.  &pp.  of  bethink. 

be-tide',  bg-tafd',  vt.  &  vi.  [be-ti'ded*';  be- 
ti'ding.J  To  happen  to  or  befall;  betoken; 
happen. 

be-times',  be-taimz',  adv.  In  good  season  or 
time;  soon.     [<  be-  -}-  time,  ;/.] 

be-to'ken,  be-tO'kn,  vt.  To  be  a  sign  of;  give 
promise  or  evidence  of.     [be-  +  token.] 

bc-took',  bg-tOk',  imp.  of  betake,  ». 


be-tray',  bg-tre',  t'^  1.  To  deliver  up  to  an 
enemy;  be  a  traitor  to.  2.  To  disclose  (a  mat- 
ter) in  breach  of  confidence.  3.  To  lead 
astray;  sednce.  4.  To  reveal  unintentionally ; 
show  signs  of.  [  <  be-  -\-  OF.  trair,  <  L.  trado.] 
—  be-tray'al,  7i.— be-tray'er,  n. 

be-trotb'S  bg-troth'orbg-treth',  vt.  To  engage 
to  marry ;  promise  in  marriage;  affiance.  [< 
be-  +  troth.]  —  be-troth'al,  n.  Engagement 
to  marry,   be-troth'mentt. 

bet'ter,  bet'gr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  grow 
better;  improve;  also,  to  surpass;  excel. 

bet'ter,  a.  [C'owjaar.  of  good.]  1.  Superior 
in  excellence,  amount,  or  value;  preferable; 
surpassing.  2.  Improved  in  health;  conva- 
lescent.    [<  AS.  betera.] 

bet'teri,  n.  1.  Advantage;  superiority.  2. 
A  superior,  as  in  ability,  rank,  age,  etc. 

bet'ter^,  w.   One  who  lays  wagers,   bet'tort. 

bet'ter,  adv.  [Compat\  of  well.]  In  a  su- 
perior manner;  more  excellently;  more  thor- 
oughly or  correctly;  in  a  higher  degree. 

bet'ter-ment,  bet'gr-ment,  n.  Improve- 
ment; an  addition  to  the  value  of  real  property. 

be-tween.'',  bg-twin'.  I.  adv.  In  interve- 
ning space,  time,  position,  or  relation;  during, 
in,  or  at  intervals.  II.  pirp.  1.  In  the  space 
which  separates  (two  places  or  objects).  2 .  In- 
termediate in  relation  to  (qualities,  etc).  3. 
With  relation  to  both  of;  taking  one  or  the 
other  of.  [<  AS.  be-,  be-,  +  tweonum,  dat. 
pi.  of  tweon,  double,  two.] 

be-twixt',  bg  twixt',  adv.  &  prep.  Between. 
[<  AS.  be-,  BE-,  -j-  -twia%  <  twi-,  two.] 

bev'el,   bev'el.    I.  vt.   &  vi.    [bev'eled   or 
bev'elled;  bev'el-ing  or  bev'el-ling.]    To 
give  a  sloping  edge  to;  have 
a  sloping  edge.    II.  a.    Ob-      I^C^s 
liqne;     slanting;     beveled.  r~'  ^*  "' 
III.  n.    1.  Any  inclination  i 
of  two  surfaces  other  than 
90°,  as  at  the  edge  of  a  tim-       Bevel. sciuaro. 
ber,   etc.    2.  An   adjustable   instrument   for 
measuring  angles;  a  bevel-square.     [<  F.  6i- 
veau,  bevel.] 

bev'er-age,  bev'gr-gj,  n.  Drink;  that  which 
is  drunk.     [<  OF.  bevre,  drink.] 

bev'y,  bev'i,  n.  [bev'iess  pl.\  A  flock  of 
birds;  a  small  group,  as  of  girls  or  women. 
[<  OF.  beveye,  a  drinking  company.] 

be-wail',  bg-wel',  vt.  &  vi.  To  mourn  for; 
lament  over;  make  lamentation. 

be-ware',  bg-wSr',  v.  I.  t.  To  look  out  for; 
be  wary  of.  II.  i.  To  be  cautious  or  wary; 
exercise  prudence  or  heed;  lookout:  often  with 
of.     [ <  AS.  beon  (see  be),  +  wser,  wake».] 

be-wil'der,  bg-wil'dgr,  vt.  To  confuse  or 
l)erplex;  daze.  [<  be-  -f  "^>^ild.1  ~  be-wU'- 
d«r-iiient,  7i.    Confusion;  entanglement. 

be-wi(t)ch,'S  bg-wich',  vt.  1.  To  gain  power 
over  by  charms  or  incantations.  2.  To  please 
irresistibly;  charm;  fascinate.  [<  be-  -|- 
■wiTCH.]  —  be-wl(t)ch'lng,  pa.  Charming; 
captivating.—  be-wi(t)cb'inK-ly,  adv.—  hc' 
wi(t)ch'iiieiit,  n.  The  act  or  power  of  be- 
wltcliing,  or  the  state  of  being  bewitched. 

be-wray'il,  be-r<)',  vt.    To  disclose;  betray. 

be-yond',  be-yend'.  I.  n.  That  which  is  on 
the  other  side  or  farther  on;  the  future  life. 
II.  adv.    On  the  other  side  of  something  in- 


papd,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


47 


bi- 
bilge 


tervening;  yonder;  far  off.  III.  prep.  Far- 
ther or  later  than ;  out  of  reach  of ;  superior  to; 
surpassing;  more  than.  [<  AS.  hegeondan.,< 
be-,  BE-,  -4-  geond,  yond.] 
bi-,  bai,  prefix.  Twice;  doubly;  two.  [<  L.  bi,  < 
bis,  twice,  <  duo,  two.]  Bi-  sometimes  becomes 
bin-  or  bis-  for  euphony.—  bi-au'uu  -al,  a.  Oc- 
curring twice  a  year;  semiannual.— bi-an'iiu- 
al-Iy,  adv.— bi-cen'te-ua-ry.  I.  a.  Occur- 
ring once  in  201)  years.  II.  n.  The  space  of  aOO 
years;  the  200th  anniversary,  bi^'ceii-teii'iii- 
alt.— bi-ceph'a-loiis,  bai-sef'a-lus,  a.  Hav- 
ing two  heads.—  bi-coPored,  a.  Of  two  colors. 

—  bi-eu'iii-al.  I.  a.  Occurring  every  two 
years;  lasting  two  years.  11.  n.  A  plant  that  lives 
twoyears.— bi-fo'li-ate,  a.  Bot.  Two=leaved. 

—  bi-fur'cate<i,  v.  To  fork;  divide  Into  two 
branches  or  stems,  [-f  L.  furca,  fork.]  — bi- 
furcate, a.  Forked,  bi-fur'ca-tedt;  bi- 
fur'cousi.- bi-fiir'cate-ly,  adv.—  bi-^fiir- 
ca'tion,  «.— bi-Iat'er-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
two  sides;  two-sided.- bi-lin'giial,  bai-lin'- 
gwal,  a.  Recorded  or  expressed  in  two  lan- 
guages; speaking  two  languages.— bi-lit'er-al, 
a.  Composed  of  two  letters.— bi-meu'sal,  a. 
Bimonthly.  [-4-  L.  mensis,  month.]  —  bi- 
mouth'ly,  a.  &  adv.  Once  in  two  months.— 
bi'^met-al'Iic,  a.  Consisting  of  or  relating  to 
two  metals.— bi-met'al-isin,  n.  The  concur- 
rent use  of  both  gold  and  silver  as  money  at  a 
fixed  relative  value,  bi-inet'al-lisinl:.— bi- 
par'tite,  bai-par'tait,  a.  Consisting  of  two 
corresponding  parts,  [-f  L.  pars,  part.]  — bi- 
scK'nient,  n.  The  half  of  a  segment,  as  f  onned 
by  bisection.— bi-week'ly.  I.  a.  Occurring 
or  appearing  once  in  two  weeks.  11.  n.  A  bi- 
weekly publication. 

bi'as,  bal'as.  I.  vt.  [bi'ased' or  bi'assed'; 
bi'as-ing  or  bi'as-sing.]  To  cause  to  incline 
or  swerve;  influence  or  affect  unduly;  preju- 
dice. II.  a.  Running  diagonally  across  the 
texture;  cut  slantingly:  said  of  cloth.  III. 
n.  [Bi'As-EsorBi'As-SES,  ^;.]  1.  Aline, cut, 
or  seam  running  obliquely  across  the  threads 
of  a  fabric.  2.  A  mental  predilection  or  prej- 
udice.    [<  F.  biais,  slant.] 

bib,  bib.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [bibbed;  bib'bing.] 
To  tipple.  II.  n.  1.  A  cloth  worn  under  the 
chin  by  children  at  meals.  2.  A  waist^piece 
attached  to  a  woman's  apron.  [<  L.  bibo, 
drink.]  —  bib'ber,  bib'er,  n.    A  tippler. 

Bi'ble,  bai'bl,  n.  1.  The  Sacred  Scriptures  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  2.  The  sacred 
books  of  any  people.  [<  Gr.  biblia,  pi.  of  bib- 
lion,  dim.  of  biblos,  byblos,  book,  papyrus.] 

—  Bib'lic-al,  bib'lic-al,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to 
the  Bible.    "Z,  In  harmony  with  the  Bible. 

biblio-.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  book  or  books, 
especially  the  Bible:  a  combining  form.  [< 
Gr.  biblion,  book.]  —  bib''li.og'ra-pher,  n. 
One  who  writes  about  or  is  skilled  in  bibliogra- 
phy. —  bib'^li-o-grraph^ic,  a.  bib''^li-o- 
graph'ic-alt.  —  bib'^li-og'ra-pby,  bib"li- 
eg'ra-fl,  n.  I-phies^  pl.^  1.  The  description 
and  history  of  books.  "Z.  A  list  of  the  works  of 
an  author,  or  of  the  literature  bearing  on  a  par- 
ticular subject.  1+  Gr.  grapho,  write.  1  —  bio'''- 
li-ol'a-try,  n.  Book-worship;  especially,  ex- 
travagant homage  paid  to  the  letter  of  the  Bible, 
[-f  Gr.  latreia,  worship.]  — Bib''Ii-ol'a-ter, 
«.— bib''li-o-ma'ni-a,  n.  Book^madness; 
the  passion  for  collecting  books.  [+  Gr.  mania, 
madness.]  — bib''li-o-ma'iii-ac.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  bibliomania;  book=mad.  II.  n.  One 
who  has  a  passion  for  collecting  books.—  bib^- 
li-o-phile,  bib'li-o-fll,  ?i.  One  who  loves  books. 


[+  Gr.  philos,  loving.]  —  bib^'Ii-o-the-'ca, 
bib  li-o-thi'ca,  n.  A  library,  or  a  collection  of 
books.    [+  Gr.  theke,  case.] 

bib'u-lous,  bib'yu-lus,  a.  Given  to  drink; 
taking  up  moisture  readily ;  absorbent.  [<  L. 
bibulus,  <  bibo,  drink.] 

bi'ceps,  bai'seps,  n.  The  large  muscle  of  the 
upper  arm.    [L.,  <  bi-  (see  bi-)  +  caput,  head.] 

bick'er,  bik'gr,  vi.  1.  To  dispute  petulantly; 
wrangle;  chatter,  as  a  bird.  2.  To  flow  noisily, 
as  a  brook;  flicker  and  splutter,  as  a  flame. 
[Etym.  doubtful.]    bick'er-ingt. 

bi'cy-cle,  bai'si-cl.  I.  vi.  [-cled;  -cling.] 
To  ride  a  bicycle.  II.  n.  A  two. wheeled 
vehicle  with  a  tandem  arrangement  of  the 
wheels,  and  cranks  or  levers  for  its  propulsion 
by  the  feet.  [  <  bi-  +  L.  cydus  ( <  Gr.  kyklos), 
wheel.]  —  bi'cy-clist,  n.  One  who  rides  on  a 
bicycle;  a  wheelman,    bi'cy-clerl:;  cy'distt. 

bid,  bid,  v.  [bade,  bad,  bad,  or  bid;  bid'den 
or  bid;  bid'ding.]  I.  t.  1.  To  make  an  of- 
fer of  (a  price).  2.  To  command;  order.  3. 
To  address,  as  a  greeting  or  farewell.  4.  To 
proclaim  publicly;  announce.  II.  ^.  To  offer 
a  price,  or  a  service  for  a  certain  price.  [Used 
for  two  AS.  verbs,  Uddan,  pray,  ask,  and  beo- 
dan,  command.]  —  bid'der,  n. — bid'ding,  bid'- 
ing,  n.  1.  A  notification  or  command;  also,  a 
solicitation  or  Invitation.  ^.  The  making  of  a 
bid  or  bids,  as  at  a  sale. 

bid,  n.    An  offer  to  pay  or  accept  a  price. 

bide,  baid,  v.  [bi'ded''  or  bode,  bod;  bi'- 
DiNG.]  I,  t.  1.  Towaitfor;  await.'  2.  To 
tolerate;  suffer;  endure.  II.  i.  To  dwell; 
wait;  stay;  abide.     [<  AS.  lndan\ 

bier,  btr,  n.  A  framework  for  carrying  a  corpse 
to  the  grave;  a  coffin,  hearse,  or  the  grave  it- 
self.    [<  AS.  b'jer,  <  beran,  bear.] 

big,  big,  a.  [big'ger;  big'gest.]  1.  Of  great 
size,  amount,  or  intensity;  large;  great;  bulky. 
2.  Fruitful;  pregnant.  3.  Full  to  overflowing. 
4.  Puffed  up;  pompous. —  big'ness,  «. 

big'a-my,  big'a-mi,  n.  The  crime  of  marry- 
ing any  other  person  while  having  a  legal 
spouse  living.  [<  L.^'i'+Of  W- (see  bi-) -f- Gr. 
gamos,  marriage.]  —  bi-gam'ic,  a.  big'a- 
moiisi.— big'a-mist,w.  One  guilty  of  bigamy. 

bight,  bait,  n.  1.  A  slightly  receding  bay;  a 
small  recess  in  a  bay,  a  bend  in  a  river,  or  the 
like.  2.  Naut.  A  loop  or  turn  in  a  rope. 
[  <  AS.  byhf,  corner,  bay,  <  bugan,  bend.] 

big'ot,  big'§t,  n.  An  illiberal  adherent  of  a 
religious  creed  or  of  any  party  or  opinion.  [F.] 
—  big'ot-ed,  a.  Stubbornly  attached  to  a 
creed,  party,  system,  or  opinion.— bigr'ot-ry, 
n.  [-KiES»,joZ.]  Obstinate  and  intolerant  attach- 
ment to  a  cause  or  creed. 

bf  jou',  bi'zhu',  n.  [bi'joux',  bl'zhu',  pl.^  A 
jewel;  a  trinket.  [P.]  —  bi-jou'te-rie,  bl- 
zhu'te-rl,  n.    Jewelry,    bi-jou'tryt. 

bile,  bail,  n.  1.  A  bitter  yellowish  or  green 
fluid  secreted  by  the  liver.  2.  Anger;  peevish- 
ness.    [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  anger.] 

bilge,  bilj,  V.  [bilged;  bil'ging.]  I.  t.  1. 
Naut.  To  stave  in  the  bottom  of  (a  vessel). 
2.  To  cause  to  bulge.  II.  i.  1.  Naut.  To 
be  stove  in.    2.  To  bulge. 

bilge,  n.  1.  The  flat  or  nearly  flat  part  of  a 
ship's  bottom.  2.  The  bulge  of  a  barrel. 
[Var.  of  bulge.]  —  bilge'=wa''ter,  n.  Foul 
water  that  collects  in  the  bilge  of  a  ship. 


fiutljjre    (future);   aisle;   au   (m\);    oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dh    {the)',   go;   sing,  ii^k-  thin. 


biliary 
bit 


48 


biliosus,  <  bilis, 


bil'i-a-ry,  bil'i-a-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
veying bile.     [<  L.  bills,  bile.] 

bil'ious,  bil'yus,  a.  1.  Suffering  from  real 
or  supposed  disorder  of  the  liver;  hence,  ill* 
natured.  2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  containing,  or 
consisting  of  bile.  [<  L^*' 
bile.]  —  biFious-ness,  n. 

-bility,  siifflx.  A  termination  forming  nouns 
from  adjectives  In  -ble;  as,  proba6?7«77/,  from 
proba6/e.  [<  F.  -bilite,  <  L.  hilUa{l-)s,  <  -bilis, 
-ble,  -f  -ta(t-)s,  -TY.] 

bill',  oil,  vt.  To  enter  in  a  bill;  charge;  adver- 
tise by  bills  or  placards. 

bill^j  ^i.    To  jom  bills,  as  doves;  caress. 

bill',  w.  1.  A  statement  of  an  account  or  of 
money  due.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  bank»  or  govern- 
ment»note;  as,  a  ten=dollar  6i//.  3.  A  list  of 
items;  as,  a  bill  of  fare.  4.  The  draft  of  a 
proposed  law.  5.  Law.  A  paper  filed  in  a 
court  calling  for  some  specific  action.  6.  Some 
public  notice  or  advertisement.  [<  LL.  billa, 
for  bulla;  see  bull^,  n.] 

bill2,  71.    A  beak,  as  of  a  bird.     [<  AS.  bile.] 

bill3,  n.  A  hook^shaped  instru- 
ment or  weapon;  a  halberd.  [< 
AS.  bill,  sword,  ax.]  —  bill'man, 
n.    A  soldier  armed  with  a  bill. 

biiaet^  bil'^t,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To 
lodge  (soldiers)  in  a  private 
house.  2.  To  serve  with  a  billet. 
II.  i.    To  be  quartered;  lodge. 

bil'let',  n.  1.  A  written  mis- 
sive ;  a  note.  2.  A  requisition 
on  a  household  to  maintain  a 
soldier.  3.  The  place  of  men  so 
lodged.    [F.] 

biriet*,  n.    A  stick,  as  of  fire- 
wood ;  any  short  thick  stick.     [  <  OF.  billete, 
<  LL.  billus,  log.] 

bil''let=€loux',  Dire»du',  n.  [bil"lets=doux', 
pi.  I    A  lover's  note.    [F.] 

billiards,  bil'yardz,  n.  A  game  played  with 
ivory  balls  propelled  by  cues  on  a  cloth»covered 
table.     [<  F.  billard,  <  bille,  block.] 

bil'lings-gate'',  bil'ingz-get",  n.  Vulgar 
and  abusive  language.  [<  Billingsgate  fish* 
market,  London.] 

bil'lion,  bil'yun,  n.  1.  U.  S.  &  Fr.  A  thou- 
sand millions  (1,000,000,000).  2.  Eng.  A  mil- 
lion millions  (1,000,000,000,000).     [F.] 

bil'low,  biro.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  raise  into  or 
roll  in  billows;  surge;  swell;  undulate.  II. 
n.  A  great  wave  or  the  sea;  a  storm»wave; 
also,  any  wave,  as  of  sound,  etc.;  in  the  plural, 
the  sea.     [<  Ice.  bylgja.]  —  bilMow-y,  a. 

bil'ly,  bil'i,  n.  [bil'lies*,  pi.]  A  short  bludg- 
eon; a  policeman's  club. 

bin,  bin,  n.  A  large  receptacle  for  holding 
meal,  coal,  etc.    [<  AS.  binn,  manger.] 

bin-,  pr^x.    See  bi-. 

bi'na-ry,  bai'na-ri.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to,  char- 
acterized by,  or  made  up  of  two;  double; 
paired.  II.  n.  [-ries»,  pi.]  A  combination 
of  two  things;  a  couple;  duality.  [<L.bina- 
rim,  <  bim,  two,  <  bis;  see  bi-.] 

bind,  baind,  v.  [bound,  baund;  bound  or 
bound'kn;  bind'ino.]  I.  t.  1.  To  tie  to- 
gether; make  fast  by  tying;  cause  to  cohere. 
2.  To  constrain  as  by  moral  infiuence  or  moral 
or  legal  obligation.    3.  To  put  a  bandage  or  a 


Bill  of  the 
time  of  Hen- 
ry VII. 


binding  on.  4.  To  gather  and  fasten  between 
covers  the  sheets  of  (a  book).  II.  i.  1.  To 
have  binding  force;  be  obligatory.  2.  To  co- 
here; stick.  3.  To  tie  up  anything.  [<  AS. 
binda?i.']—hind'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
binds.— bind'er-y,  balnd'er-i,  71.  I-ies'-,  pi.]  A 
shop  or  establishment  where  books  are  bound.-— 
bind^ingr.  I,  pa.  Causing  to  be  bound;  legal- 
ly or  morally  obligatory.  II.  71.  1.  The  act  of 
fastening  or  joining.  2.  Anything  that  binds 
objects  to  each  other,  as  the  cover  of  a  book. 
3.  A  strip  sewed  over  an  edge  for  protection. 

bin'na-cl(e,  bin'a-cl,  ti.  A  stand  or  case  for 
a  ship's  compass. 

bi-og'ra-pby,  bai-eg'ra-fi,  ti.  [-vni^s^,  pi.] 
A  written  account  of  a  person's  life.  [  <  bio-, 
<  Gr.  bios,  life,  +  grapho,  write.]  —  bi-og'ra- 
pher,  bai-eg'ra-ferj  ?j.  One  who  writes  an  ac- 
count of  a  person'slife.— bi''o-8:raph'ic,  bf- 
o-gi'aph'ic>a],  baro-graf'lc,  -al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  biography. 

bi-oro-gy,  bai-ePo-ji,  7i.  The  science  of  life 
or  living  organisms.  [<  bio-  -j-  -logy.]  — 
bi''o-Iog''ic,  boro-lej'lc, «.  bf  o-logr'ic-alt. 

bi'ped,  bai'ped.  I.  a.  Having  two  feet.  II. 
71.  An  animal  having  two  feet.  [<  L.  6i-  (see 
BI-)  -\-2ies,  foot.]  —  bip'e-dal,  bip'§-dal,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  biped. 

birch.,  bgrch,  n.  1.  A  tree  or  shrub  of  the  oak 
family,  with  light  thin  foliage  and  the  outer 
bark  separable  in  thin  papery  layers.  2.  A 
birch  rod.    3.  The  wood  of  the  birch.    4. 


[<  AS.  beorc]  -^ 


canoe  made  of  birch  bark. 
birch'en,    a. 
Pertaining     to 
birch;  made  of 
birch. 

bird,   bgrd,  w. 
Awarm-blood- 
ed,  feathered, 
egg-laying  ver- 
tebrate   ani-  „,    ^  ^    ,  ^ 
mal,    having  Blrch-bark  Canoe, 
the  fore  limbs  modified  as  wings.     [<  AS. 
b7'idd,  bird.]— blrd'lime'',  n.    A  sticky  sub. 
stance  smeared  on  twigs  to  catch  small  birds. 

birtb,  bgrth,  ti.  1.  The  fact  or  act  of  being 
born;  nativity.  2.  A  beginning;  an  origin. 
3.  The  bringing  forth  of  ofl:spring;  parturi- 
tion. 4.  Ancestry  or  descent;  lineage.  5.  Is- 
sue; offspring.  [<  AS.  beorth,  <  beran,  bear.] 
—  birth'day'',  n.  The  day  of  one's  birth  or 
Its  anniversary:  used  also  adjectivally. 

biH-,  prefix.    See  bi-. 

bis^cuit,  bis'kit,  n.  1.  A  small  soft  cake; 
also,  a  cracker,    2.  Bisque.    [F.] 

bi-sect'<',  bai-sect',  vt.  To  divide  into  two 
parts  of  equal  size.  [<  bi-  -}-  L.  sectus,  pp.  of 
seco,  cut.]  —  bi-sec'tlon,  n. 

bisb'op,  bish'up,  w.  1.  An  overseer  in  the 
church,  having  charge  of  a  diocese.  2.  A  piece 
in  a  set  of  chessmen.  [<  Gr.-^"*  ej)iscoi)OS,  < 
ein,  upon,  -f-  skoped,  look  at.] — bisn'op-ric,  w. 
The  office  or  the  province  of  a  bishop;  a  diocese. 

bi^son,  bai's^n,  «.  A  bovine  ruminant,  nearly 
related  to  the  true  ox;  especially,  the  so»callea 
North- American  biifalo.     [<  Gr.'-*''  bisbn.] 

bis-sex'til(e,  bi-sex'til.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
aleap'year.  II.  «.  A  leap-year.  [<L.  W-, 
BI-,  -f  aextus,  sixth,  <  sex,  six.] 

bit',  bit,  vt.  [bit'ted'';  bit'ting.]  To  put  a 
bit  in  the  mouth  of;  train,  as  a  horse,  to  the 


papfl,  ^8k|  at,  ftir;  el©mfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


bit 
blame 


use  of  a  bit;   bridle;   curb;   check;  restrain. 
bit2,  bit,  i7np.  &  pp.  of  bite,  v. 
blti,  n.     1.  A  wood'boriug  tool  adapted  to  be 

used  with  a  stock  or  brace.     2.  The  metallic 

mouthpiece  of  a  bridle.    3.  The  part  of  a  kc}- 

that  engages  the  bolt  or  tumblers  of  a  lock. 

[<    AS.    bltan, 

bite.] 
bit2,  n.    A  small 

piece,  portion,  or 

fragment;  a  little. 

[<  AS.   Mta,   < 

mtan,  bite.]  Bits  and  Bit-stock  or  Brace. 

bitCb,      bich,    n.       i.   Brace.      2.    Chuck  for  ^p- 

The  female  of  the  pin?  round=^shank  bits.    3.  Screw- 

dof   or  other   Ca-  driver  bit.    i.  End«boring  bit.     5. 

niiTA  nnimnl       f^  Drill-bit.     6.    Spoon-bit.     7.  Gim- 

AsS]  ^^'^''''^'-    «•  Center-bit. 

bite,  bait,  v.  [bit,  bit;  bit'ten  or  bit;  bi'- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  seize  with  the  teeth ;  re- 
move by  biting:  with  of,  etc.  2.  To  sting,  as 
mosquitos.  3.  To  act  upon,  as  mustard  on 
the  tongue,  or  an  acid  on  copper;  cause  to 
smart;  sting;  corrode.  4.  To  grip;  take  hold 
of.  5.  To  cheat;  trick.  II.  i.  1.  To  seize 
something  with  the  teeth.  2.  To  be  pnngent 
or  stinging  to  the  taste.  3.  To  wound  or 
pierce;  sting.  4.  To  take  a  bait,  as  fish.  5. 
To  take  firm  hold  on  something;  grip.  [< 
AS.  b'ltan,  bite.]  —  I)i''ter,  n. 

bite,  n.  1.  The  act  of  biting,  or  the  hurt  in- 
llicted  by  biting.  2.  A  morsel  of  food.  3. 
The  grip  taken  by  a  tool  in  action. 

bit'ten,  ijp-  of  bite,  v. 

bit'ter,  bit'gr,  a.  1.  Having  a  peculiar  acrid 
taste,  as  of  quinin.  2.  Producing  pain  of  body 
or  mind;  keen;  poignant;  severe.  3.  Feeling 
or  showing  hate  or  re- 
sentment. 4.  Stinging; 
sharp  ;  severe  :  said  of 
words.  [<  AS.  bitei%  < 
bitan,  bite.]  -ly,  adv. 
-11  ess,  n. 

bit'ter,  n.  1 .  That  which 
is  bitter;  bitterness.  2. 
pi.  An  infusion  of  bitter 
ingredients,  often  with 
spirits. 

bit'tern,  bit'grn,  ?i.  A 
small  heron. 

bi-tu'men,  bl-tiu'men,  n. 
1.  Mineral.  A  native  mi.\- 
ture  of  hydrocarbons,  as 
naphtha  or  asphalt.  3.  A 
brown  paint.  [L.]— bi-i, 
tii''ini-iioiis,  a.  ^" 

bi'valv(e,  bai'valv. 
I.  a.  Having  two 
valves,  as  a  mollusk.  bi'- 
valv(e)di;  bi-val'- 
vous^;  bi-val Ovu- 
lar:;:. II.  n.  A  head- 
less mollusk  having  a 
shell  of  two  valves,  as 
the  oyster.     [  <  bi-  +  valve.] 

biv'ou-acbiv'u-ac.  I.  vi.  [biv'ou-acked'; 
Biv'ou-ACK-iNG.]  To  encamp  for  the  night 
without  tents.  II.  n.  A  temporary  encamp- 
ment without  shelter.     [F.] 

bi-zarre',  bi-zflr',  a.    Grotesque;  odd.     [F.] 


A  Bittern 


blab,  blab,  v.  [blabbed;  blab'bing.]  I.  t. 
To  tell  or  repeat  indiscreetly.  II.  i.  To  teh 
tales;  tattle.     [<  Dn.  blabbre,  babble.] 

black,  blac.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
black;  blacken  and  polish.  II.  a.  1.  Having 
little  or  no  power  to  reflect  light;  of  the  color 
of  jet.  2.  Having  a  very  dark  skin;  swarthy. 
3.  Destitute  of  light;  gloomy;  dismal;  forbid- 
ding; also,  sad;  shameful.  4.  Evil;  malig- 
nant; wicked;  deadly.  III.  n.  1.  The  ab- 
sence of  color,  or  the  darkest  of  all  colors: 
sable.  2.  That  which  is  black.  3.  A  negro! 
black'a-moor:):.    [<  AS.  blac,  dark.] 

—  black  art,  magic;  necromancy.— b.  list, 
a  list  of  persons  under  suspicion,  censure,  etc.— 
b.  lead,  graphite,  plumbago. 

black'bair',  blac'bel".     I.  vt.    1.  To  vote 

against,  as  with  a  black  ball;  ostracize.    2. 

To  blacken,  as  shoes,  with  blackball.  11.  ?i.  1. 

A  vote  rejecting  application  for  membership. 

2.  Shoemakers'  blacking  made  into  balls. 
black'ber^'ry,    blac'ber"i,   n.     [-ber'ries*, 

pi.]    The  black  edible  fruit  of  certain  shrubs, 

or  one  of  the  plants  producing  it. 
black'bird",  blac'bgrd',  n.     1.  A  common 

European  thrush,  the  male  of  which  is  black, 

with  a  yellow  bill.    2.  One  of  various  black 

or  blackish  North- American  birds. 
black-board'',  blac'bord",  ».    A  blackened 

surface,  for  marking  upon  with  chalk, 
black'en,  blac'n,  t'.    I.  t.    1.  To  make  black, 

dark,    or    gloomy;    darken.     2.  To    defame; 

calumniate.    II.  i.    To  become  or  grow  black. 
black'guard,  blag'flrd.    I-',  rf.    To  revile. 

II.  a.    Of  or  like  a  blackguard;  base;  vile. 

III.  n.    A  low,  vicious  fellow. 
black'ing,  blak'ing,  n.    A  preparation  used 

to  give  blackness  or  luster,  or  both. 

black'leg",  blac'leg",  n.  A  professional 
swindler  or  gambler;  a  cheat;  sharper. 

black'raail",  blac'mel".  I.  vt.  To  levy 
blackmail  upon.  II.  n.  1.  Extortion  by 
threats  or  accusation.  2.  [North.  Eng.  & 
Scot.]  A  tax  formerly  paid  to  bandits  to  in- 
sure immunity  from  pillage. 

black'smitb",  blac'smith",  n.  A  smith  who 
works  in  or  welde  wrought  iron. 

black'tborn",  blac'thern",  n.  A  thorny 
shrub  of  the  rose  family;  also,  a  walking- 
stick  made  of  its  wood. 

blad'der,  blad'gr,  ?i.  A  sac  in  the  pelvic  cav- 
ity, for  the  temporary  retention  of  urine;  some 
part  or  organ  of  analogous  structure,  as  an  air- 
vessel  or  an  air-cell.  [<  AS.  blasdre,  blister, 
<  V  of  blow  1,  v.] 

blade,  bled,  n.  1.  The  flat,  cutting  part  of 
any  edged  tool  or  weapon.  2.  The  leaf  of 
grasses  or  certain  other  plants.  3.  A  rakish 
young  man.     [<  AS.  blaed,  leaf.] 

biain,  blen,  n.  A  pustular  tumor;  a  blister. 
[<  AS.  blegen,  boil,  <  V  of  bloavi,  ^..] 

blame,  blem.  I.  vt.  [blamed;  bla'mixg.J 
To  find  fault  with;  censure;  accuse.  II.  n. 
Expression  of  disapproval,  as  for  something 
wrong;  faultfinding;  censure;  also,  fault;  cul- 
pability. [<  F.  Warner,  <  LL.  Uasphemo;  see 
blaspheme,  v.] 

—  bla'ma-ble,  a.  Deserving  censure;  cul- 
pable; faulty,  blaine'fult ;  blanie'wpr"- 
thyi.  — bla'ma-bly,  ad*.  — blaiiie'ful-ly. 


flutSure  (future);    aisle;   au  (owt); 
4 


©il;   c  (k);  chat;   dh  (^^e);    go;  sing,   ii^k;  thin. 


blanch 
blind 


50 


adr— blame'ful-ness,  «.— blame'less,  a. 

Innocent;  guiltless,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

blancbS  blanch,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
white  or  pale;  bleach;  pale.  [<  F.  blanchir, 
<  blanc,  white.] 

blanc"»niange',  blg"=martzh',  7^.  A  whi- 
tish jelly-like  preparation  used  for  desserts,  etc. 
[<  F.  blancmanger,  white*eating.] 

bland,  bland,  a.  1.  Affable  in  manner;  gen- 
tle; suave.  2.  Mild;  balmy;  genial.  [<  L. 
blandus^  mild.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

blan'disbS  blan'dish,  vt.  To  wheedle;  caress; 
coax;  please.     [<lu.^^  blandus,\>\&i\d.'] 

— blan'dish-ment,  n.   Soothing,  caressing, 
or  flattering  speech  or  action. 

blank,  bla^k.  I.  a.  1.  Wholly  or  partly  free 
from  writing  or  print.  2.  Lacking  in  orna- 
ment, interest,  or  results;  empty;  void.  3. 
Without  rime;  as,  blank  verse.  4.  Discon- 
certed; confused.  5.  Utter;  downright.  6. 
Pale  or  white;  colorless.  II.  n.  1.  A  paper 
containing  no  written  or  printed  matter.  2.  A 
written  or  printed  paper  with  blank  spaces. 
3.  A  vacant  space.  4.  A  lottery-ticket  which 
has  drawn  no  prize;  a  disappointing  result.  [< 
F.  blanc,  <  OHG.  blanch,  white.] 

blan'ket,  blan'k§t.  I^.  vt.  To  cover  with 
or  as  with  a  blanket.  II.  n.  A  heavy  woolen 
covering,  as  of  a  bed;  also,  a  sheet  of  other 
material,  as  of  india-rubber.  [OF.,  orig. 
white,  <  blanc,  white.] 

blare,  blar.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [blaked;  blar'- 
iNG.J  To  sound  loudly,  as  a  trumpet.  II.  n. 
A  loud  brazen  sound.     [Onomatopoetic] 

blar'ney,  blflr'ng.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  flatter, 
cajole,  or  wheedle.    II.  n.  Wheedling  flattery. 

blas-plieme',  blas-ftm',  v.  [blas-phemed'; 
blas-phe'ming.]  I.  t.  To  speak  in  an  im- 
pious or  irreverent  manner  of  God  or  sacred 
things.  II.  i.  To  speak  blasphemy;  use  pro- 
fane language;  swear.  [<  Gr. ^^' blasphemd,< 
blaptd,  hurt,  -{-  phemi,  speak.]  —  blas-phe'- 
mer,  n.— blas'plie-inoiis,  a.  Impious;  Irrev- 
erent; profane,  -ly,  arf».  —  blas'phe -my, 
blas'fe-mi,  n.  [-mies*,  pl.l  Evil  or  profane 
speaking  of  God  or  sacred  things. 

blast,  blast.  I^.vt.&vi.  1.  To  rend  in  pieces 
by  explosion.  2.  To  wither,  as  by  a  wind; 
blight;  shrivel;  destroy.  3.  To  bring  to  ruin 
or  infamy;  curse.  II.  n.  1.  A  strong  or 
sudden  wmd;  a  strong  artificial  current  of 
air,  steam,  or  the  like.  2.  The  discharge  of  a 
firearm,  or  of  any  explosive;  a  loud,  sudden 
sound,  as  of  a  trumpet.  3.  A  blight  or  blight- 
ing influence.     [<  AS.  blsesf,  blowing.] 

bla^tant,  ble'tant,  a.    Noisy;  blustering. 

blaze'i,  blez.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [blazed;  bla'- 
ziNG.]  To  cause  to  blaze  or  to  .shine  vividly; 
burn  or  shine  with  a  flame;  flame;  gleam. 
II.  n.  A  vivid  glowing  flame  ;  brightness; 
effulgence;  ardor.     [<  AS.  blxse,  flame.] 

blaze^.  I.  vt.  To  publish  abroad  or  noise 
about;  proclaim.  II. ||  n.  A  proclamation  or 
report.    [ME.  blasen,  blow  a  trumpet.] 

blaze^.  I.  vt.  To  mark  (a  tree)  by  chipping 
or  peeling;  hence,  to  mark  out  (a  path)  in  this 
way.  II.  n.  1.  A  white  spot  on  the  face  of 
an  animal^  as  a  horse.  2.  A  mark  cliipned  on 
a  tree,  to  indicate  a  path;  a  path  so  indicated. 

bla'zon,  bld'zn.    1.  vt.    1.  To  proclaim;  pub- 


lish. 2.  To  inscribe  or  decorate.  3.  To  em- 
blazon, as  heraldic  bearings;  delineate.    II.  n. 

I.  A  coat  of  arms;  show  or  semblance.  2.  A 
proclaiming  abroad.  [<  F.  blason,  coat  of 
arms,  shield.]  —  bla'zon-ry,  n.  1 .  The  art  of 
describing  or  depicting  heraldic  devices,  'i.  A 
coat  of  arms.     3.  Decoration;  show. 

-bl(e,  suffix.  Used  in  forming  adjectives  from 
verbs:  usually  preceded  by  a  vowel.  [<  F.  -ble, 
<  L.  -Mlis,  -BLE.] 

bleacbS  b]ich,  vt.  &  vi.  To  whiten;  blanch. 
[<  AS.  blxcan,  become  pale.] 

bleak,  bltk,  a.  1.  Exposed  to  wind  and 
weather;  bare;  barren;  dreary.  2.  Cold,  cur- 
tmg,  or  penetrating.  [<  AS.  blSc,  blcic,  shi- 
ning.] —  bleak'iv,  a<^t7.— bleak'ness,  n. 

blear,  blir.  I.  vt.  To  dim  or  inflame  (the 
eyes);  obscure;  blur.  II.  a.  Dimmed;  dull; 
bleared.     [ME.  bleren,  blink.] 

bleat,  blit.    Id.  vi.    To  cry  as  a  sheep  or  goat. 

II.  n.  The  cry  of  the  sheep  or  goat.  [<  AS. 
blxtan.] 

bleed,  blid,  v.  [bled,  bled;  bleed'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  draw  blood  from;  cause  to  lose  sap  or 
other  fluid.  2.  To  shed  or  exude.  3.  [Colloq.] 
To  extort  money  from.  II.  i.  1,  To  lose 
blood;  feel  deep  grief  or  sympathy.  2.  To 
suffer  or  die,  as  in  battle.  3.  To  lose  blood, 
sap,  etc.     [<  AS.  bledan,  <  blod,  blood.] 

blem^ish,  blem'ish.  I',  vt.  To  mar  or  im- 
pair. II.  n.  A  disfiguring  defect;  also,  moral 
reproach,  or  stain.  [<  OF.  blemir,  wound,  < 
Ice.  blar,  livid,  bluisn.] 

blencbS  blench,  ri.  To  shrink  back;  flinch; 
quail.     [<  AS.  blencan,  decbive.] 

blend,  blend,  vt.  &  vi.  [blend'ed;  blend'- 
ED*"  or  blent;  blend'ing.]  To  mix;  mingle; 
combine.     [<  AS.  blandan,  mix.] 

bless,  bles,  vt.  [blessed'  or  blest,  blest; 
bless'ing.]  1.  To  bring  happiness  or  good 
fortune  to;  prosper.  2.  To  invoke  God's 
favor  upon  (a  person  or  thing).  3.  To  con- 
secrate. 4.  To  honor  and  exalt;  praise;  glori- 
fy. 5.  To  account  (oneself)  happy;  felicitate. 
[<  AS.  bledsian,  bloedsia?),  bless.] 

bless'ed,  *  bles'gd,  a.    1.  Being  in  enjoyment 

blest,         f  of  feliciiy  in  heaven;  beatified.   2. 
Worthy  of  veneration  or  of  blessing.    3.  Joy- 
ful; healing.    4.  Happy;  favored. 
—  bless'ed-ly,  arfi?.— bless'ed-ness,  n. 

bless'ing,  bles'ing,  n.  1.  That  which  makes 
happy  or  prosperous;  a  gift  of  divine  favor. 
2.  A  benediction.  3.  Grateful  adoration;  wor- 
ship.   4.  Cursing  or  scolding:  a  euphemism. 

blew,  blu,  imp.  of  blow,  v. 

bligbt'',  blait,  v.  I.  t.  To  cause  to  dt^cay; 
blast.    II.  i.    To  be  affected  with  blight. 

blight,  n.  1.  A  diseased  state  of  plants,  as 
mildew,  rust,  etc.  2.  Anything  that  withers 
hopes  or  prospects. 

blind<<,  blaind,  vt.  1.  To  make  blind.  2.  To 
shut  off  from  view;  screen;  hide;  eclipse. 

blind,  a.  1.  Without  the  power  of  seeing; 
also,  lacking  in  perception  or  judgment.  2. 
Acting  or  proceeoing  at  random.  3.  DilHcult 
to  trace  or  understand;  illegible;  unintelligible. 
4.  Having  no  opening  or  outlet;  hidden;  ob- 
scure. [<  AS.W/»r/.]  — bllnd'ly,flr//\  With- 
out sight  or  without  foresight:  at  random;  reck-  . 
Icssly.— blind^man,  n.  The  blindfolded  player 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  wr; 


51 


blind 
blow 


i^ 


Venetian  Blind. 


(of  either  sex)  in  blindman's  buff.— blindman's 

buff',  a  game  in  wliicli  one  who  Is  blindfolded 

must  catch  and   identify  some   one.— blind'- 

ncss,  n. 
blind,   blaind,  v.    Something  that  obstructs 

vision  or  shuts  oil"  light; 

a  screen  or  shutter ;  a 

subterfuge;    ruse. — 

blind'er,  n.    One  who 

or  that  which  blinds;  a 

flap   on  the    side   of    a 

horse's  headstall. 
blind 'fold''.    Id.  rf. 

To    cover  or    bandage 

the   eyes  ;    hoodwinlv  ; 

mislead.    II.  a.    1.  Having  the  eyes  bandaged. 

2.  Having  the  mental  vision  darkened ;  heed- 
less; rash. 

blink',  blink,  v.  I.  t.  To  look  at  with  half- 
closed  eyes;  miss  or  evade  seeing;  pass  by. 
II.  i.  1.  To  wink  repeatedly  and  rapidly; 
get  a  hasty  glimpse.  2.  To  twmkle;  glimmer. 
[ME.  blenken,  shine.] 

blink,  n.  1.  A  glance  or  glimpse.  2.  A  shim- 
mer or  glimmer.—  blink'er,  n.  1 .  A  horse's 
blinder.    "Z,  One  who  or  that  which  blinks. 

bliss,  blis,  n.  1.  Superlative  happiness;  heav- 
enly joy.  2.  A  cause  of  delight.  [<  AS.  blis. 
<  bruh,  sweet.]  —  bliss'ful,  a.  Supremely  hap- 
py.—bliss'fiil-ly,  or/i).— bliss'iul-ness,  n. 

blis'ter,  blis'tgr,  v.  I.  t.  To  produce  a  blis- 
ter or  blisters  upon;  hurt  as  by  a  blister;  gall. 
II.  i.  To  have  a  blister  or  blisters  form  or  rise. 

blis'ter,  «.  1.  A  thin  vesicle,  especially  one 
on  the  skin,  containing  watery  matter.  2. 
Any  substance  used  for  olistering.  [ME.  blis- 
ter.   Allied  to  BLAST.] 

blitbe,  blaidh  or  blaith,  a.  Joyous;  gay;  mer- 
ry; sprightly.  [<  AS.  bUth,  bUthe,  sweet,  hap- 
py.] —blithe'ly,  arfr.— blithe'some,  a.  Show- 
ing or  imparting  gladness;  cheerful;  merry. 

bliz'zard,  bliz'ard,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  high  cold 
wind  accompanied  by  blinding  snow.  [<  AS. 
blaesan*,  blow.] 

bloat*!,  blot,  tt.  &  vi.  To  puff  up  or  swell;  in- 
flate, as  with  conceit. 

bloat,  71.    One  who  is  bloated;  a  drunkard. 

bloat'er,  n.    A  selected  smoked  herring. 

blocks  blek,  vi.  To  stop  with  or  as  with  a 
block;  impede;  obstruct:  often  with  itp.  [< 
F.  bloqvei\  block  up;  of  G.  origin.] 

block,  n.    1.  A  solid  piece  of  wood,  metal,  or 
other  material.     2.  A  section  or  di- 
vision; a  mass  or  row,  as  of  houses. 

3.  A  sheave  or  pulley,  or  set  of  pul- 
leys, in  a  frame  or  shell.  4.  An  ob- 
struction. [ME.  blok.  orig.  doubtful.] 

—  block'be(a)d",    n.     A    stupid 
person.— block'house",  n.     A  fort 
of  logs  and  heavy  timbers,  with  loop- 
holes for  musketry. 
block-ade',  blek-ed'.    I.  vt.    [-a'-    Block. 
DED'';  -a'ding.]    To  close  to  traffic 
or  communication  by  military  or  naval  force; 
obstruct;   block  up.      II.  n.     The  investing 
and  closing  of  a  seaport,  etc.,  by  hostile  forces. 

[<  BLOCK,  v.'\ 

blond,  blend.  I.  a.  1.  Having  a  fair  skin 
with  light  eyes  and  hair.  2.  Flaxen  or  golden, 
as  hair.  II.  n.  A  blond  person:  feminine 
blonde.     [F.,  <  LL.  blondus,  yellow.] 


blood,  blud,  n.  1.  The  fluid  that  circulates  in 
the  heart,  arteries,  and  veins;  red  in  almost  all 
vertebrates.  2.  Kinship  by  descent;  lineage; 
race;  especially,  noble  lineage.  3.  Vitality; 
temperament;  mood;  passion.  4.  Bloodshed; 
war;  murder.  5.  A  dashing  fellow;  gallant. 
[<  AS.  blod,  <  V  of  BLOW,  bloom.] 

—  blood'sheat",  n.  The  normal  temperature 
of  the  human  body,  about  983^°  F.  —  b.shorse, 
71.  A  horse  of  a  fine  breed,  especially  of  the 
English^Arab  cross.— b. shot,  a.— blood'less, 
a.  1.  Having  no  blood;  without  color;  pale; 
lifeless;  cold»hearted.  »i.  "Without  bloodshed. 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— b.smoney,  n.  Money 
paid  for  bloodshed.— blood'shed",  «.  The 
shedding  of  blood;  slaughter;  carnage.— blood'- 
suck"er,  7i.  An  animal  that  sucks  blood,  as  a 
leech;  a  cruel  extortioner.— blood'thii*8t"y, 
a.  Thirsting  for  blood;  murderous:  cruel.— 
blood'thii-8t"i-ly,  ad».—  blood'thirsfi- 
ness,  ?«.- b.=vessel,  n.  Any  tubular  canal  in 
which  the  blood  circulates. 

blood'bound",  blud'haimd",  n.  A  keen- 
scented  hound  employed  in  tracing  fugitives. 

blood'y,  blud'i,  a.  [blood'i-er;  blood'i- 
EST.]  1.  Covered  or  stained  with  blood.  2. 
Consisting  of,  containing,  or  mixed  with  blood. 
3.  Characterized  by  or  delighting  in  blood- 
shed; sanguinary;  bloodthirsty.  4.  Red  like 
blood;  suggesting  blood.    [<  AS.  blod,  blood.] 

—  blood'i-ly,  ad?;.— blood'i-iiess,  n. 
bloom,  bliim,  vi.  1.  To  bear  flowers;  blos- 
som. 2.  To  glow  with  health  and  beauty.  3. 
To  produce  luxuriant  vegetation.—  bloom'iiig, 
pa.  Coming  Into  flower;  fresh  and  beautiful; 
prosperous. 

bloomSr;.     1.  The  act  of  blooming,  or  the 

state  of  being  in  flower;  fulness  and  freshness 

of  life.    2.  A  flower  or  flowers  collectively; 

the  downy  covering  of  fruits,  as  of  the  peach. 
bloom^,  n.    Metal.    A  mass  of  malleable  iron 

from  which  the  slag  has  been  beaten  off. 
bloom'er,  blum'gr,  n.    A  trouser-like  dress 

for  women. 
blos'som,  bles'um.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  bloom. 

II.  n.     1.  A  flower,   or  flowers  collectively. 

2.  Thestateor  period  of  flowering;  bloom.    [< 

AS.  blostma,  blossom.] 
blot,  blet,  V.     [blot'ted<1;  blot'ting.]     I.  t. 

1.  To  spot  with  ink;  stain.  2.  To  disgrace; 
sully.  3.  To  blur  or  obliterate,  as  writing: 
often  with  out.  4.  To  dry  with  blotting-pa- 
per. 5.  To  obscure;  darken.  II.  i.  Tomake 
a  blot  or  blots;  become  blotted.— blot'ter, 
blet'er,  «.  1.  A  sheet,  pad,  or  book  of  blotting* 
paper,  ii.  The  first  record*book,  as  in  a  police* 
station.  3.  Anything  that  blots  or  defiles.— 
blot'ting;pa"per,  n.  Unsized  paper  for  ab- 
sorbing any  excess  of  ink. 

blot,  n.  A  spot  or  stain,  as  of  ink;  reproach; 
blemish;  an  erasure.     [<  Ice.  blettr,  stain.] 

blotch,  blech.  IK  vt.  To  mark  or  cover  with 
blotches.  II.  n.  1.  A  spot  or  blot.  2.  An 
inflamed  eruption  on  the  skin.     [<  blot,  ?«.] 

blouse,  blauz,  «.  1.  A  short  loose  shirt  or 
frock,  worn  as  an  outer  garment  by  working- 
men  in  France;  hence,  a  French  workingman. 

2.  A  loose  upper  garment  for  either  sex.  [F., 
perhaps  <  OF.  bliaiit,  upper  garment.] 

blow^,  blO,  v.  [blew,  blu;  blown;  blow'- 
iNG.]  1.  t.  1.  To  move,  remove,  eject,  or 
overthrow  by  a  current  of  air.     2.  To  form  by 


fliitlure  (future);    aisle;   au   {cmt)\   oil;   c  (k);    chat-,   dh  {the);   go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


blow 
bob 


52 


inflating  a  material,  as  glass.  3.  To  force  air 
into  or  through  (a  wind  instrument);  cause  to 
sound,  4.  To  put  out  of  breath.  5.  To  lay 
eggs  in,  as  flies  in  meat.  II.  i.  1.  To  emit  a 
current  of  air  or  a  jet  of  water  or  steam.  2. 
To  move  in  a  current,  as  the  wind;  be  carried 
by  the  wind.     3.  To  sound  by  being  blown. 

4.  To  pant;  be  winded.     [<  AS.  bldivan.^ 
blow2,  blo,  ri.    To  bloom.     [<  AS.  blmvan.] 
blowi,   n.     1.  A    sudden    or   violent    stroke; 

thump;  thwack.     2.  A  sudden  misfortune. 

blow"'',  n.  1.  The  act  of  blowing;  a  blast; 
gale.      2.  The  oviposition  of  a  fly;  a  flyblow. 

blow3,  n.  The  state  of  flowering;  a  mass  of 
blossoms;  blossoms  in  general. 

blow'er,  blO'gr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blows;  a  device  for  increasing  a  draft. 

blow'pipe''',  blo'paip",  n.  A  tube  by  which 
air  or  gas  is  blown  through  a  flame  for  the  pur- 
pose of  heating  or  melting  something. 

blowz'y,  a.  1.  Having  a  red  or  flushed  face. 
2.  Slatternly  or  unkempt;  slovenly,  blous'- 
yt:  blows'y^;  blowzed^. 

blub'ber,  blub'gr,  vi.    To  sob  noisily. 

blub'ber,  n.  The  layer  of  fat  beneath  the 
skin,  as  in  a  whale. 

bludg'eon,  bluj'un,  n.  A  short  club,  used  as 
a  weapon.     [Cp.  D.  bludsen,  bruise.] 

blue,  blu.  I.  vt.  [blued;  blu'ing.]  To 
make  or  cause  to  become  blue;  treat  with  blu- 
ing. II.  a.  [blu'er;  blu'est.]  1.  Having 
the  color  of  the  clear  sky.  2.  Dismal;  dreary; 
melancholy;  despondent.  3.  Severe  or  Puri- 
tanic; strict.    4.  Faithful;    genuine;  sterling. 

5.  Livid,  as  from  contusion,  cold,  or  fear.  6. 
Devoted  to  literature;  pedantic:  said  of  wom- 
en. III.  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  clear  sky; 
azure;  also,  a  dye  or  pigment  of  this  color. 
2.  A  bluestocking.  [<  OF.  bleu,  <  OHG. 
blao,  blue.]  — blue'bird'',  ?j.  A  small  Amer- 
ican bird,  CI  a  prevailing  blue 
above. —  bill  '  insT,  n.  The 
giving  of  a  blue  tint  to;  also, 
the  tint  so  given,  or  the  ma- 
terial used,  as  Indigo.—  blu'- 
isli,  a.  —  blue'stock"- 
in(r<  n.  A  learned  or  literary 
woman. —  the  bines,  low 
spirits;  melancholy. 

bluCP,  bluf,  vf.  &  vi.  To 
overawe  by  bold  assump- 
tion ;  boast  in  order  to  mis- 
lead. 

bluff,  a.     1.  Blunt,  frank, 
and  hearty;  rude  or  abrupt, 
liising  steep  and  bold,  as  a  cliff. 

bluff  1,  n.  Bold  speech  or  manner  intended  to 
overawe  or  deceive. 

bluff2,  n.    A  bold,  steep  headland. 

blun'der,  blun'dgr.  I.  tt.  &  ri.  To  bungle; 
err  egregiously;  proceed  stupidly;  stumble. 
II.  /I.  A  stupid  mistake.  [<  Ice.  blunda, 
doze,  slumber.]  —  blun'der-er,  n. 

blun^der-buss,  blun'dfir-bus,  n.  A  short 
gun  with  large  bore  and  flaring  mouth.  [<  D. 
dom/er,  thunder,  -f-  bus,  box.] 

blunt,  blunt.  I'>.  rf.  &  vi.  To  make  or  be- 
come blunt;  dull  tlu"  edge  or  point  of;  lose 
sharpness.  II.  a.  1.  Having  a  thick  end  or 
edge;   not  sharp  or  piercing.    2.  Abrupt  in 


manner;  plain-spoken;  brusk.  3.  Slow  of 
wit;  dull.—  blunt'ly,  ac?».— biunt'ness,  n. 

blur,  blijr.  I.  vt.  '&  vi.  [blurred;  blur'- 
RiNG.]  To  make  or  become  obscure  or  indis- 
tinct; also,  to  dull,  soil,  or  blemish.  II.  i. 
To  become  indistinct  or  smeared.  III.  n.  A 
smeared  or  indistinct  marking;  a  blemish. 

blurt<*,  blurt. '«.  I.  ^  To  utter  abruptly;  burst 
out  with.  II.  i.  To  puff  out  the  breath  sud- 
denly, as  in  contempt.     [Akin  to  blare,  ?•.] 

blush.',  blush,  ?;.  I./.  To  make  red;  redden; 
suffuse.  II.  e.  To  become  red;  flush;  redden. 
[<  AS.  blpsan,  blush,  <  blys,  blaze.] 

blush,  n.  1 .  A  reddening,  as  of  the  face,  from 
modesty,  shame,  or  confusion;  a  red  or  rosy 
tint:  flush.    2.  A  glance;  glimpse;  view. 

blus'ter,  blus'tgr.  I.  vi.  To  blow  in  gusts; 
fume  with  anger;  utter  vain  menaces;  swag- 
ger.   II.  n.     1.  Boisterous  talk  or  swagger. 

2.  A  fitful  and  noisy  blowing  of  the  wind ;  blast. 
— blus'ter-er,  w.— blus'ter-ingr,  pa.    1. 

Windy;  disagreeable.    2.  Noisy;  swaggering. 
bo'a,   bO'a,   n.     1.  Any   large   non-poisonons 

serpent  that  crushes  its  prey  in  its  folds.    2. 

A  long  fur  or  feather  neck=wrap    worn    by 

women.     [L.] 
boar,  bOr,  n.'  1.  A  male  hog.    2.  The  native 

hog  of  the  Old  World.     [  <  AS.  Mr,  boar.] 
boardd,   bOrd,   v.    1.  f.     1.  To  enclose  with 

boards.    2.  To  furnish  with  meals  for  pay. 

3.  To  put  at  board.  4.  To  come  alongside  or 
go  on  board  of  (a  ship,  etc.).  II.  i.  To  be 
supplied  with  regular  meals  for  pay. 

board,??.  1.  A  thin  and  broad  flat  piece  of 
wood.  2.  A  table,  spread  for  serving  food; 
the  food  served;  meals  regularly  furnished  for 
pay.  3.  An  organized  olflcial  bodv.  4.  ;;/. 
The  stage  of  a  theater.  5 .  Pasteboard ;  a  paste- 
board book^cover.  6.  The  deck  or  side  of  a 
vessel,  as  in  the  phrase  on  board.  [<  AS. 
boi'd.  board,  side  of  a  ship,  table.] 

board'er,  n.  1.  A  person  who  receives  regu- 
lar meals,  or  meals  and  lodging,  for  pay.  2. 
One  detailed  to  board  an  enemy  s  shij). 

board'ing,  n.  1.  Boards  collectively;  a  struc- 
ture of  boards.  2.  The  obtaining  of  food,  or 
food  and  lodging,  regularly  for  pay.  3.  The 
act  of  going  on  board  a  ship. 

boast'',  bost,  t).  I.  ^  1.  To  speak  of  osten- 
tatiously. 2.  To  ^)ossess  as  a  distinction.  II. 
i.    To  vaunt  or  pride  oneself;  exult;  glory. 

boast,  7?.  1.  A  boastful  speech.  2.  A  source 
of  pride,— boast'er,  ?i.— boast'ful,  a.  Inclined 
to  boast;  proud,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

boat,  hot.    I-i.  vt.  &  ri.    To  carry  or  place  in 


Whale-boat. 

a  boat;  go  in  a  boat;  row;  sail;  navigate.    II. 

fi.    A  water-craft;  especially,  a  small  vessel 

for  oars  or  sails,     f  <  AS.  bdt.\ 
boat'STvain,  l)Ot'swen  or  (Xauf.)  bo'sn,  ti.  A 

petty  ottleer  of  a  ship  in  charge  of  rigging,  etc. 
bob,  bob,  rt.  &  ri.     [bohukd;  bob'bino.]    To 


papfi,  Qsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


53 


bob 
bond 


Bobolink. 


move  with  a  jerky  motion;  angle  with  a  bob. 
bob,  bob,  V.  1.  A  cork  or  float  on  a  fishing  line. 

2.  A  small  pendent  object,  as  a  pendulum. 

3.  A  jerky  movement.     [Onomatopoetic] 
bob'bin,  beb'in,  n.    A  slender  spool  or  small 

pin  to  hold  weft  or  thread.     [<  F.  bobine.] 
bob"T3i-net',  beb"i-net',    n.    An  open  perfo- 
rated fabric;  a  machine-made  lace. 
bob'o-linf ,  beb'o-link",  n.     An  American 

singing  bird.    [Imitative 

from  its  note.] 
bob '=  white '^    bob'- 

hwait",  n.    The   North' 

American  quail;  also,  its 

cry.     [Imitative.] 
bode,  bod,  v.     [co'ded''; 

BO'DING.]       I.    t.      1.    To   ^ 

have  a  token  or  presen- 
timent of.  2'.  To  predict 
or  presage.  II.  i.  To 
presage  good  or  ill.  [< 
AS.  bodian,  announce.] 

bod''ice,  bed'is,  n.  1. 
The  closc'fitting  waist  of 
a  woman's  dress.  2.  A 
woman's  ornamental  laced  waist.     [<  body.] 

bod'i-less,  bed'i-les,  a.  Having  no  body; 
without  material  form;  incorporeal. 

bod'i-ly,  bed'i-li.  I.  a.  Pertaniingtothebody; 
corporeal.  II.  adv.  1.  In  the  body;  in  per- 
son.   2.  All  together;  wholly;  completely. 

bod^kin,  bed'kin,  n.  A  pointed  instrument 
for  piercing  holes  in  cloth,  etc.     [Celtic] 

bod'y,  bed'i.  I.  Tt.  [bod'ied,  bed'id;  bod'- 
Y-iNG.]  To  embody;  represent.  II.  n.  [bod'- 
lES',  j//.]  1.  The  entire  physical  part  of  a 
man  or  other  animal ;  also,  the  trunk,  exclusive 
of  the  limbs;  the  principal  part  of  anything. 
2.  A  person;  an  nidividual.  3.  Geom.  A 
solid.  4.  A  collection  of  persons,  things,  facts, 
or  the  like,  as  one  whole.     [<  AS.  bodiff.] 

Boer,  bur,  n.  A  Dutch  colonist,  or  person  of 
Dutch  descent  in  South  Africa.    Boor:):. 

bog,  beg.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [bogged;  boo'ging.] 
To  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog.  II.  n.  Wet  and 
spongy  ground;  marsh ;  morass.  [  <  Ir.  bogac/i, 
<  bog.  soft.] — bog'gy,  a.    Swampy;  miry. 

bog'gle,  beg'l,  ft.  &  vi.  [bog'gled;  bog'- 
cLiNG.]    To  bungle;  hesitate;  quibble. 

bo'gus,  bo'gus,  a.    Counterfeit;  spurious. 

bo'gy,     (bD'gi,  n.     [bo'gies^  bo'geys^,  pi.] 

bo'gey,  )  A  goblm ;  bugbear. 

boil,  boil,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  bring  to  the  boil- 
ing=^point.  2.  To  cook,  affect,  or  produce  by 
boiling.  II.  i.  1.  To  come  to  the  boiling- 
point;  bubble  up;  be  agitated.  2.  To  be  ex- 
posed to  the  action  of  a  boiling  liquid.  [< 
L.OFbuUio,  <  bulla,  bubble.]—  boiI>ing=poiiit", 
u.  The  temperature  at  which  a  liquid  begins  to 
boil:  of  water,  under  ordinary  conditions,  212°F. 

boil',  n.  A  purulent  and  painful  tumor  seated 
in  the  skin.     [<  AS.  bpl,  bple.] 

boil2,  n.  1.  The  act  or  state  of  boiling.  2. 
An  immersion  in  boiling  water. 

boil'er,  beil'gr,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  a  liquid 
is  boiled  or  steam  generated. 

bois'ter-ous,  beis't^r-us,  a.  Vociferous  and 
rude;  tempestuous,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

bold,  bold,  a.     1.  Possessing,  showing,  or  re- 


quiring courage;  audacious;  fearless;  spirited. 

2.  Presuming;  forward;  brazen.  3.  Striking; 
vigorous;  prominent.  [<  AS.  beald,  bald.]— 
bold'ly,  nrtp.  — bol<Fnes8,  n. 

bole*,  bol,  n.  The  trunk  of  a  tree.  [<  Ice. 
fxtlr,  bull',  lit.  a  round  body;  akin  to  ball.] 

bole^,  n.  A  fine,  compact,  soft  clay.  [<  L. 
bolus,  <  Gr.  bolos,  clod.] 

boll,  bol.  I.  vi.  To  form  into  or  produce  pods. 
II.  n.  1.  A  round  pod  or  seed'capsule,  as  of 
llax  or  cotton.  2.  A  knob,  [<  AS.  bolla, 
bowl ;  akin  to  ball.] 

boFster,  bol'st(,M-.  I.  rt.  To  support  with  or 
as  with  a  bolster;  prop  up;  aid;  abet.  II.  n. 
A  long  underpillow  for  a  bed.     [  <  AS.  bolster.] 

bolt^'i,  bolt,  V.  I.  /.  1 .  To  fasten  witli  or  as  with 
a  bolt  or  bolts.  2.  U.  S.  Polit.  To  refuse  to 
support;  break  away  from;  as,  to  bolt  a  candi- 
date. 3.  To  swallow  hurriedly,  4.  To  drive 
out  suddenly  or  with  force;  expel;  blurt  out. 
II.  i.  1.  To  dash  off  unexpectedly;  run  away, 
as  a  horse.  2.  U.  S.  Polit.-  To 'repudiate  a 
party  measure  or  candidate. —  bolt'eri ,  n.  Que 
who  or  that  which  bolts  in  any  sense. 

bolted,  t'^.    To  sift;  examine  as  by  sifting.     [< 
Gr.i'+OF  2jy7\  fire,  coarse  woolen  cloth.] 
—  bolt'er^,  n.    Same  as  bolt2,  n. 

bolt^,  n.     1.  A  sliding  bar  or  piece  for  fasten- 
ing a  door,  etc.     2.  A 
pin  or  rod  used  for  hold- 
ing anything  in  itsplace. 

3.  An  arrow;  a  long 
cylindrical  shot  for  a 
cannon,  or  tlie  like; 
hence,  anything  coming 
suddenly.  4.  U.  S. 
Polit.  A  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  party,  candidate. 


3       Bolts. 

1.  Boiler^patch  bolt. 


2. 
brpolicv.    '5.  Asuddeii    Counter=sunk      bolt        3. 

st^rt,    departure,    or  S^.^b'^  b*olt'*''^" 

spring.   6.  A  roll,  as  of 

cloth ;  a  block  of  wood.     [  <  AS.  bolt,  catapult.] 

bolt^,  n.  A  rotating  cylindrical  or  other  frame, 
covered  with  silk  or  the  like,  for  sifting  flour. 

bolt,  adv.  Like  an  arrow;  stiffly;  swiftly; 
straight. —  bolt  upright,  in  an  erect  position. 

bo'lus,  bo'lus,  n.    A  large  pill.     [L.] 

bomb,  bem,  n.  A  hollow  iron  projectile  con- 
taining an  explosive  material  to  be  fired  by  con- 
cussion or  by  a  time=fuse.  bomb^shelll; 
shell  t>     [Gr.i'  bonibos,  hollow  sound.] 

bom-bard''!,  bem-bflrd',  vt.  To  assail  with  or 
as  with  cannon=balls  or  shells.  —  bom-bard''- 
iiient,  n.    An  assault  with  shot  or  shell. 

bom'bast,  bem'bgst,  n.  Grandiloquent  lan- 
guage; rant.  [<  OF.  bombace,  padding.]  — 
boin-bas'tic,  a.    Inflated;  grandiloquent. 

bo-xian^za,  bo-nan'za,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  rich 
mine,  vein,  or  find  of  ore;  profitable  specula- 
tion.    [Sp.,  success,  <  L.  bonus,  good.] 

bon'bon",  beh'beiV,  n.  A  sugar=plum;  con- 
fection.    [F.,  <  L.  bo?ms,  good.] 

bondd,  bend,  vt.  1.  To  put  under  bond;  mort- 
gage. 2.  In  building,  to  bind  securely  together. 

bond,  a.  Subject  to  servitude;  enslaved.  [< 
AS.  bonda,  bunda,  head  of  a  family,  peasant.] 
— boud'maid'^,  n.  A  female  slave.  —  boiur- 
mau,  n.  L-men,  jo?.]  A  male  slave  or  serf. 
bonds^inanl:.  —  bond'wom'"an,  bonds'- 
M'oin^'an,  n.  fern. 


fiutjure   (future);   aisle;  au   (owt);   ©II;   c  (k);   cliat;   dh   {th€)\  go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


bond 
borough 


54 


bond,  bend,  n.  1.  That  which  binds;  a  band; 
tie.  2i.pl.  Fetters;  captivity.  3.  An  obligation 
or  constraint.  4.  An  obligation  in  writing 
under  seal.  5.  An  interest=bearing  debt=cer- 
tificate.  6.  In  building,  timbers  or  stones  which 
help  to  bind  together.     [Var.  of  bandi,  n.] 

bond'age,  bend'gj,  n.  Compulsory  servitude; 
slavery;  imprisonment;  captivity;  subjection. 

bond'ed,  bond'gd,  j9a.  1.  Hypothecated  for 
payment  of  bonds;  mortgaged.  2.  Held  in 
bond  for  payment  of  duties.  3.  Secured  by 
bonds,  as  a  debt. 

bonds'man,  bendz'm^n,  n.  [-men,  ^/.]  1. 
Law.  One  who  is  bound  as  security  for 
another.    2.  A  bondman. 

bone,  bon,  ^'^.  [boned;  bo'ning.]  1.  Tore- 
move  the  bones  from.  2.  To  stitfen  with  whale- 
bone.   3.  To  fertilize  with  bone=dust. 

bone,  n.  1.  The  frame  or  skeleton  of  a  verte- 
brate animal,  or  any  portion  of  it.  2.  ipl.  The 
skeleton;  mortal  remains.  3.  Something  made 
of  bone  or  similar  material.     [<  AS.  han.'\ 

—  bone'sdusf,  n.  Pulverized  bone:  used  as 
a  fertilizer. 

bon'fire'',  ben'fair",  n.  A  large  fire  in  the 
open  air.     [  <  bone,  /«.,  +  fire.] 

bonne,  ben,  n.    A  French  nurse»maid.     [F.] 

bon'net,  ben'et.  I."*  vt.  To  put  a  bonnet  on. 
II.  n.  A  covering  for  the  head;  especially, 
an  outdoor  head=dress  for  women.     [F.] 

bon'ny,  ben'i,  a.    [bon'ni-er;  bon'ni-est.] 

1.  Having  homelike  beauty;  sweet  and  fair. 

2.  Blithe;  merry;  cheery.    [<  F.  6o«,  good.] 
bon'ny-clab''ber,  ben'i-clab'er,  n.    Milk  cur- 
dled by  souring.    [Of  Ir.  origin. J 

bo'nus,  n.  A  premium  or  extra  allowance. 
[L.,  good.] 

bo'ny,  bO'ni,  a.  1.  Of,  like,  pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of  bone  or  bones.  2.  Having  prom- 
inent bones;  thin;  gaunt. 

boo'by,  bu'bi,  n.  [boo'bies^,  /?t]  A  dull  fel- 
low; dunce.     [<  Sp.  hobo.,  fool.] 

book,  buk.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  enter  in  a  book; 
engage  beforehand,  as  seats,  etc.  II.  n.  1. 
A  number  of  sheets  of  paper  bound  or  stitched 
together;  a  printed  and  bound  volume.  2.  A 
treatise  or  one  of  its  subdivisions.  [<  AS. 
65c,  book,  (orig.)  beech»tree.] 

—  bo«k'bind"er,  n.  One  whose  trade  is  the 
bindlngof  books.— book'bind'"er-y,  n.  L-ies», 
pi.]  A  place  where  bookbinding  Is  carried  on.— 
book'bind^^int;,  n.  The  art,  act,  or  process 
of  binding  books.— book'isb,  a.  1.  Fond  of 
books;  book^lciiined.  5i.  Pedantic;  unpractical. 
— book'keep'^er,  //.  One  who  keeps  accounts; 
an  accountant.— book'keep''injf,  ?i.  The  art, 
method,  or  practise  of  recording  business  trans- 
actions systematically. —  book'sell'^inar,  n.— 
book'worm'',  ii.  1.  A  close  student.  3, 
The  larva  of  an  Insect  destructive  to  books. 

boom.>,  bQm.  I.  vt.  &vi.  To  sound  with  a 
deep,  resonant  tone,  as  a  cannon;  hence,  to 
rush  onward  imnetuously;  also,  to  hum  loudly, 
ae  a  beetle.  II.  n.  A  deep,  reverberating 
sound,  as  of  a  cannon,  or  of  breakers. 

boom^.  I.  vt.  To  move,  extend,  obstruct,  or 
confine  by  means  of  a  spar  or  boom.  II.  «. 
1.  A  spar  holding  the  foot  of  a  fore-and-aft 
sail.  2.  A  chain  of  logs  to  confine  floating 
logs,  etc.     [<  D.  boom,  tree,  beam.] 

boom3.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.]    I.vt.&vi.    To  bring 


forward;  advertise  energetically;  advance  with 
a  rush;  gain  rapidly.  II.  n.  A  swollen,  roar- 
ing torrent;  sudden  activity  or  prosperity. 

boom'e-rang,  biim'g-rang,  n.  1.  A  curved 
wooden  missile  of  the  native  Australians  that 
will  return  to  the  thrower.  2.  Any  proceed- 
ing that  recoils  upon  the  originator. 

boon,  biin,  a.  1.  Possessing  convivial  quali- 
ties; genial;  jovial.  2.  Fortunate;  jrosper- 
ous.  3 II.  Benign;  bounteous.  [<  F.  bon,  good.] 

boon,  n.  A  good  thing  bestowed;  favor;  bless- 
ing.    [<  Ice.  bon,  petition.] 

boor,  bur,  n.  1.  A  coarse  rustic;  an  ill=bred 
fellow.  2.  A  Dutch  peasant.  3.  [B-]  Same 
as  Boer.  [<  D.  boe?,  <  boinven,  till.]  — boor'- 
\sh,  bur'ish,  a.    Eude;  clownish. 

boost,  bust.  Id.  rt.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  To  push 
or  lift  from  beneath.    II.  n.    A  lift;  help. 

booti,  bQt.  I*),  rf.  &vi.  To  put  boots  on;  put 
on  one's  boots.  II.  n.  1.  A  leather  covernig 
for  the  foot  and  leg.  2.  A  high  shoe.  3.  A 
carriage  receptacle,  for  carrying  parcels,  etc. 
4.  A  medieval  instrument  of  torture,  com- 
pressing the  foot  and  leg.     [  <  F.  botte.'] 

—  boot'black,  n.  One  who  cleans  and  blacks 
boots.— boot'jack'',  ?i.  An  Implement  to  aid 
In  removing  boots. 

boot2.  Id.  vi.  To  profit;  avail.  II.  n.  1. 
Something  over  and  above  given  in  barter.  2. 
Advantage;  resource;  help.  [<  AS.  bot, 
profit.]  —  to  boot,  in  addition;  over  and  above. 

booth.,  badh  or  buth,  n.  A  stall  at  a  fair,  mar- 
ket, etc.;  a  temporary  shelter.     [<  Ice.  bildh.] 

boot'less,  bQt'les,  a.  I*rofitless;  useless;  un- 
availing,    -ly,  adv.     -ness,  n. 

boots,  buts,  n.    A  hotel  bootblack. 

boo'ty,  bQ'ti,  n.  [boo'ties^,  pL]  The  spoil  of 
war;  plunder;  gam.     [<  Ice.  b^ti,  exchange.] 

bo'rax,  bo'rax,  n.  A  white  crystalline  com- 
pound used  as  an  antiseptic  and  as  a  flux. 

bor'der,  ber'dgr,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  put  a  border 
on.  2.  To  be  contiguous  to;  adjoin.  II.  i. 
To  lie  on  the  border;  be  contiguous;  approx- 
imate; resemble:  with  on  or  upon. 

bor'der,  n.  A  margin  or  edge;  outer  portion 
or  limit;  brink;  verge;  frontier:  used  also  ad- 
jectivally. [<  F.  bordnre,  <  D.  booi'd,  edge.] 
—  bor'der-er,  n.  One  who  dwells  on  a  frontier. 

bore',bOr,  V.  [bored;  bor'ing.]  I./.  1.  To 
make  a  hole  in  or  through,  as  with  an  auger. 
2.  To  make  (a  hole)  by  or  as  by  turning  an 
auger.  S.  To  tire;  weary;  annoy.  II.  i.  1. 
To  make  a  hole  with  a  boring-tool.  2.  To 
yield  to  a  boring-tool.  3.  To  advance  by  grad- 
ual motion.     [<  AS.  bo?itin,  <  \f  bhar,  cut.] 

bore2,  imp.  of  bear,  v. 

bore,  «.  1.  A  hole  made  by  or  as  if  by  bor- 
ing; the  interior  diameter  of  a  firearm  or  cyl- 
inder. 2.  A  tiresome  or  uncongenial  person; 
an  annoyance.     [  <  AS.  boi\  auger.] 

bo're-al,  bo'rg-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  north 
or  the  north  wind;  northern. 

Bo're-as,  bO'rg-as, /?.    The  north  wind.   [Gr.] 

born,  bSrn,  a.  1.  Brought  forth  or  into  being, 
as  offspring.  2.  Natural;  ingrained.  [<  AS. 
boveti,  pp.  of  beran,  bear.) 

borne,  bOrn,  pp.  of  bear,  ( 

bor'ouch,  bur'o,  «.  1.  U^S.]  An  incorpo- 
rated village  or  town,  or  a  distinct  section  of  a 
city.    2.  [Eng.]  A  municipal  corporation  or  a  . 


papa,  ^k;  at,  air,  el^m^nt,  tbSy,  usfge;  it,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  dh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rille;  but,  Or; 


55 


borrow 
bout 


town  possessed  of  certain  privileges.  3t.  Any 
town.     [<  AS.  hurg^  burh,  fort,  city.] 

taor'row,  ber'O,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  obtain  on 
promise  of  return.  2.  To  appropriate;  copy; 
adopt;  pretend;  feign.  II.  i.  To  procure  the 
loan  of  something;  copy  or  adopt  thoughts, 
words,  etc.,  from  others.  [<  AS.  borgian, 
give  a  pledge,  borrow,  <  borg,  pledge.] 

bos'om,  buz'um,  n.  1.  The  breast  of  a  human 
being,  especially  that  of  a  woman.  2.  That 
portion  of  a  garment  covering  i\\e  breast,  or 
the  receptacle  which  it  forms.  3.  The  breast 
as  the  seat  of  affection,  etc.  4.  Any  deep  or 
enclosed  place  or  supporting  surface.  Used 
adjectivally  in  all  senses.     [<  AS.  bd87n.'\ 

boss^  bes.  I',  vt.  To  work  in  relief;  em- 
boss. II.  71.  A  circular  prominence;  a  knob; 
stud.  [<  F.  bosse,  hump,  bump.]  —  boss-'y,  a. 
Decorated  with  or  as  with  bosses. 

boss^,  bes  or  bes.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  I',  tt.  & 
t'i.  To  master;  manage;  domiuate.  II.  n.  1. 
A  superintendent  or  employer  of  workmen; 
manager;  foreman.  2.  An  organizer  or  dic- 
tator of  a  political  party.    [  <  D.  baatt,  master.] 

bot,  bet,  71.  1.  The  larva  of  a  bot»fly.  2.  A 
bot'fly.— bot-fly",  n.  A  fly,  the  larv«  of 
which  are  parasitic  In  vertebrates,  as  in  horses. 

bofa-ny,  bet'a-ni,  ^.  [-nies^,  ;;;.]  The  sci- 
ence that  treats  of  plants  with  reference  to 
their  structure,  functions,  classification,  etc. 
[<  Gr.  botanikos,  <  boiania.,  a  plant,  <  bosko, 
feed.]  —  bo-tan'ic-al,  b^-tan'ic-al,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  botany;  connected  with  the  study 
or  cultivation  of  plants,  bo-taii'ict.  — bo- 
tan'ic-al-Iy.  a<i».— bot'a-iiist,  n.  A  student 
of  or  one  versed  in  botany.— bot'a-nize,  bet'- 
a-naiz,  ?;.  [-nized; -ni"zing.]  I.  <.  To  explore 
for  botanical  specimens,  etc.  II.  i.  To  make 
botanical  investigations,    bot'a-uiset. 

botch.',  bech,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  do  in  a  bungling 
way.  2.  To  mar  or  spoil;  disfigure.  II.  i. 
To  make  or  mend  a  thing  clumsily;  bungle. 
[<  OD.  butsefi,  strike,  repair.] 

botch,  71.  1.  A  bungled  piece  of  work;  a  bad 
job.     2.  A  bungling  workman.— botch'y,  o. 

both,  both.  I.  a.  The  two  inclusively  or  to- 
gether; the  one  and  the  other  alike.  II.  2)ron. 
The  two.  including  the  one  and  the  other;  the 
pair.  III.  adv.  &  conj.  Equally;  alike;  as 
well.     [<  Ice.  bdthir;  cp.  AS.  M,  both.] 

both'er,  bedh'gr.  I.  tt.  &  ti.  To  trouble; 
annoy;  make  a  fuss.  II.  7i.  A  source  of 
annoyance;  petty  perplexity;  vexation.  [Prob. 
for  pother;  cp.  Ir.  buaidM7%  trouble.]  — 
botli'^er-a'tion,  n.    Annoyance;  vexation. 

bott,  71.    Same  as  bot. 

bot'tle,  bet'l,  vt.  [bot'tled; 
bot'tling.]  To  put  into  a  bot- 
tle or  bottles ;  restrain ;  shut  in . 

bot'tle  1,  n.  1.  A  vessel  for 
holding,  carrying,  and  pouring 
liquids,  having  a  neck  and  a 
narrow  mouth  that  can  be  stop-  ^  ^ 

ped.  2.  As  much  as  a  bottle  Leather  Bottle, 
will  hold,  boftle-ful^.  [<  OF.  bouteille, 
botel.,  ult.  <  Gr.  pytiTie,  flask.] 

bot'tleSf,  n.    A  bundle,  as  of  hay. 

bot'tom,  bet'um.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  provide 
with  a  bottom  or  basis;  base  or  found  (.upon). 
2.  To  fathom;  rest,  as  on  a  foundation;  touch 
bottom.    II.  a.    Lowest;  fundamental;  basal. 


III.  71.  1.  The  lowest  part  of  anything;  un- 
der surface;  base;  support.  2.  The  ground 
beneath  a  body  of  water.  3.  The  real  mean- 
ing; base;  root.  4.  Low  land  along  a  river. 
5.  The  part  of  a  vessel  below  the  water-line; 
hence,  a  vessel.  6.  Residuum  or  dregs.  7. 
Endurance;  stamina;  grit.     [<  AS.  botni.'] 

— -bot-'toin-Iess,  a.  Having  no  bottom;  un- 
fathomable; baseless;  visionary. 

bou'doir'',  bQ'dwflr",  71.  A  lady's  private  sit- 
ting-room.    [F.,  <  bonder,  pout.] 

bough,  bau,  n.  A  limb  of  a  tree.  [<  AS. 
bog.,  boh.  arm.] 

boiigrht,  bet,  i7np.  &pp.  of  buy,  ??. 

bouil'lon,  buFyeti,  n.    Clear  beef  soup.     [F.] 

boul'der,  bol'dgr,  w.  A  large  stone  moved  by 
natural  agencies  from  its  original  bed.  [< 
S\v.  dial.  bullersteTi,  large  pebble.] 

bOU'le-vard,  bu'le-vflrd,  ;i.  l.  A  broad  city 
avenue.  2.  Originally,  a  rampart.  [<  G.*" 
bolhve7%  bulwark.] 

bounce,  bauns.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [bounced'; 
boun'cing.]  To  cause  to  bound;  move  with 
a  bound.  II.  n.  A  sudden  or  violent  spring 
or  leap;  a  bounding  or  elastic  motion;  rebound. 
[<  LG.  btmsen,  beat,  knock.] 

—  boiin'cer,  71.  1 ,  A  large  or  strong  person 
or  thing.  2.  One  who  or  that  which  bounces. 
3.  [Colloq.]  An  audacious  lie.— boiiu'cinsr, 
pa.    1.  Strong  and  active;  large;  exaggerated. 

2.  Swaggering;  boastful;  untruthful. 
boundKi,  bound.     I.  vi.     To   leap  lightly; 

spring;    spring   back;    rebound.     II.  n.     A 
light  elastic  leap  or  spring;  also,  a  rebound. 
[<  F.  boridir,  leap,  <  L.  bonibvs,  buzzing.] 
bounded.     I.  vt.    1.  To  set  bounds  to;   re- 
strict.   2.  To  form  the  boundary  of;  adjoin. 

3.  To  describe  or  name  the  boundaries  of. 
II.  71.  1.  That  which  circumscribes;  bound- 
ary. 2.  pi.  The  district  included  within  a 
boundary  or  limits.     [<  l^L.^^  bodi7ia,  limit.] 

—  bound'less,  a.  Having  no  limit;  vast; 
measureless;  Infinite,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  «. 

bound,  pa.  1.  Made  fast;  tied;  confined  in 
bonds.  2.  Constrained  or  compelled.  3. 
Having  a  cover  or  binding.  4.  Apprenticed. 
[  <  AS.  bunde7i,  pp.  of  bi7ula7i,  bind.] 

bound,  a.  Having  one's  course  directed;  on 
the  way;  destined:  with  for  or  to.  [<  Ice. 
buinn,  pp.  of  bua,  prepare.] 

bound' a-ry,  baund'a-ri,  71.  [-ries^  pi.]  A 
limiting  or  dividing  line  or  mark. 

bound'en,  baund'gn,  a.  1.  Obligatory;  nec- 
essary.    2|.  Under  obligations;  obliged. 

boun'te-ous,  baun'tg-us,  a.    Giving  freely 
and  largely;  generous;  beneficent;  plentiful. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

boun'ti-ful,  baun'ti-ful,  a.  Bounteous;  gen- 
erous; abundant,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  71. 

boun'ty,  baun'ti,  n.  [-ties'^,  pi.)  1.  Liber- 
ality in  giving  or  bestowing;  munificence.  2. 
Gifts  or  favors  generously  bestowed.  3.  A 
grant  or  allowance  from  a  government.  [< 
L.OF  bonita{t-)s.  goodness,  <  bonus,  good.] 

bou"q.uet',  bu'ke',  w.  1.  A  bunch  of  flow- 
ers: a  nosegay.    2.  Aroma.     [F.] 

bourn,     I  born,  n.    That  which  limits;  bound; 

bourne,  I  goal;  end.    [<  LL.^  bodina,  limit.] 

bout,  baut,  w.  1.  A  single  turn;  a  set-to.  2. 
A  fit  of  drunkenness,  reveling,  or  illness.  3. 
A  bend  orturn,  as  of  a  rope ;  bight.  [  <  bow  i,t?.] 


fiutgflre  (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ell;  c  (k);  cliat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


bovine 
brain 


56 


too'vine,  bO'vin,  a.  Ox»like;  slow;  stupid. 
[  <  LL.  bovinus,  <  L.  bos,  ox.] 

bow',  bau,  V.  [bowed,  baud;  bow'ing,  bau'- 
ing.]  1.  t.  1.  To  bend  in  reverence,  courtesy, 
etc.  2 .  To  express  by  bowing,  as  assent.  3 .  To 
attend  with  bows.  4.  To  press  down;  humili- 
ate; oppress.  II.  i.  To  bend  forward  the 
head  or  body  in  courtesy,  assent,  etc.;  bend; 
stoop;  worship;  submit;  yield.  [<  AS. 
bugau,  bow,  bend,  flee.] 

bow2,b0,  t'^  [bowed,  bod;  bow'ing,  bo'ing.] 
To  curve  like  a  bow;  bend. 

bowl,  bau,  n.  An  inclination  of  the  body  or 
head  forward  and  downward,  as  in  salutation 
or  worship. 

bow^,  bo,  w.  1.  A  bend  or  curve,  or  something 
bent  or  curved.  2.  An  elastic  weapon,  bent 
by  a  cord 
andproject- 
ing  an  ar- 
row by   its 

Sen"*;?  BOW  ana  Arrow 

leased.  3.  A  rod  having  parallel  hairs  strained 
between  raised  ends,  used  with  a  violin  by  draw- 
ing across  the  strings.  4.  A  knot  with  a  loop 
or  loops,  as  of  ribbon,  etc.  5.  Any  one  of 
various  bowshaped  objects,  as  one  of  the  rims 
of  a  pair  of  spectacles  or  one  of  the  curved 
supports  passing  over  the  ears.  [<  AS.  boga, 
<  biigan;  see  bowi,  v.I 

—  bow'skiiof ,  n.  A  knot  so  formed  as  to  be 
readily  untied.— bow  window,  a  projecting 
window  built  up  from  the  ground=level,  with 
curved  ground^plan.    Compare  bay  window. 

bow^,  bau,  w.  1.  The  forward  part  of  a  ves- 
sel: often  in  the  plural.  2.  The  forward  oars- 
man of  a  boat.     [<  Ice.  bogr,  shoulder,  bow. J 

bow'el,  bau'el,  n.  1.  An  intestine;  the  inner 
part  of  anything.  2\\.  pi.  The  intestinal  regions, 
formerly  considered  as  the  seat  of  the  tender 
emotions ;  pity ;  compassion ;  heart.  [  <  L."' + of 
botellvs,  dim.  of  botulus,  sausage,  intestine.] 

bowser,  bau'gr,  n.  A  shady  recess;  a  retired 
dwelling;  private  apartment;  arbor;  boudoir. 
[<  AS.  bur,  chamber,  <  buan,  dwell.] 

bow'ie=knife'',  bu'i«naif"  or  bO'i»naif',  n. 
[U.  S.]  A  strong  hunting-knife.  [<  James 
Botvie,  Texas,  1790-1836,  its  inventor.] 

bowl,  bOl,  t;.  I.  t.  1.  To  hit  with  anything 
rolled;  knock  down;  prostrate.  2.  To  carry 
or  trundle  along  on  wheels.  3.  Cricket.  To 
deliver  (a  ball).  II.  i.  1.  To  play  at  bowls. 
2.  To  roll  a  bowl  or  other  round  object.  3. 
To  move  smoothly  and  swiftly  forward,  as  on 
wheels.    4.  Cricket.    To  deliver  a  ball. 

—  bowl'er,  n.  1.  One  who  plays  at  bowls. 
2.  Cricket.    The  player  who  delivers  the  ball. 

bowlSn.  A  concave  domestic  vessel,  nearly 
hemispherical  and  larger  than  a  cup;  a  large 
goblet.  [<  AS.  bolla:  so  called  from  its 
rounded  shape;  cp.  bole>,  n.] 

bowl",  71.  1.  A  large  wooden  ball  for  playing 
bowle  or  tenpins.  2.  A  turn  or  inning  at  a 
game  of  bowls.  [  <  F.  boule,  <  L.  bulla,  buoble.] 

—  bowls,  bolz,  n.  pi.  [Eng.l  An  open-air 
game  pliiyeu  wltii  one-sided  or  weighted  balls. 

bow'sprit,  bo'sprit,  w.    A  8i)ar  projecting  for- 
ward from  the  bow  of  a  vessel. 
box^',  hex,vt.    1.  To  put  into  or  enclose  in  a 


box:  often  with  ^lp.  2.  To  furnish  with  a 
bushing  or  box. 

box^S  V.  I.  /.  To  cuff  or  buffet.  II.  i.  To 
spar  with  boxing-gloves.  [<  Dn.  6a^A;e,  slap, 
strike.]  —  box'er,  n.  A  pugilist.—  box'ing, 
n.    Sparring;  pugilism. 

boxi,n.  1..  A  receptacle  or  case  of  wood  or 
other  material.  2.  Any  one  of  various  objects 
or  receptacles  resembling  a  box,  as  an  axle* 
bearing,  the  raised  seat  of  a  coach,  etc.  3. 
The  quantity  contained  in  a  box  or  that  a  box 
will  hold.  [<  AS.  box,  <  L.  buxum,  anything 
made  of  box=wood,  <  buxiis,  box=tree.] 

box2,  n.    A  slap  or  cuff  on  the  ear  or  the  cheek. 

box3  ,n.  1 .  A  small  tree  or  shrub  of  the  spurge 
family,  of  the  Old  World;  a  dwarf  variety  of 
which  is  used  for  garden»edgings.  2.  Box- 
wood.    [<  AS.  box,  <  L.  buxus,  box»tree.] 

box''wood'',  bex'wud",  «.  The  yellowish 
close'gramed  wood  of  the  box. 

boy,  bei,  n.  1.  A  male  child;  lad;  youth;  son. 
2.  pi.  Comrades;  fellows.  3.  A  male  serv- 
ant.— boy'hood,  n.  1 .  The  state  or  period  of 
being  a  boy.  2.  Boys  collectively.— boy'ish, 
a.    Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  boys  or  boyhood. 

boy'cott,  bei'cet.  I"*,  vt.  To  combine  against 
by  refusing  to  deal  or  associate  with.  II.  ti. 
Refusal  of  all  dealings  with  a  person  or  per- 
sons. [<  Captain  Boycott,  first  notable  victim 
of  the  system  in  Ireland  (1880-'81).] 

brace,  bres.  I.  vt.  [braced';  bra'cing.]  1. 
To  strengthen;  render  firm;  prop.  2.  To  join 
together  by  a  brace.  II.  n.  1.  A  support,  as 
of  wood  or  metal,  to  hold  something  firmly  in 
j)lace;  in  the  plural,  suspendprs.  2.  A  crank= 
like  handle,  as  for  a  bit.  See  illus.  at  bit.  3. 
A  clasp  or  clamp,  or,  in  writing  and  printing,  a 
doubly  curved  line  i~^)  for  uniting  words, 
etc.    4.  A  pair;  couple;  two. 

brace'let,  bres'let,  n.  An  ornamental  band 
encircling  the  wrist  or  arm.     [F.] 

brack'et,  brak'et.  I"*,  vt.  To  provide  with  a 
bracket  or  brackets;  join  with  a  brace;  couple 
together.  II.  n.  1.  Apieceprojectiiifjfrom  a 
wall,  as  to  support  a  shelf;  a  projecting  gas- 
fixture  or  lamp-holder,  etc.  2.  In  printing  or 
writing:  (1)  One  of  two  marks,  [  ],  used  to  en- 
close any  part  of  the  text.  (2)  A  brace.  [< 
L.^p  braca,  pi.  bracae,  breeches.] 

brack'^ista.,  brak'ish,  a.  Somewhat  saline; 
nauseous.     [  <  D.  brak,  brackish.] 

bract,  bract,  n.  A  modified  leaf  in  a  flower- 
cluster.    [<  L.  bractea,  thin  metal  plate.] 

brad,  brad,  n.    1.   A  small  and  slender  nail. 

2.  A  Glaziers'  tack.     [<  Ice.  bivddr,  spike.] 
brag,  brag.    I.  rt.&vi.     [bragged;  brag'- 

GiNo.]  To  boast;  bluff;  vaunt  oneself.  II.  n. 
1.  The  act  of  bragging;  boastfulness;  boast- 
ful language.    2.  The  thing  bragged  of;  boast. 

3.  A  person  who  brags.  [<  OF.  braguer, 
brag;  of  Celtic  orig.] 

—  braff'trart,  lirag'art,  n.    A  vain  boaster. 

braid,  bred.  I'^.vt.  To  weave  together;  plait; 
bind  or  ornament  with  braid.  II.  n.  A  nar- 
row flat  tape  or  strij)  for  binding  or  ornament- 
ing fabrics;  anything  braided  or  plaited.  [< 
AS.  bregdau,  brandish,  weave,  braid.] 

brain,  lirCn,  n.  1.  Anat.  That  part  of  the 
central  nervous  system  that  is  witlun  the  skull; 
hence,  mind;  intellect:  often  in  the  plural.  2. 


papa,  ask;  at,  air;  elgmfint,  thfey,  usege;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erater,  »r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


57 


brake 
breast 


Zool.  The  principal  regulating  ganglion  of  in- 
vertebrates. [<  AS.  bregen.]  —  brain'less,  a. 
Without  brain;  destituteof  intelligence;  senseless. 

brakes  brek,  ^^  [braked;  bra'king.]  I.  ^ 
To  apply  a  brake  to;  reduce  the  speed  of; 
ijruise,  as  flax.    II.  i.    To  act  as  brakeman. 

brake2  [Archaic  or  Obs.],  imp.  of  break,  v. 

brake',  n.  1.  A  device  for  retarding  or  arrest- 
ing the  motion  of  a  vehicle,  a  wheel,  etc.  2. 
A  harrow.  3.  An  implement  for  separating 
the  flber  of  flax,  hemp,  etc.,  by  bruising.  [< 
LG.  brake,  flax=brake,  <  v  of  break,  v.'] 

—  brake'iiiaii.   brakes'inan,  n.     [-mex, 
pl.^    One  who  tends  a  brake  or  brakes. 

brake2,  n.    A  variety  of  fern;  bracken. 

brakes,  n.    A  thicket. 

brain'bl(e,  bram'bl,  n.  The  European  black- 
berry; hence,  any  prickly  shrub. 

bran,  bran,  n.  The  coarse  outer  coat  of  wheat, 
rye,  and  other  cereals.  [F.,  <  W.  fira»,hu8k.] 

branch,  branch.  I',  vt.  &  ri.  To  put  forth 
branches;  separate  into  branches.  II.  a.  Di- 
verging from  or  tributary  to  a  trunk,  stock,  or 
mam  part.  III.  n.  1.  A  secondary  stem  of 
a  tree,  shrub,  or  the  like;  an  offshoot.  2.  A 
separate  part;  side  issue;  division;  depart- 
ment. 3.  A  tributary  stream.  [<  LL.^ 
b7'afjca,  claw.] 
— brancli'let,  n.    A  small  branch;  a  twig. 

brand,  brand.  I^.  vt.  To  mark  with  or  as 
with  ahotiron;  stigmatize;  imprint  indelibly. 
II.  «.  1.  A  burning  stick;  firebrand.  2.  A 
mark  burnt  with  a  hot  iron;  trademark; 
stigma.  3.  Quality;  kind.  4.  A  brandings 
iron.     5.  A  sword.     [<  AS.  brand,  burning] 

bran'dishS  bran'dish,  vt.  To  wave,  shake, 
or  fl()uri^^h  triumphantly  or  defiantly. 

brand'=new',  brand'^niu',  a.  Quite  new; 
fresh  and  bright,    bran'snew'1:  [Colloq.] 

bran'dy,  bran'di,  n.  [bran'diess  pi.]  An 
alcoholic  liquor  distilled  from  wine.  [<  D. 
brandewijn,  brandy,  lit.  burnt  wine.] 

bra'sier,  n.    Same  as  brazier. 

brass,  brgs,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  or 
something  made  of  it.  [  <  AS.  br3es.^,  —  bras'- 
sy,  a.    Covered  with,  made  of,  or  like  brass. 

brat,  brat,  n.    A  child :  contemptuously. 

bra-va''do,  bra-ve'do,  n.  [-dos^  or  -does*,  j)l-] 
Arrogant  defiance  or  menace;  affectation  of 
reckless  bravery.     [<  Sp.  bravada,  <  bravo, 

BRAVE.] 

brave,  brev.  I.  vt.  [braved;  bra'ving.] 
To  meet,  face,  take,  or  treat  with  courage  and 
fortitude;  defy;  dare;  challenge.  II.  a. 
[bra'ver;  bra'vest.]  1.  Having  or  showing 
courage;  intrepid;  courageous.  2il.  Elegant; 
showy;  splendid.  III.  n.  A  man  of  cour- 
age; a  soldier;  a  North-American  Indian  war- 
rior; a  bravo.  [F.]  —  bra'ver-y,  bre'vgr-i,  w. 
[lESi,  pl.'\  1,  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
brave;  valor;  gallantry;  hemism.  2.  Elegance 
of  attire;  show;  splendor;  beauty. 

bra'vo,  bre'vO  or  bra'vo.  I.  n.  [bra'vos^  or 
bra'voes^,  jjI.]  1.  A  daring  villain;  hired 
assassin;  bandit.  2.  A  shout  of  applause. 
II.  hrQ.'\0,  interj.    Good!  well  done!     [It.] 

brawl,  brel.  I.  vt.  &  vt.  To  utter  noisily; 
wrangle;  scold;  flow  noisily,  as  water.  II.  n. 
A  noisy  quarrel  or  wrangle;  a  row;  a  roaring 
of  a  stream.    [=  D.  brallen,  G.  prahlen,  brag.] 


brawn,  bren,  n.  1.  Flesh;  firm  muscle; 
strength.  2.  The  flesh  of  the  boar.  [OHG.of 
brato,  <  bratan,  roast.] 

—  bra-wn'y,  bren'i,  a.    Having  or  character- 
ized by  brawn;  muscular;  strong. 

bray',  bre,  vt.  To  bruise,  pound,  or  mix,  as 
in  a  mortar.     [<  G.  of  brechen,  break.] 

bray 2.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  forth  the  cry  of  an 
ass,  or  any  loud,  harsh,  jarring  sound.  II.  n. 
Any  loud,  harsh  sound,  as  the  cry  of  an  ass. 
[<  LL.oF  bragio,  cry  aloud.] 

braze',  brez,  vt.  [brazed;  bra'zing.]  To 
make  of  or  like  brass;  ornament  with  brass. 

braze^,  vt.  To  join  by  hard  solder.  [<  Ice.f 
brasa,  harden  by  fire.] 

bra'zen,  bre'zn,  a.  1.  Made  of  or  like  brass. 
2.  Impudent;  shameless.  [<  AS.  brsesen,'Of 
brass.] 

breacb,  bric'i.  I',  vt.  To  make  a  breach  in; 
break  throu<jh.  II.  r^  1.  The  act  of  breaking; 
infraction;  infringement.  2.  That  which  is 
broken;  a  gap  or  break.  3.  A  quarrel.  [< 
MHG.o*'  brechen,  or  <  AS.  brecan,  break.] 

bread,  bred,  n.  An  article  of  food  made  of 
flour  or  meal;  also,  food  in  general;  the  neces- 
saries of  life.     [<  AS.  bread;  cp.  brew.]    . 

—  bread'friiit'',  n.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  of 
the  South  Sea  is- 
lands: when  roasted, 
resembling  bread ; 
also,  the  tree.— 
bread'stiifP',  v. 
Material  for  bread; 
grain,  meal,  or  flour. 

breadtb,  bredth, ». 

1.  Measure  or  dis- 
tance from  side  to 
side;  width.  2. 
Catholicity  ;  liber- 
ality 3 .  Thatwhich  Breadfruit, 
has  breadth ;  a  piece 
of  a  fabric.     [<  AS.  brsbdu,  <  brad,  broad.] 

break,  brek,  v.  [broke,  brok,  or  brake 
(poet.);  bro'ken,  brO'kn,  or  broke;  break'- 
iNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  separate  into  parts  or  make 
a  fracture  in,  as  by  a  blow;  rupture  or  shatter. 

2.  To  fail  to  keep;  violate;  transgress;  in- 
fringe. 3.  To  make  bankrupt.  4.  To  degrade, 
as  a  military  officer;  cashier.  5.  To  tame.  II. 
i.  1.  To  become  fractured,  interrupted,  or 
shattered;  burst.  2.  To  begin,  open,  or  change 
suddenly.  3.  To  lose  health,  credit,  etc.;  fail; 
become  bankrupt.  [<  AS.  bi'ecan.]  — break'- 
agre,  n.  1.  A  breaking,  or  being  broken.  2. 
Articles  broken.— break'down'',  n.  The  act 
of  breaking  down;  a  collapse.— break'er,  n. 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  breaks.  2.  A  wave 
of  the  sea  that  breaks  on  a  beach,  etc.— break'- 
iieck''.  I,  a.  Likely  to  break  the  neck;  dan- 
gerous. II.  n.  A  steep  and  dangerous  place.— 
break'wa'-'ter,  n.  A  mole  or  wall  for  pro- 
tecting a  harbor  from  the  force  of  waves. 

break,  n.  1.  An  opening  or  breach;  interrup- 
tion. 2.  A  starting  or  opening  out;  as,  the 
break  of  day. —  break'a-bl(e,  a. 

break'fast,  brek'fast.  I<i.vt.&vi.  To  give 
a  breakfast  to;  eat  breakfast.  II.  n.  The 
first  meal  of  the  day. 

breast,  brest.  I^.  vt.  To  encounter,  buffet, 
or  stem;  bear  the  brunt  of.  II.  ?i.  1.  The 
front  of  the  chest.  2.  One  of  the  mammary 
glands;  the  bosom.    3.  The  seat  of  the  affec- 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ©il;   c   (k);    chat;   dli  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  tbin. 


lireath 
brighten 


58 


tions,  etc.;  the  mind  or  heart.  [<  AS.  breast.] 
—  breast'plate'',  «.  Defensive  plate  armor 
for  the  breast.— breast's  wheel '',n.  A  water* 
wheel  receiving  the  water  on  a  level  with  its 
horizontal  axis.—  breast' work'',  7i.  Fort.  A 
low  temporary  defensive  work;  a  parapet. 

breatll,  breth,  fi.  1.  Air  respired;  an  act  of 
respiration;  life;  respiration.  2.  An  instant; 
breathing' time;  pause.  [<  AS.  Irrseth^  breath, 
odor.]  —  breath'less,  a.  1 .  Out  of  breath.  2. 
Intense  or  eager.  3.  Taking  away  the  breath. 
4.  Without  breath;  dead. 

breatlie,  bridh,  v.  [breathed;  BREATn'mo.] 

1.  ^.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale,  as  air;  respire; 
emit  by  breathing;   utter;  suggest;  manifest. 

2.  To  give  exercise  to;  overtire.  3.  To  rest, 
as  for  breath.  II.  i.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale 
fiir;  respire;  to  be  alive.  2.  To  pause  for 
breath.     3.  To  move  gently,  as  air;  exhale. 

breech.,  brich,  n.  The  posterior  and  lower 
part  of  the  body;  the  rear  end  of  a  gun  or  can- 
non.    [<  AS.  brec,  pi.  of  broc,  breeches.] 

breecll'es,  brich'gz,  n.  2^1-  A  garment  for 
men,  covering  the  waist,  hips,  and  thighs.  [A 
double  pi.,  <  AS.  bf^ec;  see  breech,  w.] 

breecb'ing,  brich'ing,  n.  A  hold-back  strap 
t)as8ing  behind  a  horse's  haunches. 

breed,  brid,  ?;.  [bred,  bred;  breed'ing.]  I. 
I.  1.  To  produce,  as  offspring;  beget;  hatch; 
raise;  hence,  to  originate;  cause.  2.  To  bring 
up;  train.  II.  i.  1.  To  bear,  beget,  or  pro- 
duce young.  2.  To  be  born;  develop;  orig- 
inate.    [<  AS.  brldan.,  <  brod,  brood.] 

breed,  /?.  The  progeny  of  one  stock;  a  race 
or  strain;  a  sort  or  kind. 

breed'ing,  brid'ing,  n.  1.  The  generating, 
bearing,  or  training  of  young.  2.  J^urture  or 
its  effect;  manners,  especially  good  manners. 

breeze,  briz,  n.  A  moderate  current  of  air;  a 
gentle  wind.  [<  F.  bi^ize,  bt^se,  —  Sp.  6ma, 
northeast  wind.]  —  breez'y,  briz'i,  a.  Like  a 
breeze;  airy;  windy;  brisk  o'r  animated. 

bretb'ren,  bredh'ren,  n.  pi.    Brothers. 

bre-vet',  bre-vet'.  l..vt.  [bre-vet'ted'';  bre- 
vet'ting.]  To  raise  to  a  specified  rank  by 
brevet.  II.  a.  Held  or  conferred  by  brevet; 
holding  rank  by  brevet;  brevetted.  III.  n. 
Mil.  A  commission  advancing  an  ofticer  in 
honorary  rank  without  advance  in  pay  or  in 
command.     [F.] 

bre'vi-ar"y,  brl'vi-er"i,  n.  [-ies",  pi.]  JR.  C. 
&  Or.  Cks.  A  prayer«book.  [<  L.  breviarium, 
<  brevis,  short.] 

bre-vier',  brg-vir',  n.    A  size  of  type.     [G.] 

This  line  is  in  brevier. 

brev'i-ty,  brev'i-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  ;;/.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  brief;  brief  time;  conciseness.  [< 
L.  breMtan,  <  brevis,  short.] 

bre'W,  brQ.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  by  fermen- 
tation, as  ale  or  beer;  concoct;  plot;  contrive; 
be  in  process  of  production.  II.  71.  That 
which  18  brewed;  the  product  of  brewing.  |  < 
AS.  bredwan.]  —  hrcw^er,  brfi'yr,  «.— brew'- 
er-y,  brQ'gr-1,  n.  l-iKst,  pi.]  An  establishment 
for  brewing,    brew'shouse"!. 

bribe,  braib.  I.vt.&vi.  [bribed;  bri'bino.] 
To  give  a  bribe  to;  give,  offer,  or  promise 
bribes.  II.  n.  Any  gift  or  emolument  used 
corruptly  to  influence  public  or  official  action; 


anything  that  seduces  or  allures;  an  allure- 
ment. [OF.,  piece  of  bread.]  — bri'ber,  ».— 
bri'ber-y,  w.  [-ies«,  j&;.]  The  giving,  offering, 
or  accepting  of  a  bribe. 

bric'sa^brac",  bric'^a-braC,  n.  Art.  Objects 
of  curiosity  or  for  decoration;  rarities;  an- 
tiques.    [F.] 

brick,  brie.  I',  vt.  To  cover  or  line  with 
bricks.  II.  n.  A  molded  block  of  clay,  usual- 
ly burned  and  about  8i  by  4^  by  2  inches  in  size; 
bricks  collectively.  [<  OD.f  bncke,  brick, 
orig.  fragment.]  —  brick'bal",  n.  A  piece  of 
a  brick. —  brick' skilu",  n.  A  structure  in 
which  bricks  are  burnt. —  brick'lay"er,  n. 
One  who  builds  with  bricks. 

bri'dal,  brai'dal.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  bride 
or  a  wedding;  nuptial.  II.  n.  A  wedding. 
[<  AS.  brpd,  bride,  -f-  ealu.,  ale.] 

bride,  braid,  n.  A  newly  married  woman,  or 
a  woman  about  to  be  married.     [<  AS.  brpd.] 

bride'groom",  braid'grum",  n.  A  man  new- 
ly married  or  about  to  be  married.  [<  AS. 
brj/d,  bride.  +  guma,  man.] 

brides'maid",/?.  A  young  unmarried  woman 
who  attends  a  bride  at  her  w^edding. 

bridge,  brij.  I.  rt.  [bridged;  bridg'ing.] 
To  construct  a  bridge  or  bridges  over;  span; 
get  over;  pass.  II.  }i.  A  structure  erected 
to  afford  pas- 
sage across  a 
waterway  or  the 
like  ;  a  raised 
support.  [< 
AS.  bnjcf/.] 

bri'dle,  brai'- 
dl,   V.      [bui'- 

DLED  ;       BRI'- 

DLiNG.]      I.  t.  Girder  Bridge. 

To  put  a  bridle  on;  check;  curb:  restrain  or 
govern.  II.  i.  To  raise  the  head  and  draw 
m  the  chin,  through  resentment,  pride,  etc. 

bri'dle,  71.  The  liead-harness  of  a  horse,  in- 
cluding bit  and  reins;  any  check;  curb.  [<  AS. 
brJdel^ 

brief,  brif.  I',  vt.  To  epitomize;  abridge.  II. 
a.  Short  in  time  or  space;  quickly  passing; 
of  few  words;  concise;  limited.  III.  ;;.  Any 
short  or  abridged  statement,  as  of  the  law  and 
authorities  in  a  case;  an  epitome.  [<  F.  bref, 
<  L.  brevis,  short.]  —  brlePly,  adv. 

bri'er,  brai'gr,  «.  A  prickly  bush  or  shrub. 
[  <  AS.  b7-dr.]    bri'ar  J.—  bri'er-y ,  a. 

brig,  brig,  n.  A  two»masted  square-rigged 
vessel.     [Abbr.  of  brigantine.] 

bri-gade',  bri-ged'.  Mil.  I.  vf.  [bri-ga'- 
DKi)*";  bri-oa'ding.]  To  form  into  a  brigade. 
II.  71.  A  force  of  two  or  more  regiments  com- 
manded by  a  brigadier-general.     [F.] 

brig"a-dier',  brlg"a-dir',  n.  Mil.  A  general 
otlicer  wlio  commands  a  brigade,  brigadiers 
general^. 

brig'and,  brig'and.n.  Arobber;  a  bandit.  [F.] 
— briif'aiul-aife,  n.    1.  liobberj-.    2.  Brig- 
ands collectively. 

bright,  brciit.  a.  Full  of  light;  shining;  brilliant; 
quick- wilted;  cheery;  auspicious;  illustrious. 
I  <  AS.  briht,  bright.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  «. 

bright'en,  brait'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
become  bright  or  brighter;  illuminate;  cheer; 
distinguish. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usege;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  riile;  bot,  in; 


59 


l>rilliance 
broom 


bril'liance,    I  bril'yans, -yan-si,  n.  Thequal- 
bririian-cy,  f  ity  of  being  brilliant;  bright- 

iK'ss;  luster. 
bririiant,  bril'yant.  I.  a.  Sparkling  or  glow- 
ing with  luster  or  light;  very  bright;  showy; 
accomplished;  illustrious;  splendid.  II.  n.  1. 
A  diamond  of  the  finest  cut.  2.  The  smallest 
size  of  type. 

Thi.liD.i<setmBrnii>nt. 

[  <  F.  brillant,  ppr.  of  driller,  sparkle.] 
— brilf  liant-Iy,  a(/».— bril'liant-ness,  n. 

brim,  brim.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  [brimmed;  brim'- 
MiNG.]  To  fill  or  be  filled  to  the  brim.  II.  n. 
The  rim  of  a  cup;  the  margin  of  a  river;  a  pro- 
jecting rim,  as  of  a  hat.  [AS.  6nm,  surf.]  — 
bl•illl'ful''^a.  Full tothe brim.  briiii'luH'^i. 

brim'stone,  brim'ston,  n.  Sulfur.  [ME. 
breimen.  burn,  -f  ston,  <  AS.  stdn,  stone.] 

brin'ded,  brin'ded,  a.  Irregularly  streaked. 
[  <  Ice.    brandr.]    brin''dledj. 

brin'dlCe,  brin'dl.  I.  a.  Brindled.  II.  «. 
.\  brindled  color,  or  a  brindled  animal. 

brine,  brain,  n.  Water  strongly  impregnated 
with  salt;  sea^water;  the  ocean;  tears.  [< 
AS.  bryne,  salt  liquor.]  — bri'ny,  a. 

bring,  bring,  vt.   [brought,  bret;  bring'ing.'' 

1.  'lo  convey,  carry,  or  conduct  to  or  toward 
the  place  where  the  speaker  is,  or  is  to  be,  or  is 
thought  of  as  being;    cause  to  come;  fetch. 

2.  To  influence;  persuade.  3.  To  cause;  pro- 
duce; yield;  return;  render.  4.  To  exchange 
for;  fetch  as  a  price.     [<  AS.  biingan.] 

brink,  brink,  n.  1.  The  verge  of  a  steep 
place,  or  of  a  dangerous  condition,  action, 
event,  or  time.  2.  The  margm  of  any  water; 
bank;  shore.     [<  Dn.  bri//k%  Verge.] 

brisk,  a.  1.  C^uick,  sprightly,  or  vivacious; 
spirited;  lively.  2.  Sharp  or  stimulating;  ef- 
fervescent.   [Prob.  Celt.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  7i. 

bris'ket,  bris'ket,  n.   The  breast  of  an  animal. 

bris'tle,  bris'l,  v.     [bris'tled;  bris'tling.] 

1.  I.  To  erect  as  or  like  bristles;  cover  as  with 
bristles:  make  bristly;  excite;  irritate;  agitate. 
II.  i.    1.  To  be  thickly  beset,  as  with  bristles. 

2.  To  erect  the  bristles;  show  anger:  often  with 
up.    3.  To  become  erect  like  bristles.     • 

bris'tle,  n.  A  coarse,  stiflf  hair,  as  of  swine. 
[ME.  bristle,  berstle,  dim.  of  AS.  byrst,  bristle.] 
—  bris'tly,  bris'll,  a.  Having  or  resembling 
bristles. 

Brifisb,  brit'ish.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Great 
Britain,  the  United  Kingdom,  or  the  British 
empire.  Bri-tan'nic:J:.  II.  n.  1.  jil-  The 
people  of  Great  Britain.  2.  The  language  of 
the  ancient  Britons.  [<  AS.  Bryttisc,  <  Bryt- 
tas,  Britons.] 

Brit'on,  brit'un,  n.  1.  One  of  the  ancient 
Celtic  people  of  Great  Britain.  2.  A  native 
cr  citizen  of  Great  Britain. 

brit'tle,  brit'l,  a.  Liable  to  break;  fragile.  [< 
AS.  breotan,  break.]  —  brit'tle-iiess,  n. 

broacb,  brOch.  I',  vt.  1.  To  mention  or  in- 
troduce (a  matter);  make  public.  2.  To  tap, 
rsacask.  II.  n.  1.  A  boring-tool;  reamer. 
2.  A  brooch.     [<  lA^.^  broca,  spike.] 

broad,  bred  a.  1.  Extended  in  lateral  meas- 
urement; wide;  expanded;  vast.  2.  Compre- 
hensive; catholic;  liberal;  tolerant.  3.  Strong, 
rude,  or  coarse,  as  speech.     [<  AS.  brdd.^ 


—  broad'casf .  1.  vt.  To  cast,  scatter,  or 
disseminate  widely.  II.  a.  Cast  or  scattered 
abroad,  as  seed.  HI.  n.  Agric.  A  casting  or 
scattering  of  seed,  etc.,  over  the  ground.  Iv. 
adv.  By  scattering  abroad,  or  so  as  to  scatter 
abroad  or  disseminate.—  broad'cloth'",  n.  A 
fine  quality  of  black  cloth.—  broad'side''.  I. 
n.  1 .  All  the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  man  of  war, 
or  their  simultaneous  discharge;  any  sweeping 
attack,  "i,  A  vessel's  side  above  the  water-line. 
3.  A  large  sheet  of  paper,  printed  on  one  side. 
II.  adv.  With  the  broadside  turned,  presented, 
or  exposed.— broad'sword'',  n.  A  sword  with 
a  broad  cutting  blade  and  obtuse  point. 

—  broad'iy,  «dt'.— broad'ness,  n. 
broad'en,  bred'n,  vt.  &  vi.    To  make  or  be- 
come broad  or  broader. 

bro-cade',  bro-ked',  n.    A  silken  fabric  woven 

with  raised  figures.     [<  LL.I'+^^p  broca,  stake.] 
bro^chure',  brO'shiir',  n.  A  pamphlet;  slight 

sketch.     [F.] 
bro'gan,  bro'gan,  n.    A  coarse,  heavy  shoe. 

[<  Gael,  brogan,  dim.  of  Irrdg,  shoe.] 
brogue,  brOg,  n.    A  dialectic  (especially  Irish) 

pronunciation  of  English. 
broil,  breil,  vt.  &  vi.    To  cook  by  direct  heat, 

as  over  coals.     [  <  OF.  bj-uiller.] 
broil',;?.  A  turmoil;  noisy  quarrel;  brawl.    [< 

F.  brainller,  confuse.] 
broil^,  n.    Something  broiled;  a  broiling  heat. 
broke,  imp.  of  bkeak,  v. 
bro'ken,  bro'kn,  j)p.  (of  break,  v.)  &  pa. 

Shattered;  crushed;  tamed;  infirm;  bankrupt; 

interrupted;  disordered;  irregular. 

—  bro'keu-Iy,  acto.— bro'keii-ness,  n. 
bro'ker,  bro'kgr,  n.    One  who  buys  and  sells 

for  another  on  commission.  [AS.  Irucan,  use.] 

—  bro'ker-agre,  n.  The  business  or  com- 
mission of  a  broker. 

bro'ma,  brO'ma,  n.  1.  The  dry  powder  of 
cacao'seeds,  or  a  beverage  prepared  therefrom. 
2.  Med.    Solid  food.     [<  Gr.  broma.] 

bron'chi-al,  bren'ki-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  tiie  chief  air-passages  of  the  lungs. 

—  bronchial  tubes,  the  two  subdivisions 
of  the  trachea,  conveying  air  into  the  lungs.  — 
bron-chi'tis,  bren-cal'tls  or  -ki'tis,  n.  Pathol. 
Inflammation  of  the  bronchial  tubes. 

bron'co,  bren'cO,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  native  horse; 
mustang.  [  <  Sp.  bronco,  rough.]  bron'clio:|:. 

bronz(e,  brenz.  I.  vt.  [bronz(e)d;  bronz'- 
ING.]  To  harden  or  color  like  bronze;  brown ; 
tan.  II.  «.  A  reddish^brown  alloy  of  copper 
and  tin,  or  a  statue  made  of  it;  a  bronze-like 
pigment.     [<  OHG.i'+f  brun,  brown.] 

brooch,  brOch  or  bruch,  n:    A  breastpin.     [= 

BROACH,  n.] 

brood'',  brud,  v.  1.  t.  To  cover  with  body 
and  wings,  as  a  bird  its  young;  cherish;  nurse. 
II.  i.  1.  To  sit,  as  a  b'ird,  on  eggs  or  over  its 
young.     2.  To  meditate  long  or  moodily. 

brood,  w.  1.  All  the  young  birds  of  a  single 
hatching;  all  the  young  of  the  same  female; 
young  creatures  collectively;  offspring;  prog- 
eny.   2.  Species;  kind;  race.     [<  AS.  brod.] 

brooks  bruk,  vt.  To  put  up  with;  endure; 
tolerate.     [<  AS.  brucan,  use,  enjoy.] 

brook,  w.  A  small  natural  stream;  a  rivulet. 
[  <  AS.  broc,  brook.]  —  brook''let,  n.  A  little 
brook. 

broom,  brum,  n.  1.  A  brush  attached  to  a 
long  handle  for  sweeping.     2.  Any  shrub  of 


fiutiilre    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   ell;    c   (k);    chat;   dlk   ithe);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


broth 
buckram 


60 


the  bean  family,  with  stiff  green  branches.    [  < 
AS.  brom,  broom;  orig.  a  kind  of  shrub.] 

—  brooin'scorn",  ".    A  cane=]ike  grass,  of 
which  brooms  are  made.— brooin'stick'',  n. 

The  handle  of  a  broom. 

brotb,  breth,  n.  A  fluid  food  made  by  boiling 
flesh,  vegetables,  etc.,  in  water;  a  thin  or 
strained  soup.     [AS.] 

brotb'er,  brodh'gr,  n.  [broth'ers  or  breth'- 
REN,  bredh'ren,  pl.^^  1.  A  son  of  the  same 
parents  or  parent.  2.  One  closely  united  with 
another  or  others,  as  by  religious,  political,  or 
family  bond:  also  used  adjectivally.  [<  AS. 
brothar.^  —  broth-'er-hood,  n.  Fraternal  rela- 
tionship; a  society  orfraternlty.— brotli'er-Iy, 
a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  brother;  fraternal. 

brougb'am.,  bru'am,  n.    A   kind   of   clos3 
four»vvheeled  vehicle  for  two 
or   four   persons.      [<    Lord 
Brougham.} 

brought,  brSt,  imp.  &  pp.  of   _         _ 

br5w?'brau,  n.     1.  The  front  ^Brougham, 
upper  part  of  the  head;  the  forehead;  the  eye- 
brow;   the  countenance  in  general.     2.  The 
upper  edge  of  a  clrflf  or  the  like.     [<  AS.  bru.] 

brow^beat",  brau'bit",  vt.  [brow'beat"; 
brow'beat'en;  brow'beat"ing.]  To  in- 
timidate by  stern,  overbearing  manner;  cow; 
bully. 

brown,  braun.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  be- 
come brown;  bronze;  tan.  II.  a.  Of  the 
dusky  or  tawny  color  known  as  brown.  III. 
n.  A  dark  color,  shading  toward  red,  yellow, 
or  black,  as  the  color  of  faded  leaves;  also,  a 
pigment  or  dye  used  to  produce  it;  a  thing  or 
part  that  is  brown.     [<  AS.  brun.] 

brown'ie,  braun'i,  n.  A  homely  good-na- 
tured sprite. 

browse,  brauz,t'<.,&^i.  [browsed;  brows'- 
ing.]  To  feed  upon  (leaves,  twigs,  etc.);  also, 
to  graze.     [<  MHG.o*"  broz,  shoot.] 

bru^in,  bru'in,  n.    A  bear.     [D.] 

bruise,  bruz,  v.  [bruised;  bruis'ing.1  I. 
t.  1.  To  batter  in  or  dent  without  breaking: 
contuse.  2.  To  pound  small;  crush,  as  in  a 
mortar.  II.  i.  To  use  the  fists  in  boxing  or 
fighting;  box.     [<  OF.  brviser,briser.,  break.] 

—  br u  is'er,  n.    A  pugilist. 

bruise,  n.  A  surface  injury  caused  by  violent 
contact;  contusion. 

bruit,  brOt.  I'',  vt.  &  vi.  To  noise  abroad; 
report;  proclaim.  II.  n.  A  rumor  noised 
abroad;  a  din;  clamor.      [F.,  <  bruire^roax.] 

bru-nette',  brQ-net',  n.  A  wo:nan  or  girl  of 
dark  complexion,  eyes,  and  hair.     [F.] 

brunt,  brunt,  v.  The  main  shock  or  stress; 
hardest  i)art.    [  <  Ice.  biijria,  advance  like  fire.] 

brush',  brush,  zj.  I./.  1.  To  use  a  brush  on; 
sweep;  touch  lightly.  2.  To  furnish  with 
brushwood;  bush.  11.  i.  To  move  lightly 
and  (juickly,  often  with  a  touch. 

brush,  n.  1.  An  ini piemen t,  as  of  bristles,  for 
cleansing,  smoothing,  etc.  2.  The  act  of 
brushing.  3.  A  thicket;  wooded  country: 
brushwood.  4.  A  bushy  object,  as  the  tall  of 
the  fox,  5.  A  smart  skirmish;  a  dashingride; 
chase.     [<  OWG. ^^' ^ ^^  binista,  bristle.] 

—  brush' woo<l'',  n.    1.  A  low  thicket;  un- 
derwood.   '■Z.  Cut  bushes,  or  branches. 


Rude  or  curt; 
[<;  It.f   Irrusco, 


brusk,       \  brusk,  briisk,  a. 

brusque,  (blunt;   offhand. 
rude. J     -ly,  adi:.    -iiess,  n. 

brute,  brut.  I.  a.  1.  Wanting  the  rational 
faculty;  merely  animal;  unintelligent;  also, 
sensual;  brutal.  2.  Merely  material;  uncon- 
scious; dead.  II.  n.  Any  animal  other  than 
man,  as  a  horse,  dog,  etc.;  a  brutal  person. 
[<  L.F  b7'utu8,  stupid.] 

—  bru'tal,  a.  1.  Characteristic  of  or  like  a 
brute;  sensual;  cruel;  savage,  tj.  [Recent.]  Un- 
feeling; rude;  coarse.  L<  L.  hrutu.<i,  stupid.!  — 
bru-tal'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  p?.]  The  being  brutal; 
a  brutal  action.— bru''tal-iize,  vt.  L-izkd;  -i"- 
zrxG.l  To  make  brutal.—  bru'tal-lj%  adv.— 
bru'tish,  a.  Pertaining  to,  characteristic  of, 
or  resembling  brutes;  stupid;  Irrational;  sensual; 
gross.— bru'ti8h-ly,a(/».—bru'tisb-ne8s,«. 

bub'ble,  bub'l.  I.  vi.  [bub'bled;  bub'- 
BLiNG.]  1.  To  form  bubbles;  rise  in  bubbles. 
2.  To  make  an  intermittent  liquid  sound.  II. 
n.  1.  A  vesicle  of  liquid,  filled  with  air  or 
other  gas.  2.  Anvthing  unsubstantial;  a  delu- 
sion; cheat;  fraud.  3.  The  process  or  sound 
of  liubbling.     [Scand.  or  D.] 

buc'^ca-neer',  '  buc"a-nir',  n.    A  pirate  or 

buc^'a-nier',     T  freebooter. 

bucks  l)uk,  V.  I.  t.  1.  Mil.  To  punish  by 
fastening  the  elbows,  wrists,  and  knees  to- 
gether. 2.  To  throw  (a  rider)  by  bucking. 
II.  i.  To  spring  viciously  from  the  ground, 
as  a  horse  or  mule.     [<  bucri,  ?>.] 

bucks  n.  1.  The  male  of  various  animals,  as 
of  deer,  rabbits,  etc.  2.  A  dashing  fellow;  a 
young  blood.    [  <  AS.  bucca,  he»goat.] 

buck2,  n.    Tlie  act  of  bucking. 

buck''=bas"ket,  n.  A  basket  for  soiled 
clothes. 

buck'board",  buk'bord',  n.  [U.  S.]  A 
light,  four»wheeled  vehicle  having  a  long  elas- 
tic board  in  place  of  body  and  spnngs. 

buck'et,  buk'et,  n.  1.  A  deep  cylindrical 
vessel,  with  a  "bail,  for  dipping  or  carrying 
liquids.  2.  [Local,  U.  S.]  A  pail.  3.  As 
much  as  a  bucket  will  hold,  buck'et-fulj. 
4.  A  compartment  on  a  water-wheel,  or  the 
like.     [ME.  boket,  dim.  of  AS.  bui\  pitcher.] 

buck'eye",  buk'ai',  n.  The  horse»chestnut 
of  the  United  States. 

buck'lei,  buki,  v.    [buck'usd;  buck'ling.] 
I.  t.    To  fasten  with  or 
as  with  a  buckle.    II.  i. 
To  apply  oneself  vigor- 
ously; grapple. 

buck'le'^  vt.  &  vi.  To 
bend,  warp,  curl,  or 
crumple.  [<  F.  boucler, 
bulge.] 

buckles   n.      A  metal 
frame      with      movable 
tongue,     for     fastening 
straps,  etc.    [  <  F.  tx)ude.     /._ 
<    L.    buccula,  dim.  of  ^ 
bt/rca,  cheek.] 

buck'le^,  n.  A  bend; 
distortion. 

buck'ler,  buc'ler.  n.  A 
sniikll  round  shield;  a  plate 
or  protective  covering  on  various  animals. 

buck'ram,  buc'ram.  I.  a.  Of  or  like  buck- 
ram; stiff;  precise.    II. /<.   A  coarse  glue-sized 


papfl,  Cfsk;  at,  air;  el©m§nt,  t)ifey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


61 


buckshot 
bullock 


like  shepherds  or  herdsmen ;  pastoral.  II.  n. 
pastoral  poem. 


fabric,  for  stiffening  garments.    [<  OF.  bau- 

caran,  coarse  cloth.] 
buck'sbot",  buk'shet",  n.    Large  shot,  used 

in  hunting  large  game,  as  deer. 
buck'skin",  buk'skin".    I.  a.     Made  of  or 

colored  like  buckskin.    II.  n.    The  skin  of  a 

buck;  a  soft,  strong,  grayish=yellow  leather,  or 

something  made  of  or  resembling  it. 
buck'wbeat",  buk'hwtt",  n.    A  plant,  or  its 

seeds,  from  which  a  kind  of  flour  is  made.     [< 

AS.  boc,  beech,  +  wheat.] 
bu-col'ic,  biu-cel'ic.    I.  a.    Pertaining  to  or 

■    ""        A 

[  <  Gr.  bovkolikos,  <  bo>/s,  ox.] 

bild,  bud^tj.    [bud'ded<i;  bud'ding.]    I.  ^  1. 

To  graft  by  inserting  a  bud  into  the  slit  bark. 

2.  To  put  forth,  as  buds.    II.  i.     1.  To  put 

forth  a  bud  or  buds.    2.  To  begin  to  grow. 
bud,  n.    1.  An  undeveloped  stem,  branch,  or 

shoot.    2.  The  act  or  stage  of  budding.    3. 

Zool.  A  bud=like  projection,  as  in  polyps,  etc., 

developing  into  a  new  individual. 
budge,  buj,  ri.  &  ri.     [budged;  budg'ing.] 

To  move  a  little;  stir;  give  way;  go. 
budg'et,  buj'gt,  ti.    Formerly,  a  small  sack  or 

its  contents;  a  collection  of  news;  financial 

estimate.     [<  F.  hoitgette,  dim.  of  bouge,  bag.] 
buff,  buf.  I.  a.  Madeof  or  of  the  color  of  buff= 

leather;  brownish=yello\v.    II.  n.    1.  A  thick, 

soft,  flexible  leather.    buffMeath'^ert.    2. 

Its  color,  a  light  yellow.     3.  A  coat  made  of 

buff=leather.    [  <  LL.^  biifalus;  see  buffalo.] 

buf'fa-lo,  buf'a-lo,  n.  [-loes^  or  -los'',  pi.}  1. 

A  large  Old  World  ox,  now  largely  domesti- 
cated.    2.  The  North' 

American  bison.    [It., 

<  Gr.i'  bonbalos,  Afri- 
can antelope.]  \ 
buffer,  buf'er,  n.    A  \\ 

device    for    lessening  vj 

the  shock  of  concus-  ' 

sion.     [<  OF.  buffe,  a 

blow.] 
bu^fet^  buf'et,  vt.  & 

ri.     To    strike;    beat 

with  repeated  blows; 

struggle  against;  con- 

tenoT  I 

buff eti ,  buf 'et  or  bii"- 

fe',  n.    1.  A  sideboard 

room.     [F.] 
buffet^,  bof'et,  «.    A  blow;  cuff;  assault.  [< 

OF.  buffet,  dim.  of  bnffe,  blow.] 
buf-foon',  buf-fun',  n.    A  professional  clown; 

low  jester.     [<  It.F  bvffone,  <  buffa,  jest.] 

—  buf-foon''er-y,  M.    [-ies«,  jo/.]   Low  droll- 
ery or  coarse  jokes,  as  of  a  buffoon. 
bus,  bugi  n-    Any  one  of  various  insects  or 

small  crustaceans.     [<  W.  bwg,  specter.] 
bug'bear"',  bug'bar",  n.    An  imaginary  ob- 
ject   of    terror;     a    specter. 

bug'a-boo:J. 
bug'gy,  bug'i,  n.   [bug'gies^, 

j)l\      A    light    four=wheeled 

vehicle    with    or    without    n 

hood:     when    with    a    hood, 

called    a    top'bvggy.       [Op. 

Hind,  baggl,  gig.]  Top^buKKy. 

bu'gle,  biu'gl,  a.    Of,  resembling,  or  adorned 

with  bugles, 


Buffalo.    V45 
2.  A  public  lunch» 


See  BUGi  e2,  n. 


bu'gle',  n.    A  wind«instrument  resembling  a 
horn  or  trumpet;  a  huntsman's  1 
horn.      bu'gle=horn''±. 
[OF.,  an  ox.J 

—  bungler,  blu'gler,  n.    One 
who  plays  on  the  bugle. 


bu'gle^,    71.      A   tube»shaped 


Bugle. 


bead.      [<  MYiG.^^  bouc,  bong,  ring, 
bracelet.] 

buhl,  bul,  n.  Metal  or  tortoise»shell  inlaid  in 
furniture;  also,  cabinet»work  so  decorated.  [  < 
Bovle  French  artist.] 

build,  bild,  v.  [built'  or  build'ed'';  build'- 
iNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  frame,  construct,  or  erect, 
as  a  dwelling,  a  ship,  etc.  2.  To  fabricate; 
establish;  found.  3.  To  renew;  strengthen: 
usually  with  i/p.  II.  ^.  1.  To  follow  the  busi- 
ness of  building;  form;  construct.  2.  To  rely; 
depend:  with  on  or  vpon.  [<  AS.  byldan,  < 
bold,  house.] 

—  build,  71.  The  manner  or  style  in  which 
anything  is  built;  form;  figure.— build'er,  n.— 
build'ing,  ?i.  1.  That  which  is  built;  an  edifice. 
ti.  The  art,  business,  act,  or  process  of  building. 

bulb,  bulb,  n.  1.  Bot.  A  cluster  of  thickened, 
scalc'like  leaves,  growing  usually  underground. 
2.  Any  protuberance  resembling  a  plant-bulb. 
[<  Gr.i'  bolbos,  bulbous  root.]  —  biiU/ous,  a. 
1 .  Bot.  Having  or  growing  from  bulbs.  3.  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  like  a  bulb. 

bulge,  bulj.  I,  vt.  &vi.  [bulged;  bul'ging.] 
To  swell  out  or  be  protuberant;  press  out  of 
shape.  II.  n.  The  most  convex  part,  as  of  a 
cask;  a  protuberant  part;  swelling.     [Scand.] 

bulk,  bulk,  n.  1.  Magnitude;  mass;  volume; 
size;  a  large  body.  2.  The  principal  part; 
main  body;  majority.     [<  Ice.  bidki,  heap.] 

— biilk'y,  a.  [bulk'i-ek;  bulk'i-est.J  Huge; 
large:  unwieldy.— bulk'i-ness,  11. 

bulk'he(a)d''^,  bulk'hed";  r>.  A  compartment 
or  partition,  as  in  a  ship  or  mine. 

bull,  bul,  vt.  To  speculate  for  an  advance  in 
the  price  of,  as  stocks. 

bull',  n.  1.  The  male  of  domestic  cattle  or  of 
some  other  animals.  2.  Finance.  A  dealer 
who  seeks  or  expects  higher  prices.  [  <  an  AS. 
word  seen  in  the  dim.  bulluca;  see  bullock.] 

bull2,  n.  An  official  document  of  the  Pope, 
sealed  with  a  leaden  seal ;  rescript;  edict.  [< 
LL.  bulla,  edict,  seal,  <  L.  bulla,  boss,  knob.] 

bull3,  n.  A  ridiculous  blunder  in  speech.  [Cp. 
OF.  boule,  fraud.] 

bull'dog'',  bul'deg",  n.  A  squat  and  muscu- 
lar dog  with  flat  head  and  projecting  under 
jaw,  remarkable  for  the  tenacity  of  its  grip. 

biilFdoze^',  \>nVAoz",vt.  [bull'dozed";  bull'- 
do"zing.]  [Slang,  U.  S.]  To  intirpidate;  bully. 
[Explained  as  <  dose  of  the  bull=whip.] 

bul'let,  bul'et,  n.  A  small  projectile  for  a 
firearm.     [<  L.f  bulla,  knob.] 

burie-tin,  bul'g-tin.  I.  vt.  To  make  public 
by  bulletin.  II.  n.  A  brief  official  summary, 
publication,  or  placard.     [F.] 

bulFfinch'',  bul'finch",  n.  A  singing  bird 
having  a  short  stout  bill. 

bull'frog'",  bul'freg",  n.  A  large  Korth= Amer- 
ican frog,  with  a  bellowing  cry. 

bul'lion,  bul'yun,  n.  Gold  or  silver  uncoined 
or  in  mass.     [<  LL.^  Inllus,  log.] 

bul'lock,  bul'uc,  n.  An  ox  over  four  years 
old.     I  <  AS.  bulluca.} 


fiut|are  (future);   aisle;   au  (put):,    eil;  c  (k);  cliat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,  i^k;  thin. 


bull's=eye 
burlap 


62 


buU's'seye",  bulz'«ai",  n.  The  center  of  a 
target,  or  a  shot  that  hits  it;  a  circular  window; 
a  thick  disk  or  lens  of  glass,  or  a  lantern  fitted 
with  one;  a  small  perforated  wooden  block. 

bul'ly,  bul'i,  V.    [bul'lied,  -lid;  bul'ly-ing.] 

I.  t.     To  browbeat;  terrorize;  drive;  coerce. 

II.  i.    To  be  quarrelsome  and  blustering. 
bul'ly.    I.  a.     [bul'li-er;  bul'li-est.]     1. 

[Slang.]     Excellent;  admirable.    2.  Quarrel- 
some; blustering.     II.  W.     [BUL'L^ES^  p^.]    A 

quarrelsome,  swaggering,  cowardly  fellow. 
bul'rusb'',    bul'rush',  n.     A  tall   rush-like 

plant  growing  in  damp  gi'ound  or  water. 
bul'wark,  bul'wark,  n.    A  defensive  wall  or 

rampart;  fortification;  defense;  the  raised  side 

of  a  ship,  above  the  upper  deck.     [<  Dn.  bul, 

trunk  of  a  tree,  -\-  vserk^  work.] 
bum'ble-bee'',  bum'bl-bi",  n.  A  large,  hairy, 

social   bee.     buin'ble- 

bee'^i.    [Imitative.] 
bum'mer,     bum'gr,     n. 

[U.    S.J       A    plundering 

straggler  of  the  army;  a 

worthless  loafer.     [Cp.  G. 

bummler^  loafer.] 
bump,  bump,    I',  vt.    To     Bumblebee.    2, 

bring  or  come  into    collision  with;    thump; 

knock;  jolt.    II.  n.    1.  A  violent  impact  or 

collision;  a  heavy  blow.    2.  A  protuberance 

like  that  caused  by  a  blow. 
bump'eri,  bump'gr,  ii.     1.  Something  that 

bumps  or  causes  a  bump.    2.  A  buffer. 
bump'er^,  n.    A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim. 

[Corr.  of  BOMBARD, leather  liquor  jug.] 
bump'kln,  bump'kin,  n.  An  awkward  rustic; 

a  clown;  lout.     [For  boomkin,  small  boom.] 
bun,  bun,  n.    A  small  sweet  cake. 
bunch.,  bunch.    I',  vt.  &vi.    To  make  into  or 

form  a  bunch  or  bunches;   collect;    gather; 

group.  II.  n.  1.  A  compact  collection;  group; 

cluster.    2.    A  hunch;   hump;   protuberance. 

[<  Ice.  bunki,  heap.]  —  bunch'y,  a.    Being, 

growing  in,  or  having  bunches;  like  a  bunch. 
bun^dlCe,  bun'dl,  v.  [bun'dlkd;  bun'dling.] 

I.  t.  1.    To  make  into  a  bundle:  often  with 
vf).    2.  To  dismiss  or  dispose  of  summarily. 

II.  i.    To  pack  up  and  be  otf. 
bun'd.l(e,  n.    A  package;  group;  collection. 

[<  AS.  byndele,  <  bindan,  bind.] 
bung,  bung,  n.    A  stopper,  for  the  large  hole 

through  which  a  c.-xsk  is  filled;  also,  the  hole 

itself.    bung'»liole''$. 
bun^gl(e,  buy'gl.    I.  vt.  &  vi.     [bun'oled; 

BUN'GLiNo.]   To  make  or  do  badly  orclumsily; 

botch.    II.  n.    An  awkward,  clumsy,  and  im- 
perfect job  or  performance;  botch.     [<  Sw. 

dial.  ban(/la,  work  ineffectually.] 
— bunsf'Ier.  ;».— bun'arlina:, pa.  Awkward; 

clurtisy;  unskilful. 
bun'lon,  bun'yun,  n.    A  painful  swelling  of 

the   joint  at  the  base  of  the  great  toe.     [< 

Ice.oF  +  it  ifunga,  elevation.] 
bunk,  bupk.   I',  vi.   To  sleep  in  a  bunk;  to  go 

to  bed.    II.  71.    A  small  compartment,  shelf, 

or  recess,  etc.,  used  as  a  sleeping-place. 
bun'ker,  buu'kgr,  n.    A  large  receptacle,  as  a 

coal>hin  on  a  ship. 
bun'ting' ,  bun'ting,  n.    A  light,  woolen  stuff 

used  for  flags;  hence,  flags,  etc. 
bun'tlng^,  ?i.     A  bird  related  to  the  finches. 


Buntuigs. 
The  Snow=bunting.    3. 
The  Comsbunting. 

3. 


bunt'line,  bunt'lin,  n.    Xaut.    A  rope  used 

in  hauling  a  square  sail 

up  to  the  yard. 
btm'yon,   n.       Same  as 

BUNIOX. 

buoy,  bei.  I.  vt.  1. 
To  keep  afloat;  support; 
sustain.  2.  To  mark 
with  buoys.  II.  n.  A 
float  moored,  as  on  a 
rock  or  shoal,  as  a  guide 
to  navigators.  [<  L. 
boia,  halter.] 

buoy'ant,  bei'ant,  a. 
Having  the  power  or 
tendency  to  float  or  keep 
afloat;  vivacious;  cheer- 
ful; hopeful,  -ly,  adv. 
— buoy'an-cy,  bel'an- 
si,  n.  1 .  Power  or  tendency  to  keep  afloat. 
Elasticity  of  spirits;  cheerfulness. 

bur,     I  bur,  n.     [Commonly  bur  in  literary  and 

burr,  \  botanical,  burr.,  in  mechanical  uses.]  1. 
A  rough  or  prickly  flower»head,  or  the  like.  2. 
The  burdock.  3.  A  protuberance;  lump.  4.  An 
impediment  or  unwelcome  adherent.  See  burr. 

bur'bot,  bur'bgt,  n.  A  fish  with  barbels  on 
the  nose  and  chin.     [<  F.  bourbotte.] 

bur'den,  biJr'dn,  vt.    To  load  or  overload. 

bur'deni ,  n.  1 .  Something  heavy  that  is  borne 
or  carried;  a  load.  2.  The  carrving  capacity  of 
a  vessel.  [<  AS.  byrthen,  load.]  — bur-'den- 
soine,  a.    Hard  or  heavy  to  bear;  oppressive. 

bur'den^,  n.  Sornething  often  repeated,  as. 
in  a  song;  refrain.     [<  LL.^  biirdoiJi-),  drone.] 

bur'dock,  bur'dec,  n.  A  coarse  biennial 
weed,  with  a  globular  bur  and  large  roundish 
leaves.     [<  bur  +  dock,  plant.] 

bu'reau,  biu'ro,  n.  [bu'reaus  or  bu'reaux, 
hm'roz,  pL]  1.  [U.S.]  A  chest  of  drawers 
for  clothing,  etc.  2.  A  public  department;  an 
organized  staff  of  literary  workers,  etc. ;  also, 
the  place  where  the  work  is  done.  3.  A  wri- 
ting-desk; escritoire.     [F.] 

burg,  burp,  n.    A  borough;  village. 

biir-sreois'',  n.    Same  as  bourgeois. 

bur'gess,  bur'jes,  n.  A  freeman,  citizen,  or 
oflicer  of  a  borough  or  burg. 

burgh.,  bijrg,  n.  An  incorporated  town  or 
village;  borough;  originally,  a  castle.— bur^h'- 
er,  n.  An  inhabitant,  citizen,  or  freeman  of  a 
borough  or  burg. 

bur'glar,  bur'glar,  n.  One  who  commits  a 
burglary.  [<  OF.  borg,  borough,  4-  laire, 
robber.  J  —  bur-gla'rl-ous,  a. 

bur'gla-ry,  bur'gla-ri,  7i.  [-RIEs^  pL]  The 
breaking  and  entering  of  a  buildiiisj;  with  in- 
tent to  commit  robbery,  or  any  otlirr  crinu". 

bur'go-mas"ter,  bur'go-mgs'tgr, //.  1.  A 
Dutch  nuinicipal  magistrate;  a  mayor.  2.  A 
large  arctic  gull.  ,-=-—-. 

bur'i-al,  ber'i-al,  n.    The  ivSlk'T^' 

burying  of  a  dead   body;         .^J^Z-l^-iV. 
sepulture.    [<  AS.  byrgeh,  X'^^^X     -t--.*-. 

bu'rln,  bifl'rin,  v.    An  en-  ■'^"""• 

graver's  tool ;  graver;  also,  his  style  or  manner 
of  execution.     [F.] 

burlap,  bur'lap,  n.  A  coarse  stuff  of  jute: 
flax,  etc.,  used  for  wrapping. 


popfl,  98k;  at,  ftir;  element,  thSy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  bwt,  oi 


63 


burlesque 
buttock 


tour-lesque',  bur-lesc'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [bur- 
LESQUED'i;  BUR-LESQU'iNG.]  To  represent 
mockingly  or  ludicrously;  caricature.  II.  a. 
Marlied  by  ludicrous  incongruity.  HI.  n.  Lu- 
dicrous imitation  or  representation;  caricature. 

bur'ly,  bur'li,  a.  1.  Large  of  body;  bulky; 
stout;  lusty.  21.  Bluff  or  rough  in  manner. 
[Cp.  OHG.  bwTih,  lofty.]  —  bur'li-ness,  n. 

burn,  burn,  v.  [burnt  or  burned;  burn'ing.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  destroy,  change,  or  damage  by 
fire;  consume;  scorch.  2.  Surg.  To  cau- 
terize. II.  i.  To  be  in  process  of  consump- 
tion by  fire;  appear  or  feel  hot;  be  eager,  in- 
tense, or  excited;  glow.     [<  AS.  beornan.] 

—  biirii'ingsgiass'^  n.    A  convex  lens,  for 
concentrating  the  sun's  rays  upon  an  object. 

burn',  n.    An  effect  or  injury  from  burning; 

a  burnt  place. 
biirn^,  11.    [Scot.]    A  brook  or  rivulet.    [<  AS. 

bui'na.]    bournt:  bournet. 
burn'er,  bOrn'gr,  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

burns;  the  light-'giving  part  of  a  lamp,  etc. 
bur'nisbS  bur'nish,  v.    I.  t.     To  jwlish  by 

friction;  make  brilliant  or  shining.    II.  i.  To 

become  bright.     [  <  OF.  burnir,  polish.] 
burnt,  burnt,  pj).  of  BURN,  v.;  also  pa.    Af- 
fected or  consumed  by  fire;  charred;  scorched; 

also,  diseased,  as  grain. 
burr,  n.    A  roughness  or  rough  edge,  or  a  tool 

that  produces  it.    See  bur. 
biir'ro,  bur'o,  n.    [Sp.,  or  Southwestern  U.S.]  A 

small  donkey,  used  as  a  pack»anlmal. 
bur'row,  bur'o,  v.    I.  /.    To  dig  a  burrow 

into  or  through;    perforate.     II.  i.     To  dig 

into,  under,  or  through  something;  make  or 

live  in  a  burrow. 
bur'row,  n.    1.  A  hole  made  in  and  under 

the  ground,  as  by  a  rabbit,  etc.,  for  habitation. 

2.  A  mound  or  barrow. 

burst,  burst,  t'.  [burst;  burst'ing.]  I. /".  To 
rend  or  break  suddenly  or  violently.     II.  i. 

1.  To  suffer  rupture  from  an  interna),  force. 

2.  To  become  suddenly  active  or  excited; 
break  forth,  out,  or  away.     [<  AS.  bersian.] 

burst,  n.  1.  A  sudden  or  violent  explosion, 
rending,  or  disruption.     2.  A  spurt;  rush.  ' 

bur'theu,  bOr'dhn,  v.  &  n.    Same  as  btjkdex. 

bur'y,  ber'i,  vt.  [bur'ied,  -id;  bur'y-ing.] 
To  put  in  or  under  the  ground,  or  other  cover- 
ing; inter;  hide;  cover  up;  engross  deeply;  ab- 
sorb. [<  AS.  byrgan,  <  beorgan.,  hide,  pro- 
tect.] —  bur'y-ingsground"',  11.    A  cemetery. 

busb,  bush,  n.  1.  A  thickly  branching  shrub. 
2.  A  forest  with  undergrowth.  3.  A  bough. 
4.  A  fox's  brush.     [<  Dn.  busk,  bush.] 

—  bush'y,bush'i,  o.  1.  Covered  with  bushes. 
ti.  Like  a  bush;  shaggy. 

busb'el,  bush'el,  n.  A  measure  of  capacity, 
four  pecks,  or  a  vessel  holding  that  amount. 

busb'ing,  bush'ing,  n.  A  metallic  lining  for 
a  hole,  as  in  the  hub  of  a  wheel. 

bus'i-Iy,  biz'i-li,  adv.  Actively;  industriously. 

busi'ness,  biz'nes,  n.  1.  A  pursuit  or  occu- 
pation; trade;  profession;  calling.  2.  A  mat- 
ter or  affair;  interest;  concern;  duty. 

bus'kin,  bus'kin,  n.  A  laced  half»boot,  worn 
by  Athenian  tragic  actors;  hence,  tragedy. 

—  biis'kined,  bus'klnd,  a. 

bust,  bust,  n.  The  human  chest  or  breast;  a 
piece  of  statuary  representing  the  human  head. 


shoulders,   and  breast.     [<   LL.^'  +  f  bushini, 

trunk  of  the  body.] 
bus'tard,   bus'tard,  n.    A  large  Old  World 

gamc'bird. 
bus'tle,  bus'l,  vt.   &  vi.     [bus'tled;   bus'- 

Ti.iNG.J    To  hurry;  hustle;  make  a  stir  or  fuss. 

[  <  Ice.  bustla,  bustle,  splash  about.] 
bus'tlei,  n.    Excited  activity;  noisy  stir;  fuss. 
bus'tle^,  n.    A  pad  worn  by  women  on  the 

back  below  the  waist  to  distend  the  skirts, 
bus'y,  biz'i.    I.rf.&vl.    [bus'ied, -id- bus'- 

y-ing.]    To  make  or  be  busy;  keep  employed; 

occupy  oneself .   II.  o.    [bus'i-er;  bus'i-est.] 

1.  Intensely  active;  constantly  or  habitually 
occupied.  2.  Temporarily  engaged;  not  at 
leisure.  3.  Officiously  active;  prying:  med- 
dling. 4.  Pertaining  to  or  filled  with  business. 
[<  AS.  bysig,  active.]  —  bus^y-bod'^y,  biz'i- 
bed'l,  «.  [-BOD"iES2,  pi.']  One  who  officiously 
meddles  with  the  affairs  of  others. 

but,  but,  adv.    No  otherwise  than;  no  more 

than;  only;  merely;  simply. 
"but,  prep.    Leaving  out;  except;  barring. 
Taut,  cOT)j.    1.  With  the  exception  that;  except. 

2.  Otherwise  than  (that);   more  than  (that). 

3.  Still;  yet;  nevertheless;  however;  notwith- 
standing; though;  even  if .  4.  Moreover;  be- 
sides; again.     [<  AS.  ftiZton,  except,  without.] 

butch'er,  buch'gr.  I.  vt.  To  slaughter  (ani- 
mals) for  market:  hence,  to  kill  men  barba- 
rously or  brutally.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  slaugh- 
ters animals  or  deals  in  meats  for  food.  2.  A 
bloody  or  cruel  murderer.  [<  OHG.^  bocch, 
he»goat.l — butch'er-ly,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  butcher.— bntcb'er-y,  buch'er-i,7i.  [-iesi, 
pL]  1.  Wanton  or  wholesale  slaughter.  2.  LGt. 
Brlt.l    A  slaughter=house;  the  butcher's  trade. 

but'ler,  but'lgr,  n.  A  man  servant  in  charge 
of  the  dining=room,  wine,  plate,  etc. 

butt^  but,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  strike  with  or  as 
with  the  head  or  horns.  2.  To  project;  jut; 
abut.     [<  OHG.OF  bilzan,  strike.] 

butti,  n.  1.  The  larger  or  thicker  end  of  any- 
thing.   2.  A  hinge.    3.  A  target. 

butt^,  n.  A  stroke,  thrust,  or  push  with  or  as 
with  the  head. 

butt^,  n.  A  large  cask;  a  measure  of  wine,  126 
U.  S.  gallons;  a  pipe.     [<  F.  botte,  cask.] 

butte,  but,  n.  A  conspicuous  hill  or  natural 
turret.     [F.] 

but'ter,  but'gr.  I.  vt.  To  put  butter  upon. 
II.  71.  The  fatty  constituent  of  milk,  separated 
by  churning.  [<  Gr.^  +  AS  bovtyron,  prob.  < 
bous,  cow,  -\-  tyros,  cheese.]  —  but'ter-milk'', 
n.    The  liquid  left  after  churning. 

but'ter-cup'',  but'er-cup",  n.  A  plant,  with 
yellow  cup'shaped  flowers;  also,  the  flower. 

but'ter-fly'',  but'gr-flai",/?,.  [-flies"%;;/.]  1. 
A  diurnal  insect,  with  brightly  colored  wmgs. 
2.  A  gayidlerortrifler.     [<  AS.  buttorjleoge.] 

but'ter-in,     I  but'gr-in,  n.    Artificial  butter; 

but'ter-ine,  f  oleomargarin. 

but'ter-nuf,  but'gr-nut",  n.  1.  The  oily 
edible  nut  of  the  North»American  white  wal- 
nut; also,  the  tree.    2.  A  nut  of  British  Guiana. 

but'ter-y,  but'gr-i.  I.  a.  Containing,  like, 
or  smeared  with  butter.  II.  n.  [-ies^,  pL]  A 
pantry:  a  wine=roomor  wine=cellar. 

but'tock,  but'gc,  71.  1.  The  hinder  part  of  a 
ship's  hull.    2.  pi.    The  rump. 


flnt|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (o?/t);   ell;   c   (k);    oliat;   dli   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;   thin. 


button 
cadaverous 


64 


but'ton,  bat'n,  v.  I.  t.  To  fasten  with  or 
as  with  a  button  or  buttons.  II.  i.  To  admit 
of  being  buttoned. 

but'ton,  n.  1.  A  knob  or  dislc,  as  of  bone  or 
metal,  by  which  one  part  of  a  garment  may  be 
fastened  to  another.  2.  A  pivoted  fastener  for 
a  door,  window,  etc.  3.  A  knob  or  protuber- 
ance.    [<  OF.  boton,  bud,  button.] 

but'ton-bole",  but'n-hol".  I.  vt.  [-holed"; 
-Ho"LiNG.]  1.  To  worlv  buttonholes  in.  2. 
To  hold  by  the  buttonhole;  interview;  bore. 
II.  n.    A  slit  to  receive  and  hold  a  button. 

but'ton-wood'',  but'n-wud ",  n.  The  plane» 
tree  of  the  United  States,    syc^a-more:}:. 

but'tress,  but'res.  I',  vt.  To  support  with 
or  as  with  a  buttress;  sustain; 
uphold.  II.  n.  A  structure 
built  against  a  wall  to  strength- 
en it;  a  support.  [<  OF.,  < 
boufer,  bofer,  push.] 

bux'om,  bux'um,  a.  1.  In 
full  health  and  vigor;  plump; 
comely.  2.  Brisk  and  cheer- 
ful. [<  AS.  bugan,  bow,  -+- 
-mm,  -SOME.] 

buy,  bai,  v.  [bought,  bet; 
buy'ino.]  1.  t.  1.  To  ob- 
tain for  a  price;  purchase.  2. 
To  bribe;  corrupt.  3.  To  be 
a  price  for.  II.  i.  To  make 
a  purchase  or  purchases.  [<  „ 
AS.  bycgan.]  —  b-iy'er,  n.  Buttresses. 

buzz,  buz,  t;.   I.  ^   To  whisper;  gossip.    II. «. 


To  hum,  as  a  bee;  whisper;  murrauA  [Imita- 
tive.] 

buzz,  n.  A  low  murmur,  as  of  bees,  of  talk,  or 
of  distant  sounds;  rumor;  gossip. 

buz^zard,  buz'ard,  n.  1.  A  large  hawk.  2. 
An  American  vulture,  turnkey  ^buz"- 
zard:}:.     [<  L.^f  buteo,  buzzard.] 

by,     I  bai,  n.    1.  Something  of  minor  impcr- 

bye,  )  tance;  a  side  issue.  2.  A  goal.—  by  the 
bye  or  by.  Incidentally;  by  the  way. 

by,  adv.  1.  In  the  presence  or  vicinity;  at 
hand;  near.  2.  Up  to  and  beyond  something; 
past.  3.  On  one  side;  aside;  apart;  off;  up. 
—  by  and  by,  1.  After  a  time;  at  some 
future  time.  ij.  The  hereafter.  311.  At  once; 
Immediately .—by:way,  a  side  or  secluded  lane, 
road,  or  way.    byspatlit;  by-road?. 

by,  ha\,p'ep.  1.  Alongside  of;  along  the  line 
of;  beside;  past;  over  (a  course).  2.  Through 
the  agency,  means,  or  help  of;  with.  3.  In 
accordance  with;  according  to.  4.  To  the  ex- 
tent, number,  or  amount  of;  multiplied  into; 
in  connection  with  or  in  the  name  of:  used  in 
oaths,  etc.     [<  AS.  67,  big.] 

by'gon(e'^  bai'gen".  I.  a.  Gone  by;  former, 
past;  out'Of'date.    II.  n.    Something  past. 

by'slaw'',  bai'-le',  n.  A  rule  or  law  subordi- 
nate to  a  constitution  or  charter. 

by'stand'^er,  bai'stand'gr,  ti.  One  who  stands 
by;  a  looker»on. 

by'word'',  bai'wijrd",  n.  1.  An  object  of 
derision.  2.  A  nickname.  3.  A  trite  saying. 
[<  AS.  biwordy  <  biy  by,  -^  word,  word.] 


C,  c,  61,  n.    [CEES,  C's  or  Cs,  siz,  pL]  The  third 

letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 
cab,  cab,  n.    1.  A  one-horse  public  carriage. 

2.  [U.  S.J  The  covered  part  of  a  locomotive. 

(Abbr.  of  CABRIOLET.] 

ca-bar,  ca-bal'.  I.  vi.  To  form  a  cabal;  plot. 
II.  ri.  A  number  of  persons  secretly  united 
for  some  private  purpose;  intrigue;  conspira- 
cy.   [<  Ileb.f  qabbcUdh,  secret  doctrine.] 

cabHaage,  n.  The  close-leaved  head  formed 
by  ccrtjiin  plants,  or  the  plant  producing  it. 
[  <  L."F  canut,  head  ] 

cab'ln,  cao'in.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  shut  up  or 
dwell  in  or  as  in  a  cabin;  crib;  hamper.  II. 
n.  1.  A  small,  rude  house;  hut.  2.  A  com- 
partment of  a  vessel  for  ofticers  or  passen- 
gers. 3.  A  small  room;  bedroom.  [<  LL.'' 
cupmina,  cabin.] 

cab'i-net,  cab'i-net.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
suit  il)le  for  a  cabinet.  2.  Secret;  confldential. 
II.  «.  1.  The  body  of  official  advisers  of  a 
king  or  president;  a  council,  or  the  chamber 
in  which  it  meets.  2.  A  room  for  works  of 
i;rt,  etc.;  also,  the  articles  so  collected.  3.  A 
piece  of  furniture  lltte<l  with  shelves  and 
drawers.  41.  A  small  private  room;  a  study  or 
closet.  [F.,  closet.] —fab'l.iiet«nia'''ker,  n. 
One  who  niiikes  household  furniture. 

ca'ble,  ke'bl.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [ca'bled;  ca'bling.] 


1.  To  fasten,  as  by  a  cable;  tie  fast.  2.  To 
send  (a  message)  by  submarine  telegraph.  II. 
7U  1.  A  heavy  rope  or  chain,  as  for  mooring 
vessels,  etc.  2.  A  cable's-length,  100  fathoms. 
3.  An  insulated  telegraph  wire  or  wires,  as 
for  a  submarine  telegraph. 

ca-boose',  ca-bus',  n.  1.  A  conductors' car 
on  a  freight-train.  2.  The  cook's  galley  on  a 
ship.     [  <  D.  koTfibuw,  cook's  cabin.] 

cab''ri-o-let',  cab"ri-o-le',  n.  A  one-horse 
covered  carriage  with  two  seats;  a  cab.     [F.] 

ca-ca'o,  cu-ke'O,  n.  Chocolate-nuts,  or  the  tree 
protlucing  them.     [<  Mex.**?  cacauafl,  cacao.] 

cach^'in-na'tion,  cak'i-ne'shun,  «.  Loud 
laughter.     [<  L.  cachinno,  laugh  loudly.] 

cack'l(e,  cak'l.  I.  vi.  [cack'l(e)»;  cack'- 
LiNo.]  To  make  a  shrill  cry,  as  a  hen  that 
has  laid  an  egg;  chatter.  11.  7).  The  shrill, 
broken  cry  made  by  a  hen  after  laying  an  epg; 
the  gabbling  of  a  goose;  idle  talk;  chattering 
or  chuckling.    [Imitative.] 

cac'tus,  cac'tus,  n.  [cac'ti,  cac'tai  or  -tt,  or 
t'Af'Ti'sEs,  pi.]  A  green,  fleshy,  spiny  plant. 
See  ilhis.  on  next  page.     (L.] 

cad,  cad,  n.     1.  A  low  fellow  or  hanger-on. 

2.  [Kng.]  The  conductor  of  an  omnibus.  [< 
CADKT.  1  —  fnd'dlsh,  a. 

ca-dav'er-ous,     ca-dav'i;r-us,    a.      Like   a 


papfi,  Qsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but, 


ur: 


65 


caddy- 
calk 


Cactus. 
Coflfee.     [F.,  = 


corpse;  pale;  ghastly. —  ca-da-'ver,  ca-de'Tgr 
or  -dg'ver,  n.    A  corpse. 

cad'dVrcad'i,  n.  [cad'dies^,  pi.']  A  recep- 
tacle for  tea.     r<  Malay  kati,  pound.] 

ca''dence,  ke'dgns,  n.  Rhythmical  movement, 
!,s  in  music;  modulation. 
[<  L.  cado,  fall.] 

ca-det',  ca-det',  n.  1.  A 
pupil  in  a  military  or 
naval  school.  2.  A 
younger  son  or  brother 
serving  in  the  army  with- 
out a  commission.     [F.] 

Cae'sar,  st'zar,  n.  A  Ro- 
man emperor;  hence,  any 
powerful  emperor  or  auto- 
crat.    [L.] 

cte-su'ra,  cae-su'ral,  etc. 
See  f'ESUKA,  etc. 

ca"f6',  cg"fe',  n.  1.  A 
cotfee»house;  restaurant. 

COFFEE.] 

cage,  kej.  I.  'vt.  [caged;  ca'ging.]  To 
shut  up  in  or  as  in  a  cage;  confine;  imprison. 
II.  11.  A  structure,  with  openwork  of  wire  or 
bars,  as  for  confining  birds  or  beasts.     [F.] 

cairn,  earn,  n.  A  mound  or  heap  of  stones, 
as  for  a  memorial.     [Scot.,  <  Gael,  cam,  heap.] 

cais'son,  ke'sgn,  n.  1.  Mil.  An  ammuni- 
tion^chest  or  <=wagon.  2.  Engin.  A  large 
water'tight  box  within  which  work  is  done  un- 
der water,  as  on  a  bridge»pier.     [F.] 

cai'tiff,  ke'tif.  I.  a.  Vile;  cowardly;  basely 
wicked.  II.  n.  A  base,  wicked  wretch.  [< 
L.oF  captivus,  captive.] 

ca-jole',  ca-jol',  vt.  &  vi.    [ca-joled';  ca-jo'- 
LiNG.l      To    impose    on    by    flattery;    dupe: 
wheedle.     [<  F.  cajoler,  <cage;  see  cage.  n.'\ 
—  ca-jo'ler-y,  n.    [-iks»,  pZ.]    The  act  of  ca- 
joling; deceit;  flattery.— ca-jo'ling-ly,  adv. 

cake,  kek.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [caked';  ca'king.] 
To  form  into  a  hardened  mass.  II.  n.  1.  A 
sweetened  and  baked  culinary  composition; 
also,  a  small  or  thin  mass  of  dough,  etc.,  baked 

'   or  fried.    2.  A  hardened  mass.    [<  Ice.  kaka.] 

cal'a-bash.,  cal'abash,  n.  A  gourd  of' the 
cahibash'tree,  or  a  vessel  made  from  its  shell; 
also,  the  tree.     [<  Per.^p  +  F  kharbitz,  melon.] 

ca-lam'i-ty,  ca-lam'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^  »;.]  A 
misfortune  or  disaster;  adversity;  distres?. 
[ <  L.F  calamitait-)s.]  —  ca-lam'i-tous,  a.  Of, 
attended  by,  or  resulting  from  calamity;  disas- 
trous,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

caFa-mus,  cal'a-mus,  n.  [-mi,  -mai  o?'  -niT, 
pi.]  1.  A  kind  of  flag.  sweet'=flag'':|:. 
2.  [C-]  A  genus  of  Oriental  cUmbing  palms  — 
the  climbing  rattans.  3.  A  reed;  quill;  pen; 
flute.     [<  Gr.!-  kalamos,  reed.] 

ca-lasb.',  ca-lash',  n.    A  lowwheeled  light 
carriage    with    folding 
top;  a  folding  carriage- 
top  or  hood.      [<  G.f" 
kaksche.] 

cal-ca^re-ous,  cal- 
ke're-us,  a.  Of,  con- 
taining, or  like  lime  or 
limestone.  [<  L.  calx 
(calc),  lime.]  ^  ,    ^ 

cal'ci-mine,     cal'si-  Calash, 

main.    I.  vt.    [-mined;  -mx'ning.]    To  apply 


calcimine  to,  II.  n.  A  white  or  tinted  wash 
for  ceilings,  walls,  etc.  [  <  L.  calx  {calc-\  lime.] 

caFcine,  cal'sin,  vt.&  vi.  [cal'cined;  cal'- 
ciN-iNG.]  To  render  or  become  friable  by  heat. 
[<  L.*"  calx  {pale),  lime.]  — cal'^ci-na'tlon,  n. 

carci-um,  cal'si-um,  n.  A  metallic  element, 
found  in  limestone,  etc.     [<  L.  calx,  lime.] 

carcu-late,  cal'kiu-let,  vt.  &  vi.  [-la'ted*; 
-LA"TiNG.]  To  compute  mathematically;  ascer- 
tain by  computation;  reckon;  estimate;  plan. 
[<  L.  calculus,  pebble.] — caPcu-la-bl(e,  a. 
Capable  of  being  calculated,  estimated,  or  fore- 
cast.—cal^'cu-la'tion,  71.  1.  The  act  or  art 
of  computing.  3.  A  computation;  reckoning. 
—  cal'cii-la^'tor,  cal'klu-le'tgr,  7i.  One  who 
calculates;  a  calculating  machine  or  set  of  tables. 

caFcu-lus,  cal'kiu-lus,  n.    [-li,  -lai  or-\i,pl.] 

1.  Pathol.  A  stonc'like  concretion,  as  in  the 
bladder.  2.  Math.  A  method  of  calculating 
by  algebraic  symbols.  [L.,  dim.  of  calx  {calc-), 
stone.] — cal'cu-lous,  a.  Stony;  gritty;  per- 
taining to,  like,  or  affected  with  calculus. 

cal'dron,  cel'drun,  n.  A  large  kettle  or  boil- 
er.   [<  L.oF  caldaria,  <  caldns,  hot.] 

cal'en-dar,  cal'en-dar,  n.  1.  A  systematic 
arrangement  of  subdivisions  of  time,  as  years 
and  months.  2.  An  almanac.  [<'L.calendse, 
calends  (first  day  of  the  Roman  month).] 

cal'en-der,  cal'en-dgr.  I.  vt.  To  press  in  a 
calender.  II.  ti.  A  machine  for  giving  to  cloth, 
paper,  etc.,  a  gloss,  by  pressing  between  rollers. 
[<  L.i'i'+F  cylindrus,  cylinder.] 

calfi,  cflf,  n.  [calves,  cflvz,  pi.]  1.  The 
young  of  the  cow  or  of  various  other  animals. 

2.  The  skin  of  the  calf,  or  leather  made  from 
it.    cairskin''$.    [<AS.  cea//.] 

calf2,  «.  [calves,  »;.]  Thehinder  part  of  the 
human  leg  below  the  knee.     [<  Ice.  kdlji.] 

caFi-ber,  |  cal'i-bgr,  n.     1 .  The  internal  diam- 

cal'i-tore,  j  eterof  a  lube,  as  of  a  gun-barrel; 
size  of  bore.  2.  Degreeof  individual  capacity 
or  power.     [<  F.  calibre,  bore  of  a  gun.] 

cal'i-co,  cal'i-co.  I.  a.  Made  of  or  like  cali- 
co. II.  n.  [-COES''  or  -coss  pi.]  1.  [U.  S.] 
Cotton  print.  2.  [Eng.]  White  cotton  cloth. 
[<  Calicut,  in  India.] 

ca'Iif,      (ke'lif,  n.    The   spiritual   and   civil 

ca'liph.,  (head  of  a  Mohammedan  state.     [< 
Ar.  khaHfah,  successor  {i.  e.,  of  Mohammed).] 
—  cal'if-ate,  cal'ipli-ate,  cal'if-et,  n.  The 
office,  dignity,  or  reign  of  a  calif. 

ca-lig'ra-pliy,  n.    Same  as  calligraphy. 

cal'i-per,  cal'i-pgr,  n.  An  in- 
strument like  a  pair  of  com- 
passes, for  measuring  diameters: 
usually  in  the  plural.     [Corr.  of 

CALIBER.] 

ca'lix,  ke'lix,  n.    [cal'i-ces,  cal'- 

i-siz    or   -ces,   pi.]      1.  A   cup- 
shaped  organ  or  cavity.    2.  Same 

as  CALTX.     [L.,  cup.] 
calk^S    I  cek,  vt.     1.  To  make 
caulk',  f  tight,  as  a  boat's  seams, 

by  plugging  with  soft  material. 

2.  To  fasten  together.     [<  L.o^ 

calco,  tread.]— calk'ing,  7). 
calk^S   vt.      1.   To  furnish  with 

To  wound  with  a  calk. 
calk,  n.    A  spur  on  a  horse's  shoe,  to  prevent 

slipping.    [  <  L.  calx,  heel.]  —  calk'er,  n. 


flutlflre   (future);    aisle;   au    (mA);   ©11;    c   (k);    cliat;    dh   {the);   go;    sing,   ii^k;   thin. 
5 


caU 
can 


66 


call,  c51,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  appeal  to  by  word  of 
mouth.  2.  To  utter  or  read  aloud.  3.  To 
summon;  convoke;  convene;  invoke  solemnly. 
4.  To  designate  or  characterize  in  anyway; 
name;  style;  suppose;  assume  to  be  so  much. 
II.  i.  1.  To  send  out  a  cry  or  summons;  ap- 
peal; sound  a  signal.  2.  To  make  a  brief 
visit.     [<  AS.  ceallian.]  —  caliper,  n. 

call,  n.  1.  A  shout  or  cry  to  attract  attention 
or  reply.  2.  A  summons  or  invitation;  divine 
vocation;  requirement;  claim;  right;  obliga- 
tion.   3.  A  brief  visit. 

cal'la,  cal'a,  n.  Bot.  A  South»African  plant, 
with  a  large  milk-white  blossom.     [L.] 

cal-lig'ra-pliy.  cal-lig'ra-ti,  n.  Beautiful  pen- 
manship. [<  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  -j-  grapJw, 
w  rite.]  —  cal''Ii-graph'ic,  a. 

causing,  coring,  n.  1.  A  summons.  2.  Ha- 
bitual occupation;  avocation. 

cal'Ii-per,  ?^    Same  as  caliper. 

cal"lis-tlien'ics,  cal"is-then'ic8,  n.  pi.  Light 
gymnastics  to  promote  grace  as  well  as  health. 
[<  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  -|-  sthenos,  strength.] 

caFlous,  cal'us,  a.  Thickened  and  hardened, 
as  the  skin  under  pressure;  insensible;  un- 
feeling. [<  L.  callosus,  <  callum,  bard  skin.] 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  w.— cal-Ios'i-ty,  cal-les'i-tl, 
n.  [-ties«,jdL]  A  thickened,  hardened  portion 
of  the  skin;  hardness;  insensibility. 

callow,  cal'o,  a.  Unfledged;  inexperienced; 
youthful.     [<  AS.  calu.,  bald.] 

calm,  cflm,  V.  I.  t.  To  still;  soothe;  tran- 
qnilize.    II.  i.    To  become  quiet  or  placid. 

calm,  a.  Free  from  disturbance  or  agitation; 
quiet;  placid;  serene.  [<  Gr.Li-+F  kauma,  heat 
of  the  sun.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness',  n. 

calm,  n.    Tranquillity;  stillness;  serenity. 

cal'o-mel,  cal'o-mel,  n.  A  heavy,  white,  taste- 
less compound  of  chlorin  and  mercury.  [< 
Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  +  vielas,  black.] 

ca-lor'ic,  ca-ler'ic.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
heat.  II.  n.  Heat;  formerly,  a  supposed  prin- 
ciple of  heat.     [<  L.  calor.,  heat.] 

cal'u-met,  cal'yu-met,  n.  A  tobacco«pipe, 
used  by  American  Indians  at  conferences;  pipe 
of  peace.     [F.,  <  L.  calamus,  reed.] 

cal'um-ny,  cal'um-ni,  n.  [-nies^,^^;.]  A  false, 
malicious,  and  injurious  accusation  or  report; 
defamation;  slander.  [<  L.p  calumnia,  < 
calvor,  deceive.]  —  ca-lum'ni-ate,  ca-lum'- 
nl-6t,  V.  [-a"ted<1;  -a'ting.]  I.  t.  To  accuse 
falsely;  defame.  II.  i.  To  utter  calumnies.— 
ca-Ium^'ni-a'tion,  n.— ca-liini'iii-a''ror, 
71.— ca-Iuin'iii-ou8.  ca-lum'nl-us,  a.  Slander- 
ous; defamatory,    ca-liim'ni-a-to-ryl:. 

calv(e,cGv',^-/!.  &Ti.  [calv(e)d; 
CALv'iNG.]  To  bring  forth  (a 
calf).  [<  AS.  cea/Jian,  <  cealf, 
calf.] 

calx,  calx,  n.  [calx'es*  or  cai/- 
CKS,  pL]  The  residue  from  the 
calcination  of  minerals;  also,  lime 
or  chalk,    [h.] 

caayx,  ke'iix,  7/.    fcAi/v-cKs  ,„]::;;-i;v. ,■,:;: 

or    CA'I.YX-ES,     klirisl/.   c/-  -crs,    sU-aU.     s.     and 

ke'lix-ez,  ^/.  1  1.  'I'hc  (Miicrniosi  ^'iv-'sa  [■.•.ipr..- 
series  of  leaves  of  a  llower.  2.  ''''iv^  "lot'on 
Acup'Shapedpartororgan.  [L.]  to  the  fly.rod, 
cam,  cam,  n.  Afech.  A  non'cir- 
cular  or  eccentric  rotating-piece,  to  give  recip- 
rocating motion.     [<  Dn.  /cam,  comu.] 


Cam. 


cam'bric,  kem'bric,  n. 
a   coarse   cot- 
ton fabric.  [< 
Kameryk,   a 
Flem.  city.] 

came,kem,imj;?. 

of   COME,  V. 

cam'^el,  cam'- 
el,   n.       1.  A 

large  Asiatic 
or  African  ru- 
minant, hav- 
ing a  humped 
back,  capable 
of  subsisting 
long  without 
water.  2.  A 
buoyant  wa- 
ter-tight con- 
trivance for 
lifting  wreck 
ca-mel'li- 


A  fine  white  linen  or 


Camel 


A  strong'scent- 


;,  etc.  [<  Ileb.  gdmdl,  camel.] 
.  ca-mel'i-a,  n.  Bot.  A  tropical 
Eastern  tree  or  shrub  with  white  or  rose=col- 
ored  flowers.     [<  Kamel,  a  Jesuit  traveler.] 

ca-mel'o-pard,  ca-mel'o-pflrd,  n.  The  gi- 
raiie.     [Gr.  kamelos,  camel,  -\-pa7'dalis,  pard.] 

cam'e-o,  cam'g-O,  n.  A  striated  stone  (as  onyx 
or  agate)  or  shell,  carved  in  relief;  also,  the 
art  of  so  carving.    [<  LL.^'  cammseus,  cameo.] 

cam'e*ra,  cam'g-ra,  n.  [-Ras  or  -r^,  -rt  or 
-re,  pl.^  1.  A  chamber  or  box  in  which  the 
image  of  an  exterior  object  is  projected  upon 
a  plane  surface  by  a  lens  or  lenses.  2.  A 
chamber.  [L.,  vault,  <  Gr.  kamara,  anything 
arched.]  —  cam-'e-ral,  a. 

cam'o-mile,  cam'o-mail, 
ed  bitter  herb  of  the  as- 
ter family.  [<  Gr.L+F 
chamai,  on  the  ground, 
-f  melon,  apple.] 

camp.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To 
place  in  or  go  into  camp; 
encamp;  lodge  tempora- 
rily. II.  n.  1.  A  group 
of  tents  or  other  shelters, 
as  for  soldiers  or  hunters, 
or  the  place  so  occupied; 
also,  a  single  tent,  cabin, 
etc.  2.  An  armv  en- 
camped; military  life;  the 
field.  [<L.Fca7?ii;«s,fleld.]  Camomile. 

cam-paign',  cam-pen',  «.  1.  A  series  of 
connected  military  operations;  also,  the  time 
an  army  keeps  the  field.  2.  .\  political,  com- 
mercial, or  other  contest.  [<  L.*"  campus, 
field.]  —  enin-palgn'er,  «. 

cam'plior,  cam'fgr,  7i.  A  fragrant  gum»like 
compound,  obtained  from  an  Asiatic  ever- 
green-tree.    [<  Malay-^'"  +  ''"  kapil);  camphor.] 

—  cani'uhor-ate,  vt.     [A'TEDd;  -a'ting.J 
To  treat  with  camphor.— cain-plior'ic,  a. 

can',  can,  v.     [coui.d,  cud.]      [A  defective 


luxiliary  how  used  only  in  the  present  and  im- 
jicrtVct  indicative.]  To  be  able  (to  do  some- 
thing). r<  AS.  cann,  1st  and  ;M  per.  sing,  of 
cininau,  know.]  ic.uis. 

can^,  r<.     [canned; ca.n'mm.-I    Toputupin 
can,  «.    A  vessel  for  holding,  carrying,  or  pre- 
serving liquids.     [<  AS.  cauna,  can.] 


papfi,  gak;  at,  &lr;  el§mfint,  th€y,  us^ge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


67 


canaille 
canticle 


ca'^naille',  cg"ner,  «.    The  rabble;  mob.    [F.] 
ca-nar,  ca-nal',  n.    An  artificial  inland  water- 
way; any  channel,  groove,   passage,  or  duct. 
[_  <  LJ  canalis,  channel.] 
ca-nard',  ca-nard',  n.     A  fabricated  sensa- 
tional story.    [F.] 
ca-na'ry,ca-ne'ri,  «.  [-ribs',  p/.]    1.  A  finch, 
originally  of  the  Canary  Islands,  now  a  com- 
mon cage  bird.    2.  A  bright  yellow  color.    3. 
Wine  from  the  Canary  Islands. 

can''cel,  can'sel,  vt.      [can'celed  or  can'- 
celled;  can'cel-ing  or  can'cel-ling.]     To 
mark  out  or  off,  as  by  crossed  lines;    strike 
out;   annul;  revoke.     [<   L.*"  cancello,   make 
\  like  a  lattice.]  —  can^oel-a'tion,  n. 

can'cer,  can'sgr,  y^  1.  A  malignant  and  com- 
monly fatal  tumor;  any  inveterate  and  spread- 
ing evil,  2.  [C-]  The  Crab,  a  zodiacal  constella- 
tion or  sign.  [L.,  crab.] — can'cer-ous,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  affected  with  a 
cancer;  virulent;  incurable. 

can"de-laa)rum,  can'de-le'brum  or  -\a'- 
brum,  n.  [bka,  pL]  A  branched  candlestick 
or  lamp'Stand.     [L.] 

can'did,    can'did,    a.      Sincere;    ingenuous; 

frank;  impartial;  fair.  [<  hJcayididus.whiie.] 

—  ran'did-Iy,  flrfu.— can'ilid-ness,  7i. 

can^di-date,  can'di-det,  n.  A  nominee  or  as- 
pirant for  any  position.  [<  L.  candidatus, 
candidus,  white  (because  officcseekers  in 
Rome  wore  white  togas).]  —  caii'di-da-cv, 
can'dl-de-si,  n.  [■ciES^,pl.]  The  state  or  position 
of  being  a  candidate,  caii'di-date^shipl:; 
caii^di-da-turet. 

can'dl(e,  can'dl,  n.  A  cj'linderof  tallow,  wax, 
or  other  solid  fat,  contaming  a  wick,  to  give 
light  when  burning;  a  light  or  luminary.  [< 
L.AS  candela,  <  candeo,  shine.]  —  can'dle- 
Ntick,  n.  A  support  for  a  candle  or  candles.  — 
Can'dlc-inai^,  n.  Eccl.  The  feast  of  the  Pu- 
rification, held  on  Feb.  2;  also,  the  day  itself. 

can'dor,  can'dgr,  n.  Freedom  from  mental 
reservation  or  prejudice;  openness;  frankness; 
impartiality;  fairness.  [<  hJ  candoi\  <  can- 
deo,  be  white.]    can'dour:}:. 

can'dy,  can'di.  I.  vt.  &  xi.  [can'died, 
can'did;  can'dy-ing.]  To  form,  form  into, 
deposit,or  cover  with  crystalsof  sugar;  preserve 
by  coating  with  sugar.  II.??.  [cAN'DIES^7?;.] 
A  confection  of  sugar  or  molasses,  or  both. 
[Orig.  <  Sans,  khavda,  <  khand,  break.] 

cane,  ken.  I.  rt.  [caned;  ca'ning.]  1.  To 
strike  or  beat  with  a  cane.  2.  To  bottom  or 
back  with  cane,  as  a  chair.  II.  n.  1.  A  walk- 
ing'Stick.  2.  A  slender,  flexible  woody  stem, 
or  a  plant  with  such  a  stem,  as  a  rattan,  or  the 
sugar-cane.  [Qt.^*^^  kanna,  TGed.]— cane'-. 
brake''',  n.    Land  overgrown  with  canes. 

ca-nine',  ca-nain',  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like 
a  dog.     [  <  L.  caninus,  <  canis,  dog.] 

can'is-ter,  can'is-tgr,  n.  1.  A  metal  case,  as 
for  tea.  coffee,  or  spices.  2.  A  metallic  cylinder 
filled  with  bullets  to  be  fired  from  a  cannon.  [  < 
Gr.i'  kanistron,  <  kanna,  reed.] 

can'ker,  can'kgr,  v.  I.  t.  To  infect  with 
canker;  eat  away  or  mto  like  a  canker;  corrode; 
corrupt.    II.  i.    To  fester. 

can'ker,  n.  1.  Any  ulcerous  sore  with  a 
tendency  to  gangrene;  a  gronp  of  small  ulcers 
in  the  mouth.  2.  A  disease  of  fruit-trees.  3. 
Any  secret  or  spreading  evil.    4.  An  insect  de- 


structive to  fruit'trees.    can'ker=worni'':|:. 

[<  L.As  cancer,  cancer.] 
can^ni-bal,  can'i-bal.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  cannibals  or  their  feasts.  II. 
n.  A  human  being  that  eats  human  flesh;  also, 
an  animal  that  devours  its  own  species.  [  < 
Sp.  Canibales  (  <  Caribes,  Caribs).]  —  can'ni- 
bal-isin,  n.— can'^ni-bal-is'tic,  a. 

can'non,  «.  [can'nons  or  can'non,  ^;.]  A 
large  tubular  weapon  for  dis- 
charging heavy  shot;  a  great 
gun.  [<  LL.f  canon,  tube,  < 
Gt.^  kanna,  reed.]  —  can''- 
iion-ade',  can"un-ed',  v.  [-a'- 
DEDd;  -A'DiNG.]  I.  <  To  attack  Modern  Krupp 
with  cannon»shot.  II.  i.  To  Steel  Gun 
fire  cannon  repeatedly .—  can"- 
non-ade',  n.  A  continued  attack  with  or  dis- 
charge of  cannon.— can '''ii  on -eer',  n.  A  sol- 
dier who  serves  as  gunner,     can'^non-ier't. 

can'not,  can'§t.    Can  not.    See  cani,  v. 

ca-noe',  ca-nu',  n.  A  light  boat  propelled  by 
paddles.     [<  Ilaytian^p  ca«oa.] 

can'oni,  can'§n,  n.  1,  A  rule  or  law;  standard; 
criterion.  2.  The  books  of  the  Bible  that  are 
recognized  by  the  Church  as  inspired.  [  < 
Qr_nAs  kanon,  rule.] 

can'on2,  n.  A  dignitary  of  the  Church  of 
England.    [<  LL.of  ca;?0772cw«,  canonical.] 

ca-iion',    (  ca-nyOn'  or  can'yun,  n.    A  deep 

can'yon,  i  gorge  or  ravine.     [Sp.  canon.'] 

ca-non-'ic-al,  |  ca-nen'ic-al,ca-nen'ic,  a.   1. 

ca-non'ic,  (  Belonging  to  or  characteristic 
of  the  canon  of  Scripture.  2.  Regular;  law- 
ful; accepted  or  approved.  [<  (jx.^'^kanonikos, 
<  kanon;  see  canon^.] — ca-non'ic-al-ly, 
art??.— can''on-ic'i-ty,  can"gn-is'i-tl,  7i.  The 
quality  of  being  canonical. 

c^-non'ic-als,  ca-non'ic-alz,  n.  pi.  Official 
robes,  as  of  the  clergy. 

can'on-ize,  can'§n-aiz,  xt.  [-xzed;  -i'zing.] 
To  declare  to  be  or  regard  as  a  saint.  [  <  L.^-^- 
canon;  see  canoni.]— can'^on-i-za'tion,  n. 

can'o-py,  can'o-pi.  I.  vt.  [pied;  -py-ing.] 
To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  canopy.  II.  n. 
[-PIES',  111.]  A  suspended  covering  as  over  a 
throne,  shrine,  bed,  etc.  [<  Gr.*"  konopeion, 
bed  with  inosquito»curtains.] 

cant'<i,  cant,  x.  I.  t.  To  set  slantingly;  tip  up; 
tilt.    II.  i.    To  tilt;  slant. 

canted,  xt.  &  VI.  To  talk  with  affected  relig- 
iousness.    [<  L.  canto,  freq.  of  cano,  sing.] 

cants  'n.  An  inclination  or  tipping;  a  slope  or 
set  to  one  side.     [<  LL.^^f  cantns,  corner.] 

cant^,  n.  1.  Hypocritical  or  ostentatious  re- 
ligious talk.  2.  Any  technical  or  professional 
phraseology.     [<  L.^^^  canivs,  song.] 

can't,  cgut.    [Colloq.]    Can  not. 

can'ta-loup,  can'ta-lup,  ?i.  A  variety  of 
muskmelon.    [F.] 

can-ta''ta,  cgn-tfl'tg,  n.  3Ins.  A  choral  com- 
position in  the  style  of  oratorio.     [It.] 

can-teen',  can-tin',  n.  Mil.  1.  A  soldiers' 
drinking'flask.  2.  A  sutlers'  retreshment»  and 
liquor=shop.     [<  It.f  cantina,  cellar.] 

can'ter,  can'tgr.  I.  xt.&vi.  To  ride  or  move 
at  a  canter.  11.?/.  A  moderate,  easy  gallop. 
[<  Canterbury,  in  allusion  to  the  pace  of 
pilgrims  riding  to  Canterbury.] 

can'ti-cl(e,  can'ti-cl,  n.    1.    A  non-metrical 


flutiure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ©il;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;   thin. 


cantilever 
capon 


68 


hymn,  to  be  chanted.    2.  [C-]  pi.    The  Song 

of  Solomon.     [  <  L.  canlicnluin.,  <  cano,  shig.j 

can'ti-lev'^er,  can'ti-lev'gr,  n.    1.  A  heavy 


Cantilever  lirids-'e. 
bracket  supporting  a  balcony,  or  the  like.  2. 
One  of  two  long  bracket»like  trusses,  reaching 
toward  each  other  from  opposite  piers,  and 
joining  to  form  a  bridge.  [<  CANT^  n.,  + 
LEVER.l  can'ta-lev^'er:}:;  can'ta-[or-te- 
or  -ti-]liv"eri. 

can'to,  can'to,  n.  A  division  of  a  poem.  [< 
L.I'  cantus,  song.] 

can^ton,  can't^n,  ?;.  I.  t.  1.  To  divide  into 
cantons.  2.  To  assign  to  quarters.  II.  i.  To 
enter  into  cantonments. 

can'ton,  ?2.  1.  Adistrict,  as  of  the  Swiss  con- 
federation. 2.  The  rectangular  part  of  a  flag 
next  the  istalf.  [F.]  — can'ton-ment,  «.  A  place 
for  lodging  troops,  as  In  a  town. 

can'vas,  can'vas,  n.  A  heavy,  strong  cloth  of 
various  grades,  used  for  sails,  painting,  or  em- 
broidery.    [<  L.OF  cannabis,  hemp.] 

can'vass',  can'vas,  i;.  I.  t.  1.  To  go  about 
a  district  to  solicit  (votes,  etc.);  traverse  (a  dis- 
trict) for  solicitation;  personally  solicit.  2.  To 
examine;  scrutinize;  sift.  II.  i.  To  go  about 
soliciting  votes,  orders,  or  the  like.  [  <canvas, 
n.\  orig.  meaning  '  sift  through  canvas.'] 

—  can'vass-er,  n.    One  who  canvasses;  one 
who  solicits  trade  from  house  to  house. 

can'vass,  n.  1.  The  going  about  to  solicit 
orders,  interest,  or  votes.  2.  A  detailed  ex- 
amination; inquiry;  scrutiny. 

caout'chouc,  cA'chuc,  w.  India-rubber.  [< 
S.'Am.*'  cahuchu.] 

cap,  cap,  T.  [capped';  CAP'piNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
put  a  cap  on;  cover;  crown;  complete;  also  to 
excel.  2.  To  doff  the  cap  to  in  salutation. 
II.  i.    To  uncover  the  head,  as  in  salutation. 

cap,  n.  A  covering  without  a  brim,  to  be  worn 
upon  the  head;  a  covering  at  the  top  or  end  of 
anything.     [  <  LL.^s  cappa,  hood,  cape.] 

ca'pa-bKe,  k6'pa-bl,  a.  Having  adequate 
ability  or  capacity  to  do  or  to  receive;  efficient; 
able;  qualified;  competent.  [<  LM-^^  capio, 
take,  hold.]  —  ca''pa-bin-ty,  ke'pa-biri-ti,  n. 
[-TIE8*,  jo/.l  The  state  or  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble.   ca'pa-bl(«'-iifs8!.— ca'pa-bly,  adv. 

ca-pa'cious,  ca-|)e'Bhu8,  a.  Able  to  contain 
or  receive  much;  spacious;  roomy.  [  <  L. 
capnx,  <  capio,  hold.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ca-pac'i-tate,  ca-pas'i-tet,  vt.  [-ta"ted'»; 
-TA'TiNu.]    To  render  capable;  qualify  in  law. 

ca-pac'1-ty,  ca-pas'l-ti,  n.  [-ties»,  pi.]  1. 
Ability  to  receive  or  contain;  cubic  extent; 


carrying  power  or  space.  2.  Adequate  mental 
power  to  receive,  understand,  etc.;  ability;  tal- 
ent; capability.  3.  Specific  position,  charac- 
ter, or  office.  4.  Legal  qualification.  [  <  L.^ 
capacitas.  <  capax;  see  capacious.] 

cap''=a=pie',  cap"'a«pi',  adv.  From  head  to 
toot.    [OF.] 

ca-par'i-son,  ca-par'i-sun.  I.  rt.  To  put 
housings  on;  clothe  richly.  II.  7i.  1.  Deco- 
rative trappings  for  a  horse.  2.  Showy  or 
sumptuous  apparel.    [<  LL.^p  +  ^f  cappa,  cape.] 

capei,  kep,  n.  A  point  of  land  extending  into 
the  sea  or  a  lake.     [  <  F.  cap,  <  L.  caput,  head.] 

cape^,  n.  A  circular  sleeveless  upper  garment; 
a  short  cloak.     [<  LL.*"  cappa,  cape.] 

ca'per,  ke'pgr,  vi.  To  leap  playfully;  frisk. 
[<  L.i'  capi^eolus,  dim.  of  caper,  capra,  goat.] 

ca'per',  n.    Leaping  or  frisking;  prank;  antic. 

ca'per^,  n.  pi.  The  flower=buds  of  a  low 
shrub  of  Mediterranean  countries,  used  as  a 
condiment.     [<  Ar.Gf+F  Jcabbdr,  caper.] 

cap'il-la-ry,  cap'i-lg-ri.  I.  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  like  hair;  fine;  slender;  having  a 
hair^like  bore,  as  a  tube  or  vessel;  also,  per- 
taining to  such  a  tube.  II.  n.  [-kies",  pi.] 
A  minute  vessel,  as  those  connecting  the  arter- 
ies and  veins;  any  tube  with  a  fine  bore.  [< 
L.  capillaris,  <  capillus,  hair.] 

cap'i-tal,  cap'i-tal,  a.  1.  Standing  at  the 
head  or  beginning;  chief;  principal;  excellent; 
admirable.  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  death 
penalty;  punishable  with  death.  [<  L.^  capi- 
talis,  <  caput  (canit-),  head.]  —  cap'i-tal-ly, 
adv.    1 .  Excellently.   iJ.  So  hs  to  deserve  death. 

cap'i-tal\  n.  1.  A  chief  city  or  town;  the 
seat  of  government.  2.  A  large  letter  used  at 
the  beginning  of  a  sentence,  of  a  proper  name, 
etc.     [<  capital,  a.] 

cap'i-tal^,  n.  1.  Wealth  employed  in  or 
available  for  production.  2.  Resources  or  ad- 
vantages.    [<  LL.P  capitate,  property.] 

cap'1-tal^,  n.    The  upper  member  of  a  column 

or  pillar.      [<  L.  capitel-  ^ ^ 

lv7n,  dim.  of  caput  {capit-), 
head.] 

cap'i-tal-ist,  n.  An 
owner  of  capital. 

cap'i-tal-izei,  cap'i-tal- 
aiz,  vt.  [ized;  -i'zing.I 
To  begin  with    a   capital 

^^'^  «''■*    11       o     .   r  Egyptian  Capital. 

cap'i-tal-ize3,?;<.  [ized; 
-rziNo.]    To  convert  into  capital  or  cash. 

cap'^i-ta'tlon,  cap'i-te'shun,  n.  An  indi- 
vidual assessment  or  tax.     [<  h.  caput,  head.] 

Cap'i-tol,  cap'i-t^l,  n.  1.  [U.  S.]  The  offi- 
cial building  of  Congress  or  of  a  State  legis- 
lature; a  state-house.  2.  The  temple  of  Jupi- 
ter Maxiinus  in  ancient  Rome  or  the  hill  on 
which  it  stood.  [<  L.  capitolium,  <  caput 
(capit),  head.] 

ca-pit'u-late,  ca-pit'yu-let,  vt.  &  vi.  [-la"- 
TED-i;  -LA'TiNG.]  To  Surrender  ou  stipulated 
terms;  make  terms.  [  <  L.'-'-  capit uliim,  chap- 
ter, <  caput,  head.]  —  ca-pit"u-la'tlon,  n.  A 
coiullt tonal  surrender,  or  the  instrument  em- 
bodvlng  It;  a  cbarter  or  treaty. 

ca'p'on,  ke'pun,  n.  A  cock  gelded  to  improve 
the  Mesh  and  increase  growth.  [<  Gr.''^'^s 
kapdn,  capon.] 


papa,  gak;  at,  Sir;  el©mfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rflle;  bot.  Or; 


caprice 
cardinal 


ca-price',  ca-prls',  n.  A  sudden  unreason- 
able change  of  mood  or  opinion;  a  whim; 
freak;  also,  a  capricious  disposition ;  anything 
capricious.  [F.]  —  ca-pri'cious,  ca-prish'us, 
a.  Characterized  by  or  resulting  from  caprice; 
fickle;  whimsical,    -ly,  art?;,    -ness,  ?i. 

Cap'ri-corn,  cap'ri-cern,  n.  A  constellation 
or  sign  of  the  zodiac.  [<  L.  caper  {capr-), 
goat.  -\-  covfiu,  horn.] 

cap''si-cunx,  cap'si-cum,  n.  The  plant  produ- 
cing red  pepper,  or  its  fruit.    [  <  L.  capsa,  box.] 

cap-size-',  cap-saiz',  rt.  &  vi.  [cap-sized'; 
CAP-si'ziNG.]  To  upset  or  overturn.  [Ult.  < 
L.  caput,  head.] 

cap'stan,  cap'stan,  ri.  An  upright  windlass 
for  hoisting  anchors,  etc.  [L.'^  capistruni,  a 
halter.l 

cap^sule,  cap'siul,  n.  1.  A  dry  dehiscent 
seed* vessel,  as  of  a  pink  or  a  lily.  2.  A  small 
case,  shell,  cap,  or  seal.     [F.] 

cap'tain,  cap't§n,  n.  The  commander  of  a 
vessel,  or  of  a  company  of  soldiers;  a  chief; 
leader.  [<  L.f  caput  (capit-),  head.]  —  cap'- 
tain-cy,  «.  [-cies«,joZ.)  The  position,  rank,  or 
term  of  office  of  a  captain,    cap'tain-shipl:. 

cap'tion,  cap'shun,  n.  1.  A  title,  introduc- 
tion, or  heading.  2.  An  arrest.  [<  L.  cap- 
tio{?7-),  <  capio,  take.] 

cap'tious,  cap'shus,  a.  1.  Apt  to  find  fault; 
hypercritical.  2.  Perplexing;  sophistical.  [< 
L.*"  capiiosus,  deceptive.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

cap'ti-vate,  cap'ti-vet,  vt.  [-va"ted<1;  -va"- 
TiNG.]  To  charm;  win;  fascinate.  [<  L. 
captivatus,  <  captivus,  captive.] 

cap'tiv(e,  cap'fiv.  I.  a.  Taken  prisoner; 
held  in  confinement  or  bondage.  II.  n.  1. 
One  captured  and  held  in  confinement  or  re- 
straint; a  prisoner.  2.  One  who  is  held  cap- 
tive in  will  and  feeling.  [<  L.  captivus,  < 
captus,  pp.  of  capio,  take.]  —  cap-Uv'i-ty,  ?/. 
The  state  of  being  held  captive;  thraldom.— 
cap'tor,  n.    One  who  takes  or  holds  captive. 

cap'ture,  cap'chur  or  -tiyr.  I.  vt.  [cap'- 
tured;  cap'tur-ing.]  To  take  captive;" take 
possession  of;  catch;  gain;  win.  II.  n.  1. 
A  capturing,  or  being  captured.  2.  ,The  per- 
son or  thing  captured.  [F.,  <  L.  cdptura.,  < 
captus.,  pp.  of  ca2no,  take.] 

car,  cflr,  ?i.  1.  [U.  S.]  A  vehicle  for  use  on  a 
railroad.  2.  A  wheeled  vehicle;  chariot.  3. 
The  basket  of  a  balloon  or  the  like.  [<  OF. 
car;  of  Celtic  origin.] 

car'a-bine,  n.    Same  as  carbine. 

car'a-mel,  car'a-mel,  n.  1.  A  confection  of 
sugar,  butter,  etc.    2.  Burnt  sugar.     [F.] 

car'at,  car'at,  n.  1.  A  twenty>=fourth  part  of 
the  fineness  of  gold.  2.  A  unit  of  weight  for 
gems,  about  3.2  grains.     [F.] 

car'a-van,  car'a-van,  n.  An  Oriental  armed 
company  of  traders,  pilgrims,  etc.;  traveling 
company  or  menagerie.  [<  Per.^p+F  kdrwan, 
caravan.]  — car^'a-van'sa-ry,  car"a-van'sa-ri, 
71.    [-RIESZ,  p/.]    An  Oriental  hostelry  or  Inn. 

car'a-vel,  car'a-vcl,  7i.  A  light  fleet  vessel  of 
Spain  and  Portugal  in  the  15th  century.  See 
illus.  in  next  column.  [<  Gt.^^  karabos.,  light 
ship.] 

car'a-way,  car'a-we,  n.  A  European  bien- 
nial herb;  also,  its  fruit,  the  so-called  seeds. 
[<  Ar.sp  al,  the,  -f  karwlya,  caraway.] 


Caravel. 


car'ltiiie,  car'bain,  n.    A  horseman's  rifle  or 

musket.  [<  F.ci?'abin.]  —  car'^bi-neer',  cQr"- 

bi-nir',  n.     A 

soldier  armed 

with  a  carbine. 
car-bol'ic, 

car-bel'ic,    a. 

Of,  pertainirg 

to,  or  derived 

from    carbon 

and  oil ;  of  or 

pertaining   to 

coal»tar     oil. 

[  <  CARBON  + 

L.  olevm.  oil.] 
—carbolic 
acid,  a  caustic  poison,  used  as  an  antiseptic  and 
disinfectant. 

car'^bon,  car'b§n,  ri.  A  non-metallic  chemical 
element  found  in  all  organic  substances,  and  in 
the  coals,  etc;  pure  charcoal;  also,  anything 
made  of  carbon.  [<  L.  carbo{n-),  coal.]— car''- 
bo-na^ceous,  cur'bo-ne'shius,  a.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  yielding  carbon.— car'bon-ate,  car'- 
bgn-C't.  I.  vt.  L-A"TED<i;-A'TiNG.]  To  Charge  With 
carbolic  acid.  II.  m.  A  salt  of  carbonic  acid.— 
car-boii-'ic,  car-ben'ic,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
obtained  from  carbon.  — carbonic  acid,  a 
heavv,  colorless,  Incombustible  gas,  produced  In 
the  respiration  of  animals  and  In  the  decay  or  com- 
bustion of  organic  matter.—  car'^bon-if  er- 
01I8,  a.  Containing  or  yielding  carbon  or  coal.— 
car'bon-ize,  car'bgn-alz,  vt.  [-ized;  -i"zing.] 
To  reduce  to  carbon;  coat  or  charge  with  carbon. 

car'boy,  cdr'bei,  n.  A  large  glass  bottle  en- 
closed in  a  box  or  in  wickerwork,  for  corrosive 
acids,  etc.     [<  Per.  garaba,  demijohn.] 

car^bun'^clCe,  car'bun"cl,  n.  1.  A  malignant 
boil;  anthrax.  2.  Mi7ieral.  A  gem  of  brilliant 
fire  and  deep  red  color.  [<  L.o^  ca7-bu7icuh(z, 
dim.  of  carboi?!-),  coal.] 

car'cass,  |  car'cas,  «.     1.  The  dead  body  of 

car'case,  )  an  animal.  2.  The  frame,  as  of  a 
hou^e  or  ship.  3.  A  bomb  filled  with  an  in- 
flammable substance.     [<  OF.  carcas.] 

card'',  card,  vt.  To  comb,  dress,  or  cleanse 
with  a  card.    See  card^,  71. 

cardi,  71.  1.  A  piece  of  cardboard  bearing  a 
name,  address,  business,  etc.,  or  symbols  for 
use  in  certain  games.  2.  Cardboard.  [< 
Gr.i'  +  P  charte,  leaf  of  paper.]  —  card'board", 
71.    A  thin  pasteboard  of  fine  quality  and  finish. 

card2,  «.    A  wire-toothed  brush  for  carding 
wool,    etc.,    or    for   currying 
cattle  and  horses.      [<  h.^^ 
ca7'dvus,  thistle.] 

car'di-ac,  cQr'di-ac.  Per- 
taining to,  situated  near,  or 
affecting  the  heart. 

car'di-nal,  cflr'di-nal,  a.  1. 
Of  prime  importance;  chief; 
fundamental;  principal.  2. 
Of  a  rich  red  color;  vermilion. 
[<  L.  ca7'dinalis,  pertaining 
to  a  hinge,  important.] 

car'di-nal,  w.  1.  Oneoftlu' 
princes  of  the  Roman  Catho 
lie  Church,  constituting  the 
Pope's  chief  advisory  council. 
2.  A  cardinal-bird.  3.  A  short,  hooded 
cloak  worn  by  women  in  the  18th  century.  4. 
A  bright  and  rich  red  color.    [<  L.  ca7'di/ialis; 


C'ardl- 
bird. 


J  fiutlfire    (future);    aisle;    au    (out);    oil;    c    (k);    chat;    dh   {the)-   go;   sing,  i^k;    tliin. 


care 
carry 


70 


see  CARDINAL,  a.]  —  oar'di-nal-ate,  n.  The 
rank,  dignity,  or  term  of  office  of  a  cardinal,  car'- 
ili-nal-sliipt.  —  car'di-nalsbird'',    «.    An 

American,  cardlnal=red,  crested  finch;  red^blrd. 

care,  car,  vi.  [cared;  car'ing.]  1.  To  be 
interested  or  concerned  for  some  person  or 
thing.    2.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed;  desire. 

care,  n.  1.  Anxiety  or  concern;  solicitude. 
2.  Responsible  charge  or  oversight.  3. 
Watchful  regard  or  attention;  heed.  4.  Any 
object  of  solicitude  or  guardianship.  [<  AS. 
ca7'u,  ceani.]  — care'ful,  a.  Exercising,  marked 
by,  or  done  with  care;  attentive  and  prudent; 
circumspect,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  7i.— care-'less, 
a.  1.  Neglectful;  Indifferent;  heedless,  ii.  Free 
from  solicitude  or  anxiety;  light»hearted.  3. 
Negligent;  easy,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ca-reen',  ca-rin',  vt.  &  vi.  To  tip  or  incline  to 
one  side,  as  a  vessel.     [<  L.^  carina,  keel.] 

ca-reer',  ca-rir'.  I.  vi.  To  move  with  a  swift, 
free,  and  headlong  motion.  II.  n.  A  free  and 
swift  course;  a  swift  run  or  charge;  a  life  or 
period  of  notable  achievement.  [<  F.  carriere., 

<  OF.  carter e,  road.] 

ca-ress',  ca-res'.  I',  vt.  To  touch  or  handle 
endearingly;  fondle;  embrace;  pet;  treat 
with  favor.  II.  n.  Th(3  act  of  fondling;  a 
gentle,  affectionate  movement.  [<  LL.i'+*' 
caritia,  dearness,  <  L.  cams,  dear.] 

car'et,  car'et,  n.  A  sign  (a)  placed  below  a 
line,  denoting  an  omission.  [L.,  there  is  want- 
ing, <  careo,  want.] 

car'go,  cflr'gO,  n.  Goods  and  merchandise 
taken  on  board  of  a  vessel;  lading;  load.    [Sp.] 

caWi-bou,  car'l-bu,  ?i.  The  North* American 
reindeer.    [Canadian  F.] 

car'i-ca-ture,  car'i-ca- 
chur  or  -tiQr.  I.  vt. 
[-tured;  -tur"ing.]  To 
represent  so  as  to  make 
ridiculous;  travesty;  bur- 
lesque. II.  71.  1.  A  pic- 
ture or  description  marked 
by  ridiculous  exaggeration 
or  distortion ;  burlesque.  2. 
The  act  or  art  of  caricatur- 
ing. [F.]  —  car'i-ca-tur-ist 
caricatures. 

ca'ri-es,  ke'ri-iz  orcg'ri-es,  n.  Ulceration  and 
decay  of  a  bone  or  of  a  tooth.  [L.]  —  fa'ri-oiis, 
a.    Affected  with  cartes;  decayed. 

car'i-ole,  car'1-51,  ?i.    A  small  carriage.    [F.l 

caii,  curl,  n.  [Dial,  or  Poet.l  A  stout  fellow; 
rustic;  churl.    [<  AS.  car/.]    carlet. 

car^man,  cQr'raan,  n.  [car'men,  pL]  One 
who  drives  a  car  or  cart. 

car'mine,  cflr'min,  n.  A  rich  purplish-red 
color;  a  pigment  prepared  from  cochineal; 
rouge.     [<  Ar.sp  qirmazi,  crimson.] 

car^nage,  cflr'ngj,  n.  Extensive  and  bloody 
slaughter;  massacre;  also,  the  bodies  of  the 
slain.     [<  L.J'  +  F  caro  {earn-),  flesh.] 

car^nal,  cflr'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  fleshly 
nature  or  to  bodily  appetites;  sensual;  for- 
merly, worldly;  not  spiritual.     [<  L.  carnalis, 

<  caro,  flesh.]  —  car-naPi-tv,  //.  The  quality 
of  being  carnal;  Bcnsuallty.— Var'iial-ize,  vt. 
To  make  carnal.— car'nal-Iy,  adv. 

car-na'tion,  cdr-ne'shun,  n.  1.  Flesh-color. 
2.  A  pink  of  southern  Europe.     [<  L.'' 
(cam-),  flesh.] 


Caribou  Antlers, 
n.    A  maker  of 


caro 


car-ne'lian,  cflr-nt'lian,  w.  A  clear  red  chal- 
cedony, often  cut  as  a  gCm.  [<\j.^  cormi, 
horn]    cor-ne'liant. 

car'ni-val,  cflr'ni-val,  n.  1.  A  period  of  fes- 
tival and  gaiety,  just  before  Lent.  2.  Any  gay 
festival  or  revel.  [ <  L.^l  +  "  cam,  flesh,  +  levo, 
take  away,  lighten.] 

car-niv'o-rous,  cflr-niv'o-rus,  a.  Eating  or 
living  on  flesh.  [<  L.  caro  (cairn-),  flesh,  4- 
voro,  devour.]  —  car-niv'o-ra,  n.  pi.  An  order 
of  carnivorous  mammals.— car'ni-vore,  ii. 
One  of  the  Carnivora. 

car-'ol,  car'§l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [car'ol(e)d  or 
car'oll(e)d;  car'ol-ing  orcAR'or.-LiNG.l  To 
utter  in  song,  as  a  bird;  sing;  warble.  II.  n. 
A  song  of  joy;  the  warbling  of  birds;  a  hymn 
of  religious  joy.     [<  OF.  catvle.] 

car^'om,  car'§m.  I.  ri.  To  make  a  glancing 
movement.  II.  n.  The  impact  of  a  billiard= 
ball  against  two  other  balls  in  succession,  or 
the  stroke  producing  it.  [Abbr.  of  F.  caram- 
bole.]    can'nont  [Eng.];  car'romj. 

ca-rot'id,  ca-rot'id.  I.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  near  one  of  the  carotids.  -al:|:.  II.  «.  One 
of  the  great  arteries  of  the  neck,  carotid 
artery^.     [ <  Gr.  karoti{d-)s,  carotid  artery.] 

ca-rou'sal,  ca-rau'zal,  n.  A  jovial  feast  or 
banquet;  boisterous  revelry. 

ca-rouse',  ca-rauz'.  I.  ri.  [caroused'; 
CA-ROUs'iNG.]  To  drink  deeply  and  boister- 
ously. II.  n.  A  carousal;  a  buniper.  [<  G."^ 
gar,  completely,  -f  dus,  out.] 

carp',  cQrp,  vi.  To  find  fault  unreasonably; 
cavil.    [<  Ice.  Tcarpa,  boast] 

carp,  n.  [carp,  formerly  carps,  ^/.]  A  fresh- 
water food-fish.     [<  LL.oF  carpa,  carp.] 

car'pal,  cQr'pal,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  near 
the  wrist.     [<  Gr.  karpos,  wrist.] 

car'pel,  cflr'pel,  n.  A  one-celled  pistil  or  seed- 
vessel.  [<  Gr.A;ar;x>«,  fruit.]  car-pel'um:!:. 

car'pen-ter,  cflr'pgn-tgr,  n.  A  builder  or  re- 
pairer of  w-ooden  structures.  [<  L.^f  cai^^en- 
titm,  two-wheeled  carriage.]  —  car'pen-try, 
71.    The  art,  trade,  or  work  of  a  carpenter. 

car'pet,  cflr'pgt.  1^.  vt.  To  cover  with  or  as 
with  a  carpet.  II.  n.  A  heavy  ornamental  floor- 
covering;  also,  the  fabric  used  for  it.  [< 
LL.OF  carpita,  thick  woolen  cloth.]  —  car'pel- 
basr'",  11.  A  hand-bag  for  travelers,  especially 
one  made  of  carpeting.— car'pet-iiitr,  n.  1. 
Material  used  for  carpets;  carpets  collectively. 
3.  The  act  of  covering  with  or  as  with  carpet. 

car'riage,  car'ij,  n.  1.  A  wheeled  vehicle  for 
carrying  persons.  2.  That  which  carries  some- 
thing, as  in  a  machine.  3.  Transportation;  the 
charge  for,  or  cost  of,  carrying.  4.  Deport- 
ment; bearing.  51J.  That  which  is  carried. 
[<  OF.  cai-iage,  <  caiier,  carry.] 

car'ri-er,  car'i-gr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
carries. 

car'ri-oix,  car'i-un,  n.  Dead  and  putrefying 
flesh;  a  carcass.     [<  "L.^^  caro,  flesh.] 

car'rot,  car'et,  n.  A  reddish-yellow  edible 
root,  or  the  plant  producing  it.  [  <  Gr.^^^kar- 
dlon,  carrot.]  — car'rot-y,  a.  Lik«  a  carrot; 
reddish-yellow. 

car'ry,  car'i,  v.  [car'ried,  car'id;  car'ry- 
iNo.]  I.  t.  1.  To  bear,  or  cause  to  be  borne 
from  one  place  to  another;  transport;  convey. 
2.  To  bear  in  mind;  contain;  include;  com- 


papfi,  98k;  at,  Sir;  el^mfint,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rQle;  hot,  Or; 


71 


carry 
Castanet 


prise;  involve;  imply.  3.  To  lead;  urge;  move; 
influence.  4.  To  transfer;  remove;  extend. 
5.  To  win;  capture.  6.  To  bear  up:  sustain; 
hold.  7.  To  demean  or  conduct;  bear;  behave. 
8.  [U.  S.l  To  keep  on  hand.  II.  i.  1.  To 
act  as  a  carrier.  2.  To  have  or  exert  impelling 
or  propelling  power.    [<  L.^f  cannts,  cart.] 

car'ry,  car'i,  n.     [car'ries^,  pi.]    A  portage. 

car'ry-all'',  car'i-sr,  n.  A  one-^horse  four- 
wheeled  covered  vehicle.     [Corr.  of  cariolk.] 

cart'',  cGrt,  V.  I.  t.  To  convey  or  carry  in  or 
as  in  a  cart.    II.  i.  To  drive  or  use  a  cart. 

—  cart'age,  n.    The  act  or  cost  of  carting.— 
cart'er,  n.    One  who  drives  a  cart;  a  teamster. 

cart,  n.  1.  A  heavy  two»wheeled  vehicle,  for 
carrying  loads.  2 .  A  light  t\vo»wheeled  vehicle 
with  springs,  as  for  pleasure.     [<  Ice.  kartr.] 

cartel,  cQrt,  n.  A  card  or  paper;  a  bill  of  fare. 
[F.,  card.]  —  carte  blanche,  cQrt  blQAsh,  an 
order  sipned  In  blank  to  be  filled  up  at  discretion; 
unconditional  permission  or  authority.    [F.] 

carte^,  «.  A  position  in  fencing.  [<F.guart€, 
lit.  fourth.] 

car'tel,  cGr'tel,  n.  1.  A  written  official  agree- 
ment, as  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners.  2.  A 
written  challenge,  as  to  single  combat.     [F.] 

car'ti-lage,  car'ti-lej,  ??.  A  tough,  elastic 
animal  tissue;  gristle.  [F.]  —  car^'ti-Iatf^i- 
nous,  cQr"tI-laj'l-nus,  a.  1.  Of  or  like  cartilage; 
gristly.    3,  Having  a  gristly  skeleton,  as  sharks. 

car-toon',  cQr-tun',  ti.  1.  A  sketch  for  a 
fresco  or  mosaic.  2.  A  caricature.  [<L.it  +  f 
c/iarfa:  see  card*,  n.] 

car'tridge,  cflr'trij,  /?.  A  charge  for  a  firearm 
or  for  blasting,  enclosed  in  a  case  or  shell. 
[Corr.  <  F.  cartonche,  cartridge.]  —  blank  car- 
tridge, a  cartridge  containing  powder  only. 

carv(e,  cflrv,  ?;.    [carv(e)d;  carv'ino.]    I.  ^. 

1.  To  cut  figures  or  designs  upon.  2.  To  make 
by  cutting  or  chiseling;  sculpture.  3.  To  cut 
up,  as  cooked  meat.  II.  i.  1.  To  make  carved 
work  or  figures.  2.  To  cut  up  cooked  meat 
served  at  table.  [  <  AS.  ceoi'fan.']  —  carv'er. 
n.  1.  One  who  carves,  ii.  A  carving»knife. — 
cary'ingr,  n.    The  act  of  one  who  carves. 

cas-cade',  cas-ked',  n.  A  small  waterfall.  [F.] 

case,  kes,  vt.  [cased';  ca'sing.]  To' cover 
with  a  case;  incase. 

easel,  n.  1.  The  state  of  things  in  a  given 
instance,  real  or  hypothetical.  2.  An  event; 
contingency.  3.  A  particular  instance  or  ex- 
t  ample;  in  law,  a  cause  of  action;  a  suit;  an  ac- 

tion. 4.  State;  physical  condition  or  situation; 
plight.  5.  (?mm.  The  relation  of  a  noun,  pro- 
noun, or  adjective  to  other  words,  or  its  form 
indicating  the  relation.     [<  L.^^  cai^s,  event.] 

case^,  n.  1.  A  box,  sheath,  bag,  or  other  cover- 
ing in  which  something  is  or  may  be  kept; 
quantity  or  number  so  contained;  a  set.  2. 
Frint.  A  tray,  with  compartments  for  holding 
type.     [<  hJ  capsa,  box,  <  capio,  receive.] 

case':liard"en,  kes'*hQrd"n,  vi.  1.  To 
harden  by  carbonizing  the  surface  of  (iron). 

2.  To  make  callous  or  insensible. 
case'mate,*  kes'mgt,  n.    A  vaulted  chamber 

in  a  fortification,  or  an  armored  bulkhead  on 
shipboard,  with  openings  for  guns.     [F.] 
case'ment,  kes'mgnt,  n.    A  hinged  window- 
sash;  a  window.     [<  LL.  casamenium,  house- 
■'  frame.] 


ca'se-ous,  ke's§-us,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
like  cheese;  cheesy.     [<  L.  caseus,  cheese.] 

casli%  cash,  rt.  To  convert  into  cash,  as  a  check. 

casll>,  n.  Current  money  in  hand.  [<  OF. 
casse,  box.] 

cash^,  7?.  [cash,  pi.]  A  coin  of  China,  worth 
one-fifth  of  a  cent.  [<  Tamil  kdsu,  small  coin.] 

cash-ier',  cash-Tr',  rt.  To  dismiss  in  disgrace, 
as  a  military  officer.    [<  L.^f+d  casso,  destroy.] 

casll-ier','??.  A  custodian  of  money;  a  cash* 
keeper  or  paymaster.  [  <  F.  cassier,  <  caisse, 
casse,  money-box.] 

cash.'inere,  cash'mtr,  n.  A  fine,  soft,  costly 
fabric  made  from  tlie  wool  of  the  Cashmere 
goat.     [<  Cashmere  (state  in  the  Himalayas).] 

ca-si'no,  ca-si'nO,  n.  1.  A  room  or  building 
for  public  resort  and  diversion.  2.  A  summer- 
house,  or  the  like,  as  in  Italy.  3.  A  game  of 
cards.     [It.,  dim.  of  casa,  house.] 

cask,  cask,  n.  A  barrel-shaped  wooden  vessel, 
or  the  qiiantity  it  will  hold.  [  <  Sp.^  casco,  cask.] 

cas'ket,  cgs'ket,  n.  1.  A  small  box  or  chest,  as 
for  jewels  or  other  precious  articles.  2.  [U.S.]  A 
burial-case.  [<  F.  cassette.,  dim.  of  casse,  chest.] 

casque,  case,  ??.  A  helmet;  a  helmet-like  pro- 
tuberance."   [F.] 

cas-sa'va,  cas-sfl'va,  n.  1.  One  of  various 
tropical  American  shrubs  or  herbs;  manioc.  2. 
Tapioca.     [<  llajtian^p*^  kasabi.] 

cas'sia,  cash'ia,  n.  A  coarse  variety  of  cinna- 
mon; also,  the  tree  yielding  it.     [L.] 

cas'si-mere,  cas'i-mir,  n.  A  woolen  cloth 
for  men's  wear.    [<  F.  casimir,  =  cashmere.] 

cas'sock,  cas'§c,  n.  Eccl.  A  close-fitting  gar- 
ment, reaching  to  the  feet,  as  worn  by  tlie  Ro- 
man Catholic  clergy,    {li.^ casacca,  greatcoat.] 

cas'so-wa-ry,  cas'o-wg-ri,  n.   [-riess  pi]  A 
large,   fleet,   ostrich- 
like bird  of  Austra- 
lia.    [<  Malay  kas- 
suwaris,  cassowary.] 

cast,  cast,  V.  [cast; 
cast'ing.]  1.  t.  1. 
To  throw  with  force ; 
fling;  hurl.  2.  To 
throw  off,  out,  or 
over;  emit;  let  fall; 
shed.  3.  To  depos- 
it; give;  as.  to  cast  a 
vote.  4.  To  direct 
or  turn;  impute.  5. 
To  make  a  cast  of; 
found;  stereotype.  6.  To  compute;  reckon 
up;  calculate.  7.  Theat.  (1)  To  assign,  as  for 
a  part.  (2)  To  distribute  the  parts  of  (a  play). 
8.  Law.  To  defeat  in  a  suit.  II.  i.  1.  To 
take  shape  in  a  mold,  as  metal.  2.  To  make 
a  computation.     [<  Ice.  kasta,  tlirow.] 

cast,  n.  1.  The  act  of  throwing;  anything 
throw  n,  or  the  distance  to  which  it  is  or  may 
be  thrown.  2.  An  object  founded  or  run  in 
or  as  in  a  mold.  3.  An  impression,  as  in  wax 
or  plaster.  4.  A  characteristic  formation; 
stamp;  shade.  5.  A  twist;  warp;  squint.  6. 
Theat.  The  distribution  of  parts  to  performers. 

cas'ta-net,  cas'ta-net,  ?i.  A  pair  of  small 
clappers,  used  as  an  accompaniment  to  song 
or  dance.  See  illus.  on  next  page.  [<  L.^p 
castanea,  chestnut.] 


Helmeted  Cassowary. 

Vso 


flutlflre  (future);   aisle;   au  (out); 


oil;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  (^^e);    go;  sing,   i^k;   thin. 


casta^vay 
catchup 


72 


Castanets. 


cast'a-way,    cgst'a-we,    v.      One  who 
wrecked  or  abandoned;  an  outcast. 

caste,  cast,  n.   One  of  the  hereditary  cl 
into  which  society  is  divided  in  Hindustan 
asocial  class.    [<  L.^'s 
castus,  pure.] 

cas'tel-la'^ted,  cgs'tg- 
le'tgd,  pa.  1.  Having 
battlements;  built  like  a 
castle;  fortified.  2.  Hav- 
ing a  castle  or  castles. 

cast'er,  /  cgst'gr,  -§r,  n.    1.  One  who  or  that 

cast'or,  (which  casts.  2.  A  cruet  for  condi- 
ments. 3.  A  small  (swiveling)  roller  fastened 
under  an  article  of  furniture,  etc. 

cas'ti-gate,  cas'ti-get,  xt.  [-ga"ted<';  -ga"- 
TiNG.]  To  punish  with  or  as  with  the  rod; 
chastise.     [<  L.  castics,  pure,  -j-  ago,  make.] 

—  cas'^ti-tra'tion,  cas'ti-ge'shun,  n.  A 
whipping;  severe  rebuke  or  criticism. 

castling,  cgst'ing,  n.  The  act  of  casting,  or 
any  metal  object  cast  in  a  mold. 

cas'tl(e,cgs'l.  I.tt.&vi.  [cas'tl(e)d;  cas'- 
TLiNG.]  1.  To  place  in  or  as  in  a  castle;  fortify. 
2.  Chess.  To  change  simultaneously  the  rela- 
tive positions  of  king  and  castle.  II,  n.  1. 
A  strong  fortress;  a  castle»like  building;  any 
place  of  rightful  defense  and  security.  2. 
Chess.  A  castlc'shaped  piece;  a  rook.  [<  L.^s 
castellum,  dim.  of  castrum,  fort.] 

cas'tori,  cgs'tgr,  n.  1.  A  beaver,  or  its  fur;  a 
fur,  silk,  or  other  hat.  2.  A  heavy  fabric  for 
overcoats,  etc.     [<  iir.'^  kastor,  beaver.] 

cast'oi'2,  n.    Same  as  castek. 

cas'tor=oil'",  cgs'tgr»eil",  n.  A  thick  vegeta- 
ble oil :  used  as  a  cathartic. 

cas'trate,  cas'tret,  tt.  To  emasculate;  geld; 
mutilate.     [<  L.  ca^fro,  castrate.] 

cas^U-al,  cazh'yu-al,  a.  Occurring  by  chance ; 
accidental;  unusual.    [<  \^.^^*^ casus, ch&ncQ.} 

—  cas'u-al-ly,  <7<^J?j.  — cas'u-al-ty,  cazh'- 
yu-al-tl,  n.  [-ties*,  pl.^  1 .  A  fatal  or  serious  ac- 
cident.   3.  A  chance  occurrence. 

cas'u-ist-ry,  cazh'yu-ist-ri,  n.     [-ries^,  pl.l 

1 .  The  determination  of  duty  in  doubtful  cases. 

2.  Sophistical  reasoning.     [<  1,.^  casus,  case.] 

—  cas'u-ist,  n.    1.  An  expert  In  casuistry. 

3.  A  moral  sophls*.  -  cat^^'u-is^tic,  a.    cas''- 
ii-is'tic-alt.— c--8''u-i8'tic-al-ly,  adv. 

cat,  cat,  n.  1.  A  domesticated  carnivorous 
mammal,  kept  to  kill  mice  and  rats  and  as  a 
pet.  2.  Any  related  or  similar  animal,  as  a 
lion,  tiger,  or  polecat.  3.  One  of  various  fishes. 
cafflsh.''!.  4.  A  purchase  for  hoisting  an 
anchor.  5.  A  whip  with  nine  lashed,  formerlv 
used  in  army  and  navy,  cafso'snine's 
tailSit'  [<  AS.  cat.]  —  cat'boat'',  n.  A  small 
one»masted  sailboat. —  cat'irut",  n.  A  very 
tough  cord,  made  from  the  Intestines  of  animals, 
for  stringing  musical  Instruments,  etc.— cat'- 
Inint'^  n.  An  aromatic  herb  of  which  cats  are 
fond.  cat'iiip'''t.  —  catH'paw'',  n.  1.  A 
person  used  as  a  tool  or  dtipe.  ti.  Naut.  A  light 
wind  barely  ruffling  the  water.  cat's'spaw^J, 
— cat'sup'',  7i.    Same  as  catchup. 

cata-,  prefix.  Down;  against;  under;  wholly:  used 
In  words  of  Greek  origin,  becondng  cat-  "before 
a  vowel  and  cath-  before  the  aspirate.  1  <  Gr. 
katu,  down,  against,  through,  concerning.] 

cat'a-clysm,  cat'a-clizm,  n.  An  overwhelm- 
ing flood,  convulsion,  or  catastrophe.  [<Gr. 
kata^  down,  -f  klyzd^  wash.] 


An  unders 
[<Gr.U'+i 


round 
kata. 


cafa-comT),  cat'a-cOm,  n. 
gallery  used  as  a  burial=place. 
down,  -\-  kymbe,  hollow.] 

cat'a-lep-sy,  cat'a-lep-si,  71.    A  sudden  sus- 
pension of  consciousness,  with  muscular  rigid- 
ity.    [<  Gr.  kata,  down,  -f  lamhano,  seize.] 
—  cat'^a-lep'tic,  a.  «fe  n. 

cat'a-logue,  cat'a-leg.  I.  vt.  [-logued; 
-LOGU-iNG.]  To  make  a  catalogue  of;  insert  in 
a  catalogue.  II.  n.  An  alphabetical  list  of 
names,  persons,  or  things.  [<  Gr.F  kata,  en- 
tirely, -p  lego,  reckon.] 

ca-tal'pa,  ca-tal'pa,  n.  A  tree  of  China, 
Japan,  and  North  America,  having  large,  ovate 
leaves,  large  bell'shaped  flowers,  and  long 
slender  pods.     [Am.  Ind.] 

cafa-ma-ran',  cat"a-ma-ran',  n.  1.  Along, 
narrow  raft  with  outrigger.  2.  A  pleasure- 
boat  with  twin  hulls.  [<  'YajcnWkatta'inaram, 
tied  wood.]  [cougar,  or  lynx. 

cat'a-mount,  cat'a-maunt,  n.     A  wildcat, 

cat'a-plasm,  cat'a-plazm,  w.  Med.  A  poul- 
tice.    [<  Gr.  kata,  down,  -{-■plasso,  form.] 

cat'a-pult,cat'a-pDlt,  n.  An  ancient  military 
engine  for  throwing  stones  or  other  heavy  mis- 
siles.    [  <  Gr.L  katapeltes.] 

cat'a-ract,  cat'a-ract,  n.  1.  A  great  water- 
fall. 2.  Opacity  of  the  crystalline  lens  of  the 
eye.     [Gr.  kata,  down,  -f-  arasso,  dash.] 

ca-tarrh.',  ca-tQr',  n.  Exaggerated  secretion 
from  a  mucous  membrane,  especially  of  the 
throat  and  head.  [<  Gr.^  kata,  down,  -f-  rheOy 
flow.]  —  ca-tarrh'al,  a. 

cat-as^tro-plie,  cat-as'tro;f§,  n.  1.  Any  final 
event;  denouement;  a  fataf  conclusion;  great 
and  sudden  misfor- 
tune. 2.  Geol.  A  sud- 
den, violent  change; 
cataclysm.  [<  Gr.  Art- 
tastropM,  <  kata, 
down,  -4-  strepho,  turn.] 

cafbird''  cat'bgrd", 
n.  A  small  slate-col- 
ored North-American 
thrush:    named   from  catbird.    Vu 

Its  cat-like  cry.  * 

catch,  each,  v.     [caught,  cSt;   catch'ing.] 

1.  ^.  1.  To  take,  seize,  or  come  upon,  as  some- 
thing departing  or  fleeing;  take  captive;  cap- 
ture. 2.  To  entrap;  ensnare;  surprise.  3. 
To  seize  and  hold;  grasp;  engage;  captivate. 
4.  To  apprehend  or  perceive  clearly,  as  some- 
thing faint  or  evanescent.  5.  To  contract,  as 
a  disease;  incur,  as  an  injury,  etc.  II.  i.  1. 
To  seize  or  attempt  to  seize  something:  with«/. 

2.  Baseball.  To  act  as  catcher.  3.  To  be- 
come entangled  or  fastened.  4.  To  be  com- 
municated or  communicable,  as  a  disease.  [  < 
L.OF capto,  freq.  of  capio,  take.]  —  catch'er,  n. 
—  catch'inar,  pa.  Infectious;  captivating.— 
catch'pen''ny,  I.  a.  Cheap,  poor,  and 
showy.  II.  n.  t-NiKS«,  j9/.]  An  Inferior  article, 
made  merely  to  sell. 

catch,  71.  1.  The  act  of  catching.  2.  That 
which  catches  or  fastens;  a  fastening.  3.  That 
which  is  or  maybe  caught  or  gained.  4.  An 
artful  trick.  5.  An  imi)ediment;  a  break.  6. 
Mus.    A  round;  a  scraj)  of  song. 

catch^up,  cach'up,  n.  A  spiced  condiment  foj- 
meats.     [<  E.  Ind.  kitjap^ 


juiai  conclusion;  great 


papa,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  ns^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  i  file;  bwt,  fir; 


73 


cateclilsui 
Cayenne 


cat''e-cllisni,  cat'§-kizm,  n.  A  ehort  religious 
treatise  in  tlie  form  of  question  and  answer. 
[<  Gr.  kata,  down,  +  echo^  sound.] 

—  caf^e-cliet'ic,  -al,  cat'e-ket'ic,  -al,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  oral  instruction;  consisting 
of  question  and  answer. 

cat^e-chlze,  -cliise,cat'e-caiz,tY.  [-chized, 
-chised;  -chi"zing,  -chi'sing.]  To  interro- 
gate solemnly;    instruct  as  by  catechism. 

—  cat'e-chist,  n.  One  who  catechizes. 
cat'e-chi'"zei'  or  -sert. 

cat'e-Ch.u,  cat'§-chu,  n.  An  astringent  ex- 
tract from  various  East»Indian  and  African 
plants.     [<  Malay  A;acAw.] 

cat'e-go^'ry,  cat'§-go"ri,  n.  [-RIEs^  pi.]  A 
class  of  things  existing  or  conceived  of  as  ex- 
isting. [<  Gr.  kat£goiia,  accusation,  asser- 
tion.] —  caf  e-gor'ic-al,  cat"§-ger'ic-al,  a. 
Without  qualification;  absolute;  positive;  une- 
quivocal,   -ly,  adv. 

ca'ter,  ke'tgr,  m.  To  furnish  food  or  enter- 
tainment,   f  <  OF.  acater.,  buy.]  — t-a'ter-er,  n. 

cat'er-pil"lar,  cat'gr-pirar,  n.  The  larva 
of  a  butterfly,  or  of  some  other  insects. 

cat'er-waiil,  cat'gr-wel,  vi.  To  utter  a  dis- 
cordant cry  like  a  cat.     [Imitative.] 

ca-thar'tic,  ca-thQr'tic.  I.  a.  Purgative; 
purifying.  II.  n.  A  purgative  medicine.  [< 
(Jr.  kathartikos,  <  katharos,  pure.] 

ca-tlie'dral,  ca-tht'dral,  n.  The  chief  church 
of  a  diocese;  the  bishop's  church,  containing 
his  official  chair  or  throne:  used  also  adjec- 
tivally.    [<  Gr.^+^^  kathedra,  seat.] 

catli'ode,  cath'Od,  n.  The  negative  pole  of  a 
galvanic  battery.  [  <  Gr.  kata,  down,  -{-  hodos, 
way.] 

Cath'o-lic,  cath'o-lic.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  whole  Christian  church.     2.  Pertaining  to 

,  the  Church  of  Rome.  3.  [c-]  Largcminded; 
liberal;  comprehensive;  broad;  general ;  univer- 
sal. II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. —  Ca-thol'i-cism,  ca-thel'i-sizm,  ti. 
The  doctrine  and  practise  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. —cath'''o-lic'i-ty,  cath"o-lia'i-tI,  «. 
1,  Comprehensiveness  in  views,  tastes,  and 
sympathies;  liberality;  breadth.  "2,  Universal 
prevalence  or  acceptance;  universality. ' 

cat'kin,  cat'kin,  n.  Bot.  A  deciduous  scaly 
spike  of  flowers,  as  in  the  willow ;  an  ament  or 
cattail.     [<MD.  katteken,  dim.  of  katte,  cat.] 

cat'tle,  cat'l,  n.  pi.  Domesticated  bovine  an- 
imals.    [  <  LL.OP  capitale,  property.] 

Cau-ca'sian,  ce-cash'ian  w  ce-ke'sian,  n. 
A  member  of  the  white  division  of  the  human 
species.  —  Cau-ca'sian,  a. 

cau'cus,  ce'cus,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  private  or  pre- 
liminary meeting  of  members  of  a  political 
party  to  select  candidates  or  concert  measures. 
[  <  the  Caucus  Club,  Boston,  <  Algonkin  cau- 
cawasu.,  Chickahominy  cockarouse,  councilor.] 

cau^dal,  ce'dal,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  near 
the  tail.    [<  L.  cauda.,  tail.]— cau'dal-ly,  adv. 

cau'dl(e,  ce'dl.  n.  A  warm  drink  of'  wine, 
eggs,  etc.     [<  L.oF  calidus,  warm.] 

caug^ht,  est,  i)np.  of  catch,  v. 

caul,  eel,  n.  A  membrane,  as  a  fold  of  the 
peritoneum.     [<  OF.  cale,  cap.] 

caul'dron,  cSl'drgn,  n.     Same  as  caldron. 

cau'li-flow'^er,  ce'li-flau'gr,  n.  The  fleshy 
edible  head  of  a  variety  of  cabbage;  also,  the 
plant.     [  <  L.  caulis,  cabbage,  -j-  flower.] 


caulk,  caulk-'er,  etc.    Same  as  calk,  etc. 

cause,  cez.  I.  vt.  [caused;  caus'ing.]  To 
be  the  cause  of;  produce;  effect;  induce;  com- 
pel. II.  n.  1.  The  power  or  efficient  agent 
producing  any  thing  or  event.  2.  A  reason.  3. 
A  ^reat  enterprise  or  movement.  4.  Law.  An 
action  or  suit.  51|.  Behalf;  interest;  also,  pur- 
pose; aim:  called  in  philosophy  Jinal  cause. 
[<  L.F  causa,  cause.]  —  caus'al,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  constituting,  Invoh  ing,  or  expressing  a  cause. 
—  cau-sal''i-ty,n.  [■ties';  pi.}  1 .  The  relation 
of  cause  and  effect.  ^Z.  Causal  action  or  agency. 
— cau-sa'tion,  7i.  The  principle  of  causality; 
causative  power,  action,  or  agency;  causation. 
— caus'a-tiv(e,  a.  Effective  as  a  cause;  ex- 
pressing cause;  causal.— caiise'less,  a.  1. 
Having  no  just  cause;  groundless.  »i.  Uncaused; 
self=produced.    -ly,  adv.    -uess,  n. 

cause'way'',  cez'we",  ?).  A  raised  road  or 
way,  as  over  marshy  ground.  [  <  causey  (  < 
LL.oF  ccUcio,  tread)  -\-  avay.]     cau''sey$. 

caus'^tic,  ces'tic.  I.  a.  Corroding;  corrosive; 
stinging;  sarcastic.  II.  /?,.  A  caustic  substance. 
[<  Gr.  kaustikos,  <  kaid,  burn.]  —  caus-tic'- 
i-ty,  cSs-tls'I-ti,  n.    caus'tic-nesst* 

cau'ter-ize,  or  -ise,  ce'tgr-aiz,  vt.     [-ized; 
-i"ziNG.J     To  sear  with  a  caustic  drug  or  a 
heated  iron;  make  callous  or  insensible. 
—  caii''ter-i-za'[v>r  >sa']tioii,  n. 

cau'ter-y,  ce'tgr-i,  n.  [-ies^,  pi.]  The  appli- 
cation of  a  caustic;  a  cauterizing  a^ent.  [< 
Gr.  kautei-ion,  dim.  of  kanUr,  a  searing  iron.] 

cau'tion,  ce'shun.  I.  vt.  To  advise  to  be 
cautious;  warn.  II.  n.  1.  Care  to  avoid  in- 
jury or  misfortune;  prudence;  wariness.  2. 
An  admonition  or  warning.    [  <  L.  caiitio{n-), 

<  caveo,  beware.]— cau'tion-a-ry,  ce'shun- 
g-rl,  a.  Constituting  or  conveying  a  warning; 
admonitory.— caii'tious,  cS'shus,  a.  Exercising 
or  manifesting  caution;  wary;  prudent.  —  cau'- 
tioii8-ly,  «rt».  — cau'tioiis-ness,  n. 

cav''al-cade',  cav"al-ked'  n.  A  company  of 
riders;  a  parade.     [F.,  <  L.^^  caballus,  horse.] 

cav'^a-lier',  cav'a-lir'.  I.  a.  Free  and  easy; 
offhand;  also,  haughty  or  supercilious.    II.  n. 

I.  [C-]  An  adherent  of  the  Stuarts  of  Eng- 
land as  opposed  to  the  Puritans.  2.  A  horse- 
man; knight;  lover;  escort.  [F.,  <  It.  cava- 
liere,  <  L.  caballus,  horse.]    -ly,  adv. 

cav'al-ry,  cav'al-ri,  n.    Mounted  troops. 
cave,  kev.    l.vt.&vi.  [caved;  ca'ving.1  To 
hollow  out;  cause  to  fall  in;  give  way;  fall  in. 

II.  n.  A  natural  cavity  beneath  the  surface  of 
the  earth.     [<  L.^  cavea,  <  cavus,  hollow.] 

cav'ern,  cav'gm,  n.  A  large  cave;  a  den;  cav- 
ity. [  <  L.  caverna,  <  cavus,  hollow.]  —  cav'- 
erii-oii8,  cav'ern-us,  a.  Consisting  of  or  con- 
taining caverns";  like  a  cavern;  hollow;  hollow* 
sounding.  —  cav'ern-ous-ly,  adv. 

cav^i-ar',  cav"i-flr',  n.  The  salted  roe  of  the 
sturgeon.     [<  Turk,  khdvyar.] 

cav'il,  cav'il.  I.  m.  [cav'il(e)d  or  cav'- 
ill(e)d;  cav'il-ing  orcAv'iL-LiNG.]  To  pick 
flaws,  or  raise  frivolous  objections.  II.  n.  A 
captious  objection;  caviling.  [<  L.  oi"  cavillor, 

<  cavilla,  jeering.] — cav'il-er,  cav'il-ler,  n. 
cav'i-ty,  cav'i-ti,  n.    [-ties^,  pi.]    A  hollow 

or  sunken  space;  hole.  [<  L.*"  cavus,  hollow.] 
caw,  ce.    I.    vi.    To  cry  like  a  crow.    II.    n. 

The  cry  of  a  crow.     [Imitative.] 
Cay-enne^  ke-en',  n.    Red  pepper.     [<  F. 

Cayenne,  town  in  Guiana.] 


fiut|fire    (future);    aisle;   au    (aut);    oil;    c    (k);    chat;    dli   {the);   go;   sins,  ii.ik;    thin. 


cayman 
centenary 


74 


cay'man,  ke'man,  n.  A  tropical  American 
alligator.     [<  Sp.;  of  Carib.  origin.] 

cease,  sis,  v.  [ceased';  ceas'ing.]  I.  t. 
To  leave  off  or  discontinue  (one's  own  action). 
II.  ^.  To  come  to  an  end;  stop;  desist.  [< 
L.F  cesso^  freq.  of  cedo,  yield.]  —  cease'less, 
sls'les,  a.  Continuing  without  pause  or  stop.  — 
cease'less-ly,    of/w.  —  cease'less-ness.  n. 

ce'dar,  st'dar.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  cedar.  II. 
n.  A  large  tree  of  the  pine  family,  having  ever- 

freen  leaves  and  fragrant  wood.     [<  Gr.  I'+of 
edros,  cedar-^tree.] 
cede,  sid,  vt.     [ce'ded'';  ce'ding.]    To  yield 
or  give  up;  surrender  title  to;  transfer:  said 
especially  of  territory.     [<  L.  cedo,  yield.] 
ceil,  sil,  vt.    To  furnish  with  a  ceiling;  line  the 
roof  of.    [  <  F.  del,  <  L.  caelum,  heaven,  sky.] 

—  ceil'inir,  string,  n.  The  overhead  covering 
of  a  room;  internal  sheathing,  as  of  a  vessel. 

cel'e-brate,  sel'§-bret,  vt.  [-bra"ted'^;  -bra"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  commemorate  joyfully;  keep: 
observe.  2.  To  make  famous,  as  by  song  or 
poem.  3.  To  observe  with  solemn  rites.  [<L. 
celebratus,  <  celeber,  renowned.]  —  ceFe- 
brant,  n.  One  who  celebrates,  as  mass.—  cel-'- 
e-bra'^ted,  pa.  1.  Famous,  tj.  Performed 
with  customary  rites.— cel'^e-bra'tion,  n. 
The  act,  time,  or  means  of  celebrating;  a  festal 
observance.  —  ce-leb'ri-ty,  se-leb'ri-ti,  n. 
[-TiES»,  pZ.]  1.  Tlie  being  celebrated.  2.  A 
celebrated  person. 

ce-ler'i-ty,  se-ler'i-ti,  w.  Quickness;  speed; 
rapidity.     [<  L.^  celerifas,  <  celer,  swift.] 

cel'er-y,  sel'gr-i,  w.  A  biennial  herb,  whose 
blanched  stems  are  used  as  a  salad.  [<  Gr.r 
selinon.  parsley.] 

ce-les'tiBil,  s§-le8'chalor-tial.  I.  a.  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  sky  or  heaven;  heavenly; 
divine.  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Chinese  dy- 
nasty or  dominion.  II.  n.  1.  A  heavenly  be- 
inj.  2.  [C-]  A  Chinese.  [<  L.of  codvm, 
heaven.]    -ly,  adv. 

cel'i-ba-cy,  sel'i-ba-si,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unmarried.     [<  L.  csblebs,  unmarried.] 

—  cel'i-bate,  n.    An  unmarried  person. 
cell,  sel,  n.     1.  A  small  chamber,   space,   or 

cavity.  2.  A  minute  l  2  S  k 
vesicle  of.  a  living  organ- 
ism. 3.  E'.ec.  A  single 
element  of  a  voltaic  bat- 
tery. [<  h.^^cella,  small 
room.] 

cel'lar,   sel'ar,  n.     An 
underground    room,    as 
under  a  building.      [< 
L.^    cellarium,    pantry, 
<  ce^^a,  cell.]  —  cel'lar-       ..    ^ 
affe,  n.    A  cellar  or  eel-   'loP**"  bronze  celts.    4. 
Jars;  storage  In  a  cellar  or  American   celt   of   pol- 
the  i-harge  f  or  It.  '^^^'^  «*«°«- 

cel'lu-lar,  sel'vu-lar,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
lilie  a  cell  or  cells;  consisting  of  or  containing 
cells,     f  <  L.  cellula,  dim.  of  cella,  cell.] 

ceriU'loid,  eel'yu-leid,  n.  A  hard  elastic  com- 
pound, i)repared  from  guncotton  and  camphor, 
etc.,  under  hydraulic  pressure.  [<  L.  cellula, 
little  cell,  -}-  -oiD.] 

Celt,  I  selt,  kelt,  n.    A  member  of  the  branch 

Kelt,  I  of  the  Aryan  family,  that  includes  the 
Irish,  Manx,  Welsh,  Cornish,  and  low  Bretons. 
[<  Gr.i'-J'    iTf/^oi,  Celts.]  — Celt'Io,KeU'Ic. 


1,2, 


Celts. 
3.   Prehistoric  Eu- 


selt'ic,  kel'tic.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Celts.    II.  n.    The  language  of  the  Celts. 

celt,  n.  A  prehistoric  implement  or  weapon  of 
stone  or  bronze.  See  illus.  in  preceding  col- 
umn.    [<  L.  celtes,  stone^chisel.] 

ce-ment''',  sg-ment',  v.  I.  /.  To  cover  with 
or  unite  by  cement.    II.  i.    To  cohere. 

ce-ment',  n.  1.  A  substance  for  joining  ob- 
jects by  adhesion;  hence,  any  bond  of  union. 
2.  A  mortar^like  substance  for  producing  a 
hard,  smooth,  or  water»proof  surface.  [  <  L.o^ 
csemenlvm,  <  csedo,  cut.] 

cem'^en-ta'tion,  sena'cn-te'shun,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  cementing.  2.  A  process  of  making 
steel  by  heating  wrought  iron  in  charcoal. 

cem.'e-ter-y,  sem'g-ter-i,  n.  [-ies^,  pi.]  A 
place  for  the  burial  of  the  dead.  [<  Gr.  koi- 
fneterion,  <  keitnai,  lie  down.] 

cen'o-'bite,6en'o-bait,  ??.  A  monk.  [<  (Jr.^L 
koiiios,  common,  -4-  bios,  life.] 

—  ceii''o-bit'ic,  cen''o-bit'ie-al,  a. 
cen'o-taph.,  sen'o-tgf,  n.     An  empty  tomb. 

[<  Gr.L  kenos,  empty"^  -{-  taphos,  tomb.] 

cen'ser,  sen'sgr,  n.  A  vessel  for  burning  in- 
cense.    [<  L.OF  incenswn,  incense.] 

cen'sor,  sen'ser,  ??.  1.  An  ofhcial  examiner 
of  manuscripts,  empowered  to  prohibit  their 
publication.  2.  Any  one  who  censures  or  ar- 
raigns; a  critic.  3.  An  ancient  Roman  magis- 
trate. [L.,  <  c^nseo,  judge.]— cen.so'ri-al,fl. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  censor.— cen-so'ri-ous, 
a.  Given  to  censure;  judging  severely;  faultfind- 
ing.—cen-so'ri-ous-ly,  adv.—  cen-so'ri- 
ous-ues8<  71.— cen'sor-ship,  n.  The  office, 
term,  or  powers  of  a  censor  or  crjtic. 

cen'sure,  sen'shur.  I.  vt.  [cen'sured; 
cen'sur-ixg.]  To  blame;  condemn;  repri- 
mand. II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  censuring;  dis- 
approval or  blame.  2.  Reprimand.  [<  L.^ . 
cenmira,  <  censeo,  judge.]  —  cen'8ur-a-bl(e, 
a.    Deserving  censure;  blameworthy. 

cen^sus,  sen'sus,  w.    An  official  numbering  of 
the   people    of    a 
country.      [L.,    < 
cemeo,  assess.] 

cent,  sent,  n.  1. 
The  one»hun- 
dredth  part  of  a 
dollar.  2.  Cen- 
tum or  cento,  hun- 
dred; an  abbrevi- 
ation, chiefly  in 
the  phrase  per 
cent.  See  per.  [< 
L.P  centum,  hun- 
dred.] 

cen-tare',  srui-tSr', 
11.       See    METRIC 

SVST'CM. 

cen'taur,  sen'tor, 
n.  A  fabled  mon- 
ster, half  man  and 
half  horse.  [< 
VjV.  ke/itai/ros.] 

cen'te-na-ry, 
sen'te-iiii-ri.  I.  o. 
dred  or  a  century, 

A  hundredtli  anniversary.    2.  A  perl 
hundred  years.     [<  L.  centum,  hundred.] 

—  cen''te-na'rl-an,     n.      One    who     has 
reached  the  age  of  one  hundred  years. 


Of  or  pertaining  to  a  hun- 
II.  n.     [-RIES»,  pi.]      1. 
nod  of  a 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el§ment,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat§r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


75 


centennial 
cliafe 


cen-ten'ni-al,  een-ten'i-al.  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  hundredth  anniversary.  II.  n.  A 
hundredth  anniversary.  [<  L.  centum^  hun- 
dred, -f-  annus,  a  year.] 

cen'ter,  (  sen'tgr,  v.     [cen'teked,  cen'tred; 

cen'tre,  f  cen'ter-ing,  cen'trinq.]  I.  t.  To 
place  in  or  on  a  center;  draw  to  a  center;  de- 
termine the  center  of.  II.  i.  To  be  or  con- 
verge in  the  center. 

cen'ter,  \  n.     1,  The  middle  point;  that  point 

cen''tre,  f  within  a  circle  which  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  every  point  of  the  circumference. 
2.  A  point  of  attraction  or  convergence;  focal 
point.     [<  Gt.^^^  kentron,  <  kenteo,  prick. 1 

—  cen'ter-ror  -tre-Jbit",  n.     A  bit  with  a 
cutting  edge  that  revolves  about  a  central  point. 

cen-tes'i-mal,  een-tes'i-mal,  a.  1.  One* 
hundredth.  2.  Pertaining  to  progression  by 
hundreds.     [<  I.,  ce/ifemnus,  hundredth.] 

cen'ti-grade,  sen'ti-gred,  a.  Graduated  to 
a  scale  of  a  hundred.  [On  the  centigrade  ther- 
mometer the  freezing=pri;it  of  water  is  zero 
and  its  boiling-point  10C°.]  [<  L.  centum,  hun- 
dred; and  see  grade.  //.] 

cen'ti-gram  or -grniiiine,  sen'ti-gram,  ceii'- 
ti-IF'ter  or  -n"tre,  sen'tl-li'ter,  cen'ti- 
ine'^ter  or  -ine'^tre,  sen'ti-ml'tef.  See  met- 
i:ic  SYSTEM  under  metric. 

cen'ti-ped.     /  sen'ti-ped,  -pid,  n.    A  many- 

cen'ti-pede,  flegged  insect.  [<  L.  centum, 
hundred,  -\- pe(d-)s,  foot.] 

cen'tral,  sen'tral,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or 
aciine  from  the  center;  chief,     -ly,  adv. 

cen'tral-ize  or  -ise,  sen'tral-aiz,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-ized;  -I'ziNG.]  To  make  central;  bring  or 
come  to  a  center;  concentrate. 

—  ceii"tral-i-za'tion  or  -na'tion.  ??.   The 
concentration  of  control  in  a  central  authority. 

cen'rre,  n.    Same  as  center. 

cen'tric,  sen'tric.  r/.  Central;  related  to  a 
i:crve=center.     cen'tric-alj.     -al-ly,   adv. 

cen-trif'u-gal,  sen-trif'yu-gal,  a.  1.  Di- 
rected or  tending  away  from  a  center;  radia- 
ting. 2.  Employing  centrifugal  force.  [<  L. 
centrum,  center,  -\-fugio,  flee.]    -ly,  adv. 

cen-trip'e-tal,  sen-trip'g-tal,  a.  Directed, 
tending,  or  drawing  toward  a  center.  [<  L. 
ceNlnrin,  center,  +  peto, 
seek.]     -ly,  adv. 

cen'tu-pl'e,  sen'tiu-pl,  a. 
Increased  a  hundredfold. 
[<  L.P  centum,  hundred,  -j- 
rdico,  fold.] 

cen-tu'ri-on,  sen-liri'[o?' 
-tu']ri-un,  n.  Rom..  AuCni 
A  captain  of  a  century. 

cen'tu-ry,  sen'chu-ri  n, 
-tiu-ri,  n.  [-riesS  ?>^.]  1.  Ji,'|'l 
A  period  of  100  years.  2.  Y 
Rom.  Antiq.  (1)  A  body  of 
foot-soldiers  (at  one  time  ItJO 
men);  one*sixtieth  of  a  le- 
gion. (2)  A  division  of  the 
Roman  people.  3!'.  A  hun- 
dred   things    of    the    same 


^ai^?^^k-i 


kind.    [  <  L.  centuria,  <  cen- 
tum,    hundred.]  —  cen'tu- 


Centurysplant. 


rysplant'',  n.    The  Amer- 
ican aloe,  formerly  supposed  to  flower  once  in  a 
century. 
ceph-al'ic,  sef-al'ic.  a.    Of,  pertaining  to,  on. 


m,  or  near  the  head.     [<  Gr.L  kephale,  head.] 

cer-am''ic,  ser-am'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  pottery. 
[  <  Gr.  keranws,  potters'  clay.] 

ce^rate,  st'ret,  n.  Pharm.  An  ointment  of 
oil  or  lard,  with  wax,  etc.     [<  L.  cera,  wax.] 

ce'ra"ted,  si're'ted,  a.    Covered  with  wax. 

ce're-al,  si'rg-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  edible 
grain.  II.  z^.  A  grain,  or  a  gram»yielding 
plant.  [<  L.  Cerealis,  <  Ceres,  goddess  of 
corn.] 

cer'^e-bel'lum,  eer'e-berum,  n.  [-bel'la, 
-bel'a,  pi.}  Anat.  The  little  or  hinder  brain. 
[L.,  dim.  of  cerebrum,  brain.] 

cer'e-torunx,  ser'e-brum,  n.  [-bra, -bra, ;;;.] 
The  upper  and  anterior  part  of  the  brain :  as- 
sumed to  be  the  seat  of  thought  and  will.  [L.] 

—  cer'e-bral,  ser'e-bral,  a.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  like  the  brain;  mental,  cer'e-brict.— 
cer^'e-bra'tion,  ser'e-bre'shun,  n.  Brain- 
action,  conscious  or  unconscious. 

cere'ment,  sir'mgnt,  n.  A  garment  or  wrap- 
ping for  the  dead.     [  <  F.  cirement,  a  waxing.] 

cer'e-mo-ny,  ser'g-mo-ni,  n.  [->[IES^  ;V.]  1. 
A  formal  act,  rite,  or  observance,  or  a  series  of 
them.  2.  Observance  of  etiquette;  formal 
civility.     [  <  L.  caeremonia,  ceremony.] 

—  cer''e-ino'Mi-al.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  ceremony;  ritual;  formal.  II.  ?i.  A  system 
of  rules  of  ceremony;  ritual;  etiquette;  ceremo- 
ny, -ly,  «'iiJ.— cer''e-ino'ui-oM8,  a.  Ob- 
servant of  or  conducted  with  ceremony;  formal. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  7i. 

cer'tain,  sgr'tgn,  a.  1.  Sure,  as  matter  of 
fact,  expectation,  purpose,  eflicacy,  or  effect. 
2.  Havmg  a  settled  conviction;  assured;  confi- 
dent; positive.  3.  Indefinite;  one;  some;  as, 
a  certain  man.  [<L.o*'  certus,  <cerno,  de- 
termine.]—cer'tain-Iy,  sgr'ten-li.  adv.—cev^- 
tain-ty,  ser'ten-tl,  n.  [-tie"s«,  pl.\  1.  The 
quality  or  fact  of  being  certain.  2.  A  known 
truth.    3.  Precision:  accuracy. 

cer-tin-cate,  sgr-tif'i-ket.  I.  vt.  [-ca"ted'1; 
-CA  "TING.]  To  furnish  with  or  attest  by  a  cer- 
tificate. II.  n.  A  written  declaration  or 
testimonial. —  cer-ti''fl-ca'tioii,  n.  The  act  of 
certifying. 

cer'ti-fy,  sgr'ti-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -eVing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  give  certain  knowledge  of  (a  thing);  at- 
test. 2.  To  make  a  positive  statement  to  (a 
person);  assure.  II.  i.  To  make  attestation. 
[<  L.F  certus  (see  certain);  and  see  -ft.] 

cer'ti-tude,  sgr'ti-tiiid,  n.  1.  Perfect  assur- 
ance; confidence.  2.  Assured  fact  or  reality; 
sureness  and  precision. 

ce-ru'T.e-an,  se-rii'le-an,  a.  Of  a  deep  clear 
blue;  sky  ==blue.     [<  L.cierw/ew.<,  dark»blue.] 

cer'vi-cal,  sgr'vi-cal,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
near  a  neck.     [<  L.  cervix,  neck.] 

ces-sa'tion,  ses-se'shun,  n.  A  ceasing;  stop; 
l)au8e.     [<  L.  cessatioin-).  <  cesso;  see  cease.] 

ces'sion,  sesh'un,  n.  The  act  of  ceding;  sur- 
render,    r  <  L.F  cessioin-),  <  cedo,  yield.] 

cess'pool'',  ses'puP,  n.  A  covered  well  or 
pit  for  the  drainage  from  sinks,  etc.  [<  Gael. 
SOS,  dirty  mess,  -f-  tool.]     cess'pifj. 

Cliafe,Chef,  t'.  [CHAFEDl;  cha'fing.]  I.  f  1, 
To  injure  or  make  sore  by  rubbing;  gall.  2. 
To  fret;  irritate;  annoy.  3.  To  try  to  make 
warm  by  rubbing.  II.  i.  1.  To  rub  so  as  to 
wear:  become  ai)raded.  2.  To  be  irritated- 
fret;  fume.  [ <  L.^p  caleo,  glow, -\-facio,  make.] 


flutjure    (future);    aisle;   au    {out);   ail;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   (^^e);   go;  sinff,  inik;   thin. 


chaff 
chandler 


76 


chaff's  chgf,  v.  [CoUoq.]  To  poke  fun  at;  banter; 
ridicule.    [Var.  of  chafe,  v.] 

chaff  1 ,  /! .  1 .  The  external  envelopes  or  husks 
of  grain;  also,  straw  or  hay  cut  fine.  2.  Refuse; 
trifles  collectively.     [<  AS.  ceaf.] 

chaff 2,  n.    Good»natured  raillery;  banter. 

chaffer,  chaf'gr.  I.  vi.  1 .  To  dispute  about 
price.  2.  To  talk  idly;  chatter.  II.  n.  A 
disputatious  bargaining.  [<  AS.  cedp,  bar- 
gain, -{-fan/,  journey.]  —  chaPfer-er,  n. 

chaffinch,  chaf inch,  n.  A  European  song= 
finch.     [<  chaff',  n.,  -\-  finch.] 

cha'fln^=dish'',  che'fing'dish",  n.  A  vessel 
for  holdnig  live  coals,  a  lamp,  or  hot  water,  for 
heating  or  cooking. 

cha-grin',  sha-grin'.  I.  ft.  To  humiliate;  mor- 
tify. II.  n.  The  vexation  of  disappointment 
and  wounded  pride;  mortification.     [F.] 

chain,  chen.  I.  Tt.  To  fasten,  as  with  a  chain. 
II.  n.  1.  A  string  of  interlinked  rings  or 
links,  serving  to  bind,  drag,  ornament,  or  hold. 
2.  Shackles;  bonds;  enthralment:  usually  in 
the  plural.  3.  Any  connected  series;  a  suc- 
cession; range,  as  of  mountains.  4.  A  sur- 
veyors' measuring^line  of  100  links.  [L.*"  ca- 
tena, chain.]  —  chain'sgang'',  n.  A  gang  of 
convicts  compelled  to  work  In  chains. —  c.s 
pump.  n.  A  pump  that  raises  water  by  means 
of  buckets  or  disks  on  an  endless  chain  passing 
through  a  tube. 

chair,  char.  I.  vt.  To  put  into  or  carry  in  a 
chair;  install  in  office.  II.  n.  1.  A  movable 
seat  with  four  legs  and  a  back.  2.  A  seat  of 
office,  as  of  a  professor  or  nioderator;  also,  the 
office  or  officer;  a  chairman.  3.  Hallway.  An 
iron  block  for  holding  rails  in  place.  41!.  A 
sedan.     [<  F.  chaire,<  Gr.  katJiedra,  seat.] 

chair'man,  char'm^n,  n.  [-men,  plJ[  1 .  One 
who  presides  over  an  assembly.  2||.  One  of 
the  carriers  of  a  sedan-chair. 

chaise,    shez,  n.    1.   A    two-wheeled,  one- 
horse  vehicle  for  two 
persons.    2.  A  light 
four  -  wheeled      car- 
riage.    [F.] 

chal-ced''o-ny ,  cal- 
sed'o-ni,  n.  Mineral.     _,        ^  ,^.    i       *  -.^/.n 
A  waxy,  translucent     "^"^^^^^  Chaise  of  1760. 
quartz.      [<   Gr.   ChalkMon    (town  in   Asia 
Minor).]    cal-ced-'o-nyif. 

Chardron,  chel'drun,  n.  A  weight  or  meas- 
ure for  coal  and  coke:  (Eng.  32  to  36  bu.,  U.  S. 
2,500  to  2,900  lbs.).     [ <  F.  chaudron.] 

cha'^let',  eha"le',  n.  A  Swiss  cottage.  [  < 
Swiss  chalet.] 

chaFice,  chal'is,  n.  A  cup  used  in  the  Lord's 
Supper.     [<  L.P  calix  {colic-),  cup.] 

chalk,  chSk.    I',  vt.    To  put  chalk  on  or  in; 
mark  with  chalk.    II.  n.    A  soft,  white,  com- 
pact limestone,  or  a  piece  of  it,  used  for  mark- 
mg  or  drawing.     [  <  L.'^'*  calx  (calc-),  lime.] 
—  rhalk'y,  a.    Of,  containing,  or  like  chalk. 

challenge,  chal'enj,  v.  [-lenged;  -len- 
oiNo.]  I.  ^  1.  To  dare  (a  person)  to  a  contest 
or  trial;  call  out  to  a  duel.  2.  To  invite  or 
defy  (scrutiny  or  proof).  3.  To  claim  fls  one's 
due.  4.  To  call  in  question;  dispute;  object  to 
(a  juror,  voter,  or  vote).  5.  Mil.  To  utter  a 
challenge  to,  &s  a  sentry.  II.  i.  To  dare  or 
defy  any  one. 


challenge,  n.  1.  A  call  or  defiance  to  per- 
sonal contest.  2.  A  formal  objection  or  ex- 
ception against  a  person  or  thing.  3.  A  sen- 
try's call,  requiring  one  to  halt  and  give  the 
countersign.  [<  L.oFca^wmnia,*  see  calumny.] 

—  clial'len-ger,  n. 
cha-lyh'e-ate,  ca-lib'g-i-t  or  -gt,  a.   Impreg- 
nated with  iron.     [<  Gr.  chalyps.  steel.] 

Cham'her,  chem'bgr,  n.  1.  A  room  in  a 
dwelling-house,  especially  a  bedroom.  2.  j)l. 
[Eng.]  A  suite  of  rooms  or  offices.  3.  A  hall 
where  an  assembly  meets;  also,  the  assembly. 
4.  An  enclosed  space,  as  at  the  breech  of 
a  gun.  [<  L.*'  camera,  vault.]  —  cham'ber- 
lain,  chem'ber-lgn.n.  1.  A  palace  oflicial.  2. 
A  steward  or* treasurer.— chain'ber-inaid'', 
n.    A  woman  having  care  of  bedchambers. 

cha-me'le-on,  ca-mi'lg-§n,  n.  A  lizard  that 
has  the  power  of  changing  its  color.  [Gr.i- 
chaniai,  on  the  ground,  +  leon,  lion.] 

oham'fer,  cham'fgr.  I.  tt.  To  cut  a  channel 
in;  bevel.    II.  w.  A  groove  or  channel;  a  bevel. 

cham^ois ,  sham'i  or  sham' we,  n.  1 .  A  moun- 
tain antelope  of  Europe  and  Asia.  2.  A  soft 
leather.     [F.] 

chain'o-inile,  n.    Same  as  camomile. 

champs  champ,  vt.  &  vi.  To  bite  impatiently, 
as  a  horse  the  bit.  [<  Swed.  dial,  kamsa, 
chew  with  difficulty.] 

cham-pagne',  sham-pen',  /?.  An  effervescent 
wine,  es])('cially  from  Champagne,  France. 

cham-paign',  sham-pen'.  I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  level  ground  or  open  country.  II. 
n.  Flat  and  open  ground.  [  <  LL.*^*'  campania; 
see  campaign.]    cham-pagne't. 

cham^pi-on,  cham'pi-un.  l7  vt.  To  act  as 
the  champion  of;  contend  for;  advocate.  II. 
n.  1.  Originally,  one  who  fought  in  behalf  of 
another;  one  who  defends  a  person,  principle, 
etc.  2.  The  victor  in  an  open  contest.  [<  L. 
^^*^  camjnis,  field.]  —  cliaiii'pi-on-ship,  n. 
The  state  or  position  of  a  champion. 

Chance,  chgns.  I.  vi.  [chanced';  chan'- 
ciNG.]  1.  To  occur  accidentally;  happen.  2. 
To  come  unexpectedly  or  undesignedly  {on  or 
vpon).  II.  a.  Occurring  by  chance;  casual. 
III.  n.  1.  Fortune;  luck.  2.  An  accident. 
3.  A  favorable  conjuncture  of  circumstances; 
opportunity.  4.  Probability;  contingency; 
likelihood.     [<  LL.*"  cadentia,  <  L.  cado,  fall.] 

Chan'cel,  chan'sel,  n.  The  space  about  the 
altar  in  a  church,  for  the  clergy.     [OF.l 

Chan^cel-lor,  chgn'sel-^r,  w.  1.  A  high  offi- 
cer of  state  or  of  a  university.  2.  A  judicial  offi- 
cer sitting  in  a  court  of  chancery  or  equity. 
[<  IAj.^*'  cancellarius,  usher  of  a  law-court.] 

— Liord  Hiarh  C,  in  Great  Britain,  the  high- 
est judicial  officer  of  the  crown.  — eh an'cel- 
lor-Hhip,  n.    The  office  of  a  chancellor. 

chan'cer-y ,  chan'sgr-i,  n.  A  court  of  equity; 
formerly,  in  England,  the  court  presided  over 
by  the  Lord  High  Chancellor.  [<  LL.^can- 
ce'larius;  see  chancellor.] 

chan'^de-lierS  shairde-llr',  n.  A  branched 
supi)ort  for  lights  susi)ended  from  a  ceiling. 
[<  L.''''^*'  candela,  candle.] 

chand^ler,  chand'lgr,  n.  A  trader;  dealer, 
especially  in  candles;  as,  a  tallow'c7/<///<//<-/". 
[<   F.    chandelier,   chandler,  candlestick.] 

—  chaiui'Ier-y,  n.  [-iKS'.p/.]  A  chandler's 
shop  or  goods;  place  for  keeping  candles. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfmfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


77 


cliange 
cliarni 


change,  chenj,  v.     [changed;  chan'ging.] 

1.  t.     1.    To  make  different;   convert;  alter. 

2.  To  exchange;  interchange.  II.  i.  To  be- 
come different;  vary. —  change''a-bil'i-ty,  n. 
change'R-bKe-nessi.— change'a-bl(e, 
chenj'a-bl,  a.  1.  Capable  of  beln^  changed. 
'i.  Likely  to  change;  inconstant. —  cliange'a- 
bly,  rtrt».— change'ful,  chenj'ful,  a.  Full  of 
or  given  to  change.— change'less,  a.  Free 
from  change;  immutable.— chan^'ger,  n. 

change,  ?i.  1.  The  act  or  fact  of  changing; 
alteration;  substitution,  or  something  used  in 
substitution.  2.  Small  money.  3.  A  place 
for  general  transaction  of  business.  See  ex- 
change.    [<  LL.*"  cambium,  exchange.] 

change'ling,  chenj'ling,  n.  1.  An  ilWa- 
vored  child  supposed  to  have  been  substituted 
by  fairies  for  a  beautiful  one  stolen  away.  2. 
A  fickle  person:  used  also  adjectivally. 

chan'nel,  chan'el.  I.  tt.  [chan'neled or 
chan'nelled;  chan'nel-ing  or  chan'nel- 
LiNG.l  To  cut  or  wear  channels  in.  II.  n. 
The  bed  of  a  stream;  deep  part  of  a  river;  a 
wide  strait;  any  groove  or  passage.  [<  L.of 
canalis,  water=pipe.] 

chant,  chgnt.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  sing,  as  to  a 
chant;  sing.  II.  «.  A  melody  adapted  to  words 
without  strict  rhythm;  a  psalm  or  canticle  so 
recited;  a  song;  melody.  [<  L.^  cantus,  < 
mno,sing.]  chaunt:}:-— **•'»"*'«'*» ^-  chant'- 
ort;  chaiint'ert.— cbaiit'ress,  n.fern. 

chan'ti-cleer,  chan'ti-clir,  «,.  Acock.  [< 
F.  chanter,  chant,  -(-  clair,  clear.] 

Cha'os,  ke'es,  n.  A  condition  of  utter  disorder 
and  confusion,  as  the  unformed  primal  state  of 
the  universe.  [<  QvJ  chaos,   <  chaino,  gape.] 

—  cha-ot'ic,  kc-et'lc,  a.   Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
like  chaos;  unformed;  disordered. 

chap,  chap,  vt.  &  vi.  [chapped'  or  chapt; 
CHAP'piNG.]  To  crack  and  roughen,  as  the  skin. 

chap',  n.    A  crack,  as  in  the  skin. 

Chap2,  n.     [Colloq.]     A  fellow;  lad. 

chap3,  chop,  n.  A  jaw:  in  the  plural,  the 
mouth  and  cheeks.     [  <  Ice.  kiaptr,  jaw.] 

chap''ar-ral',  chap"a-ral',  n.  A  tangle  of 
dwarf  oak,  low  thorny  shrubs,  etc.  '[Sp-,  < 
chaparra,  evergreen  oak.] 

cha'^peau',  shg"po',  n.  [cha'peaux',  sha"- 
poz',^y/.]  A  hat;  especially,  a  plumed  or  mHi- 
tary  hat.     [F.] 

chap^el,  chap'el,  w.  1.  A  place  of  worship 
other  than  a  large  and  regular  church.  2.  A 
chapel  service.  [  <  LL.o^  capella,  dim.  of  cappa, 
cape,  cope  (orig.  of  a  saint,  held  as  a  relic).] 

chap'er-on,  shap'er-On.  I.  vt.  To  act  as 
chaperon  to.  II.  n.  A  woman  who  acts  as 
attendant  or  protector  of  a  young  unmarried 
woman  in  public.     [F.]    chap^er-onej. 

—  chap'er-on-age,  n. 
Chap'fal^'len,  /  chep'fern,  a.      Having   the 
chop^fal'^len,  (chap  or  jaw  drooping;  hence, 

dejected ;  crestfallen. 
Chap'lain,  chap'len,  n.    A  clergyman  having 
official  charge  of  religious  services,  as  of  a  leg- 
islature, a  regiment, or  a  ship.  [ <  F.  chapelain.] 

—  chap'lain-cy,  n.  [-ciEs«,p/.]  The  office  of 
a  chaplain,    chap^laiu-shipt. 

Chap'let,  chap'let,  7i.    A  wreath  or  garland; 

necklace;  rosary.     [<  F.  chapelet.] 
chap^man,  chap'mgn,  n.     [chap'men,  pL] 

A  pedler.     [<  AS.  ceap,  trade,  +  man,  man.] 


chapiter,  chap'tgr,  n.  1.  A  division  of  a  book. 
2.  The  clergy  of  a  cathedral.  3.  A  branch  of 
a  society.  [<  L.p  capitulum,  dim.  of  caput, 
head.] 

char,  char,  vt.  &  vi.  [charred;  char'ring.] 
To  scorch  or  be  scorched;  burn  to  charcoal. 

char'ac-ter,  car'ac-tgr.  I.  vt.  To  impress, 
engrave,  or  depict;  characterize.  11.  n.  1. 
The  quality,  or  qualities,  distinguishing  any 
person  or  class,  especially  high  qualities;  moral 
force.  2.  Reputation.  3.  A  representation; 
assumed  part;  rSle;  also,  the  person  holding 
or  represented  as  holding  it.  4.  A  figure  en- 
graved, written,  or  printed;  mark;  sign; 
letter.  [  <  Gr.  charakter,  an  engraved  mark,  < 
charasso,  engrave.] — char''''ac-ter-i8'tic.  I.  a. 
Distinguishing;  marking  spcclftcallj-.  II.  n.  A 
distinctive  feature;  peculiarity,    -al-ly,  adv. 

char'ac-ter-ize  or  -ise,  car'ac-tgr-aiz,  vt. 
[-ized;  -i'zing.]     1.  To  describe;  designate. 

2.  To  be  a  mark  or  peculiarity  of;  distinguish. 
—  char^'ac-ter-i-za'tion  or  -sa^tion,  n. 

cha-rade',  sha-red'  orshg'rad',  n.  An  enig- 
ma given  in  representation.     [F.j 

char'coal'',  char'cor,  n.  A  black,  porous 
substance,  obtained  by  the  imperfect  combus- 
tion of  wood  in  an  air=tight  kiln;  nearly  pure 
carbon.     [<  AS.  cearcian,  crack,  -f  coal.] 

charge,  cliflrj,  v.     [charged;   char'ging.] 

1.  ^.  1.  To  lay  or  impose  something  upon,  as 
a  load,  trust,  or  requirement;  exhort;  instruct; 
enjoin.    2.  To  set  or  state  as  a  price;  demand. 

3.  To  set  down  or  record  something  as  due 
from;  debit.  4.  To  accuse.  5.  To  make  an 
onset  upon.  6.  To  emblazon,  as  with  heraldic 
emblems.    II.  ^.   1.  To  demand  or  fix  a  price. 

2.  To  make  an  onset.  [<  F.  charger,  <  LL. 
carrico,  <  L.  carrus,  car.] 

charge,  n.  1.  The  quantity  put  or  to  be  put 
into  a  firearm,  a  furnace,  etc.  2.  Care  and 
custody,  or  that  which  is  under  one's  care.  3. 
A  price;  entry  of  indebtedness;  tax;  expense; 
cost.  4.  An  address  of  instruction  or  admoni- 
tion. 5.  An  accusation.  6.  An  impetuous 
onset;  also,  the  signal  for  it.  7.  A  heraldic 
figure  or  device;  a  Dearing. 

charge'a-bl(e,chflrj'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing or  rightfully  to  be  charged. 

char-'ger,  chQr'jgr,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  charges;  a  war=horse.    211.  A  large  dish. 

Char'i-ly,  char'i-li,  adv.     In  a  chary  manner. 

char'i-ness,  char'i-nes,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  chary. 

Char'i-Ot,  char'i-§t,  ??.  1.  Antiq.  A  two- 
wheeled  vehicle  used  in  war  and  in  racing.  2. 
An  ornate  four»wheeled  carriage.  [OF.]  - 
char'^i-ot-eer',  n.    One  who  drives  a  chariot. 

Char'i-ty,  char'i-ti,  ??.  [-tiesS;?;.]  1.  Lib- 
erality to  the  poor;  almsgiving;  alms.  2.  An 
institution  for  the  help  of  the  needy.  3. 
Readiness  to  overlook  faults;  leniency.  4. 
Benevolence;  Christian  love.  [<L.Fcon- 
ta(t-)s,  <  crtrws,  dear.]— char'i-ta-bl(e,  chai'i- 
ta-bl,  a.  Beneficent;  generous;  considerate; 
lenient;  Indulgent,    -ne^s,  n.    -ta-bly,  adv. 

char'la-tan,  shar'la-tan,  n.  A  pretender,  as 
to  medical  knowledge;  quack.  [F.]  — char'- 
la-taii-ry,  n.    char'la-tan-ismj. 

Charm,  chflrm,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  put  a  spell 
upon;    captivate;    fascinate;  delight.    2.  To 


fluttnre    (future);    aisle;    au    {out);    eil;    c    (k);    chat;    dh    (^^e);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


charm 
clieinical 


78 


protect  as  by  a  spell.    II.  i.    To  act  like  a 

charm;  be  fascinating.— charni'er,  n. 
charm,  charm,  n.    1.  The  power  of  alluring 

or  delighting;  fascination;  also,   that  which 

charms;  beauty.    2.  A  magical  spell;  amulet. 

[  <  F.  charme,  <  L.  carmen.,  song.] 
Cliarm^ing,  chflrm'ing,  pa.     Having  power 

to  charm,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
char'nel,  chQr'nel.     I.  a.    Sepulchral.    II. 

n.    A  sepulcher.   cliar'nel=liouse'^J.    [< 

L.^  caro  (carn-\  flesh.] 
chart,  chflrt.    I<i.  vf.    To  lay  out  on  a  chart. 

II.  n.    A  map,  as  for  the  use  of  navigators. 

[<  Gr.i'  +  OF  chai'te,  leaf  of  paper.] 
char'ter,    chQr'tgr.     I.  tt.     1.  To  hire  by 

charter,    2.  To  establish  by  charter.    II.  n. 

1.  An  act  of  incorporation.  2.  A  document 
granting  special  rights  or  privileges.  3.  A 
lease  of  a  vessel,  a  railroad  train,  etc.  [  <  L.^f 
chartvla,  dim.  of  charta;  see  chart,  n.] 

char'wom'^an,   char'wum'an,  n.     fEng.]     A 

chorewoman. 
char'y,  char'i  or  che'ri,  a.    1.  Cautious;  wary. 

2.  Careful;  prudent;  sparing.  [<  AS.  cearig, 
sorrowful,  sad,  <  ceat^i,  care.] 

chases  ches,  v.    [chased';  cha'sing.]    I.  t. 

1,  To  follow  with  intent  to  catch,  obtain,  etc. ; 
pursue.  2.  To  drive  away;  dispel.  II.  i.  To 
follow  in  pui-suit ;  run  swiftly.  [  <  OF.  chacie?\ 
<  L.  capto;  see  catch,  v.'] 

chasers  vt.    To  ornament  by  indenting. 

chases??.  1.  Earnest  pursuit.  2.  That  which 
is  pursued.  3.  The  practise  of  hunting;  hunt- 
ers collectively;  the  hunt.  4.  [Eng.]  A  pri- 
vate gamc'preserve. 

chase^,  n.  1 .  A  frame  into  which  type  is  fast- 
ened for  printing.  2.  The  forward  part  of  a 
cannon.  3.  A  groove;  trough;  trench.  [< 
OF.  chasse,  <  L.  capsa;  see  case^,  n.] 

chasm,  cazm,  n.  A  yawning  hollow;  deep 
gorge.     [<  Gr.  chasma,  <  chaino,  gape.] 

chaste,  chest,  a.  1.  Sexually  pure;  modest; 
virtuous.  2.  Pure  in  style.  [<L.^castv8,p\iTe.] 
—  cliaste'ly,  adv.— chaste'ness,  n. 

cha^sten,  che'sn,  vt.  1.  To  discipline  by 
pain  or  trial.  2.  To  moderate;  soften.  3.  To 
refine;  purify.    41.  To  chastise, 

chas-tise',  chas-taiz',  vt.  [chas-tised'; 
CHAs-Ti'siNo.]     1.  To  correct  with  the  rod. 

2.  To  punish,  as  an  enemy.  [<  chasten.] 
chas-tize^:|:*  —  chas'tise-ment,  chas'tiz- 
m^nt,  n.  The  infliction  of  punishment,  especial- 
ly for  the  benefit  of  the  sufferer. 

chas'ti-ty.  chas'ti-ti,  «.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  chaste; 

purity. 
chat,     chat.     I. 

vi.    [chat'ted"*; 

chat'tino.]    To 

converse    in    an 

easy  manner.  II. 

n.    Easy  and  fa- 
miliar      speech. 

[Short  for  chat- 
ter.] 
ch&^^teau'. 

shQ"tO',  n.     [cha'teaux',  slig'tOz',  pi.]    A 

castle;  country  mansion.     [F.] 
Chat'tel,    chat'el,  n.    Law.     An  article    of 

personal  property ;  a  movable.    [  <  OF.  chatel. ] 


French  Chateau. 


chat'ter,  chat'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  click 
(the  leeth)  rapidly  together,  as  in  shivering. 

2.  To  talk  fast  and  trivially.  3.  To  make 
rapid  and  indistinct  sounds,  as  a  monkey.  II. 
n.  1.  Idle  prattle.  2.  Jabbering,  as  of  a 
monkey.  3.  A  rattling  of  the  teeth.  [Imita- 
tive.] —  chat'ter-box''',  n.     A  voluble  talker. 

chat'ty,  chat'i,  a.    Given  to  chat;  loquacious. 

cliat'ty,  71.    An  East=Indian  porous  water=jar, 

cheap,  chip,  a.  Bearing  or  bringing  a  low 
price;  hence,  poor;  mean.  [<  AS.  cmjo,  trade 
(in  phrase  good  cheap).]  —cheap^en,  chlp'n, 
vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  make  or  become  cheap.  21.  To 
beat  down  the  price  of;  chaffer  or  bargain  for.— 
cheap'Iy,  ar^r.— clieap^ness,  n. 

cheat<i,  chit,  vt.  &  vi.  To  deceive  or  defraud; 
impose  upon;  delude;  beguile.  [Abbr.  of  es- 
cheat, v.]  —  cheat'er,  n. 

Cheat,  n.  1.  A  fraud;  imposture,  2.  A 
swindler.    3.  A  weed;  chess. 

check',  chec,t'.  I.  t.  1.  To  restrain  by  force 
or  suddenly;  stop;  curb.  2.  To  mark  with  a 
check  or  checks;  hence,  to  test  by  comparison. 

3.  To  attach  a  check  to,  or  obtain  one  for.  4. 
To  put  in  check,  as  in  chess.  5!!.  To  rebuke; 
reprove.    II.  i.    To  pause;  halt. 

check,  w.  1.  A  checking  or  being  checked. 
2.  That  which  checks,  as  a  check»rein.  3.  A 
written  order  for  money,  drawn  upon  a  bank  or 
banker.  4.  A  numbered  tag,  or  the  like,  to 
identify  the  owner  of  an  article.  5.  A  mark 
for  verification,  as  in  an  account.  6.  A  square 
in  a  checkered  surface;  any  checkered  pattern. 
7.  In  chess,  an  attack  or  menace  to  the  king. 


[  <  F.  echec,  <  Per.  shah,  king.] 
heck'er,  chck'gr,  vt.    To  mark  wit 
or  crossed  lines;  diversify. 


cheekier,  n.  1.  A  piece  in  the  game  of 
checkers.  2.  A  square  in  a  checker»surface. 
3.  pi.  A  game  played  on  a  checker'board; 
draughts.  [<  OF.  e-^chelier,  chess=board,  ult. 
<  Per.  shah,  king.]  checq'uert.—  check'- 
ersboarcl^'',  n.    A  board  divldod  into  64  squares. 

check'mate",  chec'met".  I<i.  rt.  Chess. 
To  put  (a  king)  in  a  check  from  which  no  escape 
is  possible;  defeat  by  a  skilful  maneuver.  II. 
n.  The  act  or  position  of  checkmating.  [< 
Ar.F  shah,  king,  -|-  mat,  dead.] 

cheek,  chtk,  n.  Either  side  of  the  face  below 
the  eye;  an  analogous  part  of  any  object.  [< 
AS.  ceace.^ 

cheer,  chir,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  cheerful. 
2.  To  applaud  with  cheers.  II.  i.  1.  To  be 
or  become  cheerful.    2.  To  utter  cheers. 

cheer,  «.  1.  A  shout  of  applause  or  encour- 
agement. 2.  Cheerfulness,  3.  Provisions  for 
afeast.  4il.  Expression;  look.  [<1j1j.^  cava 
(<  Gr.  kara),  head.]  — cheer'ful,  rt.  In  good 
spirits;  loyous;  lively;  willing.— clieer'fui-Iy, 
f/f7r.— clieer'lul-ness,  «.— cheer'Ieps,  a. 
Dt'Stltuteof  cheer;  gloomy,  mly,  adr.   -nces,  «. 

cheer'y,  chlr'i,  a.  1.  Abounding  in  or  show- 
ing cheerfulness.  2.  Fitted  to  cheer;  cheer- 
ing.—cheer'i-ly,  adv.—  cheer'i-ness,  n. 

cheese,  chtz,  71.  Tl»e  pressed  curd  of  milk. 
I^<  h.^>^  casetis,  cheese.] —chees'y,  chtz'i,  rt. 
Containing  or  resembling  cheese. 

chef,  shef,  n.    A  male  head  cook.     [F.] 

chef'sd'flcn'vre,  8hC'"»dO'vr,  n.  [CHKFs'-D'ffiu'- 
VRK,  shfi'dO'vr.joI.I    A  masterpiece,    [F,] 

chem^ic-al,  kem'ic-al,    I.  a.    1.  Of  or  per- 


papA,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  th%,  ue^ge;  it,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  9h\  orator,  er;  full,  rille;  bot,  Or; 


(ffnu 


79 


chemise 
chime 


taining  to  chemistry.  2.  Obtained  bv  or  nsed 
in  chemistry,  chem'ict  [Poet.].  11.  n.  A 
substance  obtained  by  or  used  in  a  chemical 
process. —  chem'ic-ar-ly,  adv. 

che-mise',  shg-mtz',  n.  A  woman's  under- 
garment.    [F.,  <  LL.  camisia,  shirt.] 

chem'ist,  kem'ist,  n.  1.  One  versed  in  chem- 
istry.   2.  A  dealer  in  chemicals.     [Abbr.  of 

ALCHEMIST.] 

chem'is-try,  kem'is-tri,  n.  1.  That  science 
which  treats  of  matter  considered  as  composed 
of  atoms  and  of  their  relations  and  affinities. 
2.  A  treatise  on  this  science. 

cheque,  chec,  n.    Same  as  check,  3. 

clieq'iier,  etc.    Same  as  checker,  etc. 

Cher'ishS  cher'ish,  vt.  1.  To  care  for  kind- 
ly; foster;  nurture.  2.  To  entertain  fondly, 
as  a  hope  or  an  idea.     [<  F.  cher,  dear.] 

cher'ry,  cher'i.  I.  a.  1.  Like  a  cherry;  red, 
2.  Made  of  cherrywood.  II.  n.  [cher'- 
RiES^,  pi.']  A  small  roundish  or  heart»shaped 
red  or  reddish  fruit  growing  on  a  long  pedicel, 
and  containing  a  small  round  stone;  also,  the 
tree  that  bears  it,  or  its  wood. 

Cher' uh,  Cher 'ub,  7h  1.  [cher'ubs,  t?/.]  The 
representation  of  a  beautiful  winged  child,  or 
the  winged  head  of  a  child;  hence,  a  beautiful 
child.  2.  [cherubim,  pL]  One  of  an  order 
of  exalted  angelic  beings.  [<  llcb.^  k'rilbh, 
cherub.]  —  che-rii'blc,  che-ru'bic-al,  a.— 
clier'u-bim,  n.  1.  Plural  of  cherub.  2. 
[Erroneous.]    A  cherub:  with  plural  cherubims. 

cher'up,  cher'up,  v.  &  n.    Chirrup;  chirp. 

Chess  1,  ches,  n.  A  game  played  by  t\\o  per- 
sons on  a  checkered 
board  divided  into  64 
squares,  with  16  pieces 
on  each  side.  [<  OF. 
esches,  pi.  of  eschec;  see 
checrI,  w.]  ~  chess's 
board'",  n.  The  board 
on  which  chess  Is  played. 
—  chess'inaii,  n.  One 
of  the  pieces  in  chess. 

chess^,  n.    An  oat'like 
weed. 

chest,    chest,  n.     1.  A 
large  box,  as  for  pack-  opening   of 

ing.     2.  The  part  of  the    rook;  b,  knight;  c,  bish 
body     enclosed     by    the    op;  d,  queen;  eking; /, 

ribs;    the   thorax.       [<   ^'fe' /',-''P'l^^'   '''' 

—  chest  of  dra^vers,  a  hox«llke  frame  con- 
taining drawers:  [U.S.]  ^.bureau. 

chest'nut,  ches'nut.  I.  a.  1.  Richly  red* 
brown.  2.  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  chestnut. 
II.  n.  1.  An  edible  nut,  growing  in  a  prickly 
bur;  also,  the  tree  that  bears  it,  or  its  wood. 
See  illus.  in  next  column.  2.  A  reddish=brown 
color,  or  a  horse  of  that  color.     Ches'nutf. 

Chev^a-lier',  shev'a-lir',  n.  A  knight;  cav- 
alier.   [F.] 

chev'ron,  shev'r§n,  n.  A  device  of  V-shaped 
bars  worn  on  the  sleeve  by  non-commissioned 
ofhcers.     [F.] 

chew,  chu.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  cut  or  grind  with 
the  teeth;  work  the  jaws  and  teeth;  ruminate; 
meditate.  II.  n.  The  act  of  chewing,  or  that 
which  is  chewed.     [<  AS.  ceowan.,  chew,  eat.] 

Chi-cane',  shi-ken',  n.  Mean,  petty  trickery, 
Avith  fair  pretense.    [F.]    chi-ca'ner-y:}:." 


Chess=board. 
Pieces  as  arranged  at 
opening    of    game;     a, 


2.  A 


Chestnut. 
1.  Leaf  of  the  Amer- 
ican     chestnut.         2. 
Leaves   of   European 


chick,  chic,  n.    1.  A  young  chicken, 
young  person;  a  child. 

chick'en,  chik'§n,  11.  1.  The  young  of  the 
common  fowl;  looselv,  a  fowl  of  any  age,  or 
its  flesh.  2.  A  chilcl,  or 
an  inexperienced  person, 
[^<  AS.  cicen.,  for  *cycen, 
dim.  of  coc,  cock.] 

— chick'ensheart'''ed, 
a.  Faint-hearted  or  cow- 
ardly.— c.spox,  n.  A  mild 
febrile  disease  of  children. 

chic'o-ry,  chic'o-ri,  n.  A 
perennial  herb  of  the  aster 
family:  used  in  adultera- 
ting coffee.  [<  Gv.^  kic- 
hm'a,  chicorj.] 

chide,  chaid,  vt.  &  vi. 
[chid,  chid  (chode,  16th 
cent.);  chid'den,  chid'n. 
orcHiD;  chi'ding.]  1.  To 
rebuke;  admonish;  scold. 
2.  To  beat  with  murmur- 
ing sound,  as  waves;  mur- 
mur; bay,  as  hounds.  [< 
AS.  cldan.] 

chief,  Chlf.  I.  a.  Highest  chestnut:  a,  a  bur;  6, 
in  rank  or  authority;  fore-  » 'i"'^- 
most;  greatest;  of  great  importance.  II.  n. 
1.  A  ruler,  leader,  or  head;  principal  actor  or 
agent;  principal  part.  2.  Her.  The  upper 
part  of  a  shield.  [<  F.  chef,  head.]  — chiePly, 
a(h\    Most  of  all,  or  above  all;  especially. 

Chieftain,  chif't§n,  n.  The  head  of  a  High- 
land clan;  chief;  leader.  [<  LL.  capitanus,< 
L.  capvt,  head.]  —  chiePtain-cy,  n.  The  rank 
or  territory  of  a  chieftain,   chief^'tain-shipj:. 

Chi'grnon,  shr'nyeh,  n.  A  roll  of  hair  worn 
on  the  back  of  the  head  by  women.    [F.] 

chirhlain,  chil'blen,  n.  A  blain  of  the  hands 
or  feet,  from  exposure  to  cold.  chilFhlaint. 

child,  n.  [chil'dren,  chil'dren,  pi.']  A  hu- 
man offspring,  considered  with  reference  to 
parent  or  parents;  a  descendant;  a  person  be- 
tween infancy  and  youth.  [AS.  did.']  —  child'- 
hood,  n.  The  state  or  time  of  being  a  child.— 
child'ish,  a.  Like  children  or  childhood; 
puerile;  petty,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— child'- 
Iess,a.  Having  no  children.  -ly,  adw.  -ness, 
??.— child'like'',  a.  Like  a  child;  artless;  con- 
fiding; docile,    -nes^,  n. 

childe,  challd,  n.  A  youth  of  gentle  blood, 
especially  as  in  training  for  knighthood,  childt. 

chill,  chil,  V.  I.  t.  To  reduce  to  a  low  tem- 
perature; make  chilly;  discourage.  II.  i.  To 
become  or  feel  unpleasantly  cold. 

chill.  I.  a.  Moderately,  unpleasantly,  or  in- 
juriously cold;  chilly.  II.  w.  1.  A  sensation  of 
cold,  as  that  which  precedes  a  fever.  2.  A  check 
to  ardor,  joy,  etc.  [  <  AS.  ciele,  cyle.] — chill'y, 
a.  Producirigorf eelinga chill.— chill'i-ness, n. 

chi-mse'ra,  n.    Same  as  chimera. 

chime',  chaim.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [chimed;  chi'- 
MiNG.]  To  ring  musically;  sound  melodiously; 
harmonize;  agree.  II.  n.  A  set  of  bells  tuned 
to  a  scale;  harmony;  agreement.  [<  AS.  cim- 
haU  <  L.  cymbalum;  see  ctmbal.] 

chime2,  )  i.  vt.    To  make  a  chime  in  (a  stave, 

chimb,  fete).  II.  n.  1.  The  edge  or  brim  of 
a  cask,  barrel,  or  tub.  2.  A  channel  in  a  ves- 
sel's deck.     [Of  AS.  origin.] 


flut|flre    (future);   aisle;   au   iput)\   oil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dh   {th€)\   go;   sing,  ink;   thin. 


chimera 
choke 


80 


chi-me'ra,   I  ki-mi'ra,  w.    1.  An  absurd  and 
chi-mae'ra,  f  groundless  fancy.    2.  [C-orc-] 

A  mythical  fire-breathing  monster.     [<  Gr.i- 

chiinaira,  <  chimairos^  he  goat.]  —  chi-mer'- 

ic-al,  ki-mer'ic-al,  a.    Like  a  chimera;  imprac- 
ticable; visionary.    chi-mer'icJ.    -ly,  adv. 
chim'ney,  chim'ng,  n.    A  flue  for  the  smoke 

or  gases  from  a  fire;  a  structure  containing  i', 

or  something  resembling  such  a  structure. 
chim-pan^zee,  chim-pan'zt,  n.  A  West* African 

ape,  about  5  feet  in  height.  "[Angola.] 
chin,  chin,  n.    The  central  and  anterior  part  of 

the  lower  jaw,     [<  AS.  cin.  (orig.  'cheek').] 
chi'na,  chai'na, /4.  1.  [C-]  A  country  of  Asia. 

2.  Porcelain  or  porcelain^ware  (originally  from 

China).    chi'iia-'ware'^J. 

—  Clii'iia-inan,  n.    One  of  the  Chinese. 
chinch,  chinch,  n.    1.    A  bug  destructive  to 

^'rain.     2.  The  bedbug.     [<  L.^Pcim^a:;,  bug.] 
chin-chil'la,    chin-chil'a,  n.    [S.  Am.]     1. 

The  soft,   pearlygra^  fur  of  the  chinchilla; 

also,  a  woolen  imitation  of  it.    2.  A  squirrel- 

like  rodent  of  the  Andes.     [Sp.] 
chine^,  chain,  n.    The  spine,  back-bone,  or 

back;  a  piece  of  meat  from  the  back.     [<  OF. 

eschine^  back-bone,  <  OHG.  skina.,  needle.] 
cliine2,  n.    Same  as  chime2. 
Chi-nese',  chai-nis'.    I.  a.    Of  or  pertaining 

to  China.    II.  n.  sing,  or  pi.    A  native  or  nat- 
uralized inhabitant  of  China,  or  the  language 

of  China, 
chinh:^ ,  chipk.    I',  vt.    To  make  a  chink.    II. 

ji.    A  short,  sharp,  metallic  sound,     [Imit.] 
Chink^.    I',  vt.  &vi.    1.  To  open  in  chinks; 

crack.     2.  To  fill,  as  chinks.    II.  n.    Along, 

narrow  cleft;  crevice,    [<  AS.  cinu,  chink.] 
chints,  chints,  n.    A  cotton  fabric  printed  with 

designs  of  flowers,  etc.,  in  colors.     [<  Hind. 

chlnt,  <  Sans,  chitra,  variegated.]    chintz:):, 
chip,  chip,  V.     [chipped';  chip'ping.]    I.   t. 

To  break  off  a  chip  from;  break  open.    II.  i. 

To  scale  off.     [<  cHOpi.] 
chip,  n.  1.  A  small  piece  cut  or  broken  off.  2. 

A  small  disk  or  counter  used  in  games, 
chip'munk,  chip'munk,  n.     [Am.  Ind.]    A 

North-American     squirrel-like     rodent    with 

stripes  on  the  back,    chip'muckt;  chip'- 

ping=sq.uir''rel^ ;  g:round''=sq.uir"reli: . 
Chi-rog'ra-phy,    cai-reg'ra-fi,  n.    Style  or 

character  of  handwriting.  [<Gr.  cheir,  hand,-f 

graphd.,  write.]  —  chl-rog'ra-pher,  n.  —  chi''- 

ro-grapli'ic,  cbi'^ro-gi'apli'ic-al,  «. 
Chi-rop'o-dist,  cai-rep'o-dist,  7i.    One  who 

treats  ailments  of  the  hands  and  feet,     [<  Gr. 

cheir,  hand,  4-  pons,  foot.] 
chirp,  cherp.    I'.  V.  To  give  a  cliirp,    II.    n. 

A  short,  sharp,  cheerful  sound,  as  made  by  some 

birds  and  insects.     [Imitative.] 
chir'rup,  chir'up.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  chirp  with 

a  sustained  note,     II.  n.    A  chirp;  a  cheery 

sound.     [<  CHIRP.] 
Chis'el,  chi//el.    I.  vt.     [cuis'eled  or  chis'- 

eli.ed;    chis'kl-ino  or 

chis'el-lino.]     To  cut, 

engrave,    or    carve,    as 

with  a  chisel,    II.  ?i,.   A 


Chisel. 


cutting-tool  with  a  beveled  edge,  used  for  mor- 
tising, etc,    [<  LL,  d^c^wm,  forceps.] 
chit,  chit,  n.    A  girl  or  yonng  woman  regarded 
as  little  more  than  a  child,  [Cp,  cat»,  kitten,] 


chit'schaf ,  n.    Careless,  familiar  talk, 

chiv'al-ry ,  chiv'al-ri  or  shiv'al-ri,  n.  1 .  The 
knightly  system  of  feudal  times.  2.  Disinter- 
ested courtesy;  bravery;  magnanimity.  3.  A 
body  of  knights,  warriors,  or  gallant  gentle- 
men, [<  F.  chevalerie,  <  chevalier,  knight.] 
—  chiv'al-ric,  a.  Pertaining  to  chivalry.— 
chiv'al-rous,  a.  1.  Knightly;  gallant;  cour- 
teous, generous,  and  brave.  2.  Pertaining  to 
chivalry,    -ly,  adv.    >ness,  n. 

chive,  chaiv,  n.  A  perennial  herb  allied  to 
the  leek  and  onion.     [<  L.^  cepa,  onion.] 

chlo'ral,  clo'ral,  n.  A  compound  obtained 
from  chlorin  and  alcohol,  used  as  a  hypnotic, 
etc.    chlCral  hy'drate^. 

chlc'rin,     I  clo'rin,  -rin  or  -rain,  n.  Chem.  A 

chlo'rine,  (greenish-yellow,  poisonous,  gase- 
ous element  with  an  offensive  odor,  having 
great  power  for  bleaching,  deodorizing,  and 
disinfecting.  [<  Gr.  chloros,  green,  <  chloe, 
verdure.] —chlo'rate,  n.      A  salt  of  chloric 

*  acid.— chlo'ric,  clo'rlc,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  combined  with  chlorin.— chlo'rid,  chlo'- 
ride,  clo'rld,  -rid  or  -raid,  n.  Chem.  A  com- 
pound of  chlorin  with  a  more  positive  element 
or  radical.- clilo-rid'ic,  a. 

chlo'ro-form,  clO'ro-ferm.  I,  rt.  Med.  To 
administer  chloroform  to.  II.  n.  A  liquid 
compound,  used  as  an  anesthetic,  chloric 
ether  :t  • 

chlo'ro-phyl,    |  clo'ro-fil,  n.    The  green  col- 

chlo 'ro-phy  11,  foring- matter  contained  in 
plants.    [  <  Gr.  chloros,  green,  -f  phyllon,  leaf.] 

chock,  chec.  I',  v.  To  fit  or 
wedge  in  tightly.  II.  n.  A> 
block  or  wedge,  as  to  prevent  or 
limit  motion.     [<  choke,  v.}       Warping. 


chock'=full'',    chec'-ful" 


chock. 


Completely  full;  full  to  crowding  or  choking. 
chuck'=full"1:. 

choc'o-late,chec'o-leto?'-]gt.  I.  a.  Flavored 
or  colored  like,  or  made  with  chocolate.  II. 
n.  A  preparation  of  cacao-nuts,  or  a  beverage 
made  from  it.     [<  Mex.^p  chocolatl.] 

choice,  cheis,  a.  [choi'cer;  choi'cest.]  1. 
Select ;  elegant ;  excellent.  2.  Fastidious; 
dainty. —  choice'ly,  adv.— choice' neas,  n- 

choice,  n.  1.  The  act,  fact,  power,  or  privi- 
lege of  choosing;  preference;  election.  2.  One 
who  or  that  which  is  chosen  or  to  be  chosen; 
also,  a  variety  from  which  to  choose.  [  <  OF, 
chois,  <  chmsir,  coisir,  choose.] 

choir,  I  cwair.  I.  vt.  &  vi.   1.  To  cause  to  siiig 

q.uire,  T  together.  2.  To  sing,  as  in  a  choir.  II. 
n.  1.  A  body  of  trained  singers,  or  that  part  of 
a  church  occupied  by  them;  chancel.  2.  A 
band  or  organized  company.  [  <  L.'^*'  chorus; 
see  choral,  a.] 

choke,  chok,  v.  [choked*:  cho'king,]  I.  t. 
1.  To  stop  the  breathing  ol^,  as  by  obstructing 
or  constricting  the  throat;  suffocate.  2.  To 
fill  up;  stop;  obstruct.  II.  t.  To  become 
suffocated,  clogged,  or  foul.  [Of  AS,  origin; 
perhaps  imitative.] —  choke'ber''ry,  v.  A 
North-.\m(>rlcan  slirub  of  the  rose  family;  also. 
Its  small  red  or  purnle  astringent  fruit.— choke'* 
cher^'ry,  n.  A  North-Aniorlcan  wild  cherry. 
—  odainp,  71.  MiniiK/.  Ulack  damp;  carbon- 
dloxid  gas.— cho'ky,  chO'kl,  «.  Suffocating; 
somewhat  choked, 

choke,  n.    The  act  of  choking. 


papa,  9flk;  at,  ftir;  el^mfint,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  er;  full,  rfile;  hot,  ©r; 


81 


choke-full 
chrysalis 


choke'jfuIF',  a.    Same  as  chock-full. 

chol'er,  cel'gr,  n.  Heat  and  hastiness  of  tem- 
per.   [<  L.*"  cholera:  see  cholera.] 

—  chol'er-ic,  cel'er-ic,  a.    Easily  provoked; 
hlgh^tempered;  irascible. 

chorer-a,  cel'gr-a,  n.  Pathol.  1.  An  acute 
epidemic  disease.  A''si-at'ic  choFer-a:):. 
2.  An  active  prostrating  disease,  not  epidemic. 
choFer-a  mor'bust.  [L.,  <  Gr.  cholera, 
<  chole,  bile.]  — chol'"e-ra'ic,  cerg-re'ic,  a. 
Pertaining  to  cholera. 

oil o Pie,  n.    Same  as  colic. 

choose,  chiiz,  vt.  &  vi.  [chose,  chOz;  cho'- 
SEN,  cho'zn;  choos'ing.]  To  take  by  prefer- 
ence; select;  make  selection.  [ME.  chusen, 
chesen.,  <  AS.  ceosan.']  —  choos'er,  n. 

chop  1,  chop,  ?;.    [chopped';  CHOP'piNG.]   l.  t. 

I.  To  cut  or  make  by  strokes  of  a  sharp  tool; 
hew;  mince.    2.  To  chap.    3.  To  utter  jerkily. 

II.  i.  1.  To  make  cutting  strokes.  2.  To 
interrupt  abruptly.  3.  To  crack  open;  split. 
[<  V  of  MD.  koppen,  G.  kopi>en,  cut.] 

Chop2t,  V.    I.  t.    To  barter;  exchange.    II.  i. 

To  veer  suddenly;    shift,  as  wind.      [<  D. 

koopen,  cheapen.] 
chops  n.    1.  A  cut  of  meat,  as  of  mutton, 

containmg  a  rib.  2.  Coarsely  ground  or  bro- 
ken grain.    3.  A  cleft  or  fissure.    4.  An  act 

of  chopping  or  a  tool  for  chopping. 
chop2,  n.    A  jaw :  in  the  plural,  the  parts  about 

the  mouth.    [<  Ice.  kiajitr.'] 
cliop'fal''len,  n.    Same  as  chaff allen. 
chop'shouso''!,  n.    An  eating-house. 
chop'shouse''^,  n.    A  Chinese  custom-house. 
cliop'per,  11.    One  who  or  that  which  chops, 
chop'ping,  chep'ing,jDa.    1.  Shifting  suddenly, 

as  wind.    *i.  Full  of  short,  broken  waves. 
chop'py,  chep'i,  a.    1.  Full  of  fissures.    2.  Full 

of  short  rough  waves. 
chop'ssticks''',  chep'-stlcs",  n.pl.    Slender  rods 

of  Ivory,  bone,  or  wood,  used  t    < 

In   pairs,   in   China,   Japan, 

and  Korea,  to  convey  food  to 

the  mouth.    [<  chop  (corr. 

of    Chin,     kih,    quick)    -f- 

STICKI,  71.] 

Cho'ral,  co'ral.    I.  a.  Per- 
taining  to  a   chorus  or  a     //  '     Wi) 


Chop-sticks. 


choir.  II.  n.  Mus.  A 
composition  for  choral  per- 
formances. [<  L.  chorus., 
chorus,  <  Gr.  chores., dance.] — cho'ral-ly,  adv. 

chord'',  cerd,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  furnish  with 
chords.  2.  To  bring  into  accord.  II.  i.  To 
be  in  harmony;  accord. 

chord,  n.  1.  Mus.  A  harmonious  combina- 
tion, as  of  musical  tones.  2.  A  string  of  a 
musical  instrument;  hence,  sensibility  or  emo- 
tion. 3.  Math.  A  straight  line  connecting  the 
extremities  of  an  arc.    4.  Engin.  One  of  the 

f)rincipal  members  of  a  bridge-truss,  common- 
y  horizontal  and  in  tension.     5.  Anat.    A 

cord;  tendon.     [<  L.  chorda,  <  Gr.  chxyrde, 

string  of  a  musical  instrument.] 
chore,  chor,  n.    [U.  S.  &  Prov.  Eng.]     A  small 

job:  commonly  In  the  plural.    [<  AS.  cerr.^ 
chor'is-ter,  cer'is-tgr,  n.    1.  A  member  of  a 

choir.    2.  [U.S.]    A  musical  director. 
Cho'rus,  cO'rus,  w.     1.  A  song,  or  the  refrain 

of  a  song,  for  several  voices.    2.  The  body  of 

singers  who  perform  choral  parts.     [L.J 
chose,  choz,  imp.  of  choose,  v. 


Chough 


cho'sen,  cho'zn,  ^p.  of  choose,  v. 

Chough,  chuf,  11.    1.  A  crow-like  bird.    2.  A 

jackdaw.      [<  AS.  ceo;  imitative  of  its  cry.] 
chow' s  chow '',     chau'- 

chau",    n.     [Pidgin-Eng.] 

A  mixture,  as  of  pickles; 

medley. 
chow'der,    chau'dgr, 

A  stew  of  clams  or 

[Perhaps  <  F.  chaudilre., 

kettle.] 
chrism,  crizm,  n.    A  consecrated  ointment  in 

Gr.  and  R.  C.  churches;  an  anointing.     [<  Gr. 

chrisma,  <  chrio,  anoint.]  — chris'mal,  a. 
chris'om,  criz'um,  n.     A  christening  robe. 

[Var.  of  CHRISM.] 

—  chris'omschild'',  n.    An  innocent  babe. 
Christ,  craist,  n.    The  Anointed;  the  Messiah : 

a  title  of  Jesus  the  Savior.  [<  Gr.  Christos, 
orig.  pp.  of  chrio,  anoint.] 

chris'ten,  cris'n,  vt.  1.  To  name  in  or  as  in 
baptism.  2.  To  administer  baptism,  especial- 
ly infant  baptism,  to.  [<  L.^s  christianus; 
see  Christian,  a.]  —  Chris'ten-dom,  cris'n- 
dum,  n.  Christian  lands,  or  Christians  collect- 
ively; the  Christian  world. 

Chris'tian,  cris'chian.  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to 
or  derived  from  Christ  or  his  doctrine.  2. 
Professing  or  following  the  religion  of  Christ. 
II.  n.  1.  A  disciple  of  Christ.  2.  Loosely, 
one  of  a  nation  where  Christianity  prevails;  a 
civilized  person ;  a  human  being.  [<  Gr. 
christianos,  <Christos;  see  Christ. ]—Chri8''- 
ti-an'i-ty,  cris'chl-an'I-tl,  n.  1.  The  Christian 
religion.  »i.  The  stat«  of  being  a  Christian. 

Christ'znas,  cris'mas,  n.  The  25th  of  Decem- 
ber, celebrated  as  the  anniversary  of  the  birth 
of  Christ.  [<  Christ  -f  mass,  religious  serv- 
ice.]   Christ'masstide''':]:. 

chro-inat''ic,  cro-mat'ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
color.  2.  Mus.  Proceeding  by  semitones.  [< 
Gr.  chromait-),  color.]     chro-mat'ic-all:. 

—  chro-mat'ics,  n.  1.  The  science  of  col- 
ors,   ti.  pi.    Chromatic  tones  or  intervals. 

chro'mi-um,  cro'mi-um,  n.  Chem.  A  gray- 
ish-white metallic  element.     [<  Gr.  chroma; 

see  CHROME.] 

chro'mo,  cro'mo,  n.  A  print  in  colors. 
chr  o'^rao  -lith'o-  graphs . 

chroii''ic,  cren'ic,  a.  Continuing  for  a  long 
period;  inveterate,  as  disease.  [<  Gr.i-  chron- 
ikos,  <  chronos,  time.] 

chron'i-cl(e,  cren'i-cl.  I.  vt.  [-cl(e)d; 
-CLING.]  To  record.  II.  n.  A  register  of 
events  in  the  order  of  time.  [<  Gr.^+^chroni- 
kos,  chronic]  —  chron'i-cler,  n. 

chro-nol'o-gy,  cro-neFo-ji,  w.  [-gies=,  ^^.] 
The  science  that  treats  of  time,  or  the  order  of 
events.     [<  Gr.  chronos,  time,  -f  -logy.] 

— chro-nol'o-srer,  n.  One  who  studies  or 
is  versed  In  chronology,  chro-nol'o-gistt.— 
chron'''o-loe:'ic-aI,  a.  chron'^o-log^icj.— 
chron'"o-log'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

chro-nom'e-ter,  cro-nem'g-t^r,  n.  A  porta- 
ble timekeeper  of  high  precision.  [<  Gr. 
chronos,  time,  -f  -meter.] 

chrys'a-lis,  cris'a-lis,  n.  [-lis-es,  -lis-ez,  or 
-al'i-des,  -al'i-diz  or  -des,  pL]  The  pupa  of 
an  insect,  enclosed  in  a  shell  from  which  the 
perfect  insect  emerges.  [<  Gt.^  chrysallis,  < 
chrysos,  gold.]  — chrys'a-Iid,  a. 


flutlflrc  (future);    aisle;   au  {out);    ell;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  (<Ae);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


ckrysantlieinuin 
circuit 


82 


chrys-an'tlie-znuin,  cris-an'th§-mum,  71. 
A  plant  of  tlie  aster  family,  v.'ith  large  heads 
of  showy  flowers.  [<  Gr.^-  chrysos,  gold,  + 
anthemon^  flower.] 

clirys'o-lite,  cris'o- 
lait,  n.  An  olive»green, 
transparent  to  translu- 
cent mineral :  used  as  a 
gem.  [<  Gr.  chrysos, 
gold,  +  lithos,  stone.] 

chub,  chub,  n.  A  Euro- 
pean carp»like  fish. 

cliub^by,  chub'i,  a. 
Plump;  rounded. 

cliuckiS  chuk,  vt.  To 
pat  or  tap,  as  under  the 
chin.  [F.  choguer,  jolt, 
shake.] 

chiuck^t,  vi.    To  cluck, 

S,U°ft1,°."'[?S.j"      chrysanthemums. 

chucks  n.      A  playful  pat,  throw,  or  toss. 

chuck^,  n.    3Iech.   A  clamp,  chock,  or  wedge. 

cliuck^,  n.    A  short  sudden  noise;  cluck. 

chuck'*,  n.    A  chick:  a  pet  name. 

Chuck^full'',  chuk'.ful",  a.    Chock»^full. 

chuck'Ke,  chuk'l.  I.  vi.  [chuck'l(e)i); 
chuck'ling.]  To  laugh  to  oneself.  II.  n. 
A  low,  suppressed,  or  broken  laugh. 

chum,  chum.  I.vt.&vi.  [chummed;  chum'- 
MiNG.]  To  place  in  or  share  the  same  room. 
11.  n.    A  roommate:  intimate  companion. 

chunk,  chuijk,  n.    A  short,  stout  thing,  per- 
son, or  animal.     [Var.  of  chuck^,  n.] 
—  chunk'y,  a.    [U.S.]    Short  and  thlck»set. 

church,  church,  w.  1.  A  building  for  Chris- 
tian worship.  2.  [C-]  A  distinct  body  of 
Christians}  a  denomination.  3.  A  congrega- 
tion; also,  all  Christian  believers  collectively. 
4.  The  clerical  order.  [<  Gr.AS  Jcynakon,  < 
kyrios,  lord.] — church'fy,  a.— church'man, 
n.  [-MKN.joZ.]  1,  An  adherent  or  member  of  a 
Church.  iill,  A  clergyman;  ecclesiastic— 
church'man-ly,  a.— chiircli'man-sliip,  n. 
—  church'war''tleii,  n.  An  officer  of  an 
Anglican  church  having  the  care  of  church  prop- 
erty and  of  the  poor.— cliurcli'yard^',  «.  A 
yard  or  graveyard  adjoining  a  church;  a  cemetery. 

churl,  churl,  w.  1.  A  low=bred,  surly  fellow. 
2.  A  sordid  person.  3.  A  peasant.  [<  AS. 
ceorl,  man.]  —  churl'Ish,  a.  Of  or  like  a  churl ; 
rude;  sordid,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

churn,  churn.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  agitate  (cream 
or  milk),  as  in  a  chum ;  make  butter  by  churn- 
ing: be  in  agitation.  II.  n.  A  vessel  in  which 
milk  or  cream  is  agitated  to  separate  the  butter. 
[<  AS.  C7/rin.]  —  churn'ing,  n.  The  process 
of  churning;  the  butter  churned  at  one  time. 

Chute,  shQt,  n.  An  inclined  trough  leading 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  level.    [F.]    shute^. 

chyle,  call,  n.  A  nutritive  fluid  formed  during 
digestion.     [<  Gr.  chylos,  <  c/ieo,  pour.] 

Chyme,  cairn,  n.  The  partly  digested  food  in 
liquid  form  as  it  passes  from  the  stomach  into 
the  small  intestines.     [<  Gr.  chymos,  juice.] 

ci-ca'da,  si-ke'da  or  -cg'da,  n.  [-das,  -daz,  or 
-D^,  -di  or  -de,  pi.]  A  large  insect  that  pro- 
duces a  loud,  shrill  sound;  locust.     [L.] 

cic'a- trice,  eic'a-tris,  w.  A  scar.  [<L.  dc- 
atrix,  scar.]  cic'a-trixt.— cic'a-trize  or 
-trise,  sIc'^Q-tralz,  vt.  &  vi.    [-trized;  -tki'- 


ziNG.]    To  form  a  scar.— cic'^a-tri-za'tion 
or  -sa'tion,  n. 

ci'^ce-ro'ne,  chi"che-rO'ne  or  sis'g-rO'ne,  n. 
[-NI,  -nl;  -NEs,  -nes,  pi.]    A  local  guide.    [It.] 

ci'der,  sai'dgr,  n.  The  expressed  juice  of  ap- 
ples.    [Ult.  <  Heb.  shekar.,  strong  drink.] 

ci''sde-vant'5^si'sde-van',a.    Former.    [F.J 

ci-gar',  si-gar',  n.  A  small  roll  of  tobacco- 
leaves  for  smoking.     [<  Sp.  cigarro,  cigar.] 

—  cig'^a-rette',  slg"a-ret',  n.    A  small  roll 
of  flnclycuttobaccoInthinpaperortobacco4eaf. 

rim'e-ter,  n.    Same  as  simitar,    cim'i-tari. 

Cim-me'ri-an,  sim-mt'ri-an  or  -mer'i-an,  a. 
Densely  dark;  shrouded  in  gloom,  as  the  Cim- 
mejii,  a  mythical  people  living  in  perpetual 
darkness. 

cinch,  sinch,  n.  [Western  U.  S.]  A  broad 
saddle-girth,  knotted  into  place.  [<  L.^p  cin- 
gula,  girdle,  <  cingo.,  gird.] 

cin-cho'na,  sin-co'na,  n .  Peruvian  bark :  the 
source  of  quinin;  the  tree  that  yields  it. 

cinc'ture,  siric'chur  or  -tiQr,  n.  A  belt  or 
girdle.     [<  L.  cinctura,  <  cingo.,  gird.] 

cin'der,  sin'dgr,  n.  A  bumt»out  coal;  a  scale 
from  the  forging  of  iron;  slag;  coarse  lava. 
[Prop,  sinder,  <  AS.  sinder.] 

cin'na-mon,  sin'a-mun, «,.  1.  The  aromatic 
inner  baric  of  a  tropical 
laurel,  used  as  a  spice. 
2.  Cassia*  Chinese  cin- 
namon. i<  Heh.'^^^  qin- 
ndmon,  cinnamon.] 

cing.ue'foil,  sinc'feil, 
n.  1.  A  five=cusped  or- 
nament or  window.  2. 
Bot.  A  plant,  with  five- 
lobed  leaves.  [<  L. 
guingiie,  five,  -f  folium, 
leaf.] 

ci'pher,  sai'fgr,  v.  I.  t. 
1.  To  calculate  arith- 
metically. 2.  To  write 
in  secret  characters.  3. 
To  add  a  cipher  to.  II. 
i.  To  figure  out  arith- 
metical examples. 

ci'pher ,  n.  1 .  The  char- 
acter 0;  zero.  2.  A  method  of  secret  writing; 
anything  so  written.  3.  A  monogram.  [< 
Ar.LL + F  gij-f.,  <  safara,  be  empty.]  cy'pheri . 

Cir-ce'an,  sgr-sran  or  -ce'an,  a.  Kewitching 
and  degrading,  like  the  goddess  Circe,  who 
transformed  men  into  swine. 

cir-cen'sian,  sgr-sen'shian,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Roman  circus.  [<  L.  circensis,  < 
circus,  circus.] 

cir'cl(e,  sgr'cl,  vt.  &  vi.  [cir'cl(e)d;  cir'- 
CLiNG.]    To  encircle;  move  m  a  circle. 

cir'cl(e,«.  1.  Ceow.  A  plane  figure  bounded 
by  a  curved  line  called  the  circumference, 
everywhere  equally  distant  from  a  point  within 
called  the  center;  also,  the  circumference.  2. 
Anything  circular;  a  ring.  3.  An  association; 
set;  coterie;  class.  4.  An  argument  in  which 
the  conclusion  is  assumed  to  prove  the  premise, 
and  then  the  premise  made  to  prove  the  conclu- 
sion.    [<  L.  circulus,  dim.  of  circus,  ring.] 

—  cir'clet,  «.    A  small  ring. 

Clr'cuit,  sgr'kit,  n.  1.  A  passing  or  traveling 
round.    2.  A  district  to  be  traveled  over.    3. 


Cinnamon. 
1.  Flowering  branch. 
2.  Cinnamon»bark,  pre- 
pared for  market. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  fall,  rflle;  bm,  ©r; 


83 


circular 
civil 


Distance  around;  compass;  circumference. 
[<  L.*"  drcum,  around,  +  eo,  go.]  —  cir-cu'i- 
tous,  ser-kiu'l-tu8,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  circuit; 
indirect;  roundabout,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 
cir'cu-lar,  sgr'ljiu-lar.  I.  a.  1.  Forming,  or 
bounded  by,  a  circle;  round.  2.  Moving  in  a 
circle.  3.  Intended  for  circulation.  II.  n.  A 
communication  for  general  circulation;  a  cir- 
cular letter.     [<  L.^^  circult/s;  see  circle,  n.] 

—  ci  r"cu  -lai-'i-ty,  n.    [-ties*,  pL] 
cir'cu-late,  sgr'kiu-let,  v.    [-la"ted<';  -la"- 

TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  spread  abroad;  disseminate. 
II.  i.  1.  To  move  by  a  circuitous  course  back 
to  the  starting=point,  as  the  blood  through  the 
body.  2.  To  spread  abroad,  or  become  dif- 
fused, as  a  report.  [<  LL.  circulo,  <  L.  cir- 
culus;  see  circle,  «.]  —  cir'^cii-la'tion,  sgr"- 
kiu-le'shun,  n.  1.  Transmission:  diffusion;  dls- 
.seminatlon.  a.  The  extent  or  amount  of  distri- 
bution; number  of  copies  issued,  etc.  3.  A  cur- 
rent medium  of  exchange,  as  coin,  etc.— cir'cu- 
la^'toi',  ?i.— cir'cn-la-to''ry,  ser'kiu-le-to'rl, 
((.    Of  or  pertaining  to  circulation;"cIrculatlng. 

cir''cuin-ain''bi-ent,  ser'cum-am'bi-gnt,  a. 
Extending  or  going  around;  encompassing. 

cir'cum-cise,  sqr'cum-eaiz,  vt.  [-cised;  -ci"- 
siNG.]  To  perform  circumcision  upon. .  [<  L. 
cira/m-,  around,  -f-  csedo,  cut.]  —  cir^'ciim- 
ci'sion,  ser'cum-sizh'un,  n.  The  Initiatory  rite 
of  Judaism;  figuratively,  spiritual  purification; 
also,  those  so  purified;  the  Jewish  people. 

cir-cum.'fer-ence,sgr-cum'fer-en8,  n.  The 
boundary=line  of  a  circle;  distance  around; 
circuit;  compass.  [<  L.  circum,  around,  -{- 
/ero,  bear.]  —  cir''cum-fe-ren'tial,  a. 

cir'cum-flex,  sgr'cum-flex.  I.  a.  Pronounced 
or  marked  with  the  accent  called  circumflex; 
hence,  bent  or  curved.  II.  n.  A  mark  (^'") 
used  over  a  letter  to  indicate  the  combination 
of  a  rising  with  a  falling  tone,  or  to  mark  a 
long  vowel;  also,  the  tone  so  indicated.  [< 
L.  circum,  around,  -{-Jlecto,  bend.] 

cir'^cum-ja'cent,  sgr'cum-je'sgnt,  a.  Bor- 
dering on  all  sides;  surrounding.  [<  L.  circum, 
around,  +  jaceo,  lie.] 

cir'^cum-lo-cu'tion,  sgr'com-lo-kiu'shun, 
7i.  Indirect  or  roundabout  expression;  the  use 
of  superfluous  words.  [  <  L.  circumlo'cutio{n-\ 
<  circum,  around,  -f  loquor,  speak.] 

cir^'cum-nav'i-gate,  sgr "cum-nav'i-get,  nt. 
[-GA"TED<i;  -GA"TiNG.]    To  Sail  around. 

— cir^'cuin-iiav'^i-gra'tion,  71.— cir^'cuin- 
iiav'i-ga''toi',  n. 

cir"cuin-po'Iar,  sgr"cum-pO'lar,  a.  Near, 
surrounding,  or  revolving  about  a  pole. 

cir'^cum-scribe ',  sgr"cnm-scraib',  vt. 
I-scribed';  -scri'bing.]  1.  Todraw  alineor 
figure  around;  to  mark  out  the  limits  of;  define. 
2.  To  confine  within  bounds;  restrict.  [<  L. 
circum,  around,  -f  scribo,  write.] 

cir'''cuni-scrip'tion,  sgr"cum-8crip'shun,  n. 
1.  A  circumscribing;  restriction.  2.  The 
periphery.    3.  The  space  circumscribed. 

cir'cum-spect,  sgr'cum-spect,  a.  Watch- 
ful; cautious;  welUconsidered.  [<  L.  circum, 
around,  +  specio,  look.] 

—  cir'^cum-spec'tion,  cir'^cuin-spect'- 
ness,  ?i.— cir''ciiin-spect''ly,  adv. 

cir^cum-stauce,  egr'cum-stans.  I.  vt. 
[-STANCED';  -sTAN-ciNG.]  To  placc  in  or  undcr 
limiting  circumstances  or  conditions:  chiefly 


in  2iP-  II-  n.  1.  Something  incidental;  a 
concomitant;  incident.  2.  pi.  Environment; 
means  and  style  of  living;  worldly  estate.  3|i. 
Formal  display;  ceremony;  pomp.  [<  L.  of 
circum^tantia,  <  circum,  around, +«Yo,  stand.] 
—  cir^'cum-stan'tial,  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
details;  minute;  particular.  2.  Pertaining  to  or 
dependent  on  circumstances,  -ly,  ac?».— cir''- 
eum-stau'ti-ate,  vt.  [-a'teixI;  -a'ting.]  To 
set  forth  or  establish  circumstantially. 

cir ''cum- vent''',  sgr"cum-vent',  vt.  To  get 
around ;  get  the  better  of,  as  by  craft.  [  <  L.  dr- 
cum,  around,  -f-  venio,  come.]  —  cir^cuni-ven'- 
tioii,  11.    A  forestalling  by  artifice;  stratagem. 

cir'cus,  sgr'cus,  n.  A  show  in  which  feats  of 
horsemanship,  etc.,  are  exhibited;  also,  the 
enclosure  where  they  are  given.     [L.,  ring.] 

cir'rus,  eir'us,  n.  [cir'ri,  sir'ai  or  -T,  pQ  1. 
Meteor.  A  tufted  form  of  cloud.  2.  A  ten- 
dril or  a  thread=like  appendage.     [L.,  curl.] 

cistt,  n.    Same  as  cyst. 

cis'tern,  sis'tgm,  n.  A  reservoir  for  holding 
water.     [<  L.<^^  cisterna,  <  cista,  chest.] 

cit'a-del,  sit'a-del,  n.  A  fortress  command- 
ing a  city. 

cite,  salt,  iJ<.  [ci'ted'';  ci'ting.]  1.  To  quote 
or  name  for  argument  or  exemplification;  refer 
to  specifically.  2.  Law.  To  summon  to  ap- 
pear before  a  tribunal.  [<  1,.^  cito,  freq.  of 
cieo,  call.]  —  ci-ta'tion,  sai-te'shun,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  citing,  or  a  passage  cited.  25.  Law. 
A  judicial  summons.— ci'ta-to-ry,  «.  Of  the 
nature  or  form  of  a  citation. 

cit'i-zen,  sit'i-zn,  n.  1.  One  owing  allegiance 
to,  and  entitled  to  protection  from,  a  govern- 
ment :  opposed  to  alien.  2 .  A  resident  of  a  city 
or  town .  3 .  A  private  person ;  one  who  is  not  a 
public  officer  nor  a  soldier.  [<  F.  citoyen,  < 
cite;  see  city.] — cit'i-zen-ship,  n.  The  status 
of  a  citizen,  with  Its  rights  and  privileges. 

cit'ron,  sit'rim,  n.    A  fruit  like  a  lemon,  but 
larger  and  less  acid;  also, 
the  tree  (citron*tree)  yield- 
ing it.      [<   L.i'  +  F  citrus, 
citron=tree.] 

cit'y,  sit'i,  n.  [cit'ies*,  pi."] 
A  place  inhabited  by  a 
large,  permanent,  organ- 
ized community;  a  munici- 
pality. [<  F,  cite,  <  L. 
civitas,  <  civis,  citizen.]  Citron. 

civ'et,  siv'§t,  n.  1.  A  substance  of  musk»like 
odor,  secreted  by  certain  carnivores.  2.  A 
carnivore  that  secretes  this  substance.  [<  Ar.*" 
zabdd,  civet.]    civ'etscat":}:. 

civ'ic,  siv'ic,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  city,  a 
citizen,  or  citizenship.  [<  L.  civicus,  <  civis, 
citizen.] 

civ'il,  siv'il,  a.  1.  Observing  the  social  pro- 
prieties; formally  polite.  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  citizen,  as  opposed  to  ecclesiastical  or  military. 
3.  Pertaining  to  the  relations  of  citizens;  occur- 
ring between  citizens  of  the  same  country.  [F., 
<  L.  civilis,  <  civis,  citizen.]  —civil  service, 
the  depai'tments  of  the  public  service  that  are 
neither  military  nor  naval.— ci-vil'ian,  sl-vll'- 
yan,  n.  One  who  follows  the  pursuits  of  civil 
life;  one  not  a  soldier.— ci-viVi-ty,  sl-vll'i-ti, 
n.  [-TiESz,  pl.^  The  being  civil;  courtesy;  cold 
or  formal  politeness;  also,  a  civil  act  or  speech.— 
civ'il-ly,  adv. 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;   din  (jthe);   go;   sing,  i^k;  tliin. 


civilize 
cla'w 


84 


civ'i-lize  or  -lise ,  siv'i-laiz,  vt.  [-lizeu  ;  -li  "- 
ZING.]  To  bring  into  a  state  of  civilization; 
reclaim  from  savagery.  —  civ''i-li-za'tion  or 
-na'tioii,  siv"i-li-ze^8hun,  n.  The  act  of  civili- 
zing, or  the  state  of  being  civilized;  a  condition  of 
organization,  enliehtenment,  and  progress. 

civ'i-lized  or  -Used,  pa.  Being  in  a  state 
of  civilization;  pertaining  to  civilized  men. 

clab'ber,  clab'gr.  I.  m.  To  curdle,  as  milk. 
II.  71.    Milk  curdled  by  souring. 

clack,  clac.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  clap;  rattle;  bab- 
ble; chatter.  II.  n.  A  sharp,  short,  clapping 
sound,  or  something  producing  it;  chatter. 
[Imitative.]  —  clack'er,  n. 

clad,  clad,  i7np.  &  pp.  of  clothe,  v. 

claim,  clem.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  lay  claim  to; 
make  a  claim;  maintain.  II.  n.  1.  The  de- 
mand of  something  from  some  one  on  the 
ground  of  right;  the  assertion  of  a  right;  a 
right  or  title.  2.  The  asserting,  as  of  a  fact. 
3.  Anything  claimed,  as  a  settler's  tract.  [< 
L.OF  damo.,  cry  out.] 

—  claim'aiit,  n.    One  who  makes  a  claim. 
Clair- voy'ance,  clar-vei'ans,  n.    Assumed 

preternatural  knowledge,  as  in  a  trance.     [F.] 

—  clair-voy'ant,  a.&n. 

clam,  11.    A  bivalve  moUusk,  much  esteemed 

as  food.  [<  AS.  clamm.,  clamp.] 
clam^ber,  clam'bgr,  vi.    To  climb  with  diflfl- 

ciilty.  [<  Ice.  Artomftra,  clamp.] 
clam'my,  clam'i,  a.    1.  Damp  and  cold.    2. 

Soft  and  sticky.     [  <  AS.  cldm^  clay.] 

—  clain'iiii-ly,  arf».— clam'ini-ness,  w. 
Clamper,  clam'er.  I.  vi.  To  utter  loud  out- 
cries or  demands;  vociferate.  II.  n.  1.  Any 
loud,  repeated  outcry;  vociferation;  noisy  con- 
fusion of  voices.  2.  A  vehement  objecting  or 
demanding.  [  <  L.^f  clamxyt\  <  damo,  cry 
out.]  Clam'ourl.  —  clain'or-ous,  «.  Ma- 
king or  made  with  clamor,  clain'our-oiis:^* 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

clampi,  clamp.  I',  vt.  To  join  or  bind  as 
with  a  clamp,  II.  n.  A  device  for  compress- 
ing, holding,  or  binding  together  two  or  more 
parts.    [<u.klamp.] 

clamp^.  1.  vi.  To  walk  heavily;  tramp.  II. 
//.    A  heavy  tread;  tramp.     [Imitative.] 

clan,  clan,  n.  A  tribe,  as  of  Scotch  Ilighland- 
ers:  set;  clique.  [ <  Gael.  c^«/m.] — clan'nish, 
a.  Like  a  clan;  disposed  to  cling  together;  bound 
l)y  class  prejudices;  narrow.  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
7J.— clan'sliip,  n.  Union  under  a  chief.— 
clauH^inan,  n.  [-men,  pi.]  A  member  of  a 
clan  or  of  the  same  clan. 

clan-des^tine,  clan-des'tin,  a.  Kept  secret; 
concealed;  surreptitious.  [<  L.  dandestinvs, 
<  dam,  in  secret.]    -ly,  adv.    Secretly. 

clang,  clang.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  send  forth  a 
clang.  II.  n.  A  ringing  sound,  as  of  metal 
struck.     [<  L.  dan  go,  resound.] 

clan'gor,  chui'ggr,  n.  Eepeated  clanging; 
clamor.  [<  L.  danqor,  <  dango,  clang.] 
clan'gour:^.— claii^gor-ou8,  a. 

clank,  claijk.  I',  rt.&vi.  To  emit,  or  cause  to 
emit,  a  clank.  II.  n.  An  abrupt,  short,  harsh 
metallic  sound.     [Imitative.] 

clap,  clap,  V.  [cLArrKD*  or  clapt;  clap'ping.] 

1.  t.     1.  To  Htrik(!  together  with  a  sharp,  ex- 
plosive sound;  annlaud  by  clajjping  the  hands. 

2.  To  place  quickly  or  suddenly.    3.  To  slap. 
II.  i.    To  applaud  by  striking  the  hands  to- 


gether.     [ME.  dappeti;   perhaps  imitative.] 

'       "  '  '  "    t  which  claps. 

-clap'trap'',    «.     Something    designed    to 


-clap'per,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  claps. 
j'trap'',    n.      Something 
evoke  applause;  cheap  or  unworthy  artifice. 


clap.  n.    The  act  or  noise  of  clapping 

clap^board,  clap'bord,  ?i.  A  lapping  w-eather« 
board.     [Cp.  LG.  klappen,  clap,  -{-holt,  board." 

clar'et,  clar'et,  n.    A  red  table «wine.     [OF. 

clar'i-fy,  clar'i-fai,  vi.  [-fied,  -faid;  -fy"ing. 
To  make  clear  or  transparent;  free  from  im- 
purities.    [<  L.*"  daims,  clear.] 

—  clar''i-fi -caption,  «.— clar'i-fi^'er,  n. 
clar'i-net,  clar'i-net,   7i.     Mus.     A   wooden 

wind-instrument,  with  finger=holes  and  keys. 
[<  F.  dari)wtte.]    clar'i-o-netj. 

clar^i-on,  clar'i-§n,  n.  A  small  trumpet,  or  its 
sound.     l<  L.o^  dartfs,  clear.] 

claslx,  clash.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  strike  together 
with  a  clash;  collide;  conflict;  be  in  opposi- 
tion; interfere.  II.  n.  A  confused  resound- 
ing metallic  noise;  collision;  conflict;  opposi- 
tion.    [Imitative.] 

clasp,  clgsp.  I',  vt.  To  take  hold  of  with 
an  encircling  grasp;  fasten  as  with  a  clasp. 
II.  n.  1.  A  fastening  by  which  things  are 
bound  together.  2.  A  firm  grasp  or  embrace. 
[ME.  dapsen;  akin  to  clip^,  v.]  —  clasp'er,  n. 

class,  clgs.  I',  vt.  To  arrange  or  group  in 
classes;  assi^  to  a  class.  II.  n.  A  body  of 
persons  or  things  having  common  characteris- 
tics; a  number  of  students  having  the  same 
teacher  or  studies.     [<  L.^  daseis,  class.] 

clas^sic,  clas'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the 
lirst  class  or  rank  in  literature  or  art.  2.  Con- 
nected with  or  made  famous  by  Greek  or  Latin 
authors.  3.  Classical.  II.  n.  A  standard 
work  of  literature  or  art,  as  of  Greek  or  Roman 
genius;  the  author  of  such  a  work.  [<  L. 
dasdcus,  of  the  first  rank,  <  dassis,  class.] 

clas'sic-al,  clas'ic-al,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans.  2.  Re- 
sembling or  modeled  after  the  highest  forms 
of  ancient  literature  or  art.  3.  Classic.  [<L. 
dasdcus;  see  classic]  —  clas'^si-cal'I-ty,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  classical,  clas'sic-al- 
nessf.— clas'sic-al-ly,  adv. 

clas'si-fy,  clas'i-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.] 
To  arrange  in  a  class  or  classes.  [  <  L.  dassis, 
class,  -}-  -FY.]  — flas'^si-ll-ca'tion,  clas"i-fi- 
k6'8hun,  71.  A  classifying,  or  a  system  of  things 
classified.    [<  L.  da.'^si.s,  class,  +  facto,  make.] 

class'mate^'',  clgs'met",  n.  A  member  of  the 
same  class  in  school  or  college. 

clat'ter,  clat'gr.  I.vt.&vi.  To  make  a  clatter. 
II.  71.  A  rattling  noise;  noisy  talk;  chatter. 
[<  AS.  *datnan,  in  dai'/T/nj/,  clattering.] 

—  clat'ter-er,  7i. 

clause,  dSz,  n.  1.  A  distinct  part  of  a  com- 
position, as  a  paragraph  or  article.  2.  Gram. 
A  subordinate  sentence:  distinguished  from 
j)hrase.     [<  L.  dausvs,  pp.  of  daudo,  close.] 

claus'tral,  clSs'tral,  a.    Cloistral. 

claveiU  clCv,  imp.  of  cleave,  v. 

clav'i-cl(e,  clav'i-cl,  7i.  The  bone  connect- 
ing the  shoulder-blade  and  breast-bone;  collar- 
bone.    [<  L.  dai^cula,  dim.  of  davis,  key.] 

—  ola-vic'u-Iar,  a. 

Claw,  c!5.  I.  vt.  &  vl.  To  tear,  scratch,  dig, 
pull,  etc.,  as  with  claws;  use  the  claws  or 
nails.     II.  n.     1.  A  sharp,  usually  curved. 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  arat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


85 


clay 
click 


horny  nail;  a  claw^iike  part  or  organ;  any- 
thing sharp  and  hooked.  2.  A  stroke,  clutch, 
or  the  like,  as  with  claws.  [  <  AS.  clawu,  cla.'\ 
clay,  cle,  n.  1.  A  common  plastic  earth,  a 
compound  of  aluminum  and  silica.  2.  Earth 
in  general;  the  human  body.     [<  AS.  clsea^^ 

—  clay'ey.  cle'e,  a.   Of,  abounding  In,  like, 
covered,  or  mixed  with  clay. 

clay'more''',  cle'mOr",  n.  The  two»handed 
broadsword  of  the  Scottish  Highlanders.  [< 
Gael,  claidheamh^  sword,  -|-  moi\  great.] 

clean,  cltn.  I.  vt.  To  free  from  dirt,  soil,  or 
impurities.  II.  a.  1.  Free  from  dirt,  impu- 
rity, or  defilement;  unblemished;  pure.  2. 
FYee  from  bimgling;  dexterous;  complete.  3. 
Well=proportioned;  symmetrical.  III.  adr. 
In  a  clean  manner;  unqualifiedly;  wholly.  [< 
AS.  clxne,  clear,  pure.] 

—  clean'er,  n. —  clean'iiess,  n. 
clean'ly,  clen'li,  a.    iNeat;  tidy;  pure. 

—  cleaii'li-Iy,  a(ip.— clean'li-iiess,  n. 
clean'ly,  clin'li,  adv.  In  a  clean  manner, 
cleanse,  clenz,  ^^.    [cleansed;  cleans'ing.] 

To  free  from  dirt  or  defilement;  clean;  purge. 
[<  AS.  clsennan,  <  clxne,  clean.] 
clear,  cllr,  tJ.  I.  ^.  1.  To  make  clear;  bright- 
en; clarify;  clean.  2.  To  free  from  encum- 
brances, accusations,  etc.;  disencumber;  ac- 
quit.   3.  To  gain  over  and  above  expenses. 

4.  To  obtain  or  give  a  clearance  for  (a  ship). 

5.  To  pass  without  touching.  II.  ^.  1.  To 
become  free  from  fog.  cloud,  obscurity,  or  en- 
tanglement. 2.  To  pass  away,  as  a  mist  or 
fog.  3.  To  settle  accounts.  4.  To  take  out 
clearance  papers,  as  a  ship. 

clear,  a.  1 .  Free  from  anything  that  dims  or 
darkens;  unclouded;  distinct;  intelligible; 
discerning;  discriminating.  2.  Free  from  ob- 
struction or  hindrance.  3.  Free  from  encum- 
brance, responsibility,  or  guilt.  4.  Free  from 
adulteration,  defect,  or  blemish.  5.  Without 
deduction;  net.  6.  Undisturbed;  serene.  7. 
Plain;  evident.     [<  L.^  c/a^t/*,  clear.] 

—  clear'Iy,  arf».— clear'iiess,  n. 
clear,  n.    Unbroken  or  unobstructed  distance 

or  space.  [clearly; 'plainly. 

clear,    adv.      "Wholly  ;    completely  ;    quite  ; 

clear'ance,  clir'ans,  n.  1.  A  clearing.  2. 
A  certificate  permitting  a  vessel  to  sail. 

clear''ing,  cllr'ing,  ??.  1.  A  making  or  be- 
coming clear.  2.  That  which  is  clear  or 
cleared;  a  tract  of  cleared  land.— clear'ings 
house",  n.  An  office  where  bankers  ex-change 
drafts  and  checks  and  adjust  balances. 

cleat,  cllt.  V.  vf.  To  furnish  or  strengthen 
with  a  cleat  or  cleats.  II.  n.  A  strip  of  wood 
or  iron  fastened  across  other  material,  or 
nailed  against  a  wall,  etc.     [<  -»/  of  clot.] 

cleav(ei,  cllv,  v.  [cleft,  cleft,  clove,  clov, 
or  clave,  clev;  cleft,  clo'ven,  clo'vn,  or 
cleav(e)d;  cleav'ing.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  divide 
forcibly;  cut  through;  sunder;  split.  2.  To 
make  by  cutting  or  hewing.  3.  To  pass 
through;  penetrate.  II.  i.  To  divide  by 
natural  lines  of  cleavage;  split.  [<  AS. 
cleofan.]  —  cleav'a-l)l(e,  cliv'a-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  cleft.— cleav'age,  cllv'fj,  n.  1.  A 
cleaving  or  being  cleft;  a  split;  cleft;  division. 
'^.  A  tendency  in  a  rock  or  crystal  to  divide  in 
certain  directions.— cleaT'er,  «.  One  who  or 
that  which  cleaves;  a  butchers'  chopper. 


cleavie-,  vi.  [clbav(e)d  ;  cleav(e)d  or 
cLAVEji;  cleav'ing.]  To  stick  fast;  cling; 
adhere.     [<  AS.  cMJian,  cleqflan.] 

clef,  clef,  n.  Mus.  A  character  placed  upon 
the  stafE  to  determine  the  pitch.     [F.] 

cleft,  cleft,  imp.  &  pp.  of 

CLEAVE,  V. 

Cleft,  jm.  Divided  par- 
tially or  completely. 

cleft,  n.  An  opening 
made  by  cleaving;  fis- 
sure; crevice;  rift.  [< 
Ice.  khift.^ 

clem'a-tis,  clem'a-tis. 


1 

Clefs. 

Treble  or  G  clef. 

Bass  or  F  clef. 


,  A  perennial  flower- 
ing plant  or  vine  of  the  crowfoot  family.  [< 
Gr.  klematis,  <  klemaif-),  vine.] 

clem-'en-cy,  clem'gn-si,  n.  Mildness,  espe- 
cially toward  offenders; 
leniency;  mercy.  [<  L. 
dementia,  <  demen{t-)s, 
mild.]  —  clem'ent,  a.  Le- 
nient; mild;  pleasant,  -ly, 
adv. 

clench.,    clench.     I',  rt. 

1.  To  grasp  or  grip  firmly. 

2.  To  close  tightly,  as  the 
fist  or  the  teeth.  3.  To 
clinch,  II.  n.  A  clench- 
ing;  firm  grip ;  clinch .  [Of 
AS.  origin.] 

—  clencli'er,  n.      One 
who  or  that  which  clenches 
an  imanswerable  argument. 


Clematis 


clenchingstool; 

clinch'ert. 

clep"to-nia'ni-a,  (  clep"to-me'ni-a  or  -mg'- 

klep"to-nia''ni-a,  f  ni-a,  n.    An  insane  or 

uncontrollable  propensity  to  pilfer.      [<  Gr. 

klepto,  steal,  -{-mania.] 

—  clei»''to-[or  kIep''to-liiia''ni-ac,  n. 
cler'gy,  clfir'ji,  n.      [clek'gies%  pl.'\      The 

body  of  men  ordained  to  the  Christian  minis- 
trv.     [Gr.i^+oF  klerikos;  see  clerk,  n.] 

"— cler'sfy-man,  «.    [-men.p?.]    One  of  the 
clergy;  a  Christian  minister. 

cler'ic,  cler'ic.  I.  a.  Clerical.  II.  n.  A 
clerk  in  holy  orders. 

cler'ic-al,  cler'ic-al,  «.  1.  Of,  belonging  to, 
or  characterizing  the  clergy.  2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  clerk  or  clerks  or  penmanship. 

—  clerical  error,  an  error  of  inadvertence 
in  a  writing,  as  in  a  record  or  other  document. 

Clerk,  clerk  {Eng.  cldrk),  ??.  1.  One  who 
keeps  records  or  accounts;  a  secretary;  as- 
sistant; ru.  S.]  a  salesman.  2.  Ang.  Ch.  One 
who  leads  in  the  responses.  31.  [Eng.]  A 
cleric;  anciently,  any  learned  person.  [<Gr.A8 
klerikos,  clerical.] —  clerk-'ship,  n. 

clev'er,  clev'gr,  a.  Ready  and  adroit,  as  with 
hand  or  brain;  dexterous;  capable;  quick- 
witted; talented,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

clew,  cia.  I.  vt.  1.  To  move  or  fasten  by  or 
as  by  a  clew  or  clew==line.  2. 
To  coil  into  a  ball;  roll  up  into 
a  bunch.  II.?*.  1.  A  thread 
that  guides  through  a  maze; 
something  that  leads  to  the 
solution  of  a  mystery.  2.  A 
lower  comer  of  a  sail,  or  a 
loop  at  the  corner.  3.  A 
ball  of  yarn.     [<  AS.  ditven  _ 

click,  clic.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  produce,  or  cause 
to  produce,  a  click  or  clicks.    II.  n.    1.  A 


flut|ure    (future);   aisle;   au   (miV,   oil;   c   (k);    chat;    dli    {th€)\   go;  sing,  i^k;   thin. 


client 
closure 


86 


short,  sharp,  dull  sound,  as  from  a  light  blow. 
2.  A  detent  or  stop;  a  pawl.     [Imitative.] 

Cli'ent,  clai'ent,  n.  1.  One  in  whose  interest 
a  lawyer  acts.  2.  A  dependent  or  follower, 
as  of  an  ancient  Roman  patrician.  [<  L. 
clien{t-)s,  cluen{t-)s,  <  duo,  hear.] 

cli^'en-tele',  claren-tir  or  -tel',  or  cli'en-tel',  n. 
A  body  of  clients,  dependents,  or  adherents;  a 
following.    [F.] 

cliff,  clif,  n.  A  high  steep  face  of  rock,  as  on 
the  seashore;  a  precipice.     [<  AS.  clif.] 

Cli''inate,  clai'met,  n.  1.  The  temperature 
and  atmospheric  conditions  of  a  locality;  aver- 
age weather  of  a  place  or  region,  etc.  2.  A 
region;  clime.  [<  Gr.  klima{t-),  region,  < 
kliriOy  slope.]  —  cll-mat'lc,  a. 

cli'max,  clai'max, /i.  1.  Bhet.  A  progressive 
increase  in  force  throughout  a  passage,  cul- 
minating at  the  close.  2.  The  culmination; 
acme.     [<  Gr.  klimax,  ladder,  <  Mino,  slope.] 

climb,  claim.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [climbed  or 
CLOMB,  clOm  (poetical);  climb'ing.]  To  as- 
cend by  means  of  the  hands  and  feet,  or  of  ten- 
drils or  the  like;  mount,  rise,  or  go  up  by 
gradual  ascent.  II.  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
climbing.     [<  AS.  climban.]  —  climb'er,  n. 

clime,  claim,  n.    [Poet.]    A  region;  climate. 

clinchS  clinch,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  secure  firmly, 
as  a  nail,  staple,  etc.,  by  bending  down  the 
protruding  point;  confirm,  as  a  bargain  or  an 
argument.  2.  To  grapple  with.  3.  To  clench. 
II.  i.  To  take  a  strong,  close  hold;  grapple 
with  one  another.  [Var.  of  clench.] 
—  clinch'er,  clinch'er,  n.    A  clencher. 

Clincb,,  n.  A  clinching"  or  that  which  clinches 
or  is  clinched;  a  decisive  argument. 

clins;,  cling,  vi.  [clung,  clung;  cling'ing.] 
To  hold  on  to  something  firmly,  as  by  grasp- 
ing, embracing,  or  winding  round ;  adhere 
tenaciously;  stick.     [<  AS.  clingan,  shrivel.] 

Clin^ic,  clin'ic,  n.  Medical  instruction  at  the 
bedside  of  patients.  [<  Gr.^  klitdkos,  of  a 
bed.]  cli''mq.ue'i,  cli"ntc'.— clin'ic-al,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sick"bed  or  a  clinic. 

Clink,  cliijk.  I^  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  make,  or 
cause  to  make,  a  clink.  2.  To  strike  smartly. 
II.  n.  A  slight  ringing  sound,  as  of  glass  or 
small  metallic  bodies  in  collision. 

dinkier,  n.  A  thing  that  clinks,  especially  a 
partly  melted  mass  left  by  coal  in  burning. 

Clipi,  cliiD,  vt.  [clipped'  or  clipt;  clip'ping.] 
1.  To  trim  with  shears;  shear.  2.  To  snip  a 
part  from,  as  a  coin.     [<  Ice.  klippa,  clip.] 

Clip2t,  vt.  To  clasp;  embrace;  hold  tightly. 
[  <  AS.  clyppan,  clasp.] 

clip^S  vi.  To  move  swiftly;  speed.  [<  clip^,  ??.] 

clips  n.  The  act  of  clipping,  or  that  which  is 
clipped  off;  the  wool-product  of  one  shearing 
or 


Clip*,  T).    A  clasp  for  holding  letters,  etc, 
clip'per,  clip'jjr,  n.    One  wlio  or  that  which 

clips;  a  swift  sailing  vessel. 
clip'ping,  clip'ing,  n.     1.  The  act  of  one 

who  or  that  which  clips.    2.  That  which  is 

clipped  off  or  out.  [coterie.     [F.J 

cllque«  cllc,  n.     An  exclusive  or  clannish  set; 
cloak',  clok,  V.    I.  t.    To  cover  with  a  cloak; 

disguise;  conceal.    II.  i.    To  put  on  a  cloak. 
cIocUe,  n.     1.  A   loose   outer   garment.     2. 

Something  that  covers  or  hides;  a  pretext; 


disguise.     [<  OF.  cloque,  <  LL.  cloca,  bell.] 

clock,  dec,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
and  indicating  time  by  mechanical  movements. 
[<  LL.  clocca,  bell.]  —  clock'work'^,  clec'- 
wOrk",  n.  The  machinery  of  a  clock,  or  any 
similar  mechanism. 

clod,  cled,  V.  [clod'ded^;  clod'ding.]  I.  vt. 
&vi.  1.  To  throw  clods  or  stones  (at).  2. 
To  turn  into  clods.  II.  n.  1.  A  lump  of  clay 
or  the  like;  the  soil.  2.  Anything  earthy  and 
gross.  [Prob.  <  Dn.  dode,  globe.]  —  clod''- 
liop'''per,  n.    A  plowman;  rustic;  lout. 

clog,  cleg,  V.  [clogged;  clog'ging.]  I.  f. 
To  put  a  clog  on;  hinder;  choke  up;  obstruct. 
II.  i.  1.  To  become  choked  up;  be  hindered 
or  retarded.    2.  To  adhere  in  a  mass. 

clog,  71.  1.  Anything  that  impedes  motion, 
as  a  block  attached  to  an  animal  or  a  vehicle ; 
encumbrance-  hindrance.  2.  A  wooden^soled 
shoe.     [Allied  to  clay.] 

clois'ter,  cleis'tgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  seclude; 
confine,  as  in  a  cloister.  2.  To  provide  with 
cloisters.  II.  ?i.  A  covered  walk;  hence,  a 
monastery;  convent.  [<  L.^f  danstrum,  en- 
closed place,  <  daudo,  close.]  — clois'tral,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cloister;  secluded. 

cloket,  V.  &  11.    Cloak. 

cloinbt,  clomb'ent,  imp.  &pp.  of  climb. 

close,  clnz,  v.  [closed;  clo'sing.]  I.  i.  1. 
To  shut  by  bringing  external  parts  together,  as 
the  mouth.  2 .  To  fill  or  obstruct,  as  an  opening 
or  passage;  stop;  shut  up.  3.  To  bring  to  or 
together,  as  a  door  or  the  lips.  4.  To  bring 
the  parts  of  together;  shut  up,  as  a  knife  or 
book.  5.  Tobring  to  an  end?  terminate;  con- 
clude. 6.  To  bring  into  contact;  join,  as  the 
parts  of  an  electric  circuit.  II.  i.  1.  To  come 
together  so  as  to  enclose  something.  2.  To 
come  to  an  end;  terminate.  3.  To  grapple;  join 
battle.  4.  To  join;  coalesce;  unite;  come  to  an 
agreement.  [  <  L.^daiisus,  pp.  of  dawrfo, close.] 

close,  clOs,  a.  1.  Shut  in;  confined;  cramped 
or  limited;  secluded;  secret.  2.  Closed;  fast 
shut.  3.  Near,  or  near  together,  in  space, 
time,  etc.  4.  Having  parts  or  objects  near 
each  other;  dense;  compact.  5.  Trusty:  in- 
timate; as,  dose  friends.  6.  Near  to  some  aim, 
purpose,  or  standard;  as,  a  dose  imitation.  7. 
Watchful;  strict;  searching;  as,  dose  attentiou. 

8.  Nearly  even  or  equal;  as,  a  dose  contest. 

9.  Secretive;  reticent.  10.  Avaricious;  stingv. 
11.  Ill-ventilated;  stifiing;  oppressive.  1!^. 
Gram.  Pronounced  with  lips  partly  closed. 
13.  Shut  or  restricted  by  law;  not  open  or 
free;  confined  to  a  few;  as,  a  dose  corpora- 
tion.    14.  Fitting  tightly  or  snugly. 

—  close'ly,  o^/r.— close'ness,  n. 

close',  clOz,  n.  1.  The  end;  conclusion.  2. 
A  grapple.    3.  A  junction;  meeting. 

close*,  clOs,  n.  1.  An  enclosed  place;  land  ad- 
joining a  house.    2.  A  narrow  lane  or  passage. 

Close,  clos,  adv.    Closely. 

clos^et,  clez'§t.  I**,  vt.  To  shut  up  or  con- 
ceal; admit  to  a  private  interview.  II.  n.  A 
small  chamber,  side  room,  or  recess  for  stor- 
age or  i)rivacy.     [OF.,  dim.  of  dos,  close.] 

clo'sure,  clO'zhur,  n.  1.  A  proceeding  to 
stop  debate  in  a  deliberative  body.  2.  A  clo- 
sing or  enclosure;  that  which  closes  or  en- 
closes.   3.  A  conclusion;  end;  close. 


papa,  9Bk;  at,  ftir;  elfment,  th6y,  uefge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


87 


clot 
coal 


clot,  clet.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [clot'ted<i;  clot'ting.] 
To  form  into  clots;  coagulate;  fill  or  cover 
with  clots.    II.  n.    A  coagulated  mass. 

cloth.,  cleth,  n.  1.  A  woven  fabric,  as  of  wool, 
silk,  flax,  cotton,  etc. ;  a  piece  of  such  fabric. 

2.  Clerical  attire;  hence,  the  clerical  office; 
the  clergy.     [<  AS.  claih.] 

clotlie,  clodh,  vt.  [clothed  or  clad,  clad; 
cloth'ing.]  To  cover  or  provide  with  clothes; 
dress;  invest.     [<  AS.  cldthian,  clothes.] 

clothes,  clodhz,  n.pl.    1.  Garments  collect- 
ively; raiment;  clothing.     2.  Covering  for  a 
bed.    ■bed'clothes'^J.    [<  AS.  cldthas,  pi. 
of  clath,  cloth.] 
—  clothes'spreBS-",  n.    A  closet  for  clothes. 

cloth'ier,  clodh'ygr,  n.  One  who  makes  or 
sells  cloths  or  clothing. 

cloth'ing,  clodh'ing,  n.  Dress  in  general; 
garments;  raiment;  apparel;  covering. 

clo'tnre,  clo'tiir,  71.   Same  as  closure,  7i.,l.   [F.] 

cloud'*,  Claud,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  cover  with 
clouds;  dim  or  darken;  obscure.  2.  To  cover 
with  obloquy.  3.  To  variegate,  as  marble.  II. 
i.  To  be  overcast  with  or  as  with  clouds. 

cloud,  n.  1.  A  mass  of  visible  vapor  float- 
ing in  the  air;  any  cloud^like  mass.  2.  Some- 
thmg  that  obscures,  darkens,  dims,  confuses, 
or  threatens.  3.  A  dimmed  appearance;  a 
spot.  4.  Law.  A  defect;  blemish ;  as,  a  ctowt? 
on  a  title.  [<  AS.  clild,  round  mass.]  — 
cloud'less,  a.  Unclouded;  clear.— cloud'y, 
a.  1.  Overspread  with  clouds.  *2.  Of  or  like  a 
cloud  or  clouds.  3.  Obscure;  va^ue;  confused. 
4.  Gloomy;  sullen.  5.  Not  limpid  or  clear. 
6.  Marked  with  cloud^lke  spots.— cloud'i-ly. 
Of/?;.— cloud''i-iie8s,  Ji. 

Clout",  claut,  tt.  1.  To  patch;  bandage.  2. 
To  protect  with  an  iron  plate. 

c\out^^,vt.    [Colloq.]    To  beat;  cuff. 

clouts'*,  ^f^    tq  g^^^  y^.-^^Yi  iron  nails. 

clout*,  n.  1.  A  piece  of  cloth  or  leather; 
patch;  rag.  2.  The  center  of  a  target.  3. 
An  iron  plate.     [<  AS.  chit,  <  W.  clwt.] 

ClOUt^,  n.    A  short,  stout  nail. 

clouts,  n.    [Colloq.]    A  blow;  cuff. 

clove,  clov,  imp.  of  cleave,  v. 

clove,  n.    A  dried  flower »bud  of  a   tropical 
evergreen   tree   (the 
clove'tree)      of     the 
myrtle  family:  used 
as  a  spice. 

clo'ven,  c\o'\ri,  pa. 
Parted:  pp.  of 
CLEAVE,  V.  —  clo'- 
venstbof  ed,  a.  i  . 
Having  the  foot  cleft 
or  divided.  2.  Sa- 
tanlc- c.5hoofed,a.  n^.^,^^^  m^ 

Clo'ver,    clO'vgr,  n.    ,       Common  Clove. 
Anyone  of  several  species  of  three=leaved  plants 
of  the  bean  family.     [<  AS.  clxfre,  trefoil.] 

clown,  claun,  w.  1.  A  professional  buffoon; 
a  jester.    2.  A  coarse  or  vulgar  fellow;  boor. 

3.  A  countryman.  [Akin  to  Ice.  klunni,  clum- 
sy fellow.] —clown'ish,  claun'ish.  a.  Of  or 
like  a  clown;  rude;  Ill-bred,    -ly,  advi  -ness,  n. 

cloy,  cloi,  vt.    To  satiate,  as  with  sweetness; 

surfeit.     [  <  F.  doner,  nail. j 
cluto*,  clob,   vt.     [clubbed;   club'bing.]     1. 

To  beat  with  a  club.    2.  To  use  like  a  club. 
Club^,  V.    I.  t.    To  contribute  to  a  common 


purpose;  make  common  stock  of.  II.  i.  To 
combine  with  a  common  object;  join  purses  or 
efforts;  form  a  club. 
Club*,  «.  1.  A  stout  stick  or  staff;  cudgel.  2. 
A  three=lobed  spot  on  a  playing-card;  a  card  so 
marked.     [<  Ice.  klubba,  Mumba,  club.] 

—  clubbed,  a.  Shaped  like,  held,  or  used  as 
aclub.— club'foof  5  ?i.  Congenital  distortion 
of  the  foot.—  club'stoot'^ed,  a. 

clul>2,  n.     1.  An  organization  of  persons  for 

social  intercourse  or  other  common  object.    2. 

A  club-house  or  club^room. 
cluck*,  clue,  V.    I.  i.    To  call  with  a  cluck. 

11.  i.    To  make  the  noise  of  a  brooding  hen; 

utter  a  click  or  cluck.     [Var.  of  clack.] 
cluck,  n.    A  sound  made,  or  like  that  made, 

by  a  brooding  hen  in  calling  her  chicks. 
clue,  clu,  V.  &  n.    Same  as  clew. 
clump,  clump,  n.    A  thick  cluster;  tuft;  lump. 

[<  Dn.  Sw.  Uump.^  —  cXumi^^y,  a. 
clum'sy,  clum'zi,  a.    [clum'si-er;  clum'si- 

est.]     1,  Lacking  dexterity,  ease,  or  grace; 

awkward.    2.  Rudely  constructed;  unwieldy- 

ungainly.  [  <  Sw.  dial,  klummsen,  benumbed. J 

—  eluin'si-ly,  art?'.- cluin'si-ness,  n. 
duns,  clung,  imp.  of  cling,  v. 

clus'ter,  clus'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  produce  in 
or  collect  into  a  cluster  or  clusters;  grow  or 
gather  in  a  cluster  or  clusters.  II.  n.  1.  A 
group  or  bunch,  as  of  grapes.  2.  An  assembly ; 
aggregation.     [AS.] 

clutch*,  cluch,  V.  I.  t.  To  seize  eagerly; 
grasp  and  hold  firmly.  II.  i.  To  make  a 
snatch;  catch:  with  a/!. 

clutch*,  w.  1.  A  rapacious  or  powerful  grasp; 
a  tight  grip;  an  attempt  at  seizure:  commonly 
in  the  plural.  2.  A  talon,  claw,  paw,  or  hand. 
3.  A  device  for  coupling  objects. 

clutch^,  n.    A  setting  of  eggs;  a  brood. 

cluster*,  clut'gr.  I.  vt.  To  throw  into  con- 
fusion; litter.  II.  n.  A  disordered  state; 
confused  heap;  litter. 

clut'ter^.  I.  vi.  To  clatter;  make  a  noise. 
II.  n.    A  clattering  noise;  chattering. 

co-i,  prefix.    With;  together.    See  com-. 

eo-2,  prefix.  Of  the  complement;  as,  cosine;  co- 
tangent.    r<  L-  compleme7itum,  complement.] 

coach,  cOch.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  tutor  or 
train;  study  with  or  act  as  a  tutor  or  trainer. 
2.  To  carry  or  be  carried  in  a  coach.  II.  ?i. 
1.  A  large 'four*  wheeled  close  carriage.  2.  A 
tutor;  trainer.  3.  A  railway  passenger«car. 
[  <  F.  coche.']  — coach'man,  n..  [-men,  pi.]  One 
who  drives  a  coach  or  a  carriage,     coach'eei. 

co'^ad-ju'tor,  co"ad-ju't§r,  n.  A  coworker  or 
colleague;  an  oflicial  assistant.  [L.,  <  co-,  with, 
+  acijuvo,  AID.]  —  co'^ad-ju'tress,  co'^ad-ju'- 
trix,  11.  fern. 

co-ae'val,  a.    Same  as  coeval. 

co-ag-'u-late,  co-ag'yu-let,  v.  [-la"ted<*; 
-la'ting.]  I.  t.  To  change  into  a  curd-like 
mass;  curdle.  II.  i.  To  become  clotted  or 
curdled.     [<  L.  coagulatns,  <  cogo.,  compel.] 

—  co-ag'^u-la'tion,  n. 

coal,  col,  V.  I.  t.  To  supply  with  coal.  II. 
i.     To  take  in  coal. 

coal,  n.  1.  A  brittle,  compact,  amorphous 
substance  derived  from  ancient  vegetation: 
found  in  beds  or  veins  in  the  earth  and  used  as 
fuel.  2.  A  piece  of  coal  as  broken  for  use; 
such  pieces  collectively:  In  Great  Britain  com- 


flutifire    (future);    aisle;   au   {mi)\    oil;    c    (k):    chat;    dh   («Ae);   go;   sing,  i^k;   thin. 


coalesce 
cockscomb 


monly  used  in  the  plural.  3.  A  fragment  of 
burned  wood.  [<  AS.  col.] — ooal'soiF',  w. 
Petroleum.— c. spit,  n.  1.  A  pit  from  which 
mineral  coal  is  obtained.  ^.  A  pit  for  making 
charcoal.—  c.star,  n.  The  black  pitch  distilled 
from  bituminous  coal.— coal'y,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  like,  or  containing  coal. 

co'^a-lesce',  co"a-les',  vi.  [-LEscED't;  -les'- 
ciNG.]  To  grow  or  come  together  into  one; 
fuse;  blend.  [<  L.  coalesco,  <  co-,  with,  -f 
alo,  nourish.]  —  co''a-les'cence,  n.  A  coales- 
cing; union.— co^'a-les'cent,  a.  Growing  to- 
gether; united;  uniting. 

co'^a-li'tion,  cO"a-lish'un,  n.  1.  An  alliance 
of  persons,  parties,  or  states.    2.  Coalescence. 

coarse,  cOrs,  a.  1.  Composed  of  large  or 
rough  parts  or  particles.  3.  Inferior  in  quali- 
ty; low;  vulgar;  indelicate.  [Var.  of  course; 
i.  e.,  in  course,  ordinary.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

coast,  cost,  l^.'vt.&vi.  1.  To  sail  or  travel 
along  (a  shore  or  border).  3.  [U.  S.]  To  ride 
down  a  elope  by  force  of  gravity,  as  on  a  sled 
or  bicycle.  II.  n.  1.  The  land  next  to  the 
sea;  the  seashore.  3 11.  A  boundary;  region: 
chiefly  j5/.  3.  [U.  S.]  A  coasting,  as  on  a  sled. 
[<  OP.  cosie,  <  L.  Costa,  rib,  side.] — coast'er,  n. 

coat,  cot.  Id.  vt.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  a 
coat,  as  of  paint.  II.  n.  1.  An  upper  and 
outer  garment  with  sleeves:  usually  worn  by 
men."  3.  Any  outer  covering,  as  the  fur  of  an 
animal,  or  a  layer  of  ice  or  paint.  [  <  MHG. 
LL+OF  Jcotze,  coarse  mantle.]  — coat'ing,  n.  1. 
A  covering  layer;  coat.  2.  Cloth  for  coats.— 
coat  of  arms  (ITer.),  the  armorial  bearings  of 
a  person,  taken  collectively.— c.  of  mail,  a  de- 
fensive garment  of  chain  mail. 

CoaxS  cOx,  V.  I.  t.  To  persuade,  or  seek  to 
persuade,  by  gentleness  and  tact;  wheedle; 
win;  soothe.  II.  i.  To  use  gentle  persua- 
sion. [To  make  a  coax  (dupe)  of,  <  F.  coquin., 
<  L.  coquus.,  cook.]  —  coax'er,  n. 

cob,  ceb,  n.  1.  A  roundish  mass,  heap,  or 
lump.  3.  [U.  S.]  The  spike  of  an  ear  of  maize. 
3.  A  strong,  thick»set,  short-legged  horse. 
[Var.  of  COP,  n.] 

cobalt,  cO'belt,  n.  A  tough  steel'gray  metal- 
lic element  that  forms  blue  pigments.  [<  G. 
kobalt;  prob.  same  as  kobold,  a  demon.] 

cobHsle,  ceb'l,  v.  [cob'bled;  cob'bling.] 
I.  ^  1.  To  patch  or  repair,  as  boots;  make 
clumsily.  3.  To  pave  with  cobblestones.  II. 
i.  To  work  as  a  cobbler,  [<  L.^p  copula,  join 
together.]  —  col/bler,  ceb'lgr,  n.  One  who 
patches  boots  and  shoes;  a  clumsy  workman. 

cob'ble-stone",  ceb'l  ston",  n.    A  rounded 
water  *  worn     stone,    as 
for  paving,    cob'ble:}:. 

oo^ra,  co'bra,  n.  A 
very  venomous  snake  of 
India  that  can  dilate  its 
neck  into  a  broad  hood. 
[Pg.,  <  L.  cdubra, 
snake.]  co '  bra » de » 
[das  ordisjca-periol 
(cO'bra-de-[da-  or  dt«j 
ca-pel'O). 

cob'web'',  ceb'web",  I. 


Cobra-de-capello   tn 
the  special  basket 


vt.  [cob'vtebbbd"  ;  coB'- 
WEB'BiNG.]  To  cover 
with  or  as  with  cobwebs. 
II.  n.    The  network  or  fine  thread  span  by  a 


of  a  Hindu  snake- 
charmer. 


spider;  hence,  a  snare,  or  anything  fine-spun 
or  flimsy. 

co'ca,  co'ca,  n.  [S.  Am.]  The  dried  leaves  of  a 
South-American  shrub,  used  as  a  tonic. 

co'ca-in,     /  co'ca-in,  n.    A  white,  bitter,  crys- 

CO''ca-ine,  f  talline  alkaloid  obtained  from 
cocoa:  used  as  a  local  anesthetic. 

COCll'i-neal,  cech'i-nll,  n.  A  dyestuff  yield- 
ing a  brilliant  scarlet  dye,  consisting  of  certain 
insects  (of  Mexico,  the  Canary  Islands,  and 
Java)  killed  and  dried  by  heat.  [<  L.^p  cocci- 
nus,  scarlet,  <  Gr.  kokkos,  berry.] 

cock^S  cec,  vt.  To  raise  the  cock  of  (a  gun  or 
pistol),  in  readiness  for  firing. 

cock^t,  vt.    To  turn  up  or  to  one  side,  as  the 

head,  ears,  etc.;  tilt;  prick  up.     [<  cock^,  'ii.\ 

—  cocked  hat,  a  hat  with  brim  turned  uj). 

cock^',  vt.    To  arrange  in  cocks,  as  hay. 

cock,  a.    Male;  as,  a  cock  lobster. 

cocks  n.  1.  A  full-grown  male  of  the  domes- 
tic fowl.  3.  Any  male  bird.  3.  [Eng.]  A 
leader;  champion.  4.  A  faucet.  5.  Thenam- 
mer  of  a  firearm,  or  its  position 
when  raised.  6.  A  weatliercock. 
7.  Cock'crowing.  [<  AS.  cocc 
(imitative).]  —  cock's  and  sbuli-", 
a.  [Colloq.]  Highly  improbable; 
incredible;  absurd.— c.seye,  M.  A 
squlntingeye.— c.seyed,  a.  Crossa 
eyed.— c.  of  the  walk  or  of  the 
loft,  an  undisputed  leader  or  chief. 

cock^,  n.  A  significant  tip  or  upward  turn;  a 
pricking  up;  upward  bend  of  a  hat- brim. 

COCk3,  ^.  X.  small  conical  pile,  as  of  straw  or 
hay.    [Akin  to  Ice.  kokkr,  lump.] 

cock-ade',  cek-ed',  n.  A  rosette,  knot  of  rib- 
bon, or  the  like,  worn  on  the  hat.  [  <  ¥.  co- 
carde,  <  coq,  cocki,  n.,  as  if  a  cock's  comb.] 

cock''a-too',  cec"a-tu',  n.  A  crested  parrot. 
[<  Hind,  kdkatua,  from  its  cry.] 

cock'a-trice,  cec'a-tris  or  -trcus,  n.  1.  A 
fabulous  serpent,  said  to  kill  by  its  breath  or 

f;lance.    3.  Any  crawling  venomous  creature. 
OF.,  corr.  of  L.  crocodilm,  crocodile.] 
cock'boat",  cec'bot",  n.    A  small  rowboat. 
cock'crow'',  cec'crO',  n.    The  early  morning. 

cock'cro-w^'ing^. 
cock'er-el,  cek'^r-el,  n.    A  young  cock. 
cock'l(e,  cec'l,  vt.  &  vi.    [cock'l(e)d;  cock'- 

LiNo.]     To  wrinkle;  pucker.     [<  cockle^  «.: 

from  the  form  of  the  shell.] 
COCk'l(ei,  w.    A  weed  that  grows  among  grain, 

[<  AS.  coccel,  <  Ir.  cogal,  corn-cockle.] 
cock1(e'',  n.    An  edible  European  bivalve,  or 

its  shell;   a  scallop-shell,  etc.    [<  Gr.^^F  j^. 

chylion,  <  konchS,  mussel.] 
cock'loft",  cec'left",  ti.  A  loft  under  the  roof. 
cock'ney,  cec'ne,  n.  A  Londoner;  one  having 

the  traits  of  uneducated  Londoners.  —  cock'- 

iiey-iHiii,  71.    The  speech  or  ways  of  cockneys. 
cock'pit",  cec'pit",  n.    1.    A  pit  or  ring  for 

cock-lighting.  3.  An  apartment  for  the  wound- 
ed in  a  war-ship. 
cock'roacll'',  cec'rOch",  n.    An  insect  with  a 

flat  oval    body,    chiefly   nocturnal,  infesting 

houses  and  ships. 
cocks'comb",   cecs'com',    n.    1.    A  plant 

with  red  flowers,  suggesting  tlie  comb  of  a 

cock.    3.  A  coxcomb.    3.  A  scarlet  ridge  on 

a  jester's  cap;  also,  the  cap. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


89 


cocks-wain 
coliere 


cock-'swain,  n.  Same  as  coxswain. 
cock'tail'',    cec'tel",    n.    [U.  S.]    A   drink 
made  of  spirits  mixed  with  bitters,  sugar,  and 
rtavoring. 
co'co,       (  co'co,  n.    The  palm-tree  that  pro- 
co'coai,  (duces  coconuts.    [<  Sp.  coco,  prob. 

<  Gr.  kouki,  coconut.]     co'co=paliii'''f . 
co'coa^,  n.    A  powder  made  from  the  dried 
seed»k:ernel8  of  the  cacao;  also,  a  beverage 
made  from  it.     [Corr.  of  cacao.] 
co'co-nut",     I  cO'co-nut",  n.    The  fruit  of  a 
co'coa-nut",  f  tree    (the    coco'tree    or   cocO' 
palm),  a  white=meated  seed  enclosed  in  a  hard 
shell,  and  containing  a  milky  liquid. 
co-coon',   co-cun',  n.      1.    The  envelope  in 
which  silkworms  are  enclosed  in  the  chrysalis 
state.    2.  The  egg=case  of  spiders,   etc.     [< 
F.  cocon,  dim.  ofcoqite,  shell.]  — co-coon-'er-y, 
n.    A  place  for  reanng  silkworms. 
cod-i,  ced,  n.    A  food^fish  of  temperate  northern 
seas.  [Akin  to  D.  A:oo?rf^,  club.]    cod'flsh.^'i. 
cod2,  //.     1.  A  pod  or  husk.    2.  A  bag  or  en- 
velope.    [AS.  codd,  bag.] 
cod'dle,  ced'l,  vt.     [cod'dled;   cod'uling.] 
To  treat  as  a  baby  or  an  m valid;  pamper.     [< 
cod2,  n.,  bag,  pillow.] 
code,  cod,  n.     1.  A  systematized  body  of  law. 
2.  A  system  of  signals  or  of  rules.     [<  L.*' 
codex,  caudex,  tablet.] 
codg'er,  cej'sr,  n.    A  testy  or  eccentric  old 

man;  fellow.     [V&v.  of  cadger,  haggar.'] 
cod'i-cil,  ced'i-sil,  n.    A  supplement  to  a  will. 
[<  L.codiciUt/fi,  dim.  of  codex  (codic-),wnting.] 
cod'i-fy,  ced'i-lai,  f/l.     [-fied;  -fy"ing.]     To 

systematize,  as  laws.— cod''i-fl-ca'tion,  n. 
co-ed"u-ca'tion,  cO-ej"u-  [or  -ed'yu-]  ke'- 
sliun,  71.    The  education  of  both  sexes,  or  of 
whites  and  negroes,  together. 
co'^ef-fi'cient,  cO'ef-tish'gnt.    I.  a.    Jointly 
efficient;  acting  together  to  a  common  end.  II. 
n.    1.  A  cooperating  agent.    2.    A  number  or 
letter  put  before  an  algebraic  expression  which 
is  to  be  multiplied  by  that  number, 
—  co''ef-fi'cieii-cy,  n. 
cee'no-bite,  n.    Same  as  cenobite. 
co'^e'qual,  C0"i'cwal.     I.  a.    Of  the 'same 
value  or  importance;  equal  and  conjoined.  II. 
71.    The  equal  of  another  or  others. 
co-erce',  co-grs',  vt.  [co-ERCED't;  co-er'cing.] 
To  constrain  by  force 
or  fear;    compel;    re- 
strain or  repress.     [< 
L.    CO-,    together,   -j- 
ai'ceo,  press.]— co-er'- 
cion,    co-er'shun,    n. 
1.  Moral   or   physical 
compulsion.     2.  Gov- 
ernment by  force.    3. 
Compression;  pressure. 
—  co-er'civ(e,     a. 
Serving  or  tending  to 
coerce. 
co-e'val,  co-i'val,  a. 
Of  or  belonging  to  the 
same   age   or  period. 
[<  L.  CO;  together,  -f- 
sevvm,  age.] 

CO''ex.ist''r,       cCegZ-   spiit;showlngthe'"'berns; 
ist',  vt.     To  exist  to- 
gether.—  co'^ex-ist'ence,  n. —  co^'ex-ist'ent, 

a.    Existing  together;  contemporaneous. 


Coflee«=branch  and 

Berries. 

a,  the  flower;  &,  a  berrv, 


co^'ex-tend'^j  cO"ex-tend',  vt.  &,  vi.  To  make 
or  be  coextensive.—  co''ex-ten'siv(e,  a.  Hav- 
ing tlie  same  limits  or  extent. 

coffee,  cef'§,  ti.  The  seeds,  enclosed  in  dark 
cherry -like  berries,  of  a  tropical  tree;  also,  a 
beverage  made  from,  or  the  tree  producing 
them.  [The  seeds  are  also  called  "  beans  "  or 
"berries."]  See  illus.  in  preceding  column. 
[  <  Turk,  gahwe,  <  At.  qahxce,  coffee.]  —  coP- 
leeshoiise'',  c.:rooiii,  «.  A  house  or  room 
where  coffee  and  other  refreshments  are  sold;  a 
cafe. 

coffer,  cef'gr,  n.  1.  A  chest  or  box;  strong 
box;  safe;  caisson.  2>.  pi.  A  treasury ;  financial 
resources.     [  <  L.^  cophimis;  see  coffin.] 

—  cof  fersdain'',  w.  A  temporary  enclosing 
dam  built  in  the  water  and  pumped  dry,  to  pro- 
tect workmen. 

coffin,  cef'in.  I.  vt.  To  put  into  or  as  into  a 
coffin.  11.71.  1.  The  case  in  which  a  corpse 
is  buried.  2.  The  lower  part  of  a  horse's  hoof. 
[<  li.^^  copfmws,  <  Gr.  kophinos,  basket.] 

cog,  ceg.  I.  vt.  [cogged;  cog'ging.]  To 
furnish  with  or  as  with  a  cog  or  cogs.  II.  n. 
A  tooth  projecting  from  the  surface  of  a  wheel. 
[<  Gael,  ccg,  cog.] 

—  cok's wlieePs  7i.    A  wheel  with  cogs. 
co'gent,  cO'jgnt,  a.  Compelling  belief,  assent, 

or  action;  forcible;  convincing.     [<  L.  cogo, 
compel,  <  CO-,  together,  +  ago,  drive.]    -ly, 
adv.—  co'g:en-cy,  «.    Convincing  power. 
cog'i-tate,  cej'i-tet,  vt.  &  vi.      [-ta'ted''; 
-ta'ting.]      To  think  over  or  about  (some- 
thing);  meditate;  reflect;  think.     [<  L.  co-, 
with,  -f-  agito,  agitate.]  —  cog^'i-ta'tion,  71. 
Consideration;  reflection;  thought. 
cog'nac,  co'nyac,  n.    French  brandy.     [F.] 
cog''nate,  ceg'net  or  -ngt.  I.  a.  Allied  "by  blood; 
kindred;  akin;  especially,  related  through  fe- 
males only.    II.  ceg'net,  «.  A  person  or  thing 
that  is  cognate  to  another  or  others.    [  <  L.  co-, 
together,  +  7iaius,  pp.  of  nascor,  be  born.] 

—  cosr-na'tion,  7i.    Relationship. 
cog-ni'tion,  ceg-nish'un,    71.    1.    The  act, 

power,  or  faculty  of  knowing.  2.  Knowledge; 
loosely,  a  conception.  [<  L.  co-,  together,  + 
71OSC0,'  know.]  —  cog'ni-tiv(e,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  power  of  cognition;  knowing. 

cog'nize  or  -nise,  ceg'naiz,  vt.  [-nized; 
-Ni"ziNG.]  To  know,  perceive,  or  recognize. 
[<  L.  CO-,  with,  -f-  nosco,  know.]  —  cog'ni-za- 
bl(e,  ceg'ni-ZQ-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  known, 
or  of  being  judicially  tried  or  examined.—  cog'- 
ni-zance,  ceg'ni-zans,  w.  1.  Apprehension  or 
perception;  knowledge;  notice,  especially  judicial 
notice  or  jurisdiction,  ri.  A  badge  or  mark.— 
cog'ni-zaiit,  ceg'ni-zant,  a.  Taking  notice; 
aware,    cog'ni-santi:* 

cog-no'men,  ceg-nO'men,  n.  [-no'mens  or 
-nom'i-na,  -nem'i-na,  pi.]  A  surname;  collo- 
quially, any  name.  [L.,  <  co-  {pun),  together, 
-^-  nomen,  name.] 

CO-liab'it'',  co-hab'it,  vi.  To  dwell  together 
as  husband  and  wife.  [<  L.  co-,  together,  -\- 
JiaUto,  dwell.]  —  co-hab''i-ta'tion,  n. 

co'^lieir',  cO"ar',  n.  An  heir  with  another  or 
others.  —  co-heir'es8,  n.  —  co-heir'ship,  71. 

co-here',  co-htr',  vi.  [co-hered';  co-her'- 
iNG.]  To  stick  or  hold  firmly  together.  [<  L. 
CO;  together,  +  hxreo,  stick.]  —  co-her'eiit, 
co-htr'ent,  a.  1.  Cleaving  or  sticking  together. 
2.    Logically  consistent.    3.    Suited;  adapted; 


flut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   {out);   ©11;   c  (k);    cliat;   dli   (^^e);   go;   sing,   i«ik;   tliin. 


cohort 
collide 


90 


accordant.  —  co-her'ence,  n.  Conjunction; 
consistency;  agreement,  co-her'en-cyj.— 
co-her'ent-Iy,  «d».— co-he'siou,  co-hf- 
zhun,  n.  The  act  or  state  of  cohering;  union; 
consistency;  cohesive  attraction.  —  co-lie'- 
siv(e,  a.  Belonging  to.  exerting,  or  having  the 
property  of  cohesion,    -ly,  adv.    -iie^s,  n. 

coliort,  cO'hert,  n.  An  armed  company;  the 
tenth  of  a  Roman  legion,  500  to  600  men.  [< 
L.  co/ior(t-)s,  company  of  soldiers.] 

coif  11,  ceif,  n.  A  close-fitting  cap,  hood,  or  head* 
dress.    [<  F.  coijfe,  <  OHG. chuph,  head.] 

coiffure,  cei'fiur,  ?i.  1.  An  arrangement  or 
dressing  of  the  hair.    3.  A  head=dress.    [F.] 

coign,  cein,  n.  A  projecting  angle  or  stone; 
a  corner.  [=  coin,  n.,  4.]  coignet.  —  coign 
of  vantage,  an  advantageous  position. 

coil,  ceil,  vt.  &  vi.  To  wind  spirally;  form  rings 
or  coils.    [  <  L.OF  col;  together,  +  lego,  collect'] 

coil' ,  w.  1 .  A  ring  or  spiral  formed  by  winding. 
2.  An  involvement;  a  perplexity. 

coill|2,  n.  Confusion  or  tumult;  turmoil.  [<  Gael. 
Ir.  goill,  war.] 

coin,  cein,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  into  coins ; 
stamp  or  mint.  2.  To  originate,  as  a  word. 
II.  i.  To  make  counterfeit  money. 

coin,  n.  1.  A  piece  of  metallic  money.  2. 
Coined  money  collectively.  3.  Kind  or  means 
of  recompense.  4.  A  quoin.  [F.,  <  L.  cunevs, 
wedge.]  —  coin'age,  cein'gj,  n.  1.  The  ma- 
king of  coins,  or  the  coins  made;  the  system  of 
coins  of  a  country.  2.  The  cost  or  charge  for 
coining  money.  3.  The  act  of  fabricating,  or 
the  thing  fabricated. 

co'^in-cide',  cO  "in-said',  vi.  [-ci'ded'';  -ci'- 
DiNG.]  To  agree  exactly,  as  in  direction,  ex- 
tent, amount,  or  opinion;  concur.  [<  co-  -)- 
L.  incido,  fall  on.]  —  co-in'ci-dence,  n.  Agree- 
ment; correspondence.  —  co-in'ci-dent,  a. 
Agreeing,  as  In  position,  extent,  time,  etc.;  con- 
curring. 

CO-i'tion,  co-ish'un,  n.  A  coming  together; 
especially,  sexual  intercourse.  [  <  L.  co-,  to- 
gether, -f-  iiw,  pp.  of  €0,  go.]    co'i-tust. 

coke,  cok.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [coked';  co'king.] 
To  change  or  be  changed  into  coke.  II.  n. 
Coal  from  which  the  volatile  portion  has  been 
expelled  by  heating,  as  in  a  retort,    coakt. 

col-i  prefix.  With;  together.  [Form  of  com- 
before  I.'] 

co-la'bor-er,  cO-le'b§r-6r,w.  A  fellow  laborer. 

col'an-der,  cul'an-dgr,  n.  A  perforated  vessel 
for  straining  liquids,  etc.  [  <  Sp.  colador,  < 
L.  colum,  sieve.]    cul'len-derj. 

cold,  cold,  a.     1.  Of  a  low  temperature;  frigid; 

chilled;  chilly.  2.  Lacking  ardor  or  sympathy; 

stolid;  not  cordial;  discouraging.  [<  AS. ceald.] 

— cold'schiM^'el,  n.  A  steel  chisel  for  cutting 

cold  metal.— cold'ly,  ari».  — cohl'ness,  n. 

cold,  n.  1.  A  low  temperature;  lack  of  heat, 
or  the  sensation  caused  by  it.  2.  A  disorder 
caused  by  exposure  to  cold. 

cole,  col,  n.  A  plant  of  the  same  genus  as  the 
cabbage.    [<  L.^s  caulis,  cabbage.] 

—  cole'sHlaw'',  n.  A  salad  of  cabbage  cut 
fine,  cold'swlaw'^t.  — cole'wort'',  n.  The 
cabbage  or  a  kindred  plant. 

Col"e-op'te-ra,  cere-op'ty-ra  or  co'le-,  7k  pi. 
Entom.  An  order  of  insects  having  horny 
front  wings  that  fit  as  cases  over  the  hind 
wings;  beetles.  [<  Gr.A»/eo«,  sheath,  4-p^<'wn, 
wing.]  —  col'^e-op'ter,  n.  A  beetle.—  coP'e- 
op'ter-ou8,  a.    coF^e-op'terpall:. 


col'ic,  n.  Acute  spasmodic  pain  in  the  bowels. 
[<  Gr.  JcoHM,  <  kolon,  colon.]  —  coFicli-y, 
cel'ik-1,  a.  Subject  to,  suffering  from,  resem- 
bling, or  productive  of  colic. 

col-laps(e',c§l-laps',  v.  [-laps(e)d'';  -laps'- 
ING.]  I.  i.  To  cause  to  shrink,  fall  in,  or 
fail.  II.  i.  1.  To  fall  together;  cave  in.  2. 
To  fail  utterly;  come  to  ruin.  3.  To  lose 
strength  or  courage;  be  prostrated ;  succumb. 
[<  L.  col-,  together,  -f  labor,  fall.] 

COl-laps(e',  n.  1.  A  falling  or  sinking  to- 
gether. ,  2.  Extreme  prostration.  3.  Utter 
failure;  ruin. 

coFlar,  cel'ar.  1.  vi.  To  grasp  by  or  provide 
with  a  collar.  II.  n.  A  band  or  circlet  for 
the  neck ;  a  ring  or  band  on  or  about  anything. 
[<  L.oF  collare,  <  collum,  neck.] 

—  col'larsbone'^  M.    The  clavicle, 
col-late',  cgl-let',  t).    [col-la'ted<i;   col-la'- 

TiNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  compare  critically;  examine. 
2.  To  present,  as  to  a  benefice.  II.  i.  To 
bestow  a  benefice.  [<  L.  col-,  together,  -{-  latus, 
borne.]  —  col-la'tion,  n.  1 .  A  collating;  com- 
parison.   2.  A  lunch  or  light  repast. 

col-lat'er-al,  cel-lat'er-al,  a.  1.  Attendant 
or  secondary;  incidental.  2.  Corroborative; 
confirmatory.  3.  Being  or  lying  alongside; 
parallel;  bordering.  4.  Descended  from  the 
same  ancestor  in  a  different  line.  [<  L.  col-, 
with;  and  see  lateral.]    -\y,adv. 

col'leag(ue,  cel'ig,  n.  An  associate  in  office. 
[<  L.*'  col-,  with,  +  lego,  depute.] 

col-lect'"*,  c§l-lect',  t;.  I.  t.  1.  To  gatherer 
bring  together.  2.  To  gather  or  obtain  the 
payment  of  (money).  3.  T6  regain  control  of; 
brmg  or  call  back.  4I|.  To  infer.  II.  i.  To 
come  together;  assemble;  accumulate.  [< 
LL.F  collecto,  <  collecta,  assemblage.] 

—  col-lect'a-[or-i-]bl(e,  a. 
col'lect,  cel'ect,  n.  A  short  condensed  prayer. 
col-lect'ed,  c§l-lect'§d,  pa.     1.  Assembled; 

gathered.    2.  Composed;  self-possessed. 

col-lec'tion,  cgl-lec'shun,  n.  A  collecting;  a 
group  of  collected  objects  or  individuals;  an 
aggregation ;  accumulation.  [  <  L.  coUectio{n-), 
<  col-,  with,  -\-  lego,  gather.] 

col-lect'iv(e,  cQl-lect'iv.  I.  a.  1.  Kelating 
to,  consisting  of,  or  denoting  an  aggregate  or 
group.  2.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
bringing  together.  11.  n,  1.  Gram.  A  singu- 
lar noun  naming  a  collection  or  group.  2.  A 
collection  or  gathering.— col.Iect'iv(e-ly,  adv. 

col-lect'or,  cgl-lect'gr,  ?i.  One  who  col- 
lects; one  who  receives  taxes,  duties,  or  the 
like,  or  collects  debts. —  col-lect'or-nte,  coi- 
lect'or-ship,  n.  The  office  or  Jurisdiction  of 
a  collector. 

col'lege,  cel'§j,  n.  1.  An  incorporated  school 
for  instruction  in  the  liberal  arts  or  profes- 
sional studies;  a  school  of  higher  learning; 
one  of  the  educational  institutions  of  a  uni- 
versity. 2.  A  body  of  associates  or  colleagues. 
[P.,  <  L.  collegium,  <  collega,  colleague.] 

col-le'gi-al,  cgl-lfji-al,  a.    Collegiate. 

col  le'gi-an,  cgl-lfji-an,  n.  A  college  student. 

col-le'gl-ate,  c^l-lfji-et  or  -gt.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to,  conducted  like,  or  connected  with  a 
college  or  colleges.    II.  n.    A  collegian. 

col-llde',  cgl-laid',  vi.  [col-li'dbd";  col- 
Li'DiNG.]      To    meet    and  strike    violently; 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


I 


91 


collie 
comb 


clash.     [<  L.  co^,  together,  -\-  laedo,  strike.] 
coFlie,  cel'i,  n.    A  Scotch  8heep=dog.     [Prob. 

<  Gael,  cuilein,  puppy.]    corieyj. 
col'lier,  cel'ygr,  n.     A  coal=miner;  a  vessel 

employed  in  coal*carrying,  or  one  of  her  crew ; 

formerly,    a   dealer    in    coal.— coPlier-y,   n. 

[-IES2,  pl.^    A  coal=mine;  the  coal=trade. 
col-li'sion,  cgl-lizh'un,  71.    The  act  of  colli- 
ding: violent  contact;    clashing;   antagonism. 
coFlo-cate,  cel'o-ket,  rt.     [-ca''ted«';  -ca"- 

TiNG.]     To  put  or  arrange  together;   station. 

[<  L.  col;  together;  and  see  locate.] 

—  col^'lo-ca'tion,  n. 
col-lo'di-on,  cel-lo'di-en,  n.    A  solution  of 

guncotton  in  ether  and  alcohol  that  forms  an 
adhesive  film.  [<  Gr.  kolla,  glue,  +  eidos, 
form.]    col-lo'di-um:|:. 

coFloid,  cel'eid.  I.  a.  Jellylike;  colloidal. 
II.  n.  A  jelly-like  substance,  as  albumin.  [< 
Gr.  koUodes,  glue=like.] — eol-loFdal,  a. 

col-lo'q.ui-al,  cel-lo'cwi-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
conversation,  especially  to  common  speech,  as 
distinguished  from  literary  usage,   -ly,  adv. 

—  col-lo'qui-al-isni,  ?i.    A  form  of  speech 
used  only  or  chiefly  in  conversation. 

corio-quy,  col'o-cwi,  n.    [-QUIEs^  ;V.]     An 

informal    conference;    conversation.      [<    L. 

col-,  together,  -f-  loquar,  speak.] 
col-lude',  c§l-lud'  or  -liud',  vi.     [-lu'ded*'; 

-lu'bing.]     To  cooperate  secretly;    conspire; 

connive.     [<  L.  col-,  together,  +  hido,  play.] 
— col-lu'sioii,  n.    Fraudulent  cooperation. 

—  col-lu'8iv(e,  a.  Fraudulently  concerted 
or  devised.    ~\y,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

col'ly,  71.    Same  as  collie. 

co-logne',  co-lOn',  71.  A  perfume,  consisting 
of  alcohol  flavored  with  aromatic  oils.  [< 
Cologne,  Germany.] 

co'loni,  cO'l§n,  71.  A  punctuation^mark  (:)  in- 
dicating a  pause  greater  than  a  semicolon,  but 
less  than  a  period.     [  <  Gr.  kolon,  member.] 

co'lon^,  71.    The  large  intestine.     [L.] 

colo^nel,  cur'ngl,  71.  The  highest  officer  of  a 
regiment.  [F.,  <  It.  colonTiello.,  dim.  of  colonna, 
column.]  — colo'neI-cy,?^.  colo'nel-ship:}:. 

col'^on-nade',  cero-n^d',  ».  A  range  of 
columns  connected  by  an  entablature.     [F.] 

coFo-ny,  cel'o-ni,  TO.  [-nies^js^.]  1.  A  body 
of  emigrants  or  their  descendants  in  a  remote 
region  under  the  control  of  the  parent  country, 
or  the  territory  occupied  by  them.  2.  Any 
aggregation  of  individuals  in  a  common  group, 
as  of  alien  residents  in  a  country,  of  bees,  etc. : 
used  also  adjectivally  in  all  senses.  [<  L. 
colonia,  <  colo7ius,  farmer,  <  colo,  till.]— co-lo'- 
ni-al,  co-lo'ni-al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  being 
produced  in,  living  in,  or  forming  a  colony  or  col- 
onies.—col'o-iiist,  cel'o-nist,  ?t.  A  member  or 
inhabitant  of  a  colony;  a  settler.— coi'o-nize, 
cel'o-naiz.  v.  [-nized;  -ni'zing.]  I.  t.  To 
settle  a  colony  or  colonies  in;  emigrate  to  and 
settle  in.  II.  t.  To  establish,  unite  in,  or  settle 
in  a  colony  or  colonies,  col'o-niset.— col^'o- 
ni-za^tion  or  -sa^tion,  n. 

col'or,  cul'gr,  ■?;.  1.  t.  1.  To  give  a  color  to ; 
dye;  paint;  tint;  stain.  2.  To  misrepresent; 
modify;  give  a  tone  to.  II.  i.  To  change 
color;  blush. —  col'or.a-bI(e,  a.  —  col'^or-a'- 
tion,n.— col'ored,  pa.  Having  color;  of  a 
dark-skinned  race;  embellished  or  exaggerated. 

—  coPor-er,  w.  — col'or-ist,  ft.  One  skilled 
In  the  use  of  color. 


coFor,  cul'gr,  «.  1.  Any  one  of  the  hues  of  the 
rainbow  or  spectrum,  or  a  tint  produced  by  the 
blending  of  those  hues;  loosely,  any  hue,  inclu- 
ding black  and  white.  2.  A  paint  or  pigment. 

3.  An  appearance;  semblance;  pretense;  dis- 
guise. 4.  pi.  An  ensign,  flag,  or  badge.  [< 
L.  color,  tint.]  —  col'or-less,  a.  Without  col- 
or; Impartial;  uninteresting;  negative. 

co-los'sus,  co-les'us,  71..  [-SI,  -sai  or -st,  or 
-sus-Es,  pL]  A  gigantic  statue,  especially  the 
bronze  of  Apollo  at  ancient  Rhodes.  [<  Gr. 
kolossos,  gigantic  statue.] — co-los'sal,  a. 
Enormous;  huge;  gigantic,    -ly,  adv. 

col'our,  coFour-a-bl(e,  etc.  Color,  etc.:  the 
usual  spelling  lu  England. 

corpor"teur,  cel'pOr"tgr,  n.  A  traveling 
agent  of  a  religious  society,  who  sells  or  gives 
away  Bibles,  religious  books,  etc.  [F.]  col'- 
por'^terj.— coKpor^tage,  cel'pOr"t§j,  to.  A 
colporteur's  work. 

colt,  colt,  TO.    A  young  horse.     [AS.] 

—  colt'isli,  a.    Like  a  colt;  frisky;  wanton. 

col'ter,  col'tgr,  to.  A  blade  or  disk  on  the 
beam  of  a  plow,  to  cut  the  sod.  [<  L.  culter, 
knife.]    coul'terj. 

corum-bine,  cel'um-bin,  a.  Dove-like.  [< 
L.  col>(7iibim(s,  <  cohmiba,do\e.] 

col'um-bine,  cel'um-bain,  to.  1.  A  herba- 
ceous plant  with  flowers 
of  five  petals.  2.  [C-] 
In  pantomimes,  the 
sweetheart  of  Harlequin. 
[<   L.  columbinus;   see 

COLUMBINE,  a.] 

col'umn,     cel'nm,     to. 

1.  A  vertical  shaft  or 
pillar;  a  prop  or  support. 

2.  A  vertical  series  of 
written  or  printed  lines, 
or  words,  figures,  or  the 
like.  3.  Mil.  A  body  of 
troops  with  narrow  front, 
but  extended  rearward. 

4.  Naut.  A  fleet  in  single  file.  [  <  L.  coluni7Ki, 
column.] — col-um'nar,  cgl-um'nar  or  co-lum'- 
nar,  a. 

com-,  prefix.  Together;  with:  often  used  with 
intensive  force.    [<  L.  cotoi-,  <  cum,  with.] 

co'mai,  co'ma,  to.  A  state  of  unconsciousness 
with  slow,  heavy  breathing;  stupor;  lethargy. 
[<  Gr.  kbma,  slumber.]  — co'ma-tose,  cO'ma- 
tos,  a.  Relating  to  or  affected  with  coma;  ab- 
normally sleepy,    co^ma-toust. 

CO'ma^,  TO.  [co'm^,  cO'mi  or  -me,  pl^^  1.  The 
nebulosity  around  the  nucleus  of  a  comet.  2. 
A  tuft  of  silky  hairs.     [<  Gr.  kcmil,  hair.] 

co'mate''',  cO'met",  n.    A  companion. 

comb,  com,  v.  I.  t.  To  draw  a  comb  through; 
disentangle,  or  cleanse  with  a  comb;  card; 
hackle.  II.  i.  To  curl  over  and  break  into 
foam,  as  waves. —  comb'er.  to.  One  who  or 
that  which  combs;  a  combing  wave.— comb'- 
ing,  TO.  The  act  of  combing  or  what  is  removed 
by  a  comb. 

comb,  TO.  1.  A  thin  piece  of  horn,  or  the  like, 
with  teeth:  for  cleaning,  dressing,  or  holding 
in  place  the  hair.  2.  Something  resembling 
such  a  comb  in  appearance  or  use.  3.  The 
fleshy  crest  on  the  head  of  a  fowl.  4.  The 
crest  of  a  hill  or  wave.  5.  Honeycomb.  [< 
AS.  camb,  comb,  crest,  ridge.] 


fiuttflre  (future);    aisle;   an   (owt);    ©II;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  {ihey,    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


combat 
commensurate 


92 


coza'bat,  cem'bat  or  cum'bat.  I**,  'vt.  &  vi. 
To  fight  or  contend  with;  oppose;  resist;  do 
battle;  contend;  struggle.  II.  n.  A  battle  or 
fight;  struggle;  contest.  [<  L.  com-,  together, 
+  L.^  battiio,  beat.]  —  single  combat,  a  fight 
between  two;  a  duel.— com'bat-ant.  I.  a. 
Contending  in  fight;  ready  or  disposed  to  com- 
bat. II.  n.  One  engaged  in  combat  or  hostili- 
ties.—coin'bat-iv(e,  a.  Having  a  pugnacious 
disposition;  contentious;  full  of  fight.— coni'- 
bat-ive-ly,  adv.- coiii'bat-ive-ness,  n. 

com-bine^,  c§m-bain'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-bined'  ; 
-bi'ninq.]  To  bring  or  come  into  a  close 
union;  blend;  compound;  unite.  II.  n.  [U.  S.] 
A  trust;  ring;  cabal.  [<  L.  com-,  together,  + 
bini,  two.] — com''bi-na'tion,  cem"bi-ne'shun, 
n.  1,  A  joining  together;  union;  alliance.  3.  A 
compound  or  group.— com -bi'ner,  n. 

com-bus'ti-"bI(e.  I.  a.  Susceptible  of  com- 
bustion; inflammable.  II.  ti.  Any  substance 
that  will  readily  burn,  as  pitch  or  coal. 

—  com-bu8'ti-bI(e-nes8,  n.    com-bus'"- 
ti-biFi-tyt. 

com-bus^tion,  cgm-bus'chun,  n.  The  act  or 
process  of  burning;  the  combination  of  a  sub- 
stance with  oxygen  or  the  like,  generating 
light  and  heat.  [<  L.^^  combnstus,  pp.  of 
camburo,  bum  up.] 

come,  cum,  vi.  [came,  kem;  come;  com'ing.] 
1.  To  move  to  or  toward  the  place,  time,  or 
condition  at  or  in  which  the  speaker  is  or 
thinks  of  himself  as  being;  move  hither;  draw 
nigh;  approach.  2.  To  move  into  view;  be- 
come perceptible.  3.  To  arrive;  be  present; 
exist.  4.  To  follow  as  an  effect  or  result.  5. 
To  happen;  occur;  become.     [<  AS.  eiiman.] 

—  com'er,  n.    One  who  comes  or  arrives. 
com'e-dy,  cem'§-di,  n.     [-dies^  pL]    An  en- 
tertaining drama;  anything  ludicrous  or  com- 
ical.   [<  Gr.i'+F  konws.,  revel,  -f  ode;  see  ode.] 

— co-me'di-an,  co-mi'di-an,  7j,.  Acomic  act- 
or.—co-me''di-enne',  co-m6"di-en',  n.fem. 

comely,  cum'li,  a.  [come'li-er;  come'li- 
est.]  1.  Pleasing  in  person;  handsome;  grace- 
ful. 2.  Suitable;  becoming;  decorous.  [<  AS. 
cymllc.']  —  come  '  li  -  ly ,  adv.  come'ly$.  — 
come^li-ne88,  n. 

com'et,  cem'gt,  n.  Astron.  A  heavenly  body, 
consisting  of  a  coma  sur- 
rounding a  etar»like  nucle- 
us, with  a  nebulous  train. 
[<  Gr.L+AS  ]comete.f,  long- 
haired, <  homl.,  hair.] 

—  com'et-a-ry,  a.    co- 
rn et'ict, 

coxa'fit,  cum'flt,  n.  A  dry 
sweetmeat;  confection.  [< 
F.co/ifif.]   com.'fl-turei. 

com'foirt,  cum'fort.  I'^.  vt. 
or  encouragement  to;  encourage;  console;  sol- 
ace. 2.  To  countenance;  abet.  II.  n.  Free- 
dom or  relief  from  pain,  annoyance,  or  want; 
also,  anything  that  contributes  to  such  a  state. 
[<  F.  confort.  <  L.  con-,  with,  +  fortis, 
brave.]  — com'fort-a-bl(e.  I.  a,  1.  Having 
or  Imparting  comfort,  till.  Comforting.  II,  n. 
tU.  S.l  A  wadded  bcdqullt  or  comforter.— 
com'^fort-a-bl((>-iicNM,  //.  — com'lbrt-a- 
bly,  ad».— com'lorl-cr,  n  1 .  One  who  com- 
forts; a  consoler;  lC-1,  the  Holy  Spirit,  ti.  |U.  S.] 
A  wadded  quilt.  3«  A  long  woolen  scarf.— 
com'fort>leMS,  a.    Destitute  of  comfort. 


com'ic,  cem'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  like, 
or  connected  with  comedy.  2.  Comical.  II. 
n.    A  comical  person  or  thing;  comic  actor. 

com'ic-al,  cem'ic-al,  a.  1.  Droll;  ludicrous; 
diverting.  2.  Comic.  [<  Gr.  komikos,  < 
komos,  revelry.]  — com''i-cal'i-ty,  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  comical.  2.  A  comical  thing. 
com'ic-al-nesst.—  com'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

com'i-ty,  cem'i-ti,  n.  Kindly  consideration 
for  others;  friendliness;  good  will;  courtesy. 
[<  L.  comita(t-)s,  <  comis,  kind.] 

com'ma,  cem'a,  n.  Gram.  A  punctuation- 
mark  (,)  indicating  the  slightest  separation. 
[<  Gr.L  komma,  segment,  <  kopto,  cut  off.] 

com-mand''',  cgm-mgnd',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To 
order  with  authority;  bid;  require;  enjoin.  2. 
To  have  or  hold  under  one's  control;  be  mas- 
ter of;  hence,  to  be  able  to  get;  overlook,  a« 
from  a  height;  cover;  guard.  3.  To  claim  ir- 
resistibly. II.  i.  To  be  in  authority;  rule.  [< 
L.^  com-  intens.  -|-  mando,  command,  order.] 
—  com^'mau-dant',  cem'an-dant',  71.  An 
oflicer  in  command,  as  of  a  military  post.— 
com-mand'er,  cgm-mand'er,  71.  1.  One  In 
command;  a  military  leader.  '^.  A  naval  ofilcer 
next  below  a  captain. —  com-inand'ing,  »a. 
Fitted  to  command;  impressive;  authoritative; 
dlgniflcd.— coui-mand'ment,  n.  An  authori- 
tative mandate;  edict;  order;  law. 

com-mand',  n.  1.  The  right  to  command. 
2.  The  act  of  commanding.  3.  An  order; 
commandment.  4.  The  force  or  district  under 
a  commander.  5.  Dominating  power;  hence, 
range  of  view;  use  or  control;  mastery. 

com-mem'o-rate,  c§m-mem'o-ret,  vt.  [-ba"- 
ted"!;  -ka°ting.]  To  celebrate  or  signalize  the 
memory  of;  keep  in  remembrance.  [<  L.  com-, 
together,  -f  menwr,  mindful.]  —  com-mem''o- 
ra'tion,  n.  The  act  of  commemorating,  or 
that  which  commemorates.— coin-meni'o-ra- 
tiv(e,  a.    com-inein'o-ra-to-ryt. 

com-mence',  cgm-mens',  v.  [-menced'*; 
-men'cing.]  I.  t.  To  begin;  give  origin  to; 
initiate.  II.  i.  1.  To  have  or  make  aoegin- 
ning;  originate;  start.  2.  To  begin  to  be;  set 
up  as.  [<  li.^  com-,  together,  +  initio,  begin- 
ning.] —  com-menoe'ment,  c§m-mens'mgnt, 
n.  1 .  A  beginning;  origin.  ^,  A  celebration  by 
graduates  of  the  completion  of  a  college  course, 
wlu'ii  degrees  are  conferred;  also,  the  day  so 
observed. 

corn-mend''*,  cgm-mend',  vt.  1.  To  express 
a  favorable  opinion  of;  approve;  praise.  2.  To 
recommend;  accredit;  also,  to  present  the  re- 
gards of.  3.  To  Cvommit  with  confidence;  en- 
trust. [<  L.  commendo,  <  com-  intens.  -|- 
may;(/o,  command, order.] — com-meiid'a-bl(e, 
a.  Laudable;  creditable.— com-mend'a-bI(e- 
nc88,  «.— com-mend'a-bly,  ad?;.- coiii''- 
men-da'tioii,  n.  1.  The  act  of  commend- 
ing; approbation.  *Z.  Something  that  commends. 
—  com-iiicnd'a-to-ry,  a.  Expressing  com- 
mendation; serving  to  conunend. 

com-men'su-ra-bl(e,  cQin-men'shu-ra-bl, 
a.  Measurable  by  a  common  unit;  propor- 
tionate.— com-men''8ii-ra-bll'i-ty,  n.  coni- 
ineii'HU-ra-bI(e-uo88t.  — com-iaeu'sii- 
ra-bly,  (titr. 

com-men'su-rate,  c«?m-inen'shu-ret,  a.  1. 
Commeiisunible.  2.  In  proper  proportion; 
l)roportionate.  [  <  L.'-''  com-,  together,  -4-  LL. 
men»uro;  see  measure,  v.'\  -ly,  culv.  -ness, 
n.— com-men"sii-rn'tlon,  n. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mfint,  th€y,  us^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


comment 
com.munism. 


com'ment,  cem'ent.  I<^.  vi.  To  make  com- 
ments: with  on.  II.  n.  A  note  or  remark  in 
explanation  or  criticism.  [<  L.  com7nento?\ 
freq.  of  coinmimscoi\  invent.] 

—  com'men-ta-ry,  cem'eu-te-ri,  ??.  [-kies», 
PL'S  A  series  or  body  of  commeiils;  exposition. 
—  coin'men-ta'''tor,  cem'en-te'tgr,  n.  A 
writer  of  commentaries;  au  annotator;  expound- 
er.   [LL.]    coiii'inent-erl:;  coin'nient-orl:. 

com-merce',  cem-mgrs',  m.  [com-merced''; 
com-mer'cing.]  To  have  intercourse;  associ- 
ate; commune.— com-nier'cer,  ». 

com'merce,  com'mgrs,  n.  1.  Exchange  of 
goods,  productions,  or  propertj%  as  between 
states  or  nations;  extended  trade.  2.  Inter- 
course. [P.,  <  L.  com-,  together,  -\-merx, 
wares.]  —  com-iner'cial,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
employed  in,  devoted  to,  or  resulting  from  trade 
or  commerce.— com-mer'cial-ly,  adv. 

comL-min'gl(e,  c§m-mi^'gl,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-gl(e)d;  -gling.]    To  mix  together;  mingle. 

com'mi-nute,  cem'i-niut,  Tt.  [-nu"tei)<i; 
-nu"tixg.]  To  reduce  to  minute  particles  ; 
crush;  pulverize;  triturate.  [<  L.  cam-  in- 
tens.  -\-fni}iuo,  diminish.] 

—  com'^ini-nu'tion,  n.  1,  Trituration;  pul- 
verization.   '2,  ^urg.    A  comminuted  fracture. 

com-mis'er-ate,  cem-miz'sr-et,  vt.  [-a'- 
tedJ;  -a"ting.]  To  feel  or  manifest  pity  for; 
compassionate.  [  <  L.  com-,  with,  +  miseroi', 
pity.]  —  com-mis''er-a'tion,  n. 

com'mis-sa-ry ,  cem'i-sg-ri,  n.  [-bies^,  pLI 
1.  A  commissioner.  2.  Mil.  An  officer  in 
charge  of  subsistence,  etc.  [<  L.  commissiis, 
pp.  of  committo,  commit.] — coin'^mis-sa'ri- 
at,  cem"i-se'rl-at,  7i.  An  army  department  sup- 
plying food  and  other  necessaries;  also,  military 
supplies. 

com-mis'sion,  cgm-mish'un.  I.  vt.  To 
give  a  commission  to,  as  an  officer;  put  into 
commission,  as  a  ship  of  war;  appoint;  em- 
power; delegate.  11.  n.  1.  The  act  of  com- 
mitting; doing.  2.  The  act  of  entrusting;  the 
matter  entrusted;  a  trust;  charge.  3.  A  docu- 
ment conferring  rank  or  authority;  also,  the 
rank  or  authority  so  conferred.  4.  A  body  of 
persons  acting  under  public  authoritv.  '  5. 
Com.  (1)  Agency.  (2)  Compensation  "of  an 
agent.  [F.,  <  L.^  commiss^is;  see  commis- 
sary.] —  to  put  in  or  into  commission,  to  put 
In  direct  command  of  a  designated  officer,  as  a 
ship  of  war,  for  active  service. 

com-mis'sion-er,  c§m-mish'un-gr,  n.  The 
head  of  an  executive  department  of  govern- 
ment; one  specially  commissioned. 

coxn-mit',  cgm-mit',  vt.  [com-mit'ted*!;  com- 
mit'ting.]  1.  To  do;  perpetrate.  2.  To 
place  in  trust  or  custody;  consign;  entrust. 
3.  To  devote;  pledge;  hence,  to  involve,  com- 
promise, or  bind  (oneself).  4.  To  memorize,  as 
a  speech.  5.  To  refer,  as  to  a  committee.  [< 
L.  committor  <  com-,  together,  -j-  mitto,  send.] 

—  com-mit'ment,  n.  The  act  of  commit- 
ting, or  the  state  of  being  committed,  as  to 
prison,    com-mit'talt. 

com-mit'tee,  cgm-mit'§,  n.  A  person  or  per- 
sons appointed  to  act  upon  some  matter. 

com-mo'di-ous,    cam-mo'di-us,    a.      Suit- 
able ;   convenient;   spacious.     [<  L.  cornmo- 
dus,  <  com-,  together,  -f-  modus,  measure.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


com-mod'i-ty,  cgm-med'i-ti,  ji.    [-TIEs^  pL] 

1.  A   movable   article   of   value;    something 
bought  and  sold.    2t.  Convenience;  profit. 

com.-'m.o-dore,  cem'o-dor,  n.  1.  [U.  S.]  A 
naval  officer  between  captain  and  rear>=admiral. 

2.  [Gt.  Brit.]  The  commander  of  a  squadron. 
[  <  ^■p.coinendador,  <  L.  commendo,  commend.] 

corn'mon,  cem'un.  I.  a.  1.  Often  occur- 
ring, met,  or  seen;  frequent  or  usual;  custom- 
ary; regular.  2.  Pertaining  to,  connected 
with,  or  participated  in  by  two  or  more  per- 
sons or  things;  alike;  joint;  general.  3.  Com- 
monplace; coarse;  vulgar;  low.  4.  Gram. 
(1)  Of  either  gender.  (2)  Applicable  to  any 
individual  of  a  class;  as,  a  common  noun.  II. 
n.  Land  owned  by  a  town;  land  open  to  the 
use  of  all.     [  <  L.^  communis,  common.] 

—  com'mon-al-ty,  n.  [-ties^,  pi.']  The 
common  people;  the  lower  classes.— com'inon- 
er,  cem'un-er,  n.  [Gt.  Brit.]  One  of  the  com- 
monalty; any  subject  not  a  peer.— com'mon- 
ly,  ac;r.  — com^nion-ness,  7J.  — com'nion- 
place''.  I.  a.  Not  remarkable  or  interesting;  • 
ordinary;  trite.  II.  n.  1.  A  trite  remark; 
familiar  truth;  platitude;  truism.  3.  A  memo- 
randum.—com'«ion-place'":book'',  n.  A 
book  in  which  memoranda  are  recorded  meth- 
odically.—com'mons,  n.  pi.  1,  The  com- 
mon people;  commonalty.  *i,  [Gt.  Brit.]  The 
legislators  of  the  lower  house  of  Parliament.  3. 
A  company  eating  at  a  common  table,  as  in  a 
college;  the  provisions  so  furnished.— com'- 
mon-weal'",  n.  The  general  welfare.— 
com'mon-wealth'',  n.  1.  The  people  of  a 
state;  the  state.    2.  A  republic. 

com-mc'tion,  cgm-mo'shun,  re.  A  violent 
agitation;  excitement;  tumult.  [<  L.  com-, 
together,  -\-  moveo,  move.] 

com-mune',  cgm-miiin',  vi.  [com-muned'; 
COM-MU'NING.]  1.  To  converse  or  confer  in- 
timately. 2.  To  partake  of  the  eucharist. 
[<  L.^  communico;  see  communicate.] 

com''m.une,  n.  1.  The  smallest  political 
division  of  France,  governed  by  a  mayor  and  a 
council.  2.  A  self-governing  community. 
[F.,  <  L.^  communis;  see  common,  a.] 

—  com'niii-ual,  cem'yu-nal,  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  commune.    '^.  Common;  public. 

-com-mu-'ni-cate,  c§m-miu'ni-ket,  v.  [-ca"- 
TED<*;  -ca"ting.]  I.  t.  To  impart;  make 
known.  II.  i.  1.  To  make  or  hold  a  com- 
munication; have  means  of  communication. 
2.  To  partake  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  [<  L. 
communicatus,  <  communis;  see  common,  a.] 

—  com-inii''ni-ca-bil'i-ty,  «.  —  com- 
mu'ni-ca-bKe,  a.  — coin-inu^ni-cant,  n. 
One  who  partakes  of  the  Lord's  Supper.— coni- 
mu^'ni-ca'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  communi- 
cating; Intercourse;  conference;  correspondence. 
2.  That  which  Is  communicated;  a  letter  or  mes- 
sage. 3.  Means  of  communicating,  as  a  high- 
way or  passage.— com-niu'iii-ca-tiv(e,  a. 
Ready  to  communicate;  frank;  talkative,  -ly, 
adv.    -ncHs,  ?^— com-mu'ni-ca'''tor,  n. 

comi-mu'ziion,  c§m-miu'ny§n,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  communing;  sympathetic  intercourse; 
fellowship.  2.  The  sacrament,  or  the  act  of 
partaking  of  it.  3.  Religious  fellowship;  also, 
a  denomination  of  Christians. 

com'mu-nism,  cem'yu-nizm,  n.  Common 
ownership  of  property;  the  abolition  of  private 
property  and  state  control  of  labor,  religion, 
social  relations,  etc. —  com'mu-nist,  cem'yu- 


flutgare  (future);   aisle;   au  {outy,    eil;  c  (k);   chat;   dli  {tha);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


commuuitv 
compensate 


94 


nist.  n.  One  who  advocates  communism  or  com- 
munallsm.—  coin'^inu-iiis'tic,  a. 

com-mu'ni-ty,  cgm-miQ'ni-ti,  n.  [-ties^, 
pi.]  1.  A  body  politic,  as  a  village,  town, 
cityj  or  state;  the  public;  any  body  of  persons 
having  common  interests.  2.  A  sharing  or 
participation;  identity  or  likeness. 

com-mute'',  cgm-miiit',  v.  [com-mu'ted"*; 
com-mu'ting.]  I.  t.  To  put  or  accept  some- 
thing less  instead  of.  II.  i.  To  effect  com- 
mutation; pay  in  gross  at  a  reduced  rate,  as 
railroad  fare.  [<  L.  com-,  +  mvto,  change.] 
~com-mu''ta-bil'i-ty,  n.  com-mii^- 
ta-bKe-iiesst.  — -com-niu'ta-bKe,  a.— 
com'^mu-ta'tioii,  n.  1.  A  substitution  of 
one  kind  of  payment  or  service  for  another. 
^.  Law.  A  reduction  or  change  of  penalty.— 
commutation  ticket,  a  railway  or  other 
ticket  issued  for  a  certain  length  of  time  at  a 
reduced  rate.—  com-mit'ter,  n.  One  who 
commutes,  or  uses  a  commutation  ticket. 

com-pact'i"*,  c^m-pact\vt.  To  pack  or  press 
closely;  compress;  unite  closely;  compose. 

com-pact'^d,  tj.  To  join  by  a  compact;  con- 
spire. 

coin-pact^,  a.  1.  Closely  and  firmly  united; 
solid;  dense.  2.  Condensed;  brief;  terse. 
3.  Composed;  compacted.  [<  L.^  corn-,  to- 
gether, -\-pango,  fasten.] 

com'pact,  cem'pact,  n.  A  covenant  or  con- 
tract.    [<  L.  com-,  with,  -\-paciscoi\  agree.] 

coxn-pan'ioni,  cgm-pan'yun,  n.  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  accompanies;  a  comrade; 
associate.  2 II .  An  inferior  or  worthless  person ; 
fellow.  [<  L.i'i'+OF  com-,  together,  -{-  panis, 
bread.]  —  com-pan'Ion-a-bl(e,  a.  Sociable; 
agreeable.— com«pau'ioii-ship,  n. 

com-pan'ion2,  n.  Naut.  A  skylight  or 
window.    {_<!).  kompaTije.l 

—  com-pan'ion-way.  «.  A  staircase  lead- 
ing from  the  deck  to  a  cabin. 

com'pa-ny,  cum'pa-ni,  n.  [-niessj?/.]  1. 
The  society  or  presence  of  another  or  others; 
fellowship;  association;  society.  2.  One  or 
more  guests;  persons  met  for  social  purposes; 
society.    3.  An  assemblage  or  corporation;  a 

Eartner  or  partners  not  named.  4.  ARl.  A 
ody  of  men  commanded  by  a  captain. 
oom-pare',  cgm-par',  v.  [-pared';  -par'- 
iNG.l  I.  ^  1.  To  examine  so  as  to  perceive 
similarity  or  dissimilarity.  2.  To  liken.  3. 
Gram.  To  state  the  degrees  of  comparison  of 
(an  adjective  or  adverb).  II.  i.  To  be  worthy 
of  comparison.  [<  L.  comparo,  <  cmn- {< 
cum),  together,  -\- jJar,  equal.] 

—  com'pa-ra-bl(e,  cem'pa-ra-bl,  a.  That 
maybe  compared;  lit  to  be  compared;  similar.— 
com'pa-ra-bly.  adv.  —  com-par'a-tiv(e, 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  resulting  from,  or  making 
use  of  comparison,  "i.  Estimated  by  comparl- 
Bon;  relative.  3.  Gram.  Expressing  a  higher 
or  lower  degree,  as  of  the  meaning  of  an  adjec- 
tive.- com-par^a-tiv(e,  n.  Gram.  The  com- 
parative degree,  as  of  an  adjective,    -ly,  adv. 

com-parc'iU  n.    Comparison. 
oom-par'i-son,  cem-par'i-8§n.  n.    1.  A  com- 
an  estimate  of  relative  likeness  or  un- 


paring; 
likenesi 


likeness;  a  simile;  example;  resemblance.    2. 
Oram.  That  inflection  or  adjectives  or  adverbs 
whicli  indicates  dilTerences  of  degree. 
ooxu-part'ment,  cgm-parfment,  n.    A  sep- 
arate section  or  chamber,  as  of  a  ship.    [  <  LL.f 


compartio,  <  L.  cum,  together,  -{-pars,  part.] 
com'pass,  cam'pas.  I',  vt.  1.  To  attain; 
plan  lor;  plot.  2.  To  grasp  mentally;  com- 
prehend. 3 P.  To  go  around;  surround;  en- 
compass. 11.  n.  1.  Extent  within  limits; 
reach;  scope.  2.  A  boundary  or  circuit.  3. 
Moderate  bounds;  due  limits.  4.  Mus.  The 
range  of  a  voice  or  instrument.  5.  An  instru- 
ment for  determining  directions,  usually  by 
the  pointing  of  a  magnetic  needle  free  to  turii 
in  a  horizontal  plane,  and  carrying  a  marked 
card,  as  in  the  mariners''  compass.    6.  Intent, 

.-Ml       N       «n.. 


The  letters  at  the  circumference  are  abbreviations 
of  the  points;  they  are  read:  North,  north  by  east, 
north»northeast,  northeast  by  north,  northeast,  etc. 

purpose,  or  design.  7.  A  circular  course  or 
journey;  round;  circuit.  [<  F.  compos,  <  L. 
com-,  together,  -\-passus;  see  pace,  n.] 

com^pass-es,  cum'pas-ez,  n.  pi.  A  jointed 
instrument  for  marking  measurements,  descri- 
bing circles,  etc. 

com-pas'sion,  cgm-pasli'mi,  n.  Pity  for 
suffering,  with  desire  to  help  or  to  spare;  com- 
miseration. [F.,  <  L.!-!-  com-,  together,  -f- 
fatior,  suffer.]  —  com-pas^sion-ate.  I.  vt. 
A'TEDd;  -a'ting.]  To  havc  compasslon  for; 
commiserate.  II.  a.  Feeling  compassion;  merci- 
ful; sympathetic.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

coni-pat'i-bl(e,  c§m-pat'i-bl,  a.    Capable  of 
existing  together;  congruous;  congenial. 
—  com-pat^'i-bil'i-ty,  n.     The  state  of 


being  compatible;  congrulty;  congeniality;  con- 
sistency,   com  -  pat'i  -  bl(e  - 1 
pat'i-bly,  adv. 


•ae»»t.  -com- 


com-pa'tri-ot,   cem-pd'tri-gt,   n.    A  fellow 

countryman  or  patriot. 
coin-peer',  cem-pir',  n.    One  of  equal  rank; 

a  comrade;  associate.    [<  L.^  cowi-,  together, 

-f  par,  equal.] 
com-pel'   cgm-pel',  v.     [com-pellbd';  com- 

PEL'uNG.]      I.  t.     1.  To    urge   irresistibly, 

constrain;  coerce;   force.     2.  To    obtain   6y 

force;  exact.    II.  i.    To  use  compulsion.    [< 

L."F  com-,  together,  -|-  jiello,  drive.] 
com'pend.  cem'pend,  n.    A  compendium. 
com-pen'di-ous,  cgm-peu'di-us,  a.    Briefly 

stated;  succinct;  concise.    -ly,flc?<;.    •ness,  n. 
com-pen^di-um,    cgm-pen'di-um,    7i.     [-di- 

UMs  or  -Di-A,  pi.]    An  abridgment;  abstract. 

f  <  L.'-i-  com-,  together,  -\-  feudo,  weigh.] 
oom'pen-sate,  cem'pen-set,  ?>.    F-sa'ted''; 

-SA'TiNo.]    I.  ^     1.  To  make  suitaole  return 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  element,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


95 


compete 
compost 


to  or  for;  requite;  remunerate.  2.  To  make 
amends  for;  counterbalance.  II.  i.  To  make 
return  or  amends.  [<  L.  co?«-,  together,  + 
penso,  weigh.]  —  com'"pen-sa'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  compensating,  or  that  which  compen- 
sates; payment;  amends. 

com-pete',  cgm-pit',  vi.  [-pe'ted'';  -pe'ting.] 
To  contend  emulously,  as  for  a  prize;  vie.  [< 
L.  com-,  together,  +  peto,  seek.]  —  com'^pe- 
ti'tion,  cem'pe-tish'nn,  7i.  Contention  of  two 
or  more  for  the  same  object  or  for  superiority; 
rivalry. —  coiii-pet'i-tiv(e,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  characterized  by  competition.— coiii-pet'i- 
lor,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  competes. 

com'pe-tence,    /  cem'pe-tgns, -tgn-si,  n.    1. 

com'pe-ten-cy,  f  The  state  of  being  compe- 
tent; ability.  2.  Sufficient  means;  sufficiency. 
3.  Law.  Qualification  or  admissibility. 

com'pe-tent,  cem'pg-tgnt,  a.  1.  Having 
sufficient  ability  or  authority;  qualified.  2. 
Sufficient;  adequate,    -ly,  adv. 

com-pile',  cgm-pail',  t'^.  [-piled';  -pi'ung.] 
To  compose  (a  literary  work)  from  other  works ; 
gather  (materials  borrowed  or  transcribed)  into 
a  volume  or  the  like.  [  <  L.^  compilo,  plunder, 
<  com-,  together,  -\- pilo,  rob.]  — com'^pi-Ia'- 
tion,  cem'pi-lO'shun,  n.  The  act  of  compiling, 
or  something  cojnpiled.— com-pi'ler,  n. 

com-pla'cence,    I  cem-ple'sgns.  -sgn-si,  n. 

com-pla'cen-cy,  )  [-ces,  CIES^  j)l-}  Satis- 
faction; self 'approval;  serenity. 

com-pla^cent,  -sgnt,  a.  Feeling  or  showing 
complacency.  [  <  L.  complaceo,  <  com-,  togeth- 
er, -\-placeo,  please.]  — com-pla'cent-ly,  adv. 

coxa-plain',  c§m-plen',  ri.  To  express  a 
sense  of  ill  treatment  or  of  pain,  grief,  or  the 
like;  murmur;  find  fault;  present  a  formal 
statement  of  grievance.     [<  L.*"  com-,  togeth- 

■  er,  -f-  plango,    strike.]  —  com-plain'ant,  n. 

I.  One  who"  complains,  com-plain'erl:.  ^Z, 
One  who  enters  a  formal  complaint. 

com-plaint',  c§m-plent',  n.  1.  A  statement 
of  wrong,  grievance,  or  injury.  2.  The  act  of 
complaining.  3.  A  grievance.  4.  A  physical 
ailment;  disease. 

com'plai-sant",  cem'ple-zgnt",  ^a.  Show- 
ing a  desire  or  endeavor  to  please;  affable; 
courteous.  [<  L.^  complaceo;  see  compla- 
cent.] —  coiii'plai-sance'',  cam'ple-zgns",  n. 
The  desire  or  endeavor  to  please;  politeness. 

com'ple-ment,  cem'ple-mgnt.  I*,  xt.  To 
add  or  form  a  complement  to;  supplement. 

II.  n.  1.  Full  number;  that  which  fills  up  or 
completes;  the  state  of  being  complete.  2. 
An  addition  or  appendage;  an  accessory.  [< 
L.  complementwn,  <  compleo;  see  complete, 
a.]  —  com'^ple-men'tal,  a.  Completing;  ad- 
ditional; accessory,    com'^ple-inen'ta-ryi. 

com-plete',  c§m-plit'.  I.  vt.  [-ple'ted<i; 
-ple'ting.]  To  make  complete;  accomplish; 
finish;  fulfil.  II.  a.  Lacking  nothing;  en- 
tire; perfect;  full;  finished.  [<  L.^  completus, 
pp.  of  compleo,  <  com-  intens.  -\-pleo,  fill.] 

—  coin-plete'ly,  adv.—  coni-plete'ness, 
n.— coin-ple'tioii,  cgm-pli'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  completing, or  the  state  of  being  completed;  ac- 
complishment; fulfilment.— com-ple'tiv(e,  a. 

com'plex'',  cem'plex",  I.  a.  1.  Consisting 
of  various  parts  or  elements;  composite.  2. 
Complicated;  involved;  intricate.  II.  n. 
Something  composite  or  complicated;  a  com- 


plication; collection.    [<  L.  complexus,  pp.,< 
coin-,  together,  +  plecto,  braid.] 

—  coiii-plex'i-tj',  71.  L-tiesi.p^.]  The  state 
of  being  complex;  something  complex. 

com-plex'ion,  c§m-plec'shun,  71.  1.  The 
color  and  appearance  of  the  skin,  especially  of 
the  face.  2.  General  aspect;  character;  qual- 
ity.    [<  L.F  complexi/s;  see  complex,  a.] 

com-pli'ance,  cgm-plai'ans,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  complying.     2.  Complaisance. 

com-pli'ant,  cem-plai'ant,  a.  Complying; 
yielding. —  coni-pli''ant-ly,  adv. 

com'pli-cate,  cem'pli-ket.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-CA'TED'';  -cA'TiNG.]  To  make  or  become 
complex,  difficult,  or  perplexing;  mix;  con- 
fuse; intertwine;  entangle.  II.  a.  Compli- 
cated; complex.  [<  L.  com-,  together,  -j- 
plico,  fold.] — ooni'pli-ca-cy,  cem'pli-ca-si, 
n.  [-ciES»,jDZ.]  The  state  of  being  comphcated; 
that  which  is  complicated;  complication;  com- 
plexity.—com^'pii-ca'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
complicating,  or  the  state  of  being  complicated; 
complexity.    2.  Anything  that  complicates. 

com-plic'i-ty,  cgm-plis'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^,j)1.] 
The  act  or  state  of  being  an  accomplice. 

com'pli-ment'',  cem'pli-mgnt,  v.  I.  t.  To 
pay  a  compliment  to.  II.  i.  To  use  or  ex- 
change compliments. 

com'pli-ment,  w.  1.  An  expression  of  ad- 
miration, congratulation,  or  the  like.  2.  A 
formal  greeting  or  remembrance:  usually  in 
the  plural.  [<  L.^'+f  complementvm;  see 
COMPLEMENT.]  —  com^'pll-men'ta-ry,  a.  Ex- 
pressing or  expressive  of  compliment. 

comi-ply',  c§m-plai',  vi.  [-plied';  -ply'ing.] 
To  act  in  conformity  (with);  consent;  obey. 
[<  L.I'  compleo;  see  complete,  a.] 

com-po'nent,  c^m-po'ngnt.  I.  a.  Forming 
a  part  or  ingredient.  II.  n.  A  constituent 
part.     [<  L.  compono;  see  composite.] 

com-port'"!,  cgm-pOrt',  v.  I.  t.  To  conduct 
(oneself).  II.  i.  To  be  compatible;  agree. 
[<  L.  ccnn-,  together,  -\-porto,  carry.] 

com-pose',  c§m-pOz',  v.  [-posed';  -po'sing.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  make  up  of  elements  or  parts; 
construct;  form.  2.  To  be  the  constituent 
parts  of;  constitute.  3.  Totranquilize;  calm. 
4.  To  reconcile;  arrange;  settle,  II.  i.  To 
engage  in  composition.  [<  F.  con^ioser,  < 
com-,  together,  -4-  poser,  place.] 

—  com-posed',  pa.  Free  from  agitation; 
calm.—  coin-po'sed-ly,  adv.—  com-po'sed- 
iiess,  n.— com-po'ser,  71. 

com-pos'it(e,  cgm-pez'it  or  cem'po-zit,  a. 
Made  up  of  separate  parts  or  elements;  com- 
bined or  compounded.  [  <  L.  compositus,  pp. 
of  comjyono,  <  com-,  together,  +  x>ono,  place.] 

com^'po-si'tion,  C0m"po-zi6h'un,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  composing,  or  the  state  or  manner  of  be- 
ing composed.  2.  A  literary,  artistic,  or  mu- 
sical production.  3.  A  compound  or  combina- 
tiop.  4.  Typesetting.  5.  An  agreement  or 
settlement;  compromise.  [F.,  <  L.  eoinposi- 
tio{n-),  <  co7npositus;  see  composite.] 

—  coin-pos'i-tor,  cgm-pez'i-tgr,  n.  One 
who  composes;  a  typesetter. 

coin'pos  men'tis,  cem'pes  men'tis.  Of  sound 
mind.    [L.] 

com'post,  cem'pOst.  1^.  vt.  To  make  into 
or  cover  with  compost.  II.  n.  A  fertilizing 
mixture;  a  composition  for  plastering. 


flfitgOre  (future);    aisle;   an   (o^<t);    ©11;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  (the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


composure 
conception. 


96 


conx-po'sure,  cgm-pO'zhur,  n.  Tranquillity, 
as  of  manner  or  appearance;  calmness;  serenity. 

conx-pound'<i,  c§m-paund',  v.  I.  i.  1.  To 
mix  intimately,  or  make  by  such  mixture; 
combine.  2.  To  settle  for  less  than  the  sum 
due,  as  a  debt.  3.  To  cover  up  or  condone  (a 
crime)  for  a  consideration.  II.  i.  To  come 
to  terms;  give  or  accept  pay  for  an  offense. 
[<  L.  OF  compono;  see  composite.] 

com'pound,  cem'paund,  a.  Composed  of 
two  or  more  ingredients  or  parts;  composite. 

com'pound' ,  n.    A  compound  substance. 

com'pound^,  n.  The  walled  or  fenced  en- 
closure of  a  residence  or  factory  in  the  Orient. 
[<  Malay  Jcampong,  enclosure.] 

com^pre-lxend'''',  cera'prg-hend',  tV.  1.  To 
grasp  mentally;  understand  fully.  2.  To  in- 
clude; comprise;  encompass.  [<  L.  conipre- 
hendo,  <  com-,  together,  -|-  preJiendo^  seize.] 

—  coin''pre-lien'''8i-biI'i-ty,  n.  The  state 
of  being  comprehensible,  com^'pre-hen'- 
si-bKe-nesst.  —  coin''pre-hen'8i-bi(e,  a. 
Capable  of  being  comprehended;  conceivable. 
—  coin''pre-hen'si-bly,  adv.  —  com'^pre- 
hen'sion,n.  1.  The  mental  grasping  of  ideas, 
facts,  etc.,  or  the  power  of  doing  so;  understand- 
ing, ti.  Inclusion;  comprehensiveness.— coin ''- 
pre-heu'8iv(e,  a.  Large  in  scope  or  content; 
inclusive;  broad.    -ly,  adv.    >ne88,  n. 

corn-press",  cgm-pres',  vt.  To  press  together 
or  into  smaller  space;  condense;  compact;  con- 
centrate. [  <  L.  compressus,  <  com-,  together, 
+  premo,  press.] — com-press'^i-biFi-ty,  n. 
com-press'i-blCe-nesst.— com-press'i- 
bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  compressed.— coin- 
pres'sion,  n.  The  act  of  compressing,  or  the 
state  of  being  compressed.—  coln-pre8^/i v(e, 
a.  Tending  to  or  having  power  to  compress.— 
coin-press'iv(e-ly,  adv.  —  coiii-pre88'or, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  compresses;  a  com- 
pressing muscle  or  machine.  [pressing. 

coni''press,  cem'pres,  n.    A  device  for  com- 

com-prise',  cgm-praiz',  t'^  [-prised';  -pri'- 
siNG.J  To  include  and  cover;  consist  of;  em- 
brace. [<  L.F  comprehendo ;  see  compre- 
hend.]   com-prize't. 

com'pro-znise,  cem'pro-maiz,  v.  [-mised; 
-Mi'siNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  adjust  by  concessions. 
2.  To  expose  to  risk  or  suspicion.  II.  i.  To 
make  a  settlement  by  concessions. 

com'pro-mise,  n.  1.  An  arrangement  for 
settlement  by  mutual  concession.  2.  The 
habit  or  spirit  of  concession.  [<  L.  com-,  to- 
gether, -\-promittOy  promise.] 

coiiiptiU  count,  n.  Account;  reckoning.— com p- 
trol'ler,  cen-trol\!r,/i.  Same  as  controller,!. 

com-puFsion,  cgm-pul'shun,  n.  The  act  of 
compelling,  or  the  state  of  being  compelled; 
coercion.  [<  L.  cofnpulms,  pp.  of  compello; 
see  compel.]— coin-pul'8lv(e,  a.  Compelling, 
or  tending  to  compel;  compulsory,  -ly,  adv. 
-ne88,  M.— com-pul'so-ry,  a.  j.  Employing 
compulsion;  eonipelllng;  coercive.  »i.  Enforced; 
forced.  —  com  -  pii  I'so  -  ri  -  ly,  adv.  —  coni- 
pul'80-ri-n(>MH,  n. 

oom-punc^tion,  cein-puijc'shun,  71.  Self- 
reproach  for  wrong»doing;  slight  regret.  [< 
L.  com-  intcns.  -{-punyo,  sting.] 

—  com-pune'tiou8,  a. 
com-pute',  cgm-pint',  vt.  &  vi.    [-pu'ted'I; 

-pu'ting.J  To  estimate  numerically;  calculate; 
reckon.    [<  L.  com-,  together,  -\-puto,  reckon.] 

—  com-pu^'ta-bll'i-ty,  n.  —  com-pu'ta- 


bl(e,  a.— com'-'pu-ta'tion,  n.    1 ,  The  act  of 

computing,  ii.  A  computed  amount.— com- 
pu'ter,  n. 

com'rade,  cem'rad,  n.  An  intimate  com- 
panion. [<  L.F  camera,  chamber.] — com'- 
rade-8hip,  n.    com'rade-ryj. 

con,  cen,  vt.  [conned;  con'nincj.]  To  study 
with  care;  peruse;  learn.  [<  AS.  cunnian, 
test,  try  to  find  out,  <  cunnan,  know.] 

con,  n.  &  adv.  The  contrary;  against.  Cj). 
PRO.     [<  L.  contra,  against.] 

con-,  prefix.  With;  together:  form  of  com-  be- 
fore c,  d,  f,  g,  i,j,  n,  q,  s,  t,  w. 

con  a-mo're,  cen  a-mo're.  With  love;  heartily. 
[It.] 

con-cat'e-nate,  cgn-cat'§-net,  vt.  [-na'ted''; 
-na"ting.]  To  join  or  link  together;  connect 
in  a  series.  [<  con-,  with,  -\-  L.  catena, 
chain.] — con-caf  e-na'tion,  n.  The  act  of 
concatenating;  a  chain=like  series. 

con'cave'',  cen'kev'.  I.  a.  Hollow  and 
rounded,  as  the  interior  of  a  sphere  or  circle. 
II.  n.  A  concave  surface;  vault,  as  of  heaven. 
[  <  L.  con-  intens.  -j-  cavies.  hollow.] 

—  con-cav'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  pi.]  The  state 
of  being  concave;  a  concave  surface;  hollow. 

con-ceaF,  cgn-sil',  vt.  To  hide;  secrete.  [< 
L.OF  C071-,  together,  +  ceto,  hide.] 

—  con-ceal'a-bl(e,  a.  — con-ceal'ment, 
n.  1 .  The  act  of  concealing,  or  state  of  being 
concealed.    2.  A  hiding<=place. 

con-cede',  c§n-sld',  ^'<.   [-ce'ded"!;  -ce'ding.] 

1.  To  yield  to  demand;  allow;  surrender.  2.  To 
bestow;  grant.  3.  To  acknowledge;  admit.  [< 
L.  concedo,  <  con-,  together,  +  cedo,  yield.] 

con-ceit',  cgn-sit',  n.  1.  Overweening  self- 
esteem.    2.  A  fanciful  idea;  a  quaint  or  hu- 

■^  morons  fancy;  clever  thought  or  expression. 
3.  Apprehension;  understanding.  [<  L.^^ cofh 
cipio;  see  conceive.] 

—  con-ceit'ed,  pa.  Having  an  excessive 
opinion  of  oneself;  vain,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con-ceiv(e',  cgn-siv',  •r.  [-ceiv(e)d';  -ceiv'- 
iNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  form  an  idea  of.  2.  To 
become  possessed  with,  as  hatred.  3.  To 
think;  imagine.  4.  To  become  pregnant  with; 
engender;  originate.  511.  To  understand.  II. 
i.  1.  To  form  a  mental  image;  think;  imagine. 

2.  To  become  pregnant.  [<1..*^^  concipio,  < 
con-,  together,  +  capio,  take.]  —  con-ceiv'a- 
bl(e,  «.— con-ceiv'a-bly,  adv. 

con'cen-trate,  cen'sen-tret  or  c§n-sen'tret, 
V.  [-TUA'TED'i;  -TRA'TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  draw  to 
acomuKm  center;  concenter;  condense;  inten- 
sify. II.  i.  To  converge  toward  a  center;  be- 
come compacted  or  intensified.  [<  con-,  to- 
gether, +  L-  centrum,  center.]— con^cen- 
tra'tiou,  n.  The  act  of  concentrating,  or  that 
which  Is  concentrated.  — con-c<Mi'tra-tiv(e, 
a.  Tcndlngto  or  characterized  by  concentration. 
-ly,  adv.    -nc8H,  «.— coii'r<Mi-tra''tor,  n. 

con-cen'tric,  cgn-sen'tric,  a.  Having  a  com- 
mon center,  as  circles,    con-cen'tric-al^. 

—  con  -een'tric-  al  -  ly,  a</r.  —  con^'ccn- 
tric'l-ty,  n. 

con'cept,  cen'sept,  n.  An  abstract  general 
notion  or  idea;  also,  any  notion  combining 
elements  into  the  idea  of  one  object.  [<  L. 
coitccptns;  si'C  conceit,  /;.] 

con-cep'tion,  cgn-sep'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
or  faculty  of  conceiving.  2.  That  which  is 
conceivea;  an  idea;  notion;  plan;  invention. 


papa,  gsk;  at,- air;  element,  th6y,  ns^ge;  It,  $,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  bot,  or; 


97 


concern 
condign 


con-cem',  cgn-sgrn'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  relate  or 
belong  to;  be  of  interest  or  importance  to.  2. 
To  occupy  or  engage.  3.  To  affect  with  so- 
licitude; trouble.  11.  n.  1.  That  which  con- 
cerns one;  affair;  business.  2.  Solicitude;  in- 
terest. 3.  A  business  establishment.  [<  L. 
con-,  with,  4-  cerno,  distinguish.] 

con-cern'ing,  prep.    In  relation  to;  about. 

con-cert''',  cgn-sgrt',  vt.  To  arrange  in  con- 
cert; contrive.     [<  L.^'+^cowcer^o,  debate.] 

con'cert,  cen'sgrt, ».  1.  Mas.  A  musical  per- 
formance by  a  number  of  voices  or  instru- 
ments, or  both.  2.  Harmony;  agreement;  ac- 
cordance; unity. 

con-ces'sion,  cgn-sesh'un,  n.  The  act  of 
conceding,  or  that  which  is  conceded. 

—  con-ces'8iv(e,  a.    Involving  concession. 
concb.,  ce^ic,  n.     A  large   marine   univalve 

shell;  the  shell  of  a  mollusk;  a  shell  blown  as 
a  horn.  [<  Gv}'  konche,  shell.]  —  con-choi'- 
dal,  a.  Having  shelUshaped  depressions  and 
elevations.  con'choid+.—  con-choFo-srist, 
n.— con-chol'o-jjy,  n.    The  study  of  shells. 

con-cierge',  cen-slarzh',  71.    A  janitor.    IF.] 

con-cil'i-ate,  cgn-sil'i-et,  vt.  [-a'ted'';  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  pacify;  soothe;  gain;  win.  [<  L. 
concilium,  council.]  —  con-cil'^i-a'tion,  n.— 
con-cil'i-a-to-ry^  a.  Tending  to  concili- 
ate.   con-ciPi-a-tiv(et« 

con-cise',  cen-sais',  a.  Expressing  much  in 
brief  form;  compact;  terse.  [<  L.  concido, 
cut  off.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con'clave,  cen'clgv,  n.  A  secret  council  or 
society.     [F.] 

con-clude',  cgn-clud',  v.  [con-clu'ded'';  con- 
clu'ding.]  I.,  t.  1.  To  come  to  a  decision 
about;  determine;  decide;  also,  to  infer;  de- 
duce. 2.  To  terminate;  finish;  settle.  II.  i. 
1.  To  come  to  an  end.  2.  To  infer.  [<  L. 
con-,  with,  4-  claudo,  shut.] 

con-clu'sion,  cen-clu'zhun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  concluding;  termination;  end.  2.  A  con- 
viction from  inference.  3.  A  practical  deter- 
mination; decision.  4.  The  closing  part,  as 
of  a  discourse.    [F.,  <  L.  concludo,  conclude.] 

con-clu'siv(e,  c§n-clu'siv,  a.  1.  Decisive; 
putting  an  end  to  doubt.  2.  Leading  to  a 
conclusion;  final,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con-cocf'i,  CQn-cect',  vt.  To  prepare  by  mix- 
ing ingredients;  contrive;  plan;  scheme.  [< 
L.  con-,  together,  +  coquo,  boil.] 

—  con-coc'tion,  n.    The  act  of  concocting, 
or  the  thing  concocted;  contrivance;  mixture. 

con-com'i-tant,  c^n-cem'i-tant.  I.  a.  Ex- 
isting or  occurring  together;  attendant.  II. 
n.  An  attendant  circumstance.  [<L.iJ'COw-, 
with,  -|~  comes,  companion.]  —  con-com'i- 
tance,  «.— con-coiii'i-tant-ly,  adv. 

con'cord,  ceri'cerd,  n.  Unity  of  feeling  or 
interest;  agreement;  accord;  harmony.  [<  L. 
Concordia,  <  con-,  together,  +  cor,  heart.] 

con-cord'ance,  cgn-cerd'ans,  w.  An  index 
of  words  or  topics  in  the  Bible  or  other  book. 

con-cord''ant,  c§n-cord'ant,  a.  Existing  in 
concord;  consonant.    -ly,  adv. 

con'course,  cen'cOrs,  n.  1.  An  assembling 
or  moving  together;  confluence.  2.  An  as- 
sembly; throng.  [<  L.*"  coneursus,  pp.  of  con- 
curro;  see  concur.] 

con-crete',  c§n-crit',  v.  [con-cre'ted'>;  con- 


cre'ting.]  I.  t.  To  form  into  a  hardened 
mass;  lay  concrete  upon;  supply  with  con- 
crete.   II.  i.    To  coalesce;  congeal. 

confer ete,  cen'crit,  a.  1.  Joined  in  or  con- 
stituting a  mass.  2.  Embodied  in  actual  ex- 
istence. 3.  Applied  or  relating  to  a  particular 
case;  individual;  particular.  4.  Made  of  con- 
crete, -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.—  con-cre'tion,  n. 
The  act  of  concreting;  a  concrete  mass.— con- 
cre'tivCe,  a.    Tending  to  concretion. 

con'crete,  n.  1.  A  hardened  mass,  as  of 
gravel  united  by  hydraulic  cement.  2.  A  con- 
crete object,  or  the  conception  of  it.  [<  L. 
concretus,  <  con-,  together,  4-  cresco,  grow.] 

con'cu-'bine,  cen'km-bain,  n.  A  woman  who 
cohabits  with  a  man  without  marriage;  a  mis- 
tress.    [<  L.  con-,  with,  -\-  cvbo,  lie.] 

—  coii-cii'bi-nage,  n. 
con-cu'pis-cence,  cen-kiu'pis-gns,  n.     1. 

T-ndue  or  illicit  sexual  desire;  lust.  2.  Any 
inordinate  appetite  or  desire.  [F.,  <  L.  co?i- 
intens.  -f  o/pio,  desire.]  — con-cu'pis-cent,  a. 
Lustful;  carnal;  sensual. 
con-cur',  c§n-cur',  vi.  [con-curred' ;  con- 
cur'ring.]  To  come  or  happen  together;  agree, 
as  in  opinion;  coincide;  cooperate;  unite;  com- 
bine. [<  L.  concurro,  <  con-,  together,  -|- 
cioro,  run.]  —  con-cur'rence,  cen-cur'gns,  n. 

1.  Combination  or  cooperation.  2.  Agreement; 
approval.  3.  A  simultaneous  occurrence;  coin- 
cidence.—coii-ciir'rent,  cgn-cur'ent,  a.  Oc- 
curring or  acting  together;  meeting  in  the  same 
point;  coordinate;  concomitant,    -ly,  adv. 

con-cus'sion,  cgn-cush'un,  n.  A  violent 
shaking;  shock;  jar.  [<  L.  concussioiri-),  < 
C071-,  together,  -\-  quatio,  shake.] 

—  coii-cii8'8iv(e,  a.  Fertainlng  to,  produ- 
cing, or  tending  to  produce  concussion. 

con-demn',  cgn-dem',  vt.  1.  To  speak 
against;  hold  or  prove  to  be  wrong;  censure. 

2.  To  pronounce  judicial  sentence  against. 

3.  To  ofticially  forbid  the  use  of,  as  some- 
thing unfit.  4.  To  judicially  appropriate  for 
public  use;  declare  forfeited.  [<  L.  c&n- 
demno,  <  con-  intens.  -{-  danino,  condemn.] 

—  coii-dem'iia-bl(e,  o.  — con^'dem-na'- 
tion,  n.  The  act  of  condemning,  or  the  state 
of  being  condemned.— coii-ilem'ua-to-ry,  a. 
Containing  or  expressing  condemnation.—  con- 
demned', cgn-demd',pa.  1.  Intended  for  per- 
sons sentenced  to  death.  2.  Pronounced  guilty 
or  worthless,  as  a  man  or  a  building. 

con-dense',  cgn-dene',??.  [-densed'';  -dens'- 
iNG.]  I.  f.  To  make  dense;  compress;  con- 
solidate; abridge;  epitomize.  II.  i.  To  be- 
come condensed.  [<  L.*"  condenso,  <  con-, 
together,  4-  densiis,  thick.]  —  con"den-8a'- 
tion,  cen'den-se'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making 
dense  or  denser,  or  the  state  of  being  condensed. 
2.  Any  product  of  condensing.— coii-deiis'a- 
[or  -i-]bl(e,  a.— con-dens'er,  cgn-dens'er,  n. 

con"de-scend''',  cen"dg-send',  vi.  To  be 
gracious,  affable,  or  social,  as  with  an  inferior; 
deign.  [<  F.  condescendre,  <  L.  con-,  to- 
gether; and  see  descend.]  —  con"de-8eend'- 
ing,  pa.  Showing  condescension;  gracious; 
patronizing,  -ly,  ad».— con"de-8cen'8ioii, 
n.  The  act  of  condescending;  graclousness  or 
courtesy  to  Inferiors. 

con-dign',  cgn-dain',  a.  Well  deserved;  mer- 
ited; deservedly  thorough  and  severe,  ae  pun- 
ishment. [<  L.^  condignus,  <  con-  intens. -f 
dignus,  deserving.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


fiut|fire    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ell;    c   (k);    chat;    db   (<Ae);   go;  sing,  iigik^  tliin. 

7 


condiment 
confirm 


98 


con'di-ment,  cen'di-mgnt,  n.  A  sauce,  relish, 
spice,  etc.    [<  L.  condimentnm.] 

con-di'tion,  cgn-dish'un.  I.  vt.  1.  To  place 
a  condition  or  conditions  upon  5  limit.  2.  To 
be  the  condition  of;  be  prerequisite  to.  3.  To 
specify  as  a  condition;  require.  II.  n.  1. 
The  state  or  mode  in  whicli  a  person  or  thing 
exists.  2.  State  of  health;  especially,  a  healthy 
state.  3.  A  modifying  circumstance.  4.  A 
prerequisite.  5.  A  grade  or  rank;  especially, 
nigh  social  position.  [P.,  <  L.  condicio,  < 
con-,  together,  -f  dico,  mention.]— con-di'tion- 
al,  a.  Expressing  or  imposing  conditions;  not 
absolute.— con-di-'tion-al-ly,  adv. 

con-di'tioned,  c§n-dish'und,  ^xi.  1.  Limited 
by  or  subjected  to  a  condition,  conditions,  or 
relations.    2.  Circumstanced;  placed. 

con-dole',  cgn-dol',  ri.  [-doled';  -do'ling.] 
To  grieve  or  express  sympathy  with  another. 
[<  L.LL  con-,  with,  +  doleo,  grieve.] 

—  con-do'lence,  n. 

con-done%  c§n-don',  ^t.  [-doned';  -do'- 
NiNG.]  To  treat  as  overlooked  or  forgiven; 
forgive.     [<  L.  con-,  together,  -}-  dono,  give.] 

—  con'^oo-ua'tioii,  n.    Forgiveness. 
con'dor,  cen'der,  n.    A  large  vulture  of  the 

high  Andes.     [Sp.] 

con-duce',  cen-dius',  vt.  [-duced'';  -du'- 
ciNO.]  To  help  or  tend  toward  a  result;  con- 
tribute.    [<  L.*"  con-,  together,  -\-dnco,  lead.] 

con-du'cIv(e,  cgn-diu'siv,  a.  Contributing 
to  a  result;  leading;  helping,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  w. 

con-ducf'i,  cgn-duct',  V.  I.  ^.  1.  To  accom- 
pany and  show  the  way;  guide;  escort.  2.  To 
manage;  carry  on;  control;  also,  to  direct  or 
behave  (oneself).  3.  To  transmit,  as  electricity. 
II.  i.  1.  To  serve  as  a  conductor.  2.  To 
direct  or  lead.    3.  To  behave;  act. 

—  con-diic'tion,  cgn-duc'shun,  n.  Trans- 
mission or  conveyance,  as  of  heat,  sound,  or  elec- 
tricity.—con-duct'iv(e,  cgn-duct'Iv,  a.  1. 
Having  the  power  of  conducting.  2.  Proceed- 
ing by  or  resulting  from  conduction.— con''- 
duc-tiv'i-ty,  a.  Power  to  conduct,  as  heat  or 
electricity.—  con-duct'or,  cgn-duct'er,  7i.  ]  . 
A  guide;  leader;  manager.  2.  [CJ.  S.]  A  rail- 
way oflacer  in  charge  of  a  train  or  car.  3.  A 
body  having  conducting  power,  as  a  lightnings 
rod.— con-fluct'ress,  n.fe^n. 

con'duct,  cen'duct,  n.  1.  One's  course  of 
action;  behavior.  2.  The  act  of  managing; 
direction;  control;  skilful  management.  3. 
The  action  of  leading;  escort;  convoy,  f  <  L. 
conductus,  pp.  of  conduco;  see  conduce.] 

con'duit,  cen'dit,  n.  A  means  for  conducting 
something,  as  a  tube  or  pipe  for  a  fluid,  a  sub- 
way for  electric  wires,  etc.     [F.] 

cone,  cOn,  n.  1.  A  solid  figure  that  tapers 
uniformly  from  a  circular  base  to  a  point;  also, 
any  object  having  such  shape.  2.  Bat.  A  dry 
multiple  fruit,  as  of  the  pine,  composed  of 
scales  arranged  symmetrically  around  an  axis 
and  enclosing  seeds.    [<  Gr.*-  konos,  cone.] 

con-fab'n-latc,  cen-fab'yu-lCt,  vi.  [-la'thd^; 
•LA'TiNO.]  To  chat;  gossip;  converse.  [<  L. 
con;  together,  -\- fabula;  see  fable.]  — con- 
fab^'u-la'tion,  n.  Familiar  conversation; 
chat,    con'fabi. 

oon-fec'tion,  CQn-fec'shun,  n.  A  sweetmeat; 
conserve.  [F.]  con'fect$.— con-fec'tlon- 
er,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals  In  confectionery. 
—  con-fec'tloii-er-y,  n.    [-ies*,  pi.]    I,  Can- 


dies, sweetmeats,  etc.,  collectively.  2.  A  con- 
fectioner's shop. 

con-fed'er-a-cy,  cgn-fed'gr-a-si,  n.  [-cies", 
2)1.]  A  number  of  states  or  persons  in  league 
with  each  other;  league;  confederation. 

con-fed'er-ate,  c§n-fed'gr-et.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-A'TEDt*;  -A'TiNG.]  To  form  or  join  in  a  con- 
federacy. II.  a.  Associated  in  a  confederacy. 
III.  n.  One  who  is  united  with  others  in  a 
league  or  plot;  an  associate;  accomplice.  [< 
L.  con-  (<  ci/m),  together,  -f-  fcedus,  league.] 
—  con-fed'^er-a'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
confederating.    3.  A  confederacy. 

con-fer',  cgn-fgr',  v.    [-ferred';  -fer'ring.] 

1.  t.  To  grant  as  a  gift  or  benefit;  bestow. 
II.  i.  To  hold  a  conference;  consult.  [<  L. 
confero,  <  con-,  together,  -{-fero,  bear.] 

con'fer-ence,  cen'fgr-gns,  n.  1.  A  formal 
meeting  for  counsel  or  discussion;  an  official 
council.    2.  Conversation;  discourse. 

Con-fer'va,  cen-fgr'va,  n.  [-v.e, -vi  or -ve, 
pi.}    A  green,  fresh=water  alga.     [L.] 

con-fess',  cgn-fes',  v.  [con-fessed'S  some- 
times con-fest';  CON-FESS'lNG.]  I.  ^  1.  To 
acknowledge  oneself  to  be  guilty  of;  own;  ad- 
mit, as  a  fault.  2.  To  acknowledge  belief  in, 
as  a  doctrine.  3.  To  demonstrate;  disclose; 
reveal.  II.  i.  To  make  acknowledgment,  as 
of  fault,  crime,  or  error.  [<  L.  confessvs,  < 
con-,  together,  -\-fateor,  confess.]  —  con-fess'- 
ed-ly,  adv.  By  admission  or  confession;  Indis- 
putably.—con-fes'sion,  cgn-fesh'un,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  confessing;  avowal;  acknowledgment. 

2.  That  which  Is  confessed;  a  qreed.—  con-fes'- 
sion-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  confession.  II. 
n.  R.  C.  Ch.  A  priests'  cabinet  for  hearing  con- 
fessions.—con-fess'or,  cgn-fes'gr,  7i.  1,  One 
who  confesses  his  faith  in  Chrlstlanitv,  especially 
in  the  face  of  persecution.  2.  B.  C.  Ch.  A 
priest  who  hears  confessions;  a  spiritual  adviser, 
as  of  a  king,    con-fess'ert. 

con'^fi-dant',  ceu'fl-dgnt',  fi.  A  person  to  whom 
secrets  are  entrusted.  [F.]  con'^fl-daute', 
cen'rt-dgnt',  n.fem. 

con-fide',  cgn-faid',  v.  [coN-ri'DED**;  con- 
Fi'DiNG.]  I.  t.  To  reveal  in  trust  or  confi- 
dence; entrust  (to).  II.  i.  To  repose  confi- 
dence (in).     [<  L.  con-,  with,  -{-fldo,  trust.] 

con'fl-dence,  cen'fi-dgns,  n.  1.  Trust  in  or 
reliance  upon  another;  belief  in  a  person  or 
thing.  2.  Assurance;  self-reliance.  3.  Pri- 
vate conversation  or  communication ;  a  secret. 
4||.  That  in  which  one  confides. —  con'fl-dent, 
cen'fl-dent,  «.  Having  confidence;  assured;  self- 
reliant,  -ly,  od?\— con"fi-<len'tinI,  cen'fl- 
den'shal,  rt.  1,  Having  private  relations  with 
another;  trusted;  Intimate.  2.  Given  In  confi- 
dence; secret.  3.  Disposed  to  confide  in  another. 
—  cou"fi-deii'tiaI-Iy,  adv. 

con-flg"u-ra'tion,  cgn-flg'yu-re'shun,  n. 
Structural  arrangement;  conformation;  con- 
tour.    [<  L.  con-,  together,  -\- Jigiiro,  figure.] 

con-fine',  cgn-fain',  t'^  [con-fined';  con- 
Fi'NiNo.]  To  shut  up;  imprison;  limit;  re- 
strict. |<  L.^  co«^/<i.«f,  adjoining,  <  co/;-,  to- 
gether, -\-Jinhi,  liniit.l  —  con'flne,cen'fain,  n. 
A  boundary;  limit;  border;  frontier.— cou-flne'- 
lcs8,  a.  tJnbounded;  boundless. —  coii-line'- 
iiieiit,  11.  1.  The  Htnto  of  being  confined;  Im- 
prisonment.   2.  Ai-couohement. 

con-fimx',  cgn-fgrin',  rt.  1.  To  corroborate; 
verify ;  make  certain.  2.  To  strengthen.  3.  Ldic. 
To  ratify;  sanction.  4.  Ecd.  To  establish  in  of- 


papfl,  (jBk;  at,  fiir;  el«mfint,  th%,  us^ge;  It,  $,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rflle;-  bot,  9r; 


99 


confiscate 
congruous 


flee ;  receiveinto  the  church  by  confirmation,  [  < 
L.confirmo,  <  cow-,  together,  4- fiffnus,  &Tm.] 
—  con^'fir-ina'tion,  cen'fer-me'shun,^.  1. 
The  act  of  confirming.  2.  That  which  confirms; 
proof.  3.  The  rite  of  full  Induction  Into  the 
Roman  Catholic,  Anglican,  and  certain  other 
churches.— coii-firin'a-tiv(e,  a.  Tending  to 
confirm;  confirmatory.—  con-firin^a-to-ry,  a. 
Helping  to  confirm  or  establish. 
con-'fis-cate,  cen'fis-ket  o?*  c§n-fis'ket,  vt. 
[-CA'TEDd;  -CA"TiNo.]  Lttw.  To  appropriate 
as  forfeited  to  the  public  use  or  treasury.  [< 
L.  con-,  together, +^1scw5,  purse.]  — con-fls'- 
ca-bl(e,  a.  Liable  to  confiscation,  con^'fls- 
ca'ta-bl(et.— con'fis-cate,  a.  Confiscated 
or  forfeited.— coii^'fis-ca'tion,  «.— con'fis- 
ca'^tor,  71. 
con'^fla-gra'tion,  cen'fla-gre'shun,  n.  A 
great  or  extensive  fire.  [<  L.  cow -,  together, 
-{-Jlagro,  burn.] 

con-flict'd,  cgn-flict',  vi.  To  come  into  col- 
lision; be  in  mutual  opposition;  clash;  con- 
tend.    [<  L.  con-,  together,  -\-fligo,  strike.] 

con-'flict,  cen'flict,  n.    A  contest;  strife. 

con^flu-ent,  cen'flu-gnt.  I.  a.  Flowing  to- 
gether so  as  to  form  one;  blended  into  one. 
II.  n.  A  fork  or  branch  of  a  river.  [<  L. 
con-,  together,  -\-fluo,  flow.] 

—  con'flii-ence,  n.  A  junction  of  streams;  a 
gathering  and  mingling;  uniting;  union. 

con-form',  c§n-fSrm',  v.  I.  t.  To  make  like 
in  form:  with  to.  II.  i.  To  act  in  accord; 
correspond;  comply.  [<  L.  con-,  together,  -f 
foi'ma,  form.]— con-form'a-bl(e,  a.  Existing 
or  occurring  In  conformity;  correspondent;  con- 
sistent; compliant;  obedient. —  con-foriii'a- 
bly,  orf».  —  con'^for-ina'tion,  n.  General 
structure,  form,  or  outline;  arrangement  of 
parts.— CO n-form'ist,  n.  One  who  conforms, 
as  to  an  established  church.— coii-form'i-ty, 
n.  Correspondence  In  form,  manner,  or  use; 
agreement;  acquiescence. 

con-found'd,  c§n-fannd',  vt.  1.  To  strike 
with  confusion  or  amazement ;  perplex ;  over- 
whelm; abash.  2.  To  confuse  with  some- 
thing else;  mix.  [<  L.  con/undo,  <  con-,  to- 
gether, -\-fiindo,  pour.] 

con''fra-ter'ni-ty,  cen'fra-ter'ni-ti,  n. 
[-TiEs^  />/.]  An  association;  brotherhood. 
[<  L.  con-,  together,  -\-f  rater,  brother.] 

con^'frere',  cSn'frar',  n.    A  colleague.    [F.] 

con-front'd,  c§n-frunt',  vt.  1.  To  stand  face 
to  face  with;  face  deflantly.  2.  To  put  face 
to  face.  [  <  L.*"  con-,  together,  -^-frons  {front-), 
forehead.] 

con-fuse',  cgn-fiQz',  v.  [con-fused';  con- 
Fu'siNG.]  1.  t.  1.  To  perplex;  bewilder; 
abash;  disconcert.  2.  To  mix  indiscriminately; 
disorder;  derange.  II§.  i.  To  become  con- 
fused. [<  L.  confusns,  pp.  of  confundo,  con- 
found.]— con-fu'sed-ly,  adv.—  con-fu'sion, 
cgn-fiu'zhun,  n.  The  act  of  confusing,  or  the 
state  of  being  confused;  perplexity;  distraction; 
embarrassment;  shame. 

con-fute',  c§n-fiiit',  vt.  [con-fu'ted"1;  con- 
fu'ting.]  1.  To  prove  to  be  false  or  invalid; 
refute  successfully.  2.  To  prove  (a  person) 
to  be  in  the  wrong.  3ii.  To  confound.  [<  L. 
confuto,  <  con-,  to^ether,+/Mto,  pour.]  — eon''- 
fii-ta'tion,  n.    The  act  of  confuting;  disproof. 

con'^ire',  cSh'zhe',  n.  1.  Leave»taking;  parting. 
2.  Dismissal.    [F.]    con^'gee't. 

con-geal',  cgn-jll',  vt.  &  vi.  To  convert  or  be 


converted  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  condition;  co- 
agulate; stiffen;  harden;  freeze.     [<  L.  con-, 
-  ,'      -  J..-   "  ,  '  ,     -  .,-     ,    old.]— con. 


together,  -f  gelo,  freeze,  < 

fireaPa-bl(e,  a.  con-ffe'la-blet.— con'^ge- 

la'tion,  n.    A  congealing;  clot;  concretion. 


con'ge-ner,  cen'j§-ner,  n.  A  member  of  the 
same  genus  or  kind  with  another.  [L.,  <  con-, 
together,  -f  genus,  race.]  —  con^'ge-ner^ic,  a. 
con-ge'nial,  c§n-jl'nial,  a.  1.  Having  sim- 
ilar character  or  tastes;  sympathetic.  2. 
Suited  to  one's  disposition;  agreeable.—  con- 
ge"ni-al/i-ty,  w.  — con-ge'nial-ly,  adv. 

con-gen'i-tal,  cgn-jen'i-tal,  a.  Born  with 
one;  existing  from  birth,  [<  L.  con-,  together, 
-f-  gigno,  bear.]  —  con-gen^i-tal-ly,  adv. 

con-gest''',  cgn-jest',  vi.  To  become  con- 
gested. [  <  L.  congestus,  pp.,  <  con-,  together, 
-f-  oero,  carry.]  —  con-ges'tion,  cgn-jes'chun, 
n.  An  excessive  accumulation,  as  of  blood  in  the 
blood=vessels,  or  of  population;  overcrowded 
condition.-  con-gest'ivCe,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
characterized  by,  or  indicative  of  congestion. 

con-glom'er-ate,  cgn-glem'gr-et.  I.  vt.  & 
vi.  [-A"TED<';  -A"TiNG.]  To  gather  into  a  co- 
hering mass.  II.  -et  or  -§t,  a.  Massed  or 
clustered;  consisting  of  loosely  cemented  het- 
erogeneous material.  III.  n.  A  heterogene- 
ous collection;  a  rock  composed  of  pebbles 
loosely  cemented  together.  [  <  L.  con-,  togeth- 
er, -f  glomus,  ball.] 

—  coii-glom''er-a'tioii,  n.    1 .  A  conglom- 
erated mass.    3.  The  act  of  conglomerating. 

con-grat'u-late,  c§n-grat'yu-let,  vt.  [-la"- 
TED*';  -LA"TiNG.]  To  express  sympathetic 
pleasure  in  the  joy  or  good  fortune  of  (another). 
[<  L.  C071-,  together,  -j-  gratuloi\  wish  joy.]  — 
con-grat^'u-la'tiou,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  congrat- 
ulating. 3.  pi.  A  congratulatory  speech  or  wri- 
ting.—con-grat'ii-la'"tor,  n.—  con-ffrat'- 
ii-la-to-ry,  a.    Expressing  congratulation. 

con'gre-gate,  ceri'grg-get,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ga"- 
TEDd;  -GA'TiNG.]  To  bring  or  come  together 
into  a  crowd:  assemble.  [<  L.  con-,  together, 
+  grego,  collect.] 

con'^gre-ga'tion,  ceij'gr§-ge'shun,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  congregating.  2.  An  assemblage, 
as  for  worship;  a  religious  community  or  com- 
munion. 

con''gre-ga'tion-al,  ce5i"gr§-ge'8hun-al,  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  congregation.  2.  [C-]  Per- 
taining to  Congregationalism  or  to  the  Congre- 
gationalists.  —  con^'gre-ga'tion-al-ism,  n. 
The  church  polity  that  makes  the  authority  of 
the  local  congregation  supreme  within  its  own 
domain,  or  [C-]  the  religious  denomination 
founded  on  that  polity. —Con''ere-8f a'tion- 
al-ist,  n.  A  member  of  the  Congregational 
denomination. 

con' gross,  cen'gres,  n.  1.  An  assembly  or 
conference.  2.  [C-l  The  national  legislative 
body  of  the  United  States.  3.  A  coming 
together;  intercourse.  [<L.  co/i-,  together, -P 
gradior,  walk.]  —  con-gres'sion-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  congress,  especially  [C-]  the  United 
States  Congress.— Con'Kress-man.M.  [-men, 
2}l.'i    A  member  of  the  United  States  Congress. 

con'gru-ent,  cen'gru-gnt,  a.  Having  mutual 
agreement  or  conformity;  correspondent;  ap- 
propriate. [<  L.  congnien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  con- 
grvo,  agree.]  —  con'gru-ence,  ti.  eon'gru- 
en-cyl.  —  con'8rru»ent-ly,  adv. 

con'gru-ous,  cei>'gru-us,  a.    Harmoniously 


flfltjare  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);   chat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


conic 
consentaneous 


100 


related  or  coiubiued;  appropriate;  consistent. 
[<  L.  congruus,  <  congimo,  agree.]  -iy,  adv. 
— con-gru'i-ty,  cen-gru'i-ti,  n.  [-tiks»,  pl.l 
Agreement;  harmoniousness;  appropriateness. 
con'gru-ou8-nesst. 

con'ic,  cen'ic,  a.    Cone»shaped.   con'ic-al:J:* 

co-nif  er-ous,  co-nif'sr-us,  a.  Cone*bearing. 
[  <  L.  conns,  cone,  -{-fero,  bear.] 

con-jec'ture,  cgn-jec'chur  or  -tiyr.  I.  nt. 
&vi.  [-tubed; -TUR-iNG.]  To  judge  from  in- 
complete evidence;  surmise;  guess.  II.  n.  1. 
An  indecisive  opinion;  a  guess;  surmise.  2. 
The  act  of  conjecturing.  [  <  L.  con-,  with,  -\- 
Jacio,  throw.]  —  con-jec'tur-al,  a.  Of  the 
nature  of  or  dependent  on  conjecture. 

con-join',  c§n-jein',  vt.  &  vi.  To  join  togeth- 
er; associate;  connect;  unite.  [<  L.^  con-, 
together,  -\-jungo,  join.] 

con- joint',  a.    Associated;  conjoined. 

con'ju-gal,  cen'ju-gal,  a.  Pertaining  to  mar- 
riage; connubial;  matrimonial.  [<L.  conju- 
galis,  <  con-,  together,  -\-Jungo,  join.] 

—  con'jii-gal-ly,  adv. 
con'ju-gate,  cen'ju-get.    I.  vt.    [-GA'TEDd; 

-ga"ting.]  To  give  in  order  the  inflections  of: 
said  of  verbs.  II.  cen'ju-get  or  -ggt,  a.  Joined 
in  pairs;  coupled;  paired.  [<  L.  conjugo,  yoke 
together,  <  con-,  together,  -\-jugum,  yoke.] 

—  con"ju-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Conjunction;  un- 
ion.   '^.  Gram.    The  inflection  of  a  verb. 

con-junc'tion,  cgn-junc'shun,  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  joined  together;  cf)mbination; 
league.  2.  A  part  of  speech  that  connects 
words,  clauses,  and  sentences.  3.  Astron.  The 
nearest  apparent  approach  of  two  heavenly 
bodies  to  each  other.  [  <  L.  conjunctio,  <  con-, 
together,  -\-jungo,  join.] 

con-junc'tiV(e,  cgn-juric'tiv,  a.  1.  Joining; 
connective.    2.  Joined  together. 

con-junc'ture,  c§n-juric'chur   or  -tiQr,  v. 

I.  A  combination  of  circumstances;  juncture; 
crisis.    2.  The  act  of  joining;  union. 

con''ju-ra'tion,  cen'ju  re'shun,  n.  1.  A 
solemn  invocation;  adjuration.  2.  An  en- 
chantment; incantation;  spell. 

con'jurei,  cun'jur,  v.  [con'jured;  con'juk- 
iNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  effect  by  magic.  2.  To 
Hiimmon,  drive  away,  or  control  by  magic  art. 

II.  i.    To  practise  magic. 

—  con'jur-eri,  n.    A  juggler. 
con-jure'2,  cgn-jur',   v.    [con-jubed';  con- 

jub'ino.]  1. 1.  To  call  on  ui  the  name  of  God 
or  of  something  sacred;  appeal  to  solemnly; 
adjure.  II.  i.  To  bind  oneself  by  oath  taken 
with  others.  [<  L.  con-,  together,  -{-jutv, 
swear.]  —  con-jur'er2§,  ?t. 

con-nate',  cen-n6t',  a.  Born  in  and  with  one; 
innate;  congenital;  congenitally  or  closely  uni- 
ted.   [ <  L.'-i' co/i-,  together,  -f  nascor,  be  born.] 

con-nect''',  cgn-nect',  vt.  &  vi.  To  join,  unite, 
or  combine;  associate  or  be  associated.  [<  L. 
con-,  together,  +  necto,  bind.] 

—  con-nect'ed-ly»  adv.  Jointly;  coherently. 
—  coii-nec'tioii,  cgn-nec'shun,  n.  1  •  The  act 
of  coimecting  or  the  state  of  being  connected; 
union;  combination.  '^.  Family  relationship;  a 
relative.  3.  A  company;  denomination.  4.  A 
direct  transfer  from  one  route  to  anotlier,  as  In 
railway  service.  con-nex'i«nt.— con-nect'- 
lv(e,  cen-nect'Iv,  a.  Capable  of  connecting,  or 
serving  to  connect;  causing  or  Involving  connec- 


tion,   -ly,  acZ?'.— coii-nect'or,  cgn-nect'gr,  n. 

A  person  or  thing  that  connects. 
con-nex'ion,  etc.    Same  as  connection,  etc. 
con-nive',  c§n-naiv',  vi.   [-nived';  -ni'ving.] 

1.  To  encourage  or  assent  to  a  wrong  by  silence 
or  feigned  ignorance;  followed  by  at.  2.  To 
be  in  collusion:  followed  by  with.  [<  L.  con-, 
together,  +  nicto,  wink.]  —  con-nl'vance,  w. 

con"nois-seur',  cen"i-sur',  n.  A  competent 
critical  judge  of  art.     [F.] 

con-nu'toi-al,  c§n-niu'bi-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  matrimony;  relating  to  husband  or  wife; 
matrimonial;  conjugal;  nuptial.  [<  L.  con-, 
together,  -f  nnl)0,  marry.] 

co'noid,  co'neid.  I.  a.  Concshaped;  conical. 
II.  ti.     Something  having  the  form  of  a  cone. 

con'quer,  cen'kgr,  t).  I.  t.  1.  To  overcome; 
subdue;  vanquish.  2.  To  obtain  in  war,  or 
by  any  conflict  or  struggle.  II.  i.  To  be  vic- 
torious. [<  L.  con-,  together,  -\-  qusero,  seek.] 
—  con'quer-a-bl(e,  a.— con'qiier-or,  n. 

con' quest,  ce^'cwest,  n.  1.  The  act  of  con- 
quering. 2.  The  thing  conquered.  [<  L.^f 
conqniro;  see  conqueb.] 

con''san-guin'e-ous,  cen'san-gwiu'e-us,  a. 
Descended  from  the  same  parent  or  ancestor. 
[<  L.  con-,  together,  +  sanguis,  blood.]  — 
con"san-guiii'i-ty,  n.    Blood=relationshIp. 

con'science,  cen'shgns,  n.  The  power  or 
faculty  which  distinguishes  between  right  and 
wrong;  moral  sense.  [F.,  <  L.  conscientia,  < 
con-,  together,  +  scio,  know.]  — -  con"scl-en'. 
tieus,  cen'shi-en'shus,  a.  Governed  or  dic- 
tated by  conscience,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con'scious,  cen'shos,  a.  1,.  Knowine  one's 
own  existence  and  mental  operations.  ^.  Em- 
barrassed by  undue  self'consciousness.  3. 
Cognizant.  4.  Present  to  the  mind;  recognized 
as  belonging  to  oneself.  [<  L.  con-scius,  < 
con-,  with,  -f  scio,  know.]  —  con'sclous-ly, 
ad».— cou'8ciou8-ues8,  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  conscious;  sensation;  knowledge.  'Z.  The 
power  of  self-knowledge;  internal  perception. 

con-script''',  cen-script',  vt.  To  force  into 
military  service;  draft. 

con'script,  cen'script.  I.  a.  Registered;  en- 
rolled. II.  n.  One  who  is  compulsorily  enrolled 
for  military  service.  [<  L.  cow-,  together, + 
so'ibo,  write.]  — con-scrlp'tion,  cgn-scrip'- 
shun,  71.  A  compulsory  enrolment  of  men  for 
military  service;  draft. 

con'se-crate,  cen'8§-cret,  vt.  [-cba'teu''; 
-CRA'TINU.J  To  appropriate  to  sacred  us>es: 
devote;  dedicate;  hallow.  [<  L.con-,  togeth- 
er, -|-  sacer,  sacred.] — con"8e-ora'Uoii,  n. 
The  act  of  consecrating,  or  the  state  of  being 
consecrated.— con'»e-cra"tor,  n. 

con-sec'u-tiv(e,  cgn-sec'yu-tiv,  a.  1.  Fol- 
lowing in  uninterrupted  succession;  successive. 

2.  Consequent:  with  ^o.  [<  L.  co/i-,  with, -f 
seqiior,  follow.]    -Iy,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con-sen'sus,  cgn-scn'sus,  n.  A  collective 
opinion;  general  agreement.  [L.,  <  <v)«-,  to- 
gether, -f  sentio,  feel.] 

con-sent',  cgn-sent'.  I*",  vi.  1.  To  yield 
voluntarily;  accede,  as  to  a  request;  acquiesce. 
2il.  To  agree  together;  accord.  II.  n.  1.  A 
voluntary  yielding;  compliance.  2.  Agree- 
ment; concord.     [<  L.^f  co;^se«rto,  agree.] 

con"sen-ta'ne-ou8,  cen'sen-te'ne-us,  a. 
Mutually  consenting  or  agreeing;  acquiescent. 


popfl,  cjsk;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  ns^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


101 


consequence 
constant 


con^se-QLuence,  cen'8§-cwens,  n.  1.  That 
which  tollows,  as  a  result  or  conclusion.  2. 
Distinction;  consideration;  importance. 

con'se-q.uent,  cen's§-c\vent.  I.  a.  Follow- 
ing as  a  natural  result  or  as  a  logical  conclu- 
sion; logical.  II.  n.  The  conclusion  of  an 
inference  or  syllogism ;  consequence.  [<  L.of 
con-,  together,  +  sequor^  follow.] 

—  coii'se-qiieiit-ly,  aclr.     1,  As  a  conse- 
quence; therefore.    2.  In  a  consequent  manner. 

con'^se-auen'tial,  cen"s§-cwen'shal,  a.  1. 
Having  or  showing  importance;  self=important. 
2.  Following  logically;  consequent,   -fy,  aclr. 

con-servce',  cgn-sgrv',  vt.  [-serv(e)i)'; 
-SERV'iNG.]  To  keep  from  loss,  decay,  or 
injury;  preserve.  [<  L.^  conserro,  <  con-, 
with,  -f-  servo,  keep.] — con^'ser-va'tion,  ??. 
The  act  of  conserving.— con-serv'a-tisiii, 
n.  Disposition  to  be  conservative.—  con-Nerv^- 
a-tiv(e,  I.  a.  1.  Adhering  to  the  existing 
order  of  things;  opposed  to  change  or  progress. 

2.  Conserving;  preservative.  II.  n.  A  con- 
servative person.—  con'ser-va'^tor,  cen'ser- 
ve'tgr,  n.  A  protector;  guardian.— con-serv'- 
a-to-ry.  I,  a.  Adapted  to  preserve.  II.  ?i. 
[-KiES«,  pL]  1.  A  glazed  apartment  for  tender 
plants.    2.  A  school  of  art  or  science. 

con'serve,  can'serv,  w.     1.  A  sweetmeat.    2. 

Puarm.  A  confection, 
con-sid'er,  cgn-sid'gr,  ??.    I.  ^    1.  To  reflect 

upon;  ponder.    2.  To  think  to  be;  estimate. 

3.  To  think  well  of;  treat  well.  4.  To  make 
allowance  for.  5 i|.  To  observe  closely.  6.  To 
fee;  remunerate.  7.  To  be  of  the  opinion 
(that):  followed  by  a  clause  as  object.  II.  i. 
To  think  closely;  cogitate.  [<  L.  co?isidero, 
<  con-,  with,  4-  sidus  {sider-),  star.]  —  con- 
Hid'er-a-bl(e,  a.  Of  noteworthy  size,  quanti- 
ty, or  Importance.— con-sid'er-a-bly,  adv.— 
con-sid'er-ate,  cgn-sid'er-ct  or  -6t.  a.  Ex- 
hibiting or  given  to  consideration;  tlioughtful; 
kind;  prudent,    -ly,  adv.    -nesH,  7i. 

con-sid."er-a'tion,  cgn-sid"5jr-e'shun,  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  considering.  2.  Thoughtful  and 
kindly  feeling  or  treatment.  3.  A  circum- 
stance to  be  taken  into  account.  4.  Something 
§iven  in  return  for  a  service;  remuneration. 
.  Importance;  consequence;  standing. 

con-sid.''er-ing,  c^n-sid'^r-mg,  jjrep.  In  view 
of;  taking  into  account  the  fact  of:  used  also 
eliiptically  like  a  conjunction. 

con-sign',  c§n-eain',  rt.  To  deliver  into  the 
care  and  control  of  another;  entrust;  commit; 
transfer;  relegate.  [<  L.  consigno,  <  con-, 
together,  -j-  sig-nwrn,  mark.]  —  con'^sign-ee', 
cen'saln-I',  n.  Com.  A  person  to  whom  prop- 
erty has  been  consigned;  a  factor.— coii-sigu'- 
ineiit.  cgn-sain'ment,  n.  1.  The  sending  of 
property  to  a  person  for  keeping,  sale,  or  ship- 
ment. 2.  The  property  consigned,  or  a  contract 
consigning  it.— con'^'si-giior',  cen"si-nSr'  or 
con-sain' gr,  n.  One  who  consigns  or  makes  a 
consignment,    con-sign'erj. 

con-sisf'i,  c§n-sist',  ti.  1.  To  be  composed; 
be  made  up:  followed  by  o/".  2.  To  have  as 
its  foundation,  substance,  or  nature;  be:  fol- 
lowed by  in.  3.  To  be  compatible;  harmo- 
nize: followed  by  witJi.  4.  To  stand  together: 
subsist.      [<  L.  con-,  together,  -\-sisto,  stand.] 

con-sist'ent,  cgn-sist'gnt,  a.  1.  Character- 
ized by  consistency;  agreeing  with  itself ;  not 
self-contradictory.  2.  Congruous;  compati- 
ble.     3.  Firmly  united;    solid,     -ly,  adv. — 


con-sist'ence,    con-sist'en-cy,  n.     [-ces» 

or  -CIES*,  pl.'\  1.  Compatibility  or  harmony  be- 
tween things,  acts,  or  statements.  2.  Degree  of 
firmness  or  density.  3.  That  which  has  coher- 
ence or  firmness. 

con-sis'to-ry,  cgn-sis'to-ri,  n.  [-riesSju^.] 
An  ecclesiastical  court;  the  place  where  it  is 
held;  a  civil  court.— con'^sis-tc'ri-al,  a. 

con-sole%  cgn-sOl',  rt.  [-soled';  -so'ling.] 
To  comfort  (a  person)  in  grief  or  sorrow ;  sol- 
ace; cheer.  [<  L.  con-,  together,  -j-  solar, 
comfort]  —  coii-so'la-bl(e,  a.  That  may  be 
consoled.— coii'^so-la'tioii,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
consoling,  or  the  state  of  being  consoled.  2,  A 
comforting  thought  or  fact.— con-sol'a-to- 
ry,  cgn-sera-to-rl.  I.  a.  Tending  to  console. 
II.  ?i.   [-KiEs^,  p^.]   Aconsolingspeechor  letter. 

con'sole,  cen'sOl,  7i.   A  bracket;  a  corbel.  [F.] 

con-sol'i-date,  cgn-sel'i-det,  v.  [-da"ted''; 
-T)A"TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  make  solid,  firm,  or  co- 
herent; unite.  II.  i.  To  become  united, 
solid,  or  firm.  [  <  L.  con-,  together,  +  solidtis, 
solid.]  — con-sor'i-da'lion,  n. 

con's  ols,  cen'selz,  n.  pi.  A  contraction  for 
''consolidated  annuities,"  a  British  govern- 
mental secnritv.  [soup.     [F.j 

con"soni-nie',  ceh"so-me',  n.    Clear   meat 

con'so-nant,  cen'so-nant.  I.  «.  1.  Being 
in  agreement  or  harmony;  consistent.  2. 
Consonantal.  II.  n.  An  alphabetic  sound 
not  easily  uttered  without  a  vowel;  a  letter 
representing  such  a  sound.  [ <  L.  consonan{t-)s, 
ppr.,  <  con-,  together,  -{-so7io,  sound.]  -ly,  adv. 
—  coii'so-iiance,  n.  Agreement,  as  of  sounds; 
accord;  concord,    con'so-nau-cyt. 

con-sort''',  cgn-sert',  v.  I.  t.  To  join;  as- 
sociate.   II.  i.    To  keep  companir. 

con'sort,  cen'sert,  n.  A  companion  or  asso- 
ciate; a  husband  or  wife;  an  accompanying 
vessel;  also,  companionship;  company.  [< 
L.  C071-,  together,  -|-  sors,  lot.] 

con-spec'tus,  c§n-spec'tU8,  n.  A  general 
view  of  a  subject;  also,  a  digest  or  summary. 
[L.,  <  con-,  with,  -|-  specio,  see.] 

con-spic'u-ous,  cgn-spic'yu-us,  a.  1.  Clear- 
ly visible;  prominent;  obvious;  striking.  2. 
Eminent;  notable.  [<  L.  con-,  together,  -f 
(tpecio,  see.]    -ly,  adi\    -ness,  n. 

con-spire',  cgn-spair',  v.  [con-spired';  con- 
spiR'iNG.]  I.  t.  To  plot;  scheme  for.  II. 
i.  1.  To  join  in  or  form  a  conspiracy.  2.  To 
concur  in  action  or  endeavor,  as  circumstances, 
agencies,  or  persons.  [<  L.  conspiro,  <  con-, 
together,  +  spiro,  breathe.]  —  con-spir'a-cy, 
cgn-spir'a-si,  M.  [-cies»,  joZ.]  A  secret  combina- 
tion for  an  evil  purpose;  plot;  also,  any  combina- 
tion to  surprise.— coii-8|>ii''a-tor,  w.  One 
who  engages  in  a  conspiracy.— con-spir'er,  it. 

con'sta-tole,  cun'sta-bl,  n.  1.  An  officer  of 
the  peace;  a  policeman.  2.  A  high  military 
officer  in  medieval  monarchies.  [<  L.'-^+O''' 
comes  stabuli,  lit.  'count  of  the  stable.']  —  con'- 
8ta-ble-sbip,  n.—  con-stab'u-la-ry,  ceu- 
stab'yu-le-ri.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consLsting 
of  constables.  II.  n.  [-RiEs^.pZ.]  Constables 
collectively;  a  military  police  force. 

con'stan-cy,  cen'stan-si,  n.  1.  Steadiness 
in  purpose  or  action ;  faithfulness  in  service  or 
affection.    2.  Stability. 

con'stant,  cen'stant.  I.  a.  1.  Steady  in 
purpose;  resolute;  persevering;  faithful.  2. 
Steady  in  movement;  long»continuing,  or  con- 


flutiOre   (future);    aisle;    au    (out);   oil;    c   (k);    chat;   dh   {the);   go;    sing,   ink;  thin. 


constellation 
contemplate 


102 


tinually  recurring;  invariable.  II.  n.  An 
unchanging  property  or  quality.  [F.,  <  L. 
con-^  together,  -f-  do,  stand.]     -ly,  adv. 

con^'stel-la'tion,  cen'stel-le'shun,  n.  A 
group  or  cluster  of  stars.  [F.,  <  L.  con-,  to- 
gether, 4-  Stella^  star.] 

con^'ster-na'tion,  cen'stgr-ne'shun,  n.  Sud- 
den overwhelming  fear;  terror  with  confusion; 
dismay.    [  <  L.  con-^  together,  -^-sterno,  strew.] 

con'st'i-pate,  cen'sti-pet,  tt.  [-PA'TEDd; 
-PA'TiNG.]  To  fill  and  stop  (the  bowels).  [< 
L.  con-,  together,  +  stipo,  press.]  —  con^'sti- 
pa'tion,  n.    A  morbid  inactivity  of  the  bowels. 

con-stit'u-ent,  cgn-stit'yu-gnt.  I.  a.  1. 
Being  a  necessary  part;  component.  2.  En- 
titled to  vote  for  a  public  officer  or  representa- 
tive. II.  n.  1.  One  represented  politically 
or  in  business;  a  voter;  a  client.  2.  A  neces- 
sary part  or  element.  [<  L.  constituen(jt-)s, 
ppr.  of  constituo;  see  constitute.] 

—  cou-8tit'u-en-cy,     cgn-stifyu-en-sl,    n. 
[-CIES2,  pl.^    A  body  of  constituents. 

con^sti-tute,  cen'sti-tiiit,  vt.  [-tu"ted'1; 
-TU"TiNG.]  1.  To  make  (anything)  what  it  is; 
make  up;  frame;  compose.  2.  To  establish 
as  by  authority;  enact.  3.  To  depute;  appoint. 
[<  L.  constitutus,  pp.  of  co?istiiuo,  <  con-,  to- 
gether, -f  siatuo,  place.]  —  con'sti-tu'^tive,  a. 
Helping  or  having  power  to  constitute. 

con'^sti-tu'tion,  C0n"sti-tiii'shun,  w.  1.  The 
act  of  constituting.  2.  A  system  of  related 
parts;  composition  or  make-up;  bodily  frame 
or  temperament;  the  fundamental  or  organic 
law  of  a  state  or  of  an  association.—  con-^sti- 
tu'tion-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  Inherent  In, 
or  affecting  the  constitution  of  a  person  or  of  a 
state;  consistent  with  the  constitution  of  a  state; 
lawful.  2.  Acting  under  and  controlled  by  a  con- 
stitution.—con'''8ti-tu''tion-aFi-ty,  n.  Ac- 
cordance with  a  constitution;  lawfulness.— 
coii''8ti-tu'tion-al-Iy,  adv.  In  accordance 
with  or  in  relation  to  physical  constitution  or 
organic  law;  naturally;  legally. 

con-strain',  c§n-stren',  t'^.  1.  To  compel  by 
physical  or  moral  means;  urge;  oblige.  2.  To 
confine  or  compress.  [  <  OF.  constraindre,  <  L. 
constnngo;  see  constrict.]— con-8train(e)d', 
pa.  Subjected  to  or  resultmg  from  constraint; 
compulsory;  repressed,  —  coii-strain'ed-ly, 
adw.— con-straint',  cgn-strent',  w.  Tlie  act  of 
constraining,  or  the  state  of  being  constrained; 
compulsion;  repression  or  embarrassment. 

con-strict'"',  cgn-strict',  vt.  To  compress  or 
draw  together  at  some  point;  bind;  cramp. 
[<  L.  cwistrictus,  pp.  of  constringo,  <  con-, 
together,  +  stringo,  draw  tight.]  —-coii-stric'- 
tion»  n.  A  constricting,  or  a  constricted  part. 
—  con-8trict'iv(e»  a.  Tending  to  constrict. 
~con-8trict'or,  w.  That  whic-h  constricts;  a 
serpent,  as  a  boa,  that  crushes  Its  prey. 

con-struct''^,  cgn-struct',  vt.  To  put  togeth- 
er and  set  up;  build;  arrange;  devise.  [<  L. 
con-,  together,  -j-  struo,  pile  up.] — con-struct'- 
er,  coii-8truct'or,  n.— coii-8truc'tion,  ?k 
1 ,  The  act  of  constructing;  a  structure.  "Z.  Style 
of  building  or  composing;  grammatical  arrange- 
ment and  relation  of  words.  3.  The  act  of 
construing;  Interpretation;  meaning.  —  con- 
Btrnct'lvCe,  a.  Involving  construction;  hav- 
ing power  or  tendency  to  build  up;  tending  to  or 
reaching  positive  conclusions;  afflnnatlve. 

oon'strue,  cen'strQ,  vt.  &  vi.  [con'strubd; 
coN'8TRU"iNO.]    To  State  the  Syntax  of;  trans- 


late; interpret;  explain.  [<  L.  construo;  see 
construct.] 

con'sul,  cen'sul,  n.  1.  An  officer  appointed 
to  reside  in  a  foreign  port  or  city,  chiefly  as  the 
representative  of  his  country's  commercial  in- 
terests. 2.  A  chief  magistrate  of  ancient 
Eome,  or  of  the  French  republic  (1799-1804). 
[L.,  <  consulo,  consider.]  —  con'su-lar,  cen'- 
slu-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  consul.  — con'sii- 
late,  n.  1.  The  office  or  term  of  office  of  a 
consul.  coii'8ul-8hip:{:.  3.  The  official  place 
of  business  of  a  consul. 

con-sulf'i,  c§n-sult',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  ask  the 
advice  of.  2.  To  have  regard  to,  as  interest  or 
duty;  consider.  II.  i.  1.  To  ask  advice.  2.  To 
compare  views ;  take  counsel :  followed  by 
with.  [  <  L.F  consnlto,  f  req .  of  consulo,  consult.] 
—  con''8ul-ta'tioii,7i.  1.  The  act  of  consult- 
ing. 2.  A  meeting,  as  of  doctors,  for  confer- 
ence.—con-8ult'er,  coii-8ult'or,  n. 

con-sume',  cgn-sium',  v.  [con-sumed';  con- 
su'ming.]  I.  t.  To  destroy  gradually,  as  by 
burning,  eating,  etc.;  waste;  spend.  II.  i. 
To  be  wasted  or  destroyed.  [<  L.  con-,  to- 
gether, 4-  mmo,  take.]  —  con-su'mer,  n. 

con-sum'mate,  c§n-sum'et  or  cen'sum-et, 
vt.  [-MA"TEDd;  -MA"TiNG.]  To  bring  to  Com- 
pletion or  perfection.  [<  L.  can-,  together,  -(- 
summa,  sum.]  —  con-sum'mate,  cen-sum'et 
or-gt,  a.  Of  the  highest  degree;  perfect;  com- 
plete, -ly,  rtc??;.— coii''suin-ina'tion,n.  The 
utmost  completion;  perfect  development. 

con-sump'tion,  c§n-sump'shun,  n.  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  consuming.  2.  Med.  A 
wasting  disease;  phthisis.  \<  L.  con^ump- 
tio{n-),  <  consumo;  see  consume.]  —  con- 
suinp'tivCe.  I.  a.  1.  Tending  to,  causing, 
or  designed  for  consumption.  '2.  Med.  Con- 
nected with  or  affected  by  phthisis.  11.71.  A  per- 
son affected  with  phthisis,    -ly,  adv.   -iie88,  n. 

con'tact,  cen'tact,  n.  The  coming  together, 
meeting,  or  touching  of  two  bodies.  [<  L.  con- 
tingo,  <.con-,  together,  -f  tango,  touch.] 

con-ta'^ion,  c§n-te'jun,  n.  1.  The  com- 
munication of  disease  by  contact,  direct  or  in- 
direct; sympathetic  mental  influence.  2.  Pes- 
tilential influence;  pestilence;  plague.  [<  L. 
contagioin-),  <  contingo;  see  contact.] 

con-ta'gious,  c^n-te'jus,  a.  1.  Transmis- 
sible by  contact,  as  a  disease,  or  by  sympathy, 
as  emotions;  catching;  spreading.  2.  Trans- 
mitting disease;  pestilential,  -ly,  adv.  -no88,  ?/. 

con-tain',  c^n-ten',??.  I.  ^  1.  To  hold  or  be 
capable  of  holding;  have  room  for;  enclose; 
include;  comprise.  2.  To  keep  within  bounds ; 
restrain.  III.  i.  To  restrain  one's  desires. 
[<  L.  contineo,  <  con-,  together,  -f  teneo, 
hold.]  — con-taln''a.bl(e,  a.  That  may  be 
contained.—  cou-tain'er,  Ji. 

con-tam'i-nate,  cgn-tam'i-nC't,  rt.  [-na"- 
TED"!;  -na'ting.]  To  make  impure  by  contact 
or  admixture;  taint;  defile;  pollute.  [<  L- 
con-,  with,  -f  tango,  touch.]  — con-taiii'i-nn- 
bl(e,  a.  That  may  be  contaminated.— con- 
tain "i-ua'tion,  n.    A  contaminating;  taint. 

con-temn',  cgn-tem',  vt.  To  despise:  scorn. 
[<  L.  contemno,  <  con-  mUin». -\- temno,  de- 
spise.] —  con-tem'ner,  n. 

con-tem'plate,   c§n-tem'plet  or    cen'tem- 

plet,  V.       t-PLA"TBD<*;    -PLA'TING.l       I.   t.     To 

look    at   attentively;    consider   thoughtfully; 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  l  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


103 


contemporaneous 
contractor 


view  as  possible  or  probable,  II.  i.  To  med- 
itate; muse.  [<  L.  co)i-,  together,  -f-  ^^m- 
jj^wm,  temple.]  —  con'^tem-pla'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  contemplating;  continued  thought  or  ab- 
straction.—con-teiii'pla-tiv(e,  a.  Given  to, 
characterized  by,  or  pertaining  to  contempla- 
tion.—con'teiii-pla^'tor,  n. 

con-teni'"po-ra'ne-ous,  cen-tem°po-re'ne- 
us,  a.  Living  or  occurring  at  the  same  time. 
[<  L.  con-,  together,  -{-  tempus,  time.]  -ly, 
adv.    -uess«  n. 

con-tem'po-ra-ry,  c§n-tem'po-re-ri.  I.  a. 
Contemporaneous.  II.  n.  [-ries^,  pi.]  A 
person  or  thing  that  is  contemporary. 

con- tempt',  c^n-tempt',  n.  1.  The  act  of 
despising;  disdam;  scorn;  wilful  disregard  of 
authority,  as  of  a  court.  2.  The  state  of  being 
despised;  disgrace;  shame.  [kIj.*^^  contempt- 
lut,  <  contemno;  see  contemn .]  —  con-tempt''- 
i-biFi-ty,  n.  con-tempt'i-bKe-nesst. 
—  con-terapfi-bUe,  a.  Deserving  of  con- 
tempt; despicable;  vile.  — con-teiiipt'i-bly, 
o(/?j.— con-temp'tii-ous,  cgn-temp'chu-us  or 
-tlu-us,  a.    Disdainful,    -ly,  adv.    >ue8S,  n. 

con-tend'd,  c§n-tend',  v.  I.  t.  To  maintain 
in  argument:  followed  by  that  with  an  object- 
ive clause.  II.  i.  1.  To  struggle,  as  to  ob- 
tain or  defend  some  object;  strive.  2.  To 
debate  earnestly;  dispute.  [<  L.  contendo,  < 
con-.,  together,  +  tendo,  stretch.] 

con-tent'd^  cgn-tent',  tt.  To  fulfil  the  hopes 
or  expectations  of;  satisfy. —  con-tent'ed,  j)a. 
1 .  Satisfied  with  things  as  they  arc;  content.  2. 
Eesigncd;  willing.  -Xy^adv.  -iiess,  ?;.— coii- 
teut'ment,  n.    The  state  of  being  contented. 

con-tent',  a.  Contented;  satisfied.  [<  L. 
contentus,  <  contineo,  contain.] 

con-tent'i,  n.    Rest  of  mind;  satisfaction. 

con'tent^,  cen'tent,  n.  All  that  a  thing  con- 
tains :  usually  in  the  plural. 

con-ten'tion,  c§n-ten'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  contending;  strife;  conflict:  struggle;  dis- 
pute.   2.  An  object  or  point  m  controversy. 

con-ten'tious,  cgn-ten'shus,  a.  Given  to  or 
involving  contention;  disputatious;  quarrel- 
some,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con-ter'mi-nous,  cen-tgr'mi-nus, .  a.  Hav- 
ing a  common  boundary «=line;  coextensive. 
[<  L.  con-,  with,  +  te^'mimis,  limit.]  con- 
ter'mi-nalj. 

con-tesf-^,  c§n-test',  v.  I.  t.  To  contend 
about;  dispute;  strive  to  win.  11.  i.  To  con- 
tend strenuously.  [<  L.  confesio?\  call  to  wit- 
ness, <  con-,  with,  -f-  testis,  witness.] 

con'test,  cen'test,  n.  The  act  of  contesting; 
a  struggle;  conflict. —  con-test'ant,  n.  One 
who  contests. 

con'text,  cen'text,  n.  The  portions  of  a  dis- 
course, treatise,  etc.,  connected  with  a  passage 
quoted  or  considered.  [<  L.  con-,  together, 
+  texo,  weave.]  —  con-tex'tu-al,  a.   -ly,  adv. 

con-tex'ture,  cen-tex'chur  or -tiijr,  n.  'Some- 
thing interwoven;  style  or  manner  of  inter- 
weaving;   texture.— con-tex'tur-al,  a. 

con-tig'u-ous,  c§»n-tig'yu-us,  a.  Touching 
or  joining  at  the  edge  or  boundary;  adjacent. 
[<  L.  contiguus,  <  contingo;  see  contact.] 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  w.— con''ti-8ru'i-ty,  cen"- 
ti-glu'i-ti,  11.  1,  Nearness;  proximity.  2.  Un- 
interrupted connection;  continuity. 

con'ti-nent,  cen'ti-ngnt,  a.     Self«=restrained; 


abstment;  chaste.  [<  L.  continen{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  contineo;  see  contain.]  -ly,  adv.~con'- 
ti-nence,  -nen-cy,  n.  Seif«restraint;  chastity. 

con'ti-nent,  7i.  1.  One  of  the  great  bodies 
of  land  on  the  globe.  2.  [C-l  Europe,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  British  islands.  [<  L.iJ- 
continens,  continuous.]  —  con^ti-nen'tal,  a. 

con-tin-'gent,  c§n-tin'jgnt.  I.  a.  Likely  or 
liable,  but  not  certain,  to  occur;  fortuitous; 
probable.  II.  n.  1 .  A  contingency.  2.  A 
proportionate  share;  a  quota  of  troops.  [<L. 
contingen{t-)$,  ppr.  of  contingo;  see  contact.] 
-ly,  adv.  —  con-tin'gen-cy,  cgn-tln'jgn-si, 
n.  L-ciES»,  pl.'^  A  contingent  event,  cou- 
tin'eencet. 

con-tin'u-al,  c§n-tin'yu-al,  a.  1.  Renewed 
in  regular  succession;  of  ten  repeated.  2.  Con- 
tinuous. [Continuous  describes  that  which  is 
absolutely  without  pause  or  break;  co7itinual 
strictly  denotes  that  which  often  intermits,  but 
as  often  begins  again.]   -ly,  adv. 

con-tin'ue,  cen-tin'yu,  v.  [-ued;  -u-ing.] 
I.  ^.  To  extend  or  prolong.  11.  i.  1.  Tobe 
durable;  last;  endure.     2.  To  remain;  abide. 

3.  To  keep  on;  persist.— con-tin'u-ance,w. 
1.  The  state  of  continuing;  duration.  2.  Un- 
interrupted succession;  survival.  3.  Laic.  Post- 
ponement.— coii-tiii''u-a'tion,  n.  The  act  of 
continuing,  or  something  added  by  continuing. 

con-tin'u-ous,  c§n-tin'yu-us,  a.  Connected, 
extended,  or  prolonged  without  a  break;  un- 
broken; uninterrupted.  [<  L.  continuus,  < 
contineo;  see  contain.]  —  con^'ti-nu'I-ty, 
cen'tl-nia'I-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
continuous,    -ly,  adv.    -uess,  n, 

con-tort''',  c§n-tSrt',  vt.  To  twist  violently; 
wrench  out  of  shape  or  place.  [<  L.  contort- 
U8,  pp.,  <  con-,  with,  +  torqueo,  twist.]  — 
coii-tor'tioii,  cgn-tSr'shun,  n.  The  act  of 
contorting;  unnatural  or  spasmodic  writhing  or 
wryness,  as  of  the  limbs.— cou-tort'iv(e,  a. 

con-tour',  cen-tiir'  or  cen'tur,  n.  The  line 
bounding  a  figure  or  body;  outline.     [F.] 

contra-,  prefix.  Against;  opposite;  contrary. 
[<  L.  contra,  against,  <  cum,  with.l 

con'tra-band,  cen'tra-band.  I.  a.  Pro- 
hibited or  excluded,  as  by  military  law;  forbid- 
den. 11.  n.  Contraband  goods  or  trade.  [<It, 
contrabbando,  lit.  'contrary  to  proclamation'.] 

con-tract''*,  cgn-tract',  •?;.  I.^.  1.  To  short- 
en by  drawing  together;  narrow;  limit;  con- 
dense. 2.  Gram.  To  shorten,  as  a  word,  by 
omitting  a  medial  part.  3.  To  take  or  acquire; 
become  affected  with,  as  a  disease  or  a  habit. 

4.  To  arrange  or  settle  by  contract.  II.  i.  1. 
To  shrink.  2.  To  make  a  contract.  [<  L. 
contractus,  pp.,  <  con-,  with,  +  traho,  draw.] 

—  con-tract'ed,  cgn-tract'ed.pa.  Not  broad, 
ample,  or  liberal;  narrow;  me'an;  scanty,  -ly, 
adv.  -nesN,  ?*.— con-tract"i-bil'i-ty,  n. 
con-tract'i-bl(e-nesst;  coii"trac-til'i- 
tjX.—  con-tract'i-bl(e,  a.  con-tract'- 
iiet;  con-tract'ivet. 

con'tract,  cen'tract,  n.  A  formal  agreement, 
or  the  writing  containing  it. 

con-trac'tion,  c§n-trac'shun,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  contracting,  or  the  state  of  being  con- 
tracted.   2.  That  which  is  contracted. 

con-tract' or,  cen-tract'§r,  n.  1.  One  of  the 
parties  to  a  contract.  2.  One  whose  business 
is  to  execute  plans  under  contract.  3.  A 
muscle  that  serves  to  contract. 


flutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   {the)',   go;   sing,  iiik;   thin. 


contradict 
convention 


104 


con'^tra-dict'd,  cen"tra-dict',  r.  1.  t.  1.  To 
deny  (a  statement)  directly  or  by  implication. 
2.  To  deny  a  statement  of  (a  person).  3.  To 
be  inconsistent  witti  (a  statement,  belief,  or 
the  lilie).  II.  i.  To  utter  a  contradiction; 
deny.  [<  L.  contra,  against,  -(-  dico,  speak.] 
— con^'tra-dict'er,  cou'^tra-dict'or,  n. 
—  con^'tra-dic'tiou,  n.  The  act  of  contra- 
dicting; Inconsistency;  direct  opposition;  some- 
thing self-contradictory.  —  con'''tra-dict'o- 
ry.  I,  a.  Characterized  by  opposition;  incon- 
sistent; diametrically  opposed;  mutually  exclu- 
sive. II,  71.  [-KIES2,  pi.]  A  proposition  by 
means  of  which  another  proposition  is  abso- 
lutely denied. —  con^'tra-dict'o-ri-ly,  adv.— 
con"tra-dict'o-ri-ne88,  n. 

con-tral'to,  c^n-tral'to  or  -trgl'to,  n.  1.  The 
part  between  soprano  and  tenor.  2.  A  con- 
tralto singer.     [It.]    al'to$. 

con'tra-ry,  cen'tra-ri  or  -tre-ri.  I.  a.  Op- 
posite in  disposition,  character,  action,  or 
direction;  opposing;  antagonistic;  captious; 
perverse.  II.  n.  [-riesS^^.]  1.  One  of  two 
contrary  things.  2.  The  opposite.  [<  L.*" 
contrarins,  <  contra,  against.]  —  con"tra-ri'- 
e-ty,  cen"tra-rai'e-tl,  n.  [-ties»,jo?.]  1.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  contrary,  ti.  A  quality 
or  a  proposition  contrary  to  another;  an  incon- 
sistency; a  contrary.— con'tra-ri-ly,  adv.— 
con'tra-ri-ness«  n.  —  con'tra-ri-wise, 
adv.  1.  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other  hand. 
ii.  In  the  reverse  order;  conversely. 

con-trast'<i,  cgn-trgst',  v.  I.  t.  To  compare 
in  order  to  show  unlilieness.  II.  i.  To  stand 
in  opposition;  manifest  unlilieness.  [<  L.*" 
contra,  against,  +  sto.,  stand.] 

con^trast,  cen'trgst,  n.  The  opposition  be- 
tween things  similar  in  some  respects,  but  dif- 
ferent in  others;  also,  the  things  thus  opposed. 

con'^tra-vene',  cen"tra-vln',  r<.    [-vened'; 
-ye'ning.]    To  prevent  or  obstruct.     [<  L.^J' 
contra,  against,  +  venio,  come.] 
—  con'^tra-ven'tioii,  n. 

coii'tre-temps'',  cen'tr-tuiV,  7i.  An  embarrass- 
ing occurrence;  awkward  Incident.    [F.] 

con-trib'ute,  c§n-trib'yfxt,  v.  [-u-ted-J;  -u- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  supply  as  part  of  a  common 
stock;  give  in  aid  01  some  oDject.  II.  i.  To 
share  in  effecting  a  result.  [<  L.  con-,  with, 
-f  tribuo.  grant,  allot.]  —  con''tri-bii'tion,  «. 
The  act  of  contributing,  or  that  which  Is  con- 
tributed; a  gift:  subscription.  — coii-trib'u- 
tor,  n.  One  whocontrlbutes.- con-trib'ii-to- 
ry.  I.  a.  Contributing.  coii-trib'ii-tiv(et. 
II.  n.  (-RiEs«,  pi.]  One  who  or  that  which 
contributes. 

con'trite,  cen'trait,  a.  Broken  in  spirit  be- 
cause of  a  sense  of  sin;  penitent.  [<  L.  con- 
t/ifu)!,  pp.  of  contero,  bruise.]  -ly,  adv.— con- 
Iri^fiun,  cgn-trish'un,  n.  Sincere  soitow  for 
sin;  deep  penitence,    con^trite-nesst. 

con-trive',  cen-traiv',  vt.  &  vi.  [con-tkived'  ; 
coN-Tui'viNG.]  To  plan  ingeniously;  devise; 
invent;  scheme;  plot.  [<  F.  con-,  with,  4- 
t roarer,  find.]  —  con-trPva-bl(e,  a.— con-tri'- 
van(;e,  n.  1.  The  act  of  contriving.  tJ.  An 
artllice;  stratagem;  device.—  con-tri'ver,  n. 

con-trol',  cen-trol'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [con- 
tkolled';  con-trol'ling.]  To  direct;  govern; 
influence;  regulate;  manage.  II.  n.  The  act 
of  controlling;  restraining  or  directing  in- 
fluence; regulation;  government.  [<  F.  con- 
trole,  <  LL.  contrarotulum,  counterToll.] 


—  con  -  troP'Ia  -  bil'i  -  ty,  con  -  troPla- 
bUe-ness,  n.— con-troFla-bl(e,  o.— con- 
trol'ler,  n.  1.  An  officer  to  examine  and 
verify   accounts,     comp-trol^lert.     3.  One 

who  or  that  which  controls. 

con'tro-ver^sy,  cen'tro-vgr"si,  n.  [-sies^ 
2il.]  Debate  or  disputation;  dispute.  [<  L. 
controversia,  <  contra,  against,  +  versus, 
turned.]  —  con^'tro-ver'siaT,  cen'tro-vgr'shal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  controversy ;  polemical ;  con- 
tentious.—con^'tro-ver'sial-ist,  n.  A  dis- 
putant.— con-^tro-ver'sial-ly,  adv. 

con'^tro-vert''',  cen"tro-vert',  vt.  To  en- 
deavor to  disprove;  oppose  in  debate.  [<  L. 
contra,  against,  4-  verto,  turn.]  —  con'''tro- 
vert'er,  n.  con^'tro-vert'istt.- con'^tro- 
vert'i-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  controverted; 
disputable.—  con-'^tro-verfi-bly,  adv. 

con'tu-ma-cy,  cen'tiu-mg-si,  n.  [-CIES^  pl.'\ 
Contemptuous  disregard  of  authority;  insolent 
and  incorrigible  obstinacy.  [<  L.  conturna- 
cia,  <  contumax,  stubborn.] 

—  con^'tu-ma'cious,  cen'tlu-me'shus,  «. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by  contuma- 
cy; rebellious;  refractory,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

con'tu  -  me  -  ly ,  cen'tiu-mg-li  or  -mi-li,  n. 
[-LiEs^,  pi.]  Insulting  rudeness  in  speech  or 
manner;  scornful  insolence.  [<  OF.  contu- 
melie,  <  L.  contumelia,  reproach.]  —  con'^tu- 
inc'li-ou8,  cen"tiu-ml'll-us,  a.  Scornfully  of- 
fensive, insulting,  or  insolent,    -ly,  adv. 

con-tuse',  c§n-tiuz',  vt.  [con-tused';  con- 
Tu'siNG.]  To  bruise  by  a  blow.  [<  1,.  con-, 
with,  4-  tundo,  beat,  bruise.] —con-tu'sion, 
cgn-tlu'zhun,  n.    The  act  of  bruising;  a  bruise. 

co-nun'drum,  co-non'drum,  n.  A  riddle; 
perplexity. 

con^'va-lesce',  cen'va-les',  vi.  [-lesced''; 
-LEs'ciNG.]  To  recover  after  a  sickness.  [< 
L.  con-  intens.  +  vcdesco,  <  valeo,  be  strong 
or  well.]  —  con^'va-les'cence,  n.  Gradual  re- 
covery from  Illness,  con'^va-les^cen-cyi.- 
con''va-Ie8'cent.  I.  a.  Recovering  health 
after  sickness.   II.?;.   One  who  Is  convalescing. 

con-vene',  c§u-vln',  v.  [con-vened';  con- 
ve'ning.]  I.  t.  To  call  together;  convoke. 
II.  i.  To  come  together;  assemble.  [<  L. 
convenio,  <  con-,  together,  4-  venio,  come.] 

con-ve'nient,  cgn-vl'nignt,  a.  Conducive  to 
comfort  or  ease;  serviceable;  suitable;  com- 
modious; favorable;  timely.  [<  L.  cotive- 
nien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  convenio;  see  convene.] 

—  con-ve'nience,  cen-vi'nigns,  n.  1.  The 
state,  time,  or  quality  of  oelng  convenient;  suit- 
ableness; fitness.  iJ.  That  which  Is  convenient. 
con-ve'nien-cyt.  —  con-ve'nient-ly,  adv. 

con'vent,  cen'vent,  n.  A  body  of  monks  or 
nuns,  especially  the  latter,  or  the  house  occu- 
pied by  them.  [<  L.^f  conventus,  <  convenio; 
see  convene.] 

con-ven'tl-cle,  cgn-ven'ti-cl,  n.  A  religious 
meeting,  especially  a  secret  one  of  Scottish 
Covenanters.  —  con-ven'tl-cler,  ti. 

con-ven'tion,  cgn-ven'shun, «.  t.  A  formal 
or  stiite<l  meeting  of  delegates  or  representa- 
tives. 2.  The  act  of  coming  together.  3. 
General  consent,  or  something  established  by 
it;  a  conventionality.  4.  A  compact,  of  less 
dignity  than  a  treaty.  (  <  L.  conrentio{n-),  < 
convenio;  see  coNVENEri  —  eon-vrn'Jlon-al, 
cen-ven'shun-ul,  a.  1.  Establislied  l)y  conven- 
tion or  custom;  agreed:  stipulated;  customary; 
formal.    ;2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  convention  of 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el©mjnt,  they,  us^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


105 


conventual 
cook 


delegates.  3.  Art.  Represented  according  to 
artistic  convention  or  rule,  rather  than  to  nature 
or  fact,  -ly,  «di'.— cou-ven'tion-al-ism,  n. 
Kegard  for  conventionality.  — con-ven'tion- 
al-ist,  M.— cou-ven'^tiou-al'i-ty,  n.  [-ties^, 
pl.^  The  state  of  being  conventional;  something 
conventional;  a  formality.— con-ven'tioii-al- 
ize  or  -ise,  vt.  [-ized;  -i'zing.]  To  make  con- 
ventional; represent  conventionally. 
con-ven'tu-al,  cen-ven'ehu-al  or  -tiu-al,  a. 

I.  Belonging  to  a  convent.    2.  Conventional, 
con-verge',  c§n-vgrj',  v.  [con-verged';  con- 

ver'ging.J  I.  t.  To  cause  to  tend  toward 
one  point.  II.  i.  To  tend  toward  one  point; 
come  together  by  gradual  approach.  [<  L.^^ 
w;i-,  with,  4-t'e/Y/o,  VERGE.] — con-ver'gence, 

II.  The  act  or  state  of  converging;  tendency 
to  converge,  con-ver'gen-cyi.— con-ver'- 
geiit,  a.    Tending  to  one  point. 

con'ver-sant,  cen'vgr-sant,  a.  1.  Knowing 
fully;  versed:  followed  by  wi^/t,  formerly  by 
in.  2.  Intimately  acquainted.  3.  Actively  em- 
ployed; concerned:  followed  by  with  or  abot/t. 

con'^ver-sa'tion,  cen"vgr-se'8hun,  n.  1.  The 
speaking  of  two  or  more  persons  alternately 
with  each  other;  colloquy.  2.  Intimate  asso- 
ciation or  intercourse.  3 i|.  Deportment.  [P\, 
<  L.  conversatioin-),  <  conversor;  see  con- 
verse, v.'\  —  con^'ver-sa'tion-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  conversation.  -ly,  arfi?.— coii''ver-sa'- 
tion-al-iHt,  n.  One  who  converses;  an  in- 
teresting talker.    con'''ver-sa'tioii-i8tt. 

con-verse',  con-vgrs',  t"i.  [-versed'';  -vers'- 
iNG.]  1.  To  speak  together  informally  and 
alternately.  2||.  To  associate;  have  intercourse; 
commune.  [<  L.  conversor.,  live  with,  <  con- 
terto  ;  see  convert,  v.] — coii-vers'a-bl(e, 
a.  Disposed  to  converse;  ready  in  conversation; 
sociable.— coii-vers'er,  n.  One  who  converses. 

con'verse,  cen'vgrs,  a.  Turned  about  so  that 
two  parts  are  interchanged;  transposed;  re- 
A'ersed.  [<  L.  converses,  pp.  of  convert o;  see 
convert,  v.']  —  con'verse-Iy,  adv. 

con'verse^,  n.  1.  Conversation.  2.  Close 
intercourse;  communion;  fellowship. 

con'verse^,  n.  That  which  exists  in  a  con- 
verse relation;  an  inverted  proposition. 

con-ver'sion,  cgn-vgr'shun,  ??.  The  act' of 
converting,  or  the  state  of  being  converted. 

con-vert''*,  c§n-vgrt',  ■t?.  1.  t.  1.  To  change 
into  another  state,  form,  or  substance;  trans- 
form. 2.  Theol.  To  turn  from  sin  or  error  to 
truth  and  righteousness.  Ilii.  i.  To  become 
changed  in  character.  [<  L.  converto.,  <  con-, 
with,  -\-  verto,  turn.]  — con'vert,  cen'vgrt,  n. 
A  person  who  has  been  converted.— con-vert'- 
er,  11.  One  who  or  that  which  converts;  espe- 
cially, a  vessel  in  which  iron  is  converted  into 
steel,  con-vert'ori.— con-vert"i-bil'i-ty, 
con-vert'i-bKe-ness,  ?*.— con -vert'i- 
bl(e,  a.  1.  Capable  of  conversion,  'i.  P^qulva- 
lent  in  meaning;  interchangeable.— ecu- vert'- 
i-bly,  adv. 

con'vex",  cen'vex".  I.  a.  Curving  outward 
like  a  segment  of  a  globe  or  of  a  circle;  bul- 
ging out.  II.  n.  A  convex  surface  or  body; 
convexity.  [  <  L.^  convexus,^  <  con-,  together, 
+  veho,  carry.]  —  con-vex'i-ty,  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  convex.  2.  A  convex  surface. 
coii-vex'ed-iiesst;  con'vex-nessi:. 

con-vey',  c§n-ve',  vt.  1.  To  transport  from 
one  place  to  another;  carry;  transmit.  2.  To 
communicate.    3.  Law.  To  transfer  the  title 


to  or  of,  as  real  estate.  [  <  F.  convoy er,  <  L. 
con-,  with,  4-  '^i'(J'^  way.]  —  con-vey'ance, 
cen-ve'uns,  n.  1,  The  act  of  conveying.  2. 
iTiat  by  which  anything  is  conveyed;  a  vehicle;  a 
document  transferring  title.  — cou-vey'au- 
cer,  11.  One  whose  business  is  conveyancing.— 
con-vey'an-cing,  n.  The  business  of  pre- 
paring conveyances,  including  the  investigation 
of  titles.— cou-vey'er,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  conveys. 

con-vict''*,  c§n-vict',  vt.  1.  To  prove  guilty; 
find  guilty  after  a  judicial  trial.  2.  To  awaken 
to  a  sense  of  sin.  [  <  L.  convictus,  pp.  of  con- 
vinco;  see  convince.] 

con'vict,  cen'vict,  n.  One  found  guilty  of  or 
undergoing  punishment  for  crime;  a  criminal. 

con-vic'tion,  c^n-vic'shun,  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  convinced  or  convicted;  also,  in  law, 
the  act  of  convicting.  2.  A  doctrine  or  propo- 
sition which  one  firmly  believes. 

con-vince',  cgn-vins',  vt.  [con-vinced"; 
con-vin'cing.]  1.  To  satisfy  by  evidence; 
persuade  by  argument.  2\\.  To  convict.  [< 
L.  convinco,  <  con-,  with,  -4-  vinco,  conc[uer.] 

con-viv'i-al,  cgn-viv'i-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  feast,  especially  a  drinking^ feast;  festive; 
jovial.  [<  L.  con-,  together,  -f  'vivo,  live.] — 
con-viv"i-al'i-ty, «,.  [-ties^,^;^.]  Festivemer- 
rlment  or  joviality.  — con-viv'i-al-ly,  adv. 

con-voke',  c§n-vOk',  vt.  [con-voked";  con- 
vo'king.]  To  call  together;  summon.  [<  L, 
con-,  together,  -[-  voco,  call.]—  con"vo-ca'tior , 
11.  1.  The  act  of  convoking.  '2.  [C-]  An  eccle- 
siastical congress  or  council. 

con-volve',  c§n-velv',  V.  [con-volved';  con- 
volv'ing.]  I.^.  To  roll  together;  wind  around 
something;  twist;  turn.  II.  i.  To  turn  or 
wind  upon  itself.  [<  L.  con-,  together, 
-4-  volvo,  roll.] — coii'vo-lute,  cen'vo-liit  or 
-liiit,  a.  Rolled  one  part  on  another  or  inward 
from  one  side.  coii'vo-lu"ted1:.  — coii"vo- 
lu'tion,  cen'vo-lu'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  con- 
volving. 2.  The  state  of  being  convolved;  a  turn; 
fold;  especially  one  of  the  folds  of  the  brain. 

con-vol'vu-ius,  cgn-vel'viu-lus,  n.  A  twi- 
ning herb  with  large  showy  trumpet»shaped 
flowers.     [L.,  bindweed.] 

con-voy',  c§n-vei',  vt.  To  act  as  convoy  to; 
escort  and  protect.     [<  F.  convoyer,  convey.] 

con'voy,  cen'vei,  n.  The  act  of  convoying; 
that  which  convoys  or  is  convoyed. 

con-vulse',  c§n-vuls',  vt.  [-vulsed";  -vuls'- 
ing.]  To  throw  into  convulsions,  as  of  dis- 
ease, rage,  or  laughter ;  agitate  violently. 
[<  L.  con-,  with,  +  vello,  pull.]  —  con-vul'- 
sion,  cgn-vul'shun,  n.  1.  A  violent  and  ab- 
normal muscular  contraction  of  the  body;  spasm; 
fit.  2.  Any  violent  commotion.— con-vuls'- 
ivCe,  a.  Producing,  resulting  from,  or  charac- 
terized by  convulsions,    -ly,  adv. 

co'ny,  co'ni,  ?J.  [co'nies^, /?/.]  A  rabbit.  [< 
L.o*'  cunicnlus,  rabbit.]    co'neyj. 

coo,  cu.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  in  a  cooing 
manner;  utter  the  note  of  a  dove;  make  love 
in  low,  murmuring  tones.  II.  n.  A  murmur- 
ing note,  as  of  a  dove.     [Imitative.] 

cook,  cuk.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  prepare  for  food 
by  heat;  do  the  work  of  a  cook.  II.  n.  One 
who  prepares  food  for  eating.  [<  L.  coquo, 
cook.]  —  cook'er,  n.  A  mechanical  device  for 
cooking  food.— cook'er-y,  n.  |-ies»,joZ.]  The  art 
or  practise  of  cooking-,  also,  a  place  for  cooking. 


flutg^re  (future);    aisle;   au   {put);    ©11;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  {the);    go;  sing,  ii^k;  thin. 


cooky 
cord 


106 


cook-'y,  cuk'i,  n.  [-ies^,  pi.]  A  small,  sweet 
cake,    cook'eyt;  cook-'lej. 

cool,  cul.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
lees  hot,  excited,  ardent,  angry,  or  affectionate. 
II.  a.  1.  Moderate  in  temperature;  somewhat 
cold.  2.  Serving  to  produce  coolness.  3.  Self* 
controlled;  self-possessed;  apathetic;  chilling; 
slighting.  III.  w.  A  moderate  temperature  ap- 
proaching cold.     [<  AS.  colian,  become  cool.] 

—  cool'er,  n.    That  which  cools,  as  a  vessel 
to  cool  liquids.— cool'ly,  adv.— cooVness,  n. 

coo^lie,  cii'li,  n.  An  Oriental  laborer  or  menial. 
[<  Tamil  Mil.']    coo'ly:^. 

coon,  cun,  n.    The  raccoon. 

coop,  cup.  I',  vt.  To  put  into  a  coop;  con- 
fine. II.  n.  An  enclosure  for  femall  animals, 
as  fowls  or  rabbits.     [<  L.  cupa,  tub.] 

coop'er,  cQp'gr,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  make  casks,  barrels,  etc. —  coop'er-age,  n. 
The  work  of  a  cooper,  or  the  cost  of  It. 

co-op'er-ate,  co-ep'gr-et,  vi.  [-a"ted'1;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  operate  together  for  a  common  ob- 
ject: followed  by  mi;/i.  —  co-op''er-a''tion,  n. 
Joint  action;  profit-sharing.  —  co-o]>'ei*-a- 
tiv(e,  a.  Operating  together,  especially  by 
Industrial  cooperation.— co-op'er-a'"tor,  n. 

co-or'di-nate,  co-er'di-net.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-NA'TEDt";  -NA'TiNG.]  To  put  or  be  in  the 
same  rank,  class,  or  order,  or  in  harmonious 
or  reciprocal  relation.  II.  co-er'di-net  or 
-ngt,  a.  Of  the  same  order  or  rank;  existing 
together  in  similiar  relation.  III.  co-er'di-net, 
n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which  is  of  the  same 
order,  rank,  power,  etc.  2.  Math.  A  member 
of  a  system  of  lines  or  angles  by  means  of 
which  position  is  determined.  [<  L.^  co-, 
with-  and  see  ordinate,  a.]  -ly,  adv. —  co- 
or^di-na'tion,  n.  The  act  of  coordinating,  or 
the  state  of  being  coordinate. 

coot,  cut,  71.  1.  A  rail-like  aquatic  bird.  2. 
\  stupid  fellow. 

co'pal,  co'pal,  n.  A 
hard  transparent  resin 
used  for  varnishes.  [< 
Mex.  copalli,  resin.] 

co-part'ner,  co-pflrt - 
ngr,  n.  A  sharer;  a  part  - 
ner  in  business.  —  co- 
part'ner-Bhip,  n. 

cope,  cop,  vt.    [coped'; 
tend  on  equal  terms;  oppose  or  resist, 
couper,  cut,  <  coup.,  a  blow.] 

cope,  n.  1.  Anything  that  arches  overhead; 
a  coping.  2.  Eccl.  A  long  mantle,  especially 
one  worn  by  priests.     [<  LL.  capa,  cape.] 

Co-per^ni-can,  co-pgr'ni-can,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  astronomer  Copernicus  (1473-1543),  or  to 
his  theory  that  makes  the  sun  the  center  of  the 
solar  system. 

cop'i-er,  cep'i-gr,  n.    A  copyist;  imitator. 

cooping,  cO'ping,  n.    The  top  course  of  a  wall. 

CO'pi-ous,  cO'pi-us,  a.  Abundant;  ample. 
[<  L.  copiosits,  <  cojna,  abundance.] 

—  co'pi-ou8-Iy,  ndi\—  co'pi-oiiH-uesB,  n. 
oop'per,  cep'gr.    I.  vt.   To  cover  with  copper. 

II.  n.  1.  A  reddish  ductile  metallic  element. 
2.  An  article  made  of  this  metal.  [Ult.  <  Gr. 
Kypros,  Cyprus.] — cop'per-plate''.  n.  An 
engraved  plate  of  copper  or  an  engraving  or  Im- 
pression printed  from  It:  often  used  adjectivally. 
—  cop'per-y,  a.    Like  copper. 


Aaicikau  Coot.    Vi8 
co'piNG.]     To  con- 
[<P. 


cop'per-as,  cep'gr-as,  n.  Cheni.  A  green 
crystalline  astringent  sulfate  of  iron.  [<  F. 
coiiperose.]    green  vit'ri-ol:;:. 

p'gr-' 
Morth'American  snake. 

cop'pice,  cep'is,  n.  A 
low  =»  growing  thicket. 
[<  OF.  copeiz,  <  coper, 
cut.]    copset. 

cop'u-la,  cep'yu-la,  ?i. 
[-LAS  or  --LJE,  -li  or  -le, 
2)1.1  The  word  that 
unites  the  subject  and 
the  predicate  of  a  sen- 
tence; strictly,  the  pres- 
ent indicative  of  the  verb 
to  be.     [L.,  link.]  Copperhead  Snake. 

cop''u-late,  cep'yu-let,  /12 

V.  [-LA"TED<J;  -la"ting.]  I.  t.  To  couple. 
II.  i.  To  unite  in  sexual  intercourse. —  cop-" 
11-la'tion,  71.  1.  The  act  of  coupling.  2. 
Sexual  union;  coition.— cop'u-la-tiv(e,  a. 

cop-'y,  cep'i.  l.vt.&vi.  [cop'ied, -id;  cop'- 
Y-iNG.]  To  make  a  copy  of;  reproduce;  imi- 
tate; also,  to  admit  of  being  copied.  II.  71. 
[cop'iES^,  pL]  1.  A  reproduction  or  imita- 
tion; duplicate.  2.  A  single  printed  pam- 
phlet, book,  or  the  like,  of  an  edition  or  issue. 
3.  A  pattern  given  for  imitation,  especially 
manuscript  or  other  matter  to  be  reproduced 
in  type.  [<  L.i^  copia,  abundance.] — cop'ys 
book'',  11.  A  book  containing  copies  to  be  Imi- 
tated in  penmanship;  a  wrIting=book.— cop'y- 
er,  n.  Same  as  copier. —  cop'y-ist,  n.  One 
whose  business  It  is  to  copy;,^also,  an  Imitator.— 
cop'y-riprhf.  F.  vt.  To  secure  copyright 
for  (a  book  or  work  of  art).  II.  71.  The  exclu- 
sive legal  right  of  authors  and  artists  to  publish 
and  dispose  of  their  works  for  a  limited  time. 

co-quet',  co-kef,  v.  [co-quet'ted'*;  co- 
quet'ting.]  I.  t.  To  treat  with  pretended 
affection;  deceive  with  affected  fondness.  II, 
i.  To  trifle  in  love;  treat  a  person  with  a  pre- 
tense of  fondness.  [<  F.  coqueter^  strut,  < 
coq,  cockI  .] — co'qiiet-rv,  cO'ket-ri,  n.  [-ribs', 
pl.\  Trifling  in  love;  also,  the  quality  of  being 
coquettish.— co-quette',  co-kef,  n.  A  woman 
who  endeavors  to  attract  admiration  merely  for 
the  gratification  of  vanity;  flirt.  [F.]— co- 
quet'ti8li,a.  rertalning  to  a  coquette;  disposed 
to  coquet,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

cor-,  prefix.  With;  together.  [Form  of  com-  be- 
fore r.] 

cor'al,  cer'al.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  or  like 
coral.  II.  n.  A  calca- 
reous secretion  of  various 
marine  zoophytes,  often 
forming  reefs  or  islands. 
[F.,  <  Gr.  korcUlion,  cor- 
al.]—  cor'al'line,  cer'a- 
lln,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
producing,  or  like  coral. 
—  cor'al-Ioid.  a. 

cor'hel,  cw'bal,  11.    Arch. 

1.  A   bracket   projecting 
from  the   face  of  a  wall.         j^g^j  Coral 

2.  The    basket-shaped 

cushion  of  a  Corinthian  capital.     [OF.,  •*.  L, 
corbis,  basket.]    cor'"bil$. 
cord,  cSrd.    1^.  vt.    1.  To  bind  or  secure  with 
cord ;  furnish  with  cords.    2 .  To  pile  firewood 
by  the  cord.    II.  n.    1.  A  string  of  several 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  elfmfint,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  dr;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


107 


cordate 
corporate 


A  measure  for  wood,  equal  to  128 
le  plural. 


strands.    2.  A  measure  lor  wooa,  equ, 
cubic  feet.    3.  Corduroy:  often  in  th( 
[<   Gr  J  cho?'de,  string.] —cord'age,  cSrd'gj, 
n.    Ropes  and  cords  collectively. 

cor^date,  cer'det  or  -dgt,  a.  Bot.  Heart- 
shaped,  as  a  leaf .    [<L.  cor,  heart.]    -ly,  aay. 

cor'dial,  cer'jal  or  cer'- 
dial.  I.  a.  Proceeding 
from  the  heart;  exhibiting 
or  expressing  kindliness; 
hearty;  encouraging;  cheer- 
ing. II.  n.  1.  That 
which  invigorates  or  exhil- 
arates. 2.  A  sweet  and 
aromatic  alcoholic  liquor. 
[<  L.  cor  (cord-),  heart.]  — 
cor-dial'i-ty,  n.  [-ties«, 
pl.'\  The  quality  of  being 
cordial.  coWdial-nesst* 
—  cor'dial-ly,  adv.  ^     ^  .    ^ 

cor' don,   cer'dgn,   n.      1.     Cordate  Leaves. 
An  extended  line,  as  of  men,  ships,  forts,  etc. 
2.  An  ornamental  lace,  cord,  ribbon,  mold- 
ing, or  coping.     [F.] 

cor-'du-roy",  cer'diu-rei",  n.  1.  A  thick  and 
durable  cotton  stuff,  corded  or  ribbed.  2.  A 
corduroy  road.  [<  F.  corde  dii  rot,  lit.,  cord 
of  the  king.]  —  corduroy  road,  a  road  made 
of  transverse  logs  laid  side  by  side. 

core,  cOr.  I.  tf.  [cored;  cor'ing.]  To  re- 
move the  core  of.  II.  n.  1.  The  central  or 
innermost  part  of  a  thing;  heart,  as  of  an  apple 
or  pear,  containing  the  seeds.  2.  The  pith  of 
a  subject.     [<  L."^^  €0?\  heart.] 

co'^re-spond'ent,  C0"re-spend'pnt,  n.  A 
joint  respondent,  as  in  a  suit  for  divorce. 

co'^ri-an^der,  cr/ri-an'der,  n.  A  plant  of  the 
parsley  family,  bearing  aromatic  seeds.  [< 
Gr.L  koriannon,  <  koris,  bedbug.] 

Cor-in'tM-an,  cgr-in'thi-an,  a.    Pertaining 
to  Corinth,  in  ancient  Greece, 
or  to  an  order  of  architecture 
marked  by  slender  fluted  col- 
umns with  ornate  capitals. 

cork,  cerk.    I',  rf.    To  stop 
with  a  cork,  as  a  bottle.     II. 
n.     1.  The  light,  porous  outer 
bark  of  a  tree  (the 
cork'oak     or    cork" 
tree):  used  for  stop- 
pers for  bottles,  for 

floats,  etc.  2.  Any-  ^  ,  ^  ,  ^v,.  ^  ..  , 
thing  made  of  cork  Greek  Corinthian  Capital 
or  serving  as  a  cork.  ^""^  ^'^^''' 

[  <  L.Sp  cortex  {emetic-),  bark.]  —  cork'screw", 
n.  A  spirally  shaped  Instrument  for  drawing 
corks  from  bottles.— cork'y,  a.    Like  cork. 

corm,  cerm,  n.  Bot.  A  bulb»like,  solid,  fleshy 
stem.     [<  Gr.  k07'mos,  tree=trunk.] 

cor'mo-rant,  cer'mo-rant.  I.  a.  Like  a 
cormorant;  greedy;  rapacious.  II.  n.  1.  A 
large  voracious  aquatic  bird.  2.  Hence,  a 
glutton  or  avaricious  person.  [<  LL.^  corvns 
marinus,  sea=crow.] 

corn,  corn,  ft.    To  preserve  in  salt  or  in  brine. 

com',  7?.  l.Tlie  edible  seeds  of  cereal  plants:  in 
England,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  and  oats  collect- 
ively: in  America,  maize,  or  Indian  corn.  2§. 
A  granule,  as  of  salt  or  gunpowder.  [<  AS. 
corn.]  —  corn'scob'",  ?i.    The  cob  of  maize. 


com",  ti.  A  horny  thickening  of  the  cuticle, 
common  on  the  feet.     [<  L.^  cornu,  horn.] 

cor'ne-a,  cSr'u§-a,  n.  Anat.  The  anterior 
part  of  the  outer  coat  of  the  eyeball.  [<  L. 
corneus,  horny,  <  cornu.,  Iiorn.] 

corned,  cemd,  a.  Preserved  by  laying  down 
in  coarse  salt  or  in  brine;  as,  corned  beef. 

cor'nel,  cer'ngl,  n.  A  tree  with  hard,  compact 
wood,  as  tlie  dogwood. 

coi'-iie'lian,  n.    Same  as  carnelian. 

cor-'ner,  cer'ngr.  I.  'ot.  1.  To  drive  into  a 
corner,  or  a  position  of  difl9iculty  or  embarrass- 
ment. 2.  [U.  S.]  To  forestall  the  market  so 
as  to  secure  a  monopoly.  II.  n.  1.  An  angle; 
an  angular  projection  or  recess.  2.  A  retired 
spot;  a  nook.  3.  A  position  of  embarrassment 
or  difliculty.  [  <  L.*"  corim.,  horn.]  —  cor'ners 
stone",  n.  1 .  A  stone  uniting  two  walls  at  the 
corner  of  a  building.  2.  Something  funda- 
mental or  of  primary  Importance.— cor'ner- 
wise,  adv.  "With  the  corner  In  front;  diago- 
nally. 

cor'netS  cer'net,  n.  A  small  wind»instrument 
of  the  trumpet  class.  [F.,  <  L."-  cornu.,  horn.] 

cor-net'2,  n.  Mil.  [Eng.]  Formerly,  the 
lowest  commissioned  cavalry  oflicer,  or  a  pen- 
nant carried  by  him;  a  flag  or  standard.  [<  F. 
carnette,  standard.]  —  cor'net-cy,  n.  The 
rank  or  commission  of  a  cornet. 

cor'nice,  cer'nis,  n.  A  horizontal  molded 
projection  at  the  top  of  a  building,  or  round  tlie 
walls  of  a  room  close  to  the  ceiling.  [<  It.o^ 
cornice.,  <  Gr.  koronis,  wreath.] 

cor"nu-co'pi-a,  cer"nu-[or  -niu-]cO'pi-a,  n. 
[-AS  or  -JE,  -I  w  -e,  jyl.]  The  horn  of  plenty, 
symbolizing  peace  and  prosperity.  [LL.,  <  L. 
cornu.,  horn,  -|-co/>i£e,  gen.  of  copia,  abundance, 
plenty.]    cor^'nu-co-'pi-eej. 

co-rolla,  co-rel'a,  n.  Bot.  The  inner  circle  or 
set  of  leaves  of  a  flower,  composed  of  petals. 
[L.,  dim.  of  corona,  crown.]    cor'ol:):. 

cor'ol-la-ry,  cer'g-lg-ri, «.  [-ries'-,  js^.]  A 
consequence;  obvious  deduction. 

co-ro'na,  co-rO'na,  n.  [-nas^  or  -n^,  -ni  or 
-ne,  2^1-]  A  crown  or  garland;  a  crownlike 
part-  upper  part  of  the  head;  a  luminous  cir- 
cle; halo.  [L.,  crown.]  —  cor'o-nal,  cer'o-nal. 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  corona  or  halo,  or  to 
the  crown  of  the  head.  II.  n.  A  crown  or  gar- 
land, cor'o-iia-ryj.— cor'^o-na'tion,  cer"- 
o-ne'shun,  n.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  crowning 
a  monarch.  [<  L.  corona,  wreathe,  crown,  < 
corona,  crown.] 

cor'o-ner,  cer'o-ngr,  n.  An  oflicer  who  in- 
quires into  the  cause  of  sudden  or  violent 
death.     [F.] 

cor'o-net,  cer'o-net,  n.  An  inferior  crown, 
denoting  noble  rank  less  than  sovereign;  any 
chaplet  or  wreath  for  the  head. 

cor'po-ral,  cer'po-ral,  a. 
Belonging  or  relating  to  the 
body  as  opposed  to  the  mind; 
as,  corpo?-al  punishment.  [< 
L.  C07'p09'alis,  <  corjms  (cor- 
por-),  body.] 

—  cor'po-ral-ly,  adv. 

cor'po-ral,  cer'po-ral,  n.  The  lowest  non- 
commissioned  officer  in  a  company  of  soldiers. 

cor'po-rate,  cer'po-ret  or  -rgt,  a.  Incor- 
porated or  belonging  to  a  corporation.  [<  L. 
corjn/s,  body.]     cor'po-ra-tiv(e$.  — cor'- 


Coronet, 


fiutgure   (future);    aisle;   au    (put)-,   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dh   (^^e);   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


corporeal 
cosmos 


108 


Fn* 


■rate-ly,  ad».  1.  As  a  corporate  body.  3. 
In  the  body;  bodily.— cor^'po-ra'tion,  cer"- 
po-r6'shun,  n.  A  body  of  persons  legally  asso- 
ciated for  the  transaction  of  business.— cor'po- 
ra^tor,  n.    A  member  of  a  corporation. 

cor-po're-al,  cer-pO'rg-al,  a.  Having  a  body; 
of  a  material  nature;  physical:  opposed  to  im- 
material or  spiritual.  [<  L.  corpoi^eus,  < 
corpus  {cm^or-),  body.]  —  cor-^po-re'I-tv, 
c§r"po-rI'i-ti,  n.  Existence  in  the  body;  material 
existence;  materiality,  cor-po-^re-al'i-tyt; 
cor-po're-al-nesst.  —  cor-po're-al-ly, 
adv.    In  or  relating  to  the  body;  bodily. 

corps,  Cur,  n.  A  number  of  persons  acting  to- 
gether ;  a  section  of  an  army ;  a  special  military 
department.     [F.,  <  L.^f  corpus,  body.] 

corpse,  cerps,  7i.  A  dead  body,  as  of  a  human 
being.     [  <  F.  corps;  see  corps.] 

cor'pu-lent,  cer'piu-lgnt,  a.  Having  a  great 
ercessof  fat;  very  fleshy.  [F.,  <  L.  corpiilentus., 
fleshy,  <  corpus.,  body.]  —  cor'pu-lence,  n. 
cor'pii-leu-cyt.  — cor'pu-lent-ly,  adv. 

cor'pus-cle,  cer'pus-l,  n.  A  minute  parti- 
cle or  body;  a  cell;  atom.  [<  L.  corpuscidum, 
dim.  of  corpus,  body.]  cor''pus-cule$. 
—  cor-pus'cu-lar,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
made  up  of  corpuscles;  molecular. 

cor-ral',  cer-ral'.  I.  vt.  [cor-ralled';cok- 
ral'ling.]  [Western  U.  S.]  To  drive  into  and 
enclose  in  a  corral ;  pen  up.  II.  n.  An  enclosed 
space  or  pen  for  live  stock.     [Sp.] 

cor-rect',  egr-rect'.  l-^.  nt.  1.  To  set  straight; 
remove  faults  or  errors  from;  make  right;  rec- 
tify. 2.  To  remove,  as  an  error;  remedy.  3. 
To  chastise;  punish.  4.  To  point  out  the  mis- 
takes of;  set  right.  II.  a.  Free  from  fault  or 
mistake;  true,  right,  or  proper;  accurate.  [< 
L.  correctus,  pp.  of  cmiigo,  <  con-,  together,  -f- 
rego,  rule.]  —  cor-rect'a-bl(e,  cor-rect'i-bl(e, 
«.— cor-rec'tioii,  cgr-rec'shun,  «.  1,  The  act 
of  correcting  or  setting  right;  rectification;  em- 
endation. *i.  That  which  is  offered  as  an  im- 
provement. 3.  The  act  or  process  of  disciplin- 
ing or  chastening,  cor-rec'ciont.— cor-rec'- 
tion-al.  I.  a.  Tending  to  or  intended  for  cor- 
rection. II.  w.  A  house  of  correction.— cor- 
rect'iv(e.  I.  a.  Adapted  to  correct.  II„  n. 
That  which  has  power  or  tendency  to  counteract 
anything  wrong  or  injurious.  —  cor-rcct'ly, 
«d».— cor-rect'ness,  m.— cor-rect'or,  n. 

cor^re-spond''',  cer"e-spend',  vi.  1.  To  be 
adequate  or  proportioned;  be  equal  or  like.  2. 
To  hold  communication  by  means  of  letters. 
[<  L.*^  cor-,  together,  +  respondeo,  respond.] 

cor"re-spond'ence,  cer"g-spend'ens,  n.  1. 
Mutual  adaptation;  c<mgruity;  agreement.  2. 
Communication  by  letters;  also,  the  letters 
themselves.  cor''re-spond'en-cy$.— 
cor'^re-Mpoiid'ent.  I.  a.  Having  corre- 
spondence; adapted:  with  <fl.  II.  7i.  One  who 
comnumlcatc^s  with  another  by  mall  or  telegraph. 

Cor''re-spond'ing,  car'e-spend'ing,  ;;a.  1. 
Correspondent ;  being  similar  and  similarly 
placed:  with  to.  2.  Carrying  on  a  correspond- 
ence: followed  by  wi^/i.    '\y,adv. 

cor'ri-dor,  cer'i-dSr,  n.  A  wide  gallery  or 
passage  in  a  building.     [F.] 

cor'ri-gi-'blCe,  cer'i-ji-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
corrected.     |  <  L.  corrifjo;  see  correct.] 

cor-ro'b'o-rate,  cgr-reb'o-ret,  vl.  [-ra'teu*'; 
-RA'TiNO.]  To  strengthen,  as  conviction;  con- 
firm.    [<  L.  ccyr-,  together,  -f  robur  (robor-). 


strength.]  —  cor-roVo-ra'tion,  ti.  The  act  of 
corroborating;  confirmation;  that  which  corrob- 
orates.—cor-rob'o-ra-tiv(e,  a.  Tending  to 
confirm;  verifying,    cor-rob'o-ra-to-ryj. 

cor-rode',  cer-rod',  r.  [-ko'ded'';  -ro'ding.] 
I.  t.  To  eat  away  gradually;  rust.  II.  i.  To 
become  corroded.  [<  L.  cor-,  together, -\- rode, 
gnaw.]  —  cor-ro'sion,  cgr-rO'zhun,  w.  Aneat- 
mg  or  wearing  away;  gradual  decay.—  cor-ro'- 
sivCe,  cgr-rosiv.  I.  a.  Having  the  power  of 
corroding.  II.  «.  That  which  corrodes;  a  cor- 
roding agent.    -\y,  adv.    -11  ess,  n. 

cor'ru-gate,  cer'u-get.  I.rt.&vi.  [-ga"- 
ted"1;  -ga'ting.]  To  contract  into  alternate 
ridges  and  furrows;  wrinkle.  II.  cer'u-get 
or -g§t,  a.  Contracted  into  ridges  or  folds; 
wrinkled.  cor''ru-ga"ted$.  [<L.  cor-, 
together,  -|-  ruga,  wrinkle.]  —  cor'^ru-ga'- 
tiou,  n.    The  act  of  corrugating;  a  wrinkle. 

cor-rupt'"!,  cer-rupt',  v.  I.  t.  To  subject  to 
decay;  spoil;  also,  to  vitiate;  deprave;  pollute; 
pervert,  as  by  bribery.  II.  i.  To  become  rot- 
ten; putrefy.  —  cor-rupt'er,  cor-rupt'or,  ti.  — 
cor-rupt'''i-biFi-ty,  m.  The  quality  of  being 
corruptible.  — cor-rupt'i-bl(e,  a.    That  may 


be  corrupted;  subject  to  decay.—  cor-rupt' 

«.  — cor-i'upt'i-bly,  aa 
rupt'iv(e,  a.    Of  a  corrupting  character. 


bl(e-iiess, 


cor-rupt',  a.  1.  In  a  state  of  decomposition; 
tainted;  pntiid.  2.  of  a  perverted  character; 
given  to  bribery;  dishonest;  depraved.  [<  L. 
cor-,  together,  -f-  rumpo,  break.]  —  cor-rupt'- 
ly,  ar/?;.— cor-rupt'uess,  n. 

cor-rup'tion,  cer-rup'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  corrupting,  or  the  state  of  being  corrupted. 
2.  A  corrupting  influence,  as  bribery. 

cor^sage,  cer'sgj,  n.  The  bodice  or  waist  of  a 
woman's  dress.     [F.] 

cor'sair,  cer'sar,  n.  A  pirate;  also,  his  vessel. 
I  <  Pr.*'  corsari,  <  L.  cursus,  course.] 

corse,  cers,  n.  1.  A  ribbon  used  for  vest- 
ments.   21!.   A  corpse.     [<  OF.  cars,  body.] 

corse'let,  cers'let,  n.  Antiq.  The  complete 
armor  of  a  soldier;  also,  a  breastplate.     [F.] 

cor'set,  cer'set,  n.  A  close»fitting  laced  bodice, 
worn  as  an  undergarment  by  women.     [OF.] 

cor'"te$re',  cSr't^zh',  n.  A  train  of  attendants. 
LF.,  <  It.  corte,  court.] 

cor'ti-cal,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  consisting 
of,  or  like  bark;  external. 

cor^'us-cate,  cer'us-ket,  vi.  [-ca'ted'';  -ga'- 
ting.] To  give  out  sparkles  of  light.  [  <  L.  cor- 
uscatus,  pp.  of  corusco,  flash.]  —  cor''ii8-ca'- 
tion,  n.    A  burst  of  sparks  or  flashes. 

cor'^vette',  cer'vet',  n.  A  wooden  war^vessel, 
ranking  next  below  a  frigate.  [F.]    cor'vet$. 

cor'vin(e,  cer'vin,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
crow;  crow'like.     [<  L.  corvus,  raven.] 

co'M«'y,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  cozy. 

cos-met'ic,  cez-met'ic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  beautifying  of  the  complexion.  C08- 
meVic-al:^.  II.  n.  A  compound  applied  to 
the  skin  to  improve  its  appearance.  [<  Gr. 
kosinos.  ornament.] 

cos^'^mo-pol^i-tan,  coz"mo-pel'i-tan.  I.  a. 
Common  to  all  the  world;  not  lociil  or  limited; 
at  home  in  all  parts  of  the  world;  widely  dis- 
tributed, asagenns.  II.  v.  A  citizen  of  the 
world,    cos-mop^o-litet. 

cos'iuos,  cez'mes,  n.  The  world  or  universe 
as  a  system;  any  liarmonious  and  complete 
system.     [<  Gr.  "kosmos,  order.] 


papa,  ^Bk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  uefge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  riile;  but.  Or; 


109 


cosset 
counteract 


cos'set,  ce8'§t.  F.  'vt.  To  fondle;  pet.  II. 
n.    A  pet  lamb;  any  pet. 

cost,  cost.  I.  tt.  [cost;  cost'ing.]  To  re- 
quire as  a  price;  cause  the  expenditure  or 
loss  of  life.  II.  11.  The  price  paid  for  any- 
thing; outlay;  expense;  charge.  [<  L.^+^ 
consto,  <  con-.,  together,  -4-  sto,  stand.] 

cos'tal,  ces'tal,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  on,  or 
near  a  rib.     [<  L.  costa.,  rib.] 

cos'tivie,  ces'tiv,  a.  Constipated.  [<  L.f*^ 
con-^tiix);  see  constipate.]  -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

cost'ly,  cest'Ii,  a.  &adv.  Of  great  cost;  ex- 
pensive.— cost'li-ness,  n. 

cos'tume,  ces'tium,  n.  The  garments,  col- 
lectively, worn  at  one  time;  dress,  especially  of 
a  country,  period,  class,  etc.  [F.,  <  L.^  co?)- 
suetudo.,  CUSTOM.] 

co'sy,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  cozY. 

cot,  cet,  n.  1.  A  cottage.  2.  A  light,  portable 
bedstead.    3 .  A  finger«stall.    [<  AS.  cote,  cot.] 

cote,  n.  A  sheepfoTd,  or  place  of  shelter:  used 
chiefly  in  compounds.     [<  AS.  cote,  cot,  den.] 

co-tem'^po-ra'iie-oiis,  co-teiii'po-ra-ry» 
etc.    See  contemporaneous,  etc. 

CO'^te-rie',  cO'tg-rl',  ji.  A  set  of  persons  who 
meet  habitually;  a  clique.     [F.] 

co-ter'mi-iiou8,  a.  Same  as  conteeminotjs. 

co-til'lion,  co-til'y§n,  n.  1.  A  square  dance; 
quadrille.  2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance.  3. 
A  series  of  round  dances;  the  german.  [<  F. 
cofillon,<OF.  cote :e.eecoxT,  n.]  co-til'lon:};. 

cot'tage,  cet'gj,  ?i.  1.  A  humble  dwelling: 
small  house.  2.  [U.S.]  An  out^of'town  res- 
idence, often  large  and  sumptuous.  [<  cot.] 
—  cot'ta-ger,  n.  The 
occupant  of  a  cottage.— 
cot'ter',  n.  A  cottager; 
farn*  tenant,  cot'tari; 
cot'ti-erj.  —  cot'ter2, 
n.  A  key  or  wedge,  as  to 
fasten  a  wheel  on  Its 
shaft. 

cot'ton,  n.  1 .  The  soft, 
fibrous  material  append- 
ant to  the  seeds  of  a 
plant  (the  cottorcplant)', 
also,  the  plant  itself,  or 
cotton»plant8  collective- 
ly. 2.  Cotton  cloth  or 
thread.  {<  Ax.'^f^^  qu- 
tun,  cotton.]  —  cot'tons 
tfin'',  n.  A  machine 
tised  to  separate  the  seeds 
from  the  fiber  of  cotton. 

cofy-le'don,  cet"i-li'- 
d§n,  n.  A  seed-leaf,  or  first  leaf  of  an  embryo. 
See  illus.  in  next  column.  [<  Gr.  kotylMoti, 
socket.]  —  cofy-ied'on-oiis,  cet"i-]ed'un-us, 
a.  Of,  pertalning'to,  or  like  cotyledons,  cofy- 
led'on-alt, 

couch.',  cauch,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  cansc  to  lie  or 
recline;  lower,  as  a  spear,  for  attack.  2.  To 
express,  imply,  or  conceal  in  a  form  of  words. 
3.  Snrg.  To  remove  (as  a  cataract).  II.  i.  To 
lie  down;  rest;  crouch.     [  <  F.  coucher?[ 

coucll,  n.  1.  A  bed  or  other  support  for 
sleeping  or  reclining.  2.  Any  place  for  repose. 

coiich'ant,  cQuch'ant,  a.  1.  Lying  down.  3. 
Her.    Reclining  with  head  uplifted.    [F.] 

cou'gar,  cu'gar,  n.  The  puma  or  panther. 
[<  S.»Am.  cugvaciiara.'] 

cougliS  cef,  V.  I.  t.  1.    To  expel  by  a  cough: 


Cotton^Plant. 

rt,  the  boll  ready  for 

picking. 


Cotyledon,  c, 
c,  of  an  Al- 
mond  =  seed, 
separated  to 
show  the 
Germ  (a) ;  r. 
Radicle. 


with  up.  2.  To  produce  (some  result)  by 
coughing.  II.  i.  To  expel  air  from  the  lungs 
in  a  spasmodic  or  noisy  manner.     [Imitative.] 

cough,,  n.  A  sudden,  harsh  expulsion  of 
breath;  a  disease  productive  of  coughing. 

could,  cud,  imp.  of  can,  v.  [<  AS.  cuthe,  pret.  of 
cunnan,  =  cani,  ».] 

cou-loinb\  cu-lem',  n.  The  practical  unit  of 
quantity  in  measuring  electricity;  the  amount 
conveyed  bv  one  ampere  in  one  second.  [< 
Coulomb,  a  French  physicist.] 

couFter,  col'ter,  n.    A  colter. 

coun'cil,  coim'sil,  n.  An  as- 
sembly for  consultation  or  de- 
liberation. [<Jj.^  concilium,  < 
con-,  together,  -f  calo,  call.]  — 
conn'cil-nian,  coun'cil-or, 
«.    A  member  of  a  council. 

coun'sel,  caun'sel,  v.  [-seled 
or  -selled;  -sel-ing  or  -sel- 
ling.] I.  t.  To  give  advice 
to;  admonish;  advise.  II.  i.  To 
take  counsel;  deliberate. 

coun'sel,  n.  1.  Mutual  con- 
sultation or  deliberation.  2.  Opinion;  advice; 
deliberate  purpose.  3.  Good  judgment:  pru- 
dence. 4.  A  lawyer  or  lawyers  engaged  in  a 
cause  in  court;  an  advocate.  [  <  L.i'  consilium, 
<  consnlo,  consult.]  —  coun'sel-or,  caun'sel- 
gr,  n.  1 .  One  who  gives  counsel;  an  attorney  at 
law;  advocate.  3.  A  councilor,  coun'sel-lort. 

count'',  count,  ^;.  I.  t.  1.  To  number;  enu- 
merate; compute.  2.  Toconsider  tobe;  judge. 
3.  To  ascribe:  with /o.  II.  i.  1.  To  call  off 
numbers  in  order;  number.  2.  To  carry  weight; 
add  value.  3.  To  rely:  with  o»  or  «/^o;^.  [< 
L.^  compiito;  see  compute.] 

counts  n.  1.  The  act  of  counting;  number. 
2.  Attention;  heed;  estimation.  3.  Law.  A 
separate  charge,  as  in  an  indictment. 

counts,  n.  In  France,  Spain,  Italy,  etc.,  a 
nobleman  originally  corresponding  to  an  earl 
in  England.     [<  L.op  comes,  associate.] 

coun'te-nance,  caun'tg-nans.  I.  vt. 
[-NANCED';  -NAN-ciNG.]  To  approve;  cucour- 
age;  abet.  II.  n.  1.  One's  face  or  features. 
2.  Expression;  appearance;  an  encouraging 
aspect;  hence,  approval;  support.  [<  F. 
contenance,  continetitia;  see  continent,  n.] 

coun'ter,  caun'tgr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  return,  as 
one  blow  by  another;  give  a  return  blow. 

coun'ter,  a.    Contrary;  opposing. 

count'eri,  caunt'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  counts,  especially  a  machine  for  count- 
ing. 2.  A  piece  of  wood,  ivory,  etc.,  used  in 
counting.     1<L.^^  cofup^uto;  see  compute.] 

coun'ter^,  caun'tgr,  n.  A  table  on  which 
to  count  money  or  expose  goods  for  sale.  [  < 
OF.  contoir,  <  L.^-i-  computo;  see  compute.] 

coun''ter3,  ^.  i,  ^n  opposite,  or  that  which 
is  opposite;  a  parry;  counter  blow.  2.  The 
portion  of  a  shoe  that  surrounds  the  heel  of  the' 
wearer.     [<  counter-.] 

coun'ter,  adv.    Contrary;  reversely. 

counter-,  J9re^a;.  Contrary;  opposite.  [<  F. 
contre-,  <  L.  contra-;  see  contra-.]  [Besides 
the  words  defined,  co^inter-  is  used  as  the  first 
element  of  a  large  number  of  words,  which  may 
be  readily  defined  by  combining  the  meaning  of 
the  prefix  with  that  of  the  second  element.] 

coun^'ter-act''',  caun"ter-act',  vt.    To  act  in 


fiutlflre    (future);   aisle;   au   {put);   ©il;    c    (k);    chat;   dli   {the);   go;  sing,  ink;    thin. 


counterbalance 
courtesy 


110 


opposition  to;  check;  frustrate;  hinder.— 
coun'^ter-ac'tion,  n. 

coun^^ter-barance,  caun"ter-bal'ans.  I. 
vt.  f-ANCED';  -AN-ciNG.]  To  oppose  with  an 
equal  force;  offset.  II.  n.  Any  power 
equally  opposing  another;  a  counterpoise. 

coun'ter-feit,  caun'tgr-fit.  I"*,  vt.  To  make 
fraudulently  or  unlawfully,  as  money;  imitate, 
with  intent  to  deceive;  feign;  pretend.  II.  a. 
Resembling  or  made  to  resemble  some  genuine 
thing,  with  intent  to  defraud;  imitated;  spuri- 
ous. III.  n.  Something,  as  a  coin,  made 
fraudulently  to  resemble  the  genuine;  also, 
any  imitation,  as  a  portrait  or  copy.  [<  L.*' 
contra^  •\-facio^  make.]  —  coun'ter-feir'er,  n. 
One  who  counterfeits  money;  any  pretender. 

coun^'ter-mand',  caun''ter-mand'.  I<i.  vt. 
1.  To  recall  or  revoke,  as  an  order.  2.  To  con- 
tradict; oppose.  II.  n.  An  order  contrary  to 
or  revoking  one  previously  issued.  [<  L.^ 
contra,  againpt,  -j-  mando^  order.] 

coun'^ter-marcb'.  V-.vt.&im.  To  march 
back.  II.  n.  1.  A  return  march;  change  of 
front.    2.  Any  reversal  of  conduct  or  method. 

coun'ter-panc",  caun'tgr-pen%  n.  A  cov- 
erlet or  quUt.  [  <  L.OF  cidcita.,  quilt,  -\-puncta., 
fem.  of  punctus,  point.] 

coun'ter-pa-rf,  n.  1.  A  person  or  thing 
precisely  like  another;  a  facsimile.  2.  Some- 
thing corresponding  reversely,  as  the  impres- 
sion to  the  seal,  or  the  right  hand  to  the  left;  a 
complement;  supplement;  opposite. 

coun'^ter-poise',    caun"tgr-peiz'.       I.   vt. 

t poised';  -pois'ing.]  1.  To  bring  to  a  poise 
y  opposing  with  an  equal  weight;  counterbal- 
ance. 2.  To  offset  or  irustrate.  11.  n.  1.  A 
counterbalancing  weight,  effort,  influence, 
power,  etc.  2.  A  state  of  equilibrium.  [< 
L.o*"  contra,  against,  -{-pensvm,  weight.] 

coun^'ter-sign',  caun"tgr-8ain'.  I.  vt.  To 
authenticate  by  an  additional  signature.  II. 
n.  A  secret  word  or  phrase  to  be  given,  as  to  a 
sentry;  a  watchword. 

coun''ter-sink',  caun'tgr-sink'.  I.  vt.  1. 
To  cut  or  shape  (a  depression),  as  for  the  head 
of  a  screw.  2.  To  sink,  as  a  bolt  or  screw,  into 
a  corresponding  depression.  II.  n.  1.  A  tool 
for  countersinking.  2.  A  depression  for  a 
screw'head,  bolt,  etc. 

countless,  caunt'es,  n.  The  wife  of  a  count, 
or,  in  Great  Britain,  of  an  earl.  [<  F.  com- 
tesse,  <  L.  comes;  see  count",  n.] 

count'ingsbouse'',  n.  An  oftice  for  trans- 
acting the  business  of  a  mercantile  or  other 
establishment,    count'ingsroom^t. 

countless,  a.    That  can  not  be  counted. 

coun'tri-fy,  con'tri-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -rY"iNG.] 
To  make  rural  or  rustic. 

coun'try,  cun'tri.  I.  a. .  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  country;  rustic;  simple;  unpolished.  II. 
n.  [coun'tries*  ;;/.]  1.  A  region  or  nation ; 
district;  tract  of  land;  native  land.  2.  With 
the  definite  article,  a  mral  region.  3.  A  com- 
munity; the  public.  [F.  contree,  <  LL.  con- 
trata,  <  L.  contra,  against.]  —  coun'try. 
dance",  n.  A  dance  In  which  the  partners  arc 
ranged  In  opposite  lines.— coun'try-iiian'',  ii. 
[•MKK.  pl.^  1.  One  living  In  the  country;  a  rus- 
tic, a.  An  Inhabitant  of  a  particular  country; 
one  of  the  same  country  with  another.—  couu'- 


trysseaf,  n.  A  dwelling  or  mansion  In  the 
country.— coun''try-side'',  n.  A  section  of 
country,  or  its  Inhabitants.— coun'try-'woiii'"- 
an,  n. 

coun'ty,  caun'ti,  w.  rcouN'TiEs*,  p^.]  A  civil 
division  of  a  state;  also,  its  inhabitants.  [< 
JjL.^  comitatxis,  <  L.  comes;  see  coxxnt'',  n.\ 

coup,  cli,  n.  A  sudden  telling  blow;  a  master- 
stroke; stratagem.  [F.]  — coup  de  grftce,  cu 
de  grgs  [F.],  the  finishing  or  mortal  stroke;  liter- 
ally, a  stroke  of  mercy.— c.  d'^'-'tat',  cu  de'tfl' 
[F.],  a  sudden  stroke  of  policy  or  statesmanship, 
often  accompanied  by  violence. 

cou^'p^',  cu"pe',  n.  1.  A  low  four-wheeled 
two'seated  close  carriage.  2.  The  forward 
compartment  of  a  French  diligence,  or  a  half- 
compartment  of  a  Continental  railway=carriage. 
[F.,  <  couper.,  cut.] 

couple,  cup'l.  1.  vt.  &  vi.  [coup'led; 
coup'ling.]  To  join;  place  together  in  a  pair; 
join  in  wedlock;  connect;  unite.  II.  n.  Two 
of  a  kind;  a  pair.  [<  L.^  copulo,  <  copula; 
see  COPULA.]  —  coup'ler, /i.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  couples.  *Z,  A  mechanical  device  by 
which  objects  are  connected,    coiip'lingt. 

coup'let,  cup'let,  n.  Two  similar  things  taken 
or  considered  together;  two  lines  of  verse  in 
immediate  sequence,  riming  together.     [F.] 

cou'pon",  cu'pen",  n.  A  detachable  portion 
of  a  bond,  ticket,  or  the  like,  certifying  some- 
thing, as  interest  to  be  due.   [F.,  <  covper.,  cut.] 

courtage,  cur'gj,  n.  Intrepidity,  calmness, 
and  firmness  in  face  of  danger  or  opposition ; 
bravery.  [F.,  <  L.  car,  heart.]  —  cou-ra'- 
Keous,  cTT-r6'ju8,  a.  Possessec\^of  or  character- 
ized by  courage;  brave;  Intrepid,    -ly,  adv. 

cou'ri-er,  cu'ri-gr,  n.  A  messenger;  also,  a 
traveling  attendant.  [OF.,  <  L.  ciirro,  run.] 

course,  cors.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [couksed';  cours'- 
ING.]  To  run  or  cause  to  run;  run  through  or 
over;  hunt  (hares)  with  greyhounds.    II.  n. 

1.  The  act  of  moving  onward;  career.  2.  The 
way  passed  over,  or  the  direction  taken.  3.  A 
series  of  connected  motions,  acts,  or  events; 
sequence.  4.  Line  of  conduct.  5.  The  portion 
of  a  meal  served  at  one  time.  6.  A  row  or 
layer.  7.  2^^  The  menses.  [F.,  fern,  of  tw/r*% 
<  L.  cursus,  course,  <  citn'O,  run.]  —  cours'er, 
cOrs'er,  n.  1.  A  fleet  and  spirited  horse.  »J. 
One  given  to  the  chase. 

court,  cOrt.    I"i,  vt.    1.  To  make  love  to;  woo. 

2.  To  seek  the  favor  of ;  seek  as  a  favor;  solic- 
it: used  also  intransitively.  II.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  court.  III.  n.  1.  A  judicial 
tribunal,  or  the  presiding  judge  or  judges.  2. 
The  residence,  or  the  council  and  retinue,  of  a 
sovereign.  3.  A  courtyard  or  a  blind  alley. 
4.  Obsequious  or  flattering  attention.  [< 
L.LL+OF  cors  {cort-),  short  for  cohors  (cohort-).] 

—  coiirt'ly,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a 
court;  elegant  lu  inauueis.  —  coiii't'Ii-ucH!!i,  ». 
—  court  iiiarriul  L<'<>i'1!ts  maktial,  ;;/.],  ft 
court,  convened  to  try  olTt'iises  against  military  or 
naval  law.— court'spIaM'''ter,  n.  A  thin,  fine 
adhesive  plaster.— coiirt'ship,  n.  The  act  or 
period  of  courting  or  woolnp.  —  court'yard", 
n.  An  enclosed  yard  adjoining  a  building,  or 
surrounded  by  buildings,  towhldiitgives  access. 

COUr'te-OUS,  crir'tj,?-us,rt.  Showing  courtesy; 
polite;  affable,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

coiir'to-Baii,  n.    Same  as  couktbzan. 

courte'sy,  curt'si,  vi.    [-sied;  -st-ing.]    To 


popfl,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  usgge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  «r;  full,  rule;  bwt.  Or; 


Ill 


courtesy- 
crackle 


b 


I  make  the  gesture  of  respect  called  a  curtsy. 

*      cour'te-syi,  n.    [-sies'-,  pl.^    A  gesture  of 

civility  or  respect;  a  curtsy.    See  curtsy. 

cour'te-sy2,  cur'te-si,  n.     [-sies^,  pi.}     1. 

Genuine  and  habitual  politeness;  courtliness. 

2.  A  courteous  favor  or  act.  3.  Common  con- 
sent.   [<  F.  courtoisie.']    cur'te-sy:}:. 

cour'te-zan,  cur'tg-zan,  n.  A  prostitute. 
[<  It.F  cortegiano,  <  corte,  court.] 

court'ier,  cbrt'ygr,  n.  1.  A  member  of  the 
court  circle.  2.  One  who  seeks  favor  by  flat- 
tery and  complaisance.     [OF.] 

cous'in,  cuz'u,  n.    The  child  of  an  uncle  or 

aunt,  or  a  descendant  of  one  so  related.     [F.] 

—  cousin  gerinaii,  a  first  or  full  cousin. 

cove,  cOv,  n.  1.  A  small  bay  or  baylike  re- 
cess. 2.  A  narrow  valley  among  mountains.  3. 
A  concavity.     [<  AS.  cofa,  chamber,  cave.] 

cov'e-nant,  cuv'g-nant.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To 
promise  by  covenant;  bind  oneself  hy  cove- 
nant. II.  n.  An  agreement  entered  mto  by 
two  or  more  persons  or  parties ;  a  compact.  [  < 
L.o^  convenien{t-)s,  <  con,  together,  -\-  venio, 
come.]  —  cov'e-nant-er,  n.  One  who  enters 
Into  a  covenant,    cov'e-nant-orj, 

Cov'en-try,  cuv'gn-tri,  n.  A  town  of  War- 
wickshire, England. —  to  send  to  C,  to  banish 
from  society  or  social  Intercourse;  ostracize. 

cov'er,  cuv'gr,  ?;.  I.  t.  1.  To  overspread  or 
overlay  with  something;  enwrap;  put  upon; 
sit  or  brood  over,  as  eggs.    2.  To  hide;  screen. 

3.  To  suffice  or  compensate  for.  4.  To  bring 
and  keep  within  range,  as  of  guns  or  troops. 
5.  To  accomplish;  pass  over,  as  a  space  or  dis- 
tance. II.  i.  1.  To  spread  or  extend  over 
something.  2.  To  put  one's  hat  on.  [<  L.*^^ 
cooperio,  <  co-  intens.  -f-  operio.,  hide.]  —  oov'- 
er-ing,  ?i.  1.  Anything  that  covers.  "2.  The 
act  of  putting  on  acover.— cov'er-let,  n.  The 
outer  covering  of  a  bed;  a  quilt.    cov'er-Iidt. 

cov'er,  n.  1.  That  which  is  spread  or  fitted  over 
or  encloses  anything.  2.  A  veil  or  disguise; 
pretext.    3.  A  shelter  or  defense;  protection. 

4.  A  thicket  or  underbrush,  etc.,  sheltering 
game.     5.  Table  furniture  for  one  person. 

cov'ert,  cuv'grt.  I.  a.  Concealed;  secret; 
sheltered.  II.  n.  Something  that  shelters, 
defends,  or  conceals;  a  shady  place  or  thicket. 
[OF.,  <  covHi\  COVER.]  —  cov'ert-ly,  adv. 

cov'er-ture,  cuv'gr-chur  or  -ti^r,  n.  Law. 
Marriage;  the  legal  state  of  a  married  woman. 

cov'et'',  cuv'et,  i;.  I.  t.  1.  To  have  an  inor- 
dinate or  unlawful  desire  for.  2.  To  have  an 
eagerand  worthy  desire  for;  crave.  II.  i.  To 
indulge  extreme  or  unlawful  desire.  [  <  L.o^ 
ciipidita(t-)s;  see  cupidity.] — cov'et-ous,  a. 
Inordinately  eager  to  acquire  and  possess.— 
cov'et-ou8-ly,  adv.— co^'et-ona-ness,  n. 

cov'ey,  cuv'e,  n.  A  fiock,  as  of  quails  or  par- 
tridges.    [<  F.  couvee,  <  couver.,hTood.] 

cow,  cau,  vt.  To  overawe;  intimidate;  daunt. 
[<  Ice.  kuga,  tyrannize  over.] 

cow,  n.  The  female  of  domestic  cattle  and  of 
some  other  animals.  [<  AS.  cu.]  —  cow'boy'', 
n.  A  boy,  or,  in  the  Western  United  States,  a 
mounted  man,  employed  to  tend  cattle.—  co  w'- 
catch'^er,  n.  An  iron  frame  on  the  front  of  a 
locomotive,  to  throw  obstructions  from  the 
track;  pilot.— CO w'he I'd'',  n.  A  herdsman.— 
cow'hide''.  I.  vt.  [cow'ih'ded<1;  cow'hi"- 
DijTG.]    To  whip  with  or  as  with  a  cowhide.    IT. 


\ 


One 


n.  1,  The  skin  of  a  cow,  either  before  or  after 
tanning.  2.  A  whip  made  of  twisted  leather.— 
co^v' slick",  n.  A  tuft  of  hair  turned  up  over 
the  forehead  as  If  licked  by  acow.— cow'pox", 
71.  An  acute  contagious  disease  of  cows,  the 
source  of  vaccine. 

cow'ard,  cau'ard,  n.  One  lacking  in  cour- 
age; a  craven;  poltroon.  [<  F.  couard,  < 
OF.  coue  (<  L.  Cauda),  tail.]  — cow'ard,  a.— 
cow'ard-ice,  cau'ard-is,  n.  Unworthy  timid- 
ity; poltroonery.— cow'ard-ly,  I.  a.  Like  or 
befitting  a  coward;  pusillanimous,  ll,  adv.  In 
a  cowardly  manner.— cow'ard-li-ness,  n. 

cow^er,  cau'gr,  vi.  To  crouch  tremblingly; 
quail.     [<  Ice.  kura,  doze.] 

cowl,  caul,  n.  1.  A  monks'  hood;  a  hooded 
garment.  2.  A  monk.  3.  A  hood-shaped  top, 
as  for  a  chimney.     [<  L.-^^  cucullus,  hood.] 

co'^work-'er,  cO'wurk'gr,  n.  A  fellow  worker. 

cow'slip",  cau'slip",  n.  An  English  wild 
flower  of  the  primrose 
family;  an  allied  or  sim- 
ilar American  wild  flower. 
[<  AS.  cuslyppe,  <  cu, 
cow,  -I-  slyppe,  cowdrop- 
pings.] 

cox'comb'',  cex'cOm",  r.. 

1.  A  pretentious  and  con- 
ceited fop.     2.  Same  as 

COCKSCOMB.  Cowslip. 

cox'swain,  cec'swen  (cex'n,  Navt.),  n. 
who  steers  or  has  charge  of  a  rowboat. 

coy,  cei,  a.  1.  Shrinking  from  notice  or  fa- 
miliar advances;  diffident;  shy.  2.  Coquet- 
tish,    [OF.,  <  L.  quietus,  quiet.] 

—  coy'ly,  ad».— coy'ness,  n. 
co-yo'te,  co-yO'te  or  cai'ot,  n.    A  burrowing 

dog=like  mammal,  the  prairie-wolf  of  the 
western  United  States.     [Sp.,  <  Mex.  coyotl.] 

coz,  cuz,  71.    A  cousin. 

coz'en,  cuz'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  cheat  in  a  petty 
way.      [<  F.  cousiner,  <  cousin,  cousin.] 

co'zy,  co'zi,  a.  [co'zi-er;  co'zi-est.]  Snugly 
and  easily  comfortable;  contented;  sociable. 
[  <  Gael,  cosach,  full  of  hollows,  snug,  <  cos, 
crevice.]  —  co'zi-ly,  co-'si-ly,  adv. 

craal,  n.    Same  as  kraal. 

crabi ,  crab,  n.  1 .  A  10-f  ooted  crustacean  hav- 
ing the  abdomen  or  tail  folded  under  the  body. 

2.  [C-]  A  constellation,  Cancer.  3.  A  form  of 
windlass.    [<  AS.  crabba.'] 

crab2,  n.  1.  A  kind  of  small,  sour  apple. 
crab'=ap"plet.  2.  A  tree  bearing  this  fruit. 
[<  Sw.  krabb-  in  krabbdple,  crab-apple.] 

crab'bed,  crab'gd,  a.  1.  Sour-tempered;  pee- 
vish. 2.  Harsh;  sour;  abstruse;  cramped  and 
irregular.    [<  crab^,  w.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

cracks  crac,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  cracks  in; 
burst;  split;  break  open.  2.  To  cause  to  give 
forth  a  short,  sharp  sound;  snap.  3.  To  de- 
range mentally.  4.  To  tell  with  spirit.  II.  i. 
1.  To  split  or  break.  2.  To  make  a  sharp, 
snapping  sound.     [<  AS.  cracian  (imitative).] 

—  crack'er,  crak'gr,  w.    A  person  or  thing 
that  cracks;  a  firecracker;  a  thin,  brittle  biscuit. 

crack,  n.  1.  A  partial  breakage;  a  fissure.  2. 
A  sudden  and  sharp  sound;  a  sounding  blow. 

crack1(e,  crac'l.  I.vt.&vi.  [crack'l(e)d; 
crack'ling.]  To  crack  slightly  and  repeated- 
ly; cover  with  cracks.  II.  w.  1.  A  succession 
of  light,  cracking  sounds;  crepitation.    2.  A 


fiutjure  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  cliat;   dbi  (<Ae);   go;  sing,  i^k;  tliin. 


cradle 
cream 


112 


small  crack;  a  network  of  fine  cracks,  as  on 
china.  [Freq.  of  crack.]  —  crack'Iing,  crac'- 
llng,  11.  1.  A  crackling  sound.  '2.  The  crisp 
browned  skin  of  roasted  pork. 

cra'dle,  cre'dl,  rt.  &  ti.  [cra'dled;  cra'- 
DLiNG.]  1.  To  put  into,  rest,  or  rock  in  or  as  in 
a  cradle;  soothe;  nurse;  nurture.  2.  To  reap 
with  a  cradle,  as  wheat.  3.  To  wash,  as  gold" 
bearing  gravel,  in  a  mining*cradle. 

cra'dle,  n.  1.  A  rocking  or  swinging  bed  for 
an  infant.  2.  A  place  of  birth;  origin.  3. 
Agric.  A  scythe  with  fingers  that  catch  the 
grain  when  cut.  4.  A  frame  for  sustaining  a 
vessel.  5.  A  box  on  rockers  for  washing  ore. 
[<  AS.  cradely  <  Ir.  craidhal.] 

craft,  crgft,  n.  1.  Cunning  or  skill;  guile.  2. 
Atrade,  or  those  employed  m  it.  S.  ^aut.  A 
vessel;  also,  collectively,  vessels.  [<  AS.  crseft. 
skill,  art,  strength,  courage.] 

—  crafts'inan,  w.  [-MEX,i9?.]  A  member  of 
a  craft;  a  skilled  mechanic— craft'y,  crgft'l,  a. 
Skilful  in  deceiving;  cunning.— craft'i-ry>  «f'?'- 
—  craft'i-ness,  n. 

crag,  crag,  n.  A  rough,  steep  rock  jutting  out 
prominently.  [<  W.  craig.,  rock.]  —  crag'- 
ged,  a.  Having  numerous  crags,  crag'gyi,— 
crag'ged-ness,  n.    eras' K\-ne»st. 

cram,  cram,  v.  [crammed;  cram'ming.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  press  together;  pack  tightly;  crowd. 
2.  To  feed  to  satiety.  3.  To  force  into  the 
mind.  II.  i.  1.  To  eat  greedily.  2.  To  force 
knowledge  into  the  mind  by  hurried  study. 
[<  AS.  crammian,  stuff.] 

crazu.pl,  cramp.  I',  -vt.  To  fasten  with  or  as 
with  a  cramp.  II.  n.  A  device,  as  an  iron 
with  bent  ends,  for  binding  two  pieces  firm- 
ly together,     [Of  AS.  origin.] 

crazap^.  I',  nt.  To  affect  with  cramps.  II. 
n.  Med.  1.  An  involuntary,  sudden,  painful, 
muscular  contraction.  2.  A  form  of  local 
paralysis.     [<  F.  crampe,  <  D.  Icramp.'] 

cran'toer'^ry,  cran'ber"i,  n.  [-RIE8^  pl.^  The 
bright-scarlet  acid  berry  of  a  plant  growing 
in  marshy  land,  or  the  plant  itself.  [<  AS. 
cran.,  for  crane i,  w.,  +  berry >.] 

cranei,  cren,  n.  A 
large  long'uecked,  long- 
legged,  heron-like  bird. 
[<  AS.  cmn.] 

crane^,  n.  Mech.  1.  A 
hoisting-machine  with  a 
swinging  arm.  2.  A 
support  for  kettles  in  a 
fireplace.  3.  A  siphon. 
[<  crane>,  n.  (its  arm 
resembling  the  neck  of  a 
crane).]  Cranes. 

cra'ni-um,  cre'ni-um  or  crg'ni-um,  n.  [cra'- 
Ni-A,  o/.]  The  skull.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  kranioii, 
skull.] — cra'nl-al,  cre'ui-al,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  cranium.— rra''iii-oI'o-8:y,w. 
The  study  of  skulls.- cra^'ni-o-loff'ic-al,  «. 

crank,  craijk,  a.  1.  Naitt.  Delicately  or  ill  bal- 
anced; easily  capsized.  2.  Hence,  shaky.  3. 
Spirited;  lively.     [Ult.  <  AS.  cnncan,  yield.] 

crank,  n.  1.  A  bent  arm  attached  to  an  axis, 
or  a  bent  portion  of  an  axle,  for  converting  ro- 
tary into  reciprocating  motion,  or  vice  versa. 
See  illus.  in  next  column.  2.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
An  Hnbalance<l  person;  a  monomaniac.     [< 


A  narrow 


CRANK,  a.]  — crank'y,  cra?ik'i,  a.    1 .  Full  of 

whims;  mentally  unbalanced.    3.  Crooked.    3. 

Rickety;  liable  to  upset, 
cran'ny,  cran'i, /?.  [cran'nies=',j9;.]  A  narrow 

opening;  fissure.  [<  L^.cre^ia, notch.] 
crape,   crep,  n.    A  thin  gauze»like 

material.     [<  F.  crepe.}    crSpeJ. 
crashS  crash,  t.    I.  t.    To  dash  in 

pieces   noisily.    II.  i.    To   make  a ' 

noise,  as  of  sudden  violent  breaking. 

[<  Sw.  krasa  (imitative).]  __ 

crash.!,/?.    1.  Aloud,  crashing  noise.     _      , 

2.  Destruction;  bankruptcy.  i^ranK. 
crasta.^,  n.    A  coarse  linen  fabric,  as  for  towel- 
ing.    [<  L.  crasms,  coarse.] 

crass,  eras,  a.  1.  Coarse  or  thick  in  struc- 
ture; dense.  2.  Dull;  obtuse.  [<  L.  erassus, 
thick.]  —  crass'ly,  adv. —  crass'ness,  n. 

crate,  cret.  I"^.  vt.  To  put  in  a  crate.  II.  n. 
A  large  wickerwork  hamper  or  framework  of 
slats,  for  transporting  various  articles.  [<  L. 
cratis,  v.'ickerwork.] 

cra'ter,  cre'tgr,  n.  The  bowl-shaped  depres- 
sion forming  the  outlet  of  a  volcano  or  of  a 
hot  spring.     [<  Gr.  krater,  mixing-vessel.] 

cra-vat',  cra-vat',  n.  A  neckcloth.  [<  F. 
cravate.'] 

crave,  crev,  v.  [craved;  cra'ving.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  beg  for  humbly  and  earnestly.  2.  To  long 
for.  II.  i.  To  desire  or  entreat  humbly  or 
seriously:  with/o?\     [<  AS.  crajian.] 

cra'ven,  cre'vn.  I.  a.  Lacking  in  courage; 
cowardly.  II.  n.  A  base  coward.  [<  L.^*' 
crepo,  break.]  — cra'ven-hy,  adv, 

craw,  ere,  n.  The  first  stomach  or  crop  of  a 
bird.     [<  Dn.  kro.] 

craw'fisli'',  cre'fish",  n.  A  small  fresh-water 
lobster-like  crustacean.  [<  OHG.^f  chrebiz, 
crab.] 

crawl,  crel,  vi.  To  move  as  a  worm;  move 
slowly  or  cautiously;  creep.  [<  Ice.  krafla, 
paw,  crawl.] —crawl'Ing-ly,  adv. 

cray'fisli'',  cre'fish",  n.    A  crawfish. 

cray'on,  cre'un,  n.  1.  A  slender  cylinder,  as 
of  charcoal  or  prepared  chalk,  for  drawing  on 
paper,    2.  An  oily  pencil,  used  in  lithography. 

3.  A  carbon-point  in  an  arc-light,  4.  A  draw- 
ing made  with  crayons.     [F.] 

craze,  crez.    I.vt.&ri.  [crazed;  or a'zino.] 

1.  To  make  or  become  insane.  2.  To  make 
or  become  full  of  minute  cracks  or  flaws,  as 
pottery.  II.  w.  1.  Mental  disorder;  an  insane 
freak  of  fashion  ;  a  caprice,  prejudice,  or 
crotchet.  2.  A  flaw  in  the  glaze  of  pottery. 
[  <  Sw.  krasa,  crash.]  —  craz-ed,  a.   1 .  Insane. 

2.  Cracked,  as  glaze.— cra'zy,  ((.  [cua'zi-kk; 
cra'zi-est.J  1.  Insane;  originating  In  or  char- 
acterized by  Insanity,  ti.  Dilapidated;  rickety. 
—  cra'zi-iy,  «rfr.— cra'zi-ness,  n. 

creak,  crtk.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make,  or  cause 
to  make,  a  creak.  II.  n.  A  sharp,  squeaking 
sound,  as  from  friction.  [Var,  of  crack,  «.] 
—  creak'y,  a.    Apt  to  creak;  creaking. 

cream,  crim.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  skim  cream 
from,  or  supply  cream  to;  be  covered  with 
cream,  or  witli  scum,  etc.  II.  n.  1.  A  gather- 
ing of  fatty  globules  on  the  surface  of  milk; 
hence,  any  substance  similar  in  formation  or 
appearance.  2.  The  part  of  something  re- 
garded as  the  choicest  or  best.     [  <  F.  creme.] 


papfl,  98k;  at,  Sir;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  *r; 


113 


crease 
crito 


—  creaiii-'er-y,  n.  [-ies^^j?.]  1.  A  place 
for  collecting,  keeping,  or  selling  cream,  ii.  A 
butter*raaking  establishment.  —  cream'y,  a. 
Resembling  or  containing  cream. 

crease,  cris,  r<.  [creased';  creas'ing.]  To 
make  a  crease,  fold,  or  wrinkle  in. 

creasei,  n.  The  mark  of  a  wrinkle,  fold,  or 
the  like.     [Perhaps  Celt.] 

crease^,  71.   Same  as  creese. 

ci'e'a-sote,  n.    Same  as  creosote. 

cre-ate',  crg-et',  t\  [cre-a'ted^;  cre-a'ting.] 
1 .  To  bring  into  existence ;  make  out  of  noth- 
ing; originate;  prodtice;  occasion.  2.  To  invest 
with  a  new  rank,  etc.;  appoint.  [<  L.  c?'eo, 
make.] — cre-a'tion,  cre-e'shun,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  creating.  '2.  That  which  is  created;  the 
universe.  3.  Investiture.— cre-a'tiv(e,  a. 
Having  the  power  to  create;  productive.— cre- 
a'tor,  11.  1,  One  who  creates;  [C-],  God  as  the 
maker  of  the  universe.  •2.  That  which  produces 
or  causes.— crea't lire,  crl'chur  oi-  -tiur,  n.  1. 
That  which  has  been  created;  a  living  being.  -Z» 
A  dependent;  tool. 

creche,  cresh,  7J.  1,  A  public  day»nursery.  2. 
A  foundling  asylum.    [F.] 

cre'dence,  crt'dgns,  n.  Confidence  based 
upon  external  evidence;  belief.  [<  L.^f  a^e- 
de)i{f-)>^\  ppr.  of  or  do,  believe.] 

cre-den'tial,  cre-den'shal,  n.  That  which 
certities  ones  authority  or  claim  to  confidence. 

cred'i-blie,  cred'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
believed ;  worthy  of  credit,  confidence,  or  ac- 
ceptance. [<  L.  credibilis,  <  credo,  believe.] 
cred'i-bl( e-ness:t>  —  ered" i-biK i-ty,  n. 
The  state  or  quahtv  of  being  credible;  trustwor- 
thiness.-cred'i-bly,  adv. 

cred'it,  cred'it.  I^.  vt.  To  give  credit  to  or 
for;  believe;  accept  as  true.  II.  n.  1.  Be- 
lief in  the  truth  of  a  statement  or  in  the  sin- 
cerity of  a  person;  trust.  2.  Eeputation  for 
trustworthiness;  character;  repute.  3.  Title 
to  praise  or  esteem;  honor.  4.  In  bookkeeping, 
amount  in  one's  favor,  or  the  entry  or  record  of 
it.  [Kli.^credi/mn,  orig.  <  credo,  believe.]  — 
cred'^'it-a-biFi-ty}  n.  cred'it-a-bKe- 
iiesst.- cred'it-a-blCe,  a.  Deserving  or  re- 
flecting credit;  praiseworthy;  meritorious.— 
credMt-a-bly,  arf».— cred'it-or,  n.  One  to 
whom  another  is  pecuniarily  indebted. 

cre'do,  cri'do  or  cre'do,  n.  A  creed,  especially 
the  Apostles'  Creed.      [<  L.  ordo,  I  believe.] 

cred''u-lous,  cred'yu-lus,  a.  Apt  or  disposed 
to  believe  on  slight  evidence.  [<  L.  creduhts, 
<  credo,  believe.]  -ly,  adv. —  cre-du'li-ty, 
crg-diu'li-tl,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
credulous;  a  proneness  to  accept  the  nnprobable 
or  the  marvelous.    cred'ii-Ioiis-neNMl:. 

creed,  crid.  n.  A  formal  summary  of  religious 
belief;  doctrine.     [<  L.'^^  cr^if/o,  believe.] 

creek,  crlk,  n.  A  small  inlet  or  stream.  [< 
AS.  crecca,  orig.  bend  or  turn.] 

creel,  crll,  n.    A  fishing=basket.     [Sc] 

creep,  crip,  ti.  [crept,  crept;  creep'ing.] 
1.  To  move  as  a  serpent;  crawl.  2.  To  move 
slowly,  imperceptibly,  secretly,  or  stealthily. 
3,  To  exhibit  servility;  cringe.  [<  AS.  creo- 
lianJi  — creep'er,  crTp'gr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  creeps;  a  creeping  or  climbing  plant.— 
creei»'iiig-Iy,  adv.    By  creeping  movements. 

creese,  cris,  n.  A  Malayan  dagger  with  a  waved 
blade.    [<  Malay  kriH,  dagger.  | 

cre'mate,  cri'met,  rt.  [-ma"ted'';  -5ia"ting.] 
To  burn  up;  reduce  to  ashes.  [<  L.  cremo  (pp. 


crematus),  burn.]  —  cre-ma'tion,  n.    The  act 

or  practise  of  burning,  especially  of  burning  the 
dead.  —  cre-ma'tor,  n.  — cre'ma-to-ry,  n. 

[-KIES2,  pl.~\    A  place  for  cremating  dead  bodies, 
cre''iiia-to'ri-uin1:. 

cre'ole,  cri'ol,  n.  A  native  of  Spanish  America, 
or  of  the  West  Indies,  of  European  parentage. 
[  <  Sp.*"  criollo,  negro.]  —  cre'ole,  a. 

cre'o-sote,  cri'o-sot,  n.  An  oily  liquid  com- 
pound distilled  from  wood  and  having  a  smoky 
odor  and  burning  taste.  [  <  Gr.  kreas,  flesh,-f- 
soter,  preserver,  <  sozo,  preserve.] 

crept,  crept,  imp.  of  creep,  v. 

cres-cen'do,  cres-shen'do  or  cres-sen'do.  I. 
a.  Slowly  increasing  in  loudness  or  power. 
II.  n.  Mus.  A  gradual  increase  in  the  force 
of  sound.     [L.i<^  cresco,  grow.] 

cres'cent,  cres'ent.  I.  a.  1.  Increasing: 
said  of  the  moon  in  its  first  quarter.  2. 
Crescent'-shaped.  II.  n.  1.  The  visible  part 
of  the  moon  in  its  first  or  last  quarter;  the 
new  or  old  moon.  2.  Something  crescent- 
shaped,  as  the  device  on  the  Turkish  standard; 
hence,  the  Turkish  or  Mohammedan  power. 
[<  L.  crescen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cresco,  increase.] 

cress,  cres,  n.    A  plant  of  the  mustard  family, 
having   a   pungent  taste.     [<   AS. 
caerse,  cressa.] 

cres'set,  cres'et,  n.  A  frame  or  vessel 
mounted  to  hold  a  torch  or  beacon;  a 
burning  light. 

crest<',  crest,  v.  1.  t.  To  serve  as  a 
crest  for;  crown.  11.  i.  To  take 
the  form  of  a  crest. 

crest,  7).  1.  A  comb  or  tuft  on  the  Cresset. 
head  of  a  fowl;  projection  on  the  top  of  a 
helmet;  a  plume;  tuft;  the  ridge  of  a  wave  or 
of  a  mountain;  the  top  of  anything.  2.  A 
heraldic  device;  coat  of  arms.  3.  Loftiness; 
pride;  courage.  [<  OF.  creste,  <  L.  crista, 
tuft.]  —  crest'ed,  a.  Bearing  a  crest. 
faF'leii,  a:  Having  the 
crest  or  head  lowered;  dis- 
pirited; dejected. 

cre-ta'ceous,  cre-te'- 
shius,  a.  Consisting  of  or 
related  to  chalk;  chalky. 
[<  L.  creta,  chalk.] 

cre-tonne',  erg-ten',  n. 
An  unglazed  cotton  fabric 
printed  on  one  side  in  col- 
ored patterns.  [F.,  < 
name  of  first  maker.] 

crev-asse',  crev-gs',  n. 
1.  A  deep  fissure  in  a 
glacier.  2.  [U.  S.]  A 
breach  in  a  levee.     [F.] 

crev'ice,  crev'is,  n.     A 
small  fissure   or  crack.     [<  F.  crevasse,    < 
crever,  break.] 

crewil,  cru,  imp.  of  crow,  v. 

crew,  n.  1.  Tlie  company  of  seamen  belonging 
to  a  vessel.  2.  Any  company  of  men  working 
together;  a  crowd;  gang.     [Cp.  accrue.] 

crew'el,  crii'el,  n.  A  slackly  twisted  worsted 
yam,  used  in  fancy=»work. 

crib,  crib.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [cribbed;  crib'bing.] 
To  enclose  in  a  crib;  confine  closely;  use  a  crib; 
steal ;  plagiarize;  bite  the  crib,  as  a  liorse.  II. 
n.  1.  A  rack,  manger,  or  stall  for  cattle.  2.  A 


crest'- 


Crest  (a  Dragon) 
upon  a  16th*cen- 
tury  Helmet. 


fiutlOre  (future);    aisle;   au   (put);   ©11;   c   (k);    chat;    dU   {the)',   go;    sing,   ink;  thin. 
8 


cribbage 
crop 


114 


child's  bedstead,  with  side  railings.  3.  A  box 
or  bin  for  grain.  4.  A  small  raft.  5.  A  frame 
of  wood  or  timber,  as  to  retain  a  bank  of  earth. 
6.  A  petty  theft,  or  the  thing  taken ;  plagiarism ; 
also,  a  translation  or  other  unauthorized  aid  in 
study.  7.  A  house,  cottage,  lodging,  etc.  [< 
AS.  crib.] — crib'ber,  n. —  crib'bing,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  cribbing.    "2,  Same  as  crib,  n.,  5. 

crib'toa^e,  crib'gj,  n.    A  game  of  cards. 

crick,  eric,  n.  A  spasmodic  affection  of  the 
muscles,  as  of  the  neck;  a  cramp.  [Cp.  cuook.] 

crick'eti,  crik'et,  n.  A  leapmg  insect  with 
long  antenna},  the  male  of  which  makes  a 
chirping  sound.     [  <  D.^  krieken,  creak,  chirp.] 

crick'et^,  n.  An  outdoor  game  played  with 
bats,  a  ball,  and  wickets.  [Perh.  <  OF. 
criquet,  stick.]  [crutch. 

crick'et^,   n.    A  footstool.    [Cp.  AS.  crice, 

crick-'et-er,  crik'et-gr,  n.    A  cricket=player. 

cried,  crald,  imp.  of  cry,  v.  [losses,  etc. 

cri'er,  crai'gr,  n.  One  who  publicly  cries  sales, 

crime,  craim,  n.  1.  Law.  An  act  that  sub- 
jects the  doer  to  legal  punishment.  2.  Any 
grave  offense.  [F.,  <  L.  crimen,  crime.]  — 
criin'i-nal,  crlm'1-nal.  I.  a.  Relating  to.  Imply- 
ing, or  guilty  of  crime.  II.  n.  One  who  has  com- 
mitted an  offense  punishable  by  law.  —  criiii'^i- 
nal'i-ty,  w,.  — crini'i-nal-ly,  adv.  — critn'' 
i-iiate,  crim'i-net,  vt.  [-NA'TEDd;  -na"ting.] 
To  accuse  of  or  implicate  in  crime.  — crim'^i- 
na'tioii,  71.  The  act  of  criminating.— crim''- 
i-noPo-«ry,  crlm"I-nero-ji,  n.  The  scientific 
study  and  Investigation  of  crime  and  criminals. 

crimp,  crimp.  I'^.vt.  To  bend  or  press  into 
ridges  or  folds;  corrugate;  flute.  II.  a.  1. 
Brittle  and  crisp;  friaolc.  2.  Inconsistent  or 
contradictory.   3.  Stiff,  as  if  starched.  III.  n. 

1.  Anything  crimped,  as  a  lock  of  hair.  2.  A 
crimper.  3 .  A  decoy  or  extortioner. —  crinip'y , 
a.     Wavy;  frizzled.  — crim'pKe,  crim'pl.    I. 

vt.  &  Vi.      lCRIM'PL(E)D;  CRIM'PLING.]    To  Wrfn- 

klc.    II.  «.    A  wrinkle. 
crim'son,  crim'zn.  I.  tt.  &  vi.    To  make  or 

become  crimson;  redden;  blush.    II.    a.    Of 

the  color  called  crimson;  deep*dyed.    III.  ti. 

A  red  color  having  a  tinge  of  blue;  deep»red. 

[Ult.  <  Ar.  qirmdzi,  crimson.] 
cringe,  crinj.    I.  vt.    [cringed;  crin'oing.] 

To  crouch  in  servility  or  cowardice;  fawn.   II. 

n.  A  servile  crouching.  [<  AS.  cringan,  yield.] 
crin'kKe,  criij'kl.   I.  vt.  &  vi.   [crin'kiXe)i); 

crin'kling.]    To  form  or  move  with  folds  or 

wrinkles.    II.  w.    A  wrinkle;  ripple;  twist. 

crin'cklet.— crin'kly,  a. 
crip'ple,crip'l.  I.  vt.  J^CRip'rLED;cRip'PLiNG.] 

To  lame;  impair  or  disable.    II.  n.    A  person 

or  animal  lacKing  the  natural  use  of  a  limb  or 

limbs.    [<  AS.  crypel,  <  credpan,  creep.] 
crl'sis,  crai'sis,  n.     [cri'ses,  crai'etz,  jl>^.]    A 

turning'point;  a  critical  moment.     [L.,  <  Gr. 

krisis,  <  krind,  decide.] 
crisp,  crisp.  l*^.vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  ripple;  crinkle; 

curl,    2.  To  make  or  become  crisp.  II.  a.    1. 

Somewhat  firm  and  brittle;  crumbling  readily. 

2.  Terse  or  pithy;  curt.  3.  Fresh;  bracing. 
4.  Crinkled;  crisped.     [<  L.^s  a-isjx),  curl.] 

cri-te'ri-on,  crai-tl'ri-gn,  n.  [-ri-a,  pi.]  A 
standard;  lest.  [<  Gr.  kritdrloriy  <  krinO., 
judge.] 

crit'ic,  crit'ic.  n.  1.  One  who  judges  anything 
by  some  standard.    2.  One  who  judges  severe- 


ly; a  caviler.  3.  The  science  or  art  of  criticism. 
4.  A  critique  or  review.  [<  F.  critique,  <  L. 
criticus,  <  Gr.  kritikos,  <  krino,  judge.] 

—  crit'ic-al,  crit'ic-al,  a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  critic  or  criticism,  ii.  Disposed  or  compe- 
tent to  judge;  judicious;  fastidious.  3.  Cap- 
tious; faultfinding.  4.  Analytical;  thorough;  ex- 
act. 5.  Of  the  nature  of  or  preliminary  to  a 
crisis;  perilous,  -ly,  ac/r.— crit'i-ci8in,crlt'- 
i-sizm,  ?i.  1,  The  act  or  art  of  criticizing.  2. 
A  discriminating  Judgment;  severe  or  unfavor- 
able judgment.  3.  The  principles  or  rules  for 
judging  anything,  especially  works  of  literature 
or  art.- crit'i-cize  or  -cise,  crit'I-salz,     v. 

[-CIZED,  -CISED;   -Cl'ZTNG,  -Cl'SING.]       I,   t.       1. 

To  examine  critically  (a  work  of  literature  or 
art).  2.  To  judge  severely;  censure.  II,  j.  To 
express  critical  judgment.— cri -ti qu e',  cri-tlc' , 
n.  1,  A  criticism;  critical  review.  3,  The  art 
of  criticism.    [F.] 

croak,  crOk.  I',  vi.  1.  To  make  a  harsh 
guttural  sound,  as  a  frog  or  raven.  2.  To  talk 
dolefully;  forebode  evil;  grumble.  II.  ?i.  A 
hoarse  vocal  sound,  as  of  a  frog  or  raven;  also, 
a  doleful  or  foreboding  speech.  [<  AS.  cra- 
cetian  (imitative).]  — croak'er,  n. 

cro-ctiet',  crO-she';  in  England,  crO'shiorcrO'- 
she.  I.  vt.&vi.  [cro-cheted',  crO-shed'; 
cro-chet'ing,  crO-she'ing.]  To  form  or  knit, 
as  crochet.  II.  n.  A  kind  of  fancy=work  pro- 
duced by  looping  or  entwining  thread  into  a 
fabric  with  a  hooked  needle.     [F.] 

crock^,  crec,  n.  An  earthen  pot  or  jar;  a  pot- 
sherd.    [<  AS.  crocca,  crock.] 

crock.  I*,  vi.  To  Impart  crock  or  dye  to  other 
articles.  II2.  «.  1,  The  colprlngBmatter  that 
rubs  off  from  a  dyed  stuff,  as  cloth.    2.  Soot. 

crock'er-y,  crek'gr-i,  n.    Earthenware. 

croc'o-dile,  crec'o-dail,  «.  A  large  lizard- 
like carnivorous  amphibious  reptile  with  long 
jaws,  an  armored  skin,  and  webbed  feet.  [F., 
<  Gr. ^  krokodeilos,  lizard,  crocodile.]  — croc''- 
o-diPi-an,  a.  &  n.    croc^'o-dU'e-aial:. 

cro'cus,  crO'cus,  n.  1.  A  plant  of  the  iris  fam- 
ily, withlong  grass»like  leaves  and  large  flowers. 
2.  A  red  or  yellow  polishing  powder.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  krokos,  saffron.] 

croft,  creft,  71.  1.  A  small  field  near  a  house. 
2.  [Scot.]  A  very  small  farm.     [<  AS.  croft.] 

—  croft'er,  «.    A  tenant  cultivating  a  croft. 
crone,  crOn,  w.    A  withered  old  woman, 
cro'ny,  crO'ni, «.     [cro'nies*,  ;?^.]    Afamiliar 

friend.  [Var.  of  crone.] 
crook,  cruk.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  bend;  make 
or  grow  crooked.  II.  n.  1.  A  bend  or  curve; 
something  bent  or  crooked.  2.  An  implement 
with  a  crooked  or  hooked  end.  3.  [Colloq.]  A 
professional  criminal ;  a  sharper. 

—  crook'ed,  cruk'ed,  a.  1.  Not  straight; 
having  angles  or  curves.  2.  Not  straightfor- 
ward; dishonest,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

croon,  crun,  vt.  &  vi.  To  sing  or  hum  in  a  low, 
monotonous  manner.  [Imitative.]  —  croon,  n. 
clkl^L^crep,  V.  [cropped'  or  cropt;  crop'- 
I.  t.  To  cut  or  eat  off  closely;  mow; 
II.  i.  To  appear  above  the  surface; 
:  usually  with  7/p  or  out. 
crop,  n.  1.  Cultivated  plants  or  grains  col- 
lectivelv;  also,  the  product  of  a  particular 
kind,  place,  or  season;  harvest.  2.  The  act  of 
cutting.  3.  The  first  stomach  of  a  bird;  a 
craw.     [<  AS.  cropp\  lit.  bunch.] 


popfi,  ^k;  at,  Sir;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  j,  t  (ee);  o,  6h;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


115 


croquet 
cruciform. 


cro-q,uet',  cro-ke',  in  England  crO'ki  or  crO'- 
ke,  71.  A  lawn»game  played  with  balls  and 
mallets.     [<  F.  crochet;  see  crochet.] 

cro-qiiette',  cro-ket',  n.  A  ball  or  cake  of  minced 
food,  fried  brown.    [F.,  <  croquer,  crunch.] 

cro'sier,  cros'let,  n.    See  ckozier,  ckosslet. 

cross',  ores  or  ores,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  mark, 
fold,  laj%  or  move  across;  traverse;  intersect. 

2.  To  cancel,  as  by  crossed  lines:  with  o^"or 
oi/t.  3.  To  obstruct;  hinder;  contradict;  irri- 
tate. 4.  To  make  the  sign  of  the  cross  upon. 
5.  To  mix  with  a  different  variety  or  strain. 
II.  i.  1.  To  cross  each  other;  move  across 
something.     2.  To  iliterbreed. 

cross,  a.  Ill=tempered;  peevish.  [Partly  < 
Acuoss,  partly  <  CROSS,  «.]  -iy,  adv.  -ness,  ??. 

cross,  n.  1.  An  ancient  instrument  of  torture 
consisting  of  two  crossed  timbers,  on  which 
the  condemned  were  fastened  and  exposed  un- 
til they  died.  2.  [C-]  Christianity,  or  the 
Atonement.  3.  Something  endured  for  Christ's 
sake;  trial;  tribulation.  4.  A  mark  or  sym- 
bol resembling  a  cross.  5.  A  mixing  of 
breeds;  an  animal  of  mixed  breed;  hence, 
anything  intermediate  between  two  other 
things.  6.  An  old  English  coin.  [<Ij.crux 
(crucis),  cross.]  —  cross'sbar'',  7i.  A  trans- 
verse bar.— c.sbarred,  a.  Secured  by  or 
marked  with  transverse  bars.— cross' bill", 
n.  A  finch=llke  bird, 
the  points  of  wliose 
mandibles  cross  each 
other.  cros8'beak'''|. 

—  c.sbones,  ?«.  pL  A 
representation  of  two 
bones  crossing,  sur- 
mounted by  a  skull,  as  a 
symbol  of  death.  — 
cross'bow'',  n.  A 
bow  fixed  transversely 
upon  a  stock.  — c.s 
bred,  (i.  Hybrid;  mon- 
grel.-c.sbreetl,  n.  A  hybrid. —  c.sbreed- 
ing,  n.—  c.icnt,  n.  A  cut  across,  or  a  short 
cut.  — c.sexainine,  ?'<.  Laio.  To  cross^ques- 
tion.— c.sexaiiiination,  n.— ciexaminer, 
n.  —  c.seyed,   a.     Having  a  squint;  squinting. 

—  c.sgraiued,  a.  Having  the  grain  gnarled  and 
hard  to  cut;  stubborn;  perverse.  —  c.spurpose, 
71.  A  conflicting  aim.— c.:<|iiestion,  vt.  To 
question  minutely,  as  in  order  to  elicit  facts  from 
a  reluctant  witness. 

cross'ing,  cres'ing,  n.  1.  The  place  where 
something,  as  a  roadway  or  waterway,  may  be 
crossed.  2.  Intersection,  as  of  threads  or  roads. 

3.  The  act  of  crossing  in  any  sense. 
cross'iroad'^,  cres'=rod,  n.  A  road  that  crosses 

another,  or  thaf  crosses  from  one  main  road  to 
another,  cross'^way'':!:.— cross-roads'',  n. 
A  place  where  roads  cross:  often  marked  by  a  ru- 
ral settlement. 

cross'wise,  cres'waiz,  adv.  1.  Across;  some- 
times with  to.    2.  In  the  form  of  a  cross. 

crotch.,  crech,  n.  A  point  of  division  or  diver- 
gence; fork.     [Var.  of  crook.] 

crotcli'et,  crech'et,  n.  1.  A  whimsical  no- 
tion; a  conceit;  an  eccentricity.  2.  Mus.  A 
quarter  note.  3.  A  small  hook.  [<  F.  crochet, 
small  hook,  quaver.] —  crotch'et-i-ness,  n.— 
crotch'et-y,  «.    Whimsical;  eccentric. 

crouch.',  crouch,  m.  To  stoop  low,  as  a  per- 
son in  fear  or  an  animal  making  ready  to  spring; 
cringe.     [Var.  of  crook;  cp.  crutch,  n.] 


lied  Crossbill 


croup  1,  criip,  n.  A  disease  of  the  throat,  with 
the  formation  of  a  false  membrane;  loosely, 
inflammation  of  the  larynx.  [Sc.]— croup'ous, 
a.    Of,  like,  or  affected  by  croup,    croup'yt. 

croup2,  n.  The  rump;  portion  of  a  horse's 
back  behind  the  saddle.  [<  F.  croupe,  crup- 
per.]   croupe:}:. 

crow,  cro,  ri.  [crowed,  crod;  crow'ing.] 
1.  To  utter  the  cry  of  a  cock.  2.  Hence,  to 
exult;  boast.  3.  To  utter  sounds  expressive 
of  delight,  as  an  infant.    [<  AS.  crdwan.'] 

crow,  n.  1.  An  omnivorous  bird,  about  20 
inches  long,  with  glossy  black  plumage.  2. 
The  rook,  or  other  crowlike  bird.  3 .  A  crow- 
bar. 4.  The  cry  of  a  cock,  or  any  like  sound. 
[<  AS.  crdive,  <  crdwan,  crow.]  —  crow'bar", 
cro'bar',  n.  A  straight  iron  or  steel  bar,  flattened 
or  squared  at  one  end:  used  as  a  lever.—  cro w'- 
foot",  cro'fut",  11.  [cKow'FOOTs''z,  pl.^  The 
buttercup:  so  called  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves; 
also,  one  of  various  implements.— crow's's 
foot",  croz'»fut%  11.  1.  One  of  the  wrinkles 
divergmg  from  the  outer  corner  of  the  eye.  2. 
A  caltrop.  3.  A  three»pointed  embroidery  stitch. 

crowds,  croud,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  fill  to  over- 
flowing; pack;  press  together.  2.  To  shove 
along;  push;  urge.  II.  i.  1.  To  throng  to- 
gether; assemble  in  multitudes.  2.  To  push 
forward  or  together. —  crowd'er,  n. 

crowd,??,.  1.  A  numerous  collection  of  per- 
sons or  things  gathered  closely  together;  mul- 
titude; throng.  2.  The  populace;  mob.  [< 
AS.  croda,  ge'crod,  <  creodan,  crowd.] 

crown,  craun.  I.  vt.  1.  To  put  a  crown, 
wreath,  or  garland  upon  the  head 
of;  hence,  to  invest  with  royal, 
imperial,  or  other  high  dignity; 
honor;  reward.  2.  To  form  the 
topmost  part  of ;  cap;  finish;  com- 
plete. II.  n.  1.  A  decorative 
circlet  or  covering  for  the  head, 
especially  as  a  mark  of  sovereign 
power.  2.  A  sovereign  ruler:  with  Crown, 
the  definite  article.  3.  Sovereignty.  4.  A 
wreath  or  garland  for  the  head.  5.  A  reward; 
prize.  6.  The  top  or  summit;  crest;  perfect 
state  or  type;  acme.  7.  The  top  of  the  head 
or  of  a  hat.  8.  The  part  of  a  tooth  beyond  the 
gum.  9.  Eng.  A  coin  worth  5  shillings  cr 
about  §1.25.     [<  L.^  corona,  crown.] 

crown'less,  craun'les,  a.    Having  no  crown. 

cro'zier,  \  crO'zhgr,  n.  A  bishop's  oflicial  staff 

cro'sier,  f  surmounted  by  a  crook  or  a  cross. 
[<  Ice.F  krokr,  hook.] 

cru''cial,  cru'shial,  a.  1.  Determining  abso- 
lutely the  truth  or  falsity  of  a  view  or  theory; 
decisive;  searching.  2.  Having  the  form  of  a 
cross.  3.  Severe;  excruciating.  [F.,  <  L. 
crnix  (citic-),  cross.] 

cru'ci-bl(e,  cru'si-bl,  n.  A  vessel  made  of 
incombustible  material,  as  clay,  for  melting 
metals  or  minerals;  a  trying  and  purifying  test 
or  agency.     [<  D.^^+i^  kroes,  pot.] 

cru'ci-flx,  cru'si-fix,  n.  A  cross  bearing  an 
efhgy  of  Christ  crucified.  See  illus.  on  next 
page.     [F. ;  see  crucify.] 

cru^ci-flx'ion,  cru'si-fic'shun,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  crucifying.  2.  The  death  upon  the 
Cross,  especially  that  of  Christ  on  Calvary. 

cru'ci-form,  cru'si-ferm,  a.    Cross»shaped. 


flutiure  (future);    aisle;   an   (out);   ©11;   c  (k);    chat;   dh   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;   thin. 


crucify 
crystallize 


116 


cru''ci-fy,  cru'si-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.] 
1.  To  put  to  death  by  fastening  to  a  cross.  2. 
To  subdue,  as  bodily  desires;  mortify.  [<  L.*' 
crux^  cross,  -\-Jlgo,  fix.] 

crude,  crud,  a.  1.  Not  having  reached  its 
complete  or  mature  form; 
not  refined;  raw;  unrijf^e; 
immature.  2.  Lacking 
knowledge  or  skill;  superfi- 
cial; unfinished.  [<  L.o*" 
amdus,  immature.] — crude'- 
ly,  ad».— cru'di-ty,  cru'di- 
tf,  n.  r-TiEs»,  jDZ.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  crude,  crude'- 
nesHt.  '^.  That  which  is 
crude. 

cru'el,  crii'el,  a.  Disposed 
toinfiictsufEering;  indiflierent 
to  others'  suffering;  pitiless; 
unreasonably  severe;  harsh; 
distressing.  [F.,  <  L.  crude- 
lis,  severe.]  -ly,  adv.—  cru'- 
el-ty,  cru'el-tl,«.  [-ties»,2?Z 
A  cruel  disposition  or  act;  In 
humanity. 

cru'et,    crii'§t,    n.    A   small 
glass  bottle  for  vinegar,  oil, 
or  the  like;  a  caster.     [Dim. 
of  OF.  cruye,  pitcher,   <  D.         ^      ,^ 
kniik,  cup.]  Crucifix. 

cruise,  cruz.  I.  rd.  &  ti.  [cruised;  cruis'- 
ING.]  To  sail  over  or  through;  sail  about  on 
the  ocean  or  along  a  coast.  II.  n.  A  voyage 
at  sea;  a  sailing  to  and  fro.  [<  D.  kruisen,  < 
kf-uis,  cross,  <  L.  cnix  (cruc-),  cross.]  — 
cruls'er,  n.  A  person  or  ship  that  cruises; 
a  vessel  of  war  Inferior  to  a  battle=8hlp. 

cruller,  crul'gr,  n.  A  ring'shaped  cake  of 
dough,  fried  brown  in  boiling  lard.  [<  D. 
kruTlen,  curl.] 

crum,     I  crum.    I.vt.   [crximmed, crumbed; 

crumb,  f  crum'ming,  crumb'ing.]  To  break 
into  small  pieces;  crumble.  II.  n.  1.  A  small 
bit,  as  of  crumbled  bread;  a  morsel.  2.  The 
soft  inner  part  of  a  loaf.     [<  AS.  C7'nma.] 

crum'tolCe,  crum'bl,  ^'<.  &vi.  [crum'bl(e)d; 
crum'blino.]  To  cause  to  fall  to  pieces;  dis- 
integrate; decay.  [Dim.  of  crum,  v.,  <  crum, 
n.]  —  crum'bly,  a.    Apt  to  crumble;  friable. 

crum'pet,  crum'pet,  n.   A  sort  of  muffin. 

crum'pl(e,  crum'pl,  vt.  &  vi.  [crum'pl(e)d; 
crum'pling.]  To  press  into  wrinkles;  become 
wrinkled;  rumple.     [Of  AS.  origin.] 

cruncb,  crunch.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  crush 
with  the  teeth;  chew  audibly:  crush  or  grind 
noisily;  press  with  crushing  lorce  through  a 
brittle  substance.  II.  n.  The  act  of  crunching. 

crup'per,  crup'gr,  n.  1.  The  looped  straj) 
that  goes  under  a  horse's  tail.  2.  The  rump  of 
a  horse.  [<  P.  croujyiere,  <  croupe;  see 
croup''.] 

cru'ral,  crfi'ral,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  leg 
or  the  thigh.     (<  L.  crnralis,  <  crrt«,  leg. J 

cru-sade^,  crQ-sed'.  I'',  vi.  To  go  on  or  en- 
gage in  a  crusade.  II.  n.  1.  Hist.  A  medi- 
eval warlike  enterprise  of  the  Christians  of 
Europe,  for  the  conquest  of  the  Holy  Sepul- 
cher.  2.  Any  vigorous  concerted  movement. 
[<  Ij.^crux,  cross.]  — cni-sa'der,  n. 

cruse,  crQs,  n.  A  small  bottle,  flask,  or  jug; 
cruet.    [<  Ice.  krtts,  pot.]     cruise^. 


crush.',  crush,  v.  I.  t.  To  press  out  of  shape; 
mash;  break  into  bits  by  pressure;  break 
down;  conquer.  II.  i.  To  become  broken  or 
misshapen  by  pressure.  [<  Sw.<5^  krysia, 
squeeze.]  —  crush'er,  n. 

crush.,  n.  1.  A  violent  colliding;  breaking, 
bruising;,  or  deforming  by  violent  pressure.  2. 
A  pressing  or  crowding  together;  a  crowd;  jam. 

crust,  crust.  I'',  vt.  &  vi.  To  cover  with  or 
acquire  a  crust.  II.  n.  A  hard,  thin  coating; 
the  outer  part  of  bread;  a  bit  of  bread,  es- 
pecially if  stale  and  hard.  [<  L.  attsta,  crust.] 

crus-ta'ce-an,  crus-te'shg-an  or  -tg'se-an. 

I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining'to  the  Crustacea.  II. 
n.  One  of  the  Crustacea,  a  division  of  ar- 
thropods having  crust»like  shells,  including 
lobsters,  crabs,  barnacles,  sow^bugs,  etc.  [< 
L.  crusta.,  crust.]  —  crus-ta'ceous,  a.  1. 
Having  a  crust=like  shell.    2.  Crustacean. 

crust'y,  crust'i,  a.  1.  Crust'like.  2.  Morosely 
curt  in  manner  or  speech;  surly.— crust'i-ly, 
rtfZ?7.— crust'i-ness,  7i. 

crutch,  cruch.  I',  vt.  To  prop  up,  as  on 
crutches.  II.  n.  1.  A  staff  with  a  cross- 
piece  fitting  under  the  armpit,  used  as  a  sup- 
port in  walking.  2.  Any  one  of  various  simi- 
lar mechanical  devices.    [Of  AS.  origin.] 

cry ,  crai,  tJ.  [cried;  cry'ing.]  I.  ^.  To  utter 
loudly    and    publicly;    shout   out;    proclaim. 

II.  i.  1.  To  speak,  call,  or  appeal  loudly; 
shout;  yell;  yelp;  bay.  2.  To  shed  tears; 
weep.  [<  L.^  Qui?^to,  ireq.  of  guero7\  lament.] 

cry,  n.  [cries*,  pi.]  1.  A  loud  or  passionate 
utterance,  whether  articulatfe  or  not;  a  call; 
shout;  yell.  2.  The  act  of  weeping.  3.  Ad- 
vertisement by  outcry;  proclamation.  4.  Ru- 
mor; public  opinion  or  demand.  5.  A  pack 
of  hounds;  a  company  of  persons;  a  party. — 
cry'ing-,  joa.  Calling  for  immediate  action  or 
redress;  self»proclalming;  notorious. 

crypt,  cript,  n.  A  recess  or  vault,  as  under 
some  churches. 

crypto-.  A  combining 
form.  [<  Gr.  kryptos,  hid- 
den.]—  cryp'to-gam,  n. 
Bot.  A  plant  that  has  no 
true  flowers,  but  propagates 
by  spores.  \_-\-  Gr.  gamos, 
marriage.]  —  cryp^'to- 
srain'ic,  a.— cryp-tog'a- 


Crypt. 


mous.  crln-teg'u-mus,  a.— cryp'to-jrram,  n. 

A  writing  In  cTphei 


<    graphd,    write. 
Written   in 


1+  Gr.  gramma,  writing, 
e.l  — cryp''to-Ki'aph'ic.    a. 

1,  'Written   in   cipher.     "2,  Used    for   cipher- 
writing.— cryp-tojf'ra-phy,  n.    1 .  The  art  of 

clplier-wrlting.    "2,  A  system  of  cipher-writing. 

crys'tal,  cris'tol.  I.  a.  Composed  of  or  like 
crystal;  extremely  clear;  limpid.  II.  «.  1. 
The  solid  mathematical  form  assumed  by 
many  minerals.  2.  Transparent  quartz.  3. 
Flint  glass.  4.  A  watch-glass.  [<  Gr.L  +  F 
krystmos.,  <  kryo^,  frost.]  —  fry8'tal-llii(e, 
crfs'tal-ln  or -oin,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like 
crystals  or  crystal;  transparent;  puii';  pellucid. 
—  cryH''tal-log'ra-pliy,  ii.  The  science  of 
crystals.  |  <  Gr.  kri/siallos,  crystal,  +  -(iKAPJiY.] 

crys'tal-lize  or-iise,  cris'tal-oiz,  r.  [-lized; 
-i.rziNci.]  I.  t.  To  cause  to  form  crys- 
tals or  become  crystalline;  bring  to  definite 
and  permanent  form.  II.  i.  To  assume  the 
form  of  crystals;  take  on  a  definite  aspect.— 
crys'tal-ll'^za-bKe     or     -Ha-bl(e,     a.  — 


papfi,  Qsk;  at,  ftir;  element,  thSy,  uefge;  It,  %,  fi  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  5r;  full,  rfile;  but,  Or; 


ilt 


6ub 
cunner 


crys^'^tal-li-za'tion  or  -sa^tiou,  7i.     The 

act  of  crystallizing. 

cub,  cub,  n.  The  young  of  the  bear,  fox,  wolf, 
and  certain  other  carnivores;  a  whelp.  [Per- 
haps <  Ir.  cuib,  <  cu,  dog.] 

cube,  kiub,  71.  1.  A  solid  bounded  by  six 
equal  squares  and  having  all  its  angles  right 
angles.  2.  The  third  power  of  a  quantity;  the 
product  of  three  equal  factors.  [F.,  <  L.  cu- 
bus,  <  Gr.  kybos,  cube.]  —  cu'bic,  kiu'bic,  a. 
1.  Formed  like  a  cube  2.  Being,  or  equal  to, 
a  cube  whose  edge  is  a  given  unit;  as,  a  cubic 
foot.  3.  ^?^.  Of  the  third  degree,  cu'bic-alt, 
—  en'bic-al-ly,  adi;.— cu'bic-al-ness,  n. 

CU'T>it,   kiu'bit,    n.     An  ancient  measure  of 


length,  originally  represented  by  the  length  of 
the  forearm:  about  20' 
elbow,  <  citbo^  bend.] 


V 


L.  cubitum. 


'-"<f^ 


American  yellow^billed 
Cuckoo  and  Nest.   1/4 


cuck'old,  cuc'old,  n.  The  husband  of  an 
adulteress.    [<  L.^f  cuculus,  cuckoo.] 

cuck'oo,  cuc'u,  n.  A  bird,  many  species  of 
which  deposit 
their  eggs  to  be 
hatched  in  the 
nests  of  other 
birds.  [<  L.  cu- 
culus, cuckoo  (imi- 
tative of  its  note).] 

cu'cum-ber, 
kiu'cum-bgr,     n. 
The  oblong  hard» 
rinded  berry  of  a  creeping  plant  of  the  gourd 
family.     [<  l^.^^  cucmnis,  cucumber.] 

cud,  cud,  n.  Food  forced  up  into  the  mouth 
from  the  first  stomach  of  a  ruminant  and 
chewed  over  again.  [<  AS.  cudu,  cwidu,  cud.] 

cud'dl(e,  cud'!,  v.    [cui)'i>l(e)d;  cud'dling.] 

I.  t.  To  protect  and  caress  within  a  close  em- 
brace; hug.  II.  i.  To  lie  close;  hug  one 
another.     [Prob.  corr.  of  ME.  cuthen,  cuddle.] 

cud'dy,  cud'l, «.  [cud'diessp?.]   Naut.  AsuxdW 

cabin;  a  cook's  galley. 
cudg'el,  cuj'el.  I.  vt.  To  beat  with  a  cudgel. 

II.  n.     A  short  thick  stick  used  as  a  club. 
cue,  kiu,  n.     1.  A  tail,  or  tail»like  appendage; 

a  long  braid  of  hair,     queue:}:. '  -2.  The 

closing  words  of  an  actor's  speech,  serving  as 

a  signal  for  his  successor;  a  catchword*  hint; 

suggestion.     3.  A  straight  tapering  rod,  used 

in  billiards,  pool,  etc.     [<  F.  queue,  tail.] 
cuff',  cuf,  V.    I.  t.   To  strike,  as  with  the  open 

hand;  bullet.    II,  i.    To  scuffle  or  fight ;  box. 

[<  Sw.kuffa,  cuflE.] 
cuff' ,  n.    A  blow,  especially  with  the  unclosed 

hand. 
cufi^,  71.    A  band  about  the  wrist;   the  lower 

part  of  a  sleeve.     [<  LL.^s  cuffa,  cojia,  cap.] 
cui-rass',  cwi-rgs',  n.    A  breastplate.     [<  F. 

cuit^asse.] — cui^'ras-sier',  cwfra-sir',  w.    A 

mounted  soldier  wearing  a  cuirass. 
cui-sine',  cw§-zin',  n.    The  kitchen;  cooking 

department;  style  or  quality  of  cooking.    [F.] 
cul'sde^sac',  cii'»ds=sac'  ar  ciil'=,  71.    [culs'» 

DE=sAc',  cii'»,  pL]     A  passage  open  only  at 

one  end;  blind  alley;  trap. 
cu'li-na-ry,  kiu'li-ng-ri,  a.    Of  or  pertaining 

to  cooking  or  the  kitchen.      [<   L.  culina, 

kitchen.] 
cull,  cul.    'L.'vt.    [culled;  cull'ing.]    To  pick 

or  sort  out;  collect  apart.    II.  n.    Something 


picked  or  sorted  out;  hence,  something  re- 
jected. [<  OF.  cuillir,  <  L.  coUigo,  col- 
lect.] —  cull'er,  71. 

cul'len-der,  ti.    Same  as  colakder. 

culm^  culm,  71.  Bot.  The  jointed,  usually 
h'  dlow,  stem  of  a  grass.     [  <  L.  culmus,  stalk. J 

culin2,  71.  1.  [U.  S.]  Anthracite  coal-refuse. 
2.  An  inferior  coal.     [ME.  culme,  soot.] 

cuFmi-nate,  cuPmi-net,  vi.  [-na"ted'1; 
-NA"TiNG.]  To  attain  the  highest  point  or  de- 
gree. [<  LL.  culminatus,  pp.,  <  L.  culmen^ 
top.]  —  cuPmi-nal,  «.— cuP'iiii-na'tion,  n. 
1 .  The  highest  point,  condition,  or  degree.  2. 
The  passage  of  a  heavenly  body  over  the  meridian. 

cul'pa-bl(e,  cul'pa-bl,  a.  Deserving  of  blame 
or  censure.  [OF.,  <  L.  culpabilis,  <  culpa, 
fault.]  — cul'^pa-bil'i-ty,  cuKpa-bI(e-ness,  n. 
—  ciiPpa-bly,  adv. 

cul'prit,  cul'prit,  n.  A  guilty  person;  crim- 
inal.    [<  L.  culpatus,  pp.,  <  culpa,  fault.] 

cult,  cult,  n.  1.  A  system  of  religious  observ- 
ances. 2.  Extravagant  devotion  to  a  person 
or  thing;  also,  the  object  of  such  devotion, 
[<  L.P  cultus,  <  colo,  worship.] 

cul'ti-vate,  cul'ti-vet,  vt.  [-ya'ted'';  -va'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  till  (land);  raise,  as  a  plant  or 
crop,  by  tillage.  2.  To  improve  or  develop  by 
study  or  training.  3.  To  pay  assiduous  atten- 
tion to.  [<  \Aj.  cultivatus,'^^.,  <  li.  cultus; 
see  culture,  n.] — cuP'ti-va'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  cultivating;  improvement;  development; 
culture.— ciil'ti-va^'tor,  ti.  One  who  cul- 
tivates; a  machine  for  cultivating. 

cul'ture,  cul'chur  or  -ti^r.  I.  vt.  [cul'- 
tured;  cul'tur-ing.]    To  educate  or  refine; 

'  cultivate.  II.  n.  1.  Cultivation  of  plants  or 
animals,  especially  with  a  view  to  improve- 
ment. 2.  The  training,  improvement,  and  re- 
finement of  mind,  morals,  or  taste;  enlighten- 
ment. 3 .  The  development  of  micro-organisms, 
or  the  organisms  so  developed.  [F.,  <  L. 
cultura,  <  cultus,  pp.  of  colo,  cultivate.] 
—  cul'tur-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  culture. 

cul'tus,  cul'tus,  7t.    A  cult.    [L.] 

ciii'ver-in,  cul'ver-in,  n.  A  long  cannon  used 
in  the  16th  century.    [<  L.  coluhra,  serpent.] 

cul'vert,  cul'vgrt,  n.  An  artificial  covered 
channel  for  water,  as  under  a  road. 

cum'ber,  cum'bgr,  vt.  To  hinder  by  or  as  by 
a  burden;  hamper;  weigh  down;  oppress.  [< 
L_LL+F  i^,  in,  -\-  cwmt/Tw^,  heap.]  —  cuni'ber- 
some,  cum'ber-sum,  a.  Moving  or  working 
heavily  or  witTi  difficulty;  unwieldy;  trouble- 
some; burdensome,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  7i. 

cum'brous,  cum'brus,  a.    Cumbersome. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

cum'in,  cum'in,  71.  An  annual  of  the  parsley 
family,  with  fennel-like  leaves;  also,  its  seeds. 
[Ult.  <  Heb.  kanimon,  cumin.]    curn'minj. 

cu'mu-late,  kiu'miu-let,  vt.  [-la'ted**;  -la"- 
ting.]  To  collect  into  a  heap;  accumulate. 
[<  L.  cumulo,  <  cumulus,  heap.]  —  cu'^mu- 
la'tioii,  n.  The  process  of  massing  or  heaping 
together;  a  heap.— cu'mu-la-tiv(e,  «.  Gath- 
ering volume  or  strength  by  addition  or  repeti- 
tion; steadily  increasing. 

cu'ne-i-form,  kiii'ne-i-ferm,  a.  Wedge- 
shaped,  as  the  characters  in  ancient  Assyrian 
inscriptions.     [<  L.  cuTieus,  wedge,  -f  -form.] 

cun'ner,  cun'gr,  «.  A  small  brownish-blue 
fish  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 
See  iilus.  on  next  page. 


flutliire   (future);    aisle;   au    (owt);    oil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dli   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;   thin. 


cunning^ 
curse 


118 


cun'ning,  coa'ing. 
shrewd;  artful;  guileful, 
ly  artful ;  bright ;  amu- 
sing. 3 II.  Ingenious. 
4t.  Learned;  knowing. 
II.  n.  1.  A  crafty  dis- 
position; craft;  guile; 
artifice.  2||.  Knowl- 
edge   combined    with 


.a.      1.    Crafty    or 
2.  [U.  S.]  Innocent- 


Cunner. 


skill;  dexterity.  [ME.  cunning^  vb.  n.  of  cun- 
nen,  know.]  * 

cup,  cup.  l.tt.&m.  [cupped';  cup'piNG.]  1. 
'lo  bleed,  as  by  scarification  and  drawing  the 
blood  to  the  surface  under  an  exhausted  cup. 

2.  To  shape  like  or  place  in  a  cup.  II.  w.  1. 
A  small  drinking'vessel.  2.  A  cupful.  3.  Any 
unusual  affliction  or  blessing;  lot.  4.  Intoxi- 
cating drink.  [<  AS.  ciippe,  <  LL.  cupa,  cup, 
L.  ci/joa,  tub.]  —  oup'bear'^er,  n.  One  who 
serves  the  wlne»cup,  as  to  guests  at  a  feast.— 
cup'fuF',  n.    As  much  as  a  cup  will  hold. 

cup'board,  cub'ord  or  -erd,  n.  A  closet  or 
cabinet  with  shelves,  as  for  tableware. 

Cuspid,  kiu'pid,  n.  Myth.  The  Roman  god 
of  love.     [<  L.  Viipido,  <  cupido,  jjassion.] 

cu-pid'i-ty,  kiu-pid'i-ti,  n.  An  inordinate 
wish  for  possession,  especially  of  wealth;  ava- 
rice.    [  <  L.*"  cu2ndUa{t-)s,  <  cupio,  desire.] 

cu'po-la,  kiu'po-la,  n.  A  dome;  hemispher- 
ical roof;  colloquially,  any  small  structure 
above  the  roof  of  a  building;  a  turret  on  an 
armored  ship.     [It.] 

cur,  cur,  n.  1.  A  mongrel,  worthless  dog.  2. 
A  mean  or  malicious  person.  [<  Ice.  kurra, 
murmur,  gi-umble.]  —  cur'rish,  a. 

cur'a-bl(e,  kiQr'a-bl,  a.  Susceptible  of  being 
cured. —  cur''a-bil'i-ty,  w.  cur'a.bl(e-ne8s+. 
—  cur'a-bly,  arf». 

cu'ra-cy,  kiu'ra-si,  n.  [-cies^,  pL]  The  po- 
sition, duties,  or  term  of  office  oi  a  curate. 

cu'rate,  kiu'ret  w -rgt,  n.  1.  [Brit.]  A  rec- 
tor's or  a  vicar's  assistant.  2!!.  A  pastor,  [< 
1,.^'^  cura,  care.j  —  cu'rate-ship,  n.   A  curacy. 

cur'a-tiv(e,  kiur'a-tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Possessing 
power  or  tendency  to  cure.  2.  Relating  to  the 
cure  of  diseases.    II.  n.   A  remedy,    -ly,  adv. 

cu-ra'tor,  kiu-re't§r,  n.  A  superintendent; 
guardian.     [L.,  <  euro,  care  for,  <  cura,  care.] 

ciirb,  curb.  I.  vt.  To  hold  in  subjection; 
control,  as  with  reins  and  curb.  II.  n.  1.  A 
chain  or  strap  to  brace  a  bit  against  a  horse's 
lower  jaw;  also,  a  bit  so  arranged;  anything 
that  restrains  or  controls.     2.  A  curbstone. 

3.  The  framework  at  the  top  of  a  well.  [< 
L.*^''  cixmo,  bend,  <  curviis,  crooked.] 

curb'ing,  curb'ing,  n.  Curbstones  collectively. 
curb'stone"",  curb'stOn",  n.    A   stone,  or  a 

row  of  stones,  on  the  outer  edge  of  a  sidewalk. 
curd,  curd,  71.    The  coagulated  portion  of  milk 

of  which  cheese  is  made.     [  <  Ir.  cruth,  curds.] 
—  cur'<lle,  vt.  &  vi.   [cuh'dlep;  cur'dlino.J 

To  change  or  turn  to  curd;  coagulate. 
cure,  kiQr,  v.    [cured;  cur'ino.]    I.  t.    1. 

To  restore  to  a  healthy  or  sound  condition.    2. 

To  eradicate,  as  disease  or  evil;  heal.    3.  To 

J  reserve,  as  by  salting,  drying,  or  smoking. 
I.  i.  1.  To  bring  about  recovery,  as  from 
disease.  2.  To  be  preserved,  as  meat,  by  ealt- 
ing  and  smoking.  [<  L.*"  cwro,  care  for,  < 
cura,  care.] 


cure,  1).  1.  A  restoration  to  a  sound  or  healthy 
condition.  2.  That  which  restores  health  or 
abolishes  an  evil.  3.  Spiritual  care;  a  curacy; 
as,  the  a/re  of  souls.     [F.,  <  L.  eura,  care.] 

cii'^re',  cu"re',«.  A  French  parish  priest  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.    [F.,  citPvATE.] 

cur'fcw,  cur'fiii,  n.  An  ancient  police  regula- 
tion requiring  fires  and  lights  to  be  put  out  at 
the  tollmg  of  a  bell;  also,  the  bell  itself,  or  the 
hour  of  ringing.  [<  OF.  courfeu,  contr.  of 
convrefeti,  <  covrir,  cover,  -\-feu,  fire.] 

CU'ri-O,  kiii'ri-o,  n.  A  curiosity:  a  rare  or  cu- 
rious article  of  virtu.       [Abbr.  of  curiosity.] 

CU''ri-os'i-ty,    kiu"ri-es'i-ti,  n.     [-ties^,  p/.] 

I.  Habitual  anxiety  for  knowledge  of  some- 
thing, as  the  private  affairs  of  others.  2.  Any 
object  adapted  to  excite  interest  or  inquiry. 
3 11.  Curiousness;  ingenuity.  [<  L.*"  cvriosi- 
ta{t-)s,  <  curiostts;  see  curious.] 

cu'ri-ous,  kiu'ri-us,  a.  1.  Eager  for  infor- 
mation; inquisitive;  prying.  2.  Adapted  to 
attract  attention  or  excite  interest;  novel;  odd; 
strange;  mysterious.  3.  Involving  ingenuity 
or  skill.  4t.  Fastidious;  delicate.  [OF.,  < 
h.  curiosvs,<cv7'a,  cave.]    -ly,  ac?t".    -ness,  «. 

curl,  curl,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  coil  into  ringlets, 
curves,  or  spirals.     2.  To  adorn  with    curls. 

II.  i.    To  become  curved;  take  spiral  shape. 
curl,  n.    Anything  coiled  or  spiral,  as  a  ringlet. 

[ME.  crul,  <  MD.  krvl  (MHG.  krol),  curl.] 

—  curl'y,  a.    Having  curls,  coils,  or  eddying 
ripples;  wavy.— curFi-ness,  n. 

cur'lew,  cur'liii,  n.    A  shore»bird  with  long 
bill   and    legs.      [<    OF. 
corlieu,  curlew.] 

cur-mud'geon,      cur- 
muj'un,  1).    A  miserly  or       ^' 
churlish  person. 

cur'rant,  cur'ant,  n.    1. 
A  small,  round,  acid  betry; 
also,  the  bush  producing 
it.     2.  A   small   seedless     ''. , 
raisin.    [<  Gr.i'+F  Korin-        ,,„,,,  „.     , 
thos,  QonnVti.-]  Cuu.nn.    \_-, 

cur'rent,  cur'gut.  I.  a.  1.  Circulating  free- 
ly; generally  accepted.  2.  In  actual  progress, 
or  belonging  to  the  immediate  present.  II.  i). 
1.  A  continuous  onward  movement,  as  of  a 
stream;  a  fluid  thus  fiowhig.  2.  Any  con- 
nected onward  movement;  course.  [<  L.*^^ 
cu7'ren(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cinro,  run.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ii«;s8,  M.— ciir'ren-cy,  cur'en-sl,  71.  1-cies«, 
pl.\  1.  The  current  niedinm  of  exchange;  coin 
or  bank-notes.    "2.  The  state  of  being  current. 

cur-ric'u-lum,  cur-ric'yu-lum,  «.  A  pre- 
scribed course  of  study,  as  in  a  college.  [L.,  a 
race,  <  cvrro,  run.] 

cur'ri-er,  cur'i-gr,  «,.   One  who  curries  leather, 

cur'ry,  cur'i,  vt.  [cur'ried,  -rid;  cur'ry- 
INU.]  1.  To  clean  with  a  currycomb;  groom, 
as  a  horse.  2.  To  dress  for  use,  as  tanned 
hides.  [  <  OF.  cour7V!/er,  prepare.]  —  oiir'ry- 
comb'',  n.  A  comb  consisting  of  a  series  of  up- 
right serrated  ridges,  for  grooming  horses. 

cur'ry,  n.  [cur'riesS  pL]  A  pungent  sauce 
used  as  a  relish;  also,  a  dish  served  with  this 
sauce.     [  <  Tamil  kari,  curry.] 

curse,  curs,  v.  [cursed'  or  curst;  curs'ing.] 
I.  /.  1.  To  invoke  evil  upon;  anathematize; 
excommunicate;  execrate;  swear  at,     2.  To 


popfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  us^ge;  it,  ^,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  dr;  fiill,  rule;  bvt,  Or; 


lid 


curse 
cuttle 


cause  great  evils  to.  II.  i.  To  utter  impreca- 
tions; swear;  blaspheme.  [<  AS.  cursian, 
Erob.  <  L.  crux,  cross.]  — curs'ed,  curs'ed,  a. 
nder  a  curse,  or  deserving  a  curse;  execrable; 
detestable.—  curs'ed-ly,  adv. 

curse,  curs,  n.  1.  An  imprecation  of  evil;  any 
profane  oath.  2.  Calamity  invoked;  also,  a 
source  of  calamity  or  evil.    [  <  AS.  curs,  curse.] 

cur'siv(e,  cur'siv.  I.  a.  Running;  flowing: 
said  of  writing  in  which  the  letters  are  joined. 

II.  n.  A  letter  or  character  used  in  cursive 
writing.     [<  L.  ciirsus,  <  curro,  run.] 

cur'so-ry,  cur'so-ri,  a.   Rapid  and  superficial; 

liasty.     [  <  LL.  cvrsorius,  relating  to  running.] 

—  ciir'so-ri-ly,  adv.—  cur'so-ri-ness,  n. 

curt,  curt,  a.  Concise  and  abrupt;  short  and 
sharp  in  manner;  brusk.  [<  L.  mirttis,  short- 
ened.] —  curt'ly,  adv. —  curt'ness,  n. 

cur-tair,  cur-tel',  vt.  To  cut  off,  or  cut  short; 
abbreviate;  lessen,  reduce.  l<  OF.  courtault, 
<  court,  short.]  —  cur-taiFment,  71. 

cur'taln,  cur'ten.  I.  vt.  To  supply  with  cur- 
tains; separate  as  by  a  curtain.  II.  w.  1.  An 
adjustable  draping  or  covering,  hanging  loose- 
ly. 2.  Something  that  conceals  or  separates. 
3.  I'ort.  Part  of  a  rampart  that  connects  the 
flanks  of  two  bastions  or  towers.  [<  OF.  cvr- 
tihe,  <  LL.  cortina,  <  L.  cohors,  an  enclosure.] 

curt'sy,  curt'si,  v.  &  n.  Preferred  form  of 
coL'RTESYi.    curt'seyt. 

curv(e,  curv.  l.xt.&ri.  [curv(e)d;  curv'- 
iNG.]  To  assume  or  cause  to  assume  the  form 
of  a  curve;  move  in  a  curve;  bend.  II.  a. 
Having  a  different  direction  at  every  point. 

III.  n.  1.  A  line  continuously  bent  so  that 
no  portion  of  it  is  straight,  as  the  arc  of  a 
circle.  2.  A  bending,  or  something  bent.  f< 
L.  curvo,  <  curvus,  bent.]  — curv'ate,  curv'et 
or-6t, «.  Evenly  bent;  curved.— curv'a-tiire, 
ctJrv'a-chur  or  -tjur,  n.  The  act  of  bending,  or  the 
state  of  being  curved;  amount  or  rate  of  bending. 

cur'vet,  cur'vet.  I*),  vt.  &  vi.  To  prance  or 
cause  to  prance.  II.  n.  A  light,  low  leap  of  a 
horse.     [<  L."  curvo,  <  curvus,  hent.'] 

cur"vi-lin'e-ar,  cGr"vi-lin'e-ar,  a..  Formed 
by  curved  lines.  [<  L.  currus,  curved,  + 
linea,  thread,  line.]    cur'^vi-lin^e-alj. 

cush^ion,  cush'un.  I.  vt.  To  place  on  a 
cushion;  provide  with  a  cushion.  II.  n.  A 
flexible  casing  filled  with  soft  or  elastic  mate- 
rial, as  feathers  or  air;  any  device  to  deaden 
jar.    [<  L.iJ'+o*'  culcita,  pillow.] 

cusp,  cusp,  n.  One  of  the  points  of  the  cres- 
cent moon,  or  something  resembling  it;  a  prom- 
inence or  point,  as  on  the  crown  of  a  tooth.  [  < 
L.  cuspis,  point.]  —  cus'pi-date,  cus'pi-det  or 
-det,  a.  Having  a  cusp  or  cusps,  cus'pi-dalt ; 
ciis'i)i-da'''te<lt. 

cus'pi-dor,  cus'pi-dor  or  -dor,  n .  A  spittoon. 
[<  L.i'e  conspvo,  spit.]    cus'pi-dore:^.. 

cus'tard,  cus'tard,  n.  A  mixture  of  milk, 
eggs,  sugar,  etc.,  boiled  or  baked.  [<  F. 
crovMade,  pie,  <  L.  crusta,  crust.] 

cus'to-dy,  cus'to-di,  n.  1.  A  keeping;  guard- 
ianship. 2.  Restraint  of  liberty ;  imprisonment. 
[<  L.  custodia,  guard,  <  custo{d-)s,  guardi- 
an.] —  cus-to'di-al,  cus-tO'di-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  custody  or  to  a  custodian.— cus-to'di -an, 
cus-to'dl-an,  n.    A  guardian. 

cus'tom,  cHs'tum,  n.    1.  Habitual  practise; 


common  or  recognized  usage.  2.  Business 
support;  patronage.  3.  A  tariff  or  duty  as- 
sessed by  law.  [<  L.J'L+OF  comneindo,  cus- 
tom.]—cus'tom-a-ry,  cus'tum-g-ri,  a.  Con- 
formmg  to  or  established  by  custom.  — cus'- 
tom-a-ri-iy,  adv.  In  the  customary  manner; 
ordinarily,  ciis'tom-a-blyi.—  cus'toin-a- 
ri-ness,  71.  cas'tom-a-hlie-JiessU—cus^- 
toin-er,  71.  One  who  gives  his  custom  or  trade; 
a  purchaser.— cus'tomshouse'',  7i.  The  place 
where  entries  of  imports  are  made  and  duties 
collected;  the  department  of  customs. 
cut,  cut,  V.  [cut;  cut'ting.]  I.  t.  1.  To  make 
an  incision  in;  divide,  trim,  or  shape,  as  with  a 
sharp  tool;  sever;  prune;  clip;  hew;  wound. 
2.  To  affect  deeply;  hurt;  pain;  grieve.  3. 
To  reduce  the  length  or  extent  of.  '4.  To  re- 
fuse recognition  to.  II.  i.  1.  To  make  a  cut. 
2.  To  be  adapted  for  dividing.    [Celt.] 

—  cut'soiT",  71.  1,  [U.S.]  A  short  cut.  2.  A 
mechanism  that  cuts  off  flow,  as  of  steam.- 
cut:out,  n.  Elec.  A  switch.like  arrange- 
ment, as  for  cutting  a  light  out  from  a  circuit.— 
cut'purse''',  ?i.  A  pickpocket.— cut'ter,  cut'- 
er,  11.  1.  One  who  cuts,  shapes,  or  fits  anything 
by  cutting,  ti.  That  which  cuts,  as  a  tool  or 
machine.  3.  Naut.  A  small,  swift  vessel,  as  In 
the  revenue  marine  service;  a  medlum=slzed  man= 
of » war's  boat.  4.  lU.  S.]  A  small  sleigh.— ciif- 
tliroat'^  71.  A  bloodthirsty  ruffian.  — cut'- 
tiiigr,  I.  pa.  1.  Adapted  to  cut;  edged.  St, 
Disagreeably  penetrating;  sharp;  chilling.  3. 
Sarcastic.  II.  7i.  1.  The  act  of  severing.  2. 
Something  obtained  or  made  by  cutting;  a  piece 
cut  off  or  out;  a  young  shoot  cut  off  for  rooting; 
an  open  excavation,  as  for  a  railroad  track.— 
cufwa'^ter,  71.  1.  Na^it.  The  forward  part 
of  the  prow  of  a  vessel.  3.  The  edge  on  the  up- 
stream side  of  a  brldge»pier.— cut' worm'',  «. 
A  larval  moth  that  cuts  off  young  plants. 

cut,  pa.  Formed  or  affected  by  cutting ; 
wounded;  severed;  dressed  or  finished  by  a 
tool,  as  stone  or  glass. 

cut,  n.  1.  The  opening,  cleft,  or  wound  made 
by  an  edged  instrument;  a  gash;  slit.  2.  A 
cutting  motion  or  stroke.  3.  The  part  cut 
off.  4.  That  which  cuts  or  hurts  the  feelings. 
5.  A  cutting.  6.  A  direct  way,  as  across  an 
angle.  7.  Fashion;  form;  style.  8.  Print. 
An  engraved  block,  or  an  impression  from  it. 
9.  A  reduction,  as  in  rates.  10.  A  refusal  to 
recognize  an  acquaintance. 

cu-ta'ne-ous,  kiu-te'ne-us,  a.  Consisting  of, 
pertainingto,  or  like  skin.    l<'l^.  cutis,  skin.] 

cu'ti-cl(e,  kiu'ti-cl,  n.  The  outer  layer  of 
cells  that  protects  the  true  skin;  epidermis; 
any  superficial  covering.  [<  L.  cniicida,  dim. 
of  cutis,  skin.]  —  cu-tic'u-lar,  a. 

cut'las,  cut'las,  n.    A  short,  heavy,  sword- 
like  weapon.   [< 
Yi.^  cultellus,(^va\. 
of  cnlter,  knife.] 
cutlass:):. 

cut'ler      cut'ler       British  Cutlas  of  the  10th 
n.        One      who  Century, 

makes  or  deals  in  cutlery.— cut'ler-y,  n.  1. 
Cutting'instruments  collectively.  3.  The  oc- 
cupation of  a  cutler. 

cut'let,  cut'let,  7).  A  thin  piece  of  veal  or 
mutton  for  broiling  or  frying.  [<  F.  cotelette, 
dim.  of  cote,  rib.] 

cut'tle,  cut'l,  n.  1.  A  cuttlefish.  2.  Cuttle- 
bone.  [<  AS.c?/c?e/f.]— cut'tle-bone",n.  The 


fiutlure    (future);    aisle;    au    iouX);    oil;    c    (k);    chat;    db    {the);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


cycle 
dactyl 


120 


Cuttlefish.    1/21 
a,  the  cuttlebone. 

of  a  spiral  leaf«= 


internal  calcareous  plate  of  a  cuttlefish.—  ciit'- 
tie-fish'',  n.  A  marine,  rapacious,  carnivorous 
niollusk,  with  lateral  tins  and  8  or  10  sucker= 
hearing  arms  and  an  internal  calcareous  shell  or 
hone,  having  the  power  of  ejecting  an  inky  fluid 
to  conceal  itself. 

cy'cle,  sai'cl,  vL  [cy'- 
cled;  cy'cling.]  1.  To 
pass  through  cycles.  2. 
To  ride  a  bicycle,  tricycle, 
or  the  like. 

cy'cle,  n.  1.  A  period 
of  time,  at  the  end  of  which 
certain  aspects  or  motions 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  re- 
peat themselves ;  a  round 
of  years  or  of  ages;  a  vast 
period;  eon.  2.  Biol. 
An  entire  turn  or  circle, 
structure.  3.  A  body  of  legends.  "4.  Jfat/i 
A  closed  path  in  a  diagram;  loop.  5.  A  bi- 
cycle, tricycle,  etc.     [<  Gr."^  kyklos,  circle.] 

—  cyc'lic,  sic'lic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  charac- 
terized by  cycles;  I'ecurring  in  cycles.— cy'clingr, 
n.  The  sport  of  riding  the  bicycle,  tricycle,  etc  ; 
the  art  of  a  cyclist.— cy'clist,  71.  1.  One  who 
rides  a  bicycle  or  tricycle,  or  the  like,  cy'clert. 
2.  One  who  maintains  the  cyclic  recurrence  of 
events. 

cyclo-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  ki/Mos, 
circle.]  —  cy'cloid,  sai'cleid.  I.  a.  Like  a  cir- 
cle; somewhat  circular. 
TI.  n.  Geom.  The  curve 
described  by  a  point  in 
the  plane  of  a  circle  that 
rolls  along  a  straight 
line.  — cy-cIoiMal,    a.       Common  Cycloid. 

7^^ZT.?}^^"'!^^^*^ll  ^?i"    c,  circle;  b,  d,  line  upon 
clom'e-ter,    71.      An    in-   ^'hich    circle    rolls-     a 
Strument    for    recording    point  on  circumference'; 
the  rotations  of  a  wheel,   had  cycloid 
as  of  a  bicycle.  >    •    > 

cy 'clone,  sai'clOn,  n.  A  violent  and  destruc- 
tive wlnd'storm;  tornado.  [<  Gr.  kyklon.,  ppr. 
of  kyklod,  whirl  round.]  —  cy-clon'ic,  a.  Like 
a  cyclone;  situated  where  cyclones  occur.— cy- 
cloii'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

Cy''clo-pe'an,  sai"clo-pl'an,  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cyclopes,  a  race  of  mythical 
giants,  or  their  work;  gigantic;  colossal. 

cy''clo-pe'di-a,  (  8ai"clo-pI'di-a,  71.     1.   A 

cy^clo-pae'di-a,  (  work  giving  a  summary  of 
some  branch  of  knowledge.  2.  An  encyclo- 
I)edia.     [Short  for  kncyclopeuia,  -p^dia.] 

—  cy^'clo-pe'Lor-pte^Jclic,  a.  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  cyclopedia.    2,  Like  a  cyclopedia; 


1.  [C-]  One 


embracing  a  wide  range  of  knowledge,  cy^'clo- 
pe'[or  -pfe']dic-alt. 

cyg'net,  sig'net,  «.  A  young  swan.  [<  L.^ 
cycrms  (<  Gr.  kykTios),  swan.] 

cyl'in-der,  sil'in-dgr,  «.  A  circular  body  of 
uniform  diameter,  the  extremities  of  which  are 
equal  parallel  circles.  [<  Gr.i'+i'  kylindros, 
<  kylindo,  roll.]  —  cy-lin'dric,  a.  Shaped 
like  a  cylinder  or  a  section  of  a  cylinder. 
cy-liii'dric-alt.  —  cy-lin'dric-al-ly,  adv. 

cyjn'bal,  sim'bal,  71.    One  of  a  pair  of  plate* 
like  metallic  musical  instru- 
ments played  by  being  clashed 
together.     [<  Gr.^+^  kr/mbal- 
ori,    <  k7/7nbos,  hollow  of 
vessel.] 

cyme,  saim,  71.  Bot.  A  flat- 
topped  flower«cluster.  [<  Gr. 
kyrtia.,  sprout,  wave.] 

cyn'ic,  sin'ic.  I.  a.  1.  [C-] 
Belonging  to  or  like  the  Cyn- 
ics, cyn'ic-ali.  2.  Astron. 
Pertaining  to  Sirius,  the  dog- 
star.  3.  Of  or  like  a  dog.  II. 
of  a  sect  of  Greek  philosophers  who  taught 
contempt  for  pleasure,  intellectual  or  sensual. 
2.  A  sneering,  captious  person;  a  misanthrope; 
pessimist.  [  <  Gr.i-  kynikos,  dog=like.]  —  cyn'- 
ic-al-Iy,  adf?^— cyn'i-cisiii,  n.  The  stat'e  or 
quality  of  being  cynical;  contempt  for  the  virtu- 
ous or  generous  sentiments  of  others. 

cy^no-sure,  sai'no-shur,  n.  An  object  of 
general  interest  or  attention.  [<  Gr.^  Kynos- 
oura,  the  Little  Bear.] 

cy'press,  sai'pres,  71.  An  evergreen 
tree  of  southern  Europe  and  western 
Asia,  remarkable  for  the  durability 
of  its  timber;  also,  a  kindred  plant, 
as  the  funeral  cypress,  with  pendulous 
branches  like  a  weeping  willow.  [< 
Gr.  kypa?'isso8^  cypress-tree.] 

cyst,  gist,  71.    A  membranous  sac  or 
vesicle  in  living  organisms.    [< 
Gr.  kystis,  bladder.] 

czar,  zflr,  71.  An  emperor  or 
absolute  monarch;  especially 
[C-],  the  emperor  of  Russia. 
[<  ilus.  (mte,  <  L.  Csesar, 
Ciesar.]    tsar:}:;  tzart. 

—  Czav'e-vitcli,  zar'g-vlch, 
n.  The  eldest  son  of  the  Czar  of  Russia,  tsar'e- 
vitcht.— Cza-ri'iia,  zu-rl'iia,  ?t.  The  em- 
press of  liussia.     t8a>ri'ua:t. 


& 


Cypress  and 
'its  P'ruit. 


D 


1),  d,  dt,  n.    [dkes,  D's,  or  T>s,  dtz,  pi]    The 

fourth  letter  in  the  English  alphabet;  as  a 

Koinan  numeral,  500. 
Aaib,  dab,  vt.  &vi.    [dabbed;  uab'sinq.]    To 

strike  softly  or  quickly;  pat.— daVber,  n. 
dab',;/.     1.  A  gentle  blow;  a  pat.    2.  A  small 

lump  of  soft  substance,  as  butter. 
dab'*,  w.  A  skilful  person;  adept,   dab'sterit* 
dabn^Ke,  dab'l,  v.  [i)ab'bl(e)d;  dab'blin(i.] 

I.  t.  To  dip  lightly  and  often;  splash;  sprinkle. 

II.  i.  To  play,  as  with  the  hands,  in  a  fluid; 


splash  gently;  engage  slightly  or  superficially. 
[Freq.  of  dab,  t'.j  —  dnb'hler,  71. 

dace,  des,  n.  A  small  fresh-water  fish.  See 
ilhis.  on  next  page. 

dacbs'hund,  dacs'hfint,  «.  A  small,  short- 
legged,  long-bodied  dog.     [G.,  badger-hound.] 

dac'tyl,  dac'til,  n.  1.  Prvs.  A  foot  consisting 
of  a  long  syllable  followed  by  two  short  ones 
(— —  ^).  2.  A  finger  or  toe;  digit.  [<  Gr. 
(lakfj/los,  finger,  dactyl.]  — dao-tyl'Ic.  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  dactyls.    II.  71.    A  dactylic 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el$m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  it,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  bot,  ur; 


121 


dado 
danger 


verse.— dac'^tyl-d'o-gy,  «.     The  use  of  the 
flnger=alphabet. 
da'do,  dfl'do  or  de'do,  n.    A  plain  flat,  often 


European  Dace.    1/4 

decorated  surface  at  the  base  of  a  wall,  as  of  a 
room ;  one  of  the  faces  of  a  pedestal.     [It.] 

die^inon,  etc.    Same  as  demox,  etc. 

daf'fo-dil,  daf'o-dil,  ».  A  plant  with  solitary 
yellow  flowers.  [<  Gr.^E  asp/todelos,  aspho- 
del.]   daffa-dimyi;  daf'fo-dimy:|:. 

daft,  flgf  t,  a.    Silly;  Imbecile;  insane. 

dag'ger,  dag'gr,  n.  1.  A  short,  edged,  and 
pointed  weapon,  for  stabbing,  etc.  2.  Print. 
A  reference=mark  (+).     [<  W.  dagr,  dagger.] 

da-guer're-an,  da-ger'e-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  dagnerreoty])e.    da-guer'ri-ant. 

da-guerre'o-type,  da-ger'o-taip.  I',  vt.  To 
take  a  daguerreotype  of.  II.  n.  A  former 
photographic  process,  using  silver>=coated  met- 
allic plates;  a  picture  so  made.  [<  Daguerre, 
the  inventor,  -\-  Gr.  typos,  type.] 

dalx'lia,  dfl'lia,  n.  A  flowering  plant  of  the 
aster  family.     [<  Dahl,  Sw.  botanist.] 

dai'ly,  de'li.  I.  a.  Occurring,  appearing,  or 
pertaining  to  every  day;  diurnal.  II.'  n. 
[dai'i.ies%  7?^.]  A  daily  publication.  111.  adv. 
Day  after  day;  on  every  day. 

dain'ty,  den'ti.  I.  a.  1.  Kefined  or  particu- 
lar in  taste;  fastidious.  2.  Delicate  and 
agreeable  to  the  taste:  delicious.  3.  Graceful; 
refined;  decorous.  TL.n.  [-TIES^^;.l  Some- 
thing choice,  delicate,  or  delicious;  a  delicacy. 
[<  OF.  daintie,  <  L.  dignitas,  <  dignus, 
worthy.]  —  dain'ti-ly,  adv. —  dain'ti-ness,  n. 

dai'ry,  de'ri,  n.  [dai'ries^,  pi.]  1;  A  place 
where  milk  is  kept  and  made  into  butter  and 
cheese.  2.  A  place  for  the  sale  of  milk»prod- 
ucts ;  a  dairy=farm  ;  also,  the  business  of 
dealing  in  such  products.  [<  Ice.  deigja, 
orig.  dough»kneader.] — dai'rysfarm",  n.  A 
farm  for  dairy  products.— dai'ry-maid'',  n. 
A  maid  who  works  in  a  dairy. 

da^is,  de'is  or  des,  n.  A  raised  platform,  as  at 
the  upper  end  of  a  room.     [F.] 

dai'sy,  de'zi, /?.  [DAI''SIES^  p^.]  A  low  Euro- 
pean herb  having  a  yellow  disk  with  white  or 
rosc'Colored  rays;  also,  a  similar  American 
plant.     [<  AS.  dxges  edge.,  day's  eye.] 

dale,  del,  n.    A  small  valley.    [<  AS.  dsel.] 

dal'ly,  dal'i,  vi.  [dal'lied,  dal'id;  dal'lt- 
ING.]  1.  To  trifle;  loiter;  delay.  2.  To  toy, 
play,  or  wanton  amorously.  [ME.  dalien, 
play,  trifle.]  —  daPli-ance,  dal'i-ans,  n.  The 
act  of  dallying;  loitering;  fondling;  social  chat. 

dam,  dam,  vt.  [dammed;  dam'ming.]  To 
stop  or  obstruct  by  a  dam;  restrain, 

dam^,  n.  A  barrier  to  check  the  flow  of  a 
stream.     [Of  AS.  origin.] 

dam^,  n.  A  female  parent  of  one  of  the  lower 
animals.     [A  form  of  dame.] 


dani''age,  dam'gj.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dam'aged; 
dam'a-ging.]  To  harm;  injure;  impair;  be- 
come impaired.  II.  n.  1.  Injury;  harm.  2. 
pi.  Law.  Money  recoverable  for  a  wrong  or 
an  injury.     [OF.,  <  L.  damnum,  loss.] 

dam'ask,  dam'ask.  I.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  like  damask.  II.  n.  1.  A  fine  silk  or 
linen  fabric  woven  in  elaborate  patterns.  2. 
The  fine  steel  made  at  Damascus.  3.  Pink=  or 
rose=color.     [<  Damascus,  city  in  Syria.] 

dame,  dem,  n.  1.  A  woman  of  high  social 
position;  a  lady.  2.  A  married  or  mature 
woman;  matron.  [F.,  <  L.  domina,  mistress, 
lady,  fem.  of  dominus,  master.] 

damn,  dam,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  condemn  to  fu- 
ture or  everlasting  punishment.  2.  To  curse 
profanely.  3.  To  condemn;  ruin  by  adverse 
criticism.  II.  i.  To  swear.  [<  L.  damno, 
condemn,  <  damnum,  loss.]  —  dam-'na-b^e, 
dam'na-bl,  a.  Meriting  or  causing  damnation; 
detestable;  outrageous.— dain'iia-bly,  adv.— 
daiii-na'tion,n.  1.  Condemnation  to  future 
punishment  or  perdition ;  the  state  of  the 
damned.  ♦Jll.  Condemnation.— dain'na-to-ry, 
a.  Tending  to  convict  or  condemn;  consigning 
to  damnation.— damned,  damd  or  dam'ned, 
pa.  Judicially  reprobated  and  condemned;  sen- 
tenced to  eternal  punishment.  —  dani^ningr, 
dam'ning,  pa.    Condemning;  inculpating. 

damp,  damp.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  moist; 
dampen;  discourage;  check;  also,  to  bank,  as 
a  fire.  II.  a.  1.  Somewhat  wet;  moist.  2. 
Clammy;  cold. —  damp'ness,  n. 

damp,  n.  1.  A  moderate  degree  of  moisture; 
dampness;  fog;  mist.  2.  Foul  air;  poisonous 
gas.  3.  Depression  of  spirits,  or  that  which 
produces  it.  [ME.  *damp  (in  dam,pen,  choke, 
=  MHG.  dimpfen,  smoke).]  —  damp'en, 
damp'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  damp;  moisten; 
put  a  damper  on;  check:  chill  or  depress.— 
dainp'en-er,  w.— damp'er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  damps  or  checks;  a  device  to 
check  the  draft,  as  of  a  stove.- damp^ly,  adv. 

dani'^sel,  dam'zel,  n.  A  young  unmarried 
woman;  maiden,  [<  LL.of  domicella,  <  L. 
domina,  dame.]    dam'o-selt. 

dam'son,  dam'zn,  n.  A  small  purple  plum; 
also,  the  tree  producing  it. 

dance,  dgns,  iJ.     [danced^;  dan'cing.]    I.  ^. 

1 .  To  perform  the  steps  or  figures  of  (a  dance). 

2.  To  dandle.  II.  i.  1.  To  perform  the 
figures  of,  or  participate  in,  a  dance.  2.  To 
leap,  quiver,  flit,  or  skip  lightly.  [<  OHG.of 
danson,  drag  along.]  —  dan'cer,  n.    ■ 

dance,  n.  1.  A  series  of  rhythmic  concerted 
movements  and  steps  timed  to  music.  2.  A 
dancing'party;  ball.    3.  A  tune  to  dance  by. 

dan^de-li^'on,  dan'de-lai"un,  n.  A  milky 
herb  with  a  large  yellow  flowered  head.  [< 
F.  dent  de  lion,  lit.  'lion's  tooth.'] 

dan^dl(e,  dan'dl,  vt.  [dan'dl(e)d;  dan'- 
DLiNG.]  To  dance,  as  on  the  lap;  treat  like 
an  infant;  fondle;  caress.     [Of  LG.  origin.] 

dan'druflf,  dan'druf,  n.  A  fine  scurf  on  the 
head.     [Etym.  uncertain.]     dan-'driflfj. 

dan'dy,  dan'di,  I.  a.  Like  a  dandy.  II.  n. 
[dan'oies",  pi.]  A  man  fastidious  in  dress 
and  aflEected  in  manner  •  a  fop ;  exquisite.  [Of 
LG.  orig.] — dan'dy-ish,  a. —  daii'dy-ism,  n. 

dan'ger,  den'jer,  n.  Exposure  to  chance  of 
evil,  mjury,  or  loss;  peril;  risk.     [F.] 


flut|ure  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    ell;  c  (k);  chat;  dh  {the)\   go;  sing,  ink;  tlxux. 


dangerous 
day 


122 


dan'ger-ous,  den'jgr-us,  a.    Attended  with 
danger;  hazardous;  perilous;  unsafe. 
-ly,  adv.    -neHS,  n. 

dan''gl(e,  dan'gl,  vt.  &  ti.  [dan'gl(e)d; 
DAN'GLiNG.]  To  han^  or  swing  loosely;  be  an 
attendant  or  suitor:  with  before,  about,  or  after. 
[Dn.]  —  dan'gler,  v. 

dank,  dank,  a.  Damp  and  cold;  moist;  wet. 
[  <  8\v.  dial,  dank,  marshy  ground.] 

dap'per,  dap'gr,  a.  Trim  and  pretty;  neat; 
natty:  also,  little  and  active.     [D.,  brave.] 

dap'pl(e,  dap'l.  I.  vt.  [dap'pl(e)d;  dap'- 
PLiNG.]  To  make  spotted.  II.  a.  Spotted; 
variegated.  dap'pl(e)dj.  III.  n.  A  spot 
or  dot,  as  on  the  skin  of  a  horse ;  an  animal 
marked  with  spots.     [<  Ice.  dejnll,  spot.] 

dare,  dar,  v.  [durst,  durst,  or  dared;  dar'- 
iNG.j  1.  t.  1.  To  be  bold  enough  (to  do  or 
attempt);  venture.  2.  To  challenge;  defy. 
II.  i.  To  have  courage  enough;  venture.  [< 
AS.  dear,  1st  per.  pres.  ind.  of  durran,  dare.] 
—  darling,  dar'ing.  J.  pa.  Possessing  cour- 
age; bold;  brave;  venturesome;  also,  audacious; 
presuming.    II.  n.    Heroic  courage;  bravery. 

dark,  dflrk.  I.  a.  1.  Lacking  light.  2.  Of 
a  deep  shade.  3.  Obscure;  mysterious.  4. 
Gloomy;  disheartening.  5.  Unenlightened. 
6.  Atrocious;  dastardly.  7.  Of  brunette  com- 
plexion. 8.  Blind;  unknowing.  II.  n.  Lack 
of  light;  a  place,  position,  or  state  where  there 
is  little  or  no  light;  a  shadow.  [<  AS.  deorc] 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.— dark'eii,  dark'n,  vt. 
&vi.  1.  To  make  or  grow  dark  or  darker.  *J. 
To  deprive  of  vision,  literally  or  figuratively. 
3.  To  obscure.  4.  To  fill  with  gloom.—  dark'- 
lingr.  I.  a.  Dim;  obscure  or  obscuring;  blind; 
gloomy.  II.  adv.  In  the  dark;  blindly;  uncer- 
tainly.—dark'some,  a.    [Poet.l    Dark. 

dar'ling,  dflr'ling.  I.  a.  Tenderly  beloved; 
very  dear.  II.  n.  One  tenderly  beloved;  a 
pet.     [<  AS.  deovling,  <  deore,  dear.] 

darn,  dflrn.  I.  nt.  To  repair  a  hole  in  by 
filling  in  yarn  or  thread  with  a  needle.  II.  n. 
A  place  mended  by  darning.    [Of  W.  origin.] 

dar'nel,  dQr'nel,  n.  A  grass;  rye^grass;  a 
noxious  weed.     [<  F.  dial,  darnelle.^ 

dart'',  dflrt,  v.  I.  t.  To  emit  swiftly  or  sud- 
denly; shoot  out,  as  a  dart.  II.  i.  To  shoot 
darts;  move  swiftly;  fliy  like  a  dart. 

dart,  m.  A  pointed  missile  weapon,  as  a  javelin; 
a  sudden  and  rapid  motion.  [OP.,  of  Teutonic 
orig.] 

dashS  dash,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  throw  suddenly 
and  violently;  hurl;  shatter;  splash.  2.  To 
sketcli  or  write  hastily:  with  off.  3.  To 
check-j  discourage;  abash.  II.  ^  To  rusli  or 
move  impetuouslv.     [<  Dn.  daske,  slap.] 

dash.,  ft.  1.  A  sudden  advance  or  onset;  short, 
spirited  rush  or  race.  2.  Imnetuosity;  spirit; 
vigor.  3.  Display.  4.  A  check  or  discom- 
fiture.   5.  A  snght  admixture.    6.  A  collision 

or   concussion.    7.  A  horizontal  line  ( ), 

as  a  mark  of  punctuation,  etc. 

dash'ing,  dash'ing, 7?a.  Spirited;  bold;  im- 
|)etii()us;  ostentutiously  showy  or  gay. 

das'tard,  das'tard.  I.  a.  Base  and  coward- 
ly, das'tard-lyj.  11.  n.  A  base  coward; 
l)oltroon.     (  <  Ice.  dsedr,  exhausted.] 

da'ta.  dC''tu  or  dy'tu,  n.    Plural  of  datum. 

date,  det,  v.  [ua'tkd'';  da'tino.]  I.  t.  To 
mark  with  a  date;  assign  a  date  to.    II.  i. 


To  have  or  take  a  certain  date  as  a  bt-ginning; 
bear  d  ate :  w  i  th  from . 
datei,  «.  1.  Tliatpart  of  a  writing  which  tells 
when,  or  when  and  where,  it  was  done.  2. 
The  time  of  some  event;  a  point  of  time;  du- 
ration; age.    [P\,  <  L.  datus,  pp.  of  do,  give.] 

—  date'less,  a.     Without  date;  not  assign- 
able to  any  date;  of  Indefinite  duration. 

date^,  n.  1.  An  oblong,  sweet,  fleshy  fruit, 
enclosing  a  single  hard 
seed.  2.  A  lofty  tree  bear- 
ing this  fruit.  [OF.,  <  L. 
dactylus,  finger  (from  its 
shape).] 

daub,  deb,  v.  I.  t.  To 
smear  or  coat  with  some- 
thing sticky;  plaster;  be- 
smear; paint  badly;  dis- 
guise. II.  i.  1.  To  paint 
rude  or  cheap  pictures.  2. 
To  flatter.  [  <  OF.  dauber, 
<  L.  de,  thoroughly,  -|- 
altnts,  white.] 

daub,  n.  A  sticky  applica- 
tion; a  smear  or  spot;  a 
poor,  coarse  painting. 

—  daiib'er,  n. 
daugh'ter,  de'tgr,  ??.    A 

female  child  or  descendant. 
l<AS.dohtor,  <  \/dht/gh, 
milk.]  —  daii^h^tersins 
law'',  n.  The  wife  of  one's 
son.  — daiisrli'ter-ly,  a. 
Like  a  daughter. 
daunt'),  dflnt,  vt.  To  dis- 
hearten or  intimidate;  cow; 
tame;  conquer.  [<  L.of  of'  ripening  fruit 
dOrnitO,     freq.       of      domo,    (dates);    c,    a  single 

tame.]  --  daunt 'less,     a.  **^^''- 
Fearless;  Intrepid,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  ti. 

dau'pbin,  de'fin,  ??.  The  eldest  son  of  the 
king  of  France.  [F.]  —  dau'phin-ess,  n.  The 
wife  of  a  dauphin. 

dav'it,  dav'it,  n.  A  small  crane  on  a  ship's 
side  for  hoisting  boats  or  anchors. 

daw,  de,  n.    A  jackdaw. 

daw'dl(e,  de'dl,  vt.  &  vi.  [daw'dl(e)d;  daw'- 
DLiNG.I  To  waste  (time)  m  slow  trifling;  act 
lazily;  loiter;  trifle. —  daw'dler,  n. 

davtrn,  den.  I.  vi.  To  begin  to  grow  light; 
begin  to  be  manifest,  expand,  or  give  promise. 
II.  n.  1.  The  first  appearance  of  light  in  the 
morning;  daybreak.  2.  An  awakening;  be- 
ginning.    [<  AS.  dagian,  <  dxg,  day.] 

day,  de,  n.  1.  The  period  from  dawn  todark; 
hence,  daylight  or  sunlight.  2.  The  twenty- 
four  hours  during  one  revolution  of  the  earth 
upon  its  axis;  also,  the  hours  appointed  for 
labor,  or  the  distance  journeyed  within  such 
period.  3.  A  time  or  period;  an  age.  4.  A 
contest  or  battle,  or  its  result.  [<  AS.  dseg, 
(pi.  dagos).]  — day'sbook",  n.  Jiookkeening. 
The  book  in  which  trai'.sactlons  are  rccoraod  in 
tlie  order  of  their  taking  place.-  ilay'hreak'', 
n.  Same  as  DAWN,  «.,  l.-daysdri'aiii,  ".  A 
reverie.- day'litfht",  n.  1.  'I'he  light  received 
from  the  sun;  the  light  of  day.  '^.  Same  a.s  day, 
«.,  1.  — day'HpriHHr",  n.  [Poet.]  The  early 
dawn.— day sHtar,  n.  The  star  of  morning  or 
dawn;  an  emblem  of  hope.— day'tinie"»  «. 
The  time  between  sunrise  and  sunset. 


Date. 
a,  a  date  tree,  bear- 
ing fruit;  b,   growth 


popli,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^mfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©ratpr,  «r;  full,  iftle;  but,  nr; 


123 


daysman 
deca- 


<!ays''nian;i,  dezman,  7^  [-men,  pZ.]  An  arbi- 
trator or  umpire;  mediator. 

daze,  dez.  I.  vt.  [dazed;  da'zing.]  To 
f-tupefy  or  bewilder,  as  by  a  glare  of  light  or  a 
shock.    II.  n.    The  state  of  being  dazed. 

daz'zlfe,  daz'l,  v.  [daz'zl(e)d;  daz'zi.ing.] 
I.  /.  1.  To  blind  momentarily  by  excess  of 
light.  2.  To  bewilder  or  charm,  as  with  brilliant 
prospects.  II.  i.  To  be  blindingly  bright; 
be  blinded  by  light;  excite  admiration  by  dis- 
play.    [Freq.  of  daze.] 

del,  (ie,  prep.  Of:  In  phrases  or  proper  names. 
I F.]  —  oe2,  dt  or  de,  prep.  From;  of :  used  In 
Latin  phrases.  i'L.'i  — Ae-,  prefix.  From;  down; 
out:  used  with  privative,  Intensive,  or  completive 
force.  In  some  words  It  Is  equivalent  to  dis-. 
L<  F.  de-,  de-,  <  L.  de-,  de,  from  (<  F.  de);  and 
see  DIS-.] 

dea'con,  di'cn,  n.  Ecd.  A  church  officer  or 
subordinate  minister.  [<  Gr.  diakonos,  serv- 
ant.]—dea'con-ry,  dea'con-ship,  n.  The 
office,  rank,  duty,  or  term  of  service  of  a  deacon 
or  deaconess.  —  dea^con-e$^s,  n.  A  woman 
appointed  to  assist  In  the  work  of  the  church. 

dead,  ded.  I.  a.  1.  Having  ceased  to  live;  life- 
less; insensible;  numb;  motionless;  inanimate; 
inorganic.  2.  Complete;  utter;  absolute;  per- 
fect. 3.  Unproductive;  inactive;  useless.  4. 
Without  break,  brightness,  resonance,  elas- 
ticity, interest,  or  spirit.  5.  Deadly.  II.  n. 
1.  The  most  lifeless  period;  as,  the  dead  of 
night.  2.  Dead  persons  collectively:  with  the 
definite  article.  III.  adv.  1.  [Colloq.]  To 
the  last  degree;  wholly;  absolutely;  as,  dead 
ripe.  2.  Naut.  Exactly;  as,  the  wreck  was 
dead  ahead.  [<  AS.  dead,  =  Goth,  dauths, 
dead.]  —  dead'en,  ded'n,  vt.  To  diminish  the 
force,  speed,  or  Intensity  of-  blunt;  dull;  retard. 
—  dead'Iy,  ded'li,  a.  1.  Liable  or  certain  to 
cause  death;  fatal.  2,  Aiming  or  tending  to 
kill;  mortal;  Implacable.  3.  Kesembling  death; 
deathly.— dead'li-ness,  7i.— dead'ly,  adv.— 
dead^ness,  n. 

deaf,  def,  a.  1.  Lacking  or  deficient  in  the 
sense  of  hearing.  2.  Determined  not  to  hear 
or  be  persuaded.  [<  AS.  deaf,  orig.  dull;  cp. 
DUMB.]— deaPen,  def'n.t'^.  Tomakedeaf ;  con- 
fuse or  stun,  as  with  noise.— deafsinute'',  n.  A 
congenltally  deaf*and=dumb  person;  especially, 
one  dumb  because  of  deafness.— deaPii ess,  n. 

deal,  dtl,  v.  [dealt,  delt;  deal'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  distribute;  apportion.  2.  To  deliver; 
inflict.  II.  i.  1.  To  have  dealings;  do  busi- 
ness; trade.  2.  To  conduct  oneself;  behave.  [< 
AS.  dselan,  <  dsel,  share.]  —  deal'er,  n.  One 
who  deals  In  any  sense;  a  trader.—  deal'insr,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  deals;  any  transaction  with 
others. 

deals  n.  1.  A  quantity,  degree,  or  extent.  2. 
A  distribution  of  cards;  a  single  round.  3. 
[U.  S.]    A  secret  bargain.    [<  AS.  dsul,  part.] 

deal2,  n.  A  board  or  plank,  or  the  wood,  as 
fir  or  pine,  of  which  it  is  made.     [<  D.  deel.] 

dean,  din,  n.  The  chief  officer  of  a  cathedral ; 
an  executive  officer  of  a  college.  [<  LL.  de- 
canus,  one  set  over  ten,  <  L  decern.,  ten.] 

—  dean'er-y,  ??.  [-iesi,???.]  The  office,  reve- 
nue, residence,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  dean.— deaii'- 
ship,  n.    The  office,  rank,  or  title  of  a  dean. 

dear,  dir.  I.  a.  Beloved;  precious;  highly 
esteemed;  costly.  II.  n.  One  who  is  much 
beloved;  a  darling.  III.  adv.  Dearly.  IV. 
interj.     An  exclamation  of  regret,  surprise, 


etc.  [In  a  good  sense,  <  AS.  deore,  in  a  bad 
sense,  <  AS.  dear,  wild,  cruel;  see  deer.] 

—  dear'ly,  ari».— dear'ness,  n. 
dearth.,  dgrth,  n.    Scarcity    lack;  famine. 
death,  deth,  n.    1.  Cessation  of  physical  life. 

2.  Extinction  of  anything;  decay;  destruction. 
[<  AS.  death,  =  Goth.  davthus.^  —  Ae&tW- 
less,  a.  Notliable  todie;  undying;  unending;  per- 
petual.—death'ly,  a.  1 ,  Having  the  semblance 
or  suggestion  of  death,  deatli'liket.  2. 
Deadly.—  death^li-ness,  «.—  death'ly,  adv. 

de-bar',  de-bar',  tt.  To  bar  or  shut  out;  pro- 
hibit; preclude;  hinder:  commonly  with /row. 

de-bark's  d§-bark',  ^^  l.t.  To  set  upon  the 
shore  from  a  vessel;  land.   II.  i.  To  go  ashore. 

—  ile'^bark-a'tion,  n. 

de-base',  d§-bes',  vt.  [de-based'S  de-ba'- 
sing.]  To  lower  in  character,  purity,  or  value; 
depreciate ;  degrade.  [  <  de-  -|-  base,  a.]  —  de- 
base'iiient,  «.— de-ba'ser,  n. 

de-bate',  d§-bet'.  I.  tt.  &  vt.  [de-ba'ted<1; 
de-ba'ting.]  To  discuss  argumentatively; 
argue;  consider;  reflect.  II.  n.  The  discuss- 
ing of  any  question;  argumentation;  dispute; 
controversy.  [ <  L.^  de,  down,  -|-  batuo,  strike.] 

—  de-ba'ta-bl(e,  a.— <le-ba'ter,  n. 
de-bauch',  dg-bech'.     I',  vt.  &  vi.    1.    To 

make  or  become  corrupt  in  morals ;  lead  astray; 
seduce.  2.  To  vitiate;  pervert.  II.  n.  1. 
An  act  or  occasion  of  debauchery;  a  carouse. 
2.  Excess;  intemperance;  lewdness.  [<  F. 
debaucher,  <  de-{see  de-)  -f-  OF.  haucher,  hew.] 

—  deb"au-chee',  deb"o-shi'  or  de'bu-shS',  n. 
One  habitually  profligate,  drunken,  or  lewd;  a 
libertine.  —  de-Daucn'er,  n.  One  who  de- 
bauches; a  seducer.—  de-bauch'er-y ,  n.  L-iks», 
pl."\    Licentiousness;  drunkenness. 

de-bil'i-tate,  de-bil'i-tet,  vt.  [-ta'tedi^; 
-ta'ting.]  To  make  feeble  or  languid;  weaken. 
[<  L.  debUis,  weak.]  — de-bil'i-ty,  n.  Abnor- 
mal weakness;  languor;  feebleness, 

deb'it,  deb'it.  !<'.  vt.  1.  To  enter  on  the 
debtor  side  of  an  account.  2.  To  charge,  as 
with  debt.  II.  n.  The  debit  side  of  an  ac- 
count; a  debt  or  debts  recorded;  something 
owed.   [  <  L.  debitum,  <  debeo,  owe;  see  debt.] 

deb"o-nair',  deb"o-nar',  a.  Gentle  or  cour- 
teous; affable;  complaisant.  [<F.debonnaire, 
<  de-,  of,  +  bon,  good,  -f  air,  mien.]   -ly,  adv. 

deb-oucb'S  deb-ush',  vi.  To  emerge  or  issue; 
pass  out.  [<  F.  de-,  of,  from,  +  bouche, 
mouth.] — de"bou"chure',  de"bii"8hiir',  n. 
The  opening  out  of  a  valley,  stream,  or  the  like. 

d6"bris',  )  de'bri',  deb"ri',  n.    Accumulated 

deb"ris', )  fragments;  ruins;  rubbish.     [F.] 

debt,  det,  n.  1.  That  which  one  owes;  an  ob- 
ligation; the  state  of  being  indebted.  2§.  A  sin; 
trespass.  [  <  F.  dette,  <  L.  debitus,  pp.  of  debeo, 
owe.]  —  debt'or,  n.    One  who  is  in  debt. 

d6"but',  de"bii',  n.  A  first  appearance,  as  in 
society  or  on  the  stage;  first  attempt.  [F.]  — 
de"bii-taiit',  d6"bu-tuh',7i.  One  who  makes  a 
debut.— de"bu-tante',  de'bii-tant',  n.  fern. 

dec'ade,  dek'gd,  w.  1.  A  period  of  ten  years. 
2.  A  group  or  set  of  ten.  [<  Gr.  deka{d-)s,  < 
deka,  ten.]    dec'adj. 

de-ca'dence,  de-ke'dgns,  n.  Deterioration; 
decline;  decay.  ~'[<  F.  decadence,  <  L.  de, 
down,  +  cado,  fall.]  de-ca'den-cy:}:.  — 
de-ca'dent,  a.    Falling  into  ruin  or  decay. 

deca-.    A  combining  form.    [<Gv.  deka,  ten.'] 

—  <lec'a-8ron,  dec'a-gen,  n.    A  figure  with  ten 


fiiitiure    (future);    aisle;   au    (jmi);    ell;    c    (k);    cliat;    dli    (//le);   go;   sing,  ink;    tliin. 


decalogrud 
declension 


IM 


sides  and  ten  angles.  — de-cagr'o-nal,  a.— 
dec'a-8:rain  or -t; ram  me,  dec'u-gram,  dec'- 
a-li-^ter  or  -tre,  dec'a-me''tei'  or  -tre, 
dec'a-stere,  see  Metric  System,  under 
METRIC— dec^'a-he'dron,  dec'a-hl'dren,  n. 
A  solid  bounded  by  ten  plane  faces.  —  dec^'a- 
he'dral,  a.  — dec'a-pod.    I.  a.   Ten^footed, 


or  ten=armed;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Decapoda 
a  division  of  crustaceans  with  five  pairs  of  legs 
Including  crabs,  lobsters,  etc.    II.  n.    A  ten 


legs, 

ten- 

dec-ap'o-dal,  dec-ap^o- 


f  ooted  crustacean 
doiis,  a 

dec'a-log(ue,  dec'a-leg,  n.  The  ten  com- 
mandments ;  the  moral  law.  [  <  Gr.  dekalogos, 
<  deka,  ten,  +  logos^  word.] 

de-camp's  de-camp',  %i.  1.  To  break  camp; 
march  away.  2.  To  leave  suddenly  or  secretly; 
run  away. —  de-cainp'inent,  n. 

dec'a-nal,  dec'a-nal,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  dean  or  deanery,  [<  LL.  decanus;  see  dean.] 

de-cant''',  d§-cant',  vt.  To  pour  off  gently. 
[<  F.  decanter^  <  de-,  from,  +  OF.  cant^ 
edge.]  —  de"can-ta'tion,  n. —  de-cant-'er,  n. 
An  ornamental  bottle  for  wine,  water,  etc. 

de-cap'i-tate,  dg-cap'i-tet,  vt.  [-ta"ted''; 
-TA'TiNG.]  To  behead.  [<  L.ll  de.,  off,  -f- 
caput,  head.]  —  de-cap'^i-ta'tion,  n. 

dec'a-stere,  dec'a-stir,  n.  Ten  cubic  meters. 
See  Metric  System,  under  metric,  dec'a- 
steri;  dek'a-sterel:. 

de-cay',  d§-ke',  v.  I.  t.  To  affect  by  decay; 
impair;  rot.  II.  i.  To  suffer  decay;  deterio- 
rate; decline;  Icccorae rotten.  {<  l,fi^  decido, 
fail,  <  de,  down,  +  cado,  fall.J 

de-cay',  w.  A  gradual  decline;  deterioration; 
decomposition;  corruption;  rottenness. 

de-cease',  dg-sts'.   I.  vi.    [de-ceased";  de- 
CEAs'iNG.]    To  depart  from  this  life;  die.    II. 
n.  Departure  from  this  life;  death.     [<  L.  de- 
cessus,  <  de-  (see  de-)  4-  cedo,  go.] 
—  de-ceased',  pa.    Dead. 

de-ceit',  dg-sit',  n.  The  act  of  deceiving;  de- 
ception; fraud;  deceptiveness^  trick.  [<L.o*' 
deceptus,  pp.  of  decipio,  deceive.]  —  de-celt'- 
ful,  de-stt'ful,  a.  Characterized  by  deception; 
false;  tricky;  fraudulent,     -ly,  adv.    -uess,  n. 

de-ceive',  dg-slv',  vt.  [de-ceived'  ;  de-ceiv'- 
iNG.]  To  mislead  by  or  as  by  falsehood;  im- 
pose upon;  delude.  [<  F.  decevoir.,  <  L.  de- 
cipio;  see  deceit.]  —  de-ceiv'a-bl(e,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  deceived;  liable  to  imposition.— 
de-ceiv'a-bl(e-ne88,  n.—  de-ceiv'a-bly, 
rtd?;.— de-ceiv'er,  n.   One  who  deceives. 

De-cem'ber,  dl-sem'l)er,  n.  The  twelfth 
month  of  the  year,  having  31  days.     [L.] 

de'cen-cy ,  dl's^in-si,  n.  T-cies*,  pi.]  Propriety 
in  conduct,  speech,  or  dress;  modesty;  that 
which  is  decent. 

de-cen'ni-al,  dg-sen'i-al,  a.  Continuing  for 
ten  years;  occurring  every  ten  years.  [<  L. 
decern,  ten,  -\-  annus,  year.]  —  de-cen'na-ry, 
a.  (;on8l8tlnK  of  or  pertaining  to  ten;  pertain- 
ing to  ten  years  or  to  a  tithing. 

de'cent,  dl'sgnt,  a.  1.  Proper;  decorous;  re- 
spectable. 2.  Modest;  chaste.  3.  Sufficient ; 
passable  ;  moderate.  [<  L.  decen{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
rfec«<,  it  becomes.]    -\y,adv.    -ness,  yj. 

de-cep'tion,  dg-sep'shun,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
(H'iving;  deceit;  the  state  of  being  deceived; 
anything  that  deceives;  a  delusion. 

de-cep'tiv(e,  de-sep'tiv,  a.  Having  power  or 
tendency  to  deceive. 


dec"iare',  dcs"iar',  dec'i-gram  or  -gramme, 
des'i-gram,  dec'i-li"ter  or  -tre,  dec'v> 
me"ter  or  -tre,  dec"i-stere',  see  Metric 
System,  under  metric. 

de-cide',  dg-said',  v.  [de-ci'ded<';  de-ct'- 
DiNG.]  I.  t.  To  determine  authoritatively  or 
conclusively;  adjudge;  arbitrate;  resolve.  II. 
i.  To  give  judgment;  come  to  or  give  a  deci- 
sion. [<  L.  decido,  <  de,  off,  +  csedo,  cut.] 
—  de-ci'ded,  joa.  1.  Free  from  uncertainty; 
unquestionable;  unmistakable,  tj.  Determined; 
resolute;  emphatic— de-ci'ded-Iy,  adv. 

de-cid'u-ous,  dg-sid'yu-us,  a.  1.  Falling  off 
at  maturity,  as  leaves,  antlers,  teeth,  etc.  2. 
Shedding  leaves  annually,  as  a  tree,  etc.  [<  L. 
deciduns,  <  decido,  fall  off.] 

dec'i-mal,  des'i-mal.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
founded  on  the  number  10;  proceeding  by 
powers  of  10  or  of  one-tenth,  II.  n.  A  dec- 
imal fraction  or  one  of  its  digits.  [L.^l+of 
decimus,  tenth,  <  decern,  ten.]  —  decimal 
fraction,  a  fraction  whose  denominator  (usu- 
ally unexpressed)  is  10  or  a  power  of  10.  —  d. 
point,  a  dot  or  period  used  before  a  decimal 
fraction.—  dec'i-mal-ly,  adv.—  dec'i-mate, 
des'i-met,t;«.  [-MA'TEDd; -ma'ting.]  1.  To  kill 
one  out  of  every  ten  of.  2.  To  destroy  a  large 
proportion  of.— dec"i-ma'tion,  n. 

de-ci'pher,  dg-sai'fgr,  vt.  To  make  out  the 
words  or  meaning  of.  [<  de-  4"  cipher.]  — 
de-ci'pher-a-bl(e,  a.  — de-ci'pher-er,  n. 

de-ci'sion,  dg-sizh'un,  n.  1.  The  act  of  de- 
ciding; a  fixed  intention;  decisive  result;  settle- 
ment; judgment  of  a  court.  2.  The  quality  of 
being  positive  and  firm;  determination. 

de-ci'siv(e,  dg-sai'siv,  a.  1.  Putting  an  end  to 
uncertainly,  debate,  or  question;  conclusive.  2. 
Prompt;  positive;  decided.    Ay,  adv.  -ness,  w. 

decks  dek,  vt.  1.  To  array;  dress  elegantly; 
adorn;  decorate.    2.  To  put  a  deck  on. 

deck,  n.  1.  Naut.  A  platform  covering  or 
extending  horizontally  across  a  vessel;  the 
space  between  two  such  platforms.  2.  A  car* 
roof.  3.  A  pack  of  playing-cards.  [<  D. 
dek,  <  dekken,  cover.] 

de-claim',  dg-clem',  v.  I.  t.  To  deliver  ora- 
torically  in  public;  recite.  II.  i.  1.  To  speak 
in  rhetorical  style;  harangue.  2.  To  give  a 
recitation.  [<  L.  declamo,  <  de-  intens.  + 
clamo,  cry  out.]  — de-claini'er,  n.  —  dec"la- 
ma'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  declaiming;  empty 
or  bombastic  oratory,  ti.  A  speech  or  selection 
recited  or  to  be  recited  from  memory.— de- 
clam'a-to-ry,  dg-clam'a-to-ri,  a.  Using,  char- 
acterized by,  or  pertaining  to  declamation. 

de-clare',dg-cljTr',  t;.  [de-clared';  de-clak'- 
iNo.]  I.  t.  1.  To  make  known;  reveal;  ex- 
plain. 2.  To  assert  positively.  3.  To  announce 
formally  to  be  or  exist.  11.  e.  To  make  a 
declaration ;  proch  im  a  choice  or  decision.  [  < 
L.  declaro,  <  de-,  thoroughly,  -j-  clarus,  clear.] 
—  dec"la-ra'tion,  dec'la-rC'shun,  n.  A 
formal,  positive,  or  explicit  statement;  the  act  of 
declaring,  or  that  which  Is  declared.—  de- 
clnr'a-to-ry,  dg-clar'a-to-rl,  a.  Making  adec- 
laration;  attirmatlve.    de-clar'a-tiv(et. 

de-clen'sion,  de-clen'shun,  n.  1.  Gratn.  (1) 
The  inrteclion  of  nouns,  pronouns,  and  adjec- 
tives, as  to  indicate  fjender,  number,  and  case. 
(2)  A  class  of  words  tnus  infiecte<l.  2.  Decline; 
deterioration.  3.  The  act  of  declining.  4.  A 
slope;  Incline. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ce);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


125 


decline 
defeasance 


de-cline',  d§-clain',  v.  [de-clineb';  de-cli'- 
NiNG.]    I.   t.  1.  To  refuse  to  accept  or  com- 

Ely  with;  reject.  2.  To  bend  down;  depress. 
.  To  give  the  case^forms  of,  as  a  noun;  in- 
flect. 'II.  i.  1.  To  refuse.  2.  To  bend, 
slope,  move,  tend,  or  hang  downward;  decay; 
diminish.  3.  To  turn  aside  or  away;  deviate. 
[<  L.  declino,  <  de,  down,  -f  clino,  lean.]  —  de- 
cli'na-blCe,  de-clai'na-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being 
declined.— dec'^li-iia'tion,  dec"li-ne'shun,  n. 

I.  The  act  of  declining;  inclination;  descent; 
slope.  2.  Deterioration;  decay.  3.  Refusal;  non= 
acceptance.  4.  Astron.  The  angular  distance 
of  a  lieavenly  body  from  the  celestial  equator. 

de-cline',  n.  The  act  or  result  of  declining; 
deterioration;  decay. 

de-cliv'i-ty,  de-cliv'i-ti,  n.    [-ties^,  pl.l    A 

downward  slope;  descending  surface  of  a  hill 

or  mountain.     [<  L.  rfe,  down,  -\-  divus,  hill.] 

—  de-cliv'i-toiis,  a.    Sloping  downward. 

de-coc'tion,  de-cec'ehun,  n.  The  act  of  boil- 
ing; a  liquid  preparation  made  by  boiling  a 
substance.  [  <  L.  de,  down,  -\-  coquo,  cook.T  — 
€le-coct'<i,  rt.    To  make  a  decoction  of;  cook. 

dd''col''le-t<^'^  de"cere-te',  ;aa.  1 .  Cut  low  In  the 
neck.  2.  [de'col'le-t^e'  /em.]  Having  the 
neck  and  shoulders  bare.    [F.] 

de-col'or,  di-cul'§r,  vt.  To  deprive  of  color; 
bleach.— de-ool'"or-a'tion,  n. 

de'<coin-pose',di'c9m-pOz',t'^.&n.  [-posed'; 
-po'siNG.]  To  separate  into  constituent  parts 
or  elements;  decay;  putrefy. —  de-com'^po-sP- 
tion,  n.  The  act,  proces.^?,  or  result  of  decom- 
posing, by  chemical  action  or  by  natuial  decay. 

dec'o-rate,  dec'o-ret,  xt.  [-ra'ted'';  -ra"- 
TiXG.]  To  adorn;  ornament;  confer  a  decora- 
tion upon.     [<  L.  decorOy  adorn.] 

dec'^o-ra'tion,  dec"o-re'shun,  n.  1.  The  act, 
process,  or  art  of  decorating;  ornamentation; 
an  ornament.  2.  A  badge  of  honor. —  dec'o- 
ra-tiv(e,  a.  Of,  pertalmng  to,  or  suitable  for 
decoration;  ornamental.—  <lec'o-ra''tor,  n. 

de-co'rous,  de-co'rus  or  dec'o-rus,  a.  Proper; 
becoming;  suitable,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-co'rum,  dg-cO'rum,  n.  Propriety,  as  in 
manner,  conduct,  etc.  [L.,  <  decorus\  becom- 
ing, befitting,  <  deceU  it  befits.] 

de-coy',  dg-cei',  I.  vt.  To  entice,  as  into 
danger  or  a  snare;  draw  on,  so  as  to  entrap. 

II.  n.    One  who  or  that  which  decoys;  a  lure, 
de-crease', d§-cris'.  I. t;^.&i;i.  [de-creased"; 

de-creas'ing.]  To  diminish  gradually;  re- 
duce. II.  n.  The  act,  process,  or  state  of 
decreasing;  the  amount  or  degree  of  loss;  dim- 
inution.    [<  L.  de.,  from,  -\-  cresco.,  grow.] 

de-cree',  d§-cri'.  I.  vt.&vi.  [de-creed';  de- 
cree'ing.]  To  order,  adjudge,  ordain,  or  ap- 
point by  law  or  by  edict;  issue  a  decree.  II. 
n.     A  law;  edict.     [  <  L.  decretum.] 

dec're-ment,  dec'rg-mgnt,  n.  A  decreasing; 
loss  by  decrease;  waste. 

de-crep'it,  de-crep'it,  a.  Enfeebled,  as  by  old 
age;  broken  down.  [<  L.  de-.,  de-, -|- c?'(?2W, 
crack.]  de-crep'idt.  —  de-crep'i-tude,  n. 
Enfeeblement  through  infirmity  or  old  age. 

de-cry', de-crai'.i;?;.  [de-cried';  de-cry'ing.] 
To  say  disparaging  things  about;  traduce.  [< 
F.  decrie7%  <  de-,  down,  -f  crier.,  cry.]  —  de- 
cri'al,  n.  The  act  of  decrying.- de-cri'er,  «. 

dec'u-ple,  dec'yu-pl.  I.  vt.  [-pled;  -pling.] 
To  increase  tenfold.    II.  a.  Tenfold.  III.  n. 


A  number  ten  times  repeated.  [  <  L.  decuplus, 
<  decern,  ten.] 

ded'i-cate,  ded'i-ket.  I.  vt.  [-ca'ted''; 
-cA"TiNG.]  1.  To  set  apart  for  sacred  uses; 
consecrate;  devote.  2.  To  preface  with  a 
dedication.  II.  a.  Dedicated;  devoted.  [< 
L.  de,  down,  4- f?i<70,  declare.]— ded"i-ca'tion, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  dedicating.  2.  An  inscription, 
as  to  a  friend,  prefixed  to  a  book.—  ded'i-ca"- 
tor,  «.— ded'i-ca-to-ry,  a. 

de-duce',  d§-dius',  vt.  [de-duced"  ;  de-du'- 
ciNG.]  1.  To  derive  as  a  conclusion;  infer; 
conclude.  2.  To  trace,  as  derivation  or  origin. 
[<  L.  deduco,  <  de,  down, -{- duco,  lead.]  — de- 
<lii'ci-bl(e,  a.    Capable  of  being  deduced. 

de-duct' •!,  de-duct',  vt.  To  subtract;  take 
away.  [<  L.  deduco  (pp.  deductus);  see  de- 
duce.] —  de-duct'i-bl(e,  a. —  de-duc'tion,  dg- 
duc'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  deducing;  an  infer- 
ence; conclusion.  2.  The  act  of  deducting;  sub- 
traction; abatement.— de-duct'iv(e,  a.  Infer- 
ential;  deducible.— de-duct'iv(e-ly,  adv. 

deed,  did.  F.  vt.  To  convey  by  deed.  II. 
n.  1.  Anything  done;  an  act;  achievement. 
2.  Fact;  truth;  reality.  3.  Law.  A  written 
instrument  of  conveyance  under  seal.  [<  AS. 
dsed,  <  don,  do.] 

deem,  dim,  vt.  &  vi.  To  decide;  judge;  con- 
sider; regard;  believe.  [<  AS.  deman,  < 
dom;  see  doom.] 

deep,  dip.  I.  a.  1.  Extending  far  down- 
ward, backward,  or  inward.  2.  Profound; 
abstruse.  3.  Sagacious;  penetrating;  also, 
scheming;  designing.  4.  Extreme;  heartfelt. 
5.  Low  or  sonorous  in  tone;  dark  in  hue.  6. 
Muddy;  heavy,  as  a  road,  11.  n.  That  which 
has  great  depth;  an  abyss;  the  sea.  111.  adv. 
Deeply.  [<  AS.  c?e5i;,  deep.]  Ay,  adv.  -ness, 
«.— deep'en,  dtp'n,  vt.  &  tn.  To  make  or  be- 
come deep  or  deeper,  in  any  sense. 

deer,  dir,  n.  [deer,  jjI.}  A  ruminant  with  ant- 
lers (in  the  male  sex),  as  the  moose,  elk,  and 
reindeer.     [<  AS.  deor,  wild  animal.] 

de-face',  dg-fes',  vt.  [de-faced";  de-fa'- 
ciNG.]  To  mar;  disfigure;  efface.  [<  L.^f 
dis-,  DIS-,  -J-/ad«s, face.]— de-face'meiit,  n. 

de  fac'to,  dl  or  de  fac'to.  Actually  or  really  ex- 
isting, as  a  government:  distinguished  from  de 
jure.    [L.] 

def'al-ca'tion,  def"al-ke'shun,  n.  A  fraud- 
ulent appropriation  of  money  held  in  trust; 
embezzlement;  also  a  deficit.  [<  L.^  de,  off, 
+  faix  ifalc-),  sickle.] 

de-fame',  de-fem',  vt.  &  vi.  [de-famed';  de- 
fa'ming.]  To  calumniate;  slander;  libel.  [< 
L.^  diffamo,  <  dis-,  dis-,  -f  fama;  see  fame, 
??.]  — "defa-ma'tion,  def"a-me'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  defaming;  aspersion;  calumny.— de-fam'- 
a-to-rv,  a.    Slanderous.  —  de-fa'iner,  n. 

de-fault'd,  dg-felt',  v.-  1.  t.  1.  To  make  de- 
fault in;  neglect.  2.  Law.  To  declare  in  de- 
fault. 11.  i.  To  make  a  default.— de-fault'- 
er,  n.  One  who  defaults;  a  delinquent;  embezzler. 

de-fault',  n.  1.  A  failure  in  or  neglect  of  an 
obligation  or  duty;  failure  to  appear  or  plead 
in  a  suit.  2.  Want  or  deficiency;  absence; 
lack.     [<  L.i^  de,  away,  -\-fallo,  deceive.] 

de-fea'sance,  de-ft'zans,  n.  A  making  null 
or  void;  an  annulment.  [<  OF.  dtfeisance,< 
defaire,  undo,  defeat.]  —  de-fea'sl-bl(e,  dg-fl'- 
zi-bl,  a.    Capable  of  being  rendered  void. 


flut|fire    (future);    aisle;    au    (ml);    ©il;    c    (k);    chat;    db    (the);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


defeat 
degree 


126 


de-feat'',  dg-fit'.  I-i.  vt.  1.  To  battle;  over- 
come; vanquish;  frustrate.  2.  Latv.  To  make 
void;  annul.  II.  n.  The  act  or  result  of  de- 
feating; an  overthrow;  in  law,  an  annulment. 
[<  L.o*"  de-,  DE-,  -\-facio,  do.] 

de-fect',  dg-feet',  n.  Lack  or  absence  of  some- 
thing essential;  imperfection;  fault;  a  blem- 
ish; failing;  fault.  [<  L.  defectus,  <  de,  from, 
-}-  facio^  do.]  —  de-fec/tion,  d§-fec'shun,  n. 
Abandonment  of  allegiance  or  duty;  desertion.— 
cle-fect'iv(e,  a.  1.  Incomplete  or  Imperfect; 
faulty.  2.  Lacking  some  regular  grammatical 
forms,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-fence',  -less,  etc.    Same  as  defense,  etc. 

de-fend'",  de-fend',  v.  I.  t.  To  protect; 
maintain;  vindicate.  II.  i.  Latv.  To  make 
defense.  [<  L.  defendo^<  (?^,  away,  -\-fendo, 
strike.] — de-fend' ant.  I.  a.  Making  defense. 
II.  n.  One  against  whom  a  legal  action  Is 
brought;  a  defender.  — de-fen cl'er,  n.  One 
who  defends  or  protects;  a  champion. 

de-fense',  I  de-fens',  n.  1.  The  act  of  def end- 
de-fence',  fing;  protection.  2.  Anything 
that  defends.  3.  A  plea  in  justification;  ex- 
cuse; apology.  —  de-fense'less,  de-fence'less, 
a.  Having  no  defense  or  means  of  defense;  un- 
protected.— de-fen'si-bl  (e,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing defended,  maintained,  or  justified.  — dc- 
fen"8i-bil'i-ty,  de-fen'si-bl (e-ness,  n  — 
de-fen'sivCe.  1.  a.  Intended  or  suitable  for 
defense;  done  In  defense;  making  defense.  II. 
n.  An  attitude  or  condition  of  defense;  means 
of  defense;  safeguard,    -ly,  adv. 

de-fer'i,  de-fgr',  v.  [de-ferred';  de-fer'- 
RiNf;.]  l.t.  To  put  off;  postpone.  II.  i. 
To  delay;  wait.     [<  L.  differo.,  bear  apart.] 

de-fer'2,  ^,  [de-ferred';  de-fer'ring.]  I!. 
t.  To  submit  or  refer  (something)  respect- 
fully: with  to  before  the  indirect  object.  II. 
i.  To  yield  respectfully;  submit:  with  to. 
[  <  L.  defero.,  <  de.,  down,  -|-  /ero,  bear.]  — 
dePer-ence,  def 'er-ens,  n.  Respectful  yielding; 
respect;  regard.— dei^'er-en'tial,  a.  Marked 
by  deference;  respectful,    -ly,  adv. 

de-fi'ant,  dg-fai'ant,  a.  Showing  or  charac- 
terized by  defiance.— de-fl'ance,  n.  The  act 
of  defying;  a  challenge;  bold  opposition. 

de-fl'cient,  dg-fish'gnt,  a.  Lacking;  insufti- 
cient;  incomplete;  imperfect;  defective.  [<  L. 
deficien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  deflcio,  be  wanting.]  -ly, 
«^?;.— de-fi'cien-cy,  de-flsh'gn-sl,  n.  1-ciks«, 
n/.l  The  state  of  being  deficient,  or  that  which 
18  rteficlcnt;  lack;  Insufllclency;  defect. 

def'i-cit,  def'i-sit,  n.  A  deficiency,  or  falling 
short  in  amount;  shortage.     [L.] 

de-flle'i,  de-fail',  vt.  [de-filed';  de-fi'- 
i-iNo.]  To  pollute;  debauch;  violate.  [<  AS. 
afJ/lan,  <  a-,  a-2,  -\-fm,  foul.]  —  de-flle'inent, 
n.  The  act  of  defiling,  or  state  of  being  defiled; 
uncleanness;  pollution.— de-fl'lcr,  n. 

de-file'3,  m.  To  march  by  files;  file  off.  [< 
F.  d^ler,  <  de-  priv.  -hJUer,  spin.] 

de-file',  n.  1.  A  long  narrow  pass;  gorge. 
2.  Mil.    A  marching  in  file. 

de-fine',  dg-fain',  v.  [de-fined';  de-fi'- 
NiN(i.]  I.  ^  1.  To  state  the  meaning  of;  ex- 
plain. 2.  To  determine  precisely;  bring  out 
the  limits  or  outlines  of.  II.  i.  To  give  a 
definition  or  decision.  [<  L.  definio,  <  de,  off, 
-\-_1iniK,  end.]  —  de-li'na-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of 
being  defined.— de-fl'ner,  n. 

def'i-nit(e,  def'i-nit,  a.     Having  precise  lim- 


its; known  with  exactness;  determined; 
clear;  precise,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— de-fln'i- 
tiv(e.  I.  a.  Sharply  defining  or  limiting;  de- 
terminate; explicit;  positive.  II.  n.  A  word 
that  defines  or  limits,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

def'i-ni'tion,  def  "i-nish'un,  n.  1.  A  descrip- 
tion or  explanation  of  a  word  or  thing,  by  its 
attributes,  properties,  or  relations,  that  dis- 
tinguishes it  from  all  other  things.  2.  The 
act  of  defining.  3.  The  state  of  being  definite; 
deflnitiveness.  4.  The  determining  of  the  out- 
line or  limits  of  anything;  the  state  of  being 
clearly  outlined  or  determined;  the  power  of  a 
lens  to  give  a  distinct  image. 

de-fiect'**,   dg-flect',  v.    I.    t.    To  cause  to 

swerve;  bend  from  a  course.     II.  i.    To  turn 

aside;  swerve.    [<  L.  de.,  away,  -f-^erfo,bend.] 

—  de-flec'tion,  n.  A  turning  aside;  deviation. 

de-fiow'er,  de-flau'gr,  r^.  To  despoil;  ravish. 
[<  L.LL  (Ze,  from,  -\- Jlos  {flor-),  flower.] 

de-form',  dg-ferm',  vt.  1.  To  render  mis- 
shapen; distort;  disfigure.  2.  To  change  the 
form  of.  [<  L.  de.,  out  of,  -f-  forma.,  shape.] 
— def'or-ina'tion,  «.— de-formed',  pa.— 
de-form'i-ty,  de-fSrm'I-ti,  71.  L-TiEsi,/>i.]  A 
deformed  state;  an  unnatural  or  misshapen  part; 
disfigurement;  unsightliness. 

de-fraud''',  dg-fred',  vt.    To  take  or  withhold 
something  from  by  fraud;  cheat;  swindle.  [< 
L.  de,  fully,  -\-frau{d-)s,  fraud.] 
—  <le-fraud'er,  n. 

de-fray',  de-fre',  vt.  To  make  j>ayment  for; 
bear  the  expense  of;  pay.  [  <  F.rfe,  off,  -\-frais, 
cost  J  —  de-fray'al,  n.  The  act  of  defraying. 
de-fray'mentt.— de-fray'er,  n. 

deft,  deft,  a.    Neat  and  skilful;  handy;  apt; 
clever.    [<  AS.  dsft,  in  gedsefte,  fit,  gentle.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-funct',  defunct'.  I.  a.  Dead;  deceased; 
extinct.  II.  n.  A  dead  person ;  the  dead.  [< 
L.  de,  off,  -\-fu7igor,  discharge.] 

de-fy',  dg-fai',  ^'<.  [DE-FiED',-faid';  de-fy'- 
iNG.]  To  challenge  or  dare;  act  in  disregard 
of;  resist  openly  or  boldly.  [<  F.  dejier,  <  L. 
dis-,  DIS-,  \- fides,  faith.] 

de-gen'er-ate,  dg-jen'gr-et.  l.vi.  [-a"ted<'; 
-A"TiNG.]  To  become  worse  or  inferior;  decline; 
deteriorate.  II.  dg-jen'gr-et  or  -gt,  a.  Having 
become  worse  or  inferior;  deteriorated;  de- 
graded. III.  n.  A  deteriorated  or  degraded 
individual.  [<  L.  degeneratus,  <  c?<?,  down; 
and  see  generate.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— 
de-jren'er-n-cy,  de-.ien'er-n-sl,  ??.  The  state 
of  btnng  dog('nt'r!itt';"'tlu'  ifct  or  process  of  de- 
generating.—de-g<Mi"<'r-»'l  ion,  n.  The  act, 
state,  or  i)r()C('S8  of  degenerating;  decline;  de- 
terioration. 

deg'lu-ti'tion,  deg'lu-tish'un,  n.    The  act, 

5)roce6s,  or  power  of  swallowing.  [<  L.  de, 
town,  4-  glufio,  swallow.] 

de-grade',  dg-gred',  v.  [de-gra'ded<';  de- 
gra'ding.]  1. 1.  1.  To  reduce  in  rank;  re- 
move from  oflioe.  dignity,  etc.  2.  To  debase 
or  lower  the  cliaractor  or  quality  of;  make 
mean  or  contemptible.  II.  i.  To  decline  in 
character,  reputation,  or  standing;  degener- 
ate. [<  F.  degrader,  <  L."-  de,  down,  + 
gradior,  go.]  —  deg"ra-da'llon,  ^(.  The  act 
of  degniding.  or  the  state  of  being  degraded.  In 
anv  sense  of  the  verb.-  de-trra'dinK-b%  o<iv. 

de-gree',  dg-grt',  n.    1.  One  of  a  succession 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  elfrngnt,  tb6y,  us^ge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


127 


dehiscence 
delirium 


of  steps,  grades,  or  stages;  rank;  station.  2. 
Relative  extent,  amount,  or  intensity.  3.  One 
of  the  three  forms  in  which  an  adjective  or  ad- 
verb is  compared;  as,  the  positive,  compara- 
tive, and  superlative  degrees.  4.  A  title  con- 
ferred by  an  institution  of  learning.  5.  A 
subdivision  or  unit,  as  in  a  thermometric  scale; 
the  360th  part  of  a  circle,  as  of  longitude  or 
latitude.     [  <  L.^  de,  down,  -f  gradns,  step.] 

de-his'ceiice,  de-his'gns,  n.  1.  A  gape  or 
papnig.  2.  The  opening  or  manner  of  open- 
ing, as  of  a  capsule.  [<  L.  c?e,  off,  +  hisco, 
open.]  —  de-hls'cent,  a. 

de'i-fy,  di'i-fai,  vt.  [-fied,  -faid;  -ft"ing.] 
To  regard  or  worship  as  a  god;  adore.  [<  L. 
dens.,  god;  and  see  -fy.] 

deig^n,  den,  vt.  To  stoop  so  far  as  to  grant  or 
allow;  condescend;  vouchsafe.  [<0¥.  deign- 
er,  <  L.  diqnor^  <  digmis,  worthy.] 

de'ism,  di'izm,  n.  The  belief  orf  the  existence 
of  God,  with  disbelief  of  revelation  and  Chris- 
tianity. [<  F.  deisme,<  L.  devs.,  god.]  —  de'- 
ist,  n.  A  believer  In  deism.—  de-iH^tic,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  deism  or  deists.  de-is'tic-aU. 
-al-ly,  adv. 

de'i-ty,  dt'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pi.']  1.  A  god,  god- 
dess, or  divine  person.  2.  [D-]  The  one  true 
God.  3.  Godhead;  divinity.  [<  F.  deile,  < 
L.  deus,  god.] 

de-jecf'J,  de-ject',  vt.  To  depress  the  spirits 
of;  discourage;  dishearten.  [<  L.  dejectus, 
pp.,  <  de.,  down,  -\-jacio,  hurl.]  —  de-ject'ed, 
pa.  Depressed;  disheartened,  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
n.— de-jec'tion,  «.  A  dejected  state;  depres- 
sion; melancholy.  , 

de  j  u're,  dl  or  de  ju'rl  nr  -re.  Law.  By  right  of 
law;  rightfully  or  legally:  distinguished  from  de 
facto.    [L.l 

dek'a-,  <Iek'a-8:raiii,  etc.   Same  as  deca-,  etc. 

de-laine',  d§-len',  n.  An  untwilled  wool,  or 
cotton  and  wool,  dress'material.  [<  F.  (mous- 
seline)  de  laine,  <  L.  de,  of,  -f-  lana,  wool.] 

de-lay',  de-le',  v.  I.  ;;.  1.  to  put  off;  post- 
pone; defer.  2.  To  detain;  retard;  hinder. 
II.  i.  To  actor  proceed  slowly;  procrastinate. 
[<  F.  delayer,  <  L.  dilato;  see  dilate.] 

de-lay',  n.  1.  A  putting  off;  postponement; 
procrastination.  2.  A  temporary  stoppage  or 
stay;  also,  a  loitering  or  lingering. 

de'le,  di'li,  r«.  Priiit.  To  take  out;  delete.  [L., 
imperative  of  deleo,  erase.] 

de-lec''ta-'bl(e,  de-lec'ta-bl,  a.  Delightful; 
charming.  [<  L.  delectabilis,  <  delecto;  see 
DELIGHT,  v.] — de-lec'ta-bly,  adv .— Ae''\ec- 
t action,  n.    Delight. 

dere-gate,  del'g-get.  I.  vt.  [-ga"ted<1; 
-ga'ting.]  1.  To  send  as  a  representative, 
with  authority  to  act;  depute.  2.  To  commit 
or  entrust.  II.  der§-get  or  -ggt,  a.  Sent  as 
a  deputy.  III.  del'g-get,  n.  A  representa- 
tive; deputy.    [<  L.  de,  from,  -f  lego,  send.] 

—  del^'e-ga'tion,  n.  The  act  of  delegating;  a 
person  or  persons  appointed  to  act  for  another 
or  others;  delegates  collectively. 

de-lete',  dg-ltt',  vt.  [de-le'ted<1;  de-le'- 
TiNG.]  To  blot  out;  erase;  cancel;  dele.  [< 
L.  deletus,  pp.  of  deleo,  erase.]  —  de-Ie'tion,  n. 
Erasure;  matter  erased  or  canceled. 

del''e-te'ri-ous,  der'g-tl'ri-us,  a.  Hurtful; 
injurious;  pernicious.  [<  Gr.  deleterios,  < 
deleomai,  spoil.] 


delft,  \  delft,  delf ,  n.    A  colored  glazed  earthen- 

delf,  S  ware  made  first  at  Delft,  in  Holland,  about 
1310;  hence,  any  tableware. 

de-lib'er-ate,  dg-lib'er-et.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-a"- 
ted<';  -A"TiNG.]  1.  To  weigh  in  the  mind; 
take  counsel;  consider  reasons;  ponder.  2. 
To  hesitate;  stop  and  think.  II.  de-lib'gr-et 
or -gt,  a.  1.  Acting  with  deliberation;  slow 
and  cautious.  2.  Done  after  deliberation; 
not  sudden  or  rash;  leisurely;  intentional. 
[<  L.  deliberatus,  pp.,  <  de,  from, -\- libera, 
LIBERATE.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.—  Ae-\Wer- 
a'tion,  n.  1,  The  act  of  deliberating.  2. 
Slowness  and  care  In  deciding  or  acting.  3.  Fore- 
thought or  intention.—  de-lib'er-a-tiv(e,  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  deliberation. 
ti.  Characterized  by  or  existing  for  deliberation. 
—  <le-lib'er-a-tiv(e-ly,  adv. 

del'i-cate,  del'i-ket  or--kgt,  a.  1.  Fine  and 
light,  as  in  texture  or  color.  2.  Daintily  pleas- 
ing; delightful.  3.  Nicely  constructed  or  ad- 
justed. 4.  Easily  injured;  tender;  frail;  frag- 
ile. 5.  Requiring  cautious  treatment.  6.  Re- 
fined and  considerate;  pure;  chaste.  7. 
Fastidious;  dainty.  8.  Nice  in  discrimina- 
tion; sensitive.  \<  L.  delicatxis,  pleasing,  < 
de,  from,  -|-  lacio,  entice.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
n.—  del'i-ca-cy,  del'l-ca-si,  n.  [-cies^,  pl\ 
1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  delicate;  fine- 
ness; daintiness;  sensitiveness;  fragility.  2.  A 
luxury;  dainty.  3.  Subtlety;  nicety;  need  of 
careful  treatment.  4.  Refinement  of  feeling; 
fastidiousness;  consideration  for  others. 

deP'i-ca-tes'sen,  deFi-ca-tes'en,  n.  pi.  Table 
delicacies.    [G.] 

de-li'cious,  dg-lish'us,  a.  Extremely  pleas- 
ant or  grateful,  [  <  L.  deliciosus,  pleasant,  < 
delicto,  charm.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  ti. 

de-liglit'd,  dg-lait',  v.  I.  t.  To  please  or 
gratify  highly;  charm.  II.  i.  To  feel  a  deep 
and  tender  interest;  rejoice:  followed  by  in  or 
an  infinitive.  [<  OF.  deliter,  <  L.  delecto,  < 
delicto,  charm.] —de-light'ed,  jm.  Highly 
pleased;  joyfully  gratified.    -\y,adv. 

de-light',  n.  Great  pleasure,  gratification,  or 
joyful  satisfaction,  or  that  which  affords  it. 

—  de-light'ful,  a.  Affording  delight;  ex- 
tremely gratifying;  charming.  de -light '- 
somcj:.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-lin'e-ate,  dg-lin'g-et,  vt.  [-a'ted^;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  draw  in  outline;  trace  out.  2. 
To  portray;  depict;  describe.  l<  Ij.  delinea- 
tiis,  <  de,  off,  -{-linea,  line.]  —  de-lin''e-a'- 
tion,  n.  1 .  The  act  or  art  of  delineating.  2. 
A  portraiture;  sketch.—  de-lin'e-a''''tor,  w. 

de-lin'quent,  dg-li^'cwgnt,  I.  a.  .1.  Neg- 
lectful of  or  failing  in  duty  or  obligation; 
faulty.  2.  Due  anu  unpaid,  as  taxes.  II.  n. 
One  who  fails  to  perform  a  duty  or  who  com- 
mits a  fault.  [<  L.  delinqnen(t-)s,  ppr.,  <  de, 
from,  -f  linqiio,  leave.]  —  de-lin'quen-cy,  n. 
[-ciES^  pi.]  The  state  or  fact  of  being  delin- 
quent; neglect;  fault;  offense;  misdemeanor. 

del'-'i-quesce',  deri-cwes',  vi.  [-quesced''; 
-QUES'ciNG.]  To  become  liquid  by  absorption 
of  moisture  from  the  air;  pass  away  gradually. 
[<  L.  de-,  DE-,  +  liqveo,  be  fluid.]  —  deF'i- 
ques'cence,  n.  —  der'i-ques'cent.  a. 

de-lir'i-ous,  dg-lir'i-us,  a.  Suffering  from 
delirium,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-lir'i-um,  dg-lir'i-um,  n.  1.  Mental  aber- 
ration, as  in  fever;  wandering  of  the  mind. 


flut|ure   (future);   aide;  au  {out)-,   ©II;   c   (k);   chat;   dh  {thQ)\  go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


deliver 
demoralize 


128 


2.  Intense  excitement;  frenzy;  rapture.     [L., 
<  delirus,  crazy,  <  de,  from,  -\-lira,  furrow.] 

—  de-lir'i-iim  tre'niens,  delirium  tri'- 
mens,  a  violent  form  of  delirium,  as  from  excess- 
ive use  of  alcoholic  liquors  or  narcotics. 

de-liv'er,  de-liv'gr,  vt.  1.  To  free  from  re- 
straint; set  free;  rescue;  release;  save.  2.  To 
handover;  transfer;  give;  give  up;  communi- 
cate. 3.  To  relieve  of  a  child  in  parturitioii : 
often  with  of.  4.  To  utter;  speak  formally  or 
officially.  [<  F.  delivrer,  <  L.  de,  from,  -|- 
libero,  liberate.]  —  de-liv'er-ance,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  delivering;  rescue;  release.  2.  An 
expression  of  opinion.— de-liv'er-er,  n.  One 
who  delivers.— de-liv'er-y,  M.  [-iEsz,p;.]  1. 
The  act  of  delivering;  liberation;  release;  trans- 
ference; surrender,  ti.  Parturition.  3.  Mode 
of  utterance,  as  in  singing  or  public  speaking. 

dell,  del,  n.  A  small  secluded  valley;  glen; 
dale.     [<  D.  delle,  dal,  dale.] 

del'ta,  del'ta,  n.  1.  The  fourth  letter  in  the 
Greek  alphabet  (A,  6).  2.  A  triangular  al- 
luvial deposit  at  or  in  the  mouth  of  a  river; 
anything  triangular. 

de-lude^,  de-lud'  or  -liud',  vt.  [de-lu'ded^; 
de-lu'ding.]  To  mislead;  beguile;  deceive. 
[<  L.  de,  oflf,  -f-  ludo,  play.]  —  de-lu'der,  n. 

del'uge,  del'iuj.  I.  Xit.  [del'uged;  del'u- 
GiNG.J  To  overwhelm  with  water;  inundate; 
submerge.  II.  n.  A  great  flood ;  inundation, 
as  in  the  time  of  Noah  {Gen.  vii.)  [<  F.  de- 
luge, <  L.  diluvium,  <  diluo,  dilute.] 

de-lu'sion,  de-lu'zhun  or  -li&'zhun,  n.  1 .  The 
act  of  deluding;  state  of  being  deluded;  a  false 
belief,  especially  when  persistent,  of  what  has 
no  existence  in  fact.  2.  The  act  of  deluding; 
deception.  —  de-lii'8iv(e,  a.  Tending  to  de- 
lude; misleading;  deceptive.  m\y,  adv.  -ness,  n. 

delv(e,  delv,  t'/.  &  vi.  [delv(e)d;  delv'ing.] 
To  dig,  as  with  a  spade;  penetrate;  fathom; 
make  laborious  research.     [<  AS.  delfa?i.] 

deni'a-gog(ue,  dem'a-geg,  ji.  One  who 
leads  the  populace  by  pandering  to  their  preju- 
dices and  passions;  an  unprincipled  politician. 
[<  Gr.  demos,  people,  +  dffo,  lead.] 

de-main.^,     I  dg-men',  -men'  or  mtn',  n.    A 

de-mesne',  j  manor-house  and  adjoining 
lands;  landed  estate;  domain.  [<  OF.  de- 
maine,  var.  of  domaine;  see  domain.] 

de-mand'"',  de-mgnd',  ?;.  I.  t.  1.  To  claim 
as  due;  ask  for  peremptorily ;  insist  upon.  2. 
To  have  pressing  need  for;  require.  II.  i.  To 
inquire  urgently,  authoritatively,  or  peremp- 
torily,    r  <  L*".  de,  from,  +  mando,  order.] 

de-mand',  n.  The  act  of  demanding,  or  that 
which  is  demanded;  requirement;  claim;  need. 

de'^mar-ca'tion,  dt"mflr-ke'8hun,  n.  The 
fixing  of  boundaries  or  limits;  limitation;  dis- 
crimination; the  limit  or  line  fixed.  [<de-  + 
I.L.  Duircatvs,  marked,  <  OIIG.  marca, 
bound.]    de'^mar-ka'tiont:. 

de^mean',  de-min',  rt.  To  behave;  conduct: 
used  refiexively.  [<  F.  dtmener,  <  de-,  down, 
4-  L.  minor,  menace.] 

de-mean'or,  de-mtn'§r,  n.  Behavior;  Iwar- 
ing;   deportment;   mien,     de-mean'ouri. 

de-ment'ed, ;>a.  Dcinivcd  of  reason;  insane. 

—  d»'-ineii'ti-a,  dr-nien'shi-a,  ii.  Loss  or 
Imimlnnent  of  the  faculty  of  coherent  thought; 
insiinltv.    I L.,  <  de,  from,  +  men(t-)fi,  mind. ) 

de-mer'it,  de-mer'it,  n.      1.  Ill  desert;  mis- 


conduct. 2.  A  mark  for  failure  or  miscon- 
duct.    [<  L.F  de-  priv.  4-  mereo,  deserve.] 

de-mesne',  n.    Same  as  demain. 

demi-,  prefix.  Half:  often  written  with  a 
hyphen,  as  if  a  full  word  in  composition.  [F., 
<  demi,  half.]  — dem'i-god,  n.  The  fabled  off- 
spring of  a  god  and  a  mortal;  a  godlike  man;  hero. 

dem.'i-jolin,  dem'i-jen,  n.  A  jug^^like  glass 
vessel  enclosed  in  w^ickerwork.  [<  Ar.*"  dama- 
jdna,  <  Bamagan,  a  town  in  Persia.] 

de-mise',  d§-maiz',  v.  [de-mised';  de-mi'- 
siNG.]  \.  t.  1.  To  bequeath;  give.  2.  To 
convey  for  life  or  for  a  term  of  years;  lease. 
II.  i.    To  pass  by  will  or  inheritance. 

de-mise',  n.  Death,  as  of  a  sovereign;  a 
transfer  or  conveyance  of  rights  or  estate.  [  < 
F.  demettre  (pp.  demis),  resign.] 

de-moc'ra-cy,  de-mec'ra-si,  n.  [-cies^,  pi:\ 
Government  directly  by  the  people  collectively ; 
a  government  BO  conducted;  the  mass  of  the 
people.  [<  Gr.  demokratia,  <  demos,  people, 
4-  tcrated,  rule.]  —  dem'o-crat,  n.  One  who 
favors  a  democracy;  a  member  of  a  democratic 
party.—  dem'^o-crat'ic,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  democracy  or  a  democracy;  characterized  by 
the  fact,  spirit,  or  principles  of  popular  govern- 
ment.   dein''o-crat''ic-ali.    -al-ly,  adv. 

de-mol'islit,  d§-mel'ish,  vt.  To  destroy  by 
tearing  or  throwing  down;  overthrow;  ruin. 
[<  L.^  de,  down,  4-  molio?',  work,  <  moles, 
mass.]  — dem''o-li''tion,  dem"o-lish'un,  n.  The 
act  or  result  of  demolishing;  destruction. 

de^mon,  dl'm^n,  n.  1.  An  evil  spirit;  devil; 
wicked  or  cruel  person.  2.  Gr.  Myth.  A 
guardian  spirit;  genius.  [<*Gr.i'  daimon.  god, 
ghost,  evil  spirit.]    dae'znon:^;  dai'monj. 

—  de-ino'ni-ac,  de-mo 'ni-ac.  I.  a.  Of,like, 
or  befitting  a  demon  or  evil  spirit;  devilish. 
de''mo-iii'a-calt,  drmo-nai'a-cal;  de- 
inon'ict.  II.  n.  One  possessed  of  a  demon  or 
evil  spirit;  also,  a  lunatic. 

de-mon'e-tize  or  -tise,  di-mun'g-taiz,  tt. 
To  divest  of  the  character  of  standard  money. 

—  €le-inon''o-ti-za''tioii  or  -sa'tioii,  n. 
de-mon'strate,    de-men'stret    or    dem'gn- 

stret,  xt.  [-sTi{A"TEi)<i;  -stra"ting.]  1.  To 
prove  with  mathematical  certainty.  2.  To 
teach  by  exhibition  of  examples,  as  anatomy. 
3.  To  pointout;  make  clear.  [<L.  de,  fully, 
-\- viomtro,  show.]  —  de-mon'-8tra-bl(e,  a. 
Capable  of  positive  proof. —de-mon'slra- 
bl)e-neM8,  n.  de-iiion''8tra-bil'i-ty1:.— 
de-moii'Htra-bly,  adv. 

dem'^on-stra'tion,  dem'gn-stre'shun,  n. 
1.  A  pointing  out;  manifestation.  2.  A  proc- 
ess or  reasoning  that  leads  to  an  absolutely 
certain  conclusion,  as  in  mathematics.  3.  The 
exhibition  and  description  of  examples,  as  in 
anatomy.  4.  A  public  exhibition,  as  of  ap- 
proval, condemnation,  affection,  or  military 
force.  —  de-mon'8tra-tlv(e,  de-men 'strci-tiv. 
I,  a.  1 .  Having  the  power  of  demonstration; 
convincing  and  conchislvc.  »J.  Inclined  to 
strong  expression  of  feeling  or  opinions.  1 1 .  ?i. 
A  demonstrative  j)rt)noun.  -ly,  (ulr.  -ncHS, 
n.— deiiionwtralivr  pronoun  y(;nitii.),  9. 
pronoiui  which  defines  or  points  out  the  object 
to  which  it  refers;  as,  this,  that,  these,  those.— 
dem'on-Htra^'tor,  dem'en-strf-'ter,  7?.  1, 
One  who  demonstrates.  "2.  One  who  exhibits 
and  explains  dissections  to  a  class  In  anatomy. 
deiii'on-slrH''t«'rt. 

de-mor'al-ize  or  -ise,  de-mor'al-aiz,  r/.  1. 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  U8§ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  «h;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


129 


demulcent 
dependent 


I 


To  corrupt  or  deprave.  2.  To  disorganize  and 
dishearten,  as  troops.— de-mor"aI-i-za'tion 
or  -sa'tinii,  fi. 

de-muFcent,  de-mul'sgnt.  3Ie(l.  I.  a. 
Soothino;.  II.  n.  A  soothing  application. 
[<  L.  de,  down,  +  mulceo,  stroke.] 

de-mur',  d§-mur'.  I.  H.  [-muured';  mur'- 
RiNG.]  1.  To  offer  objections:  talce  excep- 
tion. 2.  To  delay;  hesitate.  II.  n.  A  sus- 
pension of  decision  or  action;  hesitation;  ob- 
jection.    [<  L.  de,  from,  -\-  mora,  delay.] 

de-mure',  de-miiir',  a.    1.  Having  a  sedate 
or  modest  demeanor.    2.  Affecting  modesty; 
prim;  coy.     [<  OF.  de  murs,  of  manners.] 
-ly,  (Kir.    .nei^s,  n. 

de-mur^reri,  dg-mur'er,  n.  One  who  demurs. 

de-mur'rer^,  v.  Law.  A  pleading  which 
denies  that  valid  cause  of  action  exists;  an 
issue  on  a  question  of  law. 

den,  den,  «.  1.  A  cavern  occupied  by  animals; 
a  lair.  2.  A  low  haunt.  3.  [Colloq.]  A  room 
for  privacy;  sanctum.     [<  AS.  denn.'l 

de-nl'al,  de-nai'al,  n.  The  act  of  denying; 
contradiction;  disavowal;  non»compliancc. 

—  de-ni't'i*,  n.    One  who  makes  denial, 
den'i-zen,  den'i-zn.  ?i.  A  citizen;  inhabitant. 

[<  L.oF  de.  from,  intus,  within,  <  in,  in.] 
de-nom'i-nate,  de-nem'i-net.  I.  rt.  [-na"- 
TED'i;  -NA'TiNG.]  To  givc  a  name  to;  call; 
name.  II.  de-nem'i-net  or  -net,  a.  Arith. 
Made  up  of  units  of  a  designated  kind ;  concrete. 
[<  L.  denominatuft,  pp.,  <  de,  from,  -f-  namen, 
name.]  —  de-noiii'i-na-tiv(e,  a.  That  gives 
or  constitutes  a  name;  appellative.—  de-noin'i- 
iia^'tor,  n.  1,  One  who  or  that  which  names. 
"Z,  That  term  of  a  fraction  which  expresses  the 
number  of  equal  parts  Into  which  the  unit  Is 
divided. 
de-nom''i-na'tion,  de-nem  "i-ne'shun,  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  naming.  2.  A  name;  epithet;  ap- 
pellation. 3.  A  body  of  Christians  having  a 
distinguishing  name;  sect.  4.  Arith.  A  class 
of  units  of  one  kind  and  name. 

—  cle-noiii^'i-na'tion-al,  a. 
de-note',  de-not',  vt.    [de-no'ted"*;  j)e-no'- 

TiNG.]  To  represent;  signify;  serve  as  a  sign 
of;  indicate;  designate;  show.     [<  L.  denoto, 

<  de,  down,  -|-  nofo,  mark,  <  nota,  mark  ] 

—  <le-iio'ta-bI(e,  a.— <le"no-ta'tion,  n. 
de-noue'ment,  de-nu'mflrt,  n.    The  catas- 
trophe of  a  play  or  novel;  issue;  outcome.  [F., 

<  de-,  from,  -+-  nouer,  tie.]  de-nou'ment:;:. 
de-nounce',  de-nauns',  vt.     [de-nouxced''; 

de-noun'cing.]"  1.  To  attack  as  deserving  of 
punishment,  censure,  or  odium;  stigmatize; 
arraign.  2.  To  inform  against;  accuse.  3. 
To  threaten;  announce  threateningly,  as  evil 
or  vengeance;  menace.  [<  L.of  de,  down,  -)- 
nuntio,  announce.]  —  de-nouiice'inent,  n. 

de  no'vo,  di  or  de  no'vo.  From  the  beginning; 
anew.    [L.] 

dense,  dens,  a.  [den'ser;  den'sest.]  1. 
Having  its  parts  crowded  closely  together; 
compact  in  structure;  thick;  close.  2.  Hard 
to  penetrate;  obtuse;  stupid;  dull.  [<  L. 
densus,  thick.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. —  den'- 
Bi-ty,  den'si-ti,  ?*.  1.  Denseness;  compactness. 
2.  The  mass  or  quantity  of  matter  of  a  substance 
per  unit  of  Its  volume. 

dent'',  dent,  vt.    To  make  a  dent  in;  indent. 

dent,  n.    A  small  depression  made  by  striking 


or  pressing;  indentation.  [Var.  of  dint.] 
den'tal,  den'tal.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  teeth  or  dentistry.  II.  n.  A  sound,  as 
that  of  d,  t,  or  n,  produced  by  placing  the  tip 
of  the  tongue  against  or  near  the  front  teeth ; 
also,  a  letter  representing  such  sound.  [<  L. 
den(t-)s,  tooth.]  —  den'tate,  den'tet  or  -tet,  a. 
Having  teeth  or  tooth=like  processes,  -ly ^ad7K 
— den'ti-frice,  den'tl-fris,  n.  A  preparation 
for  cleaning  the  teeth.—  den'tin,  n.  The  hard, 
calcified  substance  forming  the  body  of  a  tooth; 
ivory,  den'tinet.  — den'tist,  n.  One  who 
operates  on  the  teeth.— den'tist-ry,  ?i.  Dental 
surgery.—  den-ti'tion,  den-tish'un,  n.  1 ,  The 
process  or  period  of  cutting  the  teeth;  teething. 
"2.  Zool.  The  system  or  arrangement  of  teeth 
peculiar  to  an  animal. 
de-nude',  d§-niud',  vt.  [de-nu'decI;  de- 
nu'ding.]  To  strip  the  covering  from;  make 
naked.     [<  L.  de,  from,  -f  nudus,  bare.] 

—  cleu'^ii-da'tioii,  n.    The  act  of  denuding, 
or  the  state  of  being  denuded. 

de-nun"ci-a'tion,  de-nun"si-e'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  denouncing;  arraignment;  accusation; 
menace.     [<  L.  denuncio;  see  denounce.] 

—  de-nun'ci-a-to-ry,  a.     Containing  de- 
nunciation; threatening.  de-iiun'ci-a-tiv(e1:. 

de-ny',  de-nai',  t>.  [de-nied', -naid';  de-ny'- 
iNG.j  l.^t.  1.  To  declare  to  be  imtrue.  2. 
To  refuse  to  give,  acknowledge,  or  permit; 
withhold;  disown;  forbid.  II.  i.  To  answer 
in  the  negative;  say  "no";  declare  anything 
to  be  untrue.     [<  L.^  de-,  de-,  +  riego,  deny.] 

de-o'dor-ize  or  -ise,  di-o'd§r-aiz,  vt. 
[-IZED, -ised;  -i"zing, -i"sing.]  To  modify  or 
destroy  the  odor  of,  as  by  disinfectants. —  de- 
o"dor-i-za'tioii  or  -sa'tion,  ?i.— de-o'- 
dor-i"zer  or  -ser,  n. 

de-ox'i-dize,  (_di-ex'i-daiz,  vt.    To  remove 

de-ox'i-dise,  (  oxygen  from;  reduce  from 
the  state  of  an  oxid.'  de-ox'i-datej.- de- 
ox"i-di-za'tioii  or  -na'tioii,  n.  de-ox"i- 
da'tiout. 

de-part'"!,  dg-pflrt',  vi.  1.  To  go  away;  with- 
draw: followed  by  frw/i.  2.  To  deviate;  dif- 
fer; vary:  followed  by /rom.  3.  To  leave  this 
life;  die;  also  transitively,  io  depart  this  life. 
[<  L.«F  disjyartio,  part,  <  dis-,  dis-,  +  pars, 
part.]  —  de-part'ment,  n.  1 .  A  distinct  part; 
a  division,  as  of  an  organization.  2.  A  sub- 
division of  territory,  as  for  military  purposes.— - 
de"part-ineii'tal,  «.- de-par'ture,  de- 
par'chur  or  -tiur,  n.  1.  The  act  of  departing; 
deviation;  death.  2.  Navt.  The  distance  a  ves- 
sel has  gone  east  or  west  of  a  given  meridian. 

de-pend'"!,  de-pend',  ti.  1.  To  have  full  re- 
liance; triist;"re]y.  2.  To  be  conditional  or 
contingent.  3.  To  be  obliged  to  rely,  as  for 
support;  be  dependent.  4.  To  hang.  [<  L. 
de,Ao\\n,-{-pendeo,\iaj\g.'\ 

de-pend'ent,  de-pend'gnt.  I.  a.  1.  Depend- 
ing upon  something  exterior;  subordinate; 
contingent;  needy.  2.  Hanging  down;  pend- 
ent. 11.11.  1.  One  who  looks  to  another  for 
support  or  favor;  a  retainer.  2.  A  conse- 
quence: corollary,  de-pend'anti.  -ly, 
ad?7.— de-peiid'ence,  n.  1.  The  act  or  rela- 
tion of  depending,  or  the  state  of  being  depend- 
ent; hence,  reliance;  trust.  2.  Subordination. 
3.  That  on  which  one  relies.  de-pend'aiice:t. 
—  de-pend'en-cy,  w.  [-ciEssp/.l  1 .  That 
which  is  dependent.  3.  A  subject  or  tributary 
state.    3,  Dependence,    de-pend'an-cyl:. 


fiutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   oil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dh   {the);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


depict 
derang^e 


130 


de-pict'*',  d§-pict',  vt.  To  portray  or  picture; 
describe  or  represent  vividly.  [  <  L.  c?e,  down, 
-^pingo,  paint.]     de-pic'ture:}:. 

de-plete',  d§-plit',  vt.  [-PLE'TEDd;  -ple'ting.] 
To  reduce,  lessen,  or  exhaust,  as  the  quantity 
of  blood  in  the  veins;  empty.  [<  L.  de.,  from, 
-\-pleo,  fill.]  — de-ple'tion,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
pleting, or  the  state  of  being  depleted. —  de- 
ple-'tivCe,  de-pll'tiv,  a.  Inducing,  or  tending  to 
mduce,  depletion,    dep'le-to-ryt. 

de-plore',  de-plor',  vt.  [de-plored';  de- 
plor'ing.]  To  feel  or  express  deep  regret  or 
concern  for;  lament.  [<  L.  de-  intens.  + 
ploro,  wail.]  —  de-plor'a-bKe,  a.  Lamenta- 
ble; pitiable.— de-plor'^a-bil'i-ty,  «.— de- 
plor'a-bly,  adv. 

de-ploy',  dg-plei',  vt.  &  vi.  Mil.  To  spread 
out  in  line  of  battle,  as  troops.  [<  F.  deployer, 
<  LL.  displico,  display.] 

de-po'nent,  de-po'ngnt.  I.  a.  Laying  down; 
passive  in  form,  but  active  in  meaning,  as  cer- 
tain Latin  verbs.  II.  n.  1.  Gram.  A  depo- 
nent verb.  2.  Law.  One  who  deposes;  a  person 
who  gives  written  testimony. 

de-pop'u-late,  dg-pep'yu-let,  vt.  [-la'ted^; 
-la"ting.]  To  remove  the  inhabitants  from ; 
unpeople.  [<  L.  de,  thoroughly,  -\- popular. 
lay  waste.] —de-pop''u-la'tion,  n.  The  act 
of  depopulating,  or  the  state  of  being  depopula- 
ted.—de-pop'ii-la'"tor,  n. 

de-port''',    dg-pOrt',    vt.     1.  To   carry  away; 
transport;  banish.    2.  To  behave  or  conduct 
(oneself).     [<  L.  de,  from,  -\-})orto,  carrj^.] 
—  de^'por-ta'tion,  n.    Transportation. 

de-port'ment,  dg-pnrt'mgnt,  n.  Conduct  or 
behavior;  demeanor;  bearing. 

de-pose',  dg-poz',  v.  [de-posed'  ;  de-po'sing.] 

I.  t.  1.  To  deprive  of  official  rank;  remove; 
degrade.  2.  To  bear  witness  to;  state  on  oath. 

II.  i.  To  give  testimony;  make  a  deposition. 
[<  F.  deposer,  <  de-,  from,  -{-jwser,  place.] 

de-pos'it,  dg-pez'it.  I^.  vt.  &  vi.  To  place,  as 
for  8afe=keeping;  lay  down;  cause  to  settle  or 
adhere,  as  sediment;  form  or  make  a  deposit. 
II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  depositing,  or  that  which 
is  or  has  been  deposited  or  precipitated;  sedi- 
ment; money  or  personal  property  deposited,  as 
in  a  bank  for  8afe-keeping,or  as  a  security.  2. 
The  act  of  depositing,  or  the  state  of  being  de- 
posited. [<  L.  depono,  <  de,  down,  +  pono, 
place,  lay.] 

de-pos'i-ta-ry,  dg-pez'i-tg-ri,  n.  [-riess  pi.] 
1.  A  person  entrusted  with  anything  for  safe» 
keeping;  a  trustee.    2.  A  depository. 

dep"o-si'tion,  dep'o-zish'un,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  depositing;  a  deposit;  accumulation.  2. 
Law.  The  written  testimony  of  a  sworn  wit- 
ness.   3.  The  act  of  deposing,  as  from  office. 

de-pos'1-tor,  de-pez'i-t§r,  n.  One  who  makes 
a  deposit.     [LL.J 

de-pos'i-to-ry ,  dg-pez'i-to-ri,  n.  [-ries*,  pl.l 
A  place  where  anythmg  is  deposited. 


de'pot,  dt'pOordep-0',  n.  1.  A  warehouse  or 
storehouse.  2.  [U.S.]  A  railroad  station.  [< 
F.  depot,  <  L.  depo«lmni:  see  deposit,  w.] 


de-prave',  dg-prev',  r<.  [de-praved';  de- 
i-ra'vino.]  To  render  bad  or  worse,  especially 
in  morals;  corrupt;  vitiate.  [<  L.''  de,  thor- 
oughly, -^-pravus,  crooked,  depraved.] —dep"- 
ra-va'tion,    dep'ro-vC'shun,  n.    The  act  of 


depraving,  or  the  state  of  being  depraved  or  de- 
teriorated.— de-prav'i-ty,  de-prav'1-tl,  n.  The 
state  of  being  depraved;  wickedness. 

dep're-cate,  dep'rg-ket,  vt.  [-ca'ted'';  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  beg  or  plead  earnestly  against; 
2.  To  desire  or  pray  for  deliverance  from,  as 
threatened  evil.  [<  L.  de,  from, -f  «;ww, 
PRAY.]  — dep're-ca^ting-ly,  adv.  —  dep'^re- 
ca'tion,  w.- dep're-ca-to-ry,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  entreaty  or  protest  against  something; 
deprecating,    dep're-ca-tivei. 

de-pre'ci-ate,  de-pri'shi-et,  v.  [-a'ted''; 
-A'TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  lessen  the  worth  of; 
lower  the  price  or  rate  of.  2.  To  underrate; 
disparage.  II.  i.  To  sink  in  estimation,  price, 
or  value;  become  of  less  worth.  1<  X-  de, 
down,  -|-  pretium,  price.]  — de-pre"ci-a'tion, 
n.  The  act  of  depreciating,  or  the  state  of  being 
depreciated.— de-pre'ci-a-tiv(e,  a.  Tending 
to  depreciate.  -ly,  arft\  — de-pre'ci-a"tor, 
«.  —  de-pre'ci-a-to-ry,  a. 

dep're-date,  dep'rg-det,  vt.  &  vi.  [-da'ted^; 
-DA'TiNG.]  To  prey  upon;  lay  waste;  despoil; 
pillage;  plunder.  [<  1^.^-^  de,  thoroughly,  -(- 
/jy-asrfa,  prey.] — dep"re-da'tion,  n.  A  plun- 
dering; robbery.  —  dep're-ila^tor,  n.  A  rob- 
ber.—dep're-da"to-ry,  a.    Plundering. 

de-press",  de-pres',  r?!.  1.  To  press  or  push 
down;  lower.  2.  To  force  or  keep  down  the 
activity  or  the  price  of .  3.  To  dispirit;  sadden. 
4.  To  humble;  degrade.  [<  L.of  depressvs, 
pp.  of  depHnio,  <  de,  down,  -\-j»'emo,  press.] 

—  de-pres'8ioii,?i.  1.  The  act  of  depressing, 
or  the  state  of  being  depressed;  low  spirits  or 
vitality;  dejection;  melancholy.  2.  That  which 
Is  depressed;  a  low  or  hollow  place.  —  de- 
pres8'iv(e,  «.  Tending  to  or  causing  depres- 
sion.- de-press'or,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
depresses;  a  depressing  muscle  or  instrument. 

de-prive',  dg-praiv',  vt.  [de-prived';  de- 
PRi'viNG.]  1.  To  take  something  away  from; 
dispossess;  divest:  with  of  before  the  object 
taken  away.  2.  To  keep  from  acquiring,  using, 
or  enjoying  something;  debar;  depose.  [< 
L.OF  t?e,  thoroughly,  +  ;>?'n'o,  deprive.]  —  dep"- 
ri-va'tion,  dcp'Vi-ve'shun,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
priving, or  the  state  of  being  deprived. 

depth,  depth,  n.  1.  The  state  or  degree  of 
being  deep;  extent  or  distance  downward,  in- 
ward, or  backward.  2.  A  deep  place;  the  in- 
nermost part.  3.  Profundity  or  extremity  of 
thought  or  feeling;  utmost  extent;  immen- 
sity; extremity.  4.  The  guality  of  being  dark 
in  shade,  or  rich  and  deep  in  color  or  tone.  [ME. 
depthe,  <  dep,  <  AS.  deop,  deep.] 

de-pute',  dg-piut',  vt.  [de-pu'ted**;  de-pu'- 
TiNG.]  To  appoint  as  an  agent,  deputy,  or 
delegation ;  send  with  authority.  [  <  L.  deputo, 
cutoff,  select,  <  de,  from,  4-  mito,  prune.] 

—  dep"n-ta'tion.  dep'yu-te'shun,  7J.  1.  A 
person  or  persons  acting  for  another  or  ot'iers; 
a  delegation,  •i.  The  act  of  deputing,  or  the 
stiue  of  being  deputed.— dep'u-liz«',  dep'yu- 
talz,  ?J.  [-TizED; -rrziNO.]  (U.S.]  To  depute. 
—  €lep'ii-ty.  dep'yu-tl,  ?/.  [-ties*,  p/.l  A  per- 
son delegated  or  apj)olnte(l  to  act  for  another  or 
others;  a  representative;  subordinate;  agent. 

de-rail',  di-rel',  vt.  To  run  off  from  the  rails, 
as  a  car  or  train.  —  de-rali'ment,  n. 

de-range',  dg-renj',  vt.  [de-ranged';  dk- 
ran'gino.]  To  disarrange;  disorder;  craze. 
[  <  F.  deranger,  <  de-,  dis-;  and  see  range,  v.] 

—  de-ranjred',  pa.    Insane.- de-rangre'- 


papfi,  gek;  at,  air;  el^mfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


131 


derelict 
design 


ment,  n.  1.  The  act  of  deranging,  or  state  of 
being  deranged,    'i.  Insanity. 

der'e-lict,  der'e-lict.  I.  a.  1.  Neglectful  of 
obligation;  unfaithful;  remiss.  2.  Deserted 
or  abandoned.  II.  v.  That  which  is  deserted 
or  abandoned,  especially  a  deserted  wreck  at 
sea.  [<  L.  derelictus,  pp.,  <  de,  thoroughly, 
+  relinqvo,  relinquish.] — der'^e-lic'tion, 
der'e-lfc'shun,  n.  1.  Neglect  or  wilful  omission; 
failure  in  duty.  ti.  Voluntary  abandonment  of  a 
charge  or  property. 

de-ride',  de-raid',  vt.  [de-ri'ded<';  de-ki'- 
DiNG.]  To  treat  with  scornful  mirth;  ridicule. 
[<  L.  de-  intens.  +  rideo^  laugh.]— de-riMer, 
n.  — -de-ri'ilinif-ly,  art?'.  —  3e-ri'sioii,  de- 
rlzh'un,  «.  1.  The  act  of  deriding;  ridicule; 
mockery;  scornful  laughter.  2.  An  object  of 
ridicule  or  scorn.  — de-ri'siv(e,  de-roi'slv,  r/. 
Expressive  of  or  characterized  by  derision;  mock- 
ing,   de-ri'so-ryt.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-rive',  de-raiv',  vt.  [de-rived';  de-ri'- 
viNG.]  1.  To  draw  or  receive,  as  from  a 
source,  principle,  or  root.  2.  To  deduce,  as 
from  a  premise;  draw,  as  a  conclusion.  3.  To 
trace  the  derivation  of  (a  word).  [  <  L.^  derivo, 
<  de,  from,  +  rii:r/.<t,  stream.]  —  ae-ri''va-bl(e, 
de-ral'vQ-bl,  a.  Capal)le  of  being  derived.— der-"- 
i-va'tion,  der'l-ve'shun,  7i.  Theact  of  deri- 
ving, or  the  condition  of  being  derived.  —  de- 
riv'a-tiv(e,  de-rlv'a-tiv.  I.  a.  Coming  or 
acquired  by  derivation;  of  or  pertaining  to  der- 
ivation or  evolution;  derived.  II.  n.  That 
which  is  derived;  any  word  or  thing  derived  from 
another. 

der'o-gate,  der'o-get,  ri.  [-ga'ted'^;  -ga"- 
TiNG.]  To  take  away  or  withdraw  something; 
detract:  used  with  'from.  [<  L.  de,  from,  + 
rogo,  propose  a  law.]  —  der^'o-ga'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  derogating;  detraction;  disparagement.  — 
de-rog'a-to-ry,  a.  Lessening  in  good  repute: 
detracting  from  estimation;  disparaging,  de- 
rog'a-tivCet. 

der'rick,  der'ic,  n.  An  apparatus,  as  a  mast 
with  a  hinged  boom,  for  hoisting  and  swinging 
into  place  heavy  weights.  [<  Derrick  (a  Lon- 
don hangman  of  the  17th  century).] 

der'vish,  der'vish,  ?(.  1,  A  Mohammedan -men- 
dicant friar;  a  fakir,  ij.  A  member  of  certain 
fanatical  tribes  of  upper  Egypt.  [Turk.]  der'- 
viset. 

des-cant'<',  des-cant',  vi.  To  discourse  at 
length;  hold  forth:  with  on  or  upon.  [<  LL. 
discanfo,  <  L.  dis-,  apart,  -f  canto,  sing.] 

des'cant,  des'cant,  n.  The  act  of  descanting; 
a  series  of  remarks;  a  varied  melody  or  song. 

de-scend'<*,  de-send',  v.  I.  t.  To  pass  from 
the  up])er  to  the  lower  part  of;  go  down.  II. 
i.  1.  To  move  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  point; 
go  downward  in  any  sense;  fall.  2.  To  pass 
down,  as  from  generation  to  generation;  be 
sprung  or  derived:  with/rom,  formerly  of.  [< 
L.  de,  down,-\- scando,  climb.]  — de-scend'ant, 
n.  One  who  is  descended  lineally  from  another. 
de-8cend'entt.  —  de-scend'ent,  a.  1. 
Proceeding  downward;  descending.  2.  Issuing 
by  descent,  as  from  an  ancestor,  de-seen  d'- 
antj.- de-scend'i-bKe  or  -a-bl(e,  a.  1. 
That  may  be  descended.  *2.  That  may  pass  by 
descent;  inheritable.- de-scen'sioii,  n.  De- 
scent; declension. —  de-scent'',  ?i.  1.  Theact 
of  descending;  decline;  deterioration;  fall.  '■Z.  A 
descending  way;  declivity;  slope.  3.  Lineage; 
birth;  extraction.  4.  Descendants;  Issue.  5.  A 
hostile  visitation;  Invasion. 


de-scribe',  d§-scraib',  v.  [de-scribed';  de- 
scri'bing.]  I.  t.  To  give  the  characteristics 
of;  represent;  delineate;  outline.  II.  i.  1. 
To  give  or  make  a  description.  2.  To  serve 
as  the  object  of  description.  [  <  L.  de,  fully,  -f 
scribo,  write.]  —  de-scri'ba-bl(e,  a.—  de-scri'- 
ber,  71.  de-scrip'tion,  de-scrip 'shun,  d.  1. 
The  act  of  describing;  a  portrayal  or  explanation; 
a  drawing  or  tracing.  2.  A  sort;  kind.  —  de- 
scrip'tivCe,  a.  Characterized  by  or  contain- 
ing description;  serving  to  describe,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n. 

de-scry',  de-scrai',  vt.  [de-scried',  -scraid'; 
de-scry'ing.]  To  discover  with  the  eye;  dis- 
cern ;  detect.     [  <  OF.  des-,  dis-,  4-  crier,  cry.] 

des'e-crate,  des'§-cret,  vt.  [-cRA"TEDd;  -cra"- 
TiNG.]  To  divert  from  a  eacred  to  a  common 
use;  profane.  [<  de-  -f-  1,.  sacro,  make  sa- 
cred.] —  des'e-cra"ter,  n.  de9'e-cra"tor:|:.  — 
des"e-cra'tion,  n.    Profanation. 

de-sert'<i,  de-zgrt',  v.  I.  t.  To  depart  from  or 
leave  unwarrantably;  forsake;  abandon.  II. 
i.  To  forsake  a  post  or  service  without  leave. 
[<  L.F  desero,  <  de,  from,  -\-ser0s  join.] 

—  de-sert'er,  n.  One  who  forsakes  a  serv- 
ice, duty,  party,  or  friends;  an  absconding  soldier 
or  sailor.  — de-ser'tion,  de-zer'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  deserting.  "        [ren;  waste. 

des'ert.  dez'grt,  a.    Of  or  like  a  desert;  bar- 

des'ert',/?.  Geog.  A  region  without  vegeta- 
tion, rainless,  and  uninhabitable. 

de-sert'2,  dg-zgrt',  n.  1.  The  state  of  deserv- 
ing reward  or  punishment;  merit  or  demerit.  2. 
That  which  is  deserved:  often  in  the  plural. 
[<  OF.  deserte,<  deservir,  deserve.] 

de-serv(e',  de-zgrv',  r<.  Lde-serv(e)d';  de- 
sERv'iNG.]  I.  t.  To  be  entitled  to  or  worthy 
of,  by  either  merit  or  demerit.  II.  i.  To  be 
worthy  or  deserving.  [<  L.  deservio,  serve 
devotedly,  <  de-  intens.  -|-  servio,  serve.] 

—  de-serv'ed-Iy ,  adv.  According  to  desert; 
justly.— de-serv'ing.  1.  pa.  Worthy;  meri- 
torious.   T I.  ?i.  The  act  of  deserving.    -\y,adv. 

des"b  a-bi  1 1  e',  n.    Same  as  dishabille. 

des'ic-cate,  des'i-ket,  v.  [ca'ted"!;  -ca"- 
ting.]  I.  ^.  To  exhaust  or  remove  the  mois- 
ture from;  dry  thoroughly,  as  for  preserving. 
11.  I.  To  become  dry.  [<  L.  (?e,  thoroughly, 
-{-  siccus,  dry.]  —  des"ic-ca'tiori,  n.  —  des'- 
ic-ca-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Drying,  des'ic-ca-to- 
ryt.  II.  n.  A  drying  application.- des'ic- 
ca"tor,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  desiccates. 

de-sid'er-ate,  dg-sid'gr-et,  vt.  [-a"ted<';  -a"- 
TiNG.^  To  feel  desire  or  need  for;  be  in  want 
of;  miss.  [<  L.  desideratus,  pp.  of  desidero; 
see  desire,  v.'\  —  de-9id'er.a-tiv(e.  I.  a. 
Having,  Implying,  or  expressing  desire.  II.  n. 
1.  A  desideratum.  2,  Gram.  A  derivative 
verb  expressing  desire. 

de-sid"e-ra'tum,  de-sid'e-re'tum  or-rg'tum,n. 
[-ra'ta,  pl.'\  Something  not  possessed,  but 
needed  or  regarded  as  desirable.    [L.] 

de-sign',  dg-zain',  r.  1.  t.  1.  To  plan;  pro- 
ject; invent.  2.  To  draw;  delineate;  sketch  in 
outline.  3.  To  purpose;  intend.  4.  To  plan 
or  contrive  for  a  purpose.  II.  i.  To  form  de- 
signs or  plans;  contrive;  act  as  a  designer.  [< 
L.P  de,  fully,  -f-  signmn,  mark.]  —  de-sign'ed- 
\y,  adv.  By  design;  purposely;  intentionally.— 
de-sign'er,  n.  1.  One  who  forms  designs;  a 
contriver;  schemer.  2.  One  who  Invents  and 
prepares  decorative  or  artistic  designs.  —  de- 
sigrn'ing,  pa.    Artful;  scheming. 


flutlnre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  (the);   go;  sing,  ink;  tliiij. 


desig:n 
desultory 


132 


de-sign',  d§-zain',  n.  1.  A  pattern;  prelimi- 
nary sketch.  2.  The  art  of  designing;  artistic 
invention.  3.  A  fixed  purpose  or  intention; 
scheme;  plot.  4.  The  adaptation  of  means  to 
an  end;  plan;  contrivance;  also,  the  object  or 
reason:  final  purpose. 

des'ig-nate,  des'ig-net,  vt.  [-na'ted'';  -na°- 
TiNG.J  1.  To  indicate  by  some  mark,  sign,  or 
name,  etc.  2.  To  name;  identify  by  name.  3. 
To  select  or  appoint  for  a  specific  purpose.— 
des^'ig-na'tion,  n.  The  act  of  designating;  a 
distinctive  mark,  name,  or  title.— des'ig-na- 
tiv(e,  a.  Serving  to  designate,  des'ig-na- 
to-ryt.— des'ig-na^'tor,  n. 

de-sire',  de-zair'.  I.  vt.  [de-siked';  de- 
siR'iNG.l  1.  To  wish  or  long  for;  covet; 
crave.  2.  To  ask;  pray  for;  request.  3j.  To 
regret;  miss.  11./?.  1 .  An  earnest  wishing  for 
something;  longing;  craving;  yearning.  2.  A 
request;  wish;  prayer.  3.  An  object  desired. 
4.  Appetite;  passion.  [<  L.^  c?e,  from, -\- sidus 
(sider-),  star.]  —  de-sir'a-bl{e,  a.  Worthy  or 
likely  to  be  desired;  worth  having.—  de-sir''a- 
bil'i-ty,  de-sir'a-bKe-iiess,  w.— de-sir'a- 
bly,  adv.—  desir'ous,  a.  Having  desire;  ex- 
periencing a  wish  or  craving,    -ly,  acW. 

de-sist''',  de-sist',  vi.  To  cease  from  action; 
forbear;  8to"p:  often  followed  hy  from.  [< 
L.  de,  down,  -{-  sisio,  set,  caus.  of  sto,  stand.] 

desk,  desk,  n.  1.  A  table  or  case  specially 
adapted  for  writing 
or  studying.  2.  A 
stand  for  public 
reading  or  preach- 
ing; pulpit.  [<  F. 
disque,  <  L.  discus, 
disk.] 

des'o-late.  I.des'- 

O-let,  vt.     [-LA'TED"*; 

wasted  make'^deS  Deskused  by  Washington, 
late,  sorrowful,  gloomy,  or  forlorn.  II.  des'o- 
let  or  -Igt,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  inhabitants, 
dwellings,  etc.;  laid  waste;  deserted;  aban- 
doned. 2.  Without  friends;  forlorn;  sorrow- 
ful; afflicted;  lonely.  [<  L.  de,  entirely,  -4- 
solus,  alone.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.~  des'o-Ia''- 
ter,  n.    des'o-la ''tort. —  des'^o-la't ion,  n. 

1,  The  state  or  condition  of  being  desolate; 
loneliness;  dreariness;  sadness;  affliction.  *i.  A 
desolate  region;  a  waste.  3.  The  act  of  making 
desolate;  d(!vastatlon. 

de-spair',  dg-spar'.  I.  vi.  To  abandon  all 
hope;  be  or  become  hopeless:  often  with  o/*. 
II.  71.  1.  Utter  hopelessness  and  discourage- 
ment. 2.  That  which  causes  despair  or  which 
is  despaired  of.  [  <  L.  despero,  <  de,  from,  -|- 
(tpes,  hope.]  —  de-spair'ln^s-ly,  adv. 

des-patcll',  des-pach'.  I',  vt.  1.  To  send  off 
to  a  destination;  especially,  to  send  swiftly. 

2.  To  do  promptly;  execute;  accomplish,  3. 
To  kill  summarily.  II.  n.    1.  The  act  of  des- 

Eatching.  2.  A  message  sent  with  haste,  as 
y  telegraph.  3.  The  prompt  completion  of 
work;  expedition;  speed.  4.  A  swiit  convey- 
ance, or  system  of  conveyance.  [<  OF.  des- 
pechier,  <  L.  dis-  priv.  -f-  pedica,  trap.] 
des"per-a'do,  des'pgr-e'do  or  -fl'dn,  n. 
[does*  or  -i)08»,  ;;/.]  A  man  of  desjxjrate 
character  and  deeds;  a  ruffian.  [Sp.] 
des'per-ate,  des'p^ir-et  or  -gt,  a.    1.  With- 


out care  for  danger;  reckless,  as  from  despair. 
2.  Resorted  to  in  a  last  extremity;  hazardous; 
reckless;  furious.  3.  Regarded  as  irremedi- 
able; despaired  of.  [<  L.  desperatus^  pp.  of 
c?(?«7;ero,  DESPAIR.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,  «.— des"- 
per-a'tion,  n.  The  state  of  being  desperate; 
the  recklessness  of  despair;  blind  fury. 

des'pi-ca-bl(e,  des'pi-ca-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being,  or  deserving  to  be,  despised ;  contempt- 
ible; mean;  vile.  [<  L.^^-  de^tpicio;  see  de- 
spise.]—des"pi-ca-bil'i-ty,  -n.  The  quality 
of  being  despicable,  des'pi-ca-bl (e-ncss:!:. 
—  des'pi-ca-bly,  adv. 

de-spise',  de-spaiz',  vt.  [de-spised';  de- 
spi'siNG.]  To  regard  as  contemptible;  disdain; 
scorn.  [<  L.oF  desjncio,  <  de,  Aown, -\- specio, 
look  at.]  —  de-spi'sa-bl(e,  a. 

de-spite',  dg-spait'.  l.n.  Extreme  aversion ; 
spite;  malice;  disdain  with  defiance.  II. 
pre}).  In  spite  of ;  notwithstanding.  [<  OF. 
despit,  <  L.  despectus,  pp.  of  despicio,  de- 
spise.]—de-spite'ful,  a.  Full  of  spite;  ma- 
licious; malignant.    -ly,  adv.    -nes^,  n. 

de-spoil',  dg-speil',  vt.    To  strip  or  deprive  of 
something  by  or  as  by  force;  plunder:  with  of. 
[<  L.  de-  intens.  +  sjMlium,  spoil.] 
—  de-spoil'er,  n.— de-»po"li-a'tion,  v. 

des-pond'^i,  des-pend',  vi.  To  lose  spirit, 
courage,  or  hope ;  be  depressed  or  cast  down. 
[<  L.  de.  from,  +  spondeo,  promise.] 

des-pond'ent,  des-pend'gnt,  a.  Dejected 
in  spirit;  disheartened,  -ly,  at/r.— des-pond'- 
en-cy,  n.    dcs-pond'encet* 

des'pot,  des'pet,  n.  An  absolute  monarch; 
autocrat;  a  hard  master;  tyrant.  '[OF,,  <  Gr, 
despotes,  master.]  — des-pbt'ic,  a.  Of  or  like 
a  despot  or  despotism;  tyrannical.-  des'pot- 
ism,  des'pgt-lzm,  n.  1.'  Absolute  power;  au- 
tocracy.   2.  Any  tyrannical  control. 

des-sert',  dez-zgrt',  n.  A  service  of  sweet- 
meats, etc.,  at  the  close  of  a  repast.     [F,] 

des"ti-na'tion,  des'ti-ne'ehun,  n.  1.  A  pre- 
determined end;  point  to  which  a  journey  is 
directed;  goal.     2.  A  destining;  appointment. 

des'tine,  des'tin,  vt.  [des'tined;  des'tin- 
iNG.]  To  design  for  or  appoint  to  a  distinct  pur- 
pose or  end;  foreordain,  [<  L.  de-  intens,  -|- 
sto,  stand.] 

des'ti-ny,  des'ti-ni,  «.  [-nies*,  »>/.]  1.  That 
to  which  any  person. or  thing  is  destined;  for- 
tune; doom,  2.  Inevitable  necessity;  divine 
decree ; fate, 

des'ti-tute,  des'ti-tint,  a.  1.  Not  having  or 
jjossessing;  entirely  lacking:  with  o/'.  2.  Be- 
ing in  want;  extremely  poor.  [<  L.  de,  down, 
-\- statuo,'pni.]  —  de8''u-tu'tion,  n. 

des-troy',  des-trei',  vt.  To  bring  to  ruin;  over- 
throw; demolish;  ruin;  kill,  [<  L,oi'  de,  from, 
-\- struo,  build.]  —  des-troy'er,  n. 

de-struc'tion.  dg-etruc'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  destroying,  or  state  of  being  destroyed;  dem- 
olition; ruin.  2.  That  which  destroys.— de- 
8truc'ti-bl(e,  a.  IJable  to  destruction.  — de- 
Htrur'liv(e,  «.  Tending  or  fitted  to  destroy; 
causing  (l(>siniction;pernici(ius;  ruinous. 

des'ue-tude,  des'wg-tind,  n.  Disuse.  [<  L. 
desuefi/do,  <  de,  from,  -{-  sueo,  be  used.] 

des'ul-to-ry,  des'ul-to-ri,  a.  Passing  abruptly 
and  irregularly  from  one  thing  to  another; 
starting  suddenly;  fltful;  changeable;  unmeth- 
odical.   [<  L.  de,  down,  -f  salU),  leap.] 


papfi,  cjsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  S  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


133 


detach 
devolve 


de-tacll'S  de-tach',  rf.  To  disconnect;  sever; 
separate;  part.  {<F.  detacher,  <  c?e-,  from, 
+  Bret,  tach^  nail.]  —  de-tach'ment,  n.  1 .  A 
detaching;  separation.  2.  Something  detached, 
as  a  body  of  troops  for  special  service. 

de-tail',  de-tel'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  report  or  nar- 
rate minutely.  2.  To  select  for  s{)ecial  serv- 
ice. II.  n.  1.  A  separately  considered  par- 
ticular or  item;  minor  part;  accessory.  2.  A 
minute  narrative.  3.  Mil.  A  small  detach- 
ment assigned  to  some  subordinate  service. 
[<  F.  detainer,  <  de-,  apart,  -j-  tailler,  cut.] 

de-tain',  de-ten',  vt.  To  restrain;  stop;  with- 
hold; keep  back.  [<  L.  detineo,  <  de,  from, 
-{-  feneo,  hold.] 

de-tect''',  d§-tect',  rt.  To  discover  something 
hidden  or  recondite;  find  out;  determine;  ex- 
pose; disclose.  [<  L.  de,  from,  -\-  tego, 
cover.]  —  de-tec'tion,  n.  The  act  of  detect- 
ing; discovery.— de-tect'iv(e.  I.  a.  Skilled 
in  or  fitted  for  detection;  employed  to  detect;  b«v 
longing  to  detectives.  II.  n.  One  employed  to 
ferret  out  crime  and  capture  criminals. 

de-ten'tion,  dg-ten'shun,  n.  The  act  of  de- 
taining, or  the  state  of  being  detained;  re- 
straint; delay.     [<  L.^  detineo;  see  detain.] 

de-ter',  de-tgr',  vt.  [de-terred';  de-ter'- 
RiNG.]  To  prevent  or  restrain,  as  by  fear.  [< 
L.  de,  from,  -(-  terreo,  frighten.] 

de-ter'gent,  de-tgr'jent.  I.  a.  Cleansing; 
purging.  II.  ?^.  A  cleansing  medicine,  as  for 
wounds,  etc.  [<  L.  de,  from,  -J-  tergeo,  wipe.] 

de-te'ri-o-rate,  de-ti'ri-o-ret,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ra"- 
TEi)'';  -ra'ting.]  To  make  or  grow  worse; 
impair;  degenerate.  [  <  h.^^  deterior,  worse,  < 
de,  down.]  — de-te''ri-o-ra'tion,  n. 

de-ter'min-ate,  de-tfir'min-et  or  -et,  a.  Defi- 
nitely limited  or  fixed.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  n. 

de-ter"nii-na'tion,   de-tgr'mi-ne'shmi,    n. 

I.  The  act  of  determining;  a  firm  resolve.  2. 
The  quality  of  being  earnest  and  decided;  firm- 
ness.   3.  Authoritative  opinion  or  conclusion. 

de-ter'miiKe,  de-tgr'min,  v.  [-min(e)d; -min- 
ing.] I.  ^.  1.  To  resolve;  decide.  2.  To  fix; 
settle;   decree.    3.  To  limit;  terminate;  end. 

II.  i.  1.  To  come  to  a  decision;  resolve:  with 
on.  2.  To  come  to  an  end.  [<  L.  de,  com- 
pletely, -\-  termino,  terminate.]  —  de-ter'- 
liiiiied,  2)a.    Resolute;  settled;  determinate. 

de-test'd,  d§-test',  vt.  To  hold  worthy  of  ex- 
ecration; dislike  or  hate  with  intensity';  abhor. 
[<  L.  detestor,  denounce,  <  de-  intens.  -f- 
testis,  witness.]  —  de-test'a-bl(e,  a. — de-test'- 
a-bly,  artr.— def'es-ta'tioii,  n.  Ejctreme 
dislike;  hatred;  abhorrence. 

de-th.rone',  d§-thrOn',  vt.  [de-throned'; 
de-thro'ning.]  To  remove  from  the  throne; 
depose.  [  <  L.  de,  from,  -|-  thronus,  throne.] 
—  de-tlirone'inent,  %. 

det'o-nate,  det'o-net,  vt.  &  vi.  [-na'ted'^; 
-na'ting.]  To  explode  with  a  sudden  loud  re- 
port. [<  'L.de-\ntenB.-\-tono,  thunder.]— det''- 
o-iia^tioii,  11.    A  report  or  explosion. 

de"tour',  de'tur',  w.  A  roundabout  way.  [< 
F.  detour,  <  de-,  Dis-,  +  toui'ner,  turn.] 

de-tract'^  de-tract',  v.  I.  t.  To  take  or  draw 
away;  withdraw  so  as  to  lessen  value  or  estima- 
tion. II.  i.  To  lessen,  as  reputation  or  credit; 
disparage:  commonly  with /rom.  \_<\j.^de- 
tracto,  freq.  of  detraho,  <  de,  from,  -\-  traho. 


draw.]  —  de-trac'tlon,  n.  The  act  of  detract- 
ing; slander;  defamation.— de-tract'or  or 
-er,  n.    A  defiimer;  slanderer. 

det'ri-ment,  defri-mgnt,  n.  1.  Something 
that  impairs  or  injures,  or  causes  damage  or 
loss.  2.  Injury  or  loss.  [<  L.  detrimentum, 
damage,  loss.] — defri-men'tal,  a.  Injurious; 
hurtful. 

de  trop,  de  tro.  Too  much;  not  wanted:  said  of 
a  person  whose  company  Is  inconvenient.    [F.] 

deuce S  dius,  n.  Two:  a  card,  or  side  of  a  die, 
having  two  spots.  [<  F.  deux,  <  L.  duo,  two.] 

deuce^,  «.     The  devil.     [<  'L.'^^  deus,  god.] 

dev'as-tate,  dev'as-tet,  vt.  [-ta'ted^;  -ta"- 
TiNG.]  To  lay  waste,  as  by  war,  fire,  flood, 
etc.;  destroy;  ravage.  [<  L.  de,  thoroughly, 
+  vastus,  waste.]  —  dev^as-ta'tion,  n. 

de-veFopS  dg-vel'op,  v.  I.  i.  To  uncover  or 
unfold;  bring  to  light  or  to  completion  by  de- 
grees; increase.  II.  i.  1.  To  advance  by  stages 
from  a  lower  to  a  higher  state.  2.  To  come  to 
light  gradually;  disclose  itself.  [<  F.  develop- 
per,  unfold.]  —  de-vel'op-ment,  n.  Gradual 
evolution  or  completion. 

de-vest'*",  dg-vest',  ^.  "L.t.  To  deprive;  alien- 
ate. II.  i.  To  be  lost  or  alienated,  as  a  title 
or  estate.     [<  L.  de,  irom, -\-vestis,  dress.] 

de'vi-ate,  dl'vi-et,  vi.    [-a"ted'>;   -a'ting.] 

1.  To  turn  aside;  wander;  diverge.  2.  To 
differ.     [  <  L.'-''  devius;  see  devious.] 

—  ile^vi-a'tion,  n.  The  act  of  deviating,  or 
Its  result;  variation  or  deflection;  error;  sin. 

de-vice',  de-vais',  n.  1.  A  contrivance;  de- 
sign; pattern;  heraldic  emblem  or  motto.  2.  A 
plan;  artifice;  stratagem;  plot.  [<  L.^ divisus, 
pp.  of  divido,  divide.] 

dev'il,  dev'l,  n.  1.  An  evil  spirit;  demon; 
Satan.  2.  A  wicked  or  malignant  person; 
wretched  fellow.  3.  3Iech.  One  of  various 
machines.  4.  A  printers'  apprentice.  5.  A 
dish  of  highly  seasoned  food.  [<  AS.  deofol, 
diobal,  <  Gr.  diatx)los,  slanderer.] 

—  dev'ilsfish",  n.  One  of  various  large 
marine  animals  or  ugly  appearance,  as  an  octo- 
pus.—dev'il -ish,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of 
the  devil;  diabolical;  malicious.  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.—  dev'il-try,  n.  Wanton  and  mali- 
cious mischief,  or  the  spirit  Inciting  to  it. 

de'vi-ous,  di'vi-us,  a.  Winding  or  leading 
away  from  a  straight  or  right  course;  ram- 
bling. [<  L.  devius,  <  de,  from,  -\-  via,  way.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness«  n. 

de-vise',  dg-vaiz',  v.  [de-vised';  de-vi'- 
siNG.]    I.  t.    1.  To  invent;  contrive;  scheme. 

2.  Lain.  To  transmit  (real  estate)  by  will.  II. 
i.  To  form  plans  or  schemes;  contrive;  con- 
struct. [<  F.  deviser,  <  L.  divisus;  see  de- 
vice.] —  dev"l-see',  n.  The  person  to  whom 
a  devise  is  made.—  de-vi'ser,  n.  One  who  con- 
trives. —  de-vi'sor,  n.    One  who  gives  by  will. 

de-vise',  de-vaiz' or  dg-vais',  w.  Law.  1.  A 
gift  of  lands  by  will.  2.  The  act  of  bequeath- 
ing lands.  3.  A  will,  or  clause  of  a  will,  con- 
veying real  estate. 

de-void',  dg-veid',  a.  Not  possessing;  desti- 
tute: witho/".     [<  OF.  desvotdier,  empty  out] 

de-volr',  de-vwar',  ??,.  Service  or  duty;  respect- 
ful attention.    [F.,  <  L.  debeo,  owe.] 

de-volv(e',  dg-velv',  v.  [de-volv(e)d';  de- 
voLv'iNG.]  I."^.  To  deliver  over,  as  to  a  suc- 
cessor; transmit.  II.  i.  To  pass  from  a  pos- 
sessor to  his  successor  or  substitute:  with  to. 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c  (k);    cliat;   dh  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


devote 
diameter 


ld4 


on,  OT  upon.     [<  L.  de^  down,  +  t^olvo,  roll.] 

de-vote',  d§-vot',  vt.  [de-vo'ted<';  de-vo'- 
TiNG.J  1.  To  give  or  surrender  completely; 
set  apart;  dedicate;  consecrate.  2.  To  doom; 
curse;  execrate.  [<  L.  devotus,  <  de,  from, 
4-  voveo,  vow.]  —  de-vo'ted,  de-vo't§d,  pa.  1 . 
Feeling  or  showing  devotion;  ardent;  zealous; 
devout.  "2,  Set  apart  as  by  a  vow;  consecrated; 
also,  doomed,  mly^  adv.  -ness,  «.— dev^'o- 
tee',  dev"o-tl',  n.  One  zealously  devoted,  espe- 
cially to  religious  observances;  a  votary;  zealot. 

de-yo'tion,  d§-v0'8hun,  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  devoted,  as  to  religious  faith  or  duty; 
devoutness;  zeal;  ardor.  2.  An  act  of  worship; 
prayer:  usually  in  the  plural.  3.  The  act  of 
devoting. —  de-vo'tion-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  devotion;  devout. 

de-vour',  de-vaur',  vt.  To  eat  up  greedily; 
consume;  destroy;  waste.  [<  L.  de,  thor- 
oughly, -f-  voro,  devour.] 

de-vout',  d§-vaut',  a.  1.  Earnestly  religious; 
containing  or  expressing  devotion;  pious; 
reverent.  2.  Warmly  devoted;  heartfelt;  sin- 
cere. [<  OF.  devot,  F.devot,  <  h.  devotus; 
see  DEVOTE.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dOTV,  diu.  I.  vt.  To  wet  with  or  as  with  dew; 
bedew.  II.  n.  1.  Moisture  condensed  from 
the  atmosphere  in  small  drops  upon  the  upper 
surface  of  plants.  2.  Anything  moist,  gentle, 
or  refreshing  as  dew.  [<  AS.  dedw.]  —dew's 
cla^v'%  n.  A  rudimentary  toe  or  hoof  in  dogs 
or  cattle.—  dewsclawed,  a.—  dew'drop'',  n. 
A  drop  of  dew.— dew'lap'',  n.  The  pendulous 
skin  under  the  throat  of  cattle.— dew'y,  dlfi'i, 
a.     Moist,  as  with  dew;  of,  like,  or  yielding  dew. 

dex'ter,  dex'ter,  a.  1.  Right-hand;  right: 
in  heraldry,  on  the  wearer's  right,  and  hence 
the  sjjectator's  left.  2.  Favorable;  propitious. 
[L.,  right.]  —  dex-ter'i-ty,  dex-tgr'i-ti,  n.  1. 
Readiness  and  skill  in  using  the  hands;  expert- 
ness.  2.  Mental  quickness,  adroitness,  or  skill. 
—  dex'tral.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to.  or  situated  on 
the  right  side;  rlght»hand.  —  dex'ter-oiis, 
dex'trous,  a.  Characterized  by  dexterity ; 
skilful  or  adroit;  expert ;  handy  ;  clever ;  artful. 
-ly,  adv.    mnetiSi  n. 

Ai''^i  prefix.  Two;  twofold;  double;  twice;  doubly. 
[<  L.  di;  <  Gr.  di-,  <  dis,  doubly,  <  dyo,  two. J 

di-2,  prefix.  Form  of  ms-  before  ft,  d,  g,  j,  I,  m, 
n,  r,  v:  used  to  indicate  separation. 

di-3,  prefix.    Form  of  pta-  before  a  vowel. 

dia-,  prefix.  Through;  thoroughly.  [<  L.  dia-, 
<  Gr.  dia-,  <  dia,  through,  during,  etc.,  <  dyo, 
two.] 

di^'a-tool'lc,         I  dai'a-bel'ic,  -al,  a.  Of,  per- 

satani 

fM)lofi;  see  devil.] — dV^a-hol'lc-al-ly,  adv.— 

di''a-boI'ic-al-nc8H,  n. 

di-ac'o-nal,  di-ac'o-nal,  a. 
Of,  i)ertaiiiing  to,  or  befit- 
ting a  deacon  or  the  diaco- 
nate.  [<  LL.  diaeoniis, 
deacon.] — dl-ac'o-nate,  n. 
The  office  of  a  deacon;  dea- 
cons collectively. 

di''a-crit'ic,  dai'a-crit'ic. 
I.  u.  Marking  a  difference; 
distinguishing;  distinctive. 
di"a-crit'ic-al*.  II.  Head  with  Diadem. 
n.  A  diacritical  mark,  point,  or  sign  attached 
to  a  letter.  [<  Gr.  dia,  between,  -f  krin&,  dis- 
tinguish.] 


-Doric,  (  aara-Dei'ic,  -ai,  a.  Of,  per- 
-bol'ic-al,  f  taining  to,  or  like  the  devil ; 
nic;  infernal.    [<  Q,r.^  diabolikos,  <  dia- 


di'a-dem,  dai'a-dem,  n.  A  crown;  regal 
power;  sovereignty.  See  illus.  in  preceding 
column.  [  <  Gf .  diadema,  <  dia,  through,  -{- 
deo,  bind.] 

di-fer'e-sis,  di''ae-ret'ic.  Same  as  dieresis, 
etc. 

di^ag-nose',  dai"ag-nus'  or  di'ag-nos',  vt. 
[nosed'';  -no'sing.]  3fed.  To  make  a 
diagnosis  of,  as  a  disease.— di^'ag-no'sls, 
dai"[o>'  dr]ag-no'sis,  n.  The  determination  of 
the  distinctive  nature  of  a  disease;  discrimina- 
tion between  things  or  conditions  of  a  similar 
nature.    [<  Gr.  dia,  between,  +  gignosko,  know.] 

di-ag'o-nal,  dai-ag'o-nal.  I.  a.  Crossing 
obliquely;  oblique;  marked  by  oblique  lines  or 
the  like.  II.  n.  A  straight  line  or  plane  pass- 
ing from  one  angle,  as  of  a  square, 
to  any  other  angle  not  adjacent. 
[<  L.  diagonalis,  <  Gr.  dia, 
through,  4-  gdnia,  angle.] 
—  di-ag;'o-nal-ly,  adr. 

di'a-g:raxn^  dai'a-gram,  n.  A 
mechanical  plan  or  outline;  a 
map,  or  the  like.  [<  Gr.  dia- 
gramma,  <  dia,  across,  -f-  grapho, 
write.] 

di'al,  dai'al.  I.  vt.  [di'aled  or 
di'alled;  di'aling  or  di'al- 
LiNG.]  To  measure  or  survey 
with  a  dial;  make  dials.    II.  n. 

1.  A  device  for  indicating  time  by 
means  of  the  shadow  of  a  gnomon  or  style 
thrown  upon  a  graduated  plate;  as,  a  swu'dial. 

2.  Any  graduated  circular  plate  or  face,  as  of 
a  watch  or  clock,  a  mariners'  compass,  etc. 
[  <  Ij.^^  dies,  day.] 

di'a-lect,  dai'a-lect,  M.  1.  A  provincial  mode 
of  speaking  a  language.  2.  Any  given  mode 
or  use  of  language;  idiom;  style.  [<  Gr.  dia- 
lektos,  <  dia,  between,  -\- lego,  speak.]  —  di''- 
a-lec'tic.  \,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  dialect,  ili'^a-lec'talt.  2.  Per- 
taining to  dialectics;  logical;  argumentative. 
di^'a-lec'tic-alt.  II.  n.  1.  Logic  in  general: 
often  used  in  the  plural.  2.  A  specific  mode  of 
argument.  3.  Argumentative  ability,  -al-ly, 
r/f/r.— di'-'n-lec-ti'eiaii,  ii.    A  logician. 

di'a-logiue,  dai'a-leg,  n.  A  formal  conver- 
sation or  discussion  in  which  two  or  more 
speakers  are  represented  as  conversing.  [< 
Gr.  dialogos,  <  dia,  between,  -|-  legd,  speak.] 

di-am'e-ter,  dai-am'§-tfir,  n.  A  line  through 
the  center,  as  of  a  circle  or  sphere,  terminated 
at  the  boundary  thereof;  the  length  of  such  a 
line.  [<  Gr.  dia, 
through,  -f-  met- 
ron,  measure]  — 
dl''a-met'rlc-al, 
a.  1,  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  diameter; 
coinciding  with  a 
diameter.  di- 
aiii'e-tralt.  2. 
Of  or  peitaining  to 
the  ends  of  a  diam- 
eter; directly  ad- 
verse or  opposite, 
and  as  far  removed 
as  possible,  di'^a- 
inet'rict.  —  di''- 
a-iiiet'ric-al- 

ly,  adv.    1.  In  the  manner  of  a  diameter. 
Irreconcilably. 


®#@ 


Forms  of  Cut  Dlaim 


2. 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  th^y,  asfge;  It,  ^,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  bvt,  vr; 


135 


diamond 
different 


di'a-mond,  dai'a-mund,  71.     1.    A  gem  of 

great  refractive  power,  consisting  essentially  of 
crystallized  carbon.  See  illus.  on  preceding 
page.  2.  A  figure  bounded  by  four  equal 
straight  lines,  and  having  two  bf  the  angles 
acute  and  two  obtuse;  a  rhomb  or  lozenge. 
3.  Print.  A  size  of  type  next  larger  than 
brilliant:  4»  or  4i*point. 


Anat. 


Diaphragm. 

a,  a,  height  of  arch 

during      expiration ; 

6,  fe,  neight  of  arch 

during  inspiration. 


Thia  line  is  set  in 

4.  A  lozenge=8haped  spot  on  a  playing»card, 
or  a  card  so  marked.  [<  Gr.^  adamas.,  <  a- 
priv.  +  damao,  tame.] 

di''a-pa''son,  dai'a-pe'sgn,  fi.  1.  Mus.  A 
principal  stop  in  a  pipe»organ,  characterized 
by  fulness  and  richness  of  tone.  2.  Compre- 
hensive or  fundamental  harmony;  accord.  [< 
Gr.  dia,  through,  -\-])as,  all.] 

di'a-per,  dai'a-pgr,  ??.  1.  A  fine  figured  silken 
or  linen  cloth.  2.  An  infants'  breech-cloth. 
[<  OF.  diapj^e,  <  L.  iaspis,  jasper.] 

di-apli'a-nous,  dai-af'a-nus,  a.  Transparent: 
translucent;  thin  or  attenuated.  [<  Gr.  dia, 
through,  +  phaino,  show.] 

di'a-pliragm,  dai'a-fram,  ??. 
important  muscle  used  in 
respiration,  situated  be- 
tween the  thoracic  and  ab- 
dominal cavities,  mid'- 
Tifft-  2.  Any  dividing 
membrane  or  partition.  [< 
Gr.  dia,  through,  -f  phrag- 
nymi,  enclose.]  — di^'a- 
phrag-mat'ic,  a. 

di'a-ry,  dai'a-ri,  n.  [-ries^, 
pL]  A  record  of  daily 
events.  [  <  L.  diarium,  < 
die.%  day.] 

di^ar-rlie'a,  dai"a-ri'a,  n. 
Morbidly  frequent  and  fluid  evacuation  of  the 
bowels.  [<  Gr.  diarrhoia,  <  dia,  through, 
4-  rhed,  flow.]    di^'ar-rlioe'at. 

di^a-ton'ic,  dai'a-ten'ic,  a.  Mus.  Designa- 
ting the  regular  tones  of  a  key  (or  scale).  [< 
Gr.  dia,  through,  -4-  teino,  stretch.] 

di'a- tribe,  dai'a-traib,  n.  An  abusive' dis- 
course; invective.  [<  Gr.  diatribe,  y/eaxmg 
away,  <  dia,  through,  -\-  triho,  rub.] 

dib'bl(e,  dib'l.  I.  tt.  [dib'bi.(e)d;  dib'- 
BLiNG.]  To  dig,  plant,  or  set  with  a  dibble. 
II.  n.  A  gardeners'  pointed  tool  for  planting 
seeds,  setting  slips,  etc.     [  <  dib,  dip,  ?).] 

dice,  dais,  vt.  &  m.  [diced';  di'cing.]  To 
make  with  a  dice«=like  pattern ;  play  with  dice. 

dice,  n.  j)L  [die,  dai,  sing.]  1.  Cubes,  usu- 
ally of  bone  or  ivory,  marked  on  each  side  with 
black  spots,  from  one  to  six.  2.  A  game  played 
with  dice.  [Irreg.  pi.  of  ME.  dee;  see  die,  n.] 
—  dice'sbox'',  n.  A  small  box.  from  which 
dice  are  thrown.—  di'cer,  n.     A  player  of  dice. 

dick'er,  dik'gr,  I.  vi.  &  vi.  [U.  S.]  To  barter; 
haggle.  II.  ti.  A  petty  trade;  bargain;  deal. 
[<  L.  decuria,  division  by  tens,  <  rfecem,  ten.] 

dic'tate,  dic'tet.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [Dic'TA'TEDd; 
dic'ta"ting.]  1.  To  declare  with  authority; 
command;  prescribe.  2.  To  communicate 
orally  (something  to  be  written  by  an  aman- 
uensis). II.  n.  An  authoritative  sugges- 
tion or  prompting;  a  rule,  precept,  or  max- 
im; positive  order.     [<  Jj.  dictatus,  pp.  of 


dicfo,  freq.  of  dico,  say.]  —  dic-ta'tion,  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  dictating;  also,  that  which  is  dictated. 
"i.  Arbitrary  control. 

dic-ta'tor,  dic-te'ter,  «.  1.  A  person  invested 
with  absolute  power.  2.  One  who  dictates. — 
dic'^ta-to'ri-al,  a.  Given  to  dictating;  over- 
bearing; imperious;  absolute.  -|y,  adv.  -ness, 
n.—  dic-ta'tor-ship,  n.  1 .  The  office,  or  term 
of  office,  of  a  dictator.    »^.  Supreme  control. 

dic'tion,  dic'shun,  n.  The  use,  choice,  and 
arrangement  of  words  and  modes  of  expres- 
sion.    [<  L.  dictio(7i-),  <  dico,  say.] 

dic'tion-a-ry,  dic'shun-e-ri,  n.  [-riess  pi.] 
A  book  containing  the  words  of  any  language, 
or  of  anjr  department  of  knowledge,  arranged 
alphabetically,  and  defined;  lexicon;  word- 
book;  vocabulary. 


dic'tum,  dic'tum,  n.     [dic'ta,  dic'ta,  pi.]  An 

.    :l.] 

difl.  did,  itnp.  of  do,  v. 


authoritative  or  positive  utterance.      [L.] 


di-dac^tic,  dai-dac'tic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  teaching;  preceptive;  expository. 
[<  Gr.  didal-fikos,  apt  to  teach.]  di-dac'- 
tic-alj.—  di-dac'tic-al-iy,  adv. 

didst,  didst,  2d  per.  sing.  imp.  of  do,  v. 

diei,  dai,  t't.  [died;  dy'ing.]  1.  To  suffer 
death;  pass  from  life;  decease;  expire.  2.  To 
become  insensible  or  indifferent:  followed  by 
to.    [ME.  die7i,  deyen,  <  Ice.  deyja.] 

die2,  vt.    To  cut  or  stamp  with  or  as  with  a  die. 

die,  n.  [dice,  dais,  pi.,  in  defs.  1  and  2;  dies, 
daiz,  pi.,  in  defs.  3  and  4.]  1.  A  small,  figured 
cube,  used  in  games.  2.  A  cast,  as  in  dice- 
playing;  stake;  hazard.  3.  A  hard  metal  de- 
vice for  stamping  or  cutting  out  some  object, 
as  a  coin.  4.  Arch.  The  cubical  part  of  a 
pedestal.  [<  OF.  de,  F.  de,  <  L.  datum,  some- 
thing given.] 

di-er'e-sis,   »  dai-er'e-sis,  n.    [-ses,  pi.]     1. 

di-8er'e-sis,  (Two  dots  (•)  placed  over  the 
second  of  two  adjacent  vowels  that  are  to  be 
pronounced  separately:  not  used  in  the  text  of 
this  dictionary.  2.  The  separation  of  sylla- 
bles or  vowels  by  these  dots.  3.  Division,  as 
of  a  cell.     [<  Gr.  diaii^esis,  division.] 

di'et'i,  dai'et,  v.  I.  t.  To  regulate  or  restrict 
the  food  and  drink  of.  II.  i.  1.  To  take  food 
and  drink  according  to  a  regimen;  eat  carefully 
or  sparingly.    2.  To  take  food;  eat. 

di'et^  n.  1.  A  regulated  course  of  eating  and 
drinking;  regimen.  2.  The  daily  fare;  victuals. 
[<  Gr.  diaita,  manner  of  living,  diet.] 

—  di'et-a-ry,  dal'et-e-ri.  I.  a.  Or  or  per- 
taining to  diet  or  eating.  II,  n.  [-ries»,  p?.] 
A  system  of  diet.— di'^e-tet'ic,  df  e-tet'ic- 
al,  dai'e-tet'lc,  -al,  a.  Relating  to  diet  or  die- 
tetics.—Jli'^e-tefics,  n.  The  branch  of  hygiene 
that  treats  of  diet  and  dieting. 

di'et^,  n.  A  legislative  body;  convention;  coun- 
cil,    [diet*,  influenced  by  L.  dies,  day.] 

differ,  dif'gr,  vi.  1.  To  be  unlike  in  quality, 
degree,  form,  etc.:  absolutely  or  with  from. 
2.  To  disagree;  dissent:  absolutely  or  w4th 
frcmi  or  with.  3.  To  quarrel:  absolutely  or 
with,  ivith.     [<  L.  dis-,  apart, -\- fero,  carry.] 

dif fer-ence,  difgr-gns,  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  other  or  unlike,  or  that  in 
which  two  things  are  unlike;  distinction.  2. 
A  disagreement;  controversy;  quarrel.  3.  A 
separate  treatment;  discrimination. 

dif  fer-ent,  dif'gr-gnt,  a.    1.  Not  the  same; 


fiutjilre    (future);   aisle;   au    {putV,   oil;   c   (k);    chat;    dh    {th€);   go;  sing,  ink;    thin. 


differential 
dilly=dally 


136 


distinct;  other.  2.  Marked  by  a  difference; 
unlike.— diPfer-ent-lv,  adv. 

differ-en'tial,  difgr-en'shal.  I.  a.  Rela- 
ting to,  making,  or  marked  by  a  difference; 
distinctive;  discriminative.  II.  n.  Math.  An 
infinitesimal  difference  between  two  values  of 
a  quantity. —  diP'fer-en'tial-ly,  adv. 

dif'fer-en'ti-ate,  dif"gr-en'shi-et,  v.  [-a"- 
TEi)'';  -A  "TING.]  I.  t.  To  constitute,  estaib- 
lish,  or  note  a  difference  between.  II.  i.  To 
acquire  a  distinct  and  separate  character. 

—  differ-en-ti-a'tion,  n. 
dirfl-cult,  dif'i-cult,  a.     1.  Hard  to  do  or  be 

done;  arduous;  perplexing.  2.  Hard  to  per- 
suade, overcome,  or  satisfy;  intractable;  ex- 
acting. —  diPlI-ciil-ty,  dif'i-cul-ti,  n.  [-ties'-, 
pl.^  1,  The  state  or  quality  of  being  difficult;  an 
obstacle;  hindrance;  objection.  »i.  [U.  S.]  A 
quarrel.  3.  Financial  embarrassment;  a  strait; 
trouble:  generally  In  the  plural. 
dif'fi-dent,  dif'i-dgnt,  a.  Affected  or  pos- 
sessed with  self»distru8t;  timid;  shy;  modest. 
[<  L.  dls-.,  apart,  asunder,  +  fides.,  faith.] 

—  difli-dent-ly,  artw.  — ttif'fi-dence,  n. 
Self-distrust;  shyness;  modesty,     dif'fi-dent- 

dif-fuse',  dif-fiuz', ri^.&t'i.  [dif-fused';  dif- 
Fu'siNG.]  To  pour  or  send  out  so  as  to  spread 
in  all  directions;  spread  abroad;  circulate;  per- 
meate.    [<  L.  dis-,  apart,  -f  fundo,  pour.] 

—  dif-fu'si-bl(e,  a.  Spreading  rapidly  and 
energetically.—  dif-fii''si-bil'i-ty,  n.  dif- 
fu'si-bKe-iiesst.— dif-fn'sioii,dlf-flu'zhun, 
n.  The  act  or  process  of  diffusing,  or  the  state  of 
being  diffused;  a  scattering;  dissemination;  dis- 
persion; circulation.  —  dif-fii'8iv(e,  dif-fiu'siv, 
n.  Having  the  property  of  diffusing;  tending  to 
diffuse;  spreading  abroad.  m\y,  adv.  -iiess,  «. 

dif-fuse',  dif-fius',  a.  1.  Redundant;  prolix; 
verbose.    2.  Widely  spread  out;  extended. 

—  dif-fuse'ly,  arfr.— dif-fuse'ness,  n. 
dig,  dig.  V.  [dug,  dug,  or  digged;  dig'ging.] 

I.  t.  1.  To  break  up,  heap  up,  form,  make,  or 
bring  out  by  excavating,  as  with  a  spade.  2. 
To  insert;  push,  or  force  in,  as  a  tool  into  the 
ground.  II.  i.  To  break  or  turn  up  earth  or 
other  material,  as  with  a  spade;  toil;  plod.  [< 
AS.  dlcian,  <  die,  ditch.]  —  dlg'^er,  n. 

di-gest''',  di-jest',  •?;.  I.  t.  1.  To  convert  into 
chyme  in  the  stomach,  as  food;  assimilate 
physically  or  mentally.  2.  To  systematize; 
analyze  and  classify;  form  into  a  digest.  3. 
To  tolerate  patiently;  submit  to;  endure.  4. 
Chem.  To  soften  by  heat  and  moisture.  II.  i. 
To  be  assimilated;  undergo  digestion.  [<L. 
digestus,  pp.  of  digero.,  <  di-,  apart,  +  gero, 
carry.]  —  ai-gest'er,  n.— dl-geHt'^i-bin-ty,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  digestible.  di-ffeHt'i- 
bKe-nesst.— di-srest'l-bKe,  rt.  — di-trest'- 
iv(e,  «.    Pertaining  or  conducing  to  digestion. 

di'gest,  dai'jest,  n.  A  systematic  arrange- 
ment, as  of  writings;  summary;  compilation. 

di-ges'tion,  di-jes'chun,  ??.  1.  I'Injsiol.  The 
pr<)ceH.s  of  dissolving  and  chemically  changing 
food  in  the  stomach,  so  that  it  can  be  assimila- 
ted by  the  blood  and  furnish  nutriment  to  the 
body.  2.  The  power  to  digest;  the  digestive 
functions.  3.  Mental  reception  and  assimila- 
tion, 4.  Chem.  Exposure  of  a  substance  to 
heat  and  moisture. 

dig'it,  dij'it,  n.  1.  A  finger  or  toe.  2.  Any 
one  of  the  ten  Arabic  numerals!    3.  An  ancient 


measure  of  length:  about  two^thirds  of  an 
inch,  [<  L.  rfig'/iz/i*, finger,] —dig'i-tal,  dij'- 
1-tal,  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  the  fingers 
or  digits.  3.  Digitate. —  dig'i-tate,  dij'T-tet 
or  -tet,  a.  Having  parts,  as  leaflets,  arranged 
like  the  fingers  of  a  hand.    -\y,  adv. 

dig'ni-fy,  dig'ni-fai,  r^.  [-fied; -fy"ing.]  1. 
To  impart  or  add  dignity  to;  honor,  2.  To 
invest  with  dignities;  promote;  elevate;  exalt. 
[<  L.J^+op  dignus,  worthy;  and  see  -FY.] 

—  dis:^ni-fied,  dig'ni-faid,  pa.  Characterized 
by  or  invested  with  dignity;  stately;  honored.     ■ 

dig'ni-ta-ry,  dig'ni-tg-ri,  n.  [-ries^,J9;.]  One 
who  holds  high  official  position. 

dig'ni-ty,  dig'ni  ti,  ??.  [-tiess  pl.'\  1.  Grave 
or  stately  bearing.  2.  High  rank,  office,  or 
position;  distinction.  3.  A  dignitary.  4.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  excellent,  worthy,  or 
honorable.  [  <  L.^  dignitas,  <  digmis.,  worthy.] 

di'graph.,  dai'grgf,  n.  A  union  of  two  char- 
acters representing  a  single  sound,  asoa  in  boat. 
[<  Gr.  di;  twofold,  -f  grapho,  write.] 

di-gress'S  di-gres',  vi.  To  turn  aside;  go  out 
of  the  way;  deviate;  wander.  [<  L.  di-,  apart, 
-f  gradior,  step.]  —  di-gres'sion,  n.  The  act 
of  digressing;  that  which  digresses;  a  turning 
aside,  as  from  a  subject;  deviation;  divergence, 

dike,  daik.  I.  vt.  [diked';  di'king.]  To 
surround  or  furnish  with  a  dike;  drain  by 
ditching.  II.  n.  An  embankment  to  protect 
low  land  from  inundation.     [  <  AS.  d~ic,  ditch,] 

di-lap'i-date,  di-lap'i-det,  v.  [-da'ted''; 
-DA'TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  cause  to  fall  into  partial 
ruin;  impair  by  neglect  or  misuse.  II.  i.  To 
be  impaired  by  misuse  or  neglect;  decay.  [< 
L,  di-,  apart,  4-  lapido,  <  lapis  (lapid-), 
stone.] —di-Iap"'l-da'tion,  n. 

di-late%  di-let',  vt.  &  ti.  [di-la'ted«';  di-la'- 
TiNG.]  To  enlarge  in  all  directions;  swell, 
spread,  or  puff  out;  distend;  expand;  enlarge; 
expatiate.  [ <  L.  di-,  apart,-]-  ladts,  carried.] — 
di-la'ta-bl(e,  a.  Expansible.  — di-la'tion, 
di-le'shun,  ?i.     The  act  of  dilating;  expansion. 

dil'a-to-ry,  dil'a-to-ri,  a.  Given  to,  character- 
ized by,  or  tending  to  cause  delay;  tardy;  slow. 


[  <  LL.  dilatmnns.,  <  L.  dilatus;  see  dilate. ]- 

dil'a-to-ri-ly,  arfw.— dil'a-to-ri-ness,  n. 
di-lem'ma,  di-lem'a,  ??.    A  necessary  choice 

between    equally   undesirable  alternatives;  a 

perplexing  predicament.     [Gr.  dilemma.,  <  di-, 

two,  +  IT'iiima,  anything  taken.] 
dil"et-tan'te,  dil"et-tgn'te,  i).     [-ti,  -W,pl.'\ 

A  dabbler  in  art  matters;  a  superficial  amateur: 

used  ali^o  adjectivally.     [<  It.  dilettaitte,  <  L. 

delecto;  see  "delight,  v.'\    dil"et-tant'i,  — 

<lil''et-taii^te-i8in,  n.     dil^'et-taut^isuil:. 
dil'i-gencei,  dil'i-jgns.  n.    1.  Assiduous 

application;  industry.    2.  Proper  heeti  or 

attention;  care. 
dil'i-gencei, 

dil'i-jgns  or  dt'li- 

zharts',     «.       A 

French       four* ' 

wheeled       public 

stage  •  coach, 

drawn  bv  from  4  .^.„ 

to  7  horses.     [F.]  Diligence. 

dil'i-gent,    diri-jgnt,    a.     Possessed    of    or 

showing  dilitjence;    pai.istaking;  industrious. 

[F,,  <  L.  rfi/tg'<'7*(/-K  careful,]    -ly,  arfv. 
dilMy.dal'^Iy,   dll'l-dan,   ri.     f-LiKD,  -Id;  -ly- 


papfi,  <}sk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat§r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


137 


dilute 
dipsomania 


TXG.l    [Colloq.l    To  loiter  or  trifle.    [<  dally.] 

di-lute',  di-lut'  or  -liut',  vt.  &vi.  [di-lu'ted<'; 
Di-LU'TiNG.]  To  make  or  become  weaker  or 
more  fluid  by  admixture;  weaken:  tliin.  [<  L. 
di-,  apart,  -f-  luo,  wash.]  —  di-lu'tion,  di-lu'- 
shun  or  -liu'shun,  n.  The  act  of  diluting,  or  the 
state  of  being  diluted;  something  diluted. 

di-lu'vi-al,  di-lu'vi-al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  produced  by  a  flood.     di-lu'vi-an:|:. 

dim,  dim.  l.rt.&vi.  [dimmed;  dim'mixg.] 
To  render  or  grow  dim;  tarnish;  fade.  II.  a. 
[dim'mer;  dim'mest.]  1.  Obscure  from  faint- 
ness  of  light  or  from  lack  of  visual  or  mental 
perception;  indistinct;  shadowy;  misty.  2.  Not 
seeing'or  perceiving  clearly;  purblind;  obtuse. 
3.  Lacking  luster;  tarnished.  [<  AS.  dim, 
dark.]  —  diin'ly,  adr.  —  dim'ness,  n. 

dime,  daim,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  silver  coin  worth  ten 
cents.     [<  L.F  c?edm«/s,  tenth,  <  rf<?oew,  ten.] 

di-men'sion,  di-men'shun,  n.  Any  measu- 
rable extent  or  magnitude,  as  len^h,  breadth, 
or  thickness.  [F.,  <  L.  dimensio{n-),  <  di-, 
apart,  -|-  mefior,  measure.] 

di-min'isliS  di-min'ish,  v.  I.  t.  To  make 
smaller  or  less;  decrease;  belittle;  degrade. 
II.  i.  To  grow  smaller;  lessen;  dwindle.  [< 
L.Prfe,  fmm,-\- minus,  less.]  —  dim^'i-nii'tion, 
dlm'i-nlu'shun,  n.  The  aetof  diminishing,  or  the 
condition  of  being  diminished:  reduction. 

di-min'u-tiv(e,  di-min'yu-tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Of 
relatively  small  size;  small;  little.  2.  Dimin- 
ishing, or  tending  to  diminish.  3.  Gram. 
Expressing  diminished  size.  II.  n.  1.  A 
word  formed  from  another  to  express  dimin- 
ished size.  2.  Anything  very  small.  {<\j.^^ 
</e,  from,  +  mi«?/c?,  less.]    -\y,adv.    -ness,  ??. 

dim'i-ty,  dim'i-ti,  n.  [-tiess  pl.^  A  variety 
of  cotton  cloth  or  dress'goods.  [<  Gr.  di-, 
two.  twofold,  -4-  miios,  thread.] 

dim'pl(e,  dim'pl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dim'pl(e)d; 
DiM'PLiNG.]  To  mark  with  dimples;  form 
dimples.  II.  n.  A  slight  depression  on  the 
cheek  or  chin,  or  on  any  smooth  surface. 
[<  Norw.  dipel,  dim.  of  dape,  pool.] 

din,  din.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dinned;  din/ning.] 
To  assail  with  confusing  noise;  urge  with 
clamorous  repetition:  make  a  din.  II.  n.  A 
loud  continuous  noise  or  clamor;  a  rattling  or 


clattering  sound.     [<  AS.  dyn,  dyne.] 

[dined;  di'ning.]    I.  t. 


dine,  dain,  v. 

give  a  dinner  to.     II.  i.    To  take  dinner.     [< 

F.  diner,  contr.  of  dejeuner,  breakfast.] 
dingi,  ding,  vt.  &  vi.  [dinged  or  dung,  dung; 

DiNG'iNG.]     Tostrike;  pound;  scold;  bluster. 

[ME.  dingen;  cp.  Ice.  dengja,  hammer.] 
ding2,  i-t_  &  vi.     To  urge  insistently;  resound 

monotonously,  as  a  bell;  ring;  toll.  [Imitative.] 
ding,  n.    A  blow  or  stroke. 
ding-dong'',  ding'»deng",  n.   1.  The  peal  of 

a  bell.    2.  Any  monotonous  repetition. 
din'gey,  din'g§,  n.    A  small  boat;  a  survey- 
ors'   sleeping'car.      [<    Beng.   dingt,   boat.] 

din'gee:}:;  din'gyf. 
din'glte,  di^i'gl,  n.    A  narrow  valley;  glen. 

[Var.  of  DIMPLE.] 
din'gy,   din'ji,   a.     Of  a  dusky  color,  as  if 

soiled;  dull;  tarnished.     [<  dung.] 
—  din'gi-ly,  adv.— din' gi-ness,  n. 
din'ner,  din'gr,  n.    The  principal  meal  of  the 

day;  a  banquet.     [<  F.  dmer;  see  dine.] 


dint,  dint.  I.  vt.  To  make  a  dent  or  dint  in. 
II.  n.  1.  A  small  depression  made  by  a  blow; 
a  dent.  2.  Active  agency;  efficacy;  as,  by 
dint  of  hard  work.     [<  AS.  dynt,  blow.] 

di'o-cese,  dai'o-sis,  n.  Eccl.  The  territory 
or  the  churches  under  a  bishop's  jurisdiction. 
[<  Gr.  dioikesis,  <  dia,  through,  -f-  oiked, 
dwell.] —  di-oc'e-san,  dai-es'e-san  or  dai'o- 
sl'san.  I.  rt.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  diocese. 
II,  71.    A  bishop. 

di'"'o-ra'ma,  dai"o-rfl'ma,  n.  A  painting,  or 
series  of  paintings,  as  of  a  battle,  arranged  for 
spectacular  exhibition. 

dip,  dip,  t).  [dipped^  or  DIPT ;  dip'ping.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  immerse  in  a  fluid  and  withdraw 
again.  2.  To  lower  for  an  instant  and  then 
raise,  as  a  fkig.  3.  To  lift  up  and  out  by 
scooping.  4.  To  put  or  sink  slightly  or  par- 
tially (into  a  liquid).  II.  i.  1.  To  plunge 
partly  or  momentarily  into  any  liquid.  2.  To 
engage  slightly  or  temporarily  in  any  matter: 
with  in  or  iiito.  3.  To  incline  downward;  de- 
cline. 4.  Geol.  To  lie  at  an  angle  with  the 
horizon,  as  strata.  [<  AS.  dyppan,  dippan, 
<  dj/pan,  deepen,  <  deop,  deep.] 

dip,/?.  1.  The  act  of  dipping;  a  plunge;  bath; 
dipping  up;  depression.  2.  A  liquid  into 
which  something  is  to  be  dipped.  3.  Inclina- 
tion, as  of  geologic  strata,  or  of  the  magnetic 
needle.    4.  A  candle  made  by  dipping. 

diph-tlie'ri-a,  dif-thi'ri-a,  n.  Pathol.  An 
acute  infectious  disease  characterized  by  a 
tendency  to  form  a  false  membrane  in  the 
throat.  [<  Gr.  diphthera,  leather,  <  depho, 
soften.]  —  dlph''the-rit'ic,  a.    diph-the'ricj. 

dipll''tliong,  dif'theng,  n.  Orthoepy.  The 
union  of  two  vowels  in  one  sound  or  syllable. 
[<  Gr.  diphthongos,  <  di-,  two,  twofold, + 
phthengomai,  cry"  out.]  —  diph-thon'gal,  a. 

di-plo'ma,  di-plo'ma,  n.  An  oflicial  honorary 
certificate,  as  of  graduation.  [L.,  <  Gr.  diplo- 
ma, lit.  paper  folded  double.] 

di-plo'ma-cy,  di-plo'raa-si,  n.    [-cies^,  pl^ 

1.  The  art,  science,  or  practise  of  conducting 
negotiations  between  nations.  2.  Tact,  shrewd- 
ness, or  skill  in  conducting  any  affair.  3.  The 
body  of  diplomatic  officials  of  a  government. 
[<  F.  diplomatie,  <  L.  diploma,  diploma.] 

—  dipMo-inat,  dip'lo-mat,  n.  One  employed 
or  skilled  in  diplomacy,  dip'lo-matet.— 
dip'^Io-matMc,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
diplomacy.  "2.  Characterized  by  special  tact  in 
negotiation;  dexterous;  wary;  adroit,  dip'^lo- 
mat'lc-ali.—  dip''lo-inat'ic-al-ly,  adv.— 
di-plo'ina-tist,  n.  1.  A 
diplomat.  2.  One  remark- 
able for  tact  and  shrewd 
management. 
dip'per,  dip'gr,  n.  1.  One 
who  or  that    which    dips. 

2.  A    small,    thrush'like  i 
diving  bird.    3.  [D-]    [U. 
S.l      The    group  of    seven 
bright  stars  in  the  constel- 
lation Ursa  Major. 

dip''so-nia'ni-a,    dip'so- 

me'ni-a    or    -mg'ni-a,    n.    ,        .  ~^  x^- 
Pathx)l.    An  uncontrollable  American  Dipper, 
craving  for  alcoholic  drink.  '* 

[<  Gr.  dipsa,  thirst,  +  mania,  mania.]  — 
dip"80-ina'ni-ac,  n. 


flut|ure    (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   eil;    c   (k):    chat;    dh   (the);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


dire 
disbelief 


138 


dire,  dair,  a.  [dir'er;  dir'est.]  Extremely 
calamitous;  dreadful;  terrible.  [<  Ij. dims, 
fearful.]     -\y,adv.    -ness,  w. 

di-rect'"^,  di-rect',  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  point  straight 
toward  a  thing;  aim.  2.  To  point  out  a  way 
to  (a  person).  3.  To  regulate;  control;  govern. 
4.  To  place  an  address  upon,  as  a  letter.  II. 
i.    To  act  as  a  guide,  conductor,  or  leader. 

di-rect',  a.  1.  Having  or  being  the  straightest 
course;  straight;  shortest;  nearest.  2.  Free 
from  intervening  agencies  or  conditions;  im- 
mediate. 3.  Straightf orw^ard ;  plain.  [<  L. 
directus,  pp.  of  dirigo,  direct.]  —  di-rect'iv(e, 
dl-rect'Iv,  a.  That  directs  or  points  out,  rules, 
or  governs.— di-rect'Iy,  dl-rect'li,  «(/».  1.  In 
a  direct  line  or  manner.  2.  Without  medium, 
agent,  or  go=between.  3.  Immediately;  at  once; 
as  soon  as  possible.  4.  Exactly;  precisely.— 
di-rect'ness,  dl-rect'nes,  n.  The  quahty  of 
being  direct;  straightness;  straightforwardness. 
—  di-rect'or,  dl-rect'gr,  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  directs.  di-rect'ert.  — di-rect'or- 
ate,  11.  1.  A  body  of  directors.  3.  The  office 
or  power  of  a  director.-  di-rect'ress,  n.fem. 

di-rec'tion,  di-rec'ehun,  n.  1.  The  position 
of  one  point  in  relation  to  another  without 
reference  to  the  intervening  distance.  2.  Tend- 
ency; aim.  3.  Superintendence;  administra- 
tion. 4.  Instruction;  command;  order.  5. 
The  name  and  residence  of  a  person;  address. 

di-rect'o-ry,  di-rect'o-ri,  n.  [-RiBs^,pl.]  1. 
An  alphabetical  or  classified  list,  as  of  the 
names  and  addresses  of  the  inhabitants  or 
business'houses  of  a  city.  2.  A  collection  of 
rules,  as  for  church  worship.  3.  A  body  of 
directors;  directorate. 

dire'ful,  dair'ful,  a.  Most  dire;  dreadful; 
terrible,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dirge,  dgrj,  n.  A  funeral  hymn  or  tune.  [< 
L.  dirigo.,  direct,  in  funeral  hymn  beginning 
''  Ding'e,  Bomine.^] 

dir'i-gi-blCe,  dir'i-ji-bl,  a.  That  may  be  di- 
rected or  controlled;  as,  a  dirigible  balloon. 

dirk,  dgrk.    I.  vt.    To  stab  with  a  dirk.    II. 
n.     A  dagger  or  poniard.      [<   Ir. 
duirc,  dirk.] 

dirt,  dgrt.  I.  a.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
Made  of  earth;  as,  &  dirt  ro&d.  II. 
n.  1.  Any  foul  or  filthy  substance; 
refuse;  trash.  2.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
Loose  earth;  garden»loam.  [ME. 
diit,  <  Ice.  drit,  dirt,  excrement  of 
birds.]  —  dlrt'y,     dgrt'i.        I.      vf. 

[DIRT' FED, -Id;     DIRT'Y-ING.]      ToSOil; 

make  filthy;  sully;  tarnish.  II.  a. 
(dirt'i-eb;  dirt'i-est.]  Unclean;foul; 
filthy,  physically  or  morally.— dirt'i- 
ly,  adv.— dirt'i-neat*,  71. 
dis-,  prefix.  Apart;  asunder.  In  nu- 
merous compounds,  dis-  has  simply 


negative  force,  causing  the  compound 
"     "      Is' 


Dirk. 


to  express  the  contrary  of  what  Is  Implied  by  the 

second  clement. 
dis-a'ble,  dis-e'bl,  t?/.    To  render  physically, 

mentally,  or    legally  incapable  of    proper  or 

effective  action;  cripple;  impair.— dl«"a-bll'l- 

ty,n.    l-TiEs», />;.!    Lack  of  ability;  inability. 
dls''a•buse^  dis'a-biflz',  vt.   To  rid  of  a  false 

notion  or  impression;  undeceive. 
dis'^ad-van'tage,  dig-ad-von't^j.  I.  v(.  To 

injure  the  interest  of;  prejudice;  hinder.    II. 

n.     1.  That  which  hmders,  prevents,  or  is 


prejudicial  to  success;  drawback;  injury.  2. 
A  state  of  inferiority  or  unfavorable  contrast : 
preceded  by  at;  as,  the  army  was  at  a  disad- 
vantage.— dis-ad'^van-ta^geous,  a.  Attended 
with  disadvantage  ;  detrimental ;  inconvenient. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis''af-fect'i,  dis"§,f-fect',  vt.  To  destroy  or 
weaken  the  affection  of;  alienate.—  dis'^af- 
fect'ed,  pa.  Alienated  in  feeling;  estranged; 
unfriendly.— dis'^af-lec'tion,  n.  Discontent; 
disloyalty;  estrangement. 

dis^'a-gree',  dis"a-gri',  ri.  1.  To  differ;  be 
at  variance  in  opinion;  fail  to  agree;  contend; 
quarrel.  2.  To  be  unfavorable  in  action  or 
effect,  as  food;  be  injurious:  followed  by  with. 

—  dis^'a-gree'a-bLe,  dis'a-gri'a-bl,  a.  Re- 
pugnant to  taste,  sentiment,  opinion,  or  the 
senses;  not  agreeable;  displeasing;  unpleasant.— 
dis'-'a-gree'a-bKe-ness,  n.  dis'^a-gree''- 
a-bil'i-tyj.  —  dis'"a-grree'a-bly,  adv.  — 
dis'^^a-gree'ineiit,  n.  Failure  to  agree;  dis- 
similarity; variance;  unsuitataleness;  incongru- 
ity; altercation;  quarrel. 

dis'^al-low',  dis"al-lau',  vt.  &  vi.  To  refuse 
to  allow  or  permit;  disapprove. —  dis''''al-low'- 
ance,  n.    Refusal  to  allow;  disapprobation. 

dis''ap-pear',  dis'ap-pir',  vi.  To  pass  from 
sight  or  view;  fadeaway;  vanish. 

—  dis'^ap-pear'aiice,  7i. 
dis'^ap-point''',  dis"sp-peint',  vt.  1.  To  de- 
feat or  fail  to  fulfil  the  expectation,  hope,  or 
desire  of  (a  person).  2.  To  prevent  the  attain- 
ment or  accomplishment  of  (a  hope  or  plan); 
frustrate.—  dis'^ap-poini'meiit,  n.  The  state, 
condition,  or  sense  of  being  disappointed;  that 
which  disappoints;  failure-  frustration. 

dis-ap'^pro-ba'tion,  dis-ap"ro-be'shun,  n. 
Disapproval;  unfavorable  judgment. 

dis^'ap-prove',  dis"ap-pruv',  v.  1. 1.  1.  To 
regard  with  disfavor  or  censure;  condemn: 
often  with  o/".  2.  To  refuse  assent  to;  reject 
as  inadmissible.  II.  i.  To  feel  or  express 
disapproval. —  dis'^ap-pror'al,  n.  The  act  of 
disapproving;  the  withholding  of  approval;  dis- 
approbation.- dis^ap-prov^ing-ly,  adv. 

dis-arm',  dis-flrm',  v.  I.  t.  To  cause  to  sur- 
render arms;  deprive  of  weapons  or  of  power 
to  harm  or  annoy;  quell;  allay.  II.  i.  To  lay 
aside  arms;  reduce  a  land  or  "naval  armament 
from  a  war  to  a  peace  footing. 

—  dis-arin'a-ment,  n. 
dis"ar-range',  dis'ar-renj',  vt.    To  disturb 

the  arrangement  of;  derange,    -ment,  w. 

dis-as'ter,  diz-gs'tgr  ordis-as'tgr,  «.  Crush- 
ing misfortune;  a  calamity.  [<  F.  desastre, 
<  L.  dis;  ill,  -\-  aMnwi,  <  Gr.  astron,  star.]  — 
dis-as'trous,  diz-gs'trus  or  dis-as'trus.  a.  1 . 
Occasioning  or  accompanied  by  disaster;  ca- 
lamitous. !i.  Threatening  disaster;  Ill-boding; 
gloomy;  dismal,    -ly,  arfr.    -iiess,  7i. 

dis^a-vow',  dis"a-van',  vt.  To  refuse  to  ac- 
knowledge; deny;  disclaim-  disown. 

—  dis''a-vow'al,  n.  A  disowning;  denial. 
dls-band''>,  dis-band'j  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  dis- 
charge from  further  united  (especiall  v  military) 
service.  2.  To  dismiss  (an  individual)  from 
an  organization;  discharge.  II.  i.  To  retire 
from  service  as  an  organization. 

—  diN-band'nient,  m.    A  disbanding. 
dis-bar',  dis-bflr',  vt.    Law.    To  deprive  of 

the  right  to  ai)pear  in  court  as  an  attorney. 
dis'^be-lier,  ais'bg-llf,  n.    A  conviction  that 

a  statement  is  untrue;  positive  unbelief . 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  &ir;  elfm^nt,  th^y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  bot,  ur; 


139 


disbelieve 
discountenance 


dis'lie-lievCe',  di8"b§-liv',  'ct.  &  vi.  To  re- 
fuse to  believe;  withhold  belief  or  credit;  deem 
false.—  dis''be-Iiev'er,  n. 

dis-bur'den, dis-bur'dn.  vt.  &vi.  To  unload; 
disencumber;  get  rid  of;  unburden,  dis- 
"bur'tlieni  [Archaic]. 

dis-tourse',  dis-burs',  vt.  [dis-bursed";  dis- 
BURS'iNG.]  To  pay  out,  as  in  meeting  current 
expenses.  [  <  OF.  des-,  apart,  +  battrse,  purse.] 
—  dis-biirse'ment,  n.    Expenditure. 

disc,  «.    Same  as  DISK. 

disc'al,  disc'al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  a 
a  disk. 

dis-card''^,  dis-cflrd',  v.  I.  t.  To  turn  off  as 
useless  or  undesirable;  reject;  dismiss.  II. 
i.    To  throw  out  a  card  or  cards  in  playing. 

dis-cern',  di-zgrn',  v.  I.  i.  To  see  as  dis- 
tinct from  other  objects;  perceive;  distinguish; 
recognize.  II.  i.  To  recognize  a  distinction 
or  difference;  discriminate.     [<  L.^  dtscerno, 

<  dis-,  apart, -|- ce/"/?©,  separate.]  —  dis-cern'- 
i-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  discerned;  perceiv- 
able.—dis-cern'i-bly,  ori».  —  dis-cern'ingr, 
pa.  Quick  to  discern;  discriminating;  pene- 
trating. —  dis-cern'inent,  n.  1.  The  act  or 
process  of  discerning.  'Z.  The  mental  power  of 
discerning;  keenness  of  judgment;  Insight. 

dis-charge',  dis-chflrj',  v.  [dis-charged'; 
dis-char'ging.]  I.^.  1.  To  deliver  the  contents 
of,  as  a  gun  or  a  ship;  fire;  unload.  2.  To  re- 
move, as  a  cargo  by  unloading,  a  charge  by 
firing,  or  an  employee  by  dismissal ;  send  forth ; 
emit*  set  free,  as  a  prisoner.  3.  To  meet  the 
requirements  of;  pay,  as  a  debt;  perforin,  as  a 
duty,  oflice,  etc.  II.  i.  To  deliver  a  charge 
or  charges;  put  off  a  load  or  burden;  give  or 
send  forth  contents;  shoot;  fire;  pour. 

dis-cliarge',  n.  1.  The  actor  process  of  dis- 
charging; a  firing  or  unloading;  dismissal;  re- 
lease. 2.  That  which  discharges,  as  a  certifi- 
cate of  release.  3.  That  which  is  discharged, 
emitted,  or  thrown  out  or  off,  as  from  a  wound. 

dis-ci^pl(e,  di-sai'pl  or  dis-sai'pl.  I.  vt.  \ms- 
ci'pl(e)d;  dis-ci'pling.]  To  convert.  II.  n. 
One  who  accepts  and  follows  a  teacher  or  a 
doctrine;  a  pupil  or  learner.  [F.,  <  L.  disci- 
pulus,  <  disco,  learn.]  — dis-ci'pl(e-8hip,  n. 

dis'ci-plin(e,  dis'i-plin.  I,  vt.  [dis'ci- 
plin(e)d;  dis'ci-plin-ing.]  1.  To  train  to 
obedience,  subjection,  or  effectiveness;  drill; 
educate.  2.  To  punish  or  chastise.  II.  «.  1. 
Systematic  training  or  subjection  to  authority, 
or  its  result;  subjection.  2.  Training  result- 
ing from  misfortune,  troubles,  etc.  3.  Punish- 
ment for  the  sake  of  training;  correction ;  chas- 
tisement. 4.  A  system  of  rules,  or  method  of 
practise,  as  of  a  church.     [F.,  <  L.  disciplina, 

<  disdimlus,  disciple.]  —  dis"ci-plin-a'ri- 
an,  dl8"l-plln-6'ri-an.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
discipline.  II.  7i.  One  who  disciplines;  one 
strict  in  discipline:  a  martinet.  — dis'ci-plin- 
a-ry,  dls'I-plin-e-rl,  a.  Of,  relating  to,  or  having 
the  nature  of  discipline;  employed  in  discipline. 

dis-claim',  dis-clem',  vi.  To  disavow;  dis- 
own; reject;  deny.  [<  L.of  c?is- (see  dis-) -f 
damo.  cry  out.]  — dis-olaim'er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  disclaims. 

dis-close',  dis-c\Oz\vt.  &vi.  [dis-closed' ; 
dxs-clo'sing.]  To  lay  bare;  uncover;  make 
known;  divulge;  open.  [<  L.^f  dis-  (see  dis-) 
-+-  daudo.,  close.]  —  dis-clo'sure,  dis-clo'zhur. 


n.  1.  The  act  or  process  of  disclosing.  3.  Any- 
thing disclosed. 

dis-coFor,  dis-cul'§r,  vt.  To  give  an  unnat- 
ural color  to;  stain.-  dIs-coK'or-a'tion,  n. 

dis-com'flt'i,  dis-cum'fit,  vt.  To  defeat  utterly; 
frustrate;  rout;  vanquish.  [<  L.o*"  dis-,  apart, 
+  con-  intens.  -\- facia,  do.] 

—  dis-coin'fi-ture,  n.    The  act  of  discomfi- 
ting, or  the  state  of  being  discomfltcd;  defeat. 

dis-com-'fort,  dis-cum'fgrt.  I'^.vt.  To  make 
uneasy;  trouble;  pain;  grieve.  II.  n.  The 
state  of  being  positively  uncomfortable,  or  that 
which  causes  it;  disturbance;  disquietude. 

dis'^com-mode',  dis"cem-mod',  vt.  [-mo'- 
ded<*;  -mo'ding.]  To  cause  inconvenience  to; 
trouble;  annoy.  [<  'L.  dis-,  si^art, -\- commo- 
dus,  fit,  convenient.] 

dis'^com-pose',  dis"c6m-pOz',  vt.  [-posed'; 
-po'siNG.]  To  disorder  or  disarrange;  derange; 
agitate;  disturb.  — dis'^com-po'sure,  n.  Agi- 
tation; disorder. 

dis'^con-cert''',  dis"c§n-ssrt',  r^.  1.  To  con- 
fuse, as  by  a  surprise;  disturb;  discompose. 
2.  To  disarrange,  as  apian;  frustrate;  hinder. 
[<  L.  dis-,  apart,  -j-  concerto,  concert. 1 

dis'^con-nect''',  dis  "c§n-nect',  vt.  To  undo  or 
dissolve  the  connection  of;  dissociate;  separate. 

—  dis'^con-nec'tion,  n. 
dis-con^so-late,  dis-cen'so-let  or  -l§t,  a.    1. 

Destitute  of  consolation;  inconsolable.  2. 
Marked  by  gloominess;  cheerless;  saddening. 

dis'^con-tent',  dis"cen-tent'.  I^.  vt.  To 
render  discontented;  dissatisfy.  II.  n.  Lack 
of  content;  dissatisfaction;  uneasiness,  dis''- 
con-tenfmentj. 

dis'^con-tent'ed,  a.  Ill  at  ease;  dissatisfied. 
-ly,  acJr.    -nenn,  n. 

dis^con-tin'ue,  dis'cgn-tin'yu,  v.  [-tin'- 
ued;  -tin'u-ing.]  I.  t.  To  break  off  or  cease 
from;  bring  to  an  end;  cease;  stop;  intermit. 
II.  i.  1.  To  come  to  an  end;  cease.  2.  To 
separate  or  be  disunited.  —  dis-^con-tin'u- 
ance,  dis'cgn-tin'yu-ans,  n.  The  act  of  discon- 
tinuing, or  state  of  being  discontinued;  Interrup- 
tion or  intermission.— dis"con-tin''u-a'tion, 
n.  — dis'"con-tin'u-ous,  a.  Not  continuous; 
characterized  by  interruptions  or  breaks. 

dis'cord,  dis'cerd,  n.  1.  Variance  or  strife; 
contention.  2.  A  combination  of  dissonant 
sounds;  lack  of  harmony.  [F..  <  L.  discordia, 
<  dis-,  apart,  -f  cor  (cord-),  heart.]  —  dis- 
cord'ance,  n.  A  discordant  state  or  quality; 
discord,  dis-cord'an-cyt.  —  dis-cord'ant, 
a.    Contradictory;  harsh;  dissonant,    -ly,  adv. 

dis-count''',  dis-caunt',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  de- 
duct, as  a  portion  of  an  amount  owing;  make 
an  allowance  of.  2.  To  buy  for  less  than  face 
value,  the  difference  going  to  the  purchaser.  3. 
To  give  less  than  full  credit  to  (a  story  or  state- 
ment); discredit;  disregard.  4.  To  act  upon 
beforehand;  anticipate.  II.  i.  To  purchase 
or  accept  notes,  etc.,  at  less  than  face  value, 
retaining  the  difference,  when  paid,  as  interest. 
[<  L.OF  dis-,  apart,  -|-  computo,  compute.] 

dis'count,  dis'caunt,  n.  1.  An  amount 
counted  off  or  deducted.  2.  Finance.  The 
interest  allowed  and  deducted  from  the  face 
amount  for  advancing  money  on  negotiable 
paper.  3.  The  act  of  discounting.  4.  The 
rate  of  discount. 

dis-coun'te-nanceS  dis-caun'tg-nans,  vt. 


fiutgfire  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


discourage 
disguise 


140 


1.  To  look  upon  with  disfavor;  disapprove  or 
discourage.    2i|.  To  abash. 

dis-cour'age,  dis-cur'ej,  vt.  [-aged;  -a- 
GiNG.]  1.  To  damp  or  quench  the  courage  of; 
dispirit:  dishearten;  deter.  2.  To  destroy,  or 
attempt  to  destroy,  confidence  in;  oppose;  ob- 
struct. —  dis-cour'age-ment,  n.  The  act  of 
discouraging,  or  the  state  of  being  discouraged; 
also,  that  which  discourages. 

dis-course',  dis-cOrs'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dis- 
coursed''; Dis-couRS'iNG.]  To  givc  expres- 
sion to;  utter;  converse:  make  an  address.  II. 
n.  Connected  communication  of  thought;  con- 
versation; a  formal  discussion  or  address.  [< 
L.''i^+P  dis-^  apart,  to  and  fro,  -|-  curro,  run.] 

dis-cour'te-sy,  dis-cur'tg-si,  n.  [-sies^,  pi.] 
Rude  behavior;  impoliteness.  —  dis-cour'te- 
ous,  dis-cOr'te-us,  a.  Showing  discourtesy;  im- 
polite; rude,    -ly,  adv.    -nesn,  n. 

dis-cov'er,  dis-cuv'gr,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  get 
first  sight  or  knowledge  of;  find  and  bring  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  world.  2.  To  disclose; 
reveal;  expose.  3!!.  To  uncover.  II.  i.  To 
show  oneself.  —  di8-cov'er-a-bl(e,  a.  —  dis- 
cov'er-er,  «.  —  dis-cov'er-y,  di8-cuv'er-i,n. 
[-IES«,  pL]  i  .  The  act  of  discovering;  disclosure. 
ti.  Something  discovered. 

dis-cred''it,  dis-cred'it.  P.  vt.  1.  To  disbe- 
lieve. 2.  To  injure  the  creditor  reputation  of; 
dishonor.  3.  To  destroy  faith  or  belief  in.  II, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  discred^iting,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing discredited.  2.  Lack  of  credit;  impaired 
reputation;  dishonor.  —  dis-cred'it-a-bUe,  a. 
Hurtful  to  credit  or  reputation;  disreputable. 

dis-creet',  dis-crit',  a.  Wise  in  avoiding  er- 
rors; judicious;  prudent;  careful.  [<  L.  dis- 
crettis,  pp.  of  discerno,  discern.] 

—  <Iis-creet'Iy,  od».— dis-creet'ness,  n. 
dis-crep'ant,  dis-crep'ant  or  dis'crg-pgnt,  a. 

Inharmoniously  diflferent;  opposite;  contrary; 
discordant.  [OF.,  <  L.  dis-,  apart,  4-  crepo, 
crackle.]  —  dis-erep'an-cy,  dis-crep'cn-si,  ??. 
[-ciEs»,  pl.'\  A  disagreement  or  difference;  vari- 
ance, dis-crep'ancel:. 
dis-crete',  dis-crlt',  a.  1.  Disconnected  with 
others;  distinct  or  separate.  2.  Made  up  of 
distinct  parts  or  separate  units;  discontinuous. 
3.  Denoting  opposition  or  contrariety.  [<  L. 
discretiis,  pp.  of  discerno.,  discern.] 

—  dis-crote'ly,  ad».— dis-crcte'ness,  v. 
dls-cre'tion,  dis-cresh'un,  n.     1.  Cautious 

and  correct  judgment;  prudence;  sagacity.  2. 
Liberty  of  action ;  freedom  in  the  exercise  of 
judgment.  [OF.,  <  L.  disc7'etio(n-),  <  discre- 
tus;  see  discrete.]  — dls-cre'tlon-a-rv,  a. 
Exercisable  at  or  left  to  discretion;  uncontrolled 
legally  except  by  discretion.  dis-cre'tion-aU. 

dis-crim^i-nate,  dis-crim'i-net,  v.  [-na"- 
TED'';  -NA'TiNG.J  I.  ^  To  notc  the  differences 
between;  note  or  set  apart  as  different.  II.  i. 
1.  To  observe  a  difference;  distinguish.  2.  To 
make  a  distinction;  treat  unequally  or  unfairly. 
[<  L.  rfeATnm2/?o,  divide,  distinguish.]  — dis- 
criiii'i-na''tiiijf,  ;)a.  1.  Having  power  or  serv- 
ing to  distinguish.  >2.  Kstahlishing  a  distinction; 
differential. -diM-criiii'i-iia'"tiii8r-ly,  (i((t\ 

dis-crim'l-nate,  dis-crim'i-net  w-nQt,  a.  1. 
Noting  differences;  discriminating.  2.  Dis- 
criminated,    -ly,  adv.    -neM8,  n. 

dis-crim^'i-na'tion,  n.  The  act  or  power 
of    discriminating;  distinction. —  dU-crlm'i- 


na-tiv(e,  a.  Discriminating;  distinctive  or 
characteristic,  dis-criin^i-ua-to-ryt.— dis- 
criiii'i-na-tiv(e-Iy,  adv.  Ldethrone. 

dis-crown'.    vt.      To  deprive  of   a  crown; 

dis-cur'siv(e,  dis-cur'siv,  a.  Passing  from 
one  subject  to  another;  wandering;  digressive. 
[<  L.  disatrsus,  pp.  of  discurro,  <  dis-  (see 
DIS-) -|- c?/rro,  run.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis-cuss",  dis-CDs',  rt.  To  argue  for  and 
against;  reason  upon ;  debate.  [  <  L.  discussus, 
<  dis-,  apart,  +  quado,  shake.] 

—  dis-ciis'sion,  dls-cush'un,  7i.  The  act  of 
discussing;  argumentative  examination;  debate. 

dis-dain',  dis-den'.  I.  vt.  To  regard  with 
proud  indifference;  despise:  recoil  from  with 
pride  or  scorn.  II.  n.  A  blended  feeling  of 
superiority  and  dislike;  proud  contempt.  [< 
L.^^  dis-,  apart,  4-  dignor,  deem  worthy.] 

—  dis-dam'ful,  a.  Filled  with  or  expressing 
disdain;  scornful.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  7i. 

dis-ease',  diz-tz'.  I.  vt.  [dis-eased';  dis- 
EAS'iNG.]  To  cause  disease  in;  disorder-;  de- 
range. II.  n.  Disturbed  or  abnormal  action  in 
the  living  organism;  a  morbid  condition  result- 
ing from  such  disturbance.  [  <  OF.  desaise,  < 
des;  apart;  and  see  ease,  «.] 

dis^'em-toark'',  dis'em-bQrk',  vt.  &  vi.  To 
put  or  go  ashore  from  a  ship;  land;  unload. 

—  dis-eiii''''bar-ka''tion  or -caption,  n. 
dis'^em-barTass',    dis'em-bar'as,    vt.    To 

free  from  embarrassment,    -ment,  v. 

dis^em-bod'y,  di8"em-bed'i,  tY.  1.  To  free 
from  the  body.     2.  To  disband,  as  troops. 

dis'^em-bow'el,  dis'em-bau'el,  vt.  To  take 
or  let  out  the  bowels  of. 

dis^en-chLant'-i,  dis'en-chgnt',  vt.  To  free 
from  enchantment;  disillusionize,     -ment,  n. 

dis''en-cuin'"ber,  dis"en-cum'bsr,  vt.  To 
free  from  encumbrance  or  burden. 

dis'^en-gage',  dis'en-gej',  rt.&vi.  To  set  or 
be  free  irom  engagement;  become  detached; 
withdraw. —  di.s''en-gage'inent,  n. 

dis''en-tan'gl(e,  dis'en-ta^i'gl,  vt.  To  re- 
lieve of  entanglement  or  perplexitv;  unravel. 

dis^'es-tab'lisht,  dis"es-tab'lish,  vt.  To  de- 
prive of  established  character;  withdraw  state 
])atroiuige  from;  as,  to  disestablish  a  church. 

dis-fa'vor,  dis-fe'vgr.  I.  vt.  To  withdraw 
or  withhold  favor  from;  discountenance.  II. 
n.    Lack  of  favor;  disapproval;  dislike. 

dis-fig''ure,  dis-fig'yur,  vt.  To  impair  or  in- 
jure the  beauty  of;  render  unsightly; deform. 

—  dis-fiK^ure-ment,  ii.  1.  Tha't  which  dis- 
figures, 'i.  The  act  of  disfiguring,  or  the  state 
of  being  disfigured,     dis-fiff^'ii-ra'tiont. 

dis-fran'cllise,  dis-frgn'chiz  or  -fran'chaiz, 
vt.  [-chised; -ciii-siNo.]  To  deprive  of  a  citi- 
zen's privileges,  as  of  the  ballot,     -ment,  n. 

dis-gorge',  dis-gorj',"  vt.  &  vi.  To  eject; 
vonut;  restore;  make  restitution. 

dis-grace',  dis-gres'.  I',  vt.  To  bring  re- 
j)roach  or  shame  upon;  dismiss  with  ignominy. 
II.  n.  1.  Heproach;  infamy;  ignominy.  2. 
That  which  disgraces. 

—  diM-jfrace'ful,  a.  Characterized  by  or 
causing  disgrace;  shameful,  -ly,  adr.  -nes8«  n. 

dis-guise^  dis-gaiz'.  I.  vi.  [dis-ouised'; 
Dis-Gui'siNG.]  To  change  the  appearance  of, 
as  by  a  mask;  hide;  conceal;  alter.  II.  n. 
The  act  of  disguising,  or  the  state  of  being 
disgnised;  something  that  disguises. 


papii,  ask;  at,  ftir;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


141 


disgust 
dispense 


dis-gusV,  dis-gust'.  I<*.  vt.  To  affect  with 
loathing  or  aversion.  11.  n.  Strong  aversion 
or  repugnance,  physical,  mental,  or  moral. 

—  dis-gust'insr,  pa.  Serving  or  fitted  to  pro- 
voke disgust;  odious;  revolting,  dis-gust'- 
fult.— dis-gust'iiig-ly,  adv. 

dislxS  dish,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  place  in  a  dish  or 
dishes;  serve  as  food.  2.  To  malie  concave, 
as  a  wheel.     II.  i.    To  be  or  become  concave. 

dish.,  n.  1.  A  concave  or  hollow  vessel  for 
serving  food  at  meals.  2.  The  kind  or  amount 
of  food  served  in  a  dish.  3.  Concavity.  [< 
Gr.L^^  AS  cliskos.  disk.]  —  dish-Tul,  n.  The  quan- 
tity that  a  dish  will  hold. 

dis'lia-'bille',  di8"a-bir,  n.  Undress,  or  neg- 
liirent  attire.     [<  F.  deshabille,  undressed.] 

dis-lieart''en,  dis-hflrt'n,  ft.    To  discourage. 

di-sh.ev'el,  di-shev'el,  vt.  &  vi.  [-eled  or 
-ELLED :  -EL-iNG  or  -EL-LING.]  To  disorder  (the 
hair) ;  disarrange  (the  dress),  [  <  L.^  dis-,  priv- 
ative, +  capillus,  liair.] 

dis-hon'est,  dis-en'est,  a.  Lacking  in  hon- 
esty; untrustworthy;  fraudulent;  false. 

-ly,  «d;;.— tlis-hoii'es-ty,  n.  Falsity;  In- 
sincerity; violation  of  trust;  fraud. 

dis-hon'or,  dis-en'§r.  I.  rt.  1.  To  deprive 
of  honor;  disgrace;  insult.  2.  To  violate  the 
chastity  of;  seduce.  3.  Cwn.  To  decline  or 
fail  to  pay,  as  a  note.  11.  n.  1.  Lack  of  honor 
or  of  honorable  character;  degradation;  in- 
sult; reproach;  stain.  2.  Refusal  or  failure 
to  pay  a  note,  etc.,  when  due. —  dis-hon'or-a- 
bl(e,  a.  Characterized  by  or  bringing  dishonor; 
discreditable;  ignoble.  — dis-lioii'or-a-ble- 
iiess,  n.— dis-liou'or-a-bly,  adv. 

dis^in-cline',  dis'in-clain',  vt.  To  make  un- 
willing or  averse;  indispose.  —  dis-in''cli-na'- 
tion,  n.    Distaste;  aversion;  unwillingness. 

dis^in-fect'"*,  dis"in-fect',  vt.  To  purify  from 
infection.  — dis-^in-fecfant.  I.  a.  Disin- 
fecting. II.  «.  A  substance  used  to  disinfect.— 
dis^in-fec'tioii,  v.    The  act  of  disinfecting. 

dis''in-gen'u-ous,  dis'in-jen'yu-us,  a.  Not 
sincere;  deceitful,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis'''iii-lier'it"',  dis"in-her'it,  rt.  To  deprive  of 
an  inheritance. —  dis'^in-her^it-ance,  n. 

dis-in'te-grated,  dis-in't§-gret,  vt.  &  vi.  To 
break  into  pieces  or  particles;  fall  in  pieces; 
crumble.—  dis-in''te-gra'tion,  n. 

dis"in-ter',  dis"in-tgr',  vt.  To  dig  up,  as  from 
a  grave;  exliume. —  dis'^in-ter^ment,  n. 

dis-in'ter-est-ed.  dis-in'tgr-est-gd,  a.    Free 
from  self 'interest;  unselfish;  impartial. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis-join',  dis-jein',  i'/.  &  vi.  To  sever  or  be 
severed;   separate;   sunder;  part. 

dis-joint''^,  dis-jeint',  vt.  To  divide  at  the 
joints,  or  put  out  of  joint;  dislocate;  discon- 
nect; disorder.— dis-jbint'ed,  pa.  Dislocated; 
disconnected;  Incoherent,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis-junct'iv(e,  dis-ju^ct'iv.  I.  a.  Helping 
or  serving  to  disjoin.  II.  ti.  That  which  dis- 
joins, as  one  of  certain  conjunctions,    -ly,  adv. 

disk,  I  disk,  n.    Any  plane  or  surface  that  is 

disc,   f  flat  and  round.     [<  Gr.^  diskos,  disk.] 

dis-like',  dis-laik'.  I',  vt.  To  regard  with  aver- 
sion.   II.  /;.    Distaste;  repugnance;  aversion. 

dis'^lo  cate,  dis'lo-ket,  vt.  [-ca"ted<i;  -ca"- 
TiNG.l  To  put  out  of  johit  or  out  of  order; 
displace.     [<  L.^-i-  dis-,  apart,  -f  locus,  place.] 

—  dis'^lo-ca'tion,  n. 


dis-lodge',  dis-lej',  vt.  To  drive  out;  eject; 
displace. — dis-lodg'iiient,  n. 

dis-loy'al,  dis-lei'al,  a.  False  to  one's  alle- 
giance or  obligations;  faithless. 

-ly,  rirfc- dis-loy'al-ty,  n.  The  state  of 
being  disloyal;  unfaithfulness;  inconstancy. 

dis'mal,  diz'mal,  a.  Cheerless;  doleful; 
gloomy.  [  <  disme, '  in  the  dismal  time, '  mean- 
nig  '  in  the  tithing  time.']    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis-man'tKe ,  dis-man'tl,  vt.  [-tl(e)d  ;  -tling.] 
To  strip  of  furniture,  equipments,  or  defenses. 

dis-mast''',  r/.  Nant.  To  remove  the  masts  of . 

dis-may',  dis-me'.  I.  vt.  To  fill  with  con- 
sternation; daunt;  appal;  affright.  II.  n.  A 
state  of  overwhelming  embarrassment  and 
fright;  consternation;  terror.  [<  dis-  -(-  F. 
-mayev,  <  OHG.  magan,  have  power.] 

dis-mem'toer,  dis-mem'bgr,  vt.  To  separate 
limb  from  limb  or  part  from  part,    -ment,  n. 

dis-miss",  dis-mis',  vt.  To  put  out  of  office, 
service,  or  consideration;  discharge;  set  aside; 
send  away;  reject.  [<  dis- -|-  L.  misms,  pp. 
of  mitto,  send.]— dis-niiss'al,  n.  A  dismiss- 
ing; discharge,    dis-niis'siont. 

dis-mount'"',  dis-maunt',  v.  1.  t.  To  re- 
move from  a  horse,  as  a  soldier,  or  from  a 
mounting,  as  a  cannon.  II.  i.  To  get  off  or 
alight,  as  from  a  horse;  come  down;  descend. 

dis'^o-ljey',  di8"o-be',  vt.  «&  vi.  To  neglect  or 
refuse  to  obey;  to  be  disobedient. —  dis^o-be'- 
di-ence,  n.  —  ilis'^o-be'di-ent,  dis'o-bi'di- 
ent,  a.  Neglecting  or  refusing  to  obey;  refrac- 
tory,   -ly,  adr. 

dis"o-blige',  di8''o-blaij',  vt.  To  neglect  or  re- 
fuse to  oblige.  —  dis'^o-blFffins,  ;>«.  Not  dis- 
posed to  oblige;  unaccommodating,    -ly,  adv. 

dis-or'der,  dis-or'dgr.  I.  vt.  To  throw  out 
of  order;  disarrange;  derange.  II.  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  disarranged;  disorderliness.  2. 
A  disturbance  of  the  peace.  3.  Derangement 
of  the  bodily  or  mental  functions;  disease. 

—  dis-oi'^der-ly,  dls-er'der-ll,  a.  &  adv.  1. 
Being  in  disorder;  not  orderly.  2.  Lawless;  dis- 
reputable— diM-or'dcr-li-ness,  n. 

dis-or'gan-ize,  vt.  To  deprive  of  organiza- 
tion; brealv  up. —  dis-or''^an-i-za'tion,  n. 

dis-own',  dis-On',  vt.  To  refuse  to  acknowl- 
edge or  to  admit;  deny;  reject. 

dis-par'age,  dis-par'gj,  t'^.  [-aged;  -a-ging.] 
To  speak  of  slightingly;  undervalue.  [<  OF. 
des-,  +  parage,  rank.] 

—  dis-par'age-ment,  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
paraging; detraction. 

dis-par'i-ty ,  dis-par'i-ti,  n.    [-tiess  pi.]    The 

state  of  being  dissimilar;  inequality;  difference. 
dis-pas'sion-ate,  dis-pash'un-et  or  -gt,   a. 

Free  from  passion;  unprejudiced,     -ly,  adv. 
dis-patch',  etc.    Same  as  despatch,  etc. 
dis-peF,  dis-pel',  vt.     [dis-pelled';  dis-pel'- 

LiNG.]     To  scatter;  disperse;  dissipate.     [<L. 

dis-  apart,  asunder,  -\-pello,  drive.] 
dis-pense',  dis-pens',  v.    [dis-pensed";  dis- 

pen'sing.]    I.  t.     1.  To  deal  out  or  divide  in 

portions;  distribute;  administer,  as  laws.    2. 

To  relieve  or  excuse,  as  from  obligation.    II.  i. 

To  grant  dispensation.     [<  L.  dispenso,  freq. 

of  dispendo,  <  dis-,  apart,  -{-  pendo,  weigh.] 

—  dis-pen'sa-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being 
dispensed  or  dispensed  with.— dis-pen'sa-ry, 
dis-pen'SQ-rl,  n.  [-kiesi,  pl.^  A  place  where 
medicines  are  kept  and  compounded,  especially 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  (the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


disperse 
dissever 


142 


where  they  are  given  freely  to  the  poor.—  dis^- 
pen-sa'tion,'  dis'pen-se'shira,  w.  1.  The  act 
of  dispensing.  -2.  Special  exemption,  as  from  a 
rule  or  vow.  3.  A  special  divine  revelation.— 
dis-pes'sa-to-ry,  dis-pen'sa-to-ri.  I.  a.  Of 
or  potaining  to  dispensing  or  dispensation. 
II.  n.  r-BiE«»,  pi  A  A  book  tn  which  medicinal 
sabetances  are  described;  pharmacopoeia. —to 
dispease  ^rith.  to  waive  tbe  observance  of; 
relinqaish;  forego.— dis-pen'ser,  n. 

dis-perse',  dis-p?rs',  rt.  &.  r».  [dis-pkbsed'M 
Dis-PKRs'ixG.l  To  scatter;  dissipate:  separate: 
disai^iear.  [<  L.  </i*-,  apart,  -f-  ^pargo. 
scatter.]  — «»-peK8i<M,  dis-pgr'shtm,  n.  The 
act  of  dispersing,  <w  the  state  of  being  dispersed. 

dis-pir'it^.  dig-pir'it,  rt.  To  render  cheerless 
or  h<i{HLle<s:  depress;  dishearten. 

dis-place",  dis-ples',  r^  1.  To  remove  from 
its  place.  2.  To  take  the  place  of,  as  by 
posbine  out. —  ^is-piace^ment,  n. 

dis-play',  dii^ple'.  I.  tt.  &  ri.  To  make 
maidfest  (w  conspicuous;  parade:  op«i;  tm- 
fold;  expose:  make  a  display.  U.  n.  The 
act  of  si^eading  out,  tmfolding,  or  bringing  to 
the  view  or  to  the  mind;  ostentations  show. 
[<  L.o*"  rfiV-.  apart,  +ptico.  fold.] 

dis-please',  dis-pliz',  rt.  &  ri.  To  vex;  an- 
noy; offend;  ^ve  offense.  [<  L.of  </i^  _|_ 
piactOy  pleasej  —  dis-pleas'in^,  pa.  Offen- 
sive, .ly,  adr.— dis-pleas'are,  dl»^lezh'ar 
or  -igr,  n.  1 .  The  state  of  being  displeased; 
dfawatjafaction;  vexation;  Indignant  dlsapprovaL 
^  An  annoyance;  offense. 

dis-porf,  di&-pOrt'.  I^.  rt.  An'.  TodivCTt; 
play ;  sport.  U.  n.  Diversion  ;  pastime  : 
epiMl.     [<  L.o*'  de,  away,  -\-porto,  carry.] 

dis-pose^,  dis-puz',  T.  [dis-posed';  dis-po'- 
sisG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  set  in  order;  arrange; 
settle.  2.  To  direct  the  mind  of;  incline. 
S.  To  order  or  ajqtoint;  r^nlate.  4.  To 
make  over  or  alienate,  as  prcq>erty:  now 
vaaeaiajdigpomif.  U.  t.  To  arrange  or  set- 
fle  8(HDethiiig.  [<  F.  dUpoter,  <  cfw-,  apatt, 
-+-  poeer;  see  rosxi,  r.]— tP  dbfMiae  oi;  to 
part  with;  get  rid  of.— dis-»*'8a-bl(e,  a. 
Sabjeet  to  dlaposal;  free  to  be  ued  as  occasion 
may  require.— dis-pp'sal,  n.  1,  The  act  of 
disposiiig:  arraiQcement :  ordo';  distribatfon. 
!2.  A  getting  rid  of.  as  by  gift  or  sale.  3.  Power 
of  control,  outlay,  or  distrfbotlon.— dis-pp'- 
ser,  n.    One  who  disposes  or  orders. 

dis^po-sition,  dis'po-zi^'an.  n.  1.  The 
act  of  disposing,  or  the  state  or  manner  of  dis- 
poeal;  final  settlement.  2.  Natural  tend^cy; 
temp«  or  temperament;  characteristic  spirit; 
bent ;  propensity.  [F.,  <  L.  dit-^  a|wrt, 
s^Mratelr,  +  jxmo,  puce.] 

dis'^K>s-sess^,  dis'pM-zes'.  or  -ptw-aes',  rt. 


To  e jtK-t ;  oost.- 

dis-proor.  n.    Hefntatkm;  c<Mifatatioo. 

dis^pro-por^om,  dis'pro-pOr'shun.  I.  zt. 
To  make  of  ansnitable  prmortitMiB.  H.  n. 
Want  of  doe  {voportioo  or  ruation.— dia^'pra- 
»«r^iaB-aie«  a.  Out  of  prt^M^tion:  dispro- 
PMtiooed.  dia^pra-pai^tiaa-all.  Aj,adr. 

dis-prove',  dis-prflv',  rt.  To  prove  to  be 
false,  OToneoas.  frandnlent,  or  illegal;  con- 
fate;  refute. —  ila-prov'al,  «.    Disproof. 

dis-pute'.  dis-piQt'.  r.  [dis-pc'ted*;  di*- 
pu  TING.]  I,  /.  1.  To  question;  challenge: 
controvert.  2.  To  argue  about ;  diacnss ; 
contest.  H.  j.    1.  To  debate;  wrtagle;  quar- 


rel. 2.  To  compete,  as  for  a  prize.  [<  F. 
digputer.  <  L.  digputo^  <  dig-,  apart,  4-  pufo, 
reckon.] —dis-pa'ter,  n. —  tfa'pn-ta-biie.  a. 
That  may  be  disputed;  conb^vertible:  doubtful. 
—  dis'pu-tant.  I.  a.  Engaged  In  controversy; 
disputing.  II.  n.  One  who  disputes.— dis''- 
pa-ta'tion.  n.  The  act  of  disputing;  con- 
troversy; discussion:  argumentation.- dis^pa- 
ta'tiou<>.  !:?"piu-te'shus,  a.  Characterized  by 
or  I  • :  ■  .:::-• :  -dispute.    dis-pa'ta-tiTiet. 

dis-pute'.  .  A  controversial  discussion;  a 
coiitc*;;  altercation:  \ATangle;  quarrel. 

dis-qual'i-fy,  dis-cweri-foL,  rt.  To  deprive 
of  qualifications;  incapacitate;  dibble;  debar. 

—  di»-4*al^»fi-ca'tiaB,  n. 
dis-qui'et,  dis-cwoi'et.    I^.  r^    To  make  un- 
easy or  restless:  harass;  distnrb.    U.  n.    Best- 
lessne<^s:  nr>e«siness.    dis-q.ui'et-iiess^; 
dis-qui'e-tude*. 

dis"qui-si'tion,  dis'cwi-zi«h'Dii,  «.  A  sys- 
tema:;c  :rt;;i:ise  or  discourse;  dissertation.  [< 
L.  rfi#-,  apart,  about,  -{-  quaero.  sedc] 

dis^re-grard',  dis're-gOW'.  I*.rt.  TosUgbt; 
overlook.    II.  n.    Want  of  regard ;  neglect. 

dis''re-pute',  dis're-piut',  n.^Lack  or  loss  of 
reputation:  ill  repute.  — dis-rep'u-ta-blie,  dis- 
rep'jru-ta-bl,  a.  Being  In  or  causing  111  repute; 
disgraceful.  — dis-rep'a-ta-fely,  tutt. 

dis^re-spect',  dis'rg-qject',  n.  Lack  of  re- 
spect :  disconrtesy.  —  dis^re  ■q>ect^lhi,  a. 
Wanting  In  respect;  'disconrteoos.    -ly,  adv. 

dls-robe'.  dis-rOV,  rt.  &  ri.  To  unclothe; 
undress:  strip. 

dis-rupt'S  cUs-ropt',  rt.  To  burst  asunder. 
[  <  L.  rfi*-,  apart,  asunder,  4-  rutifpa,  burst.] 

—  dis-rap'tioB,  dls-nrp'shtm,  ».  The  act  of 
bursting  or  tearing  asunder;  tbe  state  of  being  so 
torn.— di»>rapt'iT>  e.  a.  Producing,  resulting 
f^m.  or  attending  disruption;  rending;  bursting. 

dis-«at^is-fy ,  dis-«at  'L^f oi,  rt.  To  disappoint ; 
disi^ease.  — di»-«at''ls-fac'tion,  n.  A  aissat- 
fefled  state  or  f eeUng;  discontent. 

dis-sect^,  dis-sect',  rt.  To  cut  apart  and  an- 
alyze critically;  anatomize.  [<  L.  ditaeetmt, 
pp.,  <  rfw-,  ^lart,  -I-  stco,  cut.]  —  ila  aee^. 
tiaa,  dis-sec'staon.  n.  1 .  Tbe  act  of  dissecting. 
"i,  A  dissected  object;  an  anatomical  prepara- 
tion; a  critical  ana^is.  —  dia  aect^ar,  n.  One 
who  dissects;  a  treatise  on  dissection. 

dis-sein1>l(;e,  dis-sem'bl,  r.  [-bled;  -BLnic] 
I.  /.  To  conceal,  as  by  a  false  appearance;  pre- 
tend; feign,  n.  i.  To  pat  on  false  appear- 
ances; dissimulate.  r<  L.*  disthnulo,  <  <fi#-, 
apart.  +  fimiiiA,  like.]  —  dis  aei^er,  n. 

dis-seml-nate,  dis-aem'i-net,  rf.  [-xa*- 
TM>*;  -NA'Tixe.]  To  sow  broadest;  scatter; 
diffuse;  iwomulgate.  [<  L.  dU-^  apart, + 
temina,  sow,  <  genten,  seed.]  —  tfa  aet*T- 
aa'tian,  a.— dia-aea^-aa'^lar,  a. 

dis-sen'slon,  dls-sen'shtm,  n.  Angry  <»' 
violent  difference  of  opinion;  discord;  strife. 

dis-senV,  dis-eent'.  I<<.  ri.  To  disagree;  with- 
hold assent.  U,  n.  The  act  w  state  of  dis- 
senting; disa^eement;  refusal  to  conform  to 
an  establiahea  church.  [<  L.  dig-,  apart,  + 
gfntio,  fed.]  —  dii  ae«t^er,  a.  One  who  dia- 
sents.  as  from  an  estabUahed  ehurcli;  a  non-con- 
formist: often  cai^talized. 

dis'^ser-tatlon,  dis*€r-t^shan,  n.  An  ex- 
tended and  argnmentatiTe  treatise  or  dia- 
coorse;  disqnisitioo.    [<  L.u-tftMtfn>,di0CU8s.] 

dis-^ev'efr,  difr«er'sr,  rt.  Sc  ri.     To  sever; 


popA,  ^;  at,  Ur;  elfmfint,  they,  oa^;  it,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  «h;  erat^r,  «r;  fall,  rftle;  bot  «r: 


143 


dissident 
distract 


disjoin;  separate;  part.— dis-sev'er-ance,  n: 
Separation.    di!^-sev'er-iiicut1:. 

dis^si-dent,  dis'i-dgnt.  I.  a.  Dissenting; 
differing.  YL.  n.  A  dissenter.  [<  L.  6?imc?eo, 
sit  apart,  <  (lis-,  apart,  -f  sedeo.  sit.] 

—  dis'si-dence,  n.    Disagreement;  dissent. 
dis-sim'i-lar,  dis-sim'i-lar,  a.    Unlike;  dif- 
ferent,   -ly,  orfw.— dis-siin''i-lar'i-ty,  n.    Un- 
likencss;   d'lfference.— dis^'si-inil'l-tude,  n. 
The  state  of  being  dissimilar. 

dis-sini''u-late'>,  dis-sim'yu-let,  vt.  «fc  ^•i.  To 
conceal  by  feigning;  dissemble.  [<  L.  dis- 
sirnulatus,  pp.  of  dissinmlo;  see  dissemble.] 

—  dis-siin'^ii-la'tion,  n.    False  pretense. 
dis'si-pate,    dis'i-pet,    v.      [-pa'ted'I;  -pa'- 

TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  disperse  or  scatter  utterly; 
drive  away;  dispel;  waste;  squander.    II.  i. 

1.  To  scatter;  vanish;  disappear.  2.  To  be 
wasteful  or  dissolute.  [<  L.  dis-,  apart,  + 
supo,  throw.]  —  dis'si-pa'^ted,  pa.  Pursuing 
pleasure  to  excess;  dissolute.— dis^'si-pa'tion, 
n.  The  act  of  dissipating;  excessive  indulgence, 
especially  in  vicious  pleasures. 

dis-so'ci-ate,  dis-so'shi-et,  vt.  [-A'TEDd; 
-a'ting.]    To  disconnect;  separate. 

—  dis-so''ci-a'tioii,  n. 
dis'so-lu-bl(e,  dis'o-lu-bl  {literature)  or  dis- 

sel'yu-bl  {chem.),  a.     1.  Separable  into  parts. 

2.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  or  decomposed. 
dis'so-Iute,  dis'o-lut,  a.    Abandoned;  profli- 
gate,   -ly,  adv.    -ne88,  n. 

dis'^so-Iu'tion,  dis'o-lii'shun, /?.  1.  The  act 
of  dissolving;  disintegration.  2.  Chem.  De- 
composition. 3.  Liquefaction.  4.  Separation; 
breaking  up,  as  of  a  partnership.     5.  Death. 

dls-soIv(e',  diz-elv',  v.  [dis-solv(e)i)';  dis- 
soLv'iNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  melt;  liquefy.  2. 
To  break  up,  as  an  assembly.  3.  To  annul  or 
abrogate,  as  a  magic  spell  or  a  legal  injunction. 
4.  To  make  weak  or  languid;  relax.  5.  To 
destroy.  II.  i.  1.  To  become  fluid;  melt; 
evaporate;  decompose;  fade;  vanish.  2.  To 
become  languid;  weaken.  [<  L.  dissolvo, 
loosen  (pp.  dissolutvs).]  —  di8-8oIv'a-bl(e,  a. 
—  <lis-soIv'eiit,  a.  &  «. 

dis'so-nant,  dis'o-nant,  a.  Harsh  in  sound; 
inharmonious;  incongruous.  [F.,  <  L.  dis-, 
apart,  -1-  sono,  sound.]  —  dis'so-iiance,  n.  Dis- 
cord; disagreement,    dis^so-nau-cyt* 

dis-suade',  dis-swed',  Tt.  &  ti.  [dis-sua'- 
DED"!;  dis-sua'ding.]  To  persuade  or  advise 
against  (an  act) :  with/;ww.  [  <  L.  dis-,  apart, 
+  suadeo,  persuade.]  —  di8-sua'sion,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  dissuading.  '2.  A  dissuasive.— dis- 
sua'sivCe.  I.  «.  Tending  or  Intended  to  dis- 
suade; dissuading.  II.  n.  A  dlssuadln^^  argu- 
ment, facf,  or  consideration. 

dis-syria-l)I(e,  dis-sil'a-bl,  n.  A  word  of 
two  syllables.  [<  Gr.  di-,  two;  and  see  syl- 
lable.] —  dis'^syl-lab'ic,  a. 

dis'taf(f,  dis'tgf,  n.  [dis'taffs  or  (rarely) 
dis'taves,  pl.^  A  rotating  vertical  staff  that 
holds  the  bunch  of  flax  or  wool  in  hand» 
spinning.     [<  AS.  distsef.] 

dis^tain',  dis-ten',  ^'<.  To  stain;  sully;  defile. 
[<  L."""'  dis-,  intensive,  -f-  tifigo,  tinge.] 

dis^tance,   dis'tans.     I.  vt.     [dis'tanced'; 
dis'tan-cing.]    To  leave  hopelessly  behind  in 
a  race;  excel;  outstrip.     II.  n.     1.  Length  of. 
separation  in  space.    2.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
tant; separation;  remoteness;  a  remote  point. 


3.  Eeserve;  deference;  coldness;  haughtiness. 

dis^tant,  dis'tant,  a.  1.  Separated  in  space 
or  time;  remote;  indistinct;  indirect.  2.  Re- 
served or  unapproachable;  formal.  [F.,  <  L. 
di,  apart,  -(-  sto,  stand.]    -ly,  adv. 

dis-taste%  dis-test',  n.  Aversion;  disrelish; 
dislike.— dis-taste'ful,  o.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,n. 

dis-tem'per,  dis-tem'pgr,  vt.  1.  To  affect 
with  disease  or  disorder.  "  2.  To  anger;  rutfle. 

dis-tem'peri,  n.  1.  A  malady,  as  of  brutes. 
2.  Ill  humor;  derangement.  3.  Lack  of  due 
proportion. 

dis-tem'per^,  n.  1.  A  pigment  mixed  with 
a  vehicle  soluble  in  water,  as  for  scencpaint- 
ing.  2.  A  painting  executed  in  such  materials. 

dis-tend'<',  dis-tend',  vt.  &  vi.  To  expand; 
swell;  inflate;  dilate.  [<  L.  dis-,  apart, -+- 
tendo,  stretch.]  —  dis-ten''si-bil'i-tv,  ».— dis- 
ten'si-bUe,  a.  Capable  of  being  distended.— 
dis-ten'tion,  n.  The  act  of  distending,  or  the 
state  of  being  distended,    dis-ten'siont. 

dis'ticll,  dis'tic,  n.  Pros.  A  couplet.  [< 
Ur.i'  distichos,  <  di-,  two,  +  stichos,  row.] 

dis-til',    I  dis-til',  ^7.    I.;;.     1.  To  extract  or 

dis-till',  )  produce  by  vaporization  and  con- 
densation; purify  by  distillation.  2.  To  give 
forth  or  send  down  in  drops;  shed;  emit.  II. 
i.  1.  To  extract  volatile  substances  by  vapor- 
ization and  condensation.  2.  To  exude  in 
drops.  [  <  L.  distillo,  <  de,  down,  4-  stilla, 
dim.  of  stiria,  frozen  drop.]  —  dis^'til-Ia'tion, 
n.  The  act  or  product  of  distilling. 
—  dis-til'ler,  n.  One  who  distils; 
a  condenser  used  in  distilling.— dis- 
til'I  er-y,  n.  r-iES»,j[>Z.]  An  estab- 
lishment for  distilling,  especially  for 
producing  alcoholic  liq- 
uors by  distillation. 

dis-tinct',  dis-tinct',  a. 
1.  Clear;  plain;  unmis- 
takable. 2.  Standing ; 
apart,  or  viewed  apart, 
from  other  things;  dis- 
joined; separate.  [F., 
<  L.  distinguo,  distin- 
guish.] -ly,  adv.  -ne88, 

n.      dis-tinc'tion,    dis-  c, condenser;  r,  receiver; 
tinc'shun,  n.    1,   A  dis-  s,  still, 

tlhgulshlng  mark  or  qual- 
ity; a  characteristic  difference.  2.  The  act  of 
distinguishing;  discrimination.  3.  A  mark  of 
honor;  superiority;  honorable  position.- dis- 
tinct'ivCe,  a.  Characteristic;  distinguishing. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

dis-tin^guishS  dis-tin'gwish,  v.  I.  t.  1. 
To  mark  or  recognize  as  different  or  separate; 
discriminate;  differentiate.  2.  To  make  emi- 
nent or  conspicuous.  II.  i.  To  discriminate: 
followed  by  between.  [ <  L.  distinguo,  sepa- 
rate.] —  di8-tin'guish-a-bl(e,  a.  —  dis-tin'- 
(fuislied,  pa.  Conspicuous;  eminent.—  dis- 
tin'sruish-in?,  pa.  Constituting  difference  or 
distinction;  characteristic. 

dis-tort''*,  dis-tert',  vt.    To  twist  into  an  un- 
natural or    irregular  form;   interpret  falsely; 
pervert.      [<  L.  dis-,  apart,  -\-  torqueo,  twist.] 
—  dis-tor'tion,  n.     The  act  of  distorting;  a 
deformity;  perversion. 

dis-tract't*,  dis-tract',  vt.  To  divert  or  turn 
aside;  bewilder;  confuse;  craze.  [<  L.i^  dis- 
traho,  <  dis-,  apart,  -\- traho,  draw.]— dts- 
tract'ed,  pa.     1.  Bewildered  or  harassed.  '2. 


Pharmaceutical  DIs- 
tllllng.apparatus. 


flutjure  (future);    aisle;   au   {out);    ©il;   c  (k);   cliat;   dh  {the);   go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


distrain 
divine 


144 


Mentally  deranged;  mad.  — dis-trac'tion,  n. 

1.  A  diversion  of  the  mind;  confusion;  disorder; 
interruption,    ti.  Strong  agitation;  frenzj';  mad- 
ness.—dis-tract'iiig,  <lis-tract'iv(e,  a. 
dis-train',  dis-tren',  v.    I.  t.    To  seize  (per- 
sonal property)  for  debt.    II.  i.    To  make  a 
levy  on  personal  property  for  debt.     [<  L.o*' 
distringo,  <  dis-,  apart,  -|-  stringo,  draw  tipht.] 
— dis-train'er,  dis-traiii'or,  w.  One  who 
distrains.— dis-traint',  n.    Law.    The  act  or 
process  of  distraining, 
dis-trait',  flis-trg',  a.    Absent-minded.    [F.] 
dis- tr aught',  dis-tret',  a.    In    state  of  dis- 
traction.     [Var.  of  DISTRACTED.] 

dis-tress^,  dis-tres'.  I',  vt.  1.  To  inflict 
suffering  upon;  agitate  painfully.  2.  Law. 
To  distrain.  II.  n.  1.  Acute  or  extreme  suf- 
fering; pain;  trouble.  2.  Latv.  (1)  Distraint. 
(2)  Goods  taken  by  distraint.  [<  OF.  des- 
tresser,  <  L.  districtus,  pp.  of  distringo;  see 
DISTRAIN.]  —  dis-tress'ful,  a.    -ly,  adv. 

dis-trito'ute,  dis-trib'yut,  v.  [-u-ted-I;  -u- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  divide  among  a  number; 
apportion;  share.  2.  To  classify  or  arrange. 
3.  Logic.  To  apply  to  all  the  members  of  a 
class  taken  separately:  opposed  to  vse collect- 
ively. II.  i.  To  make  a  distribution.  [<  L. 
dis-,  apart,  -\-  tribuo,  give.]  —  dis-trib'u-ter, 
dis-trib'ii-tor,  n.  —  dis-^tri-bii'tioii,  dis"- 
trl-biu'shun,  «.  1.  The  act  of  distributing;  ap- 
portionment; arrangement;  disposition,  ti.  That 
which  Is  distributed.— dis-trib'ii-tiv(e,  dls- 
trlb'yu-tiv.  I.  a.  1,  Serving  or  tending  to  dis- 
tribute; pertaining  to  distribution.  5i.  Denoting 
Individual  action  or  consideration.  II.  n.  Gram. 
A  distributive  pronoun,  adjective,  or  numeral, 
as  "each,"  "every,"  etc.    -ly,  adv. 

dis'trict.  dis'trict.  I.  vt.  To  divide  into  dis- 
tricts. II.  n.  A  portion  of  territory  spe- 
cially set  off  or  defined;  a  region;  tract.  [<  L. 
districtns,  pp.  of  dif^tringo;  see  distrain.] 

dis-trust',  dis-trust'.  "l^.  vt.  To  withhold 
trust  from;  doubt;  suspect.  II.  n.  Doubt; 
suspicion;  discredit. 

—  dis-tru8t'ful,  a.  -\y,adv.  -ness,  m. 
dls-turb',  dis-turb',  vt.  1.  To  rouse  from  re- 
pose or  rest;  disquiet;  agitate;  trouble.  2. 
To  disarrange  or  disorder.  [  <  L.^f  disturho, 
<  dis-.,  apart,  -\-  tnrba,  tumult.]  —  dis-tiirb'- 
ance,  n.  The  act  of  disturbing;  a  public  tumult; 
menuil  confusion. —  diH-tiirb'er,  7i. 

di8"u-nite''',  di8"yu-nait',  r.  I.  t.  To  sepa- 
rate; disjoin;  alienate;  estrange.  II.  i.  To 
come  apart;  become  separated  or  parted,  as 
friends.     [  <  L-'"''  <ii>-^  apart,  -}-  L.  unus,  one.] 

—  dis-u'nion,  dls-yun'yun,  n.  The  state  of 
being  disunited;  severance;  rupture.- dis-u'- 
nion-ist,  n.    An  advocate  of  disunion. 

dis-use',  dis-yQz',  vt.    To  cease  to  use  or  prac- 
tice; discontinue. 
dis-use',  di8-);ri8',  n.    The  act  of  disusing,  or 

the  state  of  being  disused,     dls-u'sage^:. 
ditch',  dich,  v.    I.    t.     1.    To  di^^  a  ditch  or 

ditches  in  or  around;  drain  by  ditching.     2. 

To  run  into  a  ditch.    II.  i.    To  make  a  ditch 

or  ditches.— dltch'er,  it. 
ditch,  n.    A  narrow  trench  in  the  ground,  as 

for  drainage.     [  <  AS.  die,  dike.] 
dit'to,  dit'O.     I.  V.    The  same  thing  repeated; 

the  aforesaid.    II.  adv.    As  before;  likewise. 

[It.,  <  L.  dictum;  see  dictum.] 
dit'ty,  dit'i,  n.    [dit'ties*,  pi.}    A  short  sim- 


■  pie  air;  lay.  [<  OF.  dittie,  <  L.  dicfatus;  see 
dictate.] 

di-ur'nal,  dai-ur'nal,  a.  1.  Happening  every 
day;  daily.  2.  Done  in  or  pertaining  to  the 
daytime.  [<  L.  diiirnalis,  <  diurnus,  daily, 
<  dies,  day.]  —  di-ur'nal-Iy,  adv. 

di-van',  di-van',  n.  1.  An  Oriental  govern- 
mental council;  also,  a  councilechamber.  2.  A 
cafe;  a  couch.     [<  Pers.  dlvdn,  council.] 

dive,  daiv.  I.  ^•^.  [dived  or  (Colloq.)  dove, 
dOv;  Di'viNG.]  To  plunge  head  foremost,  as 
into  water;  plunge  or  rush  in.  II.  n.  1.  A 
plunge  head  foremost  into  or  as  into  water. 

2.  [Colloq.]  A  disreputable  resort;  den.  [< 
AS.  dijffan;  cp.  deep.]  —  di'ver,  /?.— di'vings 
bell'",  n.  A  hollow,  water-tight  vessel  in  which 
persons  may  be  lowered  into  and  work  under 
water. 

di-verge',  di-vgrj',  vi.  [di-verged';di-vi!:r'- 
oing.]  To  extend  in  different  directions  from 
the  same  point;  deviate:  differ.  [<  L.  di-, 
apart,  -\-  vergo,  incline.] — di-ver'gence,  n. 
di-ver'gen-cyj.—  di-ver'jrent,  a.  Differ- 
ing; deviating.    di-ver'giiijrJ. 

di'vers,  dai'vgrz,  a.  1.  More  than  one,  but 
not  a  great  number;  several.  2.  Of  different 
kinds;  various.  [F.,  <  L.  diversiis,  pp.  of 
diverto;  see  divert.] 

di- verse',  di-vgrs',  a.  Differing  essentially; 
distinct.  [<  L.  divei'sus;  see  divers.]  -ly, 
arf».— di-ver'si-fy,  v<.  [-fied; -fy'ing.]  To 
make  diverse;  variegate.  —  di-ver'^si-fi-ca'- 
tioii,  n.    Variation;  variety. 

di-ver''sion,  di-vgr'shmi,  71.  The  act  of  di- 
verting, or  that  which  diverts;  Tecreation. 

di-ver-'si-ty,  di-vgr'si-ti,  n.  [-ties^  pi.]  The 
state  of  being  diverse;  dissimilitude. 

di-vert'**,  di-vgrt',  rt.  1.  To  turn  aside;  de- 
flect. 2.  To  amuse;  entertain.  [<  F.  diverti7\ 
<Jj.di-,  apart,  -f-  verto,  turn.] 

di-vest'**,  di-vest',  vt.  To  strip,  as  of  clothes, 
ornaments,  or  ofiice;  dispossess;  deprive.  [< 
L.oP  devestio,  <  de-.,  from,  -|-  vestis,  clothing.] 

di-vide',  di-vaid',  v.  [di-vi'ded*;  di-vi'- 
DiNG.]  I.  /.  1.  To  cut  or  separate  into  parts; 
sunder.   2.  To  disunite;  break  up;  keep  apart. 

3.  To  distribute;  portion  out;  apportion.  4. 
To  form  the  partition  or  boundary  between. 
II.  i.  1.  To  come  or  go  apart;  cleave;  open; 
diverge.  2.  To  differ  in  opinion;  be  at  vari- 
ance.    [<  L.  divido,  divide.] 

—  di-vi'der,  di-vai'der, «.  1 .  One  who  or  that 
which  divides.    2.  pi.    Compasses. 

di-vide',  n.    A  watershed. 

div'i-dend,  div'i-dend,  «.  1.  ^fat/i.  A  quan- 
tity divided,  or  to  be  divided,  into  eiiunl  parts. 
2.  Com.  A  sum  of  money  to  be  distributed,  as 
profit  on  shares  or  the  like. 

di-vine',  di-vain',  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [divined': 
Di-vi'NiNG.l  To  find  out  or  foretell  oy  assumed 
supernatural  aid;  practise  divination;  prog- 
nosticate; have  a  presentiment;  surmise;  guess; 
conjecture.  II.  «.  1.  Pertain  in  t:  to.  proceed- 
ing from,  or  of  the  nature  of  (5od  or  of  a  god; 
offered  to(iod;  sacred.  2.  Altop'thcr  exfel- 
lent;  godlike.  3.  Pertaining  to  divinity  or  the- 
ology. III.//.  One  vcrsea  in  divinity;  a  the- 
ologian; clergyman.  [<1,.^  diviiius,'<dinis, 
belonging  to  a  god.l  -ly,  adr.  —  dlv''i-iia'- 
tloii,n.  1 ,  The  act  or  art  of  dlvluliig.  ri.  An 
Instinctive  presentiment.— di-vl'ner,  «.— di- 


papfi,  ^sk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


145 


division 
dogma 


viii'i-ty,  n.  [-ties»,  ;jZ.]  1.  The  quality  or 
character  of  being  divine.  2.  [D-]  The  Deity; 
God.    3.  A  false  god.    4.  Theology. 

di-vi'sion,  di-vizh'un,  n.  1.  The  act  of  di- 
viding. 2.  A  part;  section.  3.  Separation; 
disagreement.  4.  That  which  separates  or 
divides.  [F.,  <  L.  divisioin-),  <  divido,  di- 
vide.]—di-vi'sion-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  divi- 
ding or  to  a  division,  di-vi'siou-a-ryt.— 
di-vis''i-bil'i-ty,  w.  di-vis'i-blCe-nesst. 
—  di-vis'i-bi(e,  di-viz'i-bl,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  divided,  ti.  Math.  Admitting  of  division 
without  a  remainder.—  di-vi'8iv(e,  di-vai'siv, 
a.  Causing  or  expressing  division. —di-vi'- 
sor,  di-vai'zgr,  n.  Math.  That  by  which  a 
number  or  quantity  is  divided. 

di-vorce',  di-vOrs'.  I.  vt.  [di-vorced'';  di- 
vor'cing.]  To  free  by  legal  process  from 
the  relationship  of  husband  and  wife;  sunder; 
separate;  put  away.  II.  n.  Legal  dissolution 
of  a  marriage  contract;  severance;  separation. 
[F.,  <  L.  divortium,  <  diverto^  divert.] 

di-vulge',  di-vulj',  t'<.  [di-vulged';  di-vul'- 
GiNO.J  To  tell,  as  a  secret;  disclose.  [<L.  (/i-, 
apart,  here  and  there,  -|-  vulgo,  make  public] 

.diz''zy,  diz'i.  t.  vt.  [diz'zied;  diz'zy-ing.] 
To  make  giddy;  confuse.  II.  a.  [diz'zi-er; 
Diz'zi-EST.]  1.  Having  a  feeling  of  whirling 
and  confusion,  with  a  tendency  to  fall;  giddy. 

2.  Causing  or  caused  by  giddiness.  [  <  AS.  dy- 
sig,  foolish.]— diz'zi-ly,  adv.—AWU'ncsH,  n. 

do,du,  V.  [did,  did;  do'ing;  DONE,  dun.]  I. 
t.  To  bnng  to  accomplishment;  perform; 
execute;  effect;  transact;  complete;  finish. 
II.  i.  1.  To  exert  or  employ  oneself  in  any 
way;  act;  strive  or  work  vigorously;  make 
effort  or  exertion.  2.  To  comport,  demean,  or 
conduct  oneself;  fare,  as  in  health.  3.  To  an- 
swer the  purpose;  be  enough;  suffice.  III. 
auxiliary.  As  an  auxiliary  do  is  used  (1)  in 
interrogative  or  negative  clauses;  (2)  to  express 
emphasis;  (3)  sometimes  in  the  imperative;  as, 
do  speak;  (4)  merely  as  an  inflection  of  the 
principal  verb.  IV.  substitute.  Do  is  often 
used  elliptically  as  a  substitute  for  a  verb  in- 
dicating action,  to  avoid  repetition.  [<  AS. 
don.     In  part  <  AS.  dtigan,  suit.]  —  do'er,  n. 

do,  do,  n.  Mus.  The  first  of  the  syllables  com- 
monly used  in  solmization;  the  key-note  (1)  of 
any  key,  (2)  of  the  so-called  natural  key, 

doat<i.  vi.    Same  as  dote. 

doc'il(e,  des'il  or  do'sil,  a.  Amenable  to  train- 
ing; easy  to  manage;  tractable.  [<  L.  docilis, 
<  doceo,  teach.]  —  do-ciPi-ty,  ti. 

dock",  dec,  vt.  1.  To  shorten;  cutoff;  abridge; 
rcMlnce.    2.    Laiv.     To  rescind. 

docket,  rt.    To  lay  up  in  or  as  in  dock. 

docki,  n.  Any  one  of  various  plants  of  the 
buckwheat  family.     [<  AS.  docce,  dock.] 

dock^,  n.  1.  An  artificial  basin  for  vessels; 
also,  a  wharf.  2.  An  enclosed  space  for  pris- 
oners in  a  criminal  court.     [  <  MD.  docke.] 

dock^,  n.    The  stump  of  a  tail.    [  <  Ice.  dockr.] 

dock'et,  dek'et.  P.  vt.  To  place  on  a  docket; 
record;  indorse;  label.  U.n.  1.  A  summary; 
abstract.  2.  A  calendar  of  the  cases  to  be  called 
at  any  time  of  court;  any  calendar  of  business. 

3.  A  tag  or  label.     [<  docri,  v.] 
dock'yard",  doc'yQrd",  n.    [Eng.]    A  ship- 
yard provided  with  docks . 

dbc'tor,  dec't^r,  n.    1.  A  practitioner  of  med- 


icine or  surgery.  2.  A  person  who  has  received 
a  diploma  of  the  highest  degree  in  a  faculty, 
as  of  divinity,  law,  etc.     [  <  L.  doctor,  teacher, 

<  doceo,  teach.]  —  doc'tor-ate,  n. 
doc'triii(e,  dec'trin,  n.  1.  That  which  is  held 

to  be  true  by  any  person,  sect,  or  school,  es- 
pecially in  religion;  a  tenet,  or  body  of  tenets. 
2i|.  Instruction; teaching.     [F.,  <L.  doctrina, 

<  doctor:  see  DOCTOB,,  «•]  —  doc/tri-nal,  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  doctrine. 
"Z.  Having  to  do  with  teaching;  instructive. 

doc'u-ment,  dec'yu-mgnt,  n.  A  piece  of 
written  or  printed  matter  conveying  informa- 
tion or  evidence.  [F.,  <  L.  documentnm,  les- 
son, <  doceo,  teach.] — doc''u-men'ta-ry,  a. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  based  upon  documents. 
doc"u-inen'talt. 

dodeca-.  A  combining  form.  [<Or.dddeka, 
twelve.] — do-deo'a-^on,  ?i.  A  figure,  espe- 
cially a  plane  figure,  with  twelve  sides  and  twelve 
angles,  [-j-  Gr.  gonia,  angle.]  — do'Mec-a-he'- 
dron,  n.  A  solid  bounded  by  twelve  plane  faces. 
[+  Gr.  hedra,  side.] 

dodge,  dej,  v.    [dodged;  dodg'ing.]    I.  t. 

1.  To  avoid  by  a  sudden  turn.  2.  To  follow  in 
an  evasive  or  skulking  way.  II.  i.  1.  To  move 
quickly  to  one  side.  2.  To  practise  shifts  or 
evasions;  skulk.     [Cp.  Ice.  dadra,  shake.] 

—  ilodg'er,  dej'er,  n.  1.  One  who  dodges;  a 
tricky  fellow.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  small  handbill.  3. 
[U.  S.]  A  cooked  cake  of  Indian  meal. 

dodg^e,  n.    An  evasion;  trick. 

doe,  do,  i).  The  female  of  the  deer,  antelope, 
hare,  rabbit,  or  kangaroo,     [<  AS.  da.] 

doe!^,  duz,  3(1  per.  sing.  ind.  pres.  of  do,  v. 

doe'skin'',  do'skin",  n.    1.  The  skin  of  a  doe. 

2.  A  fine  woolen  cloth, 

doflf',  def,  V.  I.  t.  To  take  off,  as  a  hat  or 
cloak;  strip  off,  as  fiber.  II.  i.  To  take  off 
the  hat  in  salutation,     [Contr.  of  do  off.] 

dog,  deg.  I.  vt.  [dogged;  dog'ging.]  To 
follow  persistently;  hound;  hunt.  II.  ri.  1. 
A  carnivorous  mammal,  commonly  domesti- 
cated, and  remarkable  for  its  intelligence  and 
its  attachment  to  man.  2.  An  implement  or 
part  of  machinery;  a  catch,  detent,  or  pawl. 
[<  AS.  rfoc<7a.]  —  dog'scart'',  n.  A  two- 
wheeled  one»horse  vehicle, 
with  two  seats  set  back  to 
back,  with  an  enclosed  space 
for  dogs  beneath  the  seats. 
—  dogsdays,  n.  pi.  The 
hot,  sultry  season  in  July 
and  August,  when  the  dog- 
star  (Slrius)  rises  with  the 
sun.- dog'ssear,  n.  The 
corner  of  a  leaf  in  a  book, 
turned  down  like  a  dog's 
ear.  dog:eart.  —  dogs 
star,  11.  The  star  Sirius, 
the  most  brilliant  star  in  the 
heavens.— dog' wood'',  n. 
A  flowering  tree  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada, 
or  its  hard,  compact  wood;  Dogwood 

also,  one  of  various  shrubs, 

dog'ged,  deg'ed,  a.  Silently  or  sullenly  per- 
sistent; stubborn; obdurate.  -\y,adv.  -ness,  n. 

dog'ger-el,  deg'gr-el,  n.  Trivial,  empty,  ill- 
made  verse:  used  also  adjectivally. 

dog'gisll.  deg'ish,  a.    Like  a  dog;  snappish. 

dog'ma,  deg'ma,  n.  [dog'mas^  or  dog'ma- 
TA,  pL]    A  doctrine,  as  of  a  creed,  asserted 


fliitlure  (future);    aisle; 


au   (owt);    ell;   c  (k);   chat;    dh  {the)\    go;  sing,   i^k;  tliin. 


doily- 
dormitory 


146 


and  adopted  on  authority;  a  dictum.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  dogma{t-),  opinion.]  —  dog-raat'ic,  a.  1. 
Marked  by  positive  and  authoritative  assertion. 
3.  Like  or  pertaining  to  dogma,  dogr-iiiat'ic- 
alj.  —  dog-mat'ic-al-ly,  adv.  —  dog'ina- 
tisnif  deg'ma-tizm,  n.  Positive  or  arrogant  as- 
sertion, as  of  behef,  without  proof.  —  dog'ma- 
tist,  «  —  dosr'ma-tize  or  -tise,  vi.  L-tized; 
-Ti'zrxG.l    To  express  oneself  dogmatically. 

doi'ly,  dei'li,  n.  [iwi'liess  pl.'\  A  email 
table  napkin,    doy'ley:):. 

doling,  du'ing,  n.  1.  pi.  Proceedings;  acts; 
course  of  conduct.    2§.  A  transaction. 

doit,  deit, «.  Formerly,  a  small  copper  coin  of  the 
Netherlands;  a  trifle.    [<  D.  duit,  coin.] 

dole,  dol,  vt.  [doled;  do'ling.]  To  dispense 
in  small  quantities;  give  or  deal  out. 

doles  n.  1.  That  which  is  doled  out;  a  gratu- 
Itv.    2.  [Poet.]  Lot;  portion.   [<  AS.  dal.^ 

doie2,  n.  [Poet.]  Grief;  mourning.  [<  OF. 
doL  <  L.  doleo.,  feel  pain.]  —  dole'fnl,  a.  Mel- 
ancholy; mournful,    -ly,  acZ».    -ness,  «. 

dol(l,  del,  n.  A  toy  representing  a  person.  [< 
OD.  rM,whipping'»top;  or  <  Doll,  for  Dorothy.^ 

dollar,  del'ar,  n.  The  monetary  unit  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  equal  to  100  cents, 
or  about  4*.  \^d.  English  money;  also,  a  similar 
coin  of  various  other  countries,  as  Mexico.  [  < 
D.  or  G.  dial,  daalder.,  <  G.  thaler.] 

do'lor,  do'lgr,  71.  [Poet.]  Sorrow;  anguish.  [OF., 
<  L.  dolor,  pain.]  doMourl:.— doPo-rous, 
del'o-rus,  a.    Sad;  pathetic.    ~\y,  adv. 

doFpbin,  dol'fin,  n.  1.  A  cetacean  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  temperate  Atlantic.  2.  A 
large  fish  of  open  seas,  noted  for  the  changes 
inits  color  when  dying.  [<  OF.  dalphiti,  < 
L.  delphinus,  <  Gr.  ddphis.,  dolphin.] 

dolt,  dolt,  n.  A  stupid  ^lerson:  blockhead; 
dunce.    [<  AS.  dol,(iu\\.]'—doWish,  a. 

do-main',  do-men',  w.  1.  A  territory  over 
which  dominion  is  exercised;  commonwealth; 
province.  2.  A  department,  as  of  knowledge; 
range.  3.  A  manor.  4.  Absolute  proprietor- 
ship; dominion;  empire;  rule.  [<  L.*"  domin- 
ium, <  doniimis,  lord.] 

dome,  dom,  n.  1.  The  vaulted  roof  of  a  ro- 
tunda; a  cupola.  2.  [Poet.]  A  majestic  build- 
ing; house.     [OF.,  <  Gr.''  domos,  house.] 

do-mes'tic,  do-mes'tic,  I.  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  or  fond  of  the  house  or  household.  2.  Do- 
mesticated; tame.  3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  one's 
own  country*  homemade.  II.  n.  A  family 
servant.    [  <  L.*'  dofuesticvs,  <  domus,  house.] 

—  do-mes'tic-al-ly,  adv.  —  do-mes'ti- 
cate,  do-mes'tl-kf't,  vt.  [-ca'teixI;  -ca'tinq.] 
To  train  or  reclaim  for  domestic  use;  make  do- 
mestic; tame,  do-mes'ti-cizet.  — do-ines"- 
ti-ca'tiou,  n.  — do"ines-tic'i-ty,  do'mes- 
tls'l-tl,  n.  f-TiKR*,  pZ.]  1,  The  state  of  being 
domestic,    ij.  A  domestic  affair. 

dom'i-cil,     >  dem'i-sil.  1.  vt.    [-ciled; -cil- 
dom'i-cile,  j  ino.]    To  j)r()vi(le  with  or  settle 

in  a  home  or  abode,     dom^i-cil'l-atet. 

II.  n.    A  home,  house,  or  dwelling.    [<  L. 

doinicilium,  <  dornus,  boune.] 

—  doiii"l-<;il'i-a-ry,  dem"l-8il'l-s-rl,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  private  n'sidence. 

dom'i-nate,  dom'i-net,  r.  [-na'ted"";  -na"- 
TiN<i.]  I.  t.  To  control;  govern;  rule.  II.  i. 
To  prevail;  predominate.     [<  L.  dofni/iatux, 

Ep.   of    dominor,   rule.]  —  doni'i-nance,    u. 
ontrol ;     ascendency.        doni'i-nan-cy:^.— 


doin'i-nant,  dem'i-nant.  I.  a.  Ruling;  gov- 
erning; predominant.  II.  n.  Mus.  The  fifth 
tone  of  a  diatonic  scale.—  dom^'i-na'tion,  n. 
Control;  dominion. 

do'ini-ne,  do'ml-ne.    A  parson.  fL.] 

dom^i-neer',  dem"i-nir',  v.  I.  t.  To  dom- 
inate. II.  i.  To  rule  arrogantly  or  insolently. 
[<  Jj.^  dominor;  see  dominate.]  —  dom"i- 
iieer'injf,  pa.    Overbearing,    -ly,  adv. 

do-min'ic-al,  do-min'ic-al,  a.  Relating  to 
Christ  or  to  the  Lord's  day. 

dom'i-nie,  dem'i-ni,  w.  A  schoolmaster.  [< 
L.  domine,  voc.  of  dominus,  lord.] 

do-min'ion,  do-min'yun,  n.  1.  Sovereign 
authority;  rule;  sway.  2.  A  country  governed; 
realm.     [F.,  <  L.'^'^  dominus,  lord.] 

dom'i-no,  dem'i-no,  w.  [-noes,  noz,  joZ.]  1. 
A  robe  and  hood,  as  worn  at  masquerades; 
also,  the  wearer;  a  mask.  2.  2^1-  A  game  played 
with  flat  pieces  marked  like  dice,  each  piece 
being  also  called  a  domino.  [LL.,  ecclesiastical 
garment,  <  L.  dominus,  lord.] 

don,  den,  vt.  [donned;  don'ning.]  To  put 
on,  as  a  garment.     [Contr.  of  do  on.] 

don,  n.    1.  Signer;  sir.    2.  A  gentleman.  [Sp.] 

do'nate,  do'net,  vt.  [do'na"ted<';  do'na"- 
TiNG.]  To  bestow  as  a  gift,  especially  a  con- 
siderable gift;  contribute.  [<  L.  donatits.  pp. 
of  dono,  give,  <  donum,  gift.]  —  do-na'tion, 
n.  The  act  of  donating,  or  that  which  is  donated; 
a  gift;  grant;  offering.— don'a-tiv(e,  den'a- 
tiv.  I.  o.  Belonging  by  deed  of  gift.  II. «.  A 
donation;  gift.— do-na'tor,  n. 

done,  dun,  pa.    Pp.  of  do. 

done,  a.  Given;  made  public i  executed,  as  a 
proclamation.     [Rep.  OF.  done,  given.] 

don'key,  deij'ki,  n.    An  ass. 

do'nor,  do'ngr,  n.     A  giver;  donator.     [OF.] 

doom,  diim.  I.  vt.  1.  To  consign  to  death 
or  ruin.  2.  To  decree  as  a  penalty.  II.  n. 
1.  The  act  of  dooming,  or  the  state  of  being 
doomed;  sad  or  evil  destiny.  2.  Judicial  de- 
cision; condemnation;  sentence.  [<  AS.  cf5m, 
<  don,  do,  put.]  —  dooms'day",  dQmz'de",  n. 
The  day  of  final  judgment. 

door,  dor,  n.  x\n  entrance,  as  to  a  house,  or 
the  hinged  or  sliding  cover  that  closes  it;  pas- 
sagewav;  access.  [<  AS.  dor,  duru.]  —  door'- 
keep"er,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  door;  a  janitor. 
—  door'way'',  w.    An  entranceway. 

Dor'ic,  der'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  district  of  Doris,  in  ancient 
Greece,  or  its  inhabitants.  Do'ri-anJ.  2. 
Constructed  in  accordance  with  the  type  of 
Doric  architecture,  marked  by  strength  and 
apparent  simplicity.  II. 
n.    The  Doric  dialect.  ^wjr     ^^    y  y 

dor'mant,  dSr'mant,  a.  Wv  .^B^/  / 
Being  in  a  state  of,  or 
resembling,  sleep;  torpid; 
inactive;  unused.  [F.,  < 
L.  doi'mien{t-)Sy  ppr.  of 
dorniio,  sleep.] 

— dor'iiian-cy,n.  Tor- 
pidity; lethargy. 

dor'mer,  dor'mgr,  n.    A 
vertical    window    rising      ;^ 
from  a  sloping  roof.     [<       Dormouse.    1/4 
L."P  darmif/mnm;  sec  dormitory.]    dor'- 
mer«win"dowt. 

dor'mi-to-ry,  dSr'ml-to-rl,  n.    [-ribs«,  jd.] 


papA,  98k;  at,  air;  clcmfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  eratjr,  »r;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


147 


dormouse 
down 


Fisherman's  Dory. 


A  students'  lodging* house  at  a  school  or  col- 
lege; also,  a  large  room  in  which  many  persons 
sleep.     [<  L.  donnitorium,  <  dormio,  sleep.] 

dor'mouse",  der'mans",  n.  [dor'mice",  der'- 
mais",;;/.]  1.  A  small  Old  World  squirrel* 
like  rodent.  See  illus.  on  preceding  page.  2. 
[U.  S.]  The  common  white-footed  mouse. 
[  <  Ice.  dorma  ( <  L.  donnio),  sleep,  -|-  mouse.] 

dor'sal,  der'sal,  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  on, 
or  near  the  back.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  under 
surface,  as  of  a  leaf.    [F.,  <  L.  dorsum,  back.] 

do'ryi,  do'ri,  n.  [do'ries^,  pL]  A  sharp  flat* 
bottomed  row  boat,  much  used  by  fishermen. 

do'ry2,  n.  One  of  va- 
ious  fishes.  [<  F. 
doree,  golden.] 

dose,  dos.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[dosed';  do'sing.]  To 
give  doses  to;  deal  out 
m  doses;  take  doses 
repeatedly.  II.  n.  The  quantity  of  medicine 
to  be  taken  at  one  time.  [<  Gr.  dosis,  <  di- 
domi,  give.] 

dost,  dust,  2dper.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  do,  v. 

dot,  dot.  I.  tt.  &  vi.  [dot'ted'';  dot'ting.] 
To  mark  with  or  as  with  a  dot  or  dots;  make 
dots.  II.  n.  A  minute  mark;  a  speck,  spot, 
or  point.     [<  AS.  dott.] 

do'tage,  do'tgj,  n.  Feebleness  of  mind,  due 
to  old  age;  senility.—  do'tard,  dO'tard,  n.  One 
who  Is  In  his  dotage. 

dote,  dot,  vi.  [do'ted'J;  do'ting.]  1.  To 
lavish  extravagant  fondness:  witho//  or  (/]X)n. 
2.  To  be  in  one's  dotage.   doat+.—  do'ter,  ti. 

doth,  duth,  ,3d  per.  sing.pres.  ind.  of  do,  v. 

doub'le,  dub'l,  v.  [doub'led;  doub'ling.] 
l.t.  1.  To  make  twice  as  great.  2.  To  fold 
together:  usually  with  up,  over,  etc.  3.  To 
repeat.  4.  To  be  twice  as  many  or  twice  as 
much  as.  5.  To  pass,  march,  or  sail  round. 
II.  i.  1.  To  become  twice  as  great  or  many. 
2.  To  turn  and  go  back  on  the  same  track. 

doub'le,  a.  1.  Having  two  of  a  sort  together; 
being  in  pairs;  coupled.  2.  Twice  as  large, 
much,  strong,  heavy,  or  many.  3.  Twofold: 
hence,  ambiguous  or  deceitful.  4.  Bot.  Having 
the  petals  increased  in  num- 
ber: said  of  flowers.  [F.,  < 
L.  duplus,  <  duo,  two,  + 
■plus,  -ful.l 

— doiib'lesdeaF'insr.  I. 
n.  Treacherous;  deceitful. 
II.  n.    Treachery;  duplicity. 

doub'le,  n.  1.  Something 
that  is  twice  as  much.  2. 
A  fold  or  plait.  3.  A  per- 
son or  thing  that  closely  re- 
sembles another;  hence,  an 
apparition  or  wraith.  4.  A 
backward  turn,  as  of  a  hunt- 
ed fox;  a  trick.  —  doub'le, 
doub'Iy,  adv.  In  twofold 
degree;  deceitfully. 

doub'let,  dub'let,  n.  1. 
One  of  a  pair  of  like  things; 
loosely,  a  pair  or  couple.   2.  Doublet. 

A  close=fitting  outer  body*garment  (15th  to  17th 
centuries).     3.  A  counterfeit  gem. 

doub-loon',  dub-lun',  n.  A  former  Spanish 
gold  coin  worth  about  $8. 


doubt'',  daut,  v.  I.  t.  To  hesitate  to  accept; 
hold  as  uncertain;  distrust.  II.  i.  To  be  in 
doubt.  [<  L.F  dubito,  be  uncertain.]  —  doubf- 
er,  n.    One  who  doubts. 

doubt,  n.  1.  Lack  of  certain  knowledge;  un 
certainty;  indecision.  2.  A  question;  an 
objection;  perplexity;  problem. —  doubt'fiil, 
a.  1.  Subject  to,  entertaining,  or  admitting  of 
doubt;  uncertain;  undecided;  contingent.  3. 
Indistinct;  vague;  ambiguous.  3.  Questionable; 
dubious.  m\y,adv.  -ness,  72.— doiibt'less, 
adv.    Without  doubt:  unquestionably.    -lyt. 

dou^'ceur',  du'sUr',  n.  A  small  present;  bribe; 
tip.    [F.] 

douche,  dush,  n.  A  jet  of  water  or  vapor,  or 
the  instrument  for  administering  it.     [F.] 

dougb..  dn,  n.    A  soft  mass  of  moistened  flour 
or  meal,  mixed  for  cooking  into  bread,  cake, 
etc.;  also,  anv  soft  pasty  mass.    [<  AS.  ddh.^ 
—  doiigli'iiuf,  11.    A  small  cake  of  dough 


-dough'y. 


Like  or  containing 


Dove. 


fried  in  lard. 

dough. 
dougb'ty,     dau'ti,     a. 

Brave;    valiant;    redoubt- 
able; also,  boastful.  [<AS. 

dijhtig.]  —  doufsh'ti-ly, 

ao?i'.— dough'ti-ness,  n. 
douse, dans, ?'/.  [doused'; 

doits' ing.]  To  plunge  into 

a    liquid;    duck;    drench. 

[Prob.  <  Sw.rf?/«/Ja,  plump 

down.]    dowsei. 
dove,  duv,  1}.     A  pigeon. 

[<     AS.     dilfe.']  —  Ao\e': 

cot'',  d.scote,  n.    A  house  for  tame  pigeons. 

d.:hoii»^ej:. 
dove'tail",  duv'tel".    I.  vt.    To  join  by  in- 
terlocking. II.  n.  A  manner  of  joining  boards, 

timbers,  etc.,  by  interlock- 
ing wedge*shaped   tenon-- 

and  spaces;   the  joint  -< 

made. 
dow'a-ger,  dau'a-jgr,  // 

[Eng.]     A  widow  holding 

dower.      [<    OF.    doucr, 

ENDOW.] 

dow'dy,  dau'di.  I.  a. 
[dow'di-er;  dow'di-est.1 
Ill'dressed,  ill«fltting,  and 
in  bad  taste;  shabby. 
dow'dy -isbi.  II.  n. 
A  slatternly  woman. 

dow'el,  dau'el,   n.    A  pin 
two  adjacent  pieces  to  fasten  them  together. 
[  <  F.  douille,  socket.] 

dow'er,  dau'gr.  I.  vt.  To  provide  with  a 
dower;  endow.  II.  /i.  A  widow's  life«portion 
(usually  a  third)  of  her  husband's  lands  and 
tenements;  the  sum  of  one's  natural  gifts;  en- 
dowment.    [<  L.i-^  +  f  dos,  dowry.] 

down,  daun,  a.  1.  Going  in  a  downward  di- 
rection.    2.  Downcast;  dejected. 

downi,  71.  Fine  soft  plumage,  hair,  or  fibers. 
[Akin  to  Ice.  dunn.] 

dOTvn^,  n.    A  downward  movement;  reverse. 

down3,«.  [Eng.]  1.  A  hill  having  a  bioad, 
treeless,  grass'grown  top ;  also,  the  open  space 
on  its  top.  2.  pi.  Turf'covered,  undulating 
tracts  of  upland.     [<  AS.  dmi.] 

down,  adv.  1.  From  a  higher  to  or  toward  a 
lower  level,  place,  position,  etc.  (literally  or 


Dove*taIled  Joint. 
a,  open;  b,  closed, 
or  peg  fitted  into 


flutiflre    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   ©il;    c   (k);    chat;   dli   (the);   go;  sing,  ink,-  thin. 


down 
drape 


148 


figuratively);  downward.  2.  From  an  upright 
to  a  prone  or  prostrate  position.  3.  At  the 
lowest  point;  in  or  into  subjection;  under  con- 
trol. 4.  Below  the  horizon;  as,  the  sun  went 
doivn.  5.  To  a  smaller  bulk;  as,  to  boil  down. 
[  <  ADOWN,  <  AS.  adun,  of -dune,  <  of,  from, 
4-  dun,  hill.]  —  down'cast'',  daun'cgst",  a. 
Directed  downward  or  toward  the  ground;  de- 
jected; depressed.  —  downTall'^  n.  A  falling 
or  flowing  downward;  a  fall;  disgrace.  —  tlowii's 
falF'en,  «.  Fallen;  ruined.— down'hearf- 
ed,  a.  Dejected-  discouraged;  low=spirlted. — 
down'shill''.  I,  a.  Descending;  sloping.  II. 
adv.  With  a  downward  direction. —  do^vn'- 
right''.  I.  a.  1.  Straight  to  the  point;  unequiv- 
ocal; plain;  outspoken;  utter.  2.  Directed  down- 
ward. II,  adv.  1,  Directly  downward.  '2. 
Without  doubt  or  qualification.  3,  In  the  ex- 
treme; utterly.— do wn'trod'^den,  a.  Trodden 
under  foot;  oppressed,  doi^vn  '  trod ''  t .  — 
down'^ward,  daun'ward.  I,  a.  Descending 
or  tending  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  level,  or 
from  that  which  Is  more  remote.  II.  adv.  1. 
From  a  higher  to  a  lower  position.  2.  From 
that  which  is  more  remote,  as  In  place  or  time.  3 . 
Toward  the  extremities,    down'wardst. 

down,  daun,  prep.  In  a  descending  direction 
along,  upon,  or  within,  literally  or  fieuratively; 
adown. 

do'wn'y,  daun'i,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  like,  or 
covered  with  down;  soft;  restful;  soothing. 

dow'ry,  dau'ri,  n.  [dow'kies^,  pi."]  The  prop- 
erty a  wife  brings  to  her  husband  in  marriage; 
an  endowment  or  gift.     [<  dower,  «.] 

dox-ol'o-gy,  dex-el'o-ji,  w.  [-GIE8^^;.]  An 
exultant  hymn  of  praise.  [<  Gr.  doxa,  praise, 
+  lego,  speak.] 

doze,  doz.  I.  vi.  [dozed;  do'zing.]  To 
sleep  unsoundly  or  lightly;  drowse.  II.  n.  K 
light,  unsound  sleep;  a  drowse.  [<  Ice.  dusa; 
cp.  DIZZY.]  —  do'zy,  a.    Drowsy;  soporific. 

doz'en,  duz'n,  n.  Twelve  things  of  a  kind, 
collectively.  [<  OF.  dozaine,  <  dauze,  twelve.] 

drabi,  drab,  n.  A  yellowish-gray  color:  used 
also  adjectivally.     [<  F.  drap,  cloth.] 

drab2,  n.  A  slattern; lewd  woman.  [<  Ir.  drabog.^ 

drab'bl(e,  drab'l,  vt.  [drab'bl(e)d;  drab'- 
BMNG.]    To  draggle. 

draclim,  dram,  n.    Same  as  dram. 

dracb^ma,  drac'ma,  n.  1.  A  Greek  coin,  an- 
ciently of  the  value  of  9  to  17  cents,  now  equal 
to  the  franc  (19i  cents).  2.  An  ancient  Greek 
unit  of  weight,  now  a  gram.  [<  Gr.  drachml, 
handful.] 

draft,         Idrgft.    !■».   vt.    1.  To  outline  in 

draught,  [writing;  sketch;  delineate.  2.  To 
select  and  draw  oflf,  as  for  military  service;  con- 
script. II.  n.  1.  A  current  of  air.  2.  The 
act  of  drinking;  a  drink.  3.  Natit.  The  depth 
to  which  a  vessel  sinks  in  the  water.  4.  The 
act  of  drawing,  or  the  fact  of  being  drawn; 
also,  that  whidi  is  drawn  or  to  he  drawn,  or 
its  weight  or  resistance;  a  haul;  pull;  drag. 
5.  Apian;  outline;  sketch.  6.  Com.  A  money- 
order;  bill  of  exchange.  7.  A  military  or 
naval  conscription;  levy.  8.  An  exhausting 
demand.     [<  AS.  dragan,  draw.] 

drafts'man,         I  drgfts'man,  n.  [-men,/)/.] 

draug^hts'man,  f  One  who  draws  or  prepares 
plans,  (ii'signs,  deeds,  conveyances,  etc. 

drag:,  drag,  v.  [draoord;  drao'mino.]  1. 1. 
1.  To  pufi  along  by  main  force;  haul.    2.  To 


draw  a  grapnel  along  the  bottom  of,  as  in 
search  of  a  dead  body;  search  carefully  or  in- 
tently. II.  i.  1.  To  be  drawn  along  the 
ground;  move  slowly  or  heavily.  2.  To'ply  a 
drag;  dredge.  [ME.  draggen;  caus.  of  AS. 
dragan,  draw.] 
drag,  n.  1.  The  act  of  dragging  or  that  which 
drags  or  is  dragged, 
as  a  grapple,  a 
dredge,  a  drag-net,  a 
brake,  or  heavy  har- 
row, a  skid  or  shoe 
for  causing  a  car- 
riage-wheertp  drag.  Drag  and  Four, 

as  m  gojng  down  a 

hill;  any  clog  or  impediment.  2.  A  long, 
high,  four-wheeled  carriage  or  coach. 

—  drag'snef ,  ?z.    A  net  to  be  drawn  along 
the  bottom  of  the  water. 

drag'gl(e,  drag'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [drag'gl(e)d; 
drag'gling.]  To  drag  or  trail  on  the  ground 
so  as  to  wet  or  soil;  drabble;  befoul. 

drag^o-man,  drag'o-mgn,  n.  [-manss  im- 
properly -MEN,  pL]  An  interpreter  or  agent 
for  travelers  in  the  East.  [F.,  <  Ar.  tarjumdn, 
translator.] 

drag'on,  drag'un,  n.  1.  A  fabulous,  serpent- 
like, winged  monster.  2.  [D-]  A  northern 
constellation  {Draco).  [F.,  <  L.  draco{n-),  < 
Gr.  drakon,  serpent.]  —  drag'on:fly'',  n.  An 
Insect  with  slender  body,  four,  large  wings,  and 
enormous  eyes.  Called  also  darning»needle  and 
deviVs  darning-needle. 

drag-oon',  drag-un'.  I.  vt.  To  harass  by 
dragoons;  coerce;  browbeat.  II.  n.  In  the 
British  army,  a  cavalryman.  [<  F.  dragon^ 
dragon,  dragoon.] 

drain,  dren,  v.  1.  i.  1.  To  draw  off  by  de- 
grees, as  a  fluid;  draw  water  or  any  fluid  from. 
2.  To  make  exhausting  demands  lipon.  II.  i. 
To  flow  ofE  or  leak  away  gradually;  become 
exhausted.     [<  AS.drehnigean,  drenian.] 

drain,  n.  1.  The  act  of  draining;  continuous 
strain,  leak,  or  outflow.  2.  A  pipe  or  trench 
for  draining. 

drain'age,  dren'gj,  n.  1.  The  act  or  means 
of  draining;  a  system  of  drains.  2.  That 
which  is  drained  off;  also,  the  area, drained. 

drake,  drek, /?.  A  male  duck.  [<  A^.  ened, 
duck,  +  suf.  -rake,  chief.] 

dram,  dram,  n.  1.  In  apothecaries'  weight, 
(50  grains:  in  avoirdupois,  27.34  grains.  2.  A 
drachma,  3.  A  drink  of  spirits.  [<  L.o^ 
drachma;  see  drachma.]    draclinit. 

dra'ma,  drfl'ma,  n.  1.  A  composition  to  be 
acted  u])on  the  stage;  a  play.  2.  Stage  rep- 
resentjitions  collectively;  the  theater.  [<Gr. 
dramad-),  <  drao,  perform.]  —  dra-mat^ic,  a. 
Of  or  like  the  drama;  theatrical,  drn-iiiat'ic- 
aU.  — dra-inat'ic-al-ly,  adv.  —  ilram'a- 
t\nU  n.  A  dramatic  author.— draiii'a-tize 
or  -tiHe,  vt.  L-tizkd;  -ti'zino.1  To  sot  forth  In 
dramatic  form;  relate  or  represent  dramatically. 

drank,  drank,  imp.  of  dkink,  v. 

drape,  drep,  vt.  &  vi.  [draped*;  dra'ping.] 
To  cover,  as  with  hanging  cloth;  arrange,  as 
drapery.     [<  F.  dra/^er,  <  drap,  cloth.] 

—  dra'per,  n.     A  dealer  in  cloths.— dra'- 

?»er-y,  n.  t-iB8»,  pi.}  1.  Loosely  hanging  at- 
Ire;  also,  curtains,  tapestry,  etc.  tj.  The  busi- 
nees  of  a  draper.    3.  Cloth  In  general. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  &ir;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^jr,  5r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


149 


drastic 
drift 


dras'tic,  dras'tic  or  drgs'tic.  I.  a.  Acting 
vigoroiiely;  effective.  II.  n.  A  strong  purga- 
tive.   [  <  Gr.  drastikos,  <  drao,  act.] 

draught,  see  draft,  etc. 

draughts,  drafts,  n.  pi.  The  game  of  check- 
ers.    [<  AS.  dragan,  dravv^.] 

—  draiights'inan,  n.    1.  A  piece  used  In 
the  game  of  checkers.    3.  Same  as  draftsman. 

draw,  dre,  v.  [drew,  dru;  drawn;  draw'- 
ING.]  I.  t.  1.  To  pull;  haul;  lead;  attract. 
2.  To  take  or  pull  oa£;  extract;  call  forth; 
elicit;  evoke.  3.  To  call  for  and  receive,  as  pay; 
obtain.  4.  To  write  out;  draft:  commonly 
with  w/).  5.  To  delineate;  sketch;  portray.  6. 
To  require  the  depth  of  (so  much  water)  in  or- 
der to  float,  as  a  vessel.  11.  i.  1.  To  exert  a 
pulling  force  or  an  attractive  influence;  be  at- 
tractive. 2.  To  have  a  free  draft,  as  a  stove  or 
chimney.  3.  To  move  as  if  drawn;  come  or 
go;  as,  to  draw  away;  to  df^iw  nigh.  4.  To 
obtain  means  or  money,  or  receive  supplies  on 
application.  5.  To  delineate,  as  with  a  pencil ; 
practise  drawing.  6.  To  unsheath  a  sword. 
LME.  drawen,  <  AS.  dragan.]  — draw'back'', 
71.  1.  Anything  that  hinders;  a  disadvantage.  2. 
An  allowance;  a  rebate.  —  draw'bridge'',  «. 
A  bridge  of  which  the  whole  or  a  part  may  be 
raised,  let  down,  or  drawn  aside.  —  draw-ee', 
drS-1',  71.  The  one  upon  whom  an  order  for  the 
payment  of  money  Is  drawn.  —  draw'er,  n.  1 . 
One  who  draws;  formerly,  a  waiter.  *2.  Com. 
One  who  draws  a  bill  of  exchange,  money»order, 
or  the  like.  3.  A  sliding  receptacle,  as  In  a  bu- 
reau, table,  etc.  —  draw'ers,  n.  pi.  A  trouser* 
like  undergarment. —  draw'ing,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  one  who  or  that  which  draws,  ti,  A  pic- 
ture, sketch,  delineation,  or  design;  also,  the  art 
of  representing  objects  by  lines;  delineation. 

draw,  ?i.  1.  An  act  of  drawing.  2.  An  in- 
decisive contest;  a  tie  game.  3.  The  movable 
section  of  a  drawbridge. 

draw'ingsroom",  n.  A  room  for  the  re- 
ception of  company;  also,  the  company  assem- 
bled.     [Abbr.  of  WITHDRAWING'ROOM.] 

drawl,  drel.  I.  vf.  &  ri.  To  speak  or  pro- 
nounce slowly  and  lazily.  II.  w.  Spiritless 
utterance.     [Freq.  of  draav.] 

dray,  dre,  n.  A  strong,  heavy  vehicle,  usually 
low  at  the  rear. 
[<  AS.  draege, 
thin^  drawn.] 
,  — dray'age, 
dre'§j,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  con- 
veying In  a  dray. 
2.  The  charge 
for  draylng. 

dread,  dred.  F.  vt.  To  anticipate  with  hor- 
ror or  shrinking.  II.  a.  1.  Causing  great  fear; 
terrible.  2.  Exciting  awe  or  reverential  fear. 
III.  n.  1.  Unconquerable  fright;  shrinking 
horror;  terrifying  anticipation.  2.  Fear  joined 
to  deep  respect;  awe.  31.  That  which  causes 
awe  or  fear.  [AS.  drxdan.l — dread'ful,  a. 
Inspiring  dread  or  awe;  terrible;  awful.— 
dread'ful-ly,  orfw.— dread'ful-uess,  n. 

dream,  drtm.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dreamed  or 
DREAMT,  dremt;  dream'ing.]  To  imagine  in 
or  as  in  a  dream;  have  a  dream  or  dreams; 
fancy;  hope;  imagine;  also,  to  indulge  in  rev- 
erie. II.  n.  A  tram  of  thoughts  or  images  pass- 
ing through  the  mind  in  sleep;  also,  a  visionary 


Two=wheeled  Dray. 


idea,  anticipation,  or  fancy.     [AS.   *dredm.] 

—  dreamier,  n.  One  who  dreams;  a  vision- 
ary.— dream'ful,  a.— dreain'i-ly,  adv.  In  a 
dreamymanner.— dreaiii'Iess,  a.— dream'y, 
drim'l,  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  given  to 
dreams.    3.  Appropriate  to  dreams. 

drear,  drir,  a.    [Poet.]    Dreary. 

drear'y,  drtr'i,  a.  [drear'i-er;  drear'i-est.] 
Forlorn,  lonely,  or  gloomy;  dismal;  wearisome; 
monotonous;  dull.    [<  AS.  dreong.,  sad.] 
—  drear'i-ly,  ad».— drear'i-ness,  n. 

dredge^  drej.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dredged; 
dredg'ing.]  To  clean  out  by  means  of  a 
dredge;  remove  by  a  dredge;  use  a  dredge; 
seek  laboriously  or  blindly.  II.  n.  An  ap- 
pliance for  bringing  up  mud,  silt,  etc.,  from 
under  water.     [<  OF.  drege,  oyster»net.] 

dredge^.  I.  vt.  In  cookery,  to  sprinkle  or 
sift  something,  as  flour,  upon.  II.  n.  A  box 
with  perforated  lid,  for  dredging  meat. 
[<  F.  dragee.,  <  Gr.  tragemata,  sweetmeats.] 
dredge^box''^;  dredg^ingsbox^'t. 

dredg'eri,  drej'er,  n.  One  who  dredges;  a  boat 
or  machine  for  dredging. 

dredg'er2,  7i.    In  cookery,  a  dredgIng=box. 

dredg'ing,  drej'ing,  n.  The  act  of  using  a 
dredge;  that  which  is  taken  up  with  a  dredge. 

dregs,  dregz,  n.  pi.  The  sediment  of  liquids; 
lees:  grounds;  refuse.— dreg'jjv,  a.  Contain- 
ing dregs;  full  of  dregs;  foul.—  dreg'gi-ness, 
«.— dreg'cisli,  a. 

drencllS  drench,  vt.  1.  To  wet  thoroughly; 
soak.    2.  yeter.  To  administer  a  drench  to. 

drencll,  ra.  1.  Yeter.  A  liquid  medicine,  ad- 
ministered by  compulsion,  as  to  a  horse.  2.  A 
large  draft  or  quantity  of  fluid;  flood.  [<  AS. 
drenc^  <  drincan,  drink,  v.] 

dress,  dres,  v.  [dressed'  or  drest;  dress'- 
ING.]  I.  t.  1.  To  attire  suitably;  clothe; 
array;  adorn.  2.  To  put  in  order;  arrange; 
adjust;  cleanse  and  bind  up,  as  a  wound;  pre- 
pare. II.  i.  1.  To  put  on  or  wear  clothing, 
especially  elaborate  attire.  2 .  To  form  in  line ; 
range.  [  <  L.of  directvs,  direct,  a.]  —  dress'- 
eri,  dres'er,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  dresses. 

—  dre8s'er2,  n.  A  kitchen  table  with  shelves; 
a  cupboard;  sideboard.—  dress'ing,  dres'Ing, 
n.  The  act  of  dressing,  or  that  with  which  any- 
thing, as  a  wound,  is  dressed. 

dress,  n.  1.  Covering  for  the  body;  clothes 
collectively;  especially,  elegant  or  fashionable 
attire.  2.  A  gown  or  frock  of  a  woman  or 
child. —  dres8'ma''ker,  n.  One  who  makes 
dresses  for  women  or  children.  — dress'ina-"- 
kiiig,  n.— dress'y,  a.  [Colloq.]  Fond  of 
dress;  showy;  elegant. 

drew,  dru,  imp.  of  draw,  v. 

drib'ble,  drib'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [drib'bled; 
drib'bling.]  To  drip;  give  out  bj^  piecemeal. 
II.  Ti.  Liquid  falling  in  drops  or  in  a  scanty 
stream.  [For  dripple,  freq.  of  drip.]—  drib'- 
let,  M.    A  scanty  portion,    drib^blet;. 

drieil,  draid,  imp.  &  pp.  of  dry,  v. 

driver,  drai'gr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  dries. 
dry'erf. 

dri''er,  dri'est,  compar.  &  superl.  of  dry,  a. 

drift'',  drift,  vt.  &  vi.  To  carry  or  be  carried 
along,  as  on  a  current;  accumulate  in  masses 
by  the  force  of  the  wind,  as  snow. 

drift,  n.  1.  That  which  is  driven  onward  or 
piled  up  by  a  current.  2.  A  course  of  motion; 
tendency,  as  of  an  argument.    3.  A  driving; 


fifit|ure  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  (the);   go;  sing,  ink;  tliin. 


drill 
drub 


150 


an  urgent  force;  controlling  influence.  4.  A 
drove.  5.  A  boring  tool.  Q.  Mining.  A  hori- 
zontal  passage.    [ <  AS.  d?%fan;  see  drive.] 

drill,  dril,  vL  &  vi.  1.  To  pierce  or  bore,  as 
with  a  drill.  2.  To  train  or  engage  in  military 
exercises.  3.  To  plant  in  rows  or  drills.  [< 
D.  cliiilen,  bore,  brandish,  drill  soldiers.] 

drill,  n.  1.  A  boring=tool  for  metal.  2.  A 
machine  for  planting  seeds  in  rows;  also,  a  row 
so  planted.    3.  Thorough  military  training. 

drill^ing,  n.  A  firm  twilled  fabric  of  linen 
or  cotton.     [<  L.^  trilix,  of  three  threads.] 

drVly,  adv.    Same  as  dryly. 

drink,  drink,  vt.  &  vi.  [imp.  drank,  dra^k 
(formerly  drunk,  drunk);  2^P-  drunk  (for- 
merly drtjnk'en);  drink'i.v^g.]  1.  To  take 
(a  liquid)  into  the  stomach  through  the  mouth. 
2.  To  absorb;  receive  eagerly.— drink'a-bl(e. 

I.  a.    Capable  of  or  suitable  for  use  as  a  drink. 

II.  «.    A  beverage.— drink' er,  w. 
drink,  n.     1.   Any  liquid  that  is  or  may  be 

swallowed;  a  beverage.  2.  As  much  as  is  or 
may  be  taken  at  one  time;  a  draft.  [<  AS. 
drinc,  <  drincan,  drink.] 

drip,  drip.  r.  vt.  &  m.  To  fall,  or  let  fall,  in 
drops.  II.  n.  A  falling,  or  letting  fall,  in 
drops.  [<  AS.  dryppan.,  dnjinan,  cause  to 
drop.]  —  drip'ping,  n.  That  which  falls  in 
drops;  the  fat  from  roasting  meat. 

drive,  draiv,  v.  [drove,  drov;  driv'en,  driv'n; 
DRi'viNG.]  1..  t.  1.  To  push,  urge,  or  press 
forward  forcibly;  impel,  urge,  and  guide,  as  a 
horse;  prosecute  urgently,  as  a  business.  2. 
To  convey  in  a  carriage.  II.  i.  1.  To  be  im- 
pelled onward  by  force.  2.  To  press  forward 
furiously;  aim  a  blow;  direct  one's  action.  3. 
To  ride  in  a  carriage  or  direct  the  animal  or 
animals  by  which  it  is  drawn.   [  <  AS.  dnfan.] 

—  dri'ver,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  drn^es;  a 
coachman;  locomotive  engineer;  driving=wheel. 
—  dri'viiigswlieel''',  n.  A  wheel  Imparting 
motion  to  other  wheels,  or  Impelling  a  machine. 

drive,  n.  1.  The  act  of  driving.  2.  A  road 
for  driving.  drive''way$.  3.  A  journey  or 
excursion  in  a  carriage.  4.  Urgent  pressure, 
as  of  business.  5.  A  drove  or  drift,  as  of  cattle. 

driv'el,  driv'l.  I.  vi.  [driv'eled  or  driv'- 
elled;  driv'el-ing  or  driv'el-ling.]  To 
let  spittle  flow  from  the  mouth;  be  weak  or 
silly.  II.  w.  1.  An  involuntary  flow  of  saliva 
from  the  mouth.    2.  Senseless  talk;  twaddle. 

—  driv'el-er,  n.    driv'el-lert. 
driv'en,  driv'n,  jop.  of  drive,  v. 
driz'zl(e,  driz'l.    I.  vt.  &vi.    [driz'zl(e)d; 

DRiz'zLiNo.]  To  shed  or  fall  m  flne  drops. 
II.  n.  A  lightrain.— driz'zly,  a. 
droll,  drOl.  I.  vi.  To  jest;  play  the  buffoon. 
II.  a.  Odd;  comical;  ludicrous;  funny;  queer. 
Illll.  n.  1.  A  jester;  a  funny  fellow.  2.  A 
farce;  a  comical  tale.  [<  OP.  droile^  <  D.  dfol, 
pleasant  fellow,  droll.] 

—  droll'er-y,  n.  [-ib8«,  jo/.]  Wagglshness; 
facctlousncss;  humor;  oddity.— drol'ly,  adv. 

drom'e-da-ry,  druni'e-dij-ri,  7i.  [-ries»,7>/.] 
A  fleet,  elegant,  one»huniped  riding  camel.  See 
illuH.  in  next  column.  [<  P.  dromadaire,  < 
Gr.  d7'oma8,  a  ninning.] 

drone',  dron.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dronbd;  dro'- 
NiNG.]  To  hum.  II.  n.  A  dull,  monotonous, 
humming  sound,  as  of  a  bee;  one  of  the  three 
long  tubes  of  the  bagpipe. 


drone^.    I.  vt.    To  idle.    II.  //.    A  male  bee, 
that  gathers  no  honey;  hence,  an  idler. 

droop,  drup. 
I',  vt.  &  vi. 

1.  To  allow 
to  hang  list- 
lessly; lean 
or  bend 
downwards; 
sink  as  from 
weakness. 

2.  To  lose 
vigor  and 
spirit;  des- 
pond; de- 
cline. II.  n. 
A  sinking  or 
hanging 
down.  [< 
Ice.  dt'upa., 
<  d7'jUpa, 
drip.] 

drop,     drop. 
I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[dropped'  or  dropt;  drop'ping.]     1.  To  fall 
or  let  fall  in  drops.   2.  To  fall  or  let  fall  in  any 


Dromedary 


way,  literally  or  figuratively;  give  up; 
descend;  subside;  sink.  II.  n.  1.  A  globule 
of  liquid;  a  very  small  quantity  of  anything;  a 
pendant.  2.  A  fall;  descent.  [<AS.d7V2)a, 
<  dreopan,  drop,  drip.] 
drop'sy,  drep'si,  n.  An  abnormal  accumula- 
tion of  liquid  in  some  part  of  the  body.  [Abbr. 
of  HYDROPSY,  <  Gr.L+F  hydropiasis,  dropsy.] 

—  drop')!ii-cal,  a.  Resembling,  relating  to,  or 
affected  with  dropsy. -drop'sied,  a.  Afflicted 
with  dropsy;  swollen. 

drosh'ky,  (^dresh'ki,  dres'ki,  n.    1.  A  light 

dros'ky,  )  open  four»wheeled  Russian  car- 
riage. 2.  A  public  cab  in  some  European  cities. 
[<  G.  droschke,  <  Rus.  drogi.,  carrnxge.] 

dross,  dres,  n.  Refuse  or  impurity  in  melted 
metal;  slag;  cinders;  refuse;  waste.  [<  AS. 
dros,  <  dreosan;  see  dreary-.] 

drougrllt,  (  draut,    draulh,    n.    Long«contin- 

droum,  (ued  dry  weather;  want  of  rain; 
dearth;  thirst.  [ <  AS.  druaath,  <  dryqe,  dry; 
see  dry.] — drouglit'y,  drouth'y,  draut'i, 
drouth' 1,  a.  Marked  'by  or  suffering  from 
drought  or  thirst;  thirsty.- drouRlifi-ness, 
<lroutli'i-ne88,  n. 

drove,  drOv,  n.  A  number  of  animals  driven 
or  herded  for  driving.  [<  AS.  draf^  <  di'ifan, 
DRIVE.]  —  dro'ver,  n.  One  who  drives  animals 
In  droves  to  market. 

dro-wn,  draun,  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  kill  by  immer- 
sion, as  in  water.  2.  To  overflow;  deluge;  over- 
whelm. II.  t.  Todieby  suffocation  in  liquid. 
[<  AS.  druncnian,  be  drowned,  sink.] 

drowse,  drauz.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  [drowsed; 
DROws'iNG.]  To  make,  be,  or  becc.'ne  sleepy; 
doze;  be  listless.  II.  n.  The  state  of  being 
half-asleep;  a  doze.  [<  AS.  drusian,  <  di'ed- 
san,  fall.]—-  drow'sy,  a.  [drow'si-er;  drow'- 
si-EST.]  Ileavvwlth  sleepiness;  dull.— drow'- 
Ni-ly,  a'fr.- «lro^v'Hi-nesM,  ?i. 

drub,  drub.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [drubbed;  drub'- 
BiNo.]  To  beat;  cudgel;  thrash.  II.  n.  .  A 
blow;  thump.     [<  AS.  drepan,  beat.] 

—  drub'binv,  n.    A  thrashing. 


papd,  \|8k;  at,  air;  elfimjnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rfile;  but,  ur; 


151 


drudge 
duml) 


drudge,  (Iruj.  l.ti.  [drudged;  drudg'ing.] 
To  toil  without  spirit  or  interest;  worlc  hard 
and  slavishly.  II.  n.  One  who  toils  at  menia) 
tasks.- drudg'er-y,  «.  [-ies^  pi.]  Dull, 
wearisome,  or  menial  work. 

drug,  drug.  I.  vt.  &  VI.  [drugged;  drug'- 
GiNG.]  To  mix  drugs  with,  or  administer  drugs 
to,  especially  soporific  drugs;  stupefy;  also, 
to  take  drugs.  U.  n.  1.  Any  substance  used 
medicinally.  2.  An  unsalable  commodity. 
[<  OF.  drogue,  drug,  <  D.  droog,  dry.] 

—  drugr^Ki^t^  n.  Adealerindriigs;  an  apothe- 
cary; pharmacist. 

drug'get,  drug'et,  n.  A  coarse  woolen  fabric 
for  nigs  and  the  like. 

dru'id,  dru'id,  n.  A  priest  of  ancient  Gaul  and 
Britain:  used  also  adjectivally.  [<  L.  drvida., 
<  Old  Ir.  dnd,  magician.] —  dru-id'ic-al,  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  druids.    dru-id'ict. 

drum,  drum.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [drummed;  drum'- 
MiNG.]  1.  To  play  (a  tune)  on  a  drum;  beat  a 
drum.  2.  3Iil.  To  expel  with  beat  of  drum: 
withow^.  3.  To  arouse  as  by  beat  of  drum; 
solicit,  as  trade:  usually  with  w/?.  II.  w.  1.  A 
musical  instrument,  consisting  of  a  hollow 
cylinder,  the  ends  of  which  are  covered  with 
skin,  to  be  beaten  with  drumsticks.  2.  One  of 
various  cylindrical  organs  or  constructions,  as 
the  tympanum,  or  middle  ear. —  drum'nier,  i}. 
1.  One  who  drums.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  traveling 
salesman.—  druni'stick'',  n.  A  stick  for  beat- 
ing a  drum. 

drunk,  drvnk,  pp.  of  drink,  v.:  formerly  imp. 

drunk,  a.  Inebriated;  intoxicated.— drunk'- 
ard,  n.  One  who  habitually  drinks  to  Intoxica- 
tion; a  sot.—  drunk^en,  a.  Given  to,  resulting 
from,  or  characterized  by  drunkenness;  drunk; 
tipsy,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

drupe,  drup,  n.  Bot.  A  soft  fleshy  fruit  en- 
closing a  hard'shelled  stone  or  seed,  as  in  the 
cherry.  [ < L.  drupa,  < Gr.  drypepes,yery  ripe.] 

dry,  drai.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [dried;  dry'ing.] 
1.  To  make  dry;  evaporate;  wither.  2.  To 
cease  or  cause  to  cease  to  flow:  usually  with 
up.  II.  a.  [dri'er;  dri'est.]  1.  Lacking 
moisture;  not  wet  or  damp;  not  fresh;  not 
green.  2.  Thirstv.  3.  Lacking  interest;  life- 
less; dull.  4.  Slyly  jocose  or  satirical.  [<AS. 
dryge.]—dry^ly,adv.  dri'ly:):.— dry'ness,  «. 

dry'ad,  drai'ad,  n.  Gr.  3£yth.  A  wood-nymph. 
[<  Gr.^  dryas.,  <  drys,  tree.]  — dry-ad'ic,  a. 

dry'er,  dry'est,  n.    Same  as  drier,  driest. 

dry'ing,  dral'lng,  ppr.  &  verbal  n.  of  dry,  v. 

du'al,  diu'al,  a.  Denoting  or  relating  to  two; 
composed  of  two,  as  of  two  natures;  twofold; 
binary.  [<  L.  dvalis,  <  dno,  two.]  —  du'^al- 
is'tic,  a.—  du-al'i-ty,  7i.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  two  or  of  being  composed  of  two. 

dub,  dub,  t-<.  [dubred;  dub'bing.]  To  con- 
fer knighthood  upon;  name  or  style;  entitle. 

du'bi-ous,  diu'bi-us,  a.  1.  Doubting;  doubt- 
ful; problematic.  2.  Suspicious;  questionable; 
equivocal;,  ambiguous.  [<  l,.^^dvbius,  <  duo., 
two.]     -iy,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

du^cal,  diu'cal,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  duke 
or  a  duchy.     [  <  L.  dux  {due-),  leader.] 

duc'at,  duc'at,  n.  One  of  several  European 
coins,  ranging  in  value  from  about  83  cents  to 
82.25.     [P.,  <  L.i^  dux,  leader.] 

ducb'ess,  duch'es,  n.  The  wife  or  widow  of 
a  duke;  female  sovereign  of  a  duchy. 


ducli'y,  duch'i,  n.  [DUCH'IES^  pi.]  The  ter- 
ritory or  dominion  of  a  duke;  a  dukedom. 

duck',  due,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  plunge  suddenly 
underwater;  dive.  2.  To  bow  quickly;  bob; 
dodge;  cringe. 

duck^,  n.  A  web=»footed,  short=legged  water- 
fowl.    [<  AS.  duce.] 

—  duck^Iiiig,  n.    A  young  duck. 
duck^,   n.    A  sudden  downward  movement, 

as  of  the  head;  quick  plunge  under  water. 

duck^,  n.  1.  A  strong  linen  or  cotton  fabric. 
2.  pi.  [Colloq.]  Trousers  made  from  such 
cloth.     [<  D.  doek;  cp.  G.  tuck,  cloth.] 

duct,  duct,  n.  A  tube  or  passage  by  which  a 
fluid  is  conveyed.     [<  L.  ductus,  a  leading.] 

duc'til(e,  duc'til,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
drawn  out,  as  into  wire.  2.  Easily  led;  tract- 
able; pliant.  [<  L.  ductilis,  <  ductus,  pp.  of 
duco,  lead.]  —  duc-tii'i-ty,  n.  The  state  or 
degree  of  bemg  ductile,    diic'til  (e-nessi:. 

dud.  dud,  n.  [Colloq.]  An  old  or  shabby  garment. 

dude,  diud,  n.    A  fop.—  du'dish,  a. 

dudg'eon,  duj'un,  n.  Sullen  displeasure; 
resentment.     [Prob.  <  W.  dygen,  malice.] 

due,  din.  I.  a.  1.  Owing  and  demandable; 
owed,  as  moral  duty,  or  as  a  consequence; 
proper;  appropriate;  fairly  to  be  ascribed.  2. 
Appointed  or  expected  to  arrive,  as  a  ship  or  a 
train.  II.  n.  That  which  is  owed  or  right- 
fully required;  a  debt  or  obligation.  III. 
adv.  Directly;  exactly;  as,  due  east.  [F.,  < 
L.  debilus,  pp.  of  debeo,  owe.] 

du'el,  diu'el,  n.  1.  A  prearranged  combat 
between  two  persons.  2.  Any  encounter 
between  two  contending  parties.  [F.]  —  du'el- 
iiigr,  n.  The  act  of  fighting  a  duel  or  duels. 
du'eUliiigt.— dn'el-ist,  n.    An'e\-\\HtX. 

du-en^na,  du-en'a,  n.  An  elderly  woman  who 
watches  over  a  young  woman.     [Sp.] 

du-et',  diu-et',  n.  A  composition  for  two  voices 
or  instruments;  also,  a  four=handed  piece  for 
the  pianoforte.     [<  It.  duetto,  <  duo,  two.] 

dug,  dug,  imp.  &  pp.  of  dig. 

dug,  n.    A  teat  or  udder. 

dug'out'",  dug'Qut",  11.  1.  A  canoe  formed  of  a 
hollowed  log.  3.  [U.  S.]  A  rude  dwelling  exca- 
vated In  a  hillside. 

duke,  diak,  n.  1.  A  nobleman  of  the  highest 
rank.  2.  A  reigning  prince  inferior  to  a  king. 
[<  F.  due,  <  L.  dux  {due-),  leader.] 

—  duke'doiii,  n.    1.  A  duchy.    3.  The  dig- 
nity or  title  of  a  duke. 

dul'cet,  dul'set,  a.  Sweet  to  the  taste  or  to  the 
ear;  pleasing.     [<  L.  c?wfci^,  sweet.] 

dul'ci-mer,  dul'si-mgr,  n.  1.  A  stringed  in- 
strument played  with  two  padded  hammers. 
2.  An  ancient  wind»instrument.  [<  L.'^*' 
dulce,  sweet,  +  melos,  <  Gr.  melos,  song.] 

dul-cin'e-a,  dul-sin'e-a,  n.  A  sweetheart:  from 
Dulcinea  del  Toboso,  In  "  Don  Quixote."    [Sp.] 

dull,  dul.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
less  sharp,  acute,  bright,  or  intense;  blunt; 
moderate;  depress;  cloud;  tarnish.  II.  a. 
Not  sharp,  keen,  bright,  or  acute;  blunt;  slug- 
gish; wearisome;  sad^  dismal:  obscure;  dim. 
[<AS.  dol  (f or  *dwol),  <  yof  dwell.]— dull'- 
ard,  dul'ard,  n.  Advdl  or  stupid  person;  a  dolt. 
—  dul'ly,  adv.— duVncHS,  n.    dulPnessit. 

du'ly,  diii'li,  adv.  In  accordance  with  what 
is  due;  fitly;  becomingly;  regularly. 

dumCb,  dum,  a.  1.  Havingnopower  of  speech; 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   a«   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    cliai;   dli   (^^e);   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


duin|> 
dying 


152 


eir',  n.  A  gymnastic 


mute;  silent.    2.  Not  clearly  manifest;  latent. 

[<  AS.  6??/m6.]— dumb-'sbelP',  n.  A  gymnastic 

implement  consisting  of  a 

handle  with  a  ball  at  each 

end.— d.swaiter,  n.     A 

movable    framework    for 

carrying  things  from  one 

room  or  floor  to  another.- 

—  d  u  m  (  b  '  1  y ,    adv.- 

my,  dum'l.    I.  a.    Sham;  Dmnb^bells. 

counterfeit.  II.  n.  [dum'miesi,  jo?.]  A  silent 
person  or  actor;  something  made  with  a  super- 
tlcial  resemblance  to  something  else;  a  steam- 
motor  car. 

dump,  dump.  It.  vt.  &  m.  To  unload  or  re- 
move in  mass.  II.  n.  [U.  S.]  A  dumpings 
ground;  also,  that  which  is  dumped. 

dump'ling,  dump'ling,  n.  A  pudding,  often 
enveloping  fruit  or  meat.     [<  dump,  w.] 

dumps,  n.  pi.  A  gloomy  state  of  mind;  melan- 
choly.    [Prob.  Scand.]  —  dump'ish,  a. 

dump'y,  dump'i,  a.   Short  and  thick;  stocky. 

dun.  dun,  vt.  &vi.  [dunned;  dun'ning.]  To 
press  for  payment;  make  a  din;  clamor. 

dun,  a.  Of  a  dull,  dark»brown  color;  swarthy. 

dun,  n.  1.  One  who  duns.  2.  The  act  of 
dunning;  a  demand  for  payment. 

dunce,  duns,  n.    A  stupid  or  ignorant  person. 

dune,  diun,  n.    A  hill  of  loose  sand;  a  down. 

dung,  dung,  n.  Animal  feces.    [<  AS.  dung.] 

dun'geon,  dun'jun,  n.  A  dark  underground 
cell;  any  i)rison.     [<  F.  donjon,  dungeon.] 

dung'liill",  dung'hir.  I.  a.  From  or  of  the 
dunghill;  ignoble.    II.  w.    A  heap  of  manure. 

An'o,  An'b.n.    Mu.1.    A  duet.    [It.] 

du^o-dec'l-mal,  diii'o-dcs'i-mal,  a.  Deno- 
ting a  system  of  reckoning  by  twelves^  [<  L. 
ditodecim,  twelve.]  —  dii'^j-dec'i-mal,  n. 

du'^o-dec'l-mo,  diij"o-de8'i-mo,  n.  1.  A  book* 
page  of  about  4^^  by  7i  inches;  a  book  having 
such  pages:  often  written  12mo.:  used  also 
adjectivally.   2.  Mus.  An  interval  of  a  twelfth. 

dupe,  diiip.  I.  vt.  [duped';  du'ping.]  To 
make  a  dupe  of;  impose  upon.  II.  n.  One 
misled  through  credulity.     [F.J 

du'plex,  diu'plex,  a.  Having  two  parts; 
double;  twofold;  also,  working  in  two  ways 
or  in  opposite  directions.  [L.,  <  duo,  two,  -)- 
plico,  fold.] 

du'pli-cate,  diu'pli-ket.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-ca'- 
TED"!;  -cA'TiNo.l  To  make  a  duplicate  of; 
reproduce  exactly;  make  a  thing  or  do  an  act 
exactly  like  a  preceding  one.  II.  diQ'pli-ket 
or-kgt,  a.  1.  Made  or  done  exactly  like  an 
original.  2.  Growing  in  pairs;  double.  III. 
n.  Originally  one  of  two,  now  one  of  any  num- 
ber of  objects  exactly  alike;  an  exact  copy;  a 
reproduction.  [<  L.  duo,  two,  -\- plico,  lold.] 
du^^p1i-ca'tion,n.  The  act  of  duplicating, 


or  the  state  of  being  duplicated.— du'pli-ca- 

tiire,  dlQ'pll-k§-chur  or  -tlQr,  n.    A  doubling  or 

folding. 
du-plic'i-ty,    diu-plie'i-ti,   n.      [^-ties*    pi.] 

Tricky  deceitfuiness;  double»dealing.     [<  F. 

dvydinte,  <  L.  duplex,  duplex.] 
du'ra-t)l(e,  din'ra-bl,  a.  Able  to  continue  long 

in  the  same  state;  lasting.  [F.,  <  L.  duraUlis, 

lasting,  <  dnruo,  hard.]  —  du'^ra-bll'l-ty,  ;/. 

dii'ra«bl(e-nei!iHt«— du'rn-bly,  adv. 
du^ranoe,  din'rans,  n.     Personal  restraint; 

imprisonment.     [OF.,  <  L.  dvro,  endure.] 


du-ra^tion,  diu-re'shun,  n.     The  period  of 

time  during  which  anything  lasts;   time   in 

general.     [<  L.^^-  duro,  endure.] 
du''ress,  diu'res  or  du-res',  n.    Constraint  by 

force    or    fear;    compulsion;     imprisonment. 

[<  L.OF  durus,  hard.]    du-resse'J. 
dur'ing,  diur'ing,  j)r€p.  In  or  within  the  time 

of.     [Orig.  ppr.  of  dure,  last.] 
durst,  dtjrst,  imj).  of  dake,  v. 
dusk,    dusk.     I.    a.    [Archaic  or  Poet.]     1. 

Somewhat  dark;  obscure;  dim.     2.  Swarthy. 

II.  n.  1.  A  state  between  darkness  and  light; 
twilight.  2.  Swarthiness;  shadowiness.  [Cp. 
Sw.  dusk,  raw  weather.]  —  dusk'y,  a.  [dusk'i- 
ER;  DUSK'i-EST.]  Somcwhat  dark;  dim;  obscure; 
swarthy.— dusk'i-ly,  adz?.— dusk'i-ness,  n. 
Moderate  darkness. 

dust,  dust.  1^.  vt.  1.  To  brush  or  wipe  dust 
away  from.  2.  To  sprinkle  as  with  dust.  3. 
To  reduce  to  dust.  II.  n.  1.  Any  substance, 
as  earth,  reduced  to  powder.  2.  A  dead  body; 
remains;  the  grave.  3.  [Eng.]  Ashes  and 
household  sweepings.    [ <  A'^.dust  (for  dust).'] 

—  dust'er,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
dusts,  "i,  A  cloth  or  brush  for  removing  dust. 
3.  A  garment  or  covering  to  protect  from  dust.— 
diist'y,  a.  [dxist'i-er;dust'i-est.]  1.  Covered 
with  or  as  with  dust.    2.  Of  the  color  of  dust. 

Dutch,  duch,  n.  1.  The  people  of  Holland,  or 
their  language.  2.  Loosely,  the  German  race 
or  language.     [<  G.  de^itsch,  German.] 

—  Dutch'inan,  duch'man,  n.  [Dutch'men, 
pi.]    A  Hollander. 

du'ty,  diu'ti,  n.  [du'ties^,  pi.]  1.  That 
which  one  is  under  obligation  to  pay  or  do; 
moral  obligation.  2.  An  impost,  as  upon  im- 
ports. 3  Ij .  A  formal  expression  of  respect.  [  < 
DUE.]  — du'te-ou8,  a.  Rendering  due  respect 
and  obedience;  dutiful,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.— 
du'ti-a-bl(e,  a.  Law.  Subject  to  impost.— 
du'ti-t  n  1,  a.  Performing  the  duties  of  one's  po- 
sition; submlS8ive;respectful.  -ly,  adv.  -ne88,«. 

dwarf,  dwerf.  I',  vt.  1.  To  stunt.  2.  To 
cause  to  look  small  by  comparison.  II.  a. 
Smaller  than  others  of  its  kind;  diminutive. 

III.  n.  A  x^t-rson,  animal,  or  plant  that  is  un- 
naturally small.  [<  AS.  diveorh.]  —  AwaTP' 
ish,  a.    Like  a  dwarf;  diminutive;  stunted. 

dwelU,  dwel,  vi.  [dwelt  or  dwel(l)ed; 
dwel(l)'ing.]  1.  To  have  a  fixed  abode; 
reside.  2.  To  linger;  pause;  expatiate:  with 
on  or  unon.  [<  AS.  divellan,  caus.  ofdwelan, 
be  dull,  err.]  —  dwel(l/er,  n.  A  resident; 
Inhabitant.  — dvrcKD'iiiir,  n.  A  residence; 
domlcll;  family  abode. 

dwin'dl(e,dwin'dl,  ri.  [dwin'dl(e)d;dwin'- 
DLiNG.]  To  waste,  dimmish,  or  become  less; 
decline.     [<  AS.  du'uian,  pine  away.] 

dye,  dai,  v.  [dyed;  dye'ing.]  I.  /.  To 
color  by  soaking  in  liquid  coloring-matter; 
stain;  tinge.  II.  i.  1.  To  absorb  liquid  color. 
2.  To  follow  the  dyers'  trade.  [<  AS.  dea- 
gian,  <  dedg,  dye,  color.] 

dye,  n.  1.  A  fiuid  or  coloring-matter  used  for 
dyeing.  2.  A  color  produced  by  or  as  by  dye- 
ing; hue.  —  dye'shouse", /J.  A  building  where 
dyeing  is  done.— dye'inar,  n.  The  act,  process, 
or  trade  of  flxing  colors  in  cloth  or  the  like.— 
dy't'v,  «.    One  who  dyes. 

dy'ing,  doi'ing,  pa.  1.  Departing  from  the 
present  life;  near  to  death;  expiring;  failing; 
closing.     2.  Destined  to  death;  mortal;  per- 


papfi,  QBk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  »r;  full,  rule;  but,  wr; 


153 


dyke 
east 


ishable.  3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  death;  also, 
given,  uttered,  or  manifested  juet  before  death. 

dyke,  n.    Same  as  dike. 

dy-nam'ic,         l  dai-nam'ic, -q1,  a.     1.  Per- 

dy-nam'ic-al,  j  taining  to  motion  as  the 
result  of  force,  or  to  mechanical  force  of  any 
kind.  2.  Producing  or  involving  activity  or 
action;  efficient;  causal.  [<  Gr.  dynamikos, 
powerful,  <  (Z?/wamai,  be  able.]  —  dy-nam'ic- 
al-ly,  adt'.— dy-iiain'ic8,  dal-nam'ics,7i.  The 
branch  of  science  that  treats  of  the  laws  of  force. 

dy'na-mite,  dai'na-mait,  n.  An  explosive, 
composed  of  an  absorbent  saturated  with  nitro- 
glycerin.    [<  Gr.  c?2/namw,  power.] 

dy'iia-mo,  dai'na-mo,  7i.  Elec.  A  machine 
for  producing  electricity  by  mechanical  action. 
[Short  for  dynamo-'ELECtric  machine  ] 


dy'nas-ty,  dai'nas-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pl.l  A  suc- 
cession of  sovereigns  in  one  line  of  family 
descent.  [<  Gr.  dynasteia,  <  dynamai,  be 
able.]  —  dy-nas'tic,  -al,  a. 

dys'en-ter-y,  dis'en-ter-i,  n.  Inflammation 
of  the  large  intestine;  bloody  flux;  diarrhea. 
[<  Gr.i'+F  dys-,  bad,  -\-  enteron,  intestine.] 

—  dys'^en-ter'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  suflfer- 
ing  from  dysentery.    dy8''en-ter'ic-alt. 

dys-pep'si-a,  dis-pep'si-a,  n.  Difficult  or 
painful  digestion,  generally  chronic.  [<  Gr.^ 
dyspepsia,  <  dys-,  bad,  -\-pepto,  cook.] 

—  dys-pep'tic.  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to,  of  the 
nature  of,  or  suffering  from  dyspepsia;  hence, 
morbid;  querulous.  3.  Tending  to  produce  dys- 
pepsia; indigestible.  dys«pep'tic-alt>  II.  n. 
A  dyspeptic  person. 


E 


E,  e,  t,  n.  [ees,  E's,  or  ^s,  tz,  pl.l  The  fifth 
letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 

e-,pr^x.  Out  of;  out;  from:  a  shortened  form 
of  EX-  used  before  consonants.  [<  L.  e-,  <  ex-,  < 
ex,  out,  from.] 

each,  ich.  I.  a.  Being  one  of  two  or  more 
individuals  that  together  form  an  aggregate; 
every.  II.  p7vn.  Every  one  of  any  number 
or  aggregation  considered  individually;  each 
one.     [<  AS.  a  for  div,  ever,  +  geFic,  like.] 

ea'ger,  t'ggr,  a.  Impatiently  anxious  for  some- 
thing; intent;  keen;  vehement.  [<  F.  aigi^e, 
<  L.  acer  {acr-),  sharp.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ea'gl(e,  I'gl,  n.  1.  A  very  large  diurnal  bird 
of  prey.  2.  A  gold  coin  of 
the  United  States,  value  $10, 
weight  258  grains.  3.  A 
Roman  military  standard, 
bearing  the  image  of  an 
eagle.   [<  L. ^'ag-wiTa, eagle.] 

ea'glet,  t'glet,  n.    A  young 
eagle. 

ear,  Tr,  vi.    To  form  ears,  as 
wheat. 

earl,  n.  1.  The  organ  of 
hearing.  2.  The  sense  of 
hearing;  nice  musical  per- 
ception. 3.  Attentive  con- 
sideration; heed.  4.  Anything  like  the  ex- 
ternal ear,  as  a  projecting  piece,  handle,  etc. 
[<  AS.  edre,  =  Goth,  auso,  ear.] 

—  ear'less,  a.  Destitute  or  deprived  of  ears. 
—  ear'mark'',  n.  An  owner's  mark  on  the  ear 
of  an  animal;  any  mark  of  identification.—  ear'- 
ring'',  n.  A  pendant  worn  at  the  ear.—  ear'- 
wig'',  n.  An  insect  with  horny  wlng^covers 
and  a  caudal  forceps :  popularly  supposed  to 
enter  the  human  ear. 

ear^,  n.  The  fruit=bearing  part  of  a  cereal 
plant;  the  head,  as  of  wheat.     [<  AS.  ear.] 

earl,  grl,  n.  A  member  of  the  British  nobility 
next  above  a  viscount.  [<  AS.  eorl,  man, 
nobleman.]  —  earPdom,  n.  The  dignity,  pre- 
rogative, or  territory  of  an  earl. 

ear'ly,  er'li.  I.  a.  [ear'li-er;  ear'li-est.] 
1.  Occurring  among  the  first  in  a  series.     2. 


Head  and  Talon 
of  an  Eagle. 


Being  or  occurring  sooner  than  is  usual  or  nec- 
essary. 3.  About  to  be  or  happen;  soon  to 
occur.  II.  adv.  At  or  near  the  beginning  of 
a  period  of  time.     [<  AS.  serUce,  adv.] 

—  ear'li-ness,  n. 

earn,  gm,  vt.  To  gain  as  a  just  recompense 
by  labor  or  exertion;  merit.     [<  AS.  earnian.] 

—  earn'intr,  n.  That  which  is  earned;  com- 
pensation; wages:  commonly  In  the  plural. 

ear'nest,  gr'nest,  a.    1 .  Zealous ;  fervent.    2. 

Serious;  important,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
ear'nest^  n.    Seriousness;  reality.     [<  AS. 

eorness,  zeal.] 
ear'nest^,  h.    1.  Money  paid  in  advance  to 

bind  a  bargain.   2.  An  assurance  of  something 

to  come.     [  <  W.  ernes,  pledge.] 
eartb,  grth,  n.      1.    The  globe  on  which  we 

dwell.    2.  Ground;    soil;   an  earthy  metallic 

oxid,   as  ocher.     3.  Those  who  inhabit  the 

globe;  the  world.    4.  The  hole  of  a  burrowing 

animal.     [<  AS.  eorthe.] 

—  eartli'en,  erth'n,  a.  Made  of  earth  or 
of  burnt  clay.  — earth-'en -ware'',  n.  Pot- 
tery.— eartli'i-ness,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
earthy  or  like  earth.— eartli'li-ness,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  earthly;  grossness;  worldllness. 
—  earth'ling,  «.  A  worldling  or  a  mortal.— 
earth'ly,  erth'li,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  or 
to  the  present  world;  material;  secular;  worldly; 
carnal.—  eartli'quake'',  n.  A  vibration  of  a 
portion  of  the  earth's  crust.— earth'worin'", 
71.  A  burrowing  terrestrial  worm.— earth'y, 
a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  earth  or  soil;  made  of 
earth.    3.  Like  earth.    3.  Unrefined;  coarse. 

ease,  Iz.  I.  vt.  [eased;  eas'ing.]  To  give 
ease  or  relief;  relieve;  lighten.  II.  9i.  1. 
Freedom  from  agitation  or  perplexity;  tran- 
quillity; comfort.  2.  Freedom  from  apparent 
effort;  facility.  3.  Freedom  from  affectation 
or  constraint.     [<  OF.  aiser,  <  aise,  ease.] 

ea'sel,  I'zl,  n.  A  folding  frame  for  supporting 
a  picture.     [  <  D.  ezd,  ass,  easel.] 

eas'i-ly,  iz'i-li,  adv.    In  an  easy  manner. 

eas'i-ness,  Tz'i-nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  at 
ease,  or  of  being  easy  to  do  or  accomplish. 

east,  Ist.    I.   a.     1.    Placed  or  being  at  the 


fiutjure    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;   dh   {the)\  go;  sing,  i^k;    thin. 


Easter 
ecstasy 


154 


east;  eastern.  2.  Coming  from  the  east.  II. 
n.  1.  That  point  of  the  compass  at  which  the 
sunrises  at  the  equinox.  2.  Any  region  to  the 
eastward;  [E-]  the  Orient.  III.  adv.  In  an 
easterly  direction.  [<  AS.  east,  adv.,  in  the 
east.]— east'er-ly,  a.  1.  Situated,  moving, 
or  directed  toward  the  east;  eastward.  2.  Com- 
ing from  the  east.— east'er-ly,  east'ern-ly, 
adv.  Toward  the  east.— east'ern,  a.  1.  [E-] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  being  in  the  East;  Oriental. 
2.  Moving  to  or  from  the  east:  easterly.—  east'- 
ward.  I.  a.  Eunning  or  tending  in  an  easterly 
direction.    W,  adv.    Toward  the  east. 

East^er,  ist'gr,  n.  A  Christian  festival  com- 
memorating the  resurrection  of  Christ;  also, 
the  day  on  which  it  is  celebrated.  [  <  AS.  easier., 
<  Eastre  goddess  of  spring.] 

eas'y,  iz'i,  a.  [eas'i-er;  eas'i-est.]  1.  T^ot 
involving  great  exertion  or  difficulty.  2.  Free 
from  discomfort  or  anxiety;  comfortable.  3. 
Possessed  of  a  sufficient  competence.  4.  Free 
from  embarrassment  or  affectation;  iiatural. 
5.  Yielding;  indulgent.    6.  Gentle. 

eat,  It,  V.  [ate  or  eat,  et;  eat'en,  It'n  (some- 
times eat,  et);  eat'ing.]  I.  ^  1.  To  chew 
and  swallow,  as  food;  take  in,  as  nourishment. 
2.  To  consume  or  corrode.  II.  i.  1.  To  take 
sustenance;  feed.  2.  To  gnaw  or  penetrate 
something,  as  by  any  coiTosive  agency.  [  <  AS. 
etan^  —  eat'a-bl(e,  It'a-bl.  I.  a.  Fit  to  be  eat- 
en; edible.  II.  n.  Something  edible.— eat'er,  M. 

eaves,  Ivz,  n.  iil.  The  projecting  edge  of  a 
roof.     [<  AS.  efese.,  clipped  edge  of  thatch.] 

—  eaves' cirop''^',  ivz'drep",?;^.  «&  vl.  To  over- 
hear, or  try  to  overhear;  listen  clandestinely.— 
eave8'drop''per,«.— eaves^drop^'ping, «. 

ebl>,  eb.  I.  ri.  To  recede,  as  the  tide;  de- 
cline; fail.  W.71.  1 .  The  reflux  of  tide*water 
to  the  ocean,  ebb'stide'':):.  2.  Decrease; 
decline.     [<AS,  ^66a.] 

eb'on,  eb'en.  I.  a.  1.  Of  ebony.  2.  Very 
black.  II.  w.  Ebony. — eb'on-Ite,  n.  Black 
vulcanite,  or  hard  rubber.  — eb'on-ize  or  -ise, 
rt.    To  polish,  in  Imitation  of  ebony. 

eb'on-y ,  eb'^n-i,  n.  [-iess  pl?^  A  hard,  heavy 
wood,  usually  black,  used  for  cabinet-work, 
etc.     [  <  Gr.^+f  666«o«,  prob.  <  Egypt,  habni.l 

eb'^ul-ll'tion,  eb'ul-lish'un,  n.  The  bubbling 
of  a  liquid;  l)oiling;  violent  agitation.  |  <  f,  '•'• 
€,  out,  -|-  bullio,  boil.] 

eC'^  prefix.  From;  out  of:  used  be 
fore  nuxny  words  begin-  ,        *-    -      '' 

nlng   with  a  consonant:  ^■pE*',''.     fi* 
sometimes  equivalent  In    ^H 
Bchuitlflc  terms  to  ^r/o- or 
exo-.   [L.,  <  Gr.  ek-,  <  ek,  form  of 
ex,  out,  before  a  consonant.] 

ec-cen'tric,      ec-sen'-  Eccentn. 

trie.  I.  a.  1.  Peculiar;  Thedittk.rf,  is.'.ccntnc- 
erratic.  2.  Not  in  the  ally  fixed  Iw  the  key,  k, 
center;  not  having  the  *°  "»*'  «'"^".  «;  a"/  J"- 

anmp  poiit^r-   not  n  nor     ^'t^^,    niovenient    of    the 

same  center,  not  a  per-  ^j.^ft  imparts  a  recipro- 

fect  circle,  as  an  ellip-  catinjr  movement  to  the 
tical    orbit.      II.   n.      1.    eonnections   of    the    col- 

Mech.  A  disk  mounted  1*^^.  <^- 
out  of  center  on  a  driving-shaf  t,  and  surrounded 
by  a  collar  or  strap  connected  with  a  rod,  giv- 
ing the  effect  of  a  crank  motion.  2.  One  who 
or  that  which  is  eccentric.  [  <  f  Jr.  ek\  out  of, 
+  kentron,  centeii.]    ec-cen'tric-al$. 

—  ec-ccn'trlc-al-ly,  adv.—  ec''cen-trlc'- 
l-ty,  ec'sen-trls'l-tl,  n.     [-tiks«,  pi.]     1,  The 


state  or  quality  of  being  eccentric;  oddity.  2. 
An  eccentric,  odd,  or  capricious  act.  3.  Mech. 
The  distance  between  the  centers  of  two  eccen- 
tric circles  or  objects.    ex''cen-tric'i-tyt. 

ec-cle''si-as'tic,  ec-li"zi-a8'tic.  I.  a.  Ec- 
clesiastical. II.  n.  One  officially  set  apart 
for  the  service  of  the  church.  [  <  Gr.  ekklesia, 
assembly.]  —  ec-cie'^si-as'tic-al,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  church,    -ly,  adv. 

echi'o,  ec'O.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  back  or  be 
given  back  as  an  echo;  reproduce;  imitate;  re- 
spond. II.  n.  [ECH'OES^  pl.'\  1.  A  sound 
given  back  by  an  opposing  surface  and  re- 
turned to  its  source.  2.  Reproduction  of  an- 
other's views  or  thoughts:  a  close  imitation; 
prompt  response.     [L.,  <  Gr.  echo.,  echo.] 

^''clat',  e"clQ'.  n.  Showiness  of  achievement; 
brilliancy;  celebrity.     [F.] 

ec-lec'tic,  ec-lec'tic.  I.  a.  Selecting  or  made 
by  selection;  having  broad  views;  liberal.  II. 
n.  One  who  practises  selection  from  all  systems 
or  sources,  as  in  philosophy  or  medicine.  [  <  Gr. 
ek.,  out,  -\-  lego,  select.]  —  ec-lec'ti-cism,  ec- 
lec'tl-sizm,  n.    An  eclectic  method  or  system. 

e-clipse',   §-clips'.    I.  tt.    [eclipsed'';   e- 

CLIPS'lNG.] 

To  darken  or 
hide  by  inter- 
vention; cast 
into  the 
shade;  sur- 
pas8;ob8Cure.     Eclipses  of  the  Sun  and  Mnmi. 

0  DSCUratlon   between  the  sun  and  the  earlh   (e), 

01  a  heavenly  and  causing  an  ecUpse  of  the  former, 
body  by  the  total  in  the  depth  of  the  shadow, 
intervention  ^"'1  partial  in  the  shaded  region;  «?-, 
r^t  r.i^.-.f u^...  the  moon  in  position  to  be  totally 
Ot    another,   eclipsed  by  the  earth. 

any  hiding, 

obscuring,  or  overshadowing.     [<  Gr.^-  ekleip- 

sis,  <  ek,  out,  -|-  kipo,  leave.] 

e-clip'tic,  §-clip'tic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
eclipses  or  to  the  ecliptic.  II.  n.  Astron.  (1) 
That  plane,  passing  through  the  center  of  tlie 
sun,  which  contains  the  orbit  of  the  earth.  (2) 
The  apparent  patli  of  the  sun  around  the  celes- 
tial sphere. 

ec'log(ue,  ec'leg,  n.  A  short  pastoral  poem. 
I  <  iiv.  ekfof/e,  selection.J 

e-con'o-my,  §-cen'o-mi,  n.  [-MIEs^  pi.]  1. 
Disposition  to  save;  frugality.  2.  Cheapness 
of  operation  or  production.  3.  Practical, 
systematic  management  of  the  affairs  of  a 
household,  of  society,  or  of  the  state;  as, 
domestic economv;  political  economy.  [ <  Gr.'- 
oikonomia,  <  oikos,  house,  -f  7ie/nb,  manage.] 
—  ec''o-iioiii'ic,  ec"o-n«m'lc,  a.  1.  Relating 
to  economics,  to  money  matters,  or  to  the  means 
and  methods  of  living  well.  2.  Economical.— 
ec"o-iioiii'ic-al,  ec"o-nom'ic-ul,  a.  1.  Careful 
and  provident;  frugal;  prudent.  2.  Economic.— 
ec^'o-uoiii'lcH,  ec"o-nem'lc8,  «.  The  science 
that  treats  of  the  production  and  distribution  of 
wealth;  political  economy.  —  (>-coii'o-ini8t« 
n.  1,  One  who  Is  prollcient  in  economics.  2. 
One  who  is  careful  and  thrifty  In  management.— 
e-con'u-inize  or  -iiiiHe,  r.  (-mizkd;  -mi'- 
ziNo.J  I,  t.  To  use  economically  or  thriftily. 
IT.  /.    To  be  frugal  or  economical. 

ec'sta-sy,  ec'sta  si,  «.  [-sies»,  ;>/.]  Raptur- 
ous excitement,  exaltation,  or  delusion;  rap- 
ture.   [<  Gr.  ekstasis,  trance.]  —  ec-Btat1c, 


pupO,  Qsk;  at,  &ir;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  ^,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erater,  or;  full,  rfile;  but,  0r; 


155 


ecumenical 
effusion 


a.    Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  ecstasy; 
transporting;  enraptured,    ec-stat'ic-ali. 

ec'''u-men'ic-al,  ec"yu-men'ic-al,  a.  Of  or 
pertaiiiingtothehabitableworld,  or  tothe  Chris- 
tian cliurch  throughout  the  world;  universal. 
[<  Gr.  oikoumenikos,  <  oikownoie,  whole 
world.]  ec'^u-men'ict;  oec'^u-men'- 
ict;  cec^u-men'ic-alt. 

ec'ze-ma,  ec'z§-ma,  71.  An  inflammatory  dis- 
ease of  the  skin  attended  by  itching.  [<  Gr. 
ekzema,  <  ek,  out,  +  zed,  boil.] 

-ed,  suffix.  Termination  (1)  of  the  past  tense,  and 
(2)  of  the  past  participle  of  regular  verbs  and 
analogous  adjectives.  [(1)  <  AS.  -ede,  -ode,  -ade, 
being  -de,  a  reduced  form  of  dyde,  pret.  of  don, 
do,  preceded  by  a  verbal  formative.  (2)  <  AS. 
-ed,  -od,  -ad,  an  adj.  and  pp.  suffix.] 

ed'dy,  ed'i.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [ed'died;  ed'dy- 
iNG.]  To  move,  or  cause  to  move,  in  or  as  in 
an  eddy.  II.  n.  [ed'dies=,  pi.']  A  circling 
current,  as  of  water;  a  turning  aside;  diver- 
sion.    [  <  Ice.  idha,  <  idh-,  back.] 

E^den,  i'dn,  ?i.  The  garden  that  was  the  first 
home  of  Adam  and  Eve;  any  delightful  region 
or  abode:  paradise.  [<  lieh.^''e(/en,  pleasure.] 

e-den'tate,  i-den'tet  or  -t§t.  I.  a.  Tooth- 
less. II.  fi.  A  toothless  animal,  as  a  sloth. 
[<L.  e,  out,  -f  den(t-)s,  tooth.] 

edge,ej.  \.vt.&ri.  [ergeu;  edg'ing.]  1. 
To  sharpen;  incite.  2.  To  draw  or  move  side- 
wise;  sidle.  II.  ».  1.  The  thin,  sharp  cutting 
part  of  a  blade;  sharpness;  acuteness.  2.  A 
border;  margin.  [<  AS.  ecg'.]  —  edge'wise. 
I.  a.  Having  the  edge  directed  forward.  II. 
adv.  With  the  edge  forward;  In  the  direction  of 
the  edge,  edjre'wayst.— edg'iiig,  v.  1. 
Anything  serving  as  or  attached  to  an  edge.  "i. 
The  dressing  or  ornamenting  of  edges. 

ed'i-tolCe,  ed'i-bl.    I.  a.    That  maybe  eaten; 
fit  to  eat.  II.  n.  Something  suitable  for  food. 
[<  Ij.^  edo,  eat.] 
—  ed''i-bil'i-ty,  n.— ed'i-bl(e-nes8,  n. 

e'dict,  i'dict,  n.  A  proclamation  of  command 
or  prohibition ;  an  ordinance;  a  decree.  [OF., 
<  L.  e,  out,  -j-  dico,  say.] 

ed'i-fice,  ed'i-fls,  n.  An  important  structure';  a 
building.  [< L.^^^Ze*, building, -f/ado,make.] 

ed'i-fjr,  ed'i-fai,  vt.  &  m.  [-fied;  -rY"iNo.] 
To  build  up,  as  in  morals  or  religion;  improve. 
[<  L.F  sediflco;  see  edifice.]  —  ed''i-tl-ca'- 
tion,  11.  The  act  of  edifying,  or  the  state  of 
being  edified;  Instruction  or  enlightenment.— 
ed'i-fi''er,  n.—  ed'i-fy''iug,  pa. 

ed'it'',  ed'it,  rt.  To  prepare  for  publication; 
compile;  emend;  arrange.  [<  L.  editus,  pp. 
of  edo,  give  out.]  —  e-di'tion,  §-dish'un,  n.  A 
special  Issue  of  a  literary  work;  also,  the  number 
of  copies  issued  at  one  time.—  ed'i-tor,  ed'l-ter, 
n.  One  who  edits;  one  having  charge  of  a  pulSli- 
cation.— ed'^i-to'ri-al.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  or  emanating  from  an  editor.  II,  11.  An 
editorial  article.— ed'i-tor-ship,  n.  The  office 
and  duties  of  an  editor. 

ed'u-cate,  ej'u-ket  or  ed'yu-ket,  -vt.  [ca"- 
TED'';  -CA"TING.]  To  tcach  and  discipline,  so 
as  to  develop  the  natural  powers;  train;  in- 
struct. [<  L.  educatus,  pp.,  <  e,  out,  +  duco, 
lead.]— -ed'^u-ca'tion,  ej''u-[ored"yu-]ke'6hun, 
n.  The  systematic  development  and  cultivation 
of  the  natural  powers,  by  inculcation,  example, 
etc.;  Instruction  and  training.—  ed''ii-ca'tioii- 
al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  education.- ed'u- 
ca-tiv(e,  a.— ed'u-ca''tor,  n.    A  teacher. 


e-duce',  g-dius',  vt.  [E-DucED't;  e-du'cing.] 
To  call  forth;  draw  out;  deduce;  evoke.  [< 
L.  e,  out,  -f-  (^wco,  lead.] 

eel,  il,  n:  A  fish  without  ventral  fins  and  of 
elongated  snake=like  form,     [<  AS.  sel.] 

e'en,  adv.    Same  as  even:  a  contraction. 

e'er,  ar  or  er,  adv.    Same  as  ever:  a  contraction. 

ef-face',  ef-fes',  vt.  [ef-faced'';  ef-fa'- 
ciNG.]  To  obliterate,  as  written  characters; 
wipe  out;  cancel.  [<  F.  efacer,  <  ef-,  out, -f 
face,  FACE.]  —  ef-face'ment,  n. 

ef-fect',  ef-fect'.  I<^.  vt.  To  cause;  produce; 
achieve;  accomplish.  II.  ft.  1.  A  result  or 
product;  a  consequence.  2.  Practical  effi- 
ciency. 3.  The  substance  of  a  statement;  gist. 
4.  Active  operation;  execution.    5.  Fact  or 

.  reality:  following  i?i.  6.  pi.  Movable  goods. 
[<  L.  eff'€cti/s,y>i>.  of  efficio,  <  ex,  out,  -^facio, 
do.]  — 'ef-fect'iv(e,  a.  Producing,  or  adapted 
to  produce,  an  effect;  efficient,  mly,  adv.  -ness, 
«.  — ef-fec'tu-al,  ef-fec'chu-al  or  -tiu-al,  a. 
Producing  or  capable  of  producing  an  effect;  effi- 
cacious,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ef-feni''i-nate,  ef-fem'i-net.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-NA'TEDd;  -na'ting.]  To  make  or  become 
womanish  or  unmanly;  weaken.  II.  ef-fem'- 
i-net or  -ngt,  a.  Womanish;  unmanly.  [<  L. 
ex,  ont,-\- femina,  woman.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
71.  — ef-fem'i-ua-cy,  ef-fem'i-na-sl,  7i.  The 
quality  of  being  effeminate;  womanishness. 

ef'fer-vesce',  ef'gr-ves',  vi.  [-vesced''; 
-VEs'ciNG.]  1.  To  give  off  bubbles  of  gas; 
come  away  in  bubbles,  as  gas;  bubble.  2.  To 
give  way  to  irrepressible  feeling.  [<  L.  ex, 
out,  -\-fervesco,  <ferveo,  boil.]  — eP'fer-ves'- 
ceuce,  n.  The  bubbling  of  a  liquid  from  es- 
caping gas;  irrepressible  excitement  or  emotion. 
—  ef  fer-ves'cent,  a.    Effervescing. 

ef-fete',  ef-fit',  a.  Worn  out;  exhausted;  bar- 
ren.    [<  L.  ex,  out,  -{-fettis,  producing.] 

er'fi-ca'cious,  ef  "i-ke'shus,  a.  Having  effi- 
cacy. [<  L.  efflcax,  <  efficio,  effect.]  -ly, 
adv.  -ness,  «.— ef'fi-ea-cy,  ?«.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  efficacious;  effective  energy. 

ef-fl'cient,  ef-fish'gnt,  a.  1.  Acting,  or  hav- 
ing power  to  act,  effectually;  competent.  2. 
Productive  of  effects;  causative.  [<  L.  (ffi- 
cien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  efficio;  see  effect.]  — ef-r'- 
cien-cy,  n.  The  character  of  being  efficient; 
effectiveness.—  ef-fi''cient-ly,  adv. 

ef  fl-gy ,  ef 'i-ji,  n.  [-gies^,  pi.]  A  picture  or 
a  stuffed  figure  representing  some  person.  [  < 
L.  effigies,  <  ex,  out,  -\- Jingo,  form.] 

effort,  effort,  n.  1.  A  voluntary  exertion  of 
power;  strenuous  endeavor;  attempt.  2.  An 
achievement.  [F.,  <  efforcer,  <  L.  ex,  out,  -+- 
fortis,  strong.] 

ef-front'er-y,  ef-frunt'gr-i,  n.  Insolent  as- 
surance; audacity;  impudence.  [<  L.^  ex, 
out,  -{- fron{t-)s,  forehead.] 

ef-furgence,  ef-f  ul'jgns,  n.    A  shining  forth 
brilliantly ;  beaming  brightness ;  splendor.     [  < 
L.  ex,  forth,  -f  fulgeo,  shine.] 
—  ef-fnl'gent,  «.— ef-ful'gent-ly,  adxi. 

ef-fuse',  ef -fiQz',  V.  [ep-fused'  ;  ef-fu'sing.] 
I.  t.  To  pour  forth;  shed.  II.  i.  To  emanate. 
[<  L.  ex,  out,  -{-fundo,  pour.]  —  ef-fuse',  ef- 
llus',  a.    Widely  or  loosely  spreading. 

ef-fu'sion,  ef-fiu'zhon,  n.  1.  The  act  or  proc- 
ess of  pouring  forth,  or  that  which  is  poured 
forth.    2.  An  outpouring,  as  of  fancy  or  senti- 


fiutlure  (future);   aisle;  au  {fmi)\    ©ilj  ^.C;;,  cliat;   dli  (^/ie);   go;  sing,  i^k;  tUin. 


effusive 
elder 


156 


mcnt:  applied  ironicaUj  to  Uterarj  composi- 
tions. 3.  SeDtimental  demonetratioii.  4. 
Tbe  poDring  oat  of  the  blood  or  otho-  fluid,  as 
into  the  c^nlar  tJasne.  [<  L.  e^^uHoin^),  < 
dfuKus:  see  kftdss,  «.] 

ef-m'siT(e,  rf-fifi'siT,  e.  1.  Orerflowingwith 
soitiment;  denKMHlntiTe;  gashing.  2.  Soar- 
ing fwth:  with  ff.    -ly,  adv,    -mem,  n. 

eft,  eft,  n.  1.  Anewt.  2.  Asmallliaurd.  [< 
AS.tfeU.^    em. 

®erS*  %*  ^-  To  instigate  or  incite;  oige:  com- 
monly followed  by  on.     [<  Ice.  eggja;  see 

KD6K,i;.1 

e^S*n>  A  body  containing  the  gam  and  food- 
yolk,  as  of  iHids,  reptiles,  or  &hes,  aidoeed 
m  a  membranoos  or  shelly  covering.  [<  Ice. 
-  =AS.^.]  ^     "- 

i.f'jisorg'gis.n.  [Oaaslc  form  iseis.]  A 
Id  or  def enare  armcH-,  as  tiie  mantle  of 
Minenra,  bearing  the  Gkngpn^s  head;  any  pro- 
tecting inflaenoe  or  power.    [  <  Gr.^  atgisA 

egaaa-tin(e,  ^an-tain  or  -tin,  n.  A  plant 
either  of  two  qiedes  of  the  genas  JBteo,  known 
as  tiie  sweefe-lxier,  <m-  the  dogrose.    [F.] 

egr'o,  e^OorVga^n.  Self,  considered  as  the 
seatofofHiscioasDesB.  [L.] — ec^o-tfaM,  eg'o- 
Lor  rKO-1tlzm.js.  The  h^t  of  thinking  and  toPc- 
ing  mnch  of  oneself;  aelf-concdt.— ec^^-tist, 
e^o^or  f 'go-]ti8£,  m.  One  characterized  by  ^o- 
tlan.— eir^«-tis'tic,  a.  Cluuacterized  by  or 
IHToceedlng  fran  ^:otIam.    eg^^-ti^tic-mlU 

e-gre'gioiu,  §^'jia8,  a.  SorpasBing;  ex- 
ceasiTe:  osaally  £a  a  bad  sense.  [<  L. «,  oat, 
+  grex  {greg-\  flock.]    -ly,  adv.    -■«■■,  n. 

e'gress,  I'grea,  n.  A  going  oat;  place  of  exit. 
C<L.e,oat,-{-9rc«fior,go.j   e-gres'sioiLt. 

eg'tet,  eg'ret  or  X'gret,  n.   A  white  herao,  ot  a 
plame    or  taft  of  its 
feathera.      [<    F.    ff- 
gretU,  <  OHG.  /  - 
heron.]     eVgrett  e  . 

smm.  I.  a.  Of  w  per- 
taining to  E^ypt.  n. 
It.  1.  A  native  or  nat- 
uralized inhabitant  of 
£gypt.  2.  The  lan- 
guage of  Egypt. 
en,eore,tf}fe7'.  What: 
an  inteRogative  ejaca- 
"    *  Great  V. 


ei'der,    oi'dw,  n.     A  V« 

large  sea-dndc  of  northern  regioofl.     [<  Ice. 

— ei'«lcr*d«w«^,  n.  Tbe  down  of  tiie  elder. 

TalnaMe  as  a  stofllng  for  plUowg,  coTerleta.  etc 
0igrl^'^  ct.    I.  a.  CkwMBstingof  one  more  than 

seven.    D.  n.    The  som  of  seven  and  one; 

eight  units  or  sinf^  objects.    [<  AS.  eaJUa, 

=  Goth.aA/(n«.]— ei|ibth,«tth.  I.  a.  l.Next 

tn  order  after  the  seventh. 

eight  equal  parts.    II.  n. 

parta.—  eightli'lr,  adr. 
•Ifi^t^een',  et'tn'.  I.  a.  d 

more  than  ten.    II.  n.    The  sum 

eig^t.    [<  AS.  eoA/o,  eight,  +  Udn^  ten.] 
—  eiclit'<'eeBth%«tnnth'.    I.  a.    Eighth  in 

order  tfter  the  tenth.   II.   n.    One  of  elgfateen 

equal  parts.— eight'^eeth'lF.  tutv. 
9Agb.VYf  ^t'L    1.  a.    Conswting  of  ten  more 

than  seventy.   H.  n.  Qefat  times  ten.— dfElM'- 


i-eth.  I.  a.  1.  Tenth  In  order  after  tbe  sev- 
enti^Oi.  *J.  Being  one  of  ei^ty  equil  parts. 
II.  a.    One  of  eteh^  equal  parts.    .ly,  ado. 

ei'tt&er,  t'dhsr.  X  a.  1.  One  or  the  other  of 
two,  indrtenninateiy  or  indiffeientty.  2.  Each 
of  two;  one  and tiie other.  H.  pnm.  Oneof 
two;  me  w  the  other,  m.  eoiv.  In  one  of 
two  or  more  CMes,  mdetenninately  <vindiffa-- 
entiy.    [<  AS.  Sgther.^ 

e-Jac^-lato,  e-jaCyu-lSt,  vL  A  vL  [-la'- 
TKD' :  -LA'Toie.  J  To  utter  or  exdaim  siiaden- 
ly.    l<  L. «,  oat,  -^Jaaiior^  flirow.] 

— e-jac^n-la'ti«B<&-Jac^Ju4e'shvn.«.  The 
uttering  of  tolef  suddoi  evrlsmatlons;  aia  ex- 
ciamatum.-  e-Jnc^-la^-cv-ry,  a. 

e-Jecf ,  g-jecf,  vL  Tb  throw  or  drive  out  bv 
sudden  force;  expd;  diepossesB.  [<!..«,  out. 
-fia<rio.  throw.]— e.Jee'da^ii.  1.  The  act 
of  ejecting;  expulrion.  ^  Matter  ejected.— 
e-jec^Bient,  n.  A  casting  oat;  eviction.— 
e-ject'er,  m. 

eke,  lk,t!f.  [kkkd';  Vkzhq.]  To  increase  tin 
bandy  sufScient;  i^eoe  out:  fcrikmed  by  ouL 
[AS.  hxm,  front  cans,  of  *eaean,  increase.] 

ekel,  adv.  *  ct»0.   Likewise:  also.   l<  AS.  eOc] 

e-laVo-rate,  §-lab'o^€4.  I.  tL  [-ka'tei><; 
-KA'TiNe.]  To  devdop  and  ctMnplete  by 
thcHOugh  and  careful  wott.  H.  ^-hib'o-ret  or 
•rgt,  a,  Devdoped  wiOi  thcxoug^mess  or  ex- 
actness. [<L.e,oat,-|-to&oro,LABOiL.]  -ly, 
adv.  -aeas,  a.- e-lak^'A-im'tien,  n.  The 
act  of  dabontlng;  that  iriileh  is  dabonted. 

e-laps(e',  §-Iq»',  vL  [b-i.af8kd^;  m-VAPa'- 
jso.}  To  gUdew  8lq>  1^;  pass  away:  said  of 
time.    [<Ij.«bQ)M»,<e,fTrom,-4-later,  glide.] 

e-laa^e.  e-las'tac  I.  a.  1.  Spontaneously 
returning  to  a  f onner  size,  sh^>e,  or  attitude 
after  being  moved  ftom  it^  encingy;  acctn 
dating.  2.  Cn)abie<rf  quick  reoovexyjjs 
misfortune  or  aqxesBian;  buoyant  XI.fi.  A 
strip,  cord,  or  band  ci  dastic  material.  [< 
tnd  (elor),  drive.]  — eJaa^Ue-al-iy ,  adr. 


Gr.d 

— el'<'a»«ic'i.CT.el-a»4;ornM-]tiri4i,it.  The 

l»t>perty  or  qualiqr  of  being  dastic 
e-late',  g-Iet'.  I.  vL    [«-i^'tkb*:  B-UL^rnto.] 

To  raise  the  spirits  of;  exdte;  puff  up.    H.  a. 

Exalted  or  tnimiphant;  exultant.    [<  L.  ex^ 

out,  4-2afiM;bomc]— e-ia'tion,!!.    A  julM- 

lant  state  of  mind;  exiiltatloo. 
ellMW.d'bO.    I.t^.&ri.    To  push  with  the 

dbows;  jostle;  hustle    H.  n.    The  joint  at 

the  bend  of  the  arm,  or  any  outward  bend  re- 
sembling it.     [< 

AB.dboaaJ]  • 

eld,    eld,   n.     [Ar-     •^^ 

chsie*Poetl  Old     M^ 

times;      antiqnftv;        ▼^ 

old  age.     [<  AS. 


?.J 


eia'er,  dd'gr,  a., 

eompttr.   of   old. 

Having  lived  long- 

er;  senior;  <rider. 

[<  AS.  dtfftt.  dd. 

er.]  — eld'er-iy, 

a.   8(Nnewhat  <M. 

— eid'eat*  q^m- 

perLatouK  rmu 

Dom;  oldest. 
eld'eri,   n.     A 

jMince  or  head  of 

a  tribe  or  family;  a  church  oflker  or  minister 


papa,  oak;  at,  &ir;  e%m(nt,  th^y,  us^;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  •nU5^r,  er;  foil,  rftle;  hot,  dr; 


157 


elder 
em 


eF< 


2. 


oriedbcms 


3.  pi.  Tne  bread  and  wine  of  ibe 
r.  4.  Awri^Mtij  one  of  die  snb- 
air,ire,aMlii 


O'^do-xafdo,  flick  mgolA  or 

agoidafliipartnitr.    [&.fte£olda.] 
e.leer,fi4ecr.   P.  «^  ^fock 


■otyetM 
-ba^    g.  «<bL    a^mmat  ODdforarirm- 

1.  A  penoa,  or  tody  of  penow.  ckoom  of 
ood  for  mtwwiSam  or  far  lipedBl  atrnoe.  2. 
One  who  Mfwored  or  lacfcued.   [<I..cftrhM, 

orpcmMofaroate.M^bBBoL  S. 


r.&]    A 

~4.~naal(I) 
of  God.(»noaeclKii 
mjy.— 1  Ut'^atm  iii% e^Am^K, «L  To 

e-leeM:T<e,e4eetlT,c.  LOT  or 
«  ckoieeWTote;  iililiii  d  or  " 
taooL    2.  ^^«ttep>rrili 
Solt jett  to  ckflicr;  opiioBoL 

e-leeTor,  eJectrgc, «.  1.  Om  vho  eiectt;  a 
pamm i|oiBlf d to wate at i glf ctiiw.  2.Far- 
aKdy^oaeof  tlK great  pfiBoea  of  Gcnnaj.— 
e-togJvM&L o.   rwaMoK  tot  niwiinii  «t. 


bite  Rted  tortEL  roVL^  I^^^«»(«^1a. 
dip»;seeKLH!r.l  -ly,  adv.— cTe-oiiee, 
ggwai,  a.    1.  Tke  aCato  or  laaWj  at  Mae 


aiMig;  aiaeilj^n  jmw ai  ■ilkaorowfatteiiie. 


■«fe.d'e44 
a  flexilde 


ir«t,*t  [-ta't: 
-TA-'nM.]    1. 

or  cfcarartn :  x^:.     2.   lo  raise 

&e  aoBilB  of  ire.    {< 'L.  e,  oat, 

+  fao.%kt-       -  -^^limm^m.    1.  The 

aet  of  dewatiDg:  ex&iiAnoB.  ^  Am  eleiaie* 
ftoce.  a,  T*e  ftoat  Tfcw  off  a  li—ilai.  or  tte 
tmm.—^9^rm^^€mr,u.  O»ewfco  or ttiat  wfefek 

e-ler'CB,  Her^    I.  a.    CiiiiiiiMi,  of  ow 
kastea.  !!.■.,  l^Theamo^tniaad 

2«  A  taaBi  or  aide  of  dtiui  nlaycn  n 

ftetcan.   x.  IMbk  oae  off  detca 
II.a.  Owafdev«ac«palp«liL 

■  nile;  adyyfc   t<  AS.  a^-l 

I>  o.    IBdatias  or  iMlaneBK  to 
m.  1.  AmdfL  JLAapM^tewM. 


O. 


ToatmceoatoroHal^aaapvtorawanL   |.< 


L.e.oa«.+taBdOi. 
^n^-feKe,  cll4Md.  «.     CkpaUe  of 

dMMca  or  deeten;  VMQiy  of 
trptaiw.   fOF^<L.dr 

—  el'i-«i-bly,  «*»- 
e-lim'i-nate.    ^fis'i-att.    f<L     [-xa-tkd'; 
-xa'tdtg/*     TV»  leieet  and 
oTa^dnic 


^•iatte.  dJz'cr,  ».    A     ^     ' 

aeorffid.  [OF^<Ar. 


ellc.cik,«.    A 


of 
[<Iee.«^.] 


flftlJSre  fhrine); 


om  «wf);  •H;  e  (k);  clMt;  «M  (Oe);  so; 


i^;  tlua. 


ell 
embellisli 


158 


ell,  el,  n.  A  measure  of  length  now  rarely  used : 

in  England,  45  inches.     [ <  AS.  eln.'] 
el-lips(e',  el-lips',  n.    A  plane  curve  such  that 

the  sum  of  the  distances 

from   any   point   of    the 

curve  to  two  fixed  points, 

called  /od,  is  always  the 

same;    an  oval.      [<    L. 

ellipsis.] 
el-lip'sis,     el-lip'sis,     n. 

[-SES,     -sTz,     pi.}       The 

omission    of  a    word    or 

words  necessary  to  com- 
plete   a    sentence.       [L., 

<  Gr.  elleipsis,  <  en,  in,  -f 
el-lip'tic,        (el-lip'tic. 


Ellipse. 

f ,  g,  focU  pf  4- pg, 

constant. 

leipo,  leave.] 
-al,   a.    1.  Of,  per- 


Whlte  Elm. 
,  flowers;  b,  leaves  and  fruit. 


el-lip'tic-al,  f  tainmg  to,  or  shaped  like  an 
ellipse;  oblong  with  rounded  ends.  2.  Gram. 
Characterized  by  ellipsis;  shortened. 

elm,  elm,  n.    A  shade«tree  with  a  broad,  spread- 
ing, or  overarch- 
ing top.    [<  AS. 
elmi\ 

el'^o-cu'tion, 
el"o-kiu'shun,  n. 
1.  The  art  of 
correct  intona- 
tion, inflection, 
and  gesture  in 
public  speaking 
or  reading.  2. 
Manner  of  utter- 
ance. [<  L.  c, 
out,  -f  loeuttis, 
pp.  of  loquor., 
speak.]  —  ei'^o- 
cu'tlon-a-ry,  a.' 
—  el"o-cu'tion- 
ist,  n.  One  who 
Is  skilled  In  or 
teaches  elocution. 

e>lou^gate,  g-len'get,  nt.  &  vi.  [-ga'ted''; 
-ga'ting.]     Trf  make  or  grow  longer. 

—  e-lon'^Ka'tion.  ?i.  The  act  of  elongating, 
or  the  state  of  being  elongated;  an  extension. 

e-lope',  §-10p',  fi.  [e-loped";  e-lo'pinq.] 
To  run  away  from  home  with  a  lover  or  para- 
mour.    [<  D.  ont;  away,  +  loopen,  run.] 

—  e-lope'inent,  n. 

el'o-quent,  ero-cwgnt,  o.  Possessed  of  or 
manifesting  eloquence;  persuasive;  convin- 
cing; expressive  of  emotion.  [<  L.  e,  out,  -f 
loguor,  speak.]  -ly,  adv.—  cVo-qnence,  eVo- 
cwens,  71.  1 .  Lofty  .'Impassioned,  and  convincing 
utterance.  "Z.  The  quality  of  being  eloquent, 
moving,  or  persuasive. 

else,  els,  adv.  In  addition  to,  or  in  the  place 
of,  something  named;  other;  besides;  instead; 
otherwise.  [  <  AS.  eUes.]  —  else'wliere",  adv. 
Somewhere  or  anywhere  else. 

e-lu'ci-date,  e-lQ'si-det,  vt.  [-da'ted-J;  -da"- 
TXNo.]  To  throw  light  upon;  clear  up.  [< 
L.  f,  out,  +  lucidus,  LUCID.]  —  e-Iu^ci-da'- 
tion,  n.    The  act  of  elucidating;  an  Illustration. 

e-lude'.  g-lDd',  vt.  [e-lu'ded'';  e-lu'dino.] 
To  evaue;  baftle.     [<  L.  e,  out,  +  If'do,  play. 

—  e-ln'slon,  e-in'zhun,  jj.  The  act  of  eluding 
or  escaping.— o-lu'Miv(e,  e-lfl'slv.  «.  Tending 
to  slip  away  or  escape.    f>«Iu'i!io-ry:t. 

elve,  elv,  n.  An  old  form  of  elf.— elves*  n. 
Plural  of  BLF.— el'vish,  a. 


E-lys'ian,  §-liz'ian,  a.  Belonging  to  Elysium; 
hence,  supremely  blessed  or  happy. 

E-lys'i-um,  g-liz'i-um,  n.  Gr.  Myth.  The 
abode  of  the  blessed  dead;  paradise.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  elysios,  <  eleusomai,  I  shall  go.] 

eiii-i,  eni'^,  priflxes.  Forms  of  en-i,  en-2,  before 
labials. 

el'y-tron,  I  el'i-tren,  -trum,  n.      [tra,  pi.] 

ery-trum  I  The  thickened  fore  wing  of  cer- 
tain insects.  [<  Gr.  elijtron,  case,  <  elyo, 
wrap  up.] 

e-ma'ci-ate,  §-me'shi-et,  tt.  [-a'ted"!; 
-A'TiNG.]  To  reduce  greatly  in  flesh.  [<  L. 
e,  out,  -{-macer,  lean.]  — e-ma'Vi-a'tion,  n. 

em'a-nate,  em'a-net,  ri.  [-na"ted<i;  -na'- 
TiNG.]  To  flow  forth  or  proceed,  as  from  a 
source.     [<L.  e,  from,  -\-?nano,  flow.] 

—  ein^'a-iia'tion,  em"a-ne'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  emanating,  or  that  which  emanates;  an 
effluence  or  outflowing,  as  of  the  Divine  Essence. 

e-man'ci-pate,  g-man'si-pet,  vt.  [-pa'ted^; 
-PA  "TING.]  To  set  free,  as  from  slavery.  [< 
L.  e,  out,  4-  mancipo,  give  up.] — e-raan''ci- 
pa'tion,  n.  Liberation  from  bondage,  depend- 
ence, or  oppression.— e-niaii'ci-pa'''tor,  n. 

e-mas'cu-late,  g-mas'kiu-let.  I.  vt.  [-la"- 
TED'i;  -LA"TiNG.]  To  deprive  of  masculine 
strength;  castrate;  weaken;  impair.  II.  -let 
or  -igt,  a.  Emasculated.  [  <  LL.  e,  out,  -\- 
masculus,  male.]  —  e-mas'^'cii-la'tion,  n. 

em-'balm',  em-bflm',  vt.  To  preserve  from 
decay,  as  a  dead  body,  by  antiseptic  prepara- 
tions.    [<  L.F  i?i,  in,  -f  balsaminn,  balm.] 

—  em-balin'er,  n. 

em-bank' S  em-baijk',  vt.  ^To  confine  or  pro- 
tect by  a  bank,  dike,  or  the  like. —  em-bank'- 
liienf ,  n.  A  protecting  or  supporting  bank;  the 
process  of  strengthening  by  a  bank. 

eiii'^bar-ca'tioii,  n.    Same  as  embarkation. 

em-toar'go,  em-bflr'gO.  I.  vt.  To  forbid  to 
depart  from  a  port,  as  vessels  or  goods.  II.  n. 
An  authoritative  stoppage  of  commerce;  an 
impediment;  a  check.     [Sp.] 

em-bark",  em-bark',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  put  or 
go  on  board  a  vessel  or  boat.  2.  To  venture 
or  invest.  [<  F.  embarqiier.,  <  L.  in,  in,  -|- 
LL.  barca,  boat,  barge.]  —  eni''bar-ka'tion,n. 

em-bar'rassS  em-bar'as,  vt.  1.  To  confuse; 
fluster;  abash.  2.  To  involve  in  difticulties, 
especially  in  business;  hamper;  encumber.  [< 
F.  enibar?'asser.]  —  em-bar' rass-ineiit,  n.  1 . 
Discomposure;  entanglement;  dittlculty.  "2,  An 
Inipedlniont;  lilndmncc;  encumbrance. 

em-bnts'^ia-dor,  etc.  Same  as  amrassadob.  etc. 

em'bas-sy,  em'ba-si,  ?/.  [-sies», /;/.]  1.  An 
ambassador  and  his  suite.  2.  An  ambassador's 
oftice,  mission,  or  oflticial  residence.  [<  F. 
amfjossade.] 

em-bat'tled,  cm-bat'ld,  pa. 
1.  Drawn  up  in  battle  array; 
ready  for  battle.  2.  Made  the 
scene  of  a  muster  or  battle. 
3.  Having  battlements. —  eiii- 
bal'tle,  rt. 

em-bed',  em-bed',  vf.  [km- 
ked'ded"';  em-bei)'i)INg.1  To 
lay  as  in  a  bed.    im-bed'J. 

em.'•bel'lish^  em-bel'ish,  vf. 

1.  To     onuiment;    decorate. 

2.  To  heighten  the  interest  of  by  imaginative 
additions.     [<   L.*'  in,  in,  -|-  bellus,  beauti- 


papA,  9Bk;  at,  ftir;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  arat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  bert,  Or; 


159 


ember 
empale 


fill.]  — em-bel'lish-inent,    n.       The    act    of 

adorning;  an  ornament;  ornamentation. 
em'ber,  em'bgr,  n.    A  live  coal  or  an  unextin- 
guished brand.     [<  AS.  semyrian,  embers.] 
em-bez'zl(e,  em-bez'l,  vt.    [-zl(e)d;  -zling.] 

To  appropriate  fraudulently  to  one's  own  use. 

[<    L.oF  imbecillis,   weak.]  —  em-bez'zl(e- 

iiient,  ??.— ein-bez'zler,  7i. 
em-bit'ter,  em-bit'gr,  rt.    To  render  bitter, 

unhappy,  or  resentful,    im-bit'tert. 
em-bla'zon,  em-ble'zun,  vt.     1.  To  adorn 

with  armorial  ensigns;  display,  as  a  bearing. 

2.  To  extol;  celebrate.— em-bla'zon-ry,  w. 
em'blem,  em'blem,  n.  1.  A  figurative  repre- 
sentation; symbol.  2.  A  distinctive  badge; 
ensign.  3.  An  allegorical  picture  or  the  like. 
[<  Gr.  emblema,  insertion,  <  en,  in,  -f  ballo, 
throw.]  —  em''blem-at'ic,  a.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  serving  as  an  emblem;  symbolic,  ein'"- 
blein-at'ic-al+. 

em-bod'y,  em-bed'i,  v.  [em-bod'ied;  em- 
bod'y-ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  invest  with  or  as 
with  a  body;  express  concretely.  2.  To  collect 
into  one  whole;  incorporate.  11.  i.  To  unite 
or  coalesce,  as  in  a  mass. —  em-bod-'i-iiient,  ?^ 
The  act  or  process  of  embodying,  the  state  of 
being  embodied,  or  that  which  embodies;  a  con- 
crete expression. 

em-bold'en,  em-bold'n,  vt.    To  make  bold. 

em-bos'om,  em-buz'um,  vt.  To  place  in  the 
bosom  or  midst  of  some  thing  or  place;  en- 
velop; shelter;  cherish. 

em-boss'S  em-bes',  vt.  To  cover  or  ornament 
with  raised  work;  cause  to  stand  out.  [<  OF. 
e7nboss€t\  <  em-,  in,  +  bosse,  boss.] 

em-bow'er,  em-bau'gr,  r<.  &  ri.  To  cover, 
shelter  with,  or  take  rest  in  a  bower  or  foliage. 

em-brace',  em-bres',  v.  [em-braced'';  em- 
bka'cing.]  1.  t.  1.  To  take  or  infold  in  the 
arms;  clasp;  hug.      2.  To  accept  willingly. 

3.  To  surround;  comprehend;  include.  II.  i. 
To  join  in  an  embrace.  [<  L.^f  in,  in,  -f- 
brachiimi,  arm.]  —  em-brace'ment,  n. 

em-brace',  n.  The  act  of  embracing;  a  clasp- 
ing in  the  arms;  a  hug. 

em-bra'sure,  em-bre'zhiur,  n.  An  opening 
in  a  wall,  as  for  a  cannon.     [F.] 

em^bro -caption,  em'bro-ke'shun,  n.  A  lini- 
ment, or  its  application.  [<  Gr.i^  en,  in,  + 
brecho^  wet.] 

em-broid'er,  em-breid'gr,  v.  I.  t.  To  orna- 
ment with  designs  in  needlework;  execute  in 
needlework.  II.  i.  To  make  embroidery. 
[<  OF.  em-,  in,  +  broder,  broider.] 

—  em-broicl'er-y,  n.  [-ies»,  pi.']  Orna- 
mental needlework,  or  the  art  of  producing  such 
work;  decoration  or  ornamentation. 

em-broil',  em-breil',  vt.  &  vt.  To  involve,  or 
become  involved,  in  dissension  or  strife.  [< 
F.  en-,  in,  -f-  brouiller,  confuse.]  — em-broil'- 
ineiit.  n.  The  act  or  result  of  embroiling;  strife. 

em'bry-o,  em'bri-O.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
embryo;  rudimentary.  II.  n.  The  germ  or 
rudimentary  form  of  anything,  as  of  an  animal 
or  plant.     [<  Gr.^  en,  in,  +  bryo,  swell.] 

e-meer',  e-mlr',  n.    An  emir. 

'e-mend'<i^e-mend',  vt.  To  make  corrections 
or  changes  In,  as  a  result  of  criticism.  [<  L. 
emendo:  see  amend.]  — em"en-da'tion,  em"- 
en-de'shun,  n.  A  correction  or  alteration.— 
ein'en-da"tor,  n.—  e-nieiid'a-to-ry,  a. 


em'er-ald,  em'gr-ald,  n.  A  bright»green  va- 
riety of  beryl;  a  rich  and  vivid  green  hue:  used 
also  adjectivally.  [<  Gr.i'+F  smaragdos,  a 
precious  stone.] 

e-merge',  g-mgrj',  vi.  [e-merged';  e-mek'- 
GiNG.]  To  rise,  as  from  a  fluid;  come  forth; 
come  into  view.     [<  L.  e,  out,  +  mergo,  dip.] 

—  e-mer'gence,  n.  1.  The  process  or  result 
of  emerging.  'Z.  That  which  emerges;  an  out- 
growth.—e-nier'sion,  e-mer'shun,  n.  The  act 
or  process  of  emerging. 

e-mer'gen-cy,  n.  [-cies^,  pl.'\  A  sudden 
condition  calling  for  immediate  action. 

em'er-y ,  em'gr-i ,  n.  A  very  hard  black  min- 
eral substance:  when  powdered,  used  for  pol- 
ishing, etc.     [<  Gr.oF  smyris,  emery »powder.] 

e-met'ic,  §-met'ic.  I.  a.  Tending  to  pro- 
duce vomiting.  II.  n.  A  medicine  used  to 
produce  vomiting.  [<  Qr.  emeiikos,  <  emed, 
vomit.] 

em'i-grate,  em'i-gret,  vi.  [-gra'ted'';  -gra"- 
TiNGj  To  go  from  one  country  to  settle  in 
another.  [<  L.  e,  away,  -4-  migro,  move.]  — 
eni'i-jfraiit,  I.  a.  Emigrating.  II,  n.  One 
who  emigrates.— ein"i-grra'tiou,  n.  1,  The 
act  of  emigrating,    ij.  Emigrants  collectively. 

em'i-nence,  em'i-ngns,  n.  1.  A  lofty  place;  a 
hill.  2.  An  exalted  rank,  condition,  or  degree. 
[  <  L.P  eminentln,  <  e,  forth,4-  7ni7teo,  project.] 
em'i-nen-cyt. —  em'i-nent,  em'i-ngnt,  a. 
High  in  station,  merit,  or  esteem;  distinguished; 
paramount,    -ly,  adv. 

e-mir',  e-mtr',  n.  A  Mohammedan  prince;  a 
high  Turkish  official.     [<  Ar.  mifir,  ruler.] 

em'is-sa-ry,  em'i-sg-ri,  n.  [-ries^,  pl.'\  A 
person  sent  out,  especially  as  a  secret  agent: 
used  also  adjectivally.  [<  L.  emissarius,  < 
emisms,  pp.  of  emitto;  see  emit.] 

e-mit',  e-mit',  vt.  [e-mit'ted'<;  e-mit'ting.] 
1.  To  send  or  give  out;  discharge.  2.  To  issue 
authoritatively.  [<  L.  emitto,  <  e,  out,  -|- 
mitto,  send.] —  e-mis'sion,  g-mish'un,  n.  The 
act  of  emitting  or  that  which  is  emitted.  _ 

em'met,  em'et,  w.    An  ant.     \_<  K^.  xmete.l 

e-mol'li-ent,  g-mel'i-gnt.  I.  a.  Softening 
or  relaxing;  soothing.  II.  n.  Med.  A  sof- 
tening or  soothing  external  application.  [<  L. 
e,  out,  -f  ?noltis,  soft.] 

e-mol'u-ment,  §-mel';^u-mgnt,  w.  The  re- 
muneration connected  with  an  office  or  service ; 
gain;  profit.    [<L.  e,  out,  +  molim',  labor.] 

e-mo'tlon.,  g-mO'shun,  n.  A  stirring,  pertur- 
bation, or  excitement  of  mind;  feeling;  sensi- 
bility; sentiment.  [<  h.  e,  out,  -\- moveo, 
move.]  —  e-mo'tion-al,  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  expressive  of 
emotion,  ii.  Hav- 
ing capacity  for 
emotion.— e-mo'- 
tiv(e,  a.  Marked 
by  or  tending  to  ex- 
cite emotion. 

em-pale', )  em- 

im-pale',  fpel', 
vt.  [em-paled'; 
em-pa'ling.]  1. 
To  put  to  death  by 

fixing  upon  a  pale         Emperor.moth.    1/3 
or  sharp  stake.    2. 
To  fence  in.    [  <  L.i-i'+f  in,  on,  -f  palus,  stake.] 

—  em-[or  im-lpale'menr,  n. 


flutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   oil;    c   (k);    cliat;   dli   (the)',   go;   sing,  ink;   tliin. 


emperor 
encore 


160 


em'per-or,  em'pgr-^r,  n.  1.  The  sovereign 
of  an  empire.  2.  One  of  various  butterflies 
and  moths.    See  illus.  on  preceding  page. 

em^plia-sis,  em'fa-sis,  n.  [-ses,  -siz,  pi.']  A 
stress  laid  upon  some  word  or  words  in  speak- 
ing or  reading.  [L.,  <  Gr.  emphasis.,  <  en.  in, 
-\-phain^.,  show.]  —  em'pha-8ize,  em'fa-saiz, 
vt,  [-sized; -si'ziNG.]  To  articulate  with  special 
force  or  stress;  make  especially  distinct,  positive, 
or  impressive,    em'pha-sisel:. 

em-pbaVic,  em-fat'ic,  a.  Speaking  or  spoken 
with  emphasis  or  stress;  striking;  forcible; 
positive;  earnest,  em-pliat'-ic-al^.— em- 
phat'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

em'pire,  em'pair,  n.  A  state,  or  union  of 
states,  governed  by  an  emperor;  any  powerful 
nation;  wide  and  supreme  dominion.  [F.,  < 
L.  imperium.,  dominion,  empire.] 

em-pir'ic,  em-pir'ic.  I.  a.  Experimental 
rather  than  scientific.  II.  n.  One  whose 
methods  are  empirical;  a  quack.  [<  Gr.  en., 
in,  -{-]nira,  trial.]    em-pir'ic-al$. 

—  ein-pir'i-cisni,  em-pir'i-sizm,  n.  1,  Em- 
pirical character,  method,  or  practise;  quackery. 
iJ.  Philos.  The  doctrine  that  all  knowledge  is 
derived  from  experience  through  the  senses. 

em-ploy',  em-plei'.  I.  vt.  To  have  in  serv- 
ice; furnish  work  for;  make  use  of;  use;  apply. 
II.  n.  The  state  of  being  employed;  service. 
[<  L.F  in,  in,  +  plico,  fold.]  —  ein''ploy-6'i, 
(an"plwg"y6'  or  em"plie-e').  — em''ploy-ee', 
em'plel-r,  n.  One  who  Is  employed  by  another. 
—  em-ploy'er,  n.  One  who  employs.  — em - 
ploy'ment,  n.  The  act  of  employing,  or  the 
state  of  being  employed;  service;  work. 

em-po'rl-um,  em-pO'ri-um,  n.  [-ri-ums*  or 
-Ki-A,  pi.]  1.  The  chief  mart  of  a  wide  terri- 
tory. 2.  A  bazaar.  [L.,  <  Gr.  empwion.,  <  en, 
in, -\-poros,  way.] 

em-po-w'er,  em-pau'gr,  vt.    To  authorize. 

em'press,  em'pres,  n.  A  woman  who  rules 
an  empire;  the  wife  or  widow  of  an  emperor. 

emp'ty,  emp'ti.  I.  tt.  &vi.  [emp'tied;  emp'- 
TY-iNQ.]  To  remove  the  contents  from  (some- 
thing); remove  (something)  from  that  which 
contains  it;  discharge;  become  empty.  II.  a. 
[emp'ti-er;  EMP'Ti-EST.]  Having  nothing 
within;  without  contents  or  substance;  vacant; 
hollow;  unmeaning.  [<  AS.  semtig,  <  semta, 
aemetta,  leisure.]  —  emi/ti-ness,  n. 

em"py-re'an,  em'pi-rt'an,  n.  The  highest 
heaven;  upper  sky.— em-pyr'e-al,  em-pir'g- 
al  or  ein'pi-n'al,  a.  &  n. 

e'mu,  I'miQ,  n.  A  large  Australian,  ostrich-like 
bird. 

em'u-late,  em'yu-let,  vt. 

[-LA'TED'';  -I.A"TING.]     To 

strive  to  equal  or  surpass; 

vie  with.  [  <  L.  xmiilatiiH, 

pp.  of  semulor,  <  asmf'l>/s, 

striving  to  equal.]  —  eiii"- 

u-la'tlon,   n.     Effort  or 

ambition  to  equal  or  excel 

another  In  any  act  or  qual-      w;^vvi ^^W?' *• 

Ity.  —  eni'u-la-tiv(e,    a.  ^latVi 

Inclined    to    emulation.—  .c- m 

cm^u-la^'tor,    ti.-em'-  *^*""     */«> 

ii-louH,  «.    Eager  or  striving  to  equal  or  excel 
another;  competitive.    -ly,  adv.    >ncH8«  «. 
e-muFsion,  o-mul'shun,  n.    1.  A  liquid  mix- 
ture in  which  a  fatty  substance  is  suspended  in 
minute  globules.    2.  Any  milky  liquid.    [OF., 


<  L.  e,  out, -\-mulgeo,  milk.]— e-muKsi-fy,  vt. 
To  make  Into  an  emulsion.— e-inul'8iv(e,  a. 

1.  Capable  of  emulsifying.  2.  Of  the  nature  of 
an  emulsion;  softening.  3.  Producing  oil  on  be- 
ing pressed. 

en-i,  prefix.   In;  into.   [F.,  <  L.  in-,  <  in,  in,  into.] 
en-2,  prmx.    In.    [F.,  <  Gr.  en-,  <  en,  in.] 
-en,  fiufflx.    Used  (1)  to  form  verbs;  (2)  to  form 
past  participles  in  strong  verbs;  (3)  to  form  plural 
of  verbs;  (4)  to  form  feminine  of  nouns;  (5)  to 
form  plural  of  nouns;  (6)  to  form  adjectives  de- 
noting material;  (7)  as  a  form  of  -an.    [(1)  (n) 
ME.,  also  -e,  <  AS.  -an,  -ian;  (6)  <  AS.  -nian. 
(2)  <  AS.  -en.    (3)  ME.,  also  -e,  <  AS.  -en,  -on, 
-an.    (4)  <  AS.  -en.    (5)  <  AS.  -an.    (6)  <  AS. 
-en.    CI)  =  -AN.l 
en-a'l>l(e,  en-e'bl,  vt.    [en-a'bl(e)d;  en-a'- 

BLiNG.]     To  make  able;  empower. 
en-acf'i,  en-act',  vt.    1.    To  make  into  a  law, 

2.  To  carry  out  in  action;  perform.  3.  To  rep- 
resent as  or  in  a  play.  —  en-act'or,  n. —  en- 
actment, «.  1.  A  law  enacted;  a  statute.  2. 
The  act  of  establishing  a  law. 

en-am'el,  en-am'el.  "L.vt.  [-ELEDor-ELLED; 
-EL-iNG  or  -EL-LING.]  To  cover  with  enamel; 
paint  or  decorate  in  enamel.  II.  n.  A  hard 
and  glossy  coating,  as  that  of  the  teeth  or  of 
porcelain.  [<  en-^  +  OF.  esf7iail,  <  LL. 
smaltnm,  enamel.] 

—  en-am'el-er,  n.   en-am'el-Iert.— en- 
am'el-ist,  7i.    en-am'el-listt. 

en-am'or,      )  en-am'§r,  vt.    To  inspire  with 

en-am'our,  f  ardent  love:  used  chiefly  in  the 
pp.  and  followed  by  of  or  with.  [<  F.  enam- 
ovrer,  <  L.  in,  in,  4-  amor,  love,  <  amo,  love.] 

en-cage',  en-kej',  vt.  To  shut  up  in  a  cage. 

en-camp'',  en-camp',  vt.  &  vi.  To  settle  and 
lodge  in  a  camp;  form  a  camp.  —  en-camp'- 
ment.  n.  The  act  of  pitching  a  camp;  also,  a 
camp,  or  the  body  of  persons  occupying  a  camp. 

en-caus'tic,  en-ces'tic,  a.  Painted  and  hav- 
ing the  hues  fixed  by  heat,  as  tiles.  [<  Gr. 
en,  in,  -\-kaid,  burn.] 

en-chain',  en-chen',  vt.  To  bind  with  or  as 
with  a  chain;  confine. 

en-diant'"!,  en-chgnt',  vt.  To  bewitch;  fasci- 
nate; delight.  [<  L.''  incanto,  <  in,  m,-\- canto; 
see  chant,  ?;.]  —  en-chant'er,  n.  One  who 
enchants; amagiclan.—  en-cliant'inK-Iy,  adv. 
—  en-chant'ment,  n.  1.  The  actof  enchant- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  enchanted.  2.  Illusive 
charm. —en-chant'res8,  n.  1,  A  sorceress. 
2.  A  bewitching  woman. 

en-cir'cl(e,  en-ser'cl,  vt.  [-cl(e)d^  -cling.] 
To  surround;  environ;  make  a  circuit  about. 

en-close', en-cloz',  vt.  [en-closed';  en-clo'- 
siNG.]  1.  To  insert  in  something,  as  in  an  en- 
veloiMJ.  2.  To  fence  in;  appropriate  (land)  by 
fencing.  3.  To  surround.  [<  L.^f  j«,  in, + 
claudo,  shut.]  in-close'^—  en-clo'sure, 
en-cir)'zhur,  n.  The  act  of  enclosing;  that  which 
encloses  or  is  enclosed,    in-clo'sure^. 

en-co'ml-um,  en-cO'mi-um,  n.  [-ums»  or  -a, 
pL]  A  forjiial  expression  of  praise;  a  eulogy. 
[L.,<  Gr.  en kl>tnion,<  en,  in,  -|- A5//*o^,  revel.] 

—  en-co'mi-ast,  en-cO'nil-ast, «.  A  eulogist. 
en-com'passS  cn-cum'pas,  vt.    To  encircle; 

surround;  shut  in. 
en"core',  flrt'cor'.  I.  vt.&vl.  [en-cored'; 
en-cor'in(}.]  To  call  for  a  repetition  of  (a  per- 
formance) or  by  (a  performer);  denianil  a  rep- 
etition. II.  «.  The  call  for  a  repetition,  as  of 
some  part  of  a  performance;  also,  the  repetition 


papa,  98k;  at,  fiir;  el^mgnt,  t.h6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rfile;  bot,  Or; 


161 


encounter 
enfilade 


itself.  III.  adv.  Again;  once  more.  [F.] 
en-coun-'ter,  en-caun'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To 
come  upon ;  meet  as  an  adversary ;  meet  face  to 
face  or  in  conflict.  II.  n.  1.  A  coming  to- 
gether, especially  when  casual  or  unexpected. 
2.  A  hostile  meeting;  contest;  conflict;  battle. 
[<  L.OF  in,  in,  to,  -f  contra,  against.] 
en-cour'age,  en-cur'§j,  xt.  [-aged;  -a'ging.] 
1.  To  inspire  with  courage,  hope,  or  resolu- 
tion. 2.  To  promote;  countenance.  [<  F. 
encouragei\  <  en,  in,  -j-  courage,  courage.] 

—  eu-cour'age-inent,  n.  The  act  of  en- 
couraging, or  that  which  encourages.  —  en- 
coiir'a-ging,  pa.  Giving,  or  tending  to  give, 
courage  or  confidence. 

en-croach'',  en-croch',  t'l.  To  trench  on 
another's  limits  or  rights.    [<  OF.  encrocher, 

<  en,  in,  -\- croc,  hook.]  —  en-croach'ment, 
n.  1.  Entrance  upon  the  rights  or  domain  of 
another;  especially,  gradual  intrusion,  ti.  That 
which  is  gained  or  seized  by  encroaching. 

en-cum'ber,  en-cum'bgr,  vt.  To  obstruct  or 
hinder  in  action;  charge;  burden.  [<  OY.en- 
cornbrer,  <  en,  in,  -\-combrer,  cumber.] 

—  en-ciiiii'brance,  71.  That  which  encum- 
bers; a  lien  or  liability;  burdensome  addition. 

en-cy"clo-pe'di-a,    I  en-sai'clo-pi'di-a,   ti. 

en-cy ''clo-pae'di-a,  (  A  worlv  containing  in- 
formation on  all  subjects,  or  exhaustive  of  one 
subject.  [<  Gr.*'  enkijklios,  in  a  circle,  -\- pai- 
deia,  education.]  —  en-cy''cIo-pe'dic  or  -pae'- 
dic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  of  the  character  of,  or 
proper  to  an  encyclopedia;  comprehending  a 
wide  range  of  topics. 

end*!,  end,  v.  I.  t.  To  put  an  end  to:  come  to 
the  end  of;  finish;  termmate;  kill.  II.  i.  1. 
To  come  to  an  end;  conclude.  2.  To  issue  or 
result.  [<  AS.  endian,  <  ende,  end.]— end'infi, 
end'ing,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  or  coming  to  an 
end;  also,  an  end;  extremity;  conclusion. 

end,  n.  1.  The  terminal  point  or  part  of  an 
object.  2.  The  conclusion  of  a  period  of  time, 
or  any  work  or  operation.  3.  A  purpose,  con- 
sequence, or  result.  4.  The  close  of  life.  [< 
AS.  cn(?e.]  —  end'less,  a.  1.  Enduring  ever- 
lastingly; eternal,  ij.  Hiving  no  end  In  space; 
boundless;  infinite.  3.  Continually  recurring; 
Incessant.  4.  Forming  a  closed  loop  or  circle; 
continuous.  m\y,adv  -iiess,  n.— end'most'', 
a.  Placed  or  being  -^t,  the  extreme  end;  most  re- 
mote; larthest.—  en  il-  wise,  adv.  With  the  end 
1  oremost  or  uppermost;  on  end.     end'wayst. 

en-dan'ger,  en-den'jgr,  vt.  1.  To  put  in 
danger.     2.  To  cause  danger  of. 

en-dear',  en-dir',  vt.  To  make  dear  or  be- 
loved. —  en-dear'ing,  /;«.  1 .  Making  dear  or 
beloved.  2.  Manifesting  affection;  caressing. 
—  en-deirr'ment,  n.  The  act  of  endearing; 
an  expression  of  love;  a  caress. 

en-deav'or,  en-dev'(jr.  l.vt.&vi.  To  make 
an  effort  to  do  or  effect;  undertake;  exert  one- 
self to  accomplish  an  object.  II.  n.  An  at- 
tempt or  effort  to  do  or  attain  something; 
earnest  exertion  for  an  end.  [<  en-i  -f-  F.  de- 
voir, duty.]  —  en-deav'or-er,  n. 

en-dem'ic,  en-dem'ic,  a.  Peculiar  to  or  pre- 
vailing in  or  among  some  (specified)  country 
or  people.     [<  Gr.  endemios,  native.] 

en'do-gen,  en'do-jen,  n.  A  plant  that  in- 
creases by  growth  from  within.  See  illus.  in 
next  column.     [<  Gr.  endon,  within,  -\--gems, 

<  gignomai,  be  born.] —en-dog'e-noiis,  en- 


Leaf  and  Divided 
Stem  of  an  Endo- 
gen,  showing  char- 
acteristic structure. 


dej'g-nus,  a.    Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  an  endo- 
gen;  growing  from  within. 

en-dorse's  en-dors'a-bKe.  See  indorse,  etc. 

en-dow',  en-dau',  vt.  1.  To  bestow  a  perma- 
nent fund  or  income  up- 
on. 2.  To  furnish  or 
equip,  as  with  talents  or 
natural  gifts.  [<  OF. 
endouer,  <  en,  in,  + 
doner,  endow.] 

—  en-do>v'nient,  n. 
1,  Money  or  property 
given. for  the  permanent 
use  of  an  institution,  per- 
son, or  object.  2.  Any 
natural  gift,  as  talent  or 
beauty.  3.  The  act  of 
endowing. 

en-due'J,     en-diu',    vt. 

[EN-DUED';   EN-DU'ING.] 

To  invest,  as  with  some 
quality  or  grace,  usually 
spiritual.  [Var.  of  en- 
dow.] 

en -due '2,  ^^.  [en- 
dued'; EN-DU'ING.]  1. 
To  put  on  J  assume.  2. 
To  clothe ;  mvest.  [  <  L. 
in  duo,  put  on,  clotlie.] 

en-dure',  en-diur',  v. 
[en-dured';  en-dur'- 
ING.]  I.  t.  1.  To  suf- 
fer or  bear,  as  pain,  sor- 
row, or  destructive  force,  without  injury  or 
giving  way;  withstand.  2.  To  suffer  patiently; 
tolerate.  II.  i.  1.  To  have  duration;  con- 
tinue. 2.  To  be  firm  in  trial.  [<  L.^  in,  in, 
-f  dums,  hard.]  — en-dur'a-bl(e,  a.  That 
may  be  endured;  bearable.— en-dur'ance,  n. 
1,  The  power  to  endure;  fortitude;  durability. 
ii.  Contmuatlon  In  time;  duration.— eu-dur'- 
ing,  pa.  Having  or  showing  endurance;  last- 
ing; longcsuffering  or  long»continuing. 

en'e-ma,  en'g-ma,  n.  [-mas^  or  en''e-ma'ta, 
jU.']  Med.  An  injection.  [<  Gr.  en,  in,  -f- 
hietni,  send.] 

en'e-my,  en'g-mi  or  en'g-mi,  n.  [-miess^?^.] 
1.  One  who  cherishes  resentment  or  malicious 
purpose  toward  another;  an  adversary-  foe.  2. 
One  of  a  hostile  army  or  nation ;  a  hostile  nation 
or  military  force  collectively.  [<  L.^f  inimi- 
cus,  <  in,  not,  +  amicus,  friend.] 

en'er-gy,  en'gr-ji,  n.  [-gies^,  pi.]  Power  to 
move  or  change,  or  to  accomplish  any  result; 
vigor;  force.  [<  Gr.  energeia,  <  energos,  at 
work,  <  en,  in,  -|-  ergon,  work.]  —  en''er-get'- 
ic,  en"er-jet'ic,  a.  Having  or  displaying  energy; 
forceful;  strenuous  en'-'er-jret'ie-alt. — 
en^'er-gefic-al-ly,  adv. 

e-ner'vate,  e-ngr'vet  or  en'gr-vet.  I.  vt. 
[e-ner'va-ted  or  en'er-va"ted;  e-ner'va- 
TiNQ  or  EN'ER-vA"TiNGk]  To  deprive  of  nerve, 
energy,  or  vigor;  weaken;  defeat.  II.  a. 
Rendered  feeble  or  effeminate;  weakened. 
[<  Ij.  e,  out,  4-  nervus,  nerve.]  —  en''er-va'- 
tion,  11.  The  act  of  enervating,  or  the  state  of 
being  enervated;  debility. 

en-fee'l)l(e,  en-fl'bl,  vt.  [-bi.(e)d;  -bling.] 
To  render  feeble.—  en-fee'bl(e-nient,  n. 

en^'fl-lade',  en"fi-led',  vt.  [-la'ded"*;  -la'- 
DiNG.]  To  rake  lengthwise  with  shot  or 
missiles.     [F.,  <  enfiler,  thread.] 


fiutlure  (future);   aisle; 
11 


au  (cmt);    ell;  c  (k);  cbat;  dli  {th€)\   go;  sing,  ink;  tbiu. 


i 


enfold 
ennui 


162 


en -fold',  etc.    Same  as  ixfold,  etc. 

en-force''',  en-fors',  vt.  1.  To  put  into  execu- 
tion by  force;  execute,  as  laws.  2.  To  exact 
or  obtain  autlioritatively  or  by  force.  3.  To 
urge  forcibly  or  cogently.  [<  LL.of  in,  in,  + 
fortia^  force.]  —  en-force'inent,  n.  The  act 
of  enforcing,  or  the  state  of  being  enforced; 
compulsory  execution;  compulsion. 

en-fran'cllise,  en-frgn'chiz  oi'  en-fran'- 
chaiz,  vt.  [-chised;  -chis-ing.]  1.  To  en- 
dow with  a  franchise,  as  the  right  to  vote.  2. 
To  set  free,  as  from  bondage,    -ment,  n. 

en-gage',  en-gej',  v.  [en-gaged';  en-ga'- 
GiNG.J  I.  ^.  1.  To  bind  or  obtain  by  proraiee. 
2.  To  attract;  win  over.    3.  To  occupy  or  en- 

f-oss.  4.  To  join  in  conflict  with.  II.  i.  1. 
o  bind  oneself  by  promise.  2.  To  busy  one- 
self. 3.  To  begin  or  maintain  a  conflict.  [< 
LL.P  invadio,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  LL.  vadiwn, 
pledge.]  — en.gaged',;>o.  1.  Affianced.  2. 
Occupied  or  busy.—  en-gage'ment,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  engaging.  3.  The  condition  of  being  en- 
gaged; a  betrothal.  3.  Something  that  engages 
or  binds;  an  obligation.  4.  Mil.  A  battle.—  eii- 
8fa'King:,>a.    Attracting  interest;  winning. 

en-geri'der,  en-jen'dg-,  v.  I.  t.  To  bring 
into  existence;  produce.  II.  i.  To  come  into 
being.     [<  L.^  in,  in,  -j-  genero,  beget.] 

en'gine,   en'jin,  n.    A "  machine  by   which 


Common  Type  of  Horizontal  Engine. 
b,  bed;  c,  cylinder;  cc,  cylinder»cock;  ch,  cylinder* 
head;  eg,  cross^head  guide;  cl,  cylinderslubricator;  cr, 
connectinirorod;  dc,  di8k»crank;  e,  eccentric;  er,  eccen- 
tric»rod;  es,  eccentri<j»strap;  /,  ifoundation;  fw,  fly* 
wheel;  g,  governor;  »,  pulley;  s,  crank»shaft;  ac,  steam* 
chest;  8V,  steam*valve;  vs,  valve*stem. 

power,  as  of  steam,  is  applied  to  the  doing  of 
work;  any  powerful  mechanism,  agency,  or 
instrumentality.  [<  L.^  ingenium,  <  in, 
in,  -f-  gigno.  produce.]  —  en'ginesdri"ver,  n. 
[Eng.]  A  locomotlve*englneer.— eii'g:ine-ry, 
n.  1,  The  management  of  engines  or  artillery. 
"i.  Engines  collectively.  3.  An  artful  scheme. 
4.  Any  powerful  agency. 

en"gi-neer',  en"ji-ntr',  I.  vt.  1.  To  exe- 
cute or  manage  by  contrivance.  2."  To  plan 
and  superintend  the  construction  of.  II.  n. 
1.  One  versed  in  or  practising  any  branch  of 
engineering.  2.  One  who  runs  or  manages  an 
engine.    3.  A  manager;  inventor;  plotter. 

—  en''ifi-iieer'ina*,  ??.  1.  The  art  of  making, 
building,  or  using  engines  and  machines,  or  of 
designing  and  constructing  public  works  or  the 
like   '^.  Painstaking  management;  maneuvering. 

Eng^lsli,  ii.i'gli8h.  I.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to, 
or  derived  from  England,  its  people,  or  its 
language.  II.  n.  1.  pi.  The  i)eople  of  the 
English  race  collectively.  2.  The  language  of 
the  English  peoples.  3.  An  English  rendering 
or  equivalent.  [<  AS.  Knglisc,  <  F.ngle,  the 
Angles.]  —  Eng^lish-man,  n.     [-men,  ]il.^    1 . 


A  native  or  citizen  of  England.  2.  Naut.  An 
English  ship.    Eng'Iish-ert. 

en-grain',  en-gren',  vt.    Same  as  ingkain. 

en-grave',  en-grev',  xt.  [en-graved';  en- 
gba'ving.]  1.  To  cut  or  carve  upon  some 
surface;  fashion  or  copy  by  carving;  hence, 
to  impress  deeply.  2.  To  carve  figures  or  in- 
scriptions upon.  [<  F.  engraver,  <  en,  in,  -f 
graver,  grave.]— en-gra'ver,  n.  A  person 
"who  engraves.— en-gra'ving,  w.  1,  The  act 
or  art  of  cutting  designs  on  a  plate.  2.  An  en- 
graved design,  plate,  or  print. 

en-gross's  en-grOs',  vt.  1.  To  write  in  a 
bold,  round  hand;  make  a  formal  transcript 
of.  2.  To  occupy  completely;  absorb.  [< 
OF.  engrossir,  <  L.  in,  in,  -j-  LL.  grosms, 
large.]  — en-gross'er,  n. —  en-gross'inent,  n. 

en-gulf's  en-gulf,  rt.  To  swallow  up  in  or 
as  m  a  gulf,    in-gulfj. 

en-bance',  en-hgus',  vt.  &vi.  [en-hanced"; 
en-han'cing.]  To  make  or  become  higher  or 
greater  in  degree,  measure,  or  importance.  [  < 
OF.  en,  in,  -|-  hancer,  raise.]  —  en-hanoe'- 
inent,  n.    Increase;  advance. 

e-nig'ma,  g-nig'ma,  n.  An  obscure  or  ambig- 
uous saying;  a  riddle;  anything  that  puzzles 
or  baflHes.  [  <  L.  senigma,  <  (ir.  oinigma,  < 
ainos,  tale.]— e"nig-niat'ic,  e^nig-mafic- 
al,  a.  Of  or  like  ah  enigma;  ambiguous;  puz- 
zling.—e"nig-mat'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

en-join',  en- join',  vt.  To  lay  a  command  or 
injunction  upon;  charge;  command.  [<  L.*" 
injungo,  <  in,  in,  -\-jungo,  join.] 

en-joy',  en-jei',  vt.  &  vt.  1.  To  experience 
joy  or  pleasure  in;  receive  pleasure.  2.  To 
have  the  use  or  benefit  of.  [<  OF.  enjoier,  < 
en,  in,  -\-joie,  joy.]  — en-joy'a-bl(e,  a.  Giving, 
or  capable  of  giving,  enjoyment.—  en-joy'- 
ment,  en-jei'mgnt,  ?i.  1.  The  act  or  state  of 
enjoying;  pleasure.  2.  Something  that  gives 
jov  or  satisfaction. 

en-kin'<ll  (e,  en-kin'dl,  vt.  To  set  on  fire;  kindle. 

en-large',  en-lQrj',  ?;.  [en-larged';  en-lar'- 
GiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  -To  make  larger;  increase; 
expand.  2.  To  set  at  liberty.  II.  i.  1.  To 
become  large;  grow  larger.     2.  To  expatiate. 

—  en-larKC'inent,  en-larj'mgnt,  7i.  1.  The 
act  of  making  or  growing  larger;  also,  the  state 
of  being  enlarged;  an  addition  or  extension.  2. 
A  setting  at  liberty.    3.  Fulness  of  statement. 

en-liglit'en,  en-lait'n,  vt.  To  bestow  mental 
or  spnitual  light  npon;   impart  knowledge  to. 

—  cn-liffht'en  -er,  «.—  en-iitflit'en- 
inent,  n.    Moral  and  Intellectual  advancement. 

en-list'<i,  en-list',  v.  I.  t.  To  engage  and 
place  npon  the  lists  for  service,  as  in  the  army; 
gain  the  Interest  and  assistance  of;  enroll.  II. 
i.  1.  To  enter  voluntarily  the  military  or  naval 
service,   jg.  To  engage  heartily  in  something. 

—  en-IiMt'ment.  ?«.  1.  The" act  of  enlisting. 
2.  The  dociunent  binding  one  enlisted. 

en-li'ven,  en-lai'vn,  vt.  To  make  lively  or 
cheerful;  give  life  to;  quicken;  stimulate. 

en'mi-ty,  en'mi-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  pi.]  1.  The 
spirit  ot  an  enemy;  hostility.  2.  The  state 
of  being  an  enemy;  a  hostile  condition.  [< 
L.oF  inimicitia,  <  inimiciis,  enemy.] 

en-no'ble,en-no'bl,  r^  [-bi.kd; -blinq.]  To 
make  noble  or  honorable;  confer  a  title  of 
nobility  upon.— en-no'ble-mpnt,  n. 

en"nui',  flrt'wt',  n.  A  feeling  of  listless  wear- 
iness resulting  from  satiety.     [F.] 


papfl,  Ofsk;  at,  air;  elfmgnt,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orat<fr,  ©r;  full,  rflle;  but,  wr; 


163 


enormous 
entomology 


e-nor'mous,  §-ner'mu8,  a.    1.  Excessive  or 

extraordinary  m  size,  amount,  or  degree.     2. 

Wiclced   above  measure;    atrocious.      [<   L. 

enormis,  <  e,  out  of,  -\^  norma,  rule.]    -ly,  adr. 

-ness,  ?«.— e-iior'mi-ty,  7J.    [-ties*,  joZ.]    1. 

The  state   of  being   outrageous   or   extremely 

wicked.    2.  A  flagrant  offense. 
e-nougb.',  g-nuf.   I.  a.    Adequate;  sufficient. 

II.  )}.    An  ample  supply;  a  sufficiency.    III. 

ndv.  Sufficiently.  IV.  ?«<eri.  It  is  enough;  stop. 

[<   AS.  genoh.,  qenogy  <  geneah,  it  suffices.] 
en-quire',  etc.    Same  as  inquire,  etc. 
en-rage',  en-rej',  vt.     [en -raged';  en-ka'- 

(iiNG.J  To  throw  into  a  rage;  exasperate. 
en-rap'ture,     en-rap'chur     or     -tiljr,     vt. 

[tured;  -TURING.]    To  bring  into  a  state  of 

rapture;  delight  extravagantly, 
en-rich.",  en-rich',  r^.    To  make  rich;  render 

fertile,   as  soil;    improve;    adorn.— en-rich'- 

inent,  n.    The  act  of  making  ricli  or  richer; 

that  which  enriches;  a  decoration;  ornament, 
en-roll', enrol',  vt.     1.  To  enter  in  a  roll  or 

register;  enlist;   place  on  record.    2.  To  roll 

up;  wrap.— en-rol'ment,  n.     1.  The  act  of 

enrolling,  ti.  A  record,  en-roll'mentl:. 
en  route,  an  rut.  On  the  road  or  way.  [F.l 
en-sconce',  en-scens',  vt.      [en-sconced''; 

EN-SCON 'ciNG.]    To  fix  sccurely  or  comfortably 

in  some  place;  settle  snugly. 
en-shrine',  en-shrain',  vt.    To  place  in  or  as 

in  a  shrine;  cherish  devoutly;  be  a  shrine  for. 
en-shroud''',  en-shraud',  vt.    To  cover  with 

a  shroud;  hence,  to  enwrap  or  conceal. 
en'si-form,  en'si-femi,  a.    Sword»shaped,  as 

certain  leaves.     [<  L.  ensis,  sword,  -\-  -form.] 
en'sign,  en'sain,  n.    1.  A  distinguishing  flag 

or  banner;  standard.    2.  A  military  or  naval 

officer.     3.   A  badge  or  symbol,  as  of  office. 

[<  L.i'i'+^  hwigna,  <  in,  in,  -f  signum,  mark.] 
en'si-lage,  en'si-lgj,  n.    The  process  of  pre- 
serving succulent  fodder  in  air»tight  pits  or 

silos;  fodder  thus  preserved.    [F.]    si'lage^. 
en-slave',  en-slev',  vt.    To  make  a  slave  of, 

literally  or  figuratively;  bring  into  bondage. 
—  en-slave'ment,  «.    Bondage.   • 
en-snare',  en-snar',  vt.      [en-snared';   en- 

snar'ing.]  To  entrap;  inveigle;  seduce. 
en-sue',  en-siu',  vt.  &  vi.    [en-sued';  en-su'- 

ing.]    To  follow;  result.     [<  L.^^  insequor,  < 

in,  on,  -J-  segtior,  follow.] 
en-8ure',  r.   Same  as  insube. 
en-tah'la-ture,  en-tab'la-chur  or  -titjr,  n. 

Arch.       The      uppermost 

member    of    a    columnar 

structure   that   rests  hori- 
zontally upon  the  columns 

and  extends  upward  to  the 

roof.     [<  L.OF  in,  on,  -f 

fahula.  board.] 
en-tail',  en-tel'.   I.  vt.  To 

leave  or  fix,  by  or  as  by 

entail,  upon   a    successor; 

bring   upon    another  as  a 

consequence     or     legacy; 

limit  by  entail.    II.??.    1, 

Anything  transmitted  as  an    .,     .    ^ 

inalienable  inheritance.   2.    I omc  Entablature. 

An  estate  limited  to  a  particular  class  of  heirs, 

as  eldest  sons.    3.  The  act  of  entailing,  or  the 

state  of  being  entailed.     [<  \j.^^*^  in,  in,  -f- 


talea,  cutting.] —en-tail'ment,  n.  The  act 
of  entailing,  the  state  of  being  entailed,  or  that 
which  is  entailed. 

en-tan'glie,  en-tan'gl,  vt.  1.  To  catch  in  or 
as  in  a  snare;  hamper;  perplex.  2.  To  twist 
into  a  tangle  or  snarl.— en.tan'gl(e-ment,  n. 

en'ter,  en'tgr,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  pass  from  with- 
out to  the  interior  of;  pass  inward  through,  as 
a.gate;  penetrate;  be  initiated  into;  join.  2. 
To  set  or  insert  in;  enroll;  record;  file.  U.i. 
To  effect  an  entrance;  come  or  go  inward.  [< 
F.  entrer,  <  L.  intro,  <  in,  in.] 

enter-,  prefix.  Same  as  inter-.  [<  F.  entre,  < 
L.  i7iter;  see  inter.] 

en'ter-prise,  en'tgr-praiz,  n.  1.  Any  pro- 
jected task  or  work;  an  undertaking.  2.  Bold- 
ness, energy,  and  invention  in  practical  affairs. 
[<  F.  en t reprise,  <  entreprendre,  undertake.] 
en'ter-prize^: .—  en'ter.pri"8ing,  pa.  En- 
ergetic and  progressive. 

en"ter-tain',  eu'tgr-ten',  t'.  I./".  1.  To  re- 
ceive and  care  for,  as  a  guest.  2.  To  afford 
amusement  to;  divert.  3.  To  take  into  con- 
sideration; hold  in  mind,  as  an  opinion.  II. 
i.  To  receive  and  care  for  guests.  [  <  L.^  inter, 
among,  -f-  teneo,  hold.]  —  en"ter-tain'er,  n.— 
en"ter-tain'ing,  pa.  Of  a  character  to  en- 
tertain; amusing;  diverting.—  en"ter-tain'- 
inent,  n.  1.  Hospitable  accommodation;  hos- 
pitality. 2.  A  diverting  performance;  amuse- 
ment.   3.  The  act  of  entertaining  in  the  mind. 

en-thraU',  en-threl',  vt.  To  bring  under  any 
overmasterhig  influence;  enslave. —  en-thral'- 
nient,  n.    en-tlirnll'inenti:. 

en-throne',  en-thron',  vt.  [en-thkoned' ; 
f^f-THRo'NiNG.]  To  put  upou  a  throuc;  in- 
vest with  sovereign  power,     -nient,  n. 

en-thu'si-asm,  en-thu'[or -thiu']zi-azm,  n. 
1.  Earnest  and  fervent  feeling;  ardent  zeal  for 
a  person  or  cause.  2ll.  Irrational  religious 
ecstasy.  [<  Gr.  enthousiasmos,  <en,\n,-\- 
theos,  god.]  —  en-thu'si-ast,  n.  One  prone  to 
or  moved  by  enthusiasm;  an  ardent  adherent; 
zealot.  —  en-tliu"si-a8'tic,  o.  Given  to  en- 
thusiasm; ardent;  zealous.  eu-thu"si-as'- 
tic-alt.  — en-tliu"8i-as'tic-al-ly,  adv. 

en-tice',  en-tais',  vt.     [en-ticed'';    en-ti'- 
ciNG.]   To  draw,  or  attempt  to  draw  (especially 
into  evil),  through  the  desires,   hopes,  etc.; 
allure.     [<  OF.  enticer,  entice.] 
—  en-tice'ment,  «.—  en-ti'cer,  n. 

en-tire',  en-tair'.  I.  a.  Complete  in  all  its 
parts;  undivided;  unbroken;  unqualified; 
whole.  U.  n.  The  whole;  the  entirety.  [< 
F.  entier,  <  L.  integer,  whole.]  —  en-tire'ly, 
adv. —  en-tire'ness,  n.  The  state  of  being  en- 
tire.-—en-tire'ty,  en-tair'ti,  re.  1.  Entlreness. 
ti.  That  which  is  entire;  a  whole. 

en-ti'tle,  en-tai'tl,  rt.  [-tled;  -tling.]  1. 
To  give  a  title  to.  2.  To  authorize  to  receive 
or  require.     [<  L.^  in,  in,  -\-  titvlus,  title.] 

en'ti-ty,  en'ti-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  p^.]  Anything 
that  exists  or  may  be  supposed  to  exist;  being. 
[<  LL.  entitas,  <  en{t-)s,  ppr.  of  svm,  am.] 

en-tomb',  en-tiim',  vt.  To  place  in  a  tomb; 
bury. —  en-tomb'ment,  n. 

en"to-mol'o-gy,  en"to-mel'o-ji,  n.  The 
branch  of  zoology  that  treats  of  insects,  or  a 
treatise  upon  it.  [<  Gr.  entomon,  an  insect, 
-(-  -LOGY.]  —  en"to-nio-Iog'ic-aI,  a.  en"to- 
mo-Iog'ict.  —  en"to-mol'o-gi8t,  n.  A  stu- 
dent of  entomology. 


flut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   {th€);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


entrails 
epidemic 


164 


en'trails,  en'trelz,  n.  pi.  The  internal  parts, 
especially  the  intestines,  of  an  animal.  [< 
L.*"  interanea.ri.evi\,.  -pi. of  interaneus,  interior.] 

en-trance',  en- trans',  vt.  [en-tranced''; 
en-tran'cing.]  1.  To  put  into  a  state  of  ec- 
stasy; transport.    2.  To  throw  into  a  trance. 

en'trance,  en'trans,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enter- 
ing, in  any  sense.  2.  A  passage  into  a  house 
or  other  enclosed  place.  3."  The  right  or 
power  of  entering.     [OF.,  <  entrer,  enter.] 

en- trap's  en-trap',  vt.  To  take  or  catch  in  a 
trap,  or  by  trick  or  artifice;  ensnare. 

en-treat'<i,  en-trit',  vt.  To  solicit  with  im- 
portunity; supplicate.  [<  OF.  entraiter,  < 
en,  in,  -j-  trailer,  treat.] -— en-treat'y,  n. 
[-IES*,  pi.]    An  earnest  request;  supplication. 

en^'tr^e',  an"trg',  n.  1.  The  act  or  privilege  of 
entering;  entrance;  admission.  2,  A  subordinate 
dish  between  courses.    [F.] 

en-trencli'S  entrench',  ??.  I.  t.  1.  To  pro- 
tect, as  b^  a  trench.  2.  To  make  a  trench  or 
trenches  in  or  on.  II.  i.  To  encroach;  tres- 
pass,   in-trencll't.  —  en-trench'ment,   n. 

1 ,  A  breastwork  of  earth,  properly  one  with  a 
ditch.  2.  Any  defense  or  protection.  3.  The 
act  of  entrenching,  or  the  state  of  being  en- 
trenched,   in-trench'mentt. 

en- trust''',  en- trust',  vt.    1.  To  give  in  trust. 

2.  To  place  in  charge.    in-trust'$. 
en'try,  en'tri,m.     [EN'TRiE8%i>;.]     1.  The  act 

of  coming  or  going  in;  entrance.  2.  A  place 
of  entrance;  a  small  hallway.  3.  The  act  of 
entering  anything  in  a  register,  list,  etc. ;  the 
official  report  of  the  arrival  of  a  ship  in  port. 
[<  F.  entree,  <  L.  intro,  <  in,  in.] 

en-twine',  en-twahi',  vt.  &  vi.  To  twine 
round:  twine  or  twist  together. 

en-twist''',  en-twist',  vt.  To  twist;  intertwist. 

e-nu'mer-ate,  §-niu'msr-et,  vt.  [-a'ted"!; 
-A"TiNG.]  To  name  one  by  one;  count  or  as- 
certain tne  number  of.  [  <  L.  e,  out,  +  nu- 
mero,  number.]  —  e-nu"mer-a'tion,  n.  i . 
Detailed  mention  of  things  in  succession;  a  cata- 
logue. 3.  The  act  of  ascertaining  a  number  by 
counting. 

e-nun'ci-ate,  §-nun'8i-et  or  -shi-et,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-a"ted'';  -a"ting.]  1.  To  articulate;  utter; 
speak.  2.  To  state  with  formal  exactness. 
[<  L.  «,  out,  4-  iiuntius,  messenger.] 

—  e-nuii"ci-a'tioii,  e-nun'si-l'shun  or  -shl- 
e'shun,  n.  1.  The  utterance  or  mode  of  utter- 
ance of  vocal  sounds.    2.  Definite  statement. 

eii-vt'i'trlet,  vt.    Same  as  inveigle. 

en-vel'opt,     I  en-vel'up, -Op,  ?'^.     1.  Tosur- 

en-vel'opeS  (round  as  a  wrapper;  lie  or  be 
round  or  about.  2.  To  enclose  in,  or  as  in,  a 
wrapper.  [  <  F.  envelojmer,  <  en,  in,  -}-  *velop- 
per,  =  wrap.] — en-veVop-ment,  n. 

en'vel-ope,  1  en'vel-op,  en-vel'Op,  -up,  n.    1. 

en-vel'ope,  vA    wranper     of     paper    with 

en-vel'op,  )  gummeo  edges,  for  enclosing  a 
letter  or  the  like.    2.  Any  enclosing  covering. 

en-ven'om,  en-ven'um,  vt.  To  impregnate 
with  venom;  poison;  render  vindictive. 

en'vi-ous,  en'vi-us,  a.  Cherishing  envy; 
characterized  by  envy.  -ly,  adv.  -iiefis,  n.— 
en'vi-a-bl(e,  a.  Adapte'd  to  excite  envy.— 
eu'vi-a-bly,  adv. 

en-vi'ron,  (!n-vai'run,  vt.  To  be  or  extend 
round;  completely  enclose;  surround.  [<  F. 
environtier,  <  environ,  around.]  —  en-vPron- 


en' 


ment,  n.  1,  Whatever  encompasses;  one's 
surroundings  or  external  circumstances  col- 
lectively. 2.  The  act  of  environing,  or  the  state 
of  being  environed.— en-vi'rons,  n.  pi.  The 
surrounding  region;  outskirts;  suburbs. 

en'voyi,  en'vei,  n.  A  diplomatic  agent  below 
an  ambassador;  a  messenger.  [<  F.  envoy e, 
prop.  pp.  of  envoyer,  send.] 
(i"voy'2||,  en"vei',  n.  A  postscript  to  or  the 
closing  lines  of  a  poem;  a  send=off:  generally 
printed  renvoi.    [OF.] 

en'vy,  en'vi,  v.    [en'vied,  -vid;  en'vy-ing.] 

I.  t.  1.  To  feel  a  grudge  toward  (another)  on 
account  of  coveting  what  he  possesses.  2.  To 
view  with  admiration  and  desire  to  possess 
without  ill  will.    II.  i.    To  feel  or  show  envy. 

en'vy,  n.  [en'viess />;.]  1.  Selfish  and  un- 
friendly grudging  in  view  of  what  another 
enjoys;  in  a  mild  sense,  the  longing  for  a  good 
possessed  by  another,  without  ill  will  toward 
the  possessor.  2.  An  object  of  envy.  [<  F. 
envie,  <  L.  invidia,  <  in,  upon,  -\-  video,  see.] 
E-o'li-an,  le-o'li-an.  1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
iE-o'li-an,  f  ^olus,  the  god  of  the  winds.  2. 
[e-]  Hence,  pertaining  to  the  winds;  produced, 
moved,  or  borne  by  the  wind;  aerial.  3.  Eolic. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Eolic  division  of  the 
Greek  race.— Eolian  harp,  E.  lyre,  a  stringed 
Instrument      that 

gives  forth  music- 
al sounds  when  ex- 
posed to  a  current 
of  air. 

E-ol'ic,   )§-el'ic. 

^-ol'ic,  fl.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Eo- 
lis,  in  ancient 
Greece,  its  people, 
or  their  language. 
II.  n.  The  dia- 
lect of  the  Greek  language  spoken  by  the  Eoli- 
ans.    Ai-ol'ict. 

e'on,  I  I'en  or  e'On,  n.  An  incalculable  period 

ae'on,  for  time;  an  age;  eternity.  [<  L.  seon, 
<  Gr.  aion,  age.] 

ep'au-let,  ep'S-let,  n.  A  fringed  shoulder- 
ornament  of  commissioned  officers :  now 
rarely  worn.  [<  F'.  epaulette,  dim.  of  epaule, 
shoulder.]    ep'au-lettet. 

eph-em'er-al,  ef-em'gr-al,  a.  Living  one 
day  only,  as  certain  insects  (the  Ephemeridae 
or  Mayflies);  hence,  transitory. 

eph'od,  ef'ed,  n.  A  Jewish  priestly  vestment. 
[<  Heb.  ephod,  <  aphad,  clothe.] 

epi-,»r^^x.  Upon,  beside,  over,  etc.,  becoming 
ep-  before  vowels,  and  eph-  before  the  aspirate: 
the  first  element  in  many  compounds  from  the 
Greek.    [<  Gr.  epi-,  ep-,  eph-,  <  epi,  upon.] 

ep'ic,  ep'ic.  I.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like 
an  epic:  grand;  noble;  heroic.  II.  n.  A 
poem  celebrating  in  stately  verse  the  achieve- 
ments of  heroes  or  demigods;  a  heroic  poem. 
[<  Gr.^- epikos,  <  epos,  word.] 

ey'i-cure,  ep'i-kifir,  n.  One  given  to  dainty 
indulgence  in  the  pleasures  of  the  table.  [< 
(Jr.^'+J'  Bpikouros.]  —  Ei>^^i-cu'rv^an,  ep"i-kiu- 
rt'an.  J,  a.  1,  Pertaining  to  the  Greek  phllos- 
opher  Epicurus  or  to  his  doctrine  tliat  pleasure 
is  the  chief  good.  2.  (e-]  Of.  pertaining  to.  or 
like  an  epicure.  JJ,  n.  1.  A  follower  of  Epi- 
curus.   2,  I  e-]    A  pleasure«8eeker;  an  epicure. 

ep"i-dein'lc,  ep'i-dem'ic.    I.  a.    Med.    Af- 


Eollan  Harp. 

a,  pegs;  b  b,  b  b,  bridges; 

chords;  d,  d,  d,  roses. 


papA,  98k;  at,  &ir;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


165 


epidermis 
equine 


fecting  many  in  a  community  at  once.  II.  n. 
Widc'spread  disease  in  a  certain  region;  also, 
vvide^spread  excitement,  influence,  etc.  [<  Gr. 
epi,  upon,  +  demos,  people.] 

ep''i-der'mis,  ep'i-dgr'mis,  n.  The  cuticle, 
or  outer  skin.  [<  Gr.  epi,  upon,  +  derma, 
skin.] 

ep'^i-glot'tis,  ep"i-glet'is,  n.  [-ti-des,  -ti-dtz 
or  -des,  pl.l  The  leaf»shaped  lid  that  covers 
the  larynx  during  the  act  of  swallowing.  [< 
Gr.  epi,  upon,  +  glottis;  see  glottis.] 

ep'i-g^am,  ep'i-gram,  n.  1.  A  pithy  or  anti- 
thetical saying.  2.  A  short,  pithy  poem.  [< 
Gr.  ejn,  on, -f-  grapho,  write.] —  ep'^i-grani- 
inat^ic,  ep''i-Krani-mat'ic-al,  «.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  marked  by  epigram;  witty;  pointed;  an- 
tithetical.— ep''i-graiii-iiiat'ic-al-Iy,  adv. 

ep'i-lep-sy,  ep'i-lep-si,  n.  A  chronic  nervous 
disease  characterized  hy  recurrent  paroxysms. 

(<  Gr.  epl,  upon,  -f-  lambano,  seize.]  —  ep'^i- 
ep'tic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  affected  with 
epilepsy.    \\,  n.    One  affected  with  epilepsy. 

ep'i-log(ue,  ep'i-leg,  n.  The  conclusion  of  a 
discourse,  a  poem,  or  the  like;  a  concluding 
speech.     [<  Gr.  epi,  upon,  +  lego,  say.] 

e-pipli'a-iiy,  e-pif'a-ni,  n.  1.  [E-]  A  festival 
in  commemoration  of  the  visit  of  the  Magi  to 
Bethlehem,  celebrated  on  Jan.  6.  2.  Any 
bodily  manifestation,  as  of  a  deity.  [<  Gr. 
epiphaneia,  <  ejyi,  upon,  -\-phaind,  show.] 

e-pis'co-pal,  g-pis'co-pal,  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  bishops;  having  a  government  vested  in 
bishops.  [<  Gr.  episkopos,  bishop.]  —  e-pis'- 
co-pa-cy,  e-pls'co-pa-sf,  7«.  1.  Government  of 
a  church  by  olshops.  2.  A  bishop's  state  or 
office.  3.  The  body  of  bishops  collectively.— 
E-pi8"^co-pa'lian,  e-pls"coj)0'llan.  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
its  forms,  etc.  2.  [e-]  Pertaining  to  church 
government  by  bishops.  II.  «.  1.  A  member 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  2.  [e-]  An 
advocate  of  episcopacy.— e-pi8'''co-pa'lian- 
ism,  71.— e-pis'co-pal-Iy,  ad?'.- e-pis'co- 
pate,  e-pls'co-pet,  n  The  office,  dignity,  or 
term  of  office  of  a  bishop;  a  bishopric;  also,  the 
body  of  bishops  collectively. 

ep'i-sode,  ep'i-sod,  n.  An  incidental  story  in 
a  literary  work;  any  incident  or  action  out  of 
the  regular  course  of  events.  [  <  Gr.  epi,  be- 
sides, +  eis,  into,  -j-  hodos,  way.] 

e-pis'tle,  §-pis'l,  n.  A  letter.  [<  Gr.  epistoU, 
<  epi,  to,  -j-  stello,  send.]  —  e-pis'to-la-ry, 
e-pis'to-le-ii,  a.  Belonging  or  suitable  to  cor- 
respondence by  letter. 

ep'i-tapll,  ep'i-tgf,  n.  An  inscription,  as  on 
a  tomb,  in  memory  of  the  dead.  [  <  Gr.  epi, 
upon,  -f-  taphos,  tomb.] 

ep'i-thet,  ep'i-thet,  n.  A  phrase  or  word  used 
adjectivally  to  describe  some  quality:  not  hav- 
ing necessarily  an  opprobrious  implication. 
[  <  Gr.  epi,  on,  --|-  tithemi,  put.] 

e-pit'o-jne,  §-pit'o-mg,  n.  A  concise  summa- 
ry; abridgment;  compendium.  [\j.,<  Gv.epi, 
upon,  -1-  temno,  cut.]  —  e-pit'o-mize  or  -mise, 
vt.  &  vi.  [-MIZED;  -Mi"ziNG.]  To  reduce  to  an 
epitome;  make  an  epitome. 

ep''i-zo-ot'ic,  ep'i-zo-et'ic,  n.  An  epidemic 
disease  of  animals,  as  horses.  ep''i-zo'o-tyt. 

e  plu'ri>bu8  u'nuin,  t  or  e  plu'rl-bus  yu'num 
or  ii'num.  From  many,  one:  the  motto  of  the 
United  States.    [L.] 

ep'och.,  ep'ec,  n.    1.  An  important  point  in 


history;  the  beginning  of  an  era.  2.  A  definite 
and  memorable  period  of  history ;  era.  [  <  Gr. 
epoche,  check,  <epi,  w^ow, -\-eclio,  have.] 

e'4ua-l)l(e,  i'cwa-bl,  a.  Of  uniform  condition 
or  movement;  regular;  even;  steady.  [<L. 
sequabilis,  <  seqiio,  make  equal.]  — e'^qua-bil'- 
i-ty,  rcwQ-bil'i-tl,  n.  Evenness,  as  of  temper  or 
action.  e'qiia-bl(e-nes8l:.— e'qua-bly,  adv. 

e'q.ual,  I'cwal.  I.  vt.  [e'qualed  or  e'- 
qualled;  e'qual-ing  or  e'qual-ling.]  To 
beor  become  equal  to;  make  equal;  equalize. 
II.  a.  1.  Of  the  same  degree  with  another, 
or  with  each  other,  as  in  magnitude  or  value; 
neither  greater  nor  less.  2.  Equable.  3.  Ad- 
equate for  the  purpose;  commensurate.  4. 
Equitable;  just.  III.  7i.  A  person  or  thing 
equal  to  another;  a  person  of  the  same  rank  or 
condition.     [<  L.  aequalis,  <  sequiis,  even.] 

-ly,  adv.  -uess,  m.— e-qiial'i-ty,  e-cwel'l- 
ti,  11.  [-TiEs»,  pl.'\  The  state  of  being  equal; 
exact  agreement;  unlfonnity.— e''q.ual-i-za'- 
tion  or  -sa'tion,  n.  The  act  of  equalizing;  an 
equal  state.]  —  e'qual-ize  or  -ise,  vt.  [ized, 
-isED;  -I'ziNG,  -I'siNG.]  To  make  equal  to  an- 
other or  to  one  another. 

e'^qua-nim^i-ty,  I"cwa-nim'i-ti,  n.  Evenness 
of  mind  or  temper;  composure;  calmness.  [< 
L.  sequvs,  equal,  -f-  animus,  mind.] 

e-qua'tion,  g-cwe'shun,  71.  A  proposition  ex- 
pressing (usually  by  the  symbol  =)  the  equality 
of  two  quantities.  [<  L.  geqiiatio{n-),  <  seqvo, 
make  equal,  <  aeqiws,  equal.]  —  e-qiiate', 
e-cw§t',»(.  [E-QTJA'TEDd;  k-qua'ting.]  Tomake 
equal;  represent  as  equivalent;  put  Into  the  form 
of  an  equation. 

e-qua'tor,  g-cwe'tgr,  n.  1.  A  great  circle  of 
the  earth,  the  sun,  a  planet,  etc.,  midway  be- 
tween the  poles  (that  of  the  earth  being  the  ter- 
restrial equator).  •  2.  The  great  circle  in  which 
the  plane  of  the  earth's  equator  cuts  the  celes- 
tial sphere  (the  celestial  equato?').  [<  LL. 
aequator,  <  L.  seqno:  see  equate,  v.'\ 

—  e^'qua-to'ri-al,  I"cwa-to'rl-al.  I.  o.  Ke- 
latlngto,  near,  or  determined  by  an  equator.  II. 
n.  A  telescope  turning  on  two  axes  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  the  principal  one  being 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  earth.  Called  also 
equatorial  telescope. 

eq'uer-ry,  ec'wgr-i,  n.  [-RIES^  p/.]  The 
stables  of  a  prince  or  noble,  or  an  officer  having 
charge  of  the  horses.     [  <  F.  ecurie,  stable.] 

e-ques'tri-an,  g-cwes'tri-an.  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  horses  or  horsemanship;  skilled  in 
horsemanship.  2.  Eepresenting  as  on  horse- 
back. II.  n.  One  skilled  in  horsemanship;  a 
horseman.  [  <  L.  egiiester  {equestr-),  <  eqvvs, 
horse.]  —  e-ques'tri-an-ism,  n.  Horseman- 
ship.-e-ques'^tri-enne',  «.  A  woman  skilled 
In  horsemanship. 

equi-.  A  combining  form.  [  <  L.  seqtms,  equal.] 
—  e^'qui -an'jfu- lar,  i"cwi-an'giu-lar,  a. 
Having  equal  angles.  — e^'qiii-diVtant,  a. 
Situated  at  equal  distances  from  a  point  or  from 
each  other.  —  e^'qui-lat'er-al,  a.  Having  all 
the  sides  equal. 

e^'qui-lilJ^ri-um,  I"cwi-lib'ri-um,  n.  Even 
poise  or  balance,  as  of  a  body  acted  upon  by 
counteracting  forces,  or  of  the  mind  between 
conflicting  motives.  [<  L.  sequus,  equal,  4- 
libra,  balance.]  —  e'^qui-IFbrate,  t"cwi-lai'- 
brfit,  V.  [-BRA'TEDd;  -bra"ting.]  To  bring  Into 
or  be  in  equilibrium;  counterpoise. 

e'quin(e,  I'cwin  or  I'cwain.    I.  a.    Of,  per- 


fiutiure  (future);    aisle;   au   {out);   ell;   c  (k);    cliat;   dli   (tho)',  go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


equinox 
eruptive 


166 


taining  to,  or  like  a  horse.    II.  n.  A  horse,  or  a 
related  animal.    [  <  L.  equinus^  <  equus,  horse.] 

e'qui-nox,  I'cwi-nex,  n.  Astron.  One  of  two 
opposite  points  at  which  the  sun  crosses  the 
celestial  equator,  W'hen  the  days  and  nights  are 
equal;  also,  the  time  of  this  crossing  (about 
Mar.  21  and  Sep.  22).  [<  L.^  aequiis,  equal,  + 
9WX  (noct-),  night.] —e^'qui-noc'tial,  I'cwi- 
nec'shul.  I.  a.  Occurring  at  or  pertaining  to 
the  equinox  or  to  equality  of  day  and  night.  II. 
n.  1.  A  severe  storm  occurring  usually  at  or 
near  the  equinox.    3.  The  equator. 

e-quip',  e-cwip',  vt.  [e-quipped'';  e-quip'- 
piNG.]  1.  To  furnish  or  fit  out  for  any  pur- 
pose. 2.  To  dress  or  attire;  array.  [<Ice.oF 
skipa,  set  in  order.]  —  e-quip'ment,  n.  1 .  The 
act  of  equipping,  or  the  state  of  being  equipped. 
3.  A  complete  outfit. 

eq'ui-page,  ec'wi-pgj,  n.  1.  A  complete  out- 
fit. 2.  A  carriage,  witli  its  horses,  attendants, 
etc.:  retinue.     [OF.,  <  eqmpet\  equip.] 

e'qui-poise,  t'cwi-peiz,  «.  1.  Equality  or 
equal  distribution,  as  of  weight  and  power; 
equilibrium.    2.  A  counterpoise. 

eq'ui-ty ,  ec'wi-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pi.]  Fairness  or 
impartiality ;  equal  justice.  [<  L.''  seqidta{t-)s, 
<  aequus,  equal.]  —  eq'ui-ta-bl(e,  a.  Charac- 
terized by  equity  or  fairness;  impartial;  just;  fair. 
-ne88,  w.— eq'iii-ta-bly,  adv. 

e-quiv'a-Ient,  §-cwiv'a-lgnt.  I.  a.  Equal 
in  value,  area,  volume,  force,  meaning,  or  the 
like.  II.  n.  That  which  is  equivalent;  some- 
thing equal  in  value,  power,  or  effect.  [<  L. 
aeqiius,  equal,  +  valeo.  be  strong.]  —e-quiv'a- 
lence,  n.  The  state  of  being  equivalent  or  of 
having  equal  values,    e-quiv'a-len-eyt. 

e-quiv'o-cal,  g-cwiv'o-cal,  a.  Having  a 
doubtful  meaning;  susceptible  of  different  in- 
terpretations; questionable;  suspicions.  [< 
L.^  asquus,  equal, -{-vox  (voc-),  voice.]  -ly, 
adv.  mness,  n.  —  e-auiVo-cate,  e-cwiv'b- 
k6t, »«.  [-CA'TEDd; -ca'ting.]  To  usc  arfiblguous 
language  with  Intent  to  deceive.  — e-quiv'o- 
ca'^tor,  n.— e-quWo-ca'tion,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  equivocating.  5i.  Logic.  A  fallacy  arising 
from  the  employment  of  a  word  of  doubtful 
meaning. —  eq-'ui-voque,  ec'wi-vok,  n.  An 
equivocal  word  or  phrase;  an  equivocation;  a 
play  upon  words. 

-er,  8nfflx.  Used  (1)  to  form  nouns  of  agency;  as, 
maker,  knocker,  etc.;  (2)  to  form  the  compara- 
tive degree;  as,  larger,  longer;  (3)  to  form  frc- 
ouentatlve  and  diminutive  verbs;  as,  flutter  (from 
float);  (4)  to  denote  a  person,  often  an  agent, 
without  derivation  from  a  verb;  as,  pensioner. 
[(1)  <  AS.  -ere-  (2)  <  AS.  -er,  -or;  (3)  <  AS. 
•erian;  (4)  <  OF.  -er,  -ier,  <  L.  armn.^ 

e'ra,  I'ra,  n.  1.  A  period  dating  from  a  fixed 
epoch;  as,  the  Christian  era.  2.  A  notable 
period.  3.  An  epoch.  [<  LL.  aera,  p).  of  aes 
(ar-),  brass.] 

e-rad^i-cate,  g-rad'i-ket,  vt.  [-ca"ted"»;  -ca"- 
TiNQ.]  To  root  out;  extirpate.  [<  L.  e,  out, 
-f  radix  (radic-\  root.]  —  e.rada.ca-bl(e,  a. 
—  e-rad''i-ca'lion,  n. 

e-rase%  g-res',  vt.  [e-rased";  e-ua'sing.] 
To  obliterate,  as  by  scraping  or  rubbing  out; 
efface.    [<!,.  e,  out,  -}-  rado,  scratch.] 

— e-ra'ser,  e-rfi'sgr,?!.  One  who  or  that  which 
erases;  a  sharp  tool  or  aruliborfor  removing  pen- 
cil* or  Inkxmarks.  —  e-ra'siire,  g-rfi'zhur, ». 
1 .  Tlie  act  of  erasing,  or  the  state  of  being 
erased,    ti.  Anything  erased. 

ere,  fir,  ])rep.  &  cof{}.     Sooner  than;  before; 


Ermine, 


rather  than.      [AS.  sei',  before.]  —  ere'long, 
adv.    Ere  long;  before  long. 

e-rect',  g-rect'.  I*",  vt.  To  rear  or  set  up;  set 
upright;  build;  establish;  exalt.  II.  a.  Up- 
right; vertical.  [<  L.  erecd/s,  pp.  of  erigo, 
set  up.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

e-rec'tion,  e-rec'shun, «.  The  act  of  erecting,  or 
the  state  of  being  erected;  a  building  or  structure. 

er'e-niite,  er'g-mait,  n.  A  hermit.  [<  Gr.  ere- 
mites, <  eremos,  lonely.] 

er'go,  er'go,  adv.    Hence;  therefore.    [L.] 

er'minCe,  er'min,  n.  1.  A  weasel«like  carni- 
vore, the  stoat,  especially 
in  its  winter  dress,  which 
is  white,  with  a  black  tail- 
tip.  2.  Its  fur,  used  in 
Europe  for  the  facings  of 
official  robes,  as  of  judges ; 
hence,  the  judicial  office 
or  its  ideal  purity.  [OF., 
<  OHG.  harmin,  er- 
mine«fur.] 

e-ro'sion,  g-rO'zhun,  ?} . 
The  wearing  away  of 
rocks,  as  by  water.  [  < 
L.  e,  off,  -(-  rodo,  gnaw.] 

er-ot'ic,  er-et'ic,  a.  Amorous;  amatory,  er- 
ot'ic-al:}:.    [<  Gr.  erotikos,  <  erd{t-)s,  love.] 

err,  gr,  i?t.  [erred;  er'ring.]  1.  To  wander 
from  the  truth;  mistake.  2.  To  go  astray- 
moral  ly;  sin.  3.  To  miss  one's  aim.  [<  L.*" 
erro,  wander.]  —  er'ran-cy,  er'an-si,  n.  1 . 
The  condition  of  erring  or  of  containing  errors; 
liability  to  err.  2.  Frequent  change,  or  liability 
to  change. 

er'rand,  er'and,??.  A  going  to  carry  a  message 
or  do  a  commission;  arso,_that  which  one  goes 
to  accomplish.     [<  AH.  aerende,  <  \/ ar,  go.] 

er'rant,  er'ant,  a.  Roving  or  wandering;  er- 
ratic.    [OF.,  ppr.  of  errer,  wander.] 

er-rat'ic,  er-rat'ic,  a.  1.  Not  conforming  to 
rules  or  standards;  irregular;  eccentric.  2. 
Wandering;  straying.  [<  L.f  eiraticus,  < 
erro,  wander.]    er-rat'Ic-alt. 

er-ra'tum,  er-r6'tum  or  -rg'tum,  n.  F-ta,  pi.} 
An  error,  as  In  writing  or  printing.    [L.] 

er-ro'ne-ous,  er-ro'ne-us,  a.  Marked  by 
error;  mistaken.  [<  L.  enviieus,  straying,  < 
e?ro,  wander.]     Ay, ad]},    -ness,??. 

er'ror,  er'gr,  n.  A  mistake;  fault;  transgres- 
sion.    [OF.,  <  L.  error,  wanderiiig.] 

erst,  grst,  adi\  [Archaic  or  Poet.]  l.  Formerly; 
long  ago;  once.  *Z,  In  the  beginning.  L<  AS. 
Srest,  superl.  of  Sr,  before.] 

e^'ruc-ta'tion,  i'ruc-te'ehon,  ti.  The  act  of 
belching;  also,  that  which  is  thrown  off  in 
belching.  [<  L.  eriicto,  <  e,  out,  -\-  iiicto, 
belch.]  —  c-ruct',  e-ruct'ate,  vt. 

er'u-dite,  er'u-dait,a.  Veryleamed; scholarly, 
f  <  L.  erudittis,  pp.  of  erudio,  instruct,  <  e, 
from,  -\-  rudis,  rude.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  ri.  — 
er''ii-<li'tion,  er'u-dlsh'nn,  7J.  1.  Complete  and 
various  scholarship.    »i.  The  act  of  Instructing. 

e-rupt'<',  g-ropt',  V.  I.  t.  To  canse  to  burst 
forth.  II.  i.  To  break  out  suddenly  and 
with  violence,  as  a  volcano.  [<  h.  e,  out,  -f 
mm]x>,  burst.]  — e-rup'tion,  g-rup'shun,  «. 
1 .  A  breaking  forth  with  violence;  bursting  out; 
outbreak.  *i.  That  which  bursts  forth,  as  lava 
from  11  volcano.    3.  A  breaking  out,  as  In  a  rasli. 

e-rup'tiv(e,  g-rup'tiv,  a.  Pertaining  or  tend- 
ing to  eruption. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  they,  iisfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  eratar,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


167 


erysipelas 
esteem 


er'^y-sip'e-las,  er"i-sip'§-la8,  n.  Pathol.  An 
inflammatory  disease  of  the  skin,  accompanied 
by  fever.  [<  Gr.  ei-ythros,  red,  -\- pella,  skin.] 

es-,  prefix.  Form  of  ex-  in  many  words  of  Ro- 
mance origin;  as  e.scape'  ^.scheat,  eschange  (now 
exchange). 

-es,  suffix.  Used  (l)  to  form  many  plurals;  (2)  to 
form  the  3d  person  singular  of  the  present  Indic- 
ative of  verbs  ending  in  a  vowel.  [(1)  (a)  ME. 
•es,  -is,  <  AS.  -as;  (6)  <  L.  -es,  a  pi.  termination 
in  the  3d  declension.  (2)  ME.  -es,  -s,  <  AS.  -eth, 
-ath.] 

es'^ca-lade',  es'ca-led'.  I.  vt.  [-la'ded^; 
-la'ding.]  3fU.  To  mount  and  enter  by 
means  of  a  ladder;  scale,  as  a  wall.  II.  ji. 
Mil.  An  attempt  to  pass  ramparts,  etc.,  by 
scaling.     [F.,  <  L.  scala,  ladder.] 

es-cal'lop,  es-cel'up,  v.  &  n.    Same  as  scallop. 

es'ca-pacle,  es'ca-ped,  n.  1.  A  mischievous 
prank.  2.  An  escape.  3.  A  plunging  or  kick- 
mg,  as  of  a  horse.    [F.] 

es-cape',  es-kep',  v.  [es-caped'';  es-ca'- 
PiNG.]  I.  ^  To  flee  from  so  as  to  get  clear 
of;  get  away  from.  II.  i.  To  succeed  in 
getting  away  from  something;  also,  to  elude 
notice.  [<  LL.of  ea^capa,  <  L.  ex,  out  of,  -|- 
LL.  capa,  cape.] 

es-cape',  n.  1.  A  successful  flight,  as  from 
custody,  pursuit,  or  annoyance.  2.  Freedom 
fromsomeevil.  3.  Issue,  as  of  a  fluid;  leakage. 

es-cape'ment,  es-kep'mgnt,  n.     1.  A  me- 
chanical device,  used  in  time- 
pieces for  securing  a  uniform 
movement.     2.  The  act  of 
escaping. 

-esce.  si/ffix.  Used  to  form  in- 
ceptive verbs.    [ <  Jj. -esco.'] 

-t!8cenee,  -escent,  si/ffixes  of 
nouns  and  adjectives  corre- 
sponding to  verbs  in  -esce. 

es-chew'',  es-chu',  vt.  To 
shun,  as  something  unworthy 
or  injurious.  [  <  OF.  eschi/ei\ 
shun.] 

es-corf'i,  es-cert',   vt.     To 
accompany  for  the  purpose  Anchor 
of  guarding;  conduct;  con  """"*■ 
voy  f"'  anchor;  I,  lever 

es'cort,  es'cert,  n.  A  guard  -J-?''  g;  "frS 
accompanying  a  person  or  pallet;  r,  roller  oper- 
property  in  transit;  safe-  ating  the  balance* 
guard;     protection.       [<     F.  wheel;  s,  escape* 

escorte.]  wheel. 

es"cri-toire',  es'cri-twflr',  n.     A  secretary; 

writing-desk.     [OF-.,  <  L.  scribo,  write.] 
es'cu-lent,  es'kiu-lgnt.  a.    Suitable  for  food; 

edible.     [<  L.  esculentus,  <  edo,  eat.] 
es-cutcli'eon,  es-cuch'un,  n.      A   heraldic 

shield;  any  shield»shaped  surface  or  device. 

[  <  L.OF  scutum,  shield.] 
Es'ki-mo,  es'ki-mo,  n.    [-mos,  pi]    One  of 

the  iVmerican  natives  of  northern  North  Amer- 
ica.    [N.*Am.  Ind.,    'eaters   of   raw  flesh.'] 

Es^qui-mauJ.    [-maux,  pl.'\ 
e-soph'a-gus,    (  §-8ef'a-gus,   n.      The  tube 
oe-sopli'a-gus,  f  through  which  food  passes 

from  the  mouth  to  the  stomach;  the  gullet. 

[<  Gr.  oiso,  will  bear,  -{-phagein,  eat.] 
es''o-ter'ic,    e8"o-ter'ic,  a.      Confined   to   a 

select  circle;  confidential.      [<  Gr.  esoterikos, 

inner.]  —  es''o-ter'ic-al-Iy,  adv. 
es-pal'ier,  es-pal'yer,  w.     1.  A  trellis  on  which 


Escape- 
ment of  a  Watch. 


to  train  small  fruits.    2.  A  tree  trained  on  such 
a  framework.     [F.,  <  L.  spatula,  blade.] 

es-pe''cial,  es-pesh'al,  a.  1.  Exceptional; 
noteworthy.  2.  Particular  or  individual;  spe- 
cial.    [OF.,  <  L.  specialis,  special.] 

—  es-pe'cial-ly,  adv.  Preeminently;  partic- 
ularly; specifically. 

es-pi'al,  es-pai'al,  n.  The  action  of  a  spy; 
a  watching  in  secret;  concealed  observation. 

es''pi-o-nag:e,  es'pi-o-n§j,  ??.  The  practise  of 
spying;  excessive  or  offensive  surveillance. 
[<  F.  espiONtiage,  <  espier,  espy.] 

es"pla-nade',  es"pla-ned',  n.  A  level  open 
space,  as  before  a  fortress  or  along  a  waterside, 
for  promenading.     [OF.,  <  esplaner,  level.] 

es-pouse',  es-panz',  vt.  [es-poused';  es- 
pous'iNG.]  1.  To  marry;  promise,  engage,  or 
bestow  in  marriage.  2.  To  assume  the  advo- 
cacy of,  as  a  cause  or  claim.  [<  L.^+f  spo7i- 
sus,  pp.  of  sjjondeo,  promise.]  —  es-pou'sal,  es- 
pau'zal.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  betrothal 
or  a  marriage.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  espousing; 
marriage.    2.  The  adoption  of  a  cause. 

es-py',  es-pai',  V.  [es-pied';  es-py'ing.]  I. 
t.  To  get  sight  of ;  discover;  observe  closely; 
explore.  11.  i.  To  keep  close  watch.  [< 
OF.  espier,  <  OHG.  spehon,  spy.] 

Es'qiii-inaii,  es'ki-mo,  n.    Same  as  Eskimo. 

es-quire',  es-cwair',  n.  1.  A  title  of  dignity, 
oftice,  or  courtesy.  2.  In  England,  a  landed 
proprietor;  squire.  3||.  A  knight's  attendant. 
[<  LL. ^  scuta7'iu8,  shield-bearer.] 

es-Bay%''es-8e\  vt.    To  try;  attempt. 

es'say,  es'e,  n.  1.  A  composition  on  some 
special  subject.  2.  An  endeavor;  attempt; 
effort.  [<  1,.^^+^^  exigo,  <  ea:,  out,  +  ago, 
drive.]  —  es'say-ist,  es'e-ist,  n.  1.  A  writer 
of  essays.    2.  One  who  makes  an  attempt. 

es'sence,  es'ens,  n.  1.  The  intrinsic  nature 
of  anything;  that  which  makes  a  thing  what  it 
is.  2.  Being  or  existence  in  the  abstract;  also, 
a  being,  especially  a  spiritual  being.  3.  A 
solution,  as  of  an 'essential  oil  in  alcohol.  4. 
Perfume;  scent.  [F.,  <  L.  essentia,  <  esse, 
be.]  —  es-sen'tial,  es-sen'shal.  I.  a.  1,  Per- 
taining to  the  essence  of  anything.  3.  Abso- 
lutely requisite.  3.  Having  real  existence.  II. 
n.  That  which  Is  essential  or  characteristic;  a 
necessary  element.— es-sen'tial-Iy,  adv. 

-est,  suffix.  Used  to  form  (1)  the  superlative  of 
adjectives,  and  (2)  the  second  person  singular  of 
present  and  past  Indicative.  [(1)  <  AS.  -est,  -ast, 
-ost,  -St.  (Compar.  -es,  >  -er,  -as,  >  -or,  +  emphat- 
ic <).  (2)  <  AS.  -est,  -ast,  -st,  <  pron.  t-,  thou.] 

es-tab'lisliS  es-tab'lish,  vt.  To  settle  or  fix 
firmly;  prove;  verify;  substantiate;  ratify; 
sanction.  [<  L.of  stabilio,  <  stabilis,  stable.] 
—  es-tab'lish-ineiit,  n.  1.  The  act  of  es- 
tablishing, or  the  state  of  being  established.  2. 
Some  thing  established,  as  a  body  of  employees, 
a  military  organization,  or  a  state  church. 

es-tate',  es-tet',  n.  1.  One's  entire  property; 
a  tract  of  land;  property  left  after  death.  2. 
Condition  or  state;  social  standing;  rank; 
dignity;  means.  3.  A  class  or  order  of  per- 
sons in  a  state.     [<  L.^r  status,  state.] 

es-teem',  es-tim'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  prize.  2. 
To  hold  in  estimation  (favorable  or  unfavor- 
able); value;  estimate.  II.  n.  1.  Favorable 
opinion,  as  that  based  on  moral  worth.  2. 
Character  that  commands  respect.  [<  L.*" 
xstimo,  value.] 


fiutiure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);   go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


esthetic 
evacuate 


168 


es-ttiet'ic,   (  es-thet'ic,  a.     1.  Pertaining  to 
aes-th-efic,  f  beauty,  taste,  or  tiie  fine  arts; 
artistic.    2.  Appreciating  or  loving  tlie  beanti- 
ful.     [<  Gr.  aisthetikos^  perceptive.] 

—  es'thete,  ses'thete,  n.  A  votary  of  art; 
a  possessor  of  or  a  pretender  to  fine  taste  and 
artistic  culture.— es-thet'ics,  tes-thefics, 
es-thet'lcs,  n.  The  science  of  beauty  and  taste; 
knowledge  of  the  fine  arts  and  art  criticism. 

es'ti-ina-'bl(e,  es'ti-ma-bl,  a.  1.  Deserving 
of  esteem.  2.  That  may  be  estimated  or  calcu- 
lated.— es'ti-ma-bly,  adv. 

es''ti-inate,  es'ti-met.  I.  tt.  [-ma'ted''; 
-ma'ting.]  1.  To  form  a  general  opinion 
about;  compute.  2.  To  assign  a  value  to; 
rate.  II.  es'ti-met  or  -met,  n.  A  valuation 
based  on  opinion  or  incomplete  data.  [<  L. 
asstimattis,  pp.  of  sesiimo,  value.]  —  es^'ti- 
ma'tion.  es"tl-m6'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
estimating,  or  the  conclusion  arrived  at;  an 
estimate.    '2.  Esteem;  regard. 

es-trang^e',  es-trenj',  vt.  [es-tranged'; 
es-tran'ging.]  1.  To  make  indifferent  or 
distant;  alienate.  2.  To  make  a  stranger. 
[  <  OF.  estranger,  <  estrange,  strange.] 

—  es-trange'ment,  n. 

es-tray',  es-tre',  n.  Law.  A  stray  or  un- 
claimed domestic  beast.     [<  F.  estraie.] 

es'tu-a-ry,  e8'chu-[or  -tiu-]6-ri,  n.  L-RIEs^ 
pi.]  A  wide  lower  part  of  a  tidal  river.  [< 
L.  sestuarium,  <  sestus,  tide.] 

-et.    A  diminutive  suffix.    [<  F.  -et,  -ette.l 

d''ta-gere',  €"tQ-zhar',  n.  An  ornamental  stand 
with  shelves;  a  what-not.    [<  F.  etaffe,  stage.  ] 

et  cet'e-ra»  et  set'e-ra.  And  other  things,  or  the 
rest;  and  so  forth:  abbreviated  etc.  and  dc.    [L.] 

etcllS  ech,  ?).  I.  t.  To  engrave  by  means  of 
a  corrosive  fluid;  also,  by  incising  lines  with  a 
pointed  instrument.  II.  i.  To  practise  the 
art  of  etching.     [<  G.^  dtzen,  corrode,  etch.] 

—  etch'iiiKt  ech'lng,  n.  1.  A  process  of  en- 
graving In  which  lines  are  scratched  with  a  nee- 
dle on  a  plate  covered  with  wax  or  other  coating, 
and  the  parts  thus  exposed  are  subjected  to  the 
biting  of  an  acid.  a.  An  Impression  from  an 
etched  plate. 

e-ter'nal,  g-tgr'nal,  a.  Having  neither  be- 
ginning nor  end  of  existence;  infinite  in  dura- 
tion; everlasting;  timeless;  immutable;  also, 
of  or  pertaining  to  eternity.     [<  L.of  sefeJ^nus, 

<  sevi/m,  age.]  —  e-ter'nal-ly,  adv.   Without 
beginning  or  end;  throughout  eternity;  forever. 

o-ter'ni-ty,  §-tsr'ni-ti,  n.  [-tiess  pi.]  1. 
Infinite  duration  or  existence.  2.  Endless 
time.  3.  Immortality.  4.  That  which  is 
eternal  or  immortal. 

either,  t'thgr,  ?i.  1.  A  colorless  volatile  liquid 
made  by  the  action  of  sulfuric  acid  on 
alcohol:  used  as  an  anesthetic.  2.  A  supposed 
medium  filling  all  space,  through  which  the 
vibrations  of  light,  heat,  and  electric  action  are 
propagated.  3.  The  upper  air.  [  <  Gr.^  aithSr, 

<  ait/id,  burn.] 

e-the're-al,  e-tht'rg-al,  a.  Having  the  nature 
of  ether  or  air;  light;  airy;  subtile-  aerial. 

—  e-tlie're-al-ize  or-ise,  r.  t,  t.  1 .  To 
make  ethereal;  snlrltuallze.  <■£.  To  change  into 
ether.  11./.  To  become  ethereal. —e'ther-ize 
or  -ine,  rt.   To  subject  to  the  Influence  of  other. 

eth'lc-al,  eth'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  ethics  or  morals.  [<  Gr-JJ-  fthikos,  <  Uhos, 
character.]  —  eth'lc-al-ly,ad». 


eth.'ics,  eth'ics,  7z.  1.  The  science  of  human 
duty;  moral  science.  2.  The  basic  principles 
of  right  action. 

E''tlii-o'pi-an,  I"thi-o'pi-an.  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  derived  from  Ethiopia.  2.  Afri- 
can; negro.  II.  n.  1.  A  negro.  2.  A  native  of 
ancient  Ethiopia.  [  <  Gv.^'Aithiopia,  Ethiopia.] 
iEniii-o'pi-aiii.— E'thi-opi,  I'thi-ep.  I. 
a.  Ethiopian;  also,  negro;  black.  II.  n.  An 
Ethiopian,  ^'tlii-opt.— E''tlii-op'ic,  t"thl- 
ep'ic,  11.    The  language  of  ancient  Ethiopia. 

et'i-q.uette'^  et'i-ket",  n.  The  usages  of  po- 
lite society  or  professional  intercourse.  [<  F. 
etiquette;  see  ticket.] 

ef'y-mol'o-gy,  et'i-mel'o-ji,  n.  [-gies^,  pi.] 
1.  That  branch  of  philology  which  treats  of 
the  derivation  of  words;  also,  an  account  of 
the  derivation  of  a  particular  word.  2.  The 
branch  of  grammar  that  treats  of  the  parts  of 
speech  ana  their  inflections.  [<  Gr.  etymon, 
the  true  (sense) ;  and  see  -ology.]  —  et'^y-mo- 
logr'ic-al,  a.  Relating  to  or  founded  upon  ety- 
mology, ef  y-mo-loif'ici:.— efy-iiio-log'- 
ic-al-ly,  od».— efy-mol'o-gist,  ?i.  A  stu- 
dent of  or  one  versed  m-etymology. 

eu'clia-rist,  yu'ca-rist,  n.  The  Lord's  Sup- 
per. [<  Gr.i'''  eucharistia,  <  eu,  well,  + 
c^aM'5,  rejoice.]— eu^'cha-ris'tic,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  eucharlst.  2.  Expressive  of 
thanks,    eu'^cba-ris'tic-alt. 

eu'clire,  yu'kgr.  I.  vt.  [eu'chred;  eu'- 
CHRiNG.]  In  the  game  of  euchre,  to  check  (an 
opponent);  hence,  to  outwit  or  defeat.    II.  «. 

I.  A  game  of  cards.    2.  The  act  of  euchring. 
[Cp.  G.  jucks,  joke.] 

eu'lo-gy,  yii'lo-ji,  «.  [-gies^p?.]  A  spoken 
or  written  laudation  of  a  person's  life  or 
character.  [<  Gr.iJ- e^/to^/io,  praise,  <e?/,  well, 
+  lego,  speak.]  eu-io'gi-umt.— eii'Io- 
gist,  n.  The  author  of  a  eulogy;  one  who 
speaks  In  high  or  extravagant  praise.— eii^'lo- 
gis'tic,  a.  Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
eulogy;  expressing  high  praise.  e\i^'\o-«.\»' • 
tic-alt.— eu'lo-srize  or  -gise.  vt.  [-gized; 
-Gi'ziNG.]    To  speak  or  write  a  eulogy  upon. 

eu'nucb.,  yu'nuc,  n.  An  emasculated  man;  an 
Oriental  palace  official;  a  chamberlain.  [< 
Gr.i-  eune,  bed,  -f  echo,  have,  keep.] 

eu'plie*]iiism,  yri'f§-mizm,  n.  A  mild  or 
agreeable  expression  for  something  disagree- 
able. [<  Gr.  euphetnisrnos,  <  eu,  well,  .-f 
phlmi,  speak.] — eii'^phe-inis'tic,  a. 

eu'phio-ny,  yil'fo-ni,  n.  [-nies»,  pi.]  1. 
Agreeableness  of  sound.  2.  Well-sounding 
combination  or  arrangement  of  words.  [< 
Gr.iJ'ew,  well, -f  ;>/<o«?,  voice.]  —  eu-phon'ic, 
yu-fen'lc,  rt.  Pertaining  to  euphony;  eiiphonlous. 
—  eu-pho'ni-ous.  yu-fO'nl-us,  a.  Character- 
ized by  euphony;  well -sounding,  as  a  word. 

tMi-re'ka,  yu-rl'ka  or  hlu-rd'ka,  excl.  I  have 
found  (it).    [Gr.] 

Eu"ro-pe'an,  yfl'ro-pt'an.  I.  a.  Relating 
to  or  derived  from  Europe  or  its  inhabitants. 

II.  n.    A  native  of   Europe;    a  descendant 
of  Europeans. 

e-vac^u-ate,  §-vac'yu-et,  r.  [-a'ted'';  -a'- 
TiNo.]  I.  /.  1.  To  abandon  possession  of 
by  withdrawing  from,  as  a  fortress.  2.  To 
eject  or  discharge,  as  from  the  bowels.  3.  To 
make  empty.  II.  i.  To  pass  or  flow  out.  [  < 
L.  e,  out,  +  vacuus,  empty.]  —  e-vac"ii.«'- 
tlon,   g-vac'yu-6'8hun,  »i.    1 .  The  act  of  evac- 


papfi,  98k;  nt,  air;  element,  they,  uwge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


169 


evade 
exact 


uating,  or  that  which  is  evacuated.    2.   The  act 
of  making  void  or  null,  as  a  contract. 

e-vade',  §-ved',  v.  [e-va'ded<';  e-va'ding.] 
I.  t.  To  avoid  by  artifice;  elude;  baffle.  II.  i. 
To  practise  artifice  in  order  to  elude  or  escape. 
[<  L.  evaclo^  <  e,  from,  -(-  vado,  go.] 

ev^a-nes'cent,  ev"a-nes'snt,  a.  Passing 
away,  or  liable  to  pass  away,  gradually  or  im- 
perceptibly. [<  L.  evanesco,  vanish.]  —  ev"a- 
nes'ceiice,  ??.— ev'^a-nes^cent-ly,  adv. 

e-van'gel,  §-van'jel,  n.  Good  news;  a  gospel. 
[<  Gr.  euangelion,  <  en,  well,  4-  angelos,  mes- 
senger.]—  ev''an-geFic-al,  ev"an-jel'ic-al.  I. 
a.  1 .  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  gospel  or  the  four 
Gospels.  2.  Holding  or  conformed  to  the  fun- 
damental doctrines  of  the  gospel.  3.  Spiritually 
minded;  evangelistic.  II.  n.  One  who  holds 
evangelical  doctrines.  ev^'an-gePicJ.— ev''- 
an-gel'ic-al-ly,  arfw.— e-van'grel-ism,  n. 
Zeal  in  spreading  the  gospel.— -e-van'gel-ist, 
71.  1.  A  traveling  revivalist,  ti.  One  of  the 
four  writers  of  the  Gospels. 

e-vap'o-rate,  g-vap'o-ret,  v.  [-ra''ted'1; 
-RA'TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  convert  into  vapor, 
as  by  heat.  2.  To  remove  moisture  from  by 
drying  or  heating.  II.  i.  To  become  vapor; 
pass  off  like  vapor.  [<  L.^l  e,  out,  +  vap(yt\ 
VAPOR.]  —  e-vap^'o-ra'tloii,  v.  1 .  The  act  of 
changing  or  being  changed  into  vapor,  ti.  The 
act  of  drying  or  concentrating.— e-vap'o-ra''- 
tor,  11.  An  apparatus  for  drying  substances,  as 
fruits,  by  evaporation. 

e-va'sion,  g-ve'zhun,  n.  The  act,  means,  or 
result  of  evading;  equivocation;  subterfuge. 
[  <  L.i'i'  evado,  evade.]  —  e-va'8iv(e,  a.  Tend- 
ing or  seeking  to  evade;  marked  by  evasion;  elu- 
sive,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

eve,  IV,  n.  1.  The  evening  before  a  church 
festival  or  other  event.  2.  The  time  imme- 
diately preceding  some  event.  3.  [Poet.] 
Evening.     [<AS.«/(?n.] 

e'ven,  I'vn,  v.  I.  t.  To  make  even  or  level; 
balance.  II.  i.  To  be  or  become  even  in  any 
way.     [<  AS.  efnan,  <  efen;  see  even,  a.] 

e'ven,  a.  1.  Free  from  inequalities  or  irregu- 
larities; level;  uniform;  equal.  2.  Divisible  oy 
2  without  remainder:  said  of  numbers.  [<  AS. 
efen,  efn,  even,  equal.]    -ly,  adv.    -hess,  n. 

e'veu,  i'vn,  n.  [Archaic  or  Poet.]  Evening,  or 
the  eve  before  an  event.  [ <  AS.  s^e7i.}—  e'ven- 
tide'^  n.    The  time  of  evening. 

e'ven,  arfiJ.  1.  To  a  like  degree;  at  the  very 
time;  fully;  quite.  2.  As  much  as;  so  far  as. 
3.  Evenly.     [<  AS.  efne,  <  efen;  even,  a.] 

eve'ning,  Iv'ning,  71.  The  closing  part  of  the 
day.     [<  AS.  sefnung,  <  iefen,  evening.] 

e-vent',  g-vent',  «.  1.  Anything  that  happens 
or  comes  to  pass.  2.  The  result  or  outcome  of 
any  action.  3.  A  contingent  occurrence  or 
state  of  things.  4.  One  incident  in  a  series,  as 
of  games.     [  <  L.  e,  out,  -\-  venio,  come.] 

—  e-vent'ful,  a.    Attended  or  characterized 
by  important  or  noteworthy  events;  momentous. 

e-ven'tu-al,  g-ven'chu-al  or  -tiu-al,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  being  a  result;  consequential ; 
ultimate.  2.  Dependent  upon  a  final  contin- 
gency.—e-ven'^ru-aPi-ty,  n.  [ties^,  pi.}  The 
character  of  happening  contingently  or  as  a  re- 
sult.—e-veii'tii-al-ly,  adv.  Ultimately;  fi- 
nally.—e-veii'tii-ate,  Vi.  [-A"TEDd;  -a'TING.] 
1.  To  have  a  particular  result;  turn  out.  2.  To 
be  the  event  or  issue;  happen. 

ev'er,  ev'gr,  adv.    1.  At  any  time;  in  any  case; 


in  any  degree;  at  all.  2.  Under  all  circum- 
stances; always;  perpetually.     [<  AS.  sefi'e.] 

—  ev'er-creen''.  I.  a.  Retaining  verdure 
throughout  the  year;  always  fresh.  II.  n.  An 
evergreen  tree  or  plant.—  ev''er-last'ing.  I. 
a.  1.  Lasting  forever;  eternal.  2.  Intermina- 
ble; Incessant;  also,  exceedingly  durable     II.  n. 

1.  Past  or  future  endless  duration;  eternity.  2. 
A  plant  whose  flowers  retain  their  form  and  col- 
ors when  dried,  -ly,  ad».— ev'er-more'', 
adv.    During  all  time;  always. 

ev'er-glade'',  ev'^r-gled",  71.  A  tract  of  low 
swampy  land  covered  with  tall  grass. 

eve'ry,  ev'ri  or  ev'gr-i.  I.  a.  1.  Each,  as  of  an 
aggregate  of  individuals;  all  taken  one  by  one. 

2.  All  possible.  II.  pron.  Every  one;  each. 
[<  AS.  stfre  (see  ever)  +  ielc;  see  each.] 

—  eve'ry-bod'^y,  m.  Every  person;  people 
In  general.— eve'rysday^',  a.  Suitable  for  every 
day;  ordinary:  usual.— eve'ry-thing,  7i.  Each 
one  In  a  collection  or  number  of  things;  whatever 
exists;  something  supremely  Important.—  eve'- 
ry-where",  adv.    At  or  In  every  place. 

e-viet''i,  g-vict',  vt.  1.  To  dispossess  by  legal 
process;  oust;  expel  forcibly.  2.  To  take  away, 
as  property.  [<  L.  evictus,  pp.,  <  e,  out,  -f 
vinco,  conquer.]  —  e-vic'tion,  n.  The  act  of 
evicting;  forcible  ejectment. 

ev'i-dence,  ev'i-dgns.  I.  vt.  [-denced'; 
-den-cing.]  To  make  evident;  show  clearly; 
prove.  II.  n.  A  fact,  or  body  of  facte,  on  which 
a  judgment  is  based;  proof.  [<  L.  evidetitia, 
clearness.]  — ev'i-dent,  a.  Plain  or  manifest, 
as  to  the  mind  or  the  senses;  obvious,    -ly,  adv. 

e'vil,  I'vl.  I.  a.  1.  Morally  bad;  wrong; 
wicked;  sinful.  2.  Injurious;  unwholesome; 
noxious.  3.  Calamitous;  sorrowful.  4.  Of  ill 
repute.  II.  71.  1.  Wicked  conduct  or  dis- 
position; moral  depravity.  2.  Injury;  afflic- 
tion; calamity.  111.  adv.  In  an  evil  manner. 
r<  AS.  j{/e;.] —king's  evil,  scrofula:  once 
supposed  "to  be  curable  by  a  monarch's  touch. 

e-vince',  g-vins',  vt.  [e-vinced'';  e-vin'cing.] 
To  show  plainly  or  certainly;  make  evident. 
[<  L.  e,  out,  +  vinco,  conquer.] 

e-vis'cer-ate,  g-vis'gr-et,  vt.  [-a"ted<>;  -a"-. 
TING.]  To  disembowel.  [<  L.  e,  ont, -\- vis- 
cera,  entrails.]  —  e-vis''cer-a'tion,  n. 

e- voice',  g-vOk',  vt.  [e-voked";  e-vo'king.] 
To  call  forth  or  out.  [<  L.  e,  out,  +  ^oco, 
call.] 

ev'^o-lu'tlon,  ev"o-lii'shun  or  -liQ'shun,  n. 
The  act  of  evolving;  development;  growth. 
[<  L.  evolutio{n-),  <  evolutus,  pp.  of  evolvo; 
see  EVOLVE.] 

e-volve',  e-velv',  vt.  &  vi.  [e-volved'; 
E-voLv'iNG.]  To  unfold  or  expand;  develop; 
open;  unfold.  [<  L.  evolvo,  unroll,  <  e,  out, 
-f  volvo,  roll.] 

ewe,  yu,  71.    A  female  sheep.    [<  AS.  eowu.] 

ew'er,  yu'gr,  n.  A  wide«mouthed  water- 
pitcher.    [<  L.oF  aqiiarius,  of  water.] 

ex-,  prefix.  Out;  out  of;  oft;  beyond:  used  also 
with  privative  and  intensive  force.  Prefixed  to 
a  word  denoting  oflice,  it  Indicates  one  who  for- 
merly occupied  the  position;  as,  ea;«President. 
[<  L.  ex-,  <  ex,  from;  or  <  Gr.  ex,  from.] 

ex-act',  egz-act'.  I^.vt.  To  compel  the  yield- 
ing or  payment  of;  extort;  require  peremptori- 
ly. II.  a.  Perfectly  conformed  to  a  standard; 
precise;  accurate;  methodical.  [<  L.  exigo, 
drive  out,  determine,  <  ex,  out,  -f-  (IQO,  drive.] 


fiutifire    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ©11;    c   (k);    chat;    dli   {the);   go;   sing,  ink;   thin. 


exag:g:erate 
excommunicate 


170 


—  ex-act'er,    n.      ex-act'ort.  —  ex-act'- 

ing,  j»rt.  Making  unreasonable  or  Inconsiderate 
demands;  taxing;  arduous. —ex-ac'tioii,  egz- 
ac'shun,  n.  The  act  of  exacting  or  something 
exacted;  a  compulsory  levy.— ex-act'ly,  adv. 

—  ex-act'nes8,  «.    ex-act'i-tudei. 
ex-ag^ger-ate,    egz-aj'gr-et,    v.    [-a'ted'': 

-a"ting.]  I.  t.  To  represent  extravagantly; 
overstate.  II.  i.  To  use  exaggeration.  [< 
L.  exaggero.,  heap  up,  <  ex,  out,  4-  agger,  heap.] 
—  ex-ag'^'ger-a'tion,  n.  The  act  of  exag- 
gerating; overstatement;  hyperbole. 

ex-alt'"*,  egz-elt',  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  raise  or  elevate; 
increase;  heighten.  2.  To  magnify;  dignify; 
glorify.  3.  To  elate.  II.  i.  To  produce  ex- 
altation; promote.  [<  L.^  ex,  out,  +  alttis, 
high.]  — ex^'al-ta'tion, «.  The  act  of  exalting, 
or  the  state  of  being  exalted;  promotion;  elation. 

ex-am'in(e ,  egz-am'in,  vt.  [-in(e)d  ;  -in-ing.] 
To  inspect  or  scrutinize  with  care;  investigate 
critically;  test,  as  by  questions  or  exercises. 
[  <  F.  examiner,  <  L.  examino,  <  exigo;  see 
EXACT,  a.]  — ex-am''i.na''tion,  n.  The  act  or 
process  of  examining  or  being  examined. 

ex-am'ple,  egz-am'p],  n.  1.  A  thing  or  per- 
son suitable  to  be  used  as  a  copy.  2.  An  in- 
stance of  something  to  be  avoided.  3.  A  sam- 
ple; illustration.  4.  A  problem  to  be  solved. 
5.  A  precedent;  parallel.  [<1j.^^  exemplum, 
<  ex,  out,  4-  emptns,  pp.  of  emo,  buy.] 

ex-as'per-ate,  egz-as'pgr-et,  vt.  [-a'ted^; 
-A'TiNG.]  1.  To  irritate  exceedingly;  enrage. 
2.  To  aggravate;  intensify;  inflame.  [<  L. 
ex,  out,  -f  asper,  rough.]  — ex-as'^per-a'tion, 
11.    The  act  of  exasperating;  extreme  anger. 

ex'ca-vate,  ex'ca-vet,  vt.  [-va'ted'';  -va"- 
TiNG.]  To  dig  or  cut  into;  make  by  digging 
out;  remove  or  uncover  by  digging.  [<  L.  ex, 
out,  +  cavus,  hollow.]  —  ex^'ca-va'tion,  n. 
A  digging  out;  a  cavity  or  hollow  so  formed.— 
ex'ca»va''tor,  n. 

ex-ceed.'<*,  ec-std',  v.  I.  t.  To  go  beyond,  as 
in  quantity,  measure,  or  value;  surpass.  II.  i. 
1.  To  go  beyond  bounds  or  too  far.  2.  To 
preponderate.  [<  L.^^  excedo,  <  ex,  forth,  -|- 
cedo,  go.]  —  ex-ceed'ing,  pa.  Greater  than 
usual;  surpassing.— ex-ceett'iiig-ly,arf».  Ex- 
tremely; remarkably. 

ex-cel', ec-sel', v.  [ex-celled'; ex-cel'ling.] 
I.  /.  To  go  beyond  or  above,  properly  in  some- 
thing good  or  admirable;  surpass.  1.1,  i.  To 
surpass  another  or  others.  [<  L.^  excello,  < 
ex,  out,  +  celftiis,  raised.] —cx'cel-Ieiioe,  n. 
1,  Possession  of  eminently  good  qualities.  *Z,  A 
superior  trait.— ex'ct'I-Ien-cy,  n.  (-cie8»,  ^j/.] 
1 .  An  honorary  tltlt;  ttf  various  high  officials,  "i, 
Kxct'llence.— <»x'('el-I««iit,  a.  Having  good 
qualities  in  a  high  degree.    -|j',  adv. 

ex-cersi-or,  ec-sel'si-Sr.  I.  a.  still  Ijigher; 
ever  upward.  II.  n.  A  packing-material  com- 
posed of  long,  fine  wood'shavingB.     [L.] 

ex-cept'"*,  ec-sept',  v.  I.  /.  To  leave  out; 
omit.  II.  i.  To  object;  take  exception:  with 
to.     [  <  L.  ex,  out,  4-  capio,  take.] 

ex-cept'.  prep.    With  tlie  exception  of. 

ex-cept'.  ro/y.      If  not  that;  unless. 

ex-cept'ing,  prep.  &  conj.    Except. 

ex-cep'tion,  ec-sep'shon,  fj.  1.  That  which 
is  excluded,  as  from  a  list.  2.  'I'he  act  of  ex- 
cepting; exclusion.  — ex-ce|)'lIon-a-bl(e,  a. 
Open  to  exception  or  objection.—  ex-rep'tlou> 
al«  a.    Unusual  or  unconnnon;  superior. 


ex-cerpt',  ec-sgrpt',  n.  An  extract,  as  from  a 
book.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  -f-  carpo,  pluck.] 

ex-cess',  ec-ses',  n.  1.  That  which  passes 
the  ordinary,  reasonable,  or  required  limit. 
2.  Inordinate  gratification  of  appetite.  3. 
The  amount  by  which  one  thing  is  greater  than 
another;  overplus.  \^<'L.^ excesms,  <  excedo; 
see  EXCEED.] —ex-cess'iv(e,  a.  Being  in, 
tending  to,  or  marked  by  excess;  immoderate; 
extreme,    -ly,  adri.    -ness,  7i. 

ex-change',  ex-chenj',  v.  [ex-changed'; 
ex-chan'ging.]  I.  t.  To  part  with  in  return 
for  an  equivalent;  barter;  interchange.  11.  i. 
To  be  given  or  received  in  exchange;'  make  an 
exchange.  [<  LL.  excatyiMo,  <  ex,  out,  -f- 
cainbio,  exchange.] 

ex-change',  ex-chenj',  n.  1.  The  act  of 
exchanging;  barter;  trade.  2.  Transition.  3. 
Tliat  which  is  interchanged.  4.  Com.  A  place 
where  merchants  effect  exchanges.  5.  A  cen- 
tral telephone'oftice.—  ex-change"»-bil'i.ty, 
".— ex-chaiige'a-bl(e,  ex-ch^nj'a-bl,  a.  1, 
That  may  be  exchanged.  "2.  Connected  with 
exchange. 

ex-clieq.'uer,  ex-chek'gr,  n.  1.  The  treasury 
of  a  state;  finances;  pecuniary  resources.  2. 
[E-]  [Eng.]  A  court  or  department  treating 
matters  connected  with  the  public  revenue. 
[<  OF.  eschequier,  chess-boara.] 

ex-cise'i,  ec-saiz',  vt.  [ex-cised';  ex-ci'- 
siNG.]  To  cut  out  or  off.  [  <  L.  ex,  out,  -f 
caedo,  cut.]  —  ex-ci'sion,  ec-sizh'un,  n.  The 
act  of  excising;  removal  of  a  part;  extirpation. 

ex-cise'2,  t'/.  To  levy  a  tax  upon.— ex-ci'- 
8a-bl(e,  a.    Taxable. 

ex-cise',  /;.  A  charge  levied  upon  commodities, 
especially  upon  liquors.  [<  F.  accise,  corr.  of 
assis,  taxes.] 

ex-cite',  ec-sait',  vt.  [ex-ci'ted<«;  kx-ci'- 
TiNG.]  To  produce  agitation  in;  stimulate; 
bring  about,  as  by  stimulating.  [  <  L.^  ex,  out, 
+  cteo,  call.J  — ex.cl"ta-bll'l-ty,  «.— ex-cl'- 
ta-bl(e,  a.  Easily  excited.— ex-cl'tant,  ec- 
sal'tant.  I,  o.  Adapted  to  excite  or  stimulate. 
II.  n.  That  which  tends  to  excite  or  stimulate. 
—  ex-cite'ment,  n.  1.  The  act  of  exciting, 
or  that  which  excites.  »i.  The  st.ite  of  being  ex- 
cited. (!x"ci-ta'tiont.— ex-ci'ter,  7i.— ex- 
ci'tiug,  pa.  Of  a  nature  to  excite;  stirring; 
rousing.    -ly,  adv. 

ex-claim',  ex-cl6m',  rt.  &  vi.  To  cry  out 
abrujjtly  or  with  passion.  [<  L.  ex.  out,  -|- 
clamo,  cry.]  —  ex'^cla-ma'tlon,  n.  1.  Clam- 
orous or  "itasslonate  outcry,  ri.  An  abrupt  or 
eniiiliatic  expression;  an  Interjection.  3.  Anex- 
olamatloii.iiiark  (!).~(>x-claiii'a-to-ry,  a.  1, 
Of  the  nature  of  exclamation.  "Z*  Given  to  the 
use  of  exclamation.    ex-claiii'a-tiv(et* 

ex-clude',  ex-clQd',  vt.  [ex-clu'dkd'';  ex- 
CLU'DiNG.]  To  shut  out;  debar;  reject;  eject. 
[<  \,.ex,  out,  +daii(lo,  shut.]  —  ex-olu'ulon, 
ex-cin'zhun,  u.  The  act  of  excluding,  or  the  state 
of  being  excluded;  that  whldi  Is  excluded.—  ex- 
cIu'mIv(«s  ex-clfl'slv.a.  Of  a  nature  or  tendency 
to  exclude,  as  from  participation  or  from  social 
relations,    -ly,  ittlv.    -iieMM,  n. 

ex"com-mu'ni-cate,  ex'c^in-miQ'ni-kCt. 
I.  rt.  [cA'TKi)-';  -CA"TING.]  1.  To  cut  off 
from  church'membership  and  conmiunion.  jB. 
To  exiwl  in  disgrace.  II.  a.  Excommunicated. 
111.11.  An  excomnumicated  person.  [<L.'^ 
ex,  out,  -4-  cmtwumico,  share,  communicate.] 
—  ex''coin-mu'nl-ca''lor,  «.— ex'^coin- 


I>«p<i,  gsk;  at,  ftlr;  el§nicnt,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (e«);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


171 


excoriate 
exhilarate 


mu'^ni-ca'tion,  n.  The  act  of  excommunica- 
ting, or  the  state  of  havingbeen  excommunicated. 
ex-co'ri-ate,  ex-co'ri-et,  vt.  [-a'ted^; 
-A'TiNG.]  To  etrip  off  the  skin  or  covering  of; 
abrade:  gall.  [<  L'^  ex,  off,  -{-coriwn,  ekin.] 

—  ex-co'^ri-a'tion,  n. 
ex'cre-ment,  ex'cre-mgnt,  n.   Kef  use  matter 

discharged  from  an  animal  body;  feces.  [<  L. 
excremeriHim,  <  ex^  out,  -f  cerno,  separate.] 

ex-cres'cence,  ex-cres'ens,  n.  An  un- 
natural or  disfiguring  outgrowth.  [<  1,.  ex- 
cresce?}tia,  <  ex,  out,  +  cresco,  grow.]  —  ex- 
cres'cent,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertahiing 
to  an  excrescence;  superfluous. 

ex-crete',  ex-crit',  vt.  [ex-cre'ted'^;  ex- 
cre'ting.]  To  throw  off  (waste  matter)  by 
normal  discharge.  [<  L.  ex,  out,  -|-  cer7W, 
separate.] —ex-cre'tioii,  71.  The  act  of  ex- 
creting; matter  excreted. 

ex-cru'ci-ate,  ex-cru'shi-et,  vt.  [-a".ted<'; 
-A'TING.]  To  inflict  extreme  pain  or  agony 
upon;  torture.  [<  L.  ex,  ont, -\- cmx  (cnic-), 
cross.] — ex-cru'''ci-a''tion,  n.    Torture. 

ex-cul'pate,  ex-cul'pet,  vt.  [-pa'ted^;  -pa'- 
TiNG.]  To  exonerate;  excuse.  [<  ex-  -|- 
L.  ct/lpo,  blame,  <  culpa,  fault.]  —  ex^'cul- 
pa^tion,  «.— ex-ciiFpa-to-ry,  a. 

ex-cur'sion,  ex-cur'shun,  n.  1.  A  short 
journey,  usually  for  pleasure.  2.  A  body  of 
excursionists  collectively.  3.  A  digression. 
[<  L.  ex,  out,  -f  mrro,  run.]  — ex-ciir'sion-lst, 
n.  One  who  makes  an  excursion.— ex-ciir'- 
8iv(e,  ex-cOr'8lv,  a.  1.  Given  to  making 
excursions;  wandering.  3.  Desultory;  erratic; 
digressive. 

ex-cuse',  ex-kiuz',  vt.  [ex-cused';  ex-cu'- 
siNG.]  1.  To  exculpate;  vindicate.  2.  To 
pardon  and  overlook.  3.  To  offer  or  serve  as 
excuse  for;  justify.  4.  To  release  from  a 
service.  5.  To  remit,  as  a  demand  or  claim. 
[<  L.I'  excuso,  <  ex,  from,  -f  cansa,  charge.] 

—  ex-cii'sa-bKe,  a.  Admitting  of  excuse 
or  pardon;  justltiable.—  ex-cu'sa-bly,  adv. 

ex-cuse',  ex-kiQs',  n.  1.  A  plea  in  extenua- 
tion of  an  offense,  neglect,  or  failure.  2.  The 
act  of  excusing.    3.  A  reason  for  excusing, 

ex'e-crate,  ex'§-cret,  vt.  [-cra"ted«';  -cra"- 
TiNG.]  To  curse,  or  call  down  evil  upon.  [< 
L.  ex,  out,  -I-  sacer,  sacred.]  —  ex'e-cra-bl(e, 
a.  Worthy  01  execration;  abominable;  accursed. 
—  ex'e-cra-bly,  o<?v.— ex'^e-cra'tioii,  n. 
1,  The  act  of  execrating;  Imprecation;  maledic- 
tion.   2.  An  accursed  thing. 

ex'e-cute,  ex'e-kiut,  v.  [-cu"ted<»;  -cu'ting.] 

1.  /.    1.  To  carry  through;  effect;  accomplish. 

2.  To  put  to  death  in  accordance  with  legal 
sentence.  II.  i.  To  perform  or  accomplish 
something.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  -f  seqi/or,  follow.] 

—  ex'e-cu'''ter,  ?i.  One  who  executes.—  ex- 
ec'ii-tor,  egz-ec'yu-tgr,  n.  1.  Law.  A  person 
nominated  by  the  will  of  another  to  execute  a 
will.  3.  Same  as  EXEcuTER.- ex-ec'u-to-ry, 
a.  Pertaining  to  execution;  executive;  adminis- 
trative.—ex-ec'ii-trix  or  -tress,  n.  pi.  A 
woman  who  serves  as  an  executor. 

ex''e-cu'tion,  ex"§-kiu'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  executing.  2.  A  judicial  writ.  3.  The 
signing,  as  of  a  deed.  4.  The  infliction  of 
capitalpunishment.  5.  Style  of  performance; 
technical  skill,  as  in  music  or  art.  6.  Effect- 
ive work.— ex'^e-cu'tion-er,  n.  One  who 
executes  a  death  sentence. 


ex-ec'u-tiv(e,  egz-ec'yu-tiv.  I.  a.  Having 
the  function  of  executing;  administrative.  II. 
97.  An  official  personage  or  body  charged  with 
the  administration  of  a  government. 

ex^'e-ge'sis,  ex''§-ji'8is,  n.  [-ses,  -stz  w  -ses, 
pi.]  Explanation  or  interpretation,  as  of  the 
Bible.     [  <  Gr.  exegesis,  <  exegemnai,  explain.] 


—  ex^'e-gefic,  ex''§-jet'lc,  a.  Pertaining  to 
exegesis;  expository;  explanatory,  ex'^e-iret'- 
ic-alj. 

ex-em'plar,  egz-em'plar,  n.  A  model;  pat- 
tern; example;  specimen.  [<  L.  exemplar, < 
exemphmi:  see  example,  w.]  —  ex'em-pla-ry , 
egz'em-ple-rl,  a.    Serving  as  a  model  or  warning. 

ex-em'pn-fy,  egz-em'pli-fai,  vt.  [-fied, 
-faid;  -fy"ing.]  To  show  or  explain  by 
example  ;  illustrate.  [<  L."-  exemplnm, 
EXAMPLE,  +  facio,  make.]  —  ex-era'^pli-fl- 
ca'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  exemplifying.  3. 
An  example. 

ex-empt',  egz-empt'.  I^.  vt.  To  free  or  ex- 
cuse from  gome  burdensome  obligation.  II.  a. 
Free,  clear,  or  excused,  as  from  some  restric- 
tion or  burden.  III.  n.  A  person  who  is  ex- 
empted, as  from  military  service.  [<  L.  ex, 
out,  -\-  emo,  buy,  take.] —  ex-em p'tion,  egz- 
emp'shtrn,  n  Freedom  or  Imlimnlty,  as  from 
some  liability,  requirement,  or  evil. 

ex'er-cise,  ex'gr-saiz,  v.  [-cised;  -ci"sing.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  employ  actively;  exert;  train  by 
practise.  2.  To  make  anxious  in  mind.  II. 
i.    To  use  exertion;  take  exercise. 

ex'er-cise,  n.  1.  A  putting  into  use,  action, 
or  practise.  2.  Activity  for  health,  develop- 
ment, or  training.  311.  An  act  of  worship;  a 
religious  service.  [<  L.  exerceo,  exercise,  < 
ex,  out,  -\-  arceo,  keep  off.] 

ex-ert'<',  egz-grt',  vt.  To  put  forth,  or  put  in 
action,  as  force  or  faculty.  [<  L.  ex,  out,  -f- 
sero,  join.]  —  ex-er'tion,  egz-gr'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  putting  some  power  or  faculty  Into  vigor- 
ous action;  a  strong  effort. 

ex-bale',  ex-hel',  vt.  &vi.  [ex-haled';  ex- 
ha'ling.]  To  breathe  forth;  send  out,  as  a 
vapor  or  perfume;  emit;  evaporate.  [<  L.^ 
ex,  out,  4-  halo,  breathe.]  —  ex'^ha-la'tion,  n. 
A  breathing  out;  anything  exhaled;  an  emitted 
vapor  or  fume. 

ex-iiaust''',  egz-est',  vt.  1.  To  draw  off  en- 
tirely, as  a  liquid.  2.  To  empty,  as  a  recepta- 
cle, by  draining  off  the  contents.  3.  To  reduce; 
weaken;  impoverish.  4.  To  examine  or  discuss 
with  absolute  completeness.  —  ex-hausfi- 
bil'i-ty,  «.  —  ex-haust'i-bl(e,  a.  — ex- 
haus'tion,  egz-es'chun,  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  exhausting,  or  the  state  of  being  exhausted; 
deprivation  of  strength  or  energy.— ex- 
haiist'ing:,  pa.  Producing  or  tending  to  pro- 
duce exhaustion;  wearying;  weakening.  —  ex- 
haiist'iv(e,  a.  Having  the  effect  or  tendency 
to  exhaust,  as  by  thorough  and  complete  discus- 
sion, -ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.— ex-baust'less, 
a.    Inexhaustible. 

ex-hilj'it,  egz-ib'it.  F.  vt.  &  vi.  To  set  forth 
for  inspection;  present  to  view;  display.  II. 
n.  1.  Any  object  or  objects  exhibited.  2. 
Tmw.  a  document  or  object  marked  for  use 
as  evidence.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  +  habeo,  havej 

—  ex'^hi-bi'tion,  ex'hl-bish'un,  ?i.  1.  The 
act  of  exhibiting;  display.  "Z.  Anything  exhib- 
ited; a  show.—  ex-hib'it-or,  n.  One  who  ex- 
hibits,   ex-hib'it'ert. 

ex-hil'a-rate,  egz-il'a-ret,  vt.      [-ra'ted""; 


flutiure  (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  (the);   go;  sing,  i^ik;  thin. 


exhort 
expedite 


172 


-RA'TiNG.]    To  enliven;  cheer;  stimulate.    [< 
L.  exhilaratus,  pp.  of  exhilaro,  gladden.] 

—  ex-hil'a-rant.  I.  a.  Causing  exbllara- 
tlon.  II.  n.  Something  that  exhilarates.— ex- 
liil^a-ra'tion,  ?i. 

ex-hort''',  egz-ert/,  ??.  I.  t.  To  incite  to  well- 
doing  by  earnest  appeal  or  argument;  admon- 
ish. II.  i.  To  deliver  or  practise  exhortation. 
[<  IjJex,  out,  4-  hortor,  urge.]  —  ex''hor-ta'. 
tion,  n.  The  act  of  exhorting;  earnest  advice; 
admonition.— ex-hort'er,  egz-Srt'gr,  n. 

ex-liume',  ex-hiiim',  vt.  [ex-humed';  ex- 
hu'ming.]  To  dig  out  of  the  earth  (what  has 
been  buried);  disinter.  [<  L.i-i' fa?,  from, -j- 
humus,  ground.]  — ex'^hu-ma'tion,  n. 

ex'i-gen-cy ,  ex'i-jgn-si,  n.  [-cies»,  jt>^.]  The 
state  of  being  urgent  or  exigent;  a  pressing 
necessity.  [<  L.*"  ex,  out,  +  ago,  drive.] 
ex'i-gence$.— ex'i-gent,  a.  Demanding 
immediate  aid  or  action;  urgent;  exacting. 

ex'ile,  ex'ail.  I.  vt.  [ex'ii.ed;  ex'i"ling.] 
To  expel  from  and  forbid  to  return  to  one's 
native  land  or  home.  II.  n.  1.  Banishment 
from  one's  home  or  native  land;  expatriation. 
2.  One  driven  or  wandering  away  from  coun- 
try or  home.     [<  L.  ex,  from,  -+-  solum,  soil.] 

ex-ist'"',  egz-ist',  vi.  To  be,  or  continue  to  be; 
live.     [<  L.  ex,  out, -\- sisto,  set,  <  sto,  stand.] 

—  ex-ist'eiice,  n.  1,  Actual  possession  or 
continuance  of  being;  life.  3.  Anything  that 
exists;  an  entity.—  ex-ist^ent.  I.  a.  Having 
being  or  existence.    II.  n.    That  which  exists. 

ex^it,  ex'it,  n.    Away  or  passage  out;  egress; 

departure.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  4-  eo,  go.] 
ex'it.    He  goes  out:  a  stage  direction.    [L.] 
ex'o-dus,  ex'o-dus,  ?i.    1.  A  going  forth,  or 
departure,  as  of  a  multitude,  from  a  place  or 
country.    2.  [E-]  The  second  book  of  the  Old 
Testament.     [<  Gr.iJ-  ex,  out,  +  hodos,  way.] 


ex  of-fi'ci-o,  ex  ef-flsh'l-o, 

cause  of  office  or  position 
ex'o-gen,  ex'-   .^ 

o-jen,  71.  Bot. 
A  plant  which 
increases  in 
size  by  succes- 
sive concentric 
additions  or 
rings.  [<  Gr. 
exd,  without, 
-}-  -gen'eo,  < 
glgn'omai,  be 
born.]  —  ex-  ^ 
og'e-nou8,ex-  1 
ej'e-nus,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to 
or  llk<i  an  cxo- 
gen.  "Z.  Origi- 
nating or  grow- 
ing from  with- 
out. 


virtue  of  or  hv- 


Kxogeu. 
Vertical  section  of  an  exogenous 
stem.  2.  Cross.section.  (Letters 
apply  to  botli  figures.)  p,  pith;  w, 
medullary  sheath;  h,  heart-wood  or 
duraTiien,  representinjr  the  riufcs  of 
trrowth  of  three  successive  years  (1, 
2,  3);  8,  sapwood  or  alburnum;  c, 
cambium  layer;  b,  bark. 


ex-on'er-ate,  egz-en'er-et,  vt.    [-a'ted*";  -a"- 

TiNQ.]      1.  To  vindicate  from  accusation  or 

blame.     2.  To  free  from  a  responsibility  or  the 

like.     [  <  L.  ex,  from,  +  onus  (oner-),  burden.] 

—  ex-oii"er-a'tlon,  w. 

ex-or^i-tance,  egz-Sr'bl-tans,  n.  Excessive- 
ness  in  degree  or  amount:  extravagance.  [< 
L.  ex,  out,  +  orbita,  track,  l—ex-or'bl-tant,  a. 
Going  beyond  usual  and  proper  limits;  excessive; 
extravagant.    -ly,  adv. 

ez'or-cise,  ex'Sr-saiz,  v.    [-cised;  -ci'mnq.] 


I.  t.  To  cast  out  (an  evil  spirit).  II.  i.  To 
use  or  practise  exorcisms.  [<  Gr.  ex,  out,  -f 
horMzo,  administer  an  oath.]  —  ex-'or-ci^'ser, 
«.— ex'or-cism,  ex'er-sizm,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
orcising evil  spirits.- ex'or-cist,  n. 

ex-or'di-um,  egz-er'di-um,  n.  [-ums»  or  -a, 
pl.^  The  introductory  part,  as  of  a  discourse; 
a  prelude.     [L.,  <  ex,  out,  -\-ordior,  begin.] 

ex'^o-ter'ic,  ex"o-ter'ic,  a.  Belonging  to 
the  outside  world:  opposed  to  esoteric.  [< 
Gr.  exoterikos,  <  exd,  without,  outside.]  ex''- 
o-ter'ic-alj. 

ex-ot'ic,  ex-et'ic.  I.  a.  Belonging,  as  a  flower, 
to  another  part  of  the  world;  foreign.  II.  n. 
Something  not  native,  as  a  plant.  [<  Gr.^ 
exotikos,  <  exo,  without,  outside.] 

ex-pand'"!,  ex-pand',  vt.  &  vi.  To  increase  in 
bulk,  but  not  in  mass;  enlarge;  swell;  spread 
out.  [  <  L.  expcmdo,  <  ex,  out,  -f  panda, 
spread.]  —  ex-panse',  ex-pans',  n.  That  which 
lies  spread  out;  a  vast,  continuous  area  or  stretch. 
—  ex-pan''8i-biFi-ty,  n.  —  ex-pan'si- 
bl(e,  a.—  ex-pan'siou,  n.  The  act  of  expand- 
ing; Increase;  enlargement. —  ex-pan'8iv(e, 
a.  Capable  of  enlarging  or  being  expanded; 
causing  or  characterized  by  expansion;  broad. 
-ly,  adv.     -ness,  n. 

ex-pa'ti-ate,  ex-pe'shi-et,  vi.  [-a'ted'';  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  enlarge  in  statement;  discuss 
fully  or  prolixly.  [<  L.  ex,  out.  -f-  sjmtior, 
walk,  <  spatium,  space.]— ex-pa''  ti-a'tion,  n. 

ex-pa'tri-ate,  ex-pe'tri-et,  r<.  [-a"ted<>;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  drive  from  one's  own  country; 
exile;  banish.  [<  L.^^  ex,  from,  -4-  patria, 
fatherland.]  —  ex-pa"tri-a'tion,  «. 

ex-pect''',  ex-pect',  vt.  1.  To  look  forward  to 
as  probable;  anticipate;  look  for.  2.  To  count 
upon  as  right  and  due;  rely  upon;  require.  [< 
L.  ex,  out,  +  specto,  freq.  of  specio,  see.]  —  ex- 
pect'an-cy,  ex-pect'an-sl,  n.  The  act  or  state 
of  expecting;  expectation,  ex-pect'ancet.— 
ex-nect'ant,  ex-pect'unt.  I.  a.  Waiting  or 
looking  forward  In  expectation.  II.  n.  One 
who  Is  anticipating  confidently.— ex"pec-ta'- 
tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  looking  confidently  for 
something;  expectancy.  3.  A  prospect  of  good 
to  come,  as  of  wealth:  often  plural.  3.  Some- 
thing expected. 

ex-pec'to-rate,ex-pec'to-rgt,t'^  &vi.  [-Ra*- 
TED'';  -KA"TiNG.]  To  cough  up and  splt forth j 
spit.  [<  L.  ex,  ont,-\- pectus  ipector-),  breast.] 
—  ex-jpec'to-rant.  I.  a.  Relating  to  ex- 
pectoration. II.  n.  A  medicine  to  promote  ex- 
pectoration.—ex-pec"lo-ra'tion,  71.  The  act 
of  expectorating;  also,  matter  expectorated. 

ex-pe'di-ent,  ex-pt'di-gnt.  I.  a.  Serving  to 
promote  a  desired  end;  suitable  under  the  cir- 
cumstances; contributing  to  personal  advan- 
tage; advisable.  II.  ?>.  That  which  furthers 
or  promotes  an  end;  a  device;  resource.  [OF., 
<  L.  expediefi(t-)s,  ppr.  of  expedio,  <  ex,  out, 
-f  pe(d-)s,  foot.]  —  ex-pe'dl-eii-oy,  7i.  1 .  The 
quality  of  heingexpedient.  3.  Ethicn.  The  princi- 
ple of  utility  or  B(>lf«inti'rest.  ex-pe'di-encet* 

ex'pe-dite,  ex'po-dait,  ri.  [-di'ted"*;  -ui"- 
TiNG.]  To  hasten ;  quickin;  despatch.  \^<'L.ex- 
peditus,  pp.  of  ex/xdio,  <  ex,  out,  +pe{d-)s, 
foot.]  — ex"pe-dl'lion,  e.K"pe-ilish'un,  n.  1. 
A  Journev,  as  of  many  persons;  also,  the  body  of 
persons  Journevlng.  "Z.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
I)odltious;  speed;  despatch.- ex"pe-di'tiou8, 
a.  Accomnllslied  with  energy  and  despatch; 
quick;  speedy,    -ly,  adv.    -neas,  7i. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el§mfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  ifilc;  birt,  Or; 


173 


expel 
expurgate 


ex-pel',  ex-pel',  tt.  [ex-pelled';  ex-pel'- 
LiNG.]  To  drive  out  by  force  or  authority. 
[<  L.  ex,  out,  -\-pello,  thrust.] 

ex-pend'ti,  ex-pend',  Tt.  &  vi.  To  pay  out; 
disburse.      [<  L.  ear-,  out,  -\-perido,  weigh.] 

— ex-pen d'i-ture,  ex-pend'l-churor  -tlur,  n. 
The  act  of  expending;  outlay;  disbursement. 

ex-pense',  ex-pens',  n.  1.  The  laying  out  or 
expending,  as  of  money.  2.  Money  expended; 
outlay. —  ex-pen'8lv(e,  a.  Causing  or  involv- 
ing much  expense;  costly. 

ex-pe'ri-ence,  ex-pi'ri-gns.  l.vt.  [-enced'; 
-en'cing.]  To  undergo  personally;  feel.  II. 
n.  1.  Knowledge  derived  from  one's  own  ac- 
tion, practise,  perception,  enjoyment,  or  suffer- 
ing; experimental  knowledge.  2.  Something 
undergone,  enjoyed,  etc.  [<  L.of  experior, 
try,  <  ex,  out,  -\- peritus,  experienced.] 

—  ex-pe'ri-enced,ex-pi'ri-enst,pa.  Taught 
by  experience;  practised;  skilled. 

ex-per'i-ment,  ex-per'i-mgnt.  !<>.  ti.  To 
make  experiments;  make  a  test  or  trial.  II. 
n.  An  act  or  operation  designed  as  a  test;  a 
trial;  essay;  attempt.  [<  L.  experimentum, 
<  €xperioi\'  see  experience.]  — ex-per''i- 
men'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  known  by  experi- 
ment or  experience,    -ly,  adv. 

ex-pert',  ex-pgrt',  a.  Skilful  as  the  result  of 
practise;  dexterous;  marked  by  skill;  proceed- 
ing from  an  expert.  [F.,  <  L.  expertus,  pp. 
of  expe7'ior;  see  experience.] 

ex'pert,  ex'pgrt,  n.  One  who  has  special  skill 
or  knowledge;  a  specialist. 

ex'pi-ate,  ex'pi-et,  vt.  [-a'ted*!;  -a"ting.] 
To  atone  for,  as  by  suflfering  or  restitution. 
[<  L.  ex,  out, -\-pio,  appease.]  —  ex'pi-a- 
bl(e,  a.—  ex^pi-a'tioii,  n.  The  act  or  means 
of  expiating;  atonement.—  ex'pi-a-to''ry,  a. 
Having  the  character  of  or  offered  in  expiation. 

ex-pire',  ex-pair',  v.  [ex-pired';  ex-pir'- 
iNG.]  I.  t.  To  breathe  out;  emit  from  the 
lungs.  II.  i.  1.  To  breathe  out  the  breath  or 
the  life;  die;  perish.  2.  To  terminate.  [<  L.^ 
ex,  out,  -\-  spii'O,  breathe.]  —  ex-pir'a-to-rv, 
ex-palr'a-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  expiration 
of  breath.— ex'^pi-ra'tion,  ex'pl-r^'shun,  n. 
1.  The  natural  termination  of  anything,  as  of  a 
lease  or  a  period  of  time,  ex'pi-ryt.  2.  A 
hreathlng  out;  death. 

ex-plain',  ex-plen',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  plain 
or  clear;  interpret;  elucidate.  [<  L.^f  ex,  out, 
-\- plaints,  flat.]  —  ex-plain'a-bl(e,  a. —  ex"- 
pla-iia'tiou,  ex'pla-ne'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
or  means  of  explaining;  elucidation,  ti.  Mean- 
ing; significance;  sense.  —  ex-plan'a-to-ry, 
ex-plan'a-to-ri,  «.    Serving  or  tending  to  explain. 

ex'ple-tiv(e,  ex'pl§-tiv.  I.  a.  Added  for 
emphasis;  redundant.  11.  n.  An  interjection, 
often  profane;  something,  as  a  word,  serving 
merely  to  fill  out.    [ <  'LM-  ex,  out,  -f  ]ileo,  fill.] 

ex-plic'it,  ex-plig'it,  a.  Plainly  expressed,  or 
that  plainly  expresses.  [<  L.  ex,  out,  -\-plico, 
fold.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ex-plode',  ex-plod',  vt.&vi.  [ex-plo'ded''; 
ex-plo'ding.]  1.  To  burst  by  force  from 
within;  drive  out  violently;  flash  up  noisily,  as 
gunpowder.  2.  To  disprove  utterly,  as  a 
theory.     [  <  L.  explodo,  drive  off  bv  clapping.] 

ex-ploit',  ex-pleit'.  l^.vt.  1.  To  put  to  use; 
utilize  selfishly,  as  workingmen.  2.  To  recount 
at  length.    II.  n.    A  heroic  deed  or  act.     [F.] 

—  ex^ploi-ra'tion,  n. 


ex-plore',  ex-plor',  vt.  &  vi.  [ex-plored'; 
ex-plor'ing.]  To  search  through  or  travel  in 
or  over,  as  new  lands;  scrutinize;  make  explo- 
rations.    [<  L.  ex,  out,  -\-ploro,  cry  out.] 

—  ex"plo-ra'tion,  n.  The  act  of  exploring. 
—  ex-plor'er,  n. 

ex-plo'sion,  ex-plo'zhun,  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
ploding; a  sudden  and  violent  outbreak. —  ex- 
plo'siv(e.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  explosion;  lia- 
ble to  explode.    II.  n.    An  explosive  substance. 

ex-po'nent,  ex-pO'ngnt,  n.  1.  One  who  or 
that  which  explains  or  expounds.  2.  Alg.  A 
symbol,  indicating  a  power.  [<  L.  expono, 
indicate.] 

ex-port'"*,  ex-pOrt',  vt.  To  carry  or  send  out 
or  away,  as  from  one  country  to  another,  f  < 
L.  ex,  out,  -f  PW'^o,  carry.]  —  ex"por-ta'tioii, 
n.  1.  The  act  or  practise  of  exporting.  2.  An 
export  commodity.— ex-port'er,  n. 

ex'port,  ex'port,  n.  The  act  of  exporting,  or 
that  which  is  exported;  merchandise  sent  from 
one  country  to  another:  also  used  adjectivally. 

ex-pose',  ex-pOz',  vt.  [ex-posed';  ex-po'- 
sing.]  1.  To  lay  open;ai8pIa;y';  disclose;  re- 
veal. 2.  To  place  in  a  perilous  situation; 
abandon  to  probable  destruction.  [<  OF.  ex- 
poser,  in  sense  <  L.  ex,  forth,  -f  pono,  place.] 

ex"po-8<5',  ex"po-ze',  n.  An  undesirable  or  em- 
barrassing disclosure  or  exposure.    [F.] 

ex"po-si'tion,  ex'po-zish'un,  n.  1.  A  public 
exhibition.  2.  An  explanation;  commentary. 
[F.]  —  ex-pos'i-tor,  n.  One  who  expounds. — 
ex-pos'i-to-ry,  a.     Pertaining  to  exposition. 

ex-pos'tu-late,  ex-pes'chu-[or  -tiu-]let,  vi. 
[-la'ted'';  -la  "ting.]  To  reason  earnestly  with 
a  person,  against  some  action.  [  <  L.  ex,  from, 
+  posf>/fo,  demand.]  —  ex-po8"tii-la'tion,  n. 

ex-po'sure,  ex-pO'zhur,  n.  1.  The  act  of  ex- 
posing; an  exposed  state  or  situation.  2.  Out- 
look or  aspect. 

ex-pound' "i,  ex-paund',  vt.  To  explain;  in- 
terpret.    [  <  L.OF  expono;  see  exponent.] 

—  ex-pouiid'er,  n. 

ex-press',  ex-pres'.  I',  t;;.  1.  To  setforth; 
manifest;  declare.  2.  To  press  out.  3.  To 
send  by  express.  II.  a.  1.  Set  forth  dis- 
tinctly; explicit;  plain;  direct.  2.  Done  or 
carried  by  express:  hence,  with  speed  or  in 
haste.  3.  Like.  III.  ?^  1 .  A  system  of  rapid 
transportation  or  transmission.  2.  A  message; 
despatch ;  also,  a  messenger  bearing  despatches; 
a  courier.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  -f-  premo,  press.] 

—  ex-press'age,  ex-pres'ej,  n.  1.  Amount 
charged  for  carrying  by  express.  2.  Things 
carried  by  express.- ex-press'i-bKe,  a.— ex- 
press'Iy,  adv. 

ex-pres'sion,  ex-presh'mi,  ii.  1.  The  act  or 
mode  of  uttering  or  representing.  2.  That 
which  is  uttered.  3.  Outward  aspect;  look; 
looks.  4.  A  pressing  out. —  ex-pres8'iv(e,  a. 
Conveying  expression;  full  of  meaning,  -ly, 
adv.    -ne8s,   n. 

ex-pul'sion,  ex-pul'shun,  n.  Forcible  ejec- 
tion. [<  L.  exptdsioin-),  <  expello;  see  ex- 
pel.] —  ex.pul'8iv(e,  a.    Tending  to  expel. 

ex-punge',  ex-punj',  vt.  [ex-ptjnged';  ex- 
pun'ging.]  To  blot  out;  obliterate;  efface; 
destroy.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  -\-pimgo,  prick.] 

ex'pur-gate,  ex'pur-get  or  ex-pur 'ggt  vt. 
[-G^"TED'i-j  -GA"TXNG.]  To  Clear,  as  a  book,  of 
whatever  is  objectionable.     [<  L.  ex,  out,  -^- 


fiutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   (put);   oil;    c   (k);    cliat;   dh   (the);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


excLuisite 
exuberant 


174 


imrgo;   see    purge.]  —  ex'^pur-ga'tion,    n. 

ex'qui-sit(e,  ex'cwi-zit.  I.  a.  1.  Fine  and 
delicate;  dainty;  refined;  delicately  beautiful. 
2.  Delicately  sensitive;  fastidious.  3.  Intense 
or  poignant.  II.  w.  A  dainty  person;  a  fop; 
dandy;  dude.  [<  L.  ea;,  out,  +  qiiaero,  seek.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ex^tant,  ex'tant  or  ex'tant,  a.  Still  existing 
and  known;  living.   [<  L.  ex,  out,4-*?"o, stand.] 

ex-tein''po-re,ex-tem'po-rTor-re.  I.  a.  Ex- 
temporaneous; unstudied;  offhand.  II.  adv. 
Without  special  preparation.  [<  L.  ex,  from; 
tempore,  abl.  s.  of  tempns  {tempor-),  time.] 

—  ex-tem"po-ra'ne-oii8,  ex-tem"po-r6'ne- 
U8,  a.  1 .  Done  or  made  with  little  or  no  prepa- 
ration; offhand.  '^.  Given  to  speaking  without 
notes,  -ly,  adv.  —  ex-tem'po-ra-ry,  ex- 
tem'po-rg-rl,  a.  1,  Extemporaneous.  3.  Made 
for  the  occasion.— ex-tein'po-rize,  r?«.  &  vi. 
[-RIZED;  -Ri'ziNG.]  To  make  or  compose  without 
preparation,  ex-tein'po-risel:.  —  ex-tein'- 
po-ri''zer  or  -ser,  n. 

ex-tend'*!,  ex- tend',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make 
larger;  lengthen;  widen;  enlarge*  prolong.  2. 
To  reach  or  stretch  out;  hold  out  for  accept- 
ance. II.  i.  To  reach  in  dimensions,  time, 
etc.;  stretch.  [<  L.  ex,  out,  -f  te/ido  stretch.] 
— ex-ten''8i-bil'i-ty,n.— ex-ten'si-bl(e, 
a.  That  may  be  extended,  ex-ten  siKei.— 
ex-ten'sion,  n.  1,  The  act  or  process  of  ex- 
tending; extent.  3.  An  annex;  addition.  3. 
That  property  of  matter  by  virtue  of  which  It 
occupies  space  or  has  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness.—ex-ten'sivCe,  a.  Extended  widely  in 
space,  time,  or  scope,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ex-tent' ,  ex-  tent',  n.  Amount  or  degree  of  ex- 
tension; size;  compass;  reach. 

ex-ten'u-ate,  ex-ten'yu-et,  vt.  [-a"ted<';  -a"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  mitigate;  palliate.  2.  To  make 
thin  or  thinner,     f  <  L.  ex,  out,  -f  tew/is,  thin.] 

—  ex-ten''u-a'tion,  «.    Palliation. 
ex-te'ri-or,  ex-tl'ri-§r.     I.  a.    1.  External; 

outlying.  2.  Manifest  to  the  senses.  3.  Act- 
ing from  without.  II.  n.  That  which  is  out- 
side; the  external  features  or  qualities.  [< 
L.  exterior,  compar.  of  exteriis,  exter,  outside.] 

ex-ter'ml-nate,  ex-tgr'mi-net,  t?);.  [-na'tedO; 
-N A' TING.]  To  destroy  entirely;  annihilate. 
[  <  L.  ex,  out,  -f-  teitninus,  boundary.] 

— ex-ter''ini-na'tioii,n.  Annihilation;  ex- 
tirpation.—ex-ter'ini-na''tor,  n. 

ex-ter'nal.  ex-tgr'nal.  I.  a.  Outside;  su- 
perficial. II.  n.  An  exterior  or  outer  part;  an 
outward  symbol,  as  of  religion.  [<  L.  exter- 
nvs,  <  ex,  out.]    -ly,  adv. 

ex-tlnct',  ex-tiyct',  a.  Extinguished;  inactive; 
quenched;  worn  out;  non-existent.  [<  L. 
extinctus,  pp.  of  extingvo;  sc-e  extinguish.] 
— ex-tinc'tlon,  n.  1.  The  act  of  extinguish- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  extinguished,  ex- 
tin'KiiiHli-iiKMitt.  2.  A  complete  destruc- 
tion; iiiinllillatlon;qiiPnchlnj?. 

ex-tin' g;uisli< ,  ex  tiy'gwish,  vt.  To  render 
extinct;  destroy;  put  out;  quench,  f  <  L.  ex- 
tinguo,  <  ex,  out,  -f-  stingiio,  quench.]  — ex- 
tiii'KiiiMli-a-bl(e,  a.— ex-tln'gulsh-er,  n. 

ex'tlr-pate,  ex'tgr-pet,  vt.  [-pa'ted"*;  -pa'- 
TiNG.]  To  root  out  or  up;  eradicate.  ]  <  L.  ex, 
o\it,-\- stir m,  stem,  stock,  root.]  —  ex^'tlr-pa'- 
tion,  n.  The  art  of  extirpating;  total  removal 
of  a  growth.— ex'tlr-pa''tor,  n. 

ez-tol',  ex-tel',  vt.  [bx-tollbd';  bx-tol'- 
LiNG.]    To  praise  in  the  highest  terms;  mag- 


nify. [  <  L.OF  extolU),  <  ex,  out,  -f  tollo,  raise.] 
ex-tort''»,  ex-tert',  v.  I.  t.  To  obtain  by  vio- 
lence, oppression,  threats,  etc.;  wring;  wrest; 
also,  to  exact  illegally.  II.  i.  To  practise  ex- 
tortion.    [<  L.  ex,  out,  4-  torqneo,  twist.] 

—  ex-tor'tiou,  n.  1.  The  act  or  practise  of 
extorting.  2.  That  which  has  been  extorted.— 
ex-tor'tion-a-ry,  a.— ex-tor'tion-ate,  a. 
Characterized  by  extortion;  oppressive.— ex- 
tor'tlon-er,  n.    ex-tort'ert. 

ex'tra,  ex'tra.  I.  a.  Being  over  and  above 
what  is  required;  additional.  II,  n.  Some- 
thing beyond  what  is  usual  or  required. 

extra-,  pr^cr.  Outside:  bej-ond;  besides.  [L.,< 
extra,  without,  prop.  abl.  f  em.  of  exter,  outward, 
<  ex,  out.] 

ex-tract''!,  ex-tract',  xt.  1.  To  draw  or  pull 
out;  obtain,  as  an  extract.  2.  To  select  for 
citation.  [ <  L.  ex,  out,  -|-  traho,  draw.]  —  ex- 
tract'a-bl(e  or  -i-bl(e,  a.  — ex-trac'tion, 
n.  1 .  The  act  of  extracting.  2.  That  which  is 
extracted.  3.  Lineage.— ex-tract'iv(e.  I.  a. 
1.  That  extracts  or  tends  to  extract,  "i.  Capable 
of  extraction.  II.  n.  Something  capable  of 
being  extracted.—  ex-tract'or,  n. 

ex'tract,  ex'tract,  «.  1.  Something  extracted 
or  drawn  out,  as  by  distillation,  2.  A  selec- 
tion, as  from  a  book, 

ex"tra-di'tion,  ex'tra-dish'mi,  n.  The  sur- 
render of  an  accused  person  to  the  justice  of 
another  government.  [F.,  <  L.  ex,  out,  +  ^^«- 
ditio{n-);  see  tradition.] 

ex-tra'ne-ous,  ex-tre'ng-us,  a.  Not  intrinsic 
or  essential;  foreign.  [<  L,  extraneus,  for- 
eign.]   -ly,  adv. 

ex"traor'dl-na-ry,  ex"tr§r'di-nfi-ri  or  ex"- 
tra-er'di-ne-ri.  I.  a.  Being  beyond  or  out  of 
the  common  order;  remarkable;  special.  II. 
n.  [-RiEs^,  pi.}  Something  extraordinary. 
[<  L.  extraordinarins,  <  extra,  without,  + 
ordo,  order.]  — ex"traor'dl-na.ri-Iy,  adv. 

ez-trav'a-gant,  ex-trav'a-gant,  a.  1.  Ex- 
ceeding ordinary  limits;  immoderate;  fantas- 
tic; unrestrained.  2.  Needlessly  free  or  lavish 
in  expenditure.  [F.,  <  L.  extra,  without,  + 
ra^?<*,  wandering.]  -ly,  a^r.  -iiess,  n. —  ex- 
trav'a-gance,  ex-trav'a-gans,  n.  An  extrava- 
gant act;  lavlshness;  prodigality;  Irregularity; 
wlldness.    ex-trav'a-gan-cyl. 

ex-treme',  ex-trtm',  I.  a.  1.  Being  of  the 
highest  degree,  2.  Farthest;  outermost; 
final,  3.  Very  strict  or  severe;  exacting.  II. 
n.  1.  The  highest  or  utmost  degree  of  any- 
thing. 2.  The  utmost  or  farthest  point  or 
limit;  extremity.  3.  Math.  The  first  or  last 
term  of  a  proportion  or  series.  [  <  L,  extremvs, 
farthest,  extreme.]— ex-treiii'l-ty,  n.  [-ties', 
pl.^  1.  The  utmost  or  farthest  point;  termina- 
tion, end,  or  edge.  2.  The  greatest  degree.  3. 
Extreme   distress  or   need.     4.  pl.    Extreme 

^  measures.    H,  A  hand,  foot,  etc. 

ex'tri-cate,  ex'tri-ket,  vt.  [-ca'ted**;  -ca"- 
TiNo.]  To  liberate  from  entanglement.  [< 
L.  ex,  out,  -|-  tii.cx,  hindrances.]  —  ex'trl-ca- 
bl(e,  o.— ex'tri-ca-bly,  at//'.— ex"tri-ca'- 
tlon,  n. 

ex-trln'8ic.  ex-trin'sic,  a.  Being  outside  of 
the  nature  of  an  objector  case;  foreign.  [< 
L.  exter,  outside,  +  secus,  beside.] 

—  ex-trln'sic-ai-Iy,  adv. 
ez-u'ber-ant,  ex-yO'ber-ant,  a.    Marked  by 

plentifulness;    producing  copiously.      [<   L. 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfm^nt,  thSy,  usege;  it,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  eratar,  er;  full,  rule;  bot,  ur; 


175 


exude 
faculty 


ex,  out,  -f-  ybero,  bear  fruit.]  — ex-u'ber-ance, 
n.    ex-u'ber-an-cyt. 

ex-ude',  ex-yud',  tt.  &  vi.  [ex-u'ded<1;  ex- 
u'ding.]  To  discharge;  ooze  or  trickle  forth, 
as  through  pores.  [<  L.  ex,  out,  +  sudo, 
sweat.] — ex''u-da'tion,  n. 

ex-ult''',  egz-ult',  vi.  To  rejoice  in  or  as  in 
triumph;  take  a  lively  delight.  [<  L.  exidto, 
leap  for  joy.] — ex-ult'ant,  a.  1.  Rejoicing 
triumphantly.  2.  Denoting  great  joy.—  ex'^ul- 
ta'tion,  n.  The  act  or  state  of  exulting;  tri- 
umphant joy.— ex-iilt'ing-Iy,  aav. 

eye,  ai.  I.  rt.  [eyed;  et'ing  or  ete'ing.] 
To  look  at  fixedly;  scrutinize.  II.  n.  1. 
The  organ  of  vision.  2.  Ocular  perception; 
sight.  3.  Anything  that  resembles  the  human 
organ  of  sight,  or  its  socket,  in  shape,  place, 
or  office;  as,  the  eye  of  a  needle.     \^<  A^.edge, 

El.  eaqan.']~eye'haW\  n.  The  globe  or 
all  oi  the  eye.— eye'brow'',  n.  The  arch 
over  the  eye;  also,  its  covering,  especially  the 
hairs.— eye'fgl  ass'''*   n,    1,   pi.     A  pair   of 


lenses  resembling  spectacles  without  bows.  3, 
Any  lens  used  to  assist  vision;  the  glass  nearest 
the  eye  in  a  telescope  or  microscope.- eye'- 
lash'',  n.  One  of  the  stiff  curved  hairs  grow- 
ing from  the  edge  of  the  eyelids.—  eye'less,  a. 
Lacking  eyes;  deprived  of  sight.- eye'let,  ?/. 
A  small  hole  or  opening;  a  metal  ring  for  pro- 
tecting a  hole  in  canvas,  paper,  etc.—  eye'lid'', 
n.  One  of  the  curtains  of  loose  integument  that 
cover  the  eyeballs  in  front.— eye'piece'',  n. 
The  lens  nearest  the  eye  in  a  telescope  or  micro- 
scope; eye=glass.— eye's  serv'^ant,  n.  One 
who  does  his  duty  only  when  watched.— eye's 
serv^ice,  «.— eye'siglit",  n.  1.  The  power 
or  sense  of  sight.  2.  Extent  of  vision;  view.— 
eye'sore",  n.  1.  A  diseased  place  on  or  near 
the  eye.  2.  Anything  that  offends  the  eye,  as 
from  lack  of  beauty  or  of  fitness.-  eye'stone", 
n.  A  small  smooth  object  used  sometimes  to  re- 
move foreign  substances  from  the  eye.—  eye's 
tooth",  n.  One  of  the  upper  canine  teeth.— 
eye'swif'ness,  n.  One  who  sees  a  thing  with 
his  own  eyes  or  attests  what  he  has  seen. 
ey'ry,  n.   Same  as  aerie,    ey'riet. 


F 


F,  f,  ef,  w.  [efs,  F's,  or  i^s,  efs,  J9;.]  A  letter: 
the  sixth  in  the  English  alphabet. 

fa,  fa,  n.  Mns.  The  fourth  tone  (1)  of  any 
key;  (2)  of  the  so»called  natural  key.     [It.] 

fa'tole,  fe'bl.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [fa'bled;  fa'- 
Bi.iNG.]  To  narrate  fictitiously  or  falsely; 
compose  or  tell  fables  or  myths;  fabricate;  lie. 
II.  n.  1.  A  brief  tale  embodying  a  moral, 
with  animals  or  inanimate  things  as  speakers 
and  actors.  2.  A  legend  or  myth;  an  invention; 
fabrication.     [F.,  <  L.  fabitla,  <  for,  speak.] 

falj'ric,  fab'ric,  n.  1.  A  woven,  felted,  or 
knitted  material,  as  cloth,  felt,  etc.  2.  A  sys- 
tem or  structure;  also,  workmanship;  texture. 
[<L.F/a6Hm,  <faber,  workman.]— fab'ri- 
cate,  »«.  [-CA'TEDd; -cA'TiNG.l  Toform,make, 
or  manufacture;  build;  concoct;  f orge.-^  fab"- 
ri-ca'tioii,  n.  The  art  of  fabricating,  or  that 
which  is  fabricated;  a  structure;  fabric;  an  in- 
vention; a  falsehood.— fab'ri-ca"tor,  n. 

fab'u-lous,  fab'yu-lus,  a.  Belonging  to  fa- 
ble; fictitious;  mythical;  incredible;  false. 
-\y,adv.  -ness,  «.— fab'ii-Iist,  71.  A  com- 
poser of  fables;  one  who  falsifies  or  fabricates. 

fa"9ade',  fg"sfld',  n.  The  front  or  chief  face 
of  a  building.     [F.,  <  T,.  fades,  face.] 

face,  fes.    I.    vt.  &  ti.     [faced*;  fa'cing.] 

1.  To  have  the  face  toward;  confront;  oppose. 

2.  To  put  a  covering  or  layer  upon ;  smooth  the 
surface  of.  II.  n.  1.  The  anterior  portion 
of  the  head;  the  visage;  countenance.  2.  The 
surface  of  anything;  front.  3.  The  aspect  or 
appearance;  look;  show.  4.  Personal  pres- 
ence; immediate  cognizance;  sight.  5.  Ef- 
frontery; assurance.  6.  A  grotesque  exj)res- 
sion.  7.  That  which  is  directly  stated  in  a 
document.     [F.,  <  L.  fades,  face.] 

—  fa'cing,  71.  A  covering  In  front,  the  act  of 
makuig  it,  or  the  materials  of  which  it  is  made, 

fac'et,  fas'et,  n.  A  small  face  or  surface,  as  on 
a  diamond.     [<  Y.facette,  dim.  oifdce,  face.] 

fa-ce'tious,  f«-8T'shus,  a.  Witty;  jocose; 
droll ;  funny;  huTiVorous.  [ <  Ij.facetia,  humor.] 


fa'cial,  fe'ehial  or  fg'ci-al,  a.  Of,  near,  or 
affecting  the  face.     [<  1,.^^ fades,  face.] 

fac'ile,  fas'il,  a.  1.  Easy;  pliant;  yielding. 
2.  Dexterous;  skilful.  .3.  Accessible;  affable. 
[F.,  <  L.fadlis,  easy,  <fado,  do.] 

fa-cil'i-ty,  fa-sil'i-ti,  w.  ^-TIEs^  7;^.]  1.  Ease 
or  readiness  in  doing;  dexterity.  2.  Readi- 
ness of  compliance;  pliancy.  3.  Affability. 
4.  Any  aid  or  convenience.  [<  L.^  fadli- 
ta{t-)s,  <  fadlis,  facile.]— fa-cil'l-tate,  ^7<. 
[-TA"TEi)<i;  -ta"ting.]  To  iiiake  easier  or  more 
convenient. 

fac-sim'1-le,  fac-sim'i-lt  or  -le,  n.  An  ex- 
act copy  or  reproduction.  [<  Ij.  factum  simile, 
something  made  like.] 

fact,  fact,  n.  Anything  that  is  done  or  happens, 
as  an  act  or  deed;  anything  actually  existent; 
any  statement  strictly  true;  truth;  reality.  [< 
L.  factum,  <f actus,  pp.  of  f ado,  do.] 

fac^tion,  fac'shun,  n.  1.  A  party  within  a 
party;  an  irregular  association  of  partizans;  a 
cabal.  2.  Violent  opposition,  as  to  a  govern- 
ment; turbulence;  dissension.  [F.,  <  L./ac- 
tio{n-),  <f actus,  pp.  of  facia,  do,  make.] 

—  fac'tious,  a.    Given  to,  characterized  by, 
or  promoting  faction;  turbulent;  partizan. 

fac-ti'tious,  fac-tish'us,  a.  Artificial;  con- 
ventional.  [  <  h.factitius,  <f actus;  see  fact.] 

fac'tor,  fac'tgr,  n.  1.  A  commission  mer- 
chant; agent.  2.  One  of  two  or  more  quanti- 
ties that,  when  multiplied  together,  produce  a 
given  quantity.     [L.,  <  facia,  make.] 

fac'to-ry,    fac'to-ri,   n.     [-ries%»/.]     1.  A 
manufactory.    2.  A  business  establishment  in  ' 
charge  of  factors  or  agents  in  a  foreign  country. 

fac-to'tum,  fac-tc'tum,  n.  A  man  of  all 
work.     [<  L.fac  totum,  do  all.] 

fac'ul-ty,  fac'ul-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pi.']  1.  Any 
special  power  of  mind  or  body.  2.  The  mem- 
bers of  a  profession,  or  the  instructors  in  an 
educational  institution,  collectively.  [<  L.^ 
faa(lta{t-)s,  <facul,  for  fad/is;  see  facile.] 


flutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);    oil;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   (the);   go;  sing,  ink;   tliin. 


fad 
familiar 


176 


fad,  fad,  n.  A  passing  fancy  or  fashion ;  hobby. 

fade,  fed,  vt.  &  vi.  [fa'dbd<i;  fa'ding.]  To 
make  or  become  pale,  dull,  dim,  or  indistinct; 
disappear  gradually.  [<  OF.  fade?\  <  fade, 
pale,  weak.]  — fade'less,  a.    Unfading. 

fag,  fag.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [fagged;  fag'ging.] 
1.  To  work  hard;  fatigue;  tire  out.  2.  To 
use  or  act  as  a  fag.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  does 
menial  service  for  another.  2.  A  piece  of 
drudgery.  [For  flag^,  t'.]  —  fag'send'',  n. 
The  frayed  end,  as  of  a  rope;  a  remnant. 

fag'ot,  fag'gt,  fi.  A  bundle  of  sticks,  twigs,  or 
branches,  as  used  for  fuel.     [F.] 

Fah'ren-lieit,  fa'ren-hait,  a.  Designating 
that  thermometer*scale  in  which  the  freezings 
point  of  water  is  32°  and  the  boiling*point  212°. 
[<  Fahrenheit  German  physicist.] 

fail,  fel,  t).  I.  t.  To  forsake  or  be  wanting  to; 
disappoint.  II.  i.  1.  To  prove  inadequate  or 
defective.  2.  To  waste  away ;  decline ; 
dwindle.  3.  To  become  insolvent.  [<  F. 
faillir,  <  L.  fallo,  deceive,  err  J  —  fail,  n. 
Failure:  In  the  phrase  without  fail.— fail- 
ing, n.    A  minor  fault;  foible;  inflrmity;  failure. 

fairure,  fel'yur,  n.  1.  The  act  of  failing,  or 
the  state  of  having  failed;  cessation;  bank- 
ruptcy. 2.  Neglect  or  non^performance.  3. 
That  which  fails;  anything  unsuccessful. 

fain,  fen.  I.  a.  1.  Reluctantly  willing;  con- 
tent. 2.  Glad;  rejoiced.  II||.  adv.  Gladly. 
[<  AS./»j7«n.] 

faint,  fent.  I",  vi.  .1.  To  swoon.  2.  To  fail 
in  courage,  hope,  and  vigor;  despond.  3.  To 
fade;  vanish.  II.  a.  1.  Lacking  in  purpose, 
courage,  or  energy;  despondent;  timid.  2. 
Ready  to  faint;  weak.  3.  Slight;  indistinct; 
feeble;  dim.  III.  n.  A  swoon;  syncope. 
[OF.,  pp.  of  faindre,feindre;  see  feign.] 
-ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

fair,  far,  a.  1.  Free  from  cloud,  spot,  or 
blemish;  sunshiny;  clear.  2.  Impartial; 
equitable;  just.  3.  Having  light  color  or  com- 
plexion. 4.  Pleasing;  comely;  beautiful; 
flattering;  plausible.  5.  Moderately  satisfac- 
tory; passably  good  or  large.  6.  In  games 
and  sports,  according  to  rule.  7 .  In  the  direc- 
tion of  a  ship's  course;  as,  a/air  wind.  [< 
AfA.faeger.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fairi,  far,  n.    [Poet.]    A  fair  one;  sweetheart. 

falr^,  n.  An  exhibit  of  wares  or  products;  a 
stated  market.     [<  h.^^feriaB,  holidays.] 

fair,  adv.  1.  Fairly;  honestly.  2.  In  clear 
view.    3.  Favorably;  politely;  plausibly. 

fair'y,  far'i,  n.  [-ies»,  ;>/.]  An  imaginary 
being,  ordinarily  of  small  and  graceful  human 
form,  capable  of  working  good  or  ill  to  man- 
kind.    [<  0¥.  faerie,  enchantment.] 

faith,  feth,  n.  A  firm  belief  or  trust  in  any 
person,  thing,  statement,  etc.;  a  religious 
creed;  fidelity.  [<  L.of  fides,  faith.] -faith'- 
ful,  a.  Trustworthy;  accurate  or  exact;  trutli- 
ful;  stronf?  or  firm  In  faith.— fnitli'fiil-ly, 
a<tr.— faitli^ful-nesH,  78.— faitli'lenH,  a.  Un- 
faithful;  disloyal;  untrustworthy;  unbelieving. 

falcir,  fe'kcr,  n.  An  Oriental  ascetic.  [<  Ar. 
fakir,  poor  man.] 

fal'chion,  fSl'chun,  n.  A  broad-bladed  sword. 
1  <  Ij.^'falx,  a  sickle.] 

fal'con,  fS'cn  or  farcin,  n.  A  diurnal  birtl 
of  prey;   hawk.    See  illus.  in  next  column. 


[<  hh.^falco,  <  L.falx,  sickle.]  -  fa I'con- 
er,  fe'en-er,  7i.  One  who  breeds,  trains,  or 
hunts  witli  falcons  for  sport. —  fal'co-niii(e, 
fal'co-nin,  a.  Falcon»like.— fal'con-ry,  fS'- 
cn-ri,  n.  The  training  or  using  of  falcons  for 
sport. 

fall,  fel,  V.  [fell, 
fel ;  FALL  EN  ; 
fall'ing.]  I.  t. 
To  drop;  fell,  throw, or  strike 
down.  II.  i.  1.  To  descend 
by  the  force  of  gravity;  come 
down  suddenly;  drop.  2. 
To  be  overthrown  or  slain; 
die.  3.  To  sink  or  descend; 
be  diminished;  decline;  de-  Great=footed  Fal- 
crease;  droop.  4.  To  sin;  con,  or  Duck- 
err;  apostatize.  5.  To  pass,  hawk.  Vao 
come,  or  be  transferred  by  chance,  lot,  inher- 
itance, etc.;  be  assigned  or  classified;  happen; 
come  to  pass;  begin.     [<  AS.feallan.] 

—  fall'en,  a.    Having  come  down  by  falling; 
overthrown;  disgraced;  ruined;  dead. 

fall,  71.  1.  The  act  of  falling.  2.  A  waterfall. 
3.  Autumn.    4.  The  rope  of  a  tackle. 

faria-cy,  fal'a-si,  n.  [-ciks^,  pi.]  Delusion; 
error ;  false  reasoning.  [  <  L.^faUacia,  <  folio, 
deceive.]  —  fal-la'cious,  fal-le'shus,  a.  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

fal'li -1)1(6,  fal'i-bl,  a.  Liable  to  error  •  ca- 
pable of  erring;  misleading.— faF'li-bil'i-ty, 
V.    fal'li-ble-nesst.— fal'li-bly,  adv. 

fal'lOW,  fal'O.  I.  vf.  &  vi.  To  make,  keep,  or 
become  fallow.  II.  a.  1.  Left  unseeded 
after  being  plowed;  uncultivated;  neglected. 
2.  Palc'yellow  or  pale»red.  III.  n.  Land 
left  unseeded  after  plowing;  also,  cleared 
woodland.     [<  AS.fealu,fealo,  yellowish.] 

f al'low  deer.  A  European  deer,  about  3  feet 
high,  common  in  British  parks. 

false,  fels.  I.  a.    1.  Contrary  to  truth  or  fact. 

2.  Deceptive;  counterfeit;  artificial;  not  real. 

3.  Incorrect;  irregular.  4.  Lying;  dishonest; 
faithless;  treacherous.  5.  Mech.  Temporary, 
imitative,  or  substitutionary;  supposititious. 
6.  3fvs.  Out  of  tune.  II.  adv.  Falsely.  [< 
L.falms,  pp.  of  f alio,  deceive.]  — false'hood, 
71.  Falseness;  untruthfulness;  an  Intentional  un- 
truth; a  lie;  counterfeit.— false'ly,  adv.  In  a 
false  or  deceptive  manner. -false'ness,  «. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  false.—  faF'8i-fi> 
caption,  fsrsl-fl-kfi'shun,  ».  The  act  or  process 
of  falsifying.— fal'si-fy,  fSI'siful,  r(.  &  vi. 
[-FIED;  -FY'iNG.l  To  make  or  prove  to  be  false; 
misrepresent;  disprove;  counterfeit;  tamper  with 
or  pervert;  He.— fal'si-fi"er,  «.— faKsi-ty, 
fSl'si-tl,  n.  L-TiEs*,  pL]  The  quality  of  being 
false;  a  false  statement,  thing,  or  appearance. 

fal-set'to,  fel-set'n,  «.  The  artificial  tones  of 
tlie  voice,  higher  than  the  natural  voice. 

farter,  fel't^jr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  speak  brokenly; 
act  with  weakness;  waver;  totter.    [<  fault.] 

fame,  fern.  I.  vt.  [famed  ;  fa'ming.I  To 
repute;  make  famous.  II.  ;?.  1.  Public  or 
general  reputation;  renown.  211.  Report;  ru- 
mor.    [F.,  <  L.fania,  <for,  speak.] 

fa-nxil'iar,  fa-mil'yar.  I.  a.  1.  Having 
intimate  knowledge ;  well  acquainted  ;  thor- 
oughly versed.  2.  Intimate;  informal  ;  for- 
ward; free.  3.  Well  known;  common;  un- 
pretentious; nnaflfected.  II.  «.  1.  A  familiar 
friend.     2.   A  spirit  supposed  to  attend  and 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  &ir;  element,  th6y,  ng|ge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


177 


family 
fasliion 


obey   a   sorcerer,     familiar  spirit^.     3. 

A  servant  of  the  Inquisition.  [<  L.  famil- 
iarise of  the  family.]  -ly,  arfi'.— fa-iniF'^i- 
ar'i-ty,  n,  [-ties«,  pl.^  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  familiar;  intimacy;  unceremoniousness; 
freedom.— fa-uiil'iar-ize,  vt.  [-ized;  -i"- 
ziNG.J  To  make  familiar;  accustom. 
fam'i-ly,  fam'i-li.  I.  a.  Of,  belonging  to, 
or  suitable  for  a  family.    II.  n.     [-liesS  ^;/.] 

1.  A  group  of  persons,  consisting  of  parents 
and  their  children;  also,  the  children  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  parents.  2.  A  succession 
of  persons  connected  by  blood,  name,  etc.;  a 
house;  line;  clan;  tribe;  race.  3.  Distin- 
guished or  ancient  lineage;  descent.  4.  A 
biological  group  higher  than  a  genus;  any 
class  or  group  of  like  or  related  things.    [<  L. 

familia,  <  farrmlus^  servant.] 

fam'in(e,  tam'in,  n.  A  wide»spread  scarcity 
of  food;  dearth.     [F.,  <  L. ^ame^f,  hunger.] 

fam''ish.S  vt.  &  vi.  To  perish  or  cause  to  per- 
ish from  hunger  or  thirst;  starve.  [<  L.of 
ad,  to,  -\- fames,  hunger.] 

fa'mous,"fe'mus,  a.  Havingfame;  celebrated; 
renowned. —  fa'mous-ly,  adv. 

fan,  fan.  I.  vt.  [panned;  fan'ning.]  To 
affect  by  or  as  by  the  use  of  a  fan ;  excite,  as 
fire  or  passion;  winnow,  as  grain.  II.  n.  A 
light,  flat  implement  or  other  device  for  agita- 
ting the  air.     [<  AS.fann,  <  L.  vannus.] 

fa-nat'ic,  fa-nat'ic,  n.  One  who  is  actuated 
by  intemperate  zeal;  a  religious  zealot.  [<  L. 
fanatici/s,  of  a  temple,  <fan%im,  temple.]  —  fa- 
nat'ic-al,  a.  fa-nat'ict.— fa-nat'ic-al- 
ly,  af/».  — fa-iiat'i-cism,  n.  The  spirit  or 
conduct  of  a  fanatic;  unreasonable  zeal. 

fan'ci-er ,  f  an'si-gr,  n.  1 .  A  breeder  and  seller 
of  birds  and  animals;  one  having  a  taste  for 
special  objects;  an  amateur.    2.  A  dreamer. 

fan'ci-ful,  fan'si-ful,  a.  1.  Proceeding  from 
or  produced  by  fancy;  ideal;  odd.  2.  Exist- 
ing only  in  the  fancy;  unreal;  visionary.  3. 
Whimsical.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fan'oy,  fan'si.  I.  vt.  «fc  vi.  [fan'cied  ; 
fan'cy-ing.]  To  suppose  without  siibstantial 
grounds;  take  a  liking  to;  conceive  in  the 
fancy;  have  a  notion  of;  form  a  fancy.  II.  a. 
Adapted  to,  proceeding  from,  or  characterized 
by  fancy,  in  any  sense  of  the  noun.  III.  n. 
[fan'cies^,  j)l.'\  1.  The  power  or  act  of  form- 
ing or  combining  mental  images  with  little  re- 
gard to  rational  processes;  imagination  in  its 
lower  forms;  fantasy.  2.  A  visionary  or  whim- 
sical notion;  vagary.  3.  A  liking  or  fondness; 
also,  the  object  toward  which  it  is  directed.  4. 
A  pet  pursuit;  a  hobby;  fad.  [<  Gr.*"  phan- 
tasia,  <  j)haind,  show.'] 

fan-dan' go,  fan-dan'gO,  n.  A  Spanish  dance. 
[Sp.,  <  African.]  [fanum.,  temple.] 

fane,  fen,  n.    A  sanctuary;    temple.      [<   L. 

fang,  fang,  n.  A  long,  pointed  tooth  or  tusk, 
as  of  a  boar  or  a  serpent;  the  root  of  a  tooth ;  a 
claw;  talon.     [<  AS.  fang,  catching,  seizing.] 

fan-tas'tic,  fan-tas'tic,  a.  1.  Of  an  odd  ap- 
pearance;  grotesque;   capricious;   whimsical. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  fantasy;  fanciful;  illusory. 
[<  Or.  phantastikos,  <  phantazo,  show.] 
fan-tas'tic-alt. 

fan'ta-sy,      I  fan'ta-si,  vi.    [-siEs^jtj/.]    1.  A 
phan'ta-sy,  j  fantastic  notion.  2.  A  fantastic 


iVS./ar?/,  a  going,  journey,  <  faran,  go.] 
.re^wel(r,  far'wel'.    I.  a.    Parting;  closing; 
valedictory.    II.  n.    A  parting  salutation;   a 
good'by;  adieu;  parting.    III.  iiHerj.     May 


design,  as  in  embroidery.     [<  F.  fantaisie; 

see  FANCY.] 

far,  fflr.  I.  a.  [far'ther  or  fur'ther;  far'- 
THEST  or  fur'thest.]  1.  Being  a  long  way 
oflf;  remote,  literally  or  figuratively.  2.  Ex- 
tending widely  or  at  length ;  reaching  a  long 
way.  II.  adv.  1.  At  a  remote  or  distant 
point.  2.  To  a  great  distance  or  degree;  by 
very  much.    3.  From  afar.     [<  AS.  feor,  far.] 

farce,  fars,  n.  1.  A  short  comedy  with  ex- 
aggerated eifects  and  incidents.  2.  A  ridicu- 
lous proceeding;  an  absurd  failure.  3.  Stuff- 
ing, as  for  meat;  forcemeat.  [F.]  — far'oi- 
cal,  far'si-cal,  a.    Burlesque;  absurd. 

fare,  far.  I.  vi.  [fared;  far'ing.]  1.  To 
be  in  any  state;  get  on;  happen;  turn  out.  2. 
To  be  ijrovided  as  regards  food  and  drink.  3. 
[Archaic  or  Poet.]  To  goon;  travel.  II.  n.  1. 
Passage»money.  2.  A  passenger  carried  for 
hire.  3.  Food  and  drink;  diet;  eatables.  [< 
AS.  "  .        .  •  - 

valedictory.    II.  n.    A  parting  salutation 5^ "a 

~TI.  iiHerj. 
you  fare  well;  may  you  prosper:  used  only  at 
parting.  [<  imper.  of  fare,  ?;.,-{- well,  a(?t'.] 

fa-ri'na,  fa-rt'na  w  -rai'na,  n.  A  meal  or 
flour  obtained  from  cereals,  potatoes,  or  Indian 
corn.  [L.,  <far  (farr-),  coarse  meal.]  —  far''- 
i-na'ceous,  far'i-ne'shius,  a.  1,  Consisting 
or  made  of  meal  or  flour.  3.  Containing  or 
yielding  starch.    3.  Mealy. 

farm,  fflrm,  v.  I.t.  1.  To  cultivate  as  a  farm. 
2.  To  take  or  let  out  at  a  fixed  rental  or  per- 
centage, as  lands,  taxes,  etc.  II.  i.  To  carry 
on  farming;  be  a  farmer.— farm'er,  n.  One 
who  farms;  an  agriculturist.- farni'ingr,  n. 
The  act  of  one  who  farms;  the  management  of 
or  labor  on  a  farm;  agriculture. 

farm,  n.  A  landed  property,  devoted  to  agri- 
culture.    [<  AS. /eon/t,  supplies,  estate.] 

far'o,  far'o  or  fe'ro,  n.    A  game  of  cards. 

far'ri-er,  far'i-gr,  n.  One  who  shoes  horses; 
also,  a  veterinary  surgeon.  [<  "L.^^ ferrarivs, 
Kferrvni,  iron.]  —  far'ri-er-y,  n.  The  busi- 
ness or  shop  of  a  farrier. 

far'row,  far'o.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  birth  to; 
bring  forth  young:  said  of  swine.  II.  n.  A 
little  pig,  or  a  litter  of  pigs.  [<  AS.fearh,  pig.] 

far'row,  a.  Not  producing  young  during  a 
given  year,  as  a  cow.     [Cp.  D.  vaars,  heifer.] 

far'tlier,  far'tliest,  a.  &  adv.,  com  par.  & 
siiperl.  of  FAR. 

far'thingr,  fflr'dhing,  n.  One=fourth  of  a 
penny,  or  about  one=half  of  a  cent.  [<  AS. 
feorthinq,  dim.  oifeortha,  fourth.] 

fas''ci-nate,  fas'i-net,  vt.  &  vi.  [-na'ted"*; 
-na'ting.]  To  bewitch;  enchant;  attract  irre- 
sistibly; captivate.  [<L.  fascittatvs,  pp.  of 
fascino,  charm.]  —  fas-'^ci-na'tion,  ?^  The  act 
of  fascinating,  or  the  state  of  being  fascinated; 
enchantment;  charm. 

fasb^ion,  fash'un.  I.  vt.  To  frame;  mold; 
make;  conform;  accommodate;  fit.  II.  n.  1. 
The  prevailing  mode,  especially  in  dress;  the 
usage  of  polite  society.  2.  Manner  of  doing 
a  thing;  method;  way.  3.  The  make  or  shape 
of  a  thing;  external  appearance;  form.  4. 
People  of  fashion,  collectively.  [<  L.^  fac- 
tio(n-),  <  facio,  make.]  —  fash'ion-a-bl(e,  a. 
1.  Conforming  to  the  fashion.    2.  Established 


flut|ure   (future);    aisle;    au 
12 


(out);   ©II;   c   (k);    cliat;   dli   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;   thin. 


fast 
fear 


178 


or  approved  by  custom  or  polite  usage.—  fash'- 
ion-a-bly,  adv. 

fast*',  fast,  ti.  To  abstain  from  food  beyond 
the  usual  time.  [<  A^.  faestan.l—f&sVmg, 
n.    Abstinence  from  food. 

fast' ,  a.  1 .  Firmly  fixed  or  held ;  firm ;  secure ; 
lasting.  2.  Faithful;  steadfast.  3.  Deep; 
profound,  as  sleep.  [<  A^.fsest,  firm,  strong.] 

fast^,  fast,  a.  1.  Swift;  speedy;  rapidly  ac- 
complished. 2.  Ahead  of  the  standard:  said 
of  timepieces.  3.  Given  to  dissipation ;  disso- 
lute.    [<  fast2,  adv.^ 

fast^,  n.  1.  Abstinence  from  food,  especially 
as  a  religious  duty.  2.  A  period  prescribed 
for  religious  fasting.  [  <  AS.  faesten,  <  fsestan, 
fast.]  —  fast'sday'',  n.  A  day  set  apart  for  re- 
ligious fasting. 

ta,sV,adv.  1.  Firmly;  securely;  lastingly.  2. 
Profoundly;  soundly.  3.  Near.  [<  AS.faeste, 
<fsest,  fixed.] 

fast^,  adv.  In  rapid  succession,  or  with  quick 
motion;  swiftly.     [<  fast^,  adv.l 

fast'en,  fgs'n,  ?;.  1.  i.  1.  To  make  fast;  se- 
cure; affix;  attach.  2.  To  settle;  confirm; 
bind.  II.  i.  To  take  fast  hold;  cleave;  cling. 
[<  AS.  fasstnian,  <f3est,  fixed.]  —  fast'en-er, 
n.  One  who  or  that  which  fastens.— fast'en- 
intr,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  fast.  3.  That 
which  fastens,  as  a  bolt. 

fas-tid'i-ous,  fas-tid'i  us,  a.  Hard  to  please; 
overnice;  squeamish.  [<  L.  fastidiosus,  < 
fastidium,  disgust.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fast^ness,  fgst'nes,  n.  1.  A  fortress;  strong- 
hold. 2.  The  state  of  being  fast,  in  any  sense; 
security;  speed;  dissipation. 

fat,  fat.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [fat'ted^;  fat'ting.] 
To  fatten.  II.  a.  [fat'ter;  fat'test.]  1. 
Having  or  containing  much  fat  or  flesh;  corpu- 
lent; oDese.  2.  Prosperous;  thriving;  flourish- 
ing; profitable;  lucrative.  III.  n.  1.  A  white 
greasy,  easily  melted  compound,  found  in  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  tissues.  2.  The  richest  or 
most  desirable  part  of  anything.  [<  AS.  f  set.] 
—  fat'ly,  adv.—  fairness,  n. 

fa'tal.  fe'tal,  a.  1.  Bringing  or  connected  with 
death  or  ruin;  destructive;  deadly;  portentous; 
ominous.  2.  Fraught  with  or  determining  fate 
or  destiny;  fateful.  [OF.,  <  L.  fatalis,  < 
fatum;  see  fate.]  — fa'tal-ism,  n.  The  doc- 
trine or  belief  that  every  event  Is  predetermined 
and  inevitable.— fa'tal-ist,  n.  A  believer  In 
fatalism.- fa-tal'i-ty,  fa-tal'1-ti,  n.  [-ties*, 
pL]  1.  A  state  of  being  fated;  destiny;  decree 
of  fate.  '■Z.  A  disastrous  or  fatal  event:  death. 
3.  Tendency  to  danger  or  disaster. —fa'tal- 
ly,  adv. 

fate,  f§t,  n.  1.  Predetermined  and  inevitable 
necessity;  destiny;  fortune;  lot;  doom;  destruc- 
tion; death.  2.  pi.  [F-]  Gr.  &  Born.  Mijth. 
The  three  goddesses  supposed  to  control  all 
destinies;  the  Destinies.      [<L./a/ww,  neut. 


sing,  of /afi/fi,  pp.  of  for,  speak.]—  fa'ted,  pa. 

rate'ful,  a.     ' 
with  fate.    2.  Fatal. 


Destined;  doomed. - 


1.  Fraught 


fa'tlier,  ffl'dhijr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  have  or  assume 
the  relation  of  father  to.  2.  To  charge  the 
begetting  of  or  responsibility  for:  with  on  or 
vpon.  11.  n.  1.  The  male  })urentof  a  child. 
2.  Any  male  ancestor;  forefather;  patriarch; 
an  aged  and  revered  man  or  honored  ofticial ; 
priest;  clergyman.    3.  [F-]  The  Deity;  God; 


the  first  person  in  the  Trinity.  4.  An  author; 
founder.  [<  AS.  faeder.]  —  fa'ther-hood,  n. 
The  state  or  relation  of  a  father.—  farther  sins 
law'',  n.  The  father  of  one's  spouse.— fa'ther- 
land'',  n.  The  land  of  one's  birth.— fa'ther- 
less,  a.  Not  having  a  living  father.— fa'ther- 
li-ness,  %.— fa'ther-ly,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  father.  2.  Manifesting  the  affection  of 
a  father;  paternal. 
fath'om,  fadh'um.  I.  vt.  To  find  the  depth 
or  get  to  the  bottom  of;  sound;  interpret.  II. 
n.  [fath'oms  or  fath'om,  pi.]  A  measure 
of  length,  6  feet.     [<  AS.  faethm,  an  embrace.] 

—  fatli'om-less,  a.    Unfathomable. 
fa-tigue',  fa-tig'.    I.  vt.    [fa-tigued';  fa- 

TiGu'iNG.]  To  weary;  tire  out.  II.  n.  1. 
Exhaustion  of  strength  by  toil;  weariness. 
2.  Wearing  toil.     [F.,  <  L. /a/ig'O,  tire.] 

fat'ling,  fat'ling.  I.  a.  Fat;  plump.  II. 
n.    A  young  animal  fattened  for  slaughter. 

fat'ten,  fat'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
fat,  plump,  or  productive;  grow  rich. 

fat'ty,  fat'i,  a.    Fat;  unctuous. 

fat'u-ous,  fat'yu-us,  a.  Stubbornly  blind  or 
foolish;  idiotic;  baseless;  illusory;  inane.  [< 
L.  fatmis,  silly.] —  fa-tu'i-ty,  fa-tiii'i-ti,  n. 
Obstinate  or  conceited  folly;  imbecility;  Idiocy. 

fau'cet,  fe'set,  n.  A  spout  fitted  with  a  valve, 
for  drawing  liquids  through  a  pipe.  [<  OF. 
fai/sset,  Kfausser,  pierce.] 

fault,  felt,  n.  1 .  An  offense,  especially  a  slight 
offense;  a  neglect  of  duty  or  propriety.  2.  A 
defect;  blemish.  3.  A  losing  of  the  trail  or 
scent:  said  of  hunting»dogs.  [<  OF.  f ante, < 
L.  folio,  deceive.]  —  fault'less,  a.  Without 
fault,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— fanlt'y,  a.  Hav- 
ing faults  or  blemishes;  erroneous;  wrong.— 
fault'i-ly,  ad».— faiilt'i-ness,  n. 

faun,  fen,  n.  Horn.  Myth.  A  deity  of  the 
woods  and  herds,  half-human,  with  pointed 
ears  and  goats'  feet. 

fau'na,  fo'na,  n.  [fau'nje,  f&'nt  or  fau'ne, 
or  fau'nas,  fe'naz,  i)l.]  The  animals  living 
Avithin  a  given  area  or  a  stated  period. 

fa'vor,  fe'var.  I.  vt.  1.  To  treat  with  favor; 
befriend  ;  facilitate  ;  promote.  2.  [Colloq.j 
To  look  like.  II.  n.  1.  An  act  or  course  of 
generosity;  kind  and  favorable  feeling.  2. 
The  state  or  condition  of  favoring.  3.  Favorit- 
ism. 4.  Kind  permission.  5.  Convenience; 
facility.  6.  Something  given  as  a  token-  a 
letter.  7i|.  Aspect;  looks;  beauty;  charm.  [< 
Ij.  favor,  <  fareo,  favor.]  —  fa'vor-a.bI(e,  a. 
1.  Convenient;  advantageous.  2.  Friendly; 
propitious.— fa'vor-a-bly,  adv. 

fa'vor-it(e,  fe'v§r-it.  I.  a.  Regarded  with 
special  favor;  preferred.  II.  n.  A  person  or 
thing  particularly  liked  or  favored.     [F.] 

—  fa'vor-it-ism,  n.    A  disposition  to  favor 
unfairly  or  unreasonably. 

fawn,  fSn,  vi.  To  show  cringing  fondness,  as 
a  dog.  l<  Ice.  fagna,  =  AS.  faegnian,  < 
fsegeyi,  fam.] 

fawn,  n.  1.  A  voung  deer.  2.  The  color  of 
a  fawn;  light  yellowish-brown.  faun'scol''- 
or:|:.     [<  OF. /an,  <  1..  fetus,  olTsi)ring.] 

fay,  7J.    A  fairy.    [<  OF./flre,  F./ce.] 

fe'al-ty,  f I'al-ti,  n.  Fidelity,  as  of  a  vassal  to 
his  lord;  loyalty.  [<  L.of  JideHta{t)s,  fi- 
delity.] 

fear,  ftr.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  be  apprehensive  or 


papa,  Qsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th^y,  os^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  9h\  erat^r,  er;  fnll,  rule;  bot^  ur; 


179 


feasible 
fellow 


afraid  of;  be  fearful  or  afraid;  venerate;  re- 
vere. II.  11.  1.  An  emotion  excited  by 
threateningor  apprehended  evil;  alarm;  dread; 
terror.  2.  A  cause  of  fear.  3.  Reverence; 
awe.     [<  AS./«r,  sudden  danger,  fear.] 

—  fear'ful,  «.  1.  Experiencing  fear;  afraid; 
apprehensive;  timid;  timorous.  '2.  Inspiring 
fear;  terrible,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  7i.— fear'Iess, 
a.  Being  without  fear,  -ly,  adv.  -uess,  n.— 
fear'some,  rz.  1 ,  Causing  fear;  alarming,  ti. 
Timid;  frightened. 

fea'si-bl(e,  fi'zi-bl,  a.  That  may  be  done; 
practicable.  [<  F.  faisable,  <  faire,  <  L. 
facio.,  do.]  —  fea''si-bii'i-ty,  w.  Practicability. 

—  fea'si-bKe-ness,  w.— fea'si-bly,  adv. 
feast<^,  fist,  V.    1. 1.   To  give  a  feast  to;  delight. 

II.  i.    To  make  a  feast;  enjoy  oneself. 

feast,  n.  1.  A  sumptuous  repast.  2.  Any- 
thing affording  great  enjoyment.  3.  A  fes- 
tival.    [<  L.^Pfesta,  pi.  of festum,  holiday.] 

feat,  ftt,  n.  A  notable  act  or  performance,  as 
one  displaying  skill,  endurance,  or  daring.  [< 
F.fait,  <  L./actum;  see  fact.] 

feathi'er,  fedh'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  cover 
or  be  covered  with  or  as  with  feathers.  2.  To 
turn  the  blade  of  (an  oar)  nearly  horizontal  in 
recovering.  II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  appendages 
growing  out  from  the  skin  of  a  bird,  collec- 
tively forming  the  plumage.  2.  Kind;  class 
or  species.  3.  In  rowing,  the  act  of  feathering. 
[<  A8. /(g<'/^<?r.]  —  feath'ered,  a.  Provided 
with  feathers  or  feather»like  appendages.— 
feath'er-y,  a.  Covered  with  or  resembling 
feathers;  lii^ht,  soft,  or  fluffy. 

fea'ture,  fi'chur  or -tiQr,  n.  1.  Any  part  of 
the  human  face;  in  the  plural,  the  whole  face. 
2.  A  salient  point.     [<  OF.  failure.] 

feto'riKe,  feb'ril  or  fl'bril,  a.  Pertaining  to 
fever;  caused  by  or  indicating  fever.  [<  L. 
febris,  fever.] 

Feb'ru-a-ry,  feb'ru-g-ri,  n.  The  second 
month  of  the  year,  having  twenty<=eight  or,  in 
leap-years,  twenty  "nine  days.  [<  L.  Fehru- 
ati^KS.] 

fec-un'di-ty,  fec-un'di-ti,  n.  Productiveness; 
fruitfulness.  [<  L.^  fecundifas,  <.fecundus, 
fruitful.] 

fetl,  fed,  imp.  of  feed,  v. 

fed'er-al,  fed'gr-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
union  of  states  under  one  general  government. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  treaty,  league,  or  covenant. 
[<  F.  federal.,  <  l^J'oedvs  { feeder-),  compact.] 

—  fed'er-ate.  t.vt.&vi.  To  unite  in  a  fed- 
eration.   II.  a.    Leagued;  confederate;  federal. 

—  fed^'er-a'tion,  fed'er-e'shun,  71.  The  act 
of  uniting  under  a  federal  government;  a  feder- 
ated body;  league.—  feil'er-a-tivCe,  a.  Per- 
taining to  federation;  federal. 

fee,  ft,  vt.  [feed;  fee'ing.]  1.  To  pay  a  fee 
to;  tip,  as  a  waiter.    2.  To  hire;  bribe. 

fee*,  n.  1.  A  payment,  as  for  professional  serv- 
ice. 2.  A  charge  for  a  special  privilege.  [ME. 
fee,  <  OF. fee,  feeS.] 

fee^,  n.  1.  Law.  An  estate  of  inheritance. 
2.  Feudal  Law.  A  fief.  3.  Ownership; 
property,  [<  OF.  fee,  <  LL.  feudum:  see 
feud2,  ??.]  —fee  simple,  an  estate  of  inherit- 
ance free  from  condition. 

fee'bl(e,  fl'bl,  a.  Lacking  strength  or  vigor; 
weak.  [<  OF.  feble,  F.  faible,  <  L.  flebUis, 
tearful.]     -ness,  w.— fee'bly,  adv. 

feed,  fid,  v.    [fed,  fed;  feed'ing.]    I.  ^    1. 


To  give  food  to;  nourish;  supply,  as  material 
to  a  machine.  2.  To  use  for  food.  II.  i.  To 
take  food;  eat;  subsist;  prey.  {<  A^.fedan, 
<foda,  food.]  —  feed'er,  n. 

feed,  n.  1.  Anything  that  is  used  as  food;  a 
single  meal,  as  for  an  animal.  2.  Mach.  A 
feeding  motion  or  mechanism;  also,  material 
fed  to  a  machine. 

feel,  fil,  V.  [felt,  felt;  feel'ing.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  perceive,  as  by  the  touch;  examine  by 
touching.  2.  To  be  mentally  affected  or 
stirred  by.  3.  To  be  conscious  of;  have  a 
sense  of.  11.  i.  1.  To  have  (a  specified)  sen- 
sation, emotion,  etc.;  as,  to  feel  cold.  2.  To 
give  a  sensation  to  the  touch.  3.  To  be  full  of 
feeling.  [<  AS. /eto/?.]  — feel'er,  w.  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  feels.  *J.  An  antenna;  tenta- 
cle. 3.  An  indirect  approach;  a  trial  venture.— 
feel'ing.  I.  pa.  Possessed  of  warm  sensibili- 
ties; sympathetic;  fervent;  impassioned.  II.  n. 
Touch;  sensation;  sentiment;  emotion;  sensibil- 
ity,  -ly,  adv.   In  a  feeling  or  pathetic  manner. 

feel,  n.  The  sense  of  touch;  sensation;  percep- 
tion by  touch. 

feet,  fit,  n.    Plural  of  foot. 

feign,  fen,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  simulate;  pretend. 
2.  To  invent  or  imagine.  II.  i.  To  use  false 
representations;  dissimulate.  [<  F.feindre,  < 
L.^«g'o,  shape.]— feint,  fent.  V.vi.  To  make  a 
feint.  II,  n.  An  appearance  assumed  to  mis- 
lead; a  deceptive  movement;  pretended  attack. 

feld'spar'',  feld'spQr",  n.  A  mineral  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  aluminum  silicate.  [<  G.feld, 
field,  +  spafh,  spar.]     feld'spath'^J. 

fe-lic'i-tate,  fe-lis'i-tet,  vt.  [-ta"ted<';  -ta"- 
TiNG.]     To  wish  joy  or  happiness  to. 

—  fe-lic'^i-ta'tion,  7i. 

fe-lic'i-ty,  fg-lis'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^  pi.]  1.  A 
state  of  well*founded  happiness;  a  source  of 
content.  2.  Happy  faculty ;  a  clever  or  apt  ex- 
pression; appropriateness.  [<  L.^ felicita(t-)s, 
<felix  (feic-),  happy.]  —  fe-lic'i-tous,  a.  1. 
Marked  oy  or  producing  felicity,  ti.  Happy  In 
operation  or  effect;  appropriate,    -ly,  adv. 

fe'line,  fl'lain,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cats  or 
cat=like  animals;  cat»like;  sly.  [<'LLi.feUnvs, 
<  h.felis,  cat.] 

fell,  fel,  vt.  1.  To  cause  to  fall;  cut  down.  2. 
To  finish  withafell:  said  of  seams.  [AS.fellan, 
cans,  of feallan,  fall.]  —  fell'er,  n. 

fell,  imp.  of  FALL,  V. 

fell,  a.  Characterized  by  fierceness  or  cruelty; 
inhuman;  barbarous;  hideous.     [<  A^.fel.] 

felli,  71.  1.  A  seam  finished  with  a  flat  and 
smooth  strip.  2.  The  end  of  the  web  in  weav- 
ing.    [<  fell,  v.] 

fell2,  71.  1.  Hair.  21|.  A  hide  or  pelt.  [<  AS. 
fell,  hide.] 

feriali  fel'd,  11.  [fel'lahsz  or  fel'lah-een', 
pl.^    A  peasant;  laborer,  as  In  Egypt.    [Ar.] 

fei'loe,  fel'o,  n.    Same  as  felly. 

fel'low,  fel'o.  I.  a.  Joined  or  associated; 
associate.     II.??.     1.  A  person  or  individual. 

2.  A  companion;  also,  a  counterpart;  equal. 

3.  An  inferior  or  worthless  person.  4.  The 
holder  of  a  fellowship.  5.  A  member  of  a  so- 
ciety. [<  Ice.  felag\,<felag,  companionship.] 

—  ferlow=ifeel''ingr,  fel'o^firing,  n.    Sym- 
pathy.—fel'low-ship,  fel'o-ship.    I,  vt.  &  vi. 

f-SHIPEDt  or  -SHIPPEDt;  -SHIP'ING  Or  -SHIP'PING.] 

To  accept,  or  unite  with  others,  in  fellowship. 
II.  71.   1 .  The  state  of  being  a  comrade  or  com- 


fiut|lire    (future);    aisle;   au   (put);   ©11;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   (the);   go;  sing,  ink;    thin. 


felly 
fertilize 


180 


panlon;  friendly  Intercourse;  communion;  partic- 
ipation. 2.  A  band;  company.  3.  A  privi- 
leged position,  as  of  a  graduate  m  a  college. 


fel'ly,     I  fel'i,  f el'o,  n.  [fel'lies^,  fel'loes', 

fel'loe,  Spl.]  A  segment  of  the  rim  of  a 
wooden  wheel.     \}>lE.fely,felow^  <  K^.felg.A 

fel'on,  fel'un,  a.  1.  Obtained  by  felony.  2. 
Wicked;  criminal;  treacherous.     [F.] 

feFon*,  n.    One  who  has  committed  a  felony. 

fel'on^,  n.  Inflammation  of  the  cellular  tissue 
and  periosteum,  as  on  a  linger.  [<  felon,  o., 
being  a  '  malignant '  sore.] 

fel'o-ny,  fel'o-ni,  n.  [-nies'^,  plJ]  A  grave 
crime :  originally,  one  punishable  with  forfei- 
ture of  lands  and  goods. —  fe-lo'iii-ous,  fe-lo'- 
ni-us,  a.    Showing  criminal  purpose,    -ly,  adv. 

fel'spar'',  fel'spar',  n.    Same  as  feldspar. 

felt,  felt.  Id.  1)1.  &  vi.  To  compact  or  be  com- 
pacted into  felt;  overlay  with  felt.  II.  n.  A 
fabric  made  by  compacting  wool,  fur,  or  hair, 
or  a  mixture  thereof.  [  <  AS.  felt.]  —  felt'ing, 
n.  1.  The  process  by  which,  or  the  materials  of 
which,  felt  IS  made.    2.  Felt  in  quantity. 

felt,  imp.  of  feel. 

fe^male,  fi'mel.  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  sex  that  brings  forth  young  or  produces 
ova.  2.  Characteristic  of  a  woman;  feminine. 
II.  n.  A  person  or  animal  of  the  female  sex. 
[<  L.^femeUa,  young  woman.] 

fem'i-niJi(e,  fem'i-nin,  a.  1.  Belonging  to 
or  characteristic  of  womankind;  womanly; 
effeminate.  2.  Gram.  Applicable  to  females 
only.     [<  L.^  femininus,  <  femina,  woman.] 

—  fein''i-nin'i-ty,  n.  [thigh. 
fem'o-ral,  fem'o-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
fen,  fen,  n.    A  marsh;  bog.     [<  AS.  fenn.] 

—  fen'ny,  a.    Marshy;  boggy,   fen^nisht. 
fence,  fens,  v.     [fenced';    fen'cing.]    I.  t. 

To  enclose  with  or  as  with  a  fence;  secure  or 
protect.  II.  i.  1.  To  practise  with  a  foil  or 
Bword;  strive  skilfully,  as  in  debate.  2.  To 
provide  a  fence  or  defense. — fen'cer,  n.—fen^- 
ci-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  defending  or  of  being 
defended.—  fen'cingr,  n.  1.  The  art  of  attack- 
ing and  defending,  as  with  a  foil  or  sword.  '2. 
Material  for  fences;  fences  collectively. 
fence,  ».     1.  An  enclosing  structure  of  rails, 

Kickets,  wires,  or  the  like;  a  defense;  shield; 
ulwark.  2.  The  use  of  weapons,  as  in  fen- 
cing; repartee.     [Abbr.  of  defense.] 

fend'',  fend,  v.  I.  t.  To  keep  off  or  away; 
ward  off;  defend;  guard.  II.  i.  To  fence; 
parry.  [Abbr.  of  defend.]  —  fend'er,  fend'gr, 
n.  One  who  or  tliat  which  fends  or  wards  off; 
any  prott'ctiiig  device,  as  to  keep  a  vc.»*8el  from 
liarniful  contact  with  a  pier  or  to  prevent  acci- 
dents to  pedestrians  from  8treet»cars;  a  guard 
before  an  open  fire. 

Fe'ni-an,  fl'ni-an,  n.  A  member  of  an  Irish 
society  formed  in  New  York  in  1857  to  seek 
independence  for  Ireland. 

fen^nel,  fen'el,  n.  A  tall  aromatic  European 
herb,  with  yellow  flowers. 

fer-xnent''',  ffir-mont',  i>.  I.  (.  1.  To  produce 
fermentation  in.  2.  Tostir  with  passion;  agi- 
tate, il.  i.  To  undergo  fermentation;  be  ni 
agitation.— fer-nient'a-bl(e  or  -l-bl(e,  a. 

fer'ment,  fgr'ment,  ?/.  1.  A  substance  pro- 
ductive of  fermentation.  2.  Excitement  or 
agitation.  \<  L./er}/)e>ifiwi.,yeaHU  </erveo, 
boil.]  —  fer'inen.ta'tlon,  7i.  1.  A  chemical 
decomposition  of  an  organic  compound,  Induced 


by 


living  organisms  or  by  chemical  agents.    '^. 
Commotion,  agitation,  or  excitement.  3.  A  gen- 
tle ebullition.— fer-ment'a-tiv(e,  a.  Causing, 
or  capable  of  causing,  fermentation;  fermenting. 
fern,  fgm,  n.    A   flowerless   (cryptogamous) 


Ferns. 
1.  Rootstock  and  frond  of  Polypodium.    2.  Fronds  of 
Asplenium  Trichomanes;  2a,  pinna  of  the  same,  bear- 
ing spore*cases.    3.  Fertile  frond  of  Osmtmda  cinna- 
momea.    4.  Part  of  the  frond  of  Adiantum  pedatum. 

plant  with  feathery  leaves.  [<  AS.  feam.]  — 
tern'y.  a.  Abounding  in  or  resembling  ferns. 

fe-ro'cious,  fg-rO'shus,  a.  Of  a  fierce  and 
savage  nature;  rapacious.  [<^L.  ferox  (fe- 
roci-),  <ferus.,  wild.]  -ly,  adv.  -hess,  n. — 
fe-roc'i-ty,  fe-res'1-ti,  n.  [-tiesi, /)?.!  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  ferocious;  fierce  cruelty. 

fer'ret,  fer'§t.  I<'.  vt.  1.  To  find  by  keen  and 
persevering  search:  with  ovf.  2.  To  hunt  with 
ferrets.  II.  n.  1.  A  weasel'like  carnivore, 
about  14  inches  long,  usually  white  with  red 
eyes,  and  used  to  hunt  rabbits,  rats,  etc.  2.  A 
glass'makers'  iron  rod  for  trying  the  melted 
material.     [<  IAj.^ furetus,  <  L./ur,  thief.] 

fer'ri-age,  fer'i-gj,  n.  The  act  of  ferrying; 
conveyance  by  ferry;  toll  charged  for  ferrying. 

fer-ru'gi-nous,  fer-ru'U-nus,  a.  1.  Of  or 
like  iron.  2.  Rust'colored.  l<L.fen'vginus, 
<fernim,  iron.] 

fer'rule,  fer'il,  n.  A  metal  ring  or  cap,  as  on 
the  end  of  a  cane.     [<  L.^^**"  vti-iola,  ring.] 

fer'ry,  fer'i,  v.  [fer'ried;  fer'ry-ing.]  I.  f. 
To  convey  over  water  on  a  boat;  cross  in  a 
boat  or  float,  II.  i.  To  cross  water,  as  in  a 
boat.     [<  AS./maH,  carry,  go.] 

fer'ry,  n.  [fer'ries*,  pi.]  1.  A  system  of 
transportation  across  a  narrow  body  of  water; 
also,  the  place  of  crossing.  2.  A  boat  for  such 
transportation,  fer'ry » boaf't .  —  fer'  ry- 
inan,  n.   One  who  has  charge  of  a  ferry. 

fer'til(e,  fgr'til,  a.  Producing,  or  capable  of 
producing,  abundantly;  fruitful ;  plentiful.  [F., 
<  L.  fertllU,  <  few,  bear.]  —  fer*tll{e-\y,  ad  v. 
—  fef-f  in-ty,  V.    t'er'tilic-nefi»U 

fer'til-ize  or  -ise,  fgr'til-aiz,  r(.     [-ized; 

-I'ziNo.]    To  render  fertile  or  fruitful;  enrich. 

— fer^tll-i-za'tioii,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 

fertilizing.—  fer'til-l'^zer, «.   One  who  orthat 

which  fertilizes;  a  fertilizing  material,  as  guano. 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  nsfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  hot,  ©r; 


181 


ferule 
fiend 


fer'Ule,  fer'ul,  n.  A  flat  etlck  for  punishing 
children.     [<  Jj.ferula^  <ferio,  strike.] 

fer'vent,  fgr'vgnt,  a.  1.  Ardent  in  feeling; 
fervid.  2.  Burning,  or  very  hot.  [<  L. /i?/'- 
y•e/K^X«,  ppr.  of/ert'eo,  boil.]  -\y,adv.  -n'ess, 
«.— fer'ven-cy,  «.    Fervor;  zeal. 

fer'vid,  fgr'vid,  a.    1.  Burning  with  zeal  or 
eagerness;  vehement.    2.  Hot;  glowing;  fiery. 
[<  Ij.  fet^idr/s,  <feiveo,  boil.] 
-ly,  «rfw.— fer-vid'i-ty,  fer'vid-ness,  n. 

fer'vor,  fgr'vgr,  n.  1.  Ardor,  or  intensity  of 
feeling;  zeal.    2.  Heat;  warmth. 

fes'tal,  fes'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  festival,  feast, 
or  holiday;  festive.     [<  L.  festum,  feast.] 

fes'ter,  fes'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  1.  To  ulcerate; 
rankle.  2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  decomposition  or 
corruption.  II.  «.  The  act  of  festering;  an 
ulcerous  sore.     [<  L.of  fistula,  ulcer.] 

fes'ti-val,  fes'ti-val.  I.  a.  Festive.  II.  n. 
A  period  of  feasting  or  celebration. 

fes'tiv(e,  fes'tiv,  a.    Pertaining  or  suited  to  a 


feast;    gay.     [<  L.  festivus,  <  festum;   see 
-fes-tiv'i.ty,  n.     [-tiesS  pi  A    A 
A  festive  celebration;  Ralety;  merrjTnakhig" 


FEAST,    n.] 


fes-toon',  fes-tun'.  I.vt.  To  decorate  with 
or  fashion  into  festoons.  II.  n.  A  decorative 
garland  or  band  hanging  in  a  curve  between 
two  points.     [<  'LLJ  festo(n-),  garland.] 

fetch.',  fech,  vt.  1.  To  go  after  and  bring; 
bring;  convey.  2.  To  bring  as  a  price.  3.  To 
attain  by  exertion ;  accomplish;  reach. 

fetch.,  n.  1.  An  act  of  fetching.  2.  A  strat- 
agem.    [Of  AS.  origin.] 

ffete,  fet,  71.    A  festival;  holiday.    [F.] 

fe'ticli,  fe'tich-isin,  etc.   Same  as  fetish,  etc. 

fet'id,  fet'id,  a.  Emitting  an  offensive  odor. 
[<   L.  fetidus,  fmtidvs,   <  feieo,  smell  ill.] 

fe^tlsh,  fi'tish  or  fet'ish,  n.  An  object  wor- 
shiped among  savages  as  the  incarnation  of 
a  spirit.     [<  L.ps+^  factitins,    factitious.] 

fet'lock,  fet'lec,  n.  The  tuft  of  hair  above  a 
horse's  hoof;  also,  the  projection  and  the  joint 
at  this  place.     [ <  fet-  (cp.  foot)  -j-  lock^,  n.] 

fet'ter,  fet'gr.  I.  vt.  To  fasten  fetters  upon; 
shackle.  II.  7t.  A  shackle  for  the -feet;  any- 
thing that  confines.     [<  AS.  fetor,  shackle.] 

fe'tus,   I  f  i'tus,  n.    The  young  in  the  womb  or 

fCB'tUS,  f  in  the  egg;  unborn  offspring.     [L.] 

feudi,  fiud,  n.  Vindictive  strife  or  hostility 
between  families  or  clans,  commonly  heredi- 
tary.    [<  AS.feehth,  <fah,  hostile.] 

feud^,  n.  Land  held  of  a  superior  on  condition 
of  rendering  service.  [<  lAj.feudum,  <  OF. 
fleu;  see  fief.]  —  feuMal,  fiu'dal,  a.  Rela- 
ting to  a  feud  or  to  the  relation  of  lord  and  vassal. 
—  ieii'dal-isin,  n.  The  medieval  European 
system  of  land  tenure  on  condition  of  military 
service,  feudal  systeint.— feu'dal-ly,  rtd??. 

fe'ver,  f  I'vgr.  I.vt.  To  affect  with  fever.  U.n. 
1.  A  disorder  marked  by  high  temperature, 
quickened  pulse,  etc.  2.  Extreme  excitement. 
[<  AS.fefer,  <  L.febi-is,  <ferveo,  boil.]  —  fe'- 
ver-ish,  a.  Affected  with  fever;  hot;  impatient. 

few,  fiii,  a.  Small  or  limited  in  number;  not 
many.     [<  AS.  fea{w-).]     -ness,  n. 

fez,  fez,  n.  A  brimless  Turkish  felt  cap,  usually 
red,  with  a  black  tassel.  [P.,  <  Turk,  fes,  < 
Fez  (city  in  Morocco).] 

fl.''an"c6',  fi"Grt"se',  n.  [fi"an"cee',  feni!\ 
An  aflianced  or  betrothed  person.     [F.] 


fi-as'co,  fi-Gs'cO,  n.  A  complete  or  humilia- 
ting failure.     [It.  flask.] 

fi'at,  fai'at,  n.  A  j)ositive  and  authoritative 
command.     [L.,  let  it  be  done.] 

fih,  fib.  I.  VI.  [fibbed;  pib'bing.]  To  tell 
a  fib.  II.  n.  A  petty  falsehood.  [Corr.  of 
fable.] 

fibber,  (fai'bgr,  w.      1.    A  fine  filament.     2. 

fl'tare,  i  Any  substance  composed  of  or  sepa- 
rable into  threads  or  filaments.  3.  The  essen- 
tial element  of  anything;  strength;  nerve. 
[<  Y.filyi^e,  <  \..  fibra,  fiber.]  —  fPbrin,  fai'- 
brin,  n.  A  white  filamentous  substance  obtained 
from  coagulated  blood;  the  fibrous  portion  of 
flesh;  a  similar  substance  sepai-ated  from  cereal 
grains. —  fi'brous,  a.  Composed  of  or  having 
the  character  of  fibers.    [<  Ij.Jibra,  fiber.] 

fick'l(e,  fik'l,  a.  Inconstant  in  feeling  or  pur- 
pose; changeful;  capricious.  [<  AS.  Jicol, 
crafty.]  — flek'l(e-ne89,  n. 

flc'til(e,  fic'til,  a.  Made  of  earth  or  clay-  per- 
taining to  pottery;  plastic.  [<  L.Jictilis,  < 
fetus,  pp.  of flngo,  form.] 

fic'tion,  fic'shun,  n.  A  feigning  or  represent- 
ing of  that  which  is  not  true;  a  fabrication; 
fictitious  narrative;  novel.  \_<  "L.  ;flctio{n-),  < 
fetus,  pp.  of  ^«g'o,  form.]  — flc-ti'tious,  fic- 
tish'us,  a.    Imaginary;  counterfeit;  false. 

fiddle,  fid'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [fid'dled;  fid'- 
DLiNG.]  To  play  on  a  fiddle;  trifle  or  toy  with. 
II.  fK  A  violin.  [<  AS.  fthelere,  fiddler.] 
—  fld'dler,  «.  1.  One  who  plays  a  fiddle.  3. 
A  small  burrowing  crab  that  flourishes  its  odd 
large  claw  like  a  fiddle.    fid'dler5crab''t. 

fl-deri-ty,  fi-del'i-ti,  n.  1.  Faithfulness  to 
duty  or  obligation;  loyalty.  2.  Truthfulness; 
accuracy.     [  <  L.  fidelitait-)s,  <  fides,  faith.] 

fldg-'et,  fij'gt.  I.'  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  fidgety; 
worry;  move  restlessly.  II.  ri.  Nervous  rest- 
lessness. [<  Ice.  ^'^-rt,  climb  up  nimbly.]  — 
fidg'et-y,  a.    Nervous;  uneasy;  restless. 

fie,  fai,  i7iterj.  An  expression  of  impatience 
or  disapproval.     [<  Ice./^,/(g2.] 

fief,  f if,  n.  A  landed  estate  held  under  feudal 
tenure.     [<  OF.  fef,  feu.] 

field,  n.  1.  A  large  piece  of  land  enclosed  as 
for  tillage  or  pasture.  2.  A  region;  open  ex- 
panse; the  open  country.  3.  A  sphere  of  ac- 
tion; battle=groimd;  battle.  [<  AS.  f eld.]  — 
fleld'sday'',  «.  A  day  devoted  to  evolutions 
of  troops  or  to  athletic  exercises,  as  in  a  college; 
a  day  of  excitement;  gala=day.  — f.sgun,  «.  A 
cannon  mounted  on  wheels  for  rapid  movement 
In  the  field. —  f.smavslial,  w.  Mil.  A  general 
ofilcer  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  armies  of  sev- 
eral European  nations. —f.soflicer,  n.  Mil. 
An  ofiicer  intermediate  between  a  company  and 
a  general  ofllcer;  a  major,  lIeutenant»coioncl, 
or  colonel.— f.spiece,  n.  Same  as  field=gun. 
— f.ssports,  n. pi.  Out- 
door sports,  as  hunting, 
shooting,  and  racing. 

fleld'fare'',    fild'far",    ^^j^^_B«,,ja^ 
n.  A  European  thrush.    ^^^EJB^^^^Ka#>*«wT 
[<  AS.  feld,  field,  + 
faran,  go.] 

fiend,  find,  n.  1.  An 
evil  spirit;  a  devil;  de- 
mon. 2.  A  devotee  of 
something;  as, an  opium 
fend.  [  <  AS.  feond,  <  feon,  hate.]  —  fiend' 
liih,  a.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


Fieldfare 


fiut|ilre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    ©il;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  {th€)\    go;  sing,   ii.ik;   thin. 


fierce 
filth 


182 


fierce,  firs,  a.  1.  Having  a  violent  and  cruel 
nature  or  temper;  savage;  ferocious.  2.  Vio- 
lent in  action;  furious.  3.  Vehement;  pas- 
sionate. [<  F.Jisr,  proud,  <  L.ferus,  wild.] 
—  flerce'ly,  adv. —  flerce'ness,  n. 

fier'y,  fair'i,  a.  [fibr'i-er;  fier'i-est.]  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  like  Are ;  glowing;  burning; 
hot;  vehement;  passionate;  spirited. —  lier'- 
i-ly,  adv.— ^er'i-ness,  n. 

fife,  faif.  l.vt.&m.  [fifed*;  fi'fing.]  To 
play,  as  an  air,  on  a  fife;  play  the  fife.  II.  n. 
Mus.  A  small  shrill^toned  flute-like  martial 
wind-instrument.  [<  F.Jifre,  <  OB.G.  pf  If  a, 
pipe.]  —  fl'fer,  n.    One  who  plays  the  fife. 

fif 'teen'',  fif 'tin".  I.  a.  Consisting  of  five  more 
than  ten.  II.  n.  The  sum  of  ten  and  five,  or 
the  symbols  (15  or  XV)  representing  this  num- 
ber. [<  AS.  flf,  five,  4-  tpn,  ten,  ten.]  -  flP- 
teeiith''.  I.'«.  1.  Fifth  in  order  after  the  tenth. 
tj.  Being  one  of  fifteen  equal  parts  of  a  thing 
11.71.    One  of  fifteen  equal       


fiftH,  fifth.    I.  a. 


equal  parts  of  anything 
1.  Next  in  order  after  the 


fourth.    2.  Being  one  of  five  equal  parts  of  a 
thing.    II.  n.    One  of  five  equal  parts  of  any- 
thing.—flfth'ly,  adv. 
fif  ty,  fif'ti.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  ten  more  than 
forty  or  five  times  ten.  II.  n.     [fif'ties^,^;/.] 

1.  The  sum  of  ten  and  forty;  five  times  ten. 

2.  The  symbols  representing  this  number. 
[<  AS.  fiftiff,  <  ft/,  five,  +  -%,  decade.]  — 
flPti-eth.  1.  a.  1.  Tenth  in  order  after  the 
fortieth.  3.  Being  one  of  fifty  equal  parts  of  a 
thing.   II.  n.    One  of  fifty  equal  parts. 

fig,  fig,  n.  1.  The  small  pear-shaped  fruit  of  a 
tree  of  the  genus  Mens,  cultivated  in  warm 
climates.  2.  The  tree  tliat  bears  the  fruit. 
fig'=tree"$.     3.  A  petty  matter;  trifle. 

fight,  fait,  V.  fFOUGHT,  fet;  fight'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  contend  with;  contest.  2.  To  carry 
on  or  through  (a  contest  of  any  kind).  3.  To 
manage  or  direct  in  battle;  cause  to  fight. 
II.  i.  To  contend  or  strive;  give  battle. 

fight,  71.  1.  Strife  or  struggle  between  adver- 
saries; battle;  conflict;  combat.  2.  Power  or 
disposition  to  fight;  pugnacity.  [<  AS.feoht, 
<  feohtan,  fight.]  —  nght'er,  «.  One  who 
fights;  a  combatant;  warrior.— fiijlit'iinr.  I. 
(I.  1.  Qualified,  equipped,  trained,  or  ready  to 
fight;  active  in  war  or  battle,  ti.  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  suitable  for,  engaged  In,  or  used  for  con- 
flict.   II.  7i.    Strife;  battle;  conflict. 

fig'ment,  fig'mgnt,  n.  Something  imagined 
or  feigned;  a  fiction.     [<  L.^^JiTigo,  form.] 

fig'ure,  flg'yur,  v.    [fig'ured;  fig'ur^ng.] 

1.  t.    1.  To  form  an  image  of;  design;  depict. 

2.  To  mark  with  figures  or  designs.  3.  To 
imagine.  4.  To  mark  with  or  denote  by  figures 
or  numerals;  com])nte;  calculate.  5.  To  sym- 
bolize; prefigure.  II.  i.  1.  To  make  a  flgure; 
take  a  part;  be  prominent  or  conspicuous.  2. 
To  make  a  computation;  cinher.  —  flp'iir-a- 
tiv(e,  a.  1.  Not  literal;  metaphorical;  svniholic. 
»i.  Ornate;  florid.  3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
representation   of  form  or  flgure.     -ly,  adr. 

-IIC8H,  n. 

fig'ure,  n.  1.  Visible  form;  shape;  outline;  ap- 
pearance. 2.  A  diagram,  drawing,  represen- 
tation, or  likeness.  3.  Atyi)e.  as  of  somelhing 
to  come.  4.  An  active  or  conspicuous  i)erson. 
5.  Appearance,  especially  distinguished  ap- 
pearance; distinction.    6.  A  numeral;  hence. 


amount;  price;  value.  7.  One  of  the  regular 
movements  of  a  dance.  8.  Metaphorical,  pic- 
torial, or  poetic  language.  [F.,  <  'L.flgw-a,  < 
fingo.,  form.] 

fil'a-gree,  a.  dc  7i.    Same  as  filigkee. 

fil'a-ment,  fil'a-mgnt,  n.  A  fine  thread  or 
fiber,  or  something  resembling  it.  [<  L.Jilum, 
thread.]  —  fli^a-men'tous,  a.  Like,  consist- 
ing of,  or  bearing  filaments;  thread=like. 

firbert,  fil'bgrt,  n.  The  edible  nut  of  the  hazel. 

filchS  filch,  vi.  To  steal  slyly  and  in  small 
amounts;  pilfer. 

file^fail.  I.  vf.  [filed;  fi'ling.]  To  cut,  re- 
duce, smooth,  or  sharpen  with  a  file.  II.  71. 
A  hard  steel  abrading  or  smoothing  instru- 
ment.    [<  AS.feol.] 

file^.  I.  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  put  on  file,  as  papers, 
for  reference,  etc.  2.  To  march  in  file,  as  sol- 
diers. II.  n.  1.  Any  device,  as  a  pointed 
wire,  to  keep  papers  in  order  for  reference. 
2.  A  collection  of  papers  or  documents  ar- 
ranged systematically  for  reference.  3.  Mil. 
A  row  of  men  standing  or  marching  one  beliind 
another.  4.  A  roll;  list.  [F.,  <  L.  Jilum, 
thread.] 

fil'ial,  fil'yal,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  befitting 
a  son  or  daughter;  due  to  parents.  [<  Ij.fllivs, 
son;  fllia,  daughter.] 

fil'i-gree,  fil'i-gri.  I.  a.  Made  of  or  adorned 
with  filigree;  fanciful.  II.  n.  Delicate  orna- 
mental work;  anything  fanciful  and  delicate, 
but  unserviceable.  [<  L.'*p+*'  JUwn,  thread, 
-f  granum,  grain.] 

fi'ling,  fai'ling,  n.  1.  The  act^or  process  of 
using  a  file.    2.  A  particle  removed  by  a  file. 

fill,  fil,  vt.  &LV\.  1.  To  make  or  become  full. 
2.  To  occupy;  pervade.  3.  To  satisfy;  glut. 
[<  m./yllan,  <  ful,  full.]  —  flll'er,  n. 

fill,  n.  That  which  fills  or  is  suflacient  to  fill ; 
a  full  supply.     [<  AS.fyllu,  fulness.] 

fil'let,  fil'gt,  n.  1.  A  narrow  band  or  ribbon, 
as  for  binding  the  hair.  2.  A  strip  of  lean 
meat.  3.  A  thin  band,  strip,  engraved  line, 
or  molding.     [OF.,  <  L..j^Mm,  thread.] 

fil'lip,  fil'ip.  I',  vt.  To  strike  or  impel  by  or 
as  by  a  fillip.  II.  n.  A  snap  or  blow  with  the 
end  of  a  finger;  hence,  incitement,  as  to  an  am- 
bition.    [Var.  of  Flip.] 

filly,  fil'i,  fi.  Ffil'lies*,  /;/.]  1.  A  young 
mare.  2.  A  bold  or  lively  young  woman.  [< 
Ice.  fytja,  <foli,  foal.] 

film,  film,  71.  A  thin  coating,  layer,  or  mem- 
brane. [ <  AS.  fyl/tien;  cp.  fell^,  d.]  —  fllin, 
vt.  &  vi.—  filiii'i-iioss,  «.—  film'y,  a.  Like  a 
film;  gauzy;  unsubstantial. 

fil'ter,  fll'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  pass  through 
a  filter.  2.  To  separate  (solid  matter)  from 
liquid  by  a  filter.  II.  v.  Any  device  or  por- 
ous substance  used  as  a  strainer  for  clearing  or 
purifving  liquids.  [<  LL.^  filt>'U}ti,te]t.  <  LG. 
///,  lelt.]  —  fll''lrate,fil'tret.  I.  vt.  [fil'tra"- 
TKD<i;  fil'tra'tixo.]  To  filter.  II.  n.  The 
liquid  separated  by  filtration.— fil-tra'tion,  «. 
The  act  or  process  of  filtering. 

filth,  filth,  n.  Anything  that  soils,  defiles,  or 
makes  foul  or  impure;  defilement;  nastiness; 
dirt.    [<  AS.  fplfh,  <ful;  see  foul,  a.] 

—  filth'y,  a.  [filth'i-er;  filth'i-bst.]  Of. 
the  nature  of  or  containing  filth;  foul;  obscene.— 
fllth'i-ly,  adt;.  — filth'i-ness,  n. 


papfi,  Qsk;  at,  &ir;  element,  thgy,  us^ge;  It,  ^,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Hr; 


183 


fin 
firm 


fin,  fin,  n.  A  membranous  extension  from  the 
body  of  a  fish  or  other  aquatic  animal,  serving 
to  propel,  balance,  or  steer  it  in  the  water.  [  < 
AS. .fin-']  —  fln'less,  a.    Without  fins. 

fi'nai,  fai'nal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  coming 
at  or  as  the  end;  ultimate;  last;  conclusive; 
decisive.  2.  Relating  to  or  consisting  in  the 
end  or  purpose  aimed  at;  as,  ^ final  cause.  [< 
h.  finis,  end,  <  ^«6?o,  separate.']  —  fl-naKi-tv, 
n.  C-TiES^,  pi.']  1.  The  state  or  quality  of  beliig 
final.  3.  A  final,  conclusive,  or  decisive  act,  de- 
termination, offer,  etc.—  fi'nal-Iy,  adv. 

fi-na'le,  fl-nfl'le,  n.  The  last  act,  part,  scene, 
or  movement;  end.     [It.] 

fi-nance',  fi-nans',  n.  1.  The  science  of 
monetary  affairs.  2.  Monetary  affairs;  pecu- 
niary resources;  funds;  revenue;  income:  usu- 
ally in  the  plural.  [F.]  —  fl-nan'cial,  fi-nan'- 
shal,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  finance;  monetary. 
—  fi-iiaii'cial-ly,  o(?i'.  —  lin''an-cier',  fin"- 
an-slr'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  manage  the  finances  of; 
conduct  financial  operations.  II.  n.  One  skilled 
in  or  occupied  with  financial  affairs. 

finch,  finch,  n.    A  small  seed»eating  bird,  as  a 
sparrow,    goldfinch, 
or  canary.     [<  AS. 
fine] 

find,      f  a  i  n  d ,     v. 
[pound,      found ; 

FIND'ING.]     I.  ^.     1. 

To  discover  or  meet 
with  accidentally; 
chance  upon;  fall  in 
with.  2.  To  discover  .    Finch.    1/4 

or  ascertain  by  search  or  study;  learn  by  ex- 
perience; perceive;  ascertain.  3.  Lmv.  To 
decide  after  judicial  investigation.  4.  To  fur- 
nish; provide;  supply;  also,  to  support;  pro- 
vide for.  II.  i.  Law.  To  render  a  judicial  de- 
cision. [<  AS.  findan.]  —  flnd'er,  n.—  flnd'- 
ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  finding,  or  that  which 
is  found;  discovery;  a  verdict.  2.  Support; 
expense;  in  the  plural,  small  tools  and  supplies. 

fines  fain,  vt.  [fined;  fi'ning.]  To  punish 
by  fine;  mulct. 

fine2.  I.  ^.    To  refine.    II.  i.     1.  To  become 
purified,  thin,  or  slender:   with.  down.    2.  To 
melt  or  fade  gradually.     [<  fine,  a.] 
—  fi'ner,  n.    A  refiner. 

fine,  a.  [fi'ner;  fi'nest.]  1.  Excellent; 
admirable;  beautiful;  elegant.  2.  Light  or 
delicate;  subtile;  thin;  keen.  3.  Showy;  pre- 
tentious; ostentatious.  4.  Delicate  of  percep- 
tion; refined;  sensitive;  nice.  5.  Refined, 
as  sirup ;  pure.  6.  Distinguished  or  note- 
worthy. 7.  Enjoyable;  pleasant.  [<  F.fin, 
<  L.  finio,  finish.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— 
fi'ner-y,  n.   [-ies^,  pL]   Showy  decoration. 

fine,  n.  A  pecuniary  penalty;  the  money  so 
required.     [<  F.fin,  final  payment.] 

fi-nesse',  fi-nes'.  I.  vi.  [fi-nessed'';  fi- 
NESs'iNG.]  To  make  use  of  artifice.  II.  n. 
1.  Subtle  contrivance;  artifice;  stratagem.  2. 
Dexterity;  artfulness;  skill.  [F.,  <fin,  fine.] 

fin'ger,  fin'ggr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  touch  with 
or  as  with  the  fingers;  toy  or  tamper  with;  pur- 
loin. II.  n.  One  of  tlie  digits  of  the  hand, 
excluding  or  including  the  thumb;  any  small 
projecting  piece  or  part.     [<  AS.finr/er.] 

fin'i-cal,  fin'i-cal,  a.  Overnice  or  fastidious 
in  dress,  manners,  and  the  like,    -ly,  adv. 


fi'nis,  fal'nis  or  fl'nis,  n.     The  end.     [L.] 

fin'islx',  fin'ish,  v.  I.  t.  To  complete  or  bring 
to  an  end;  perfect  finally  or  in  detail.  II.  i. 
To  reach  or  come  to  an  end;  cease.  [<  L.<^''' 
finio,  <  finis;  see  fine,  a.] 

fin^ish,  fin'ish,  n.  The  conclusion  or  comple- 
tion of  anything;  perfection  in  detail;  polish. 

fi'nite,  fai'nait.  I.  a.  1.  Having  bounds  or 
limits:  opposed  to  infinite;  limited;  bounded. 
2.  Gram.  Limited  by  number  and  person:  op- 
posed to  infinitive.  II.  n.  Finite  things  col- 
lectively, or  that  which  is  finite.  [  <  Ij.  finitus; 
see  fine,  a.]  -ly,  adv.—  li'iiite-ness,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  finite. 

fin'ny,  fin'i,  a.    Having  fins;  fish=like. 

fiord,  fyerd,  n.  A  long  and  narrow  arm  of  the 
sea,  with  high  rocky  banks.     [  <  ^orw.  fjord.] 

fir,  fgr,  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  pine  family. 
[<  Ice.  fura,  fir.]    fir'=tree'^t. 

fire,  fair,  v.  [fired;  fiu'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
set  on  fire;  affect  by  fire;  kindle;  bake.  2.  To 
explode,  as  powder;  discharge,  as  a  firearm;  im- 
pel, as  from  agun;  hurl.  3.  To  inflame;  excite. 
II.  i.  1.  To  take  fire;  be  kindled,  inflamed, 
or  excited.  2.  To  discharge  firearms;  hurl 
missiles.     [<  AS.  fpian,  <fSr,  fire.] 

fire,  n.  1.  The  evolution  of  heat  and  light  bjr 
combustion;  also,  the  combustion  thus  mani- 
fested, especially  the  flame,  or  the  fuel  as  burn- 
ing. 2.  The  discharge  of  firearms.  3.  A 
spark  or  sparks;  a  light,  luster,  or  flash.  4. 
Intensity;  ardor;  passion;  vivacity.  5.  Any 
raging  evil;  aflfliction;  trial.     [<  AS./^r.l 

—  lire'arni^',  n.  Any  weapon  from  which  a 
missile,  as  a  bullet,  is  hurled  by  an  explosive,  as 
gunpowder.— fire'brand'',  n.  1,  A  burning 
or  glowing  piece  of  wood  or  other  substance. 
"Z,  An  incendiary;  a  mischief  sinaker.-f.sbrick, 
n.  A  brick  made  of  fire-clay. —  f.sclay,  n. 
Clay  containing  nothing  fusible.— f.scomnany, 
n.  A  company  of  men  employed  to  extinguish 
fires.  —  f.scracker,  n.  A  firework  consisting 
of  a  small  paper  cylinder  charged  with  gunpow- 
der.-f.sdainp,  n.  An  explosive  gas  (chiefly 
carbureted  hydrogen)  generated  In  coal»mines. 
—  f.sclog,  n.  An  andiron.— f.seater,  n.  A  Jug- 
gler who  pretends  to  eat  fire;  a  hot*headed  per- 
son eager  for  fight  or  quarrel. -f.seiigine,  n. 
An  engine  for  pumping  water  through  hose  to 
extinguish  fires. —  l.sescapc,  n.  A  ladder  or 
other  device  furnishing  a  means  of  escape  from 
a  burning  building. —  fire'fly",  n.  An  Insect 
that  emits  light  from  some  part  of  the  body.  — 
flre^man,  n.  [fike'men,  pi.]  1.  One  who 
aids  In  extinguishing  fires.  2.  A  flre»tender,  as 
on  a  locomotive;  a  stoker.— f.sproof,  a.  Made 
proof  against  fire;  Incombustible;  also,  of  a 
nature  to  protect  from  fire.  —  fire'side''',  n. 
The  hearth  or  space  about  the  fireplace;  hence, 
the  place  of  family  cheer  and  home  comfort: 
used  also  adjectivally. -f.s wood,  n.  Wood 
used,  or  fit  to  use,  as  fuel.—  fire' work'',  n.  1. 
A  case  or  cases  containing  combustibles  and  ex- 
plosives, producing  brilliant  or  colored  light  or 
scintillations.    2.  pi.  A  pyrotechnic  display. 

fir'kin,  fgr'kin,  n.  1.  A  wooden  vessel  for 
lard,  etc.  2.  [Eng.]  A  measure,  one^fourth  of 
a  barrel.     [<  D.  vier.,  four,  -|-  dim.  suf.  -kin.] 

firm,  fgrm.  I.  a.  1.  Solidly  compacted;  un- 
yielding; solid.  2.  Fixedly  settled;  difficult  to 
move;  stable.  3.  Strong,  steadfast,  or  deter- 
mined in  character;  vigorous;  resolute;  endur- 
ing. II.  n.  A  partnership;  business  house. 
[<  L.F^n/iM*,  firm.]     -\y,adv.    -ness,/?. 


flut|flre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ®11;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   (jthe)\  go;   sing,   ink;  thi 


firmament 
flag 


184 


flr^ma-mLent,  fgr'ma-ment,  n.  The  expanse 
of  heaven;  sky.  [P\,  <  Ij.  Jirmamentum,  sup- 
port.] —  flr'^ma-men'tal,  a. 

fir'man,  fjjr'man,  n.  A  special  decree  or  edict 
of  an  Oriental  sovereign;  a  grant  or  license. 
[<  Fer.fanndn,  mandate.] 

first,  fgrst.  I.  a.  1.  Before  all  others  in  or- 
der, in  time,  or  in  place;  earliest;  nearest.  2. 
Highest  or  foremost;  leading;  chief;  best.  II. 
n.  That  which  comes  or  is  first,  in  any  sense. 
III.  adv.  In  advance  of  others;  at  an  earlier 
time;  in  preference;  sooner.  [<  AS.  fyrst, 
superl.  of  FORE.]  —  flrst'sborn''.  I.  a.  First 
brought  forth;  hence,  first,  best,  or  highest;  pre- 
eminent. II.  n.  The  child  first  born;  a  first 
product  or  result.— f.iclass,  a.  Belonging  to 
the  first  class;  of  the  highest  rank  or  best  quality. 
—  first'ling.  I.  a.  First-born.  II.  n.  The 
flrst.born.asof  aflock.— flrst'ly,  adv.  Same  as 
FiKST,  adv.—f.  srate,  a.  Of  the  first  class,  quali- 
ty, or  character:  used  also  as  noun  and  adverb. 

flrtli,  ferth,  n.    Same  as  frith. 

fis^cal,  fis'cal.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
treasury  or  finances  of  a  government;  financial. 
II.  71.  A  financial  secretary  or  minister.  [F., 
<  L.  flscus,  state  treasury.]  —  flsc,  n.  The 
treasury,  as  of  a  state. 

fisllS  fish,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  catch,  or  try  to 
catch,  fish  in  (any  body  of  water).  2.  To  catch 
(fish  or  any  object)  in  or  under  water;  search 
for  and  bring  to  light:  often  with  up  or  out. 
3.  To  strengthen,  mend,  or  join  by  strips 
fastened  lengthwise.  II.  i.  To  catch,  or  try 
to  catch,  fish;  be  employed  in  catching  fish. 
'<  AS.  Jiscian,  <  Jisc,  fish.]  —  flsh'a - 
l(e,  a.  Suitable  for  fishing.—  fishier,  n.  One 
who  fishes;  a  fisherman.  —  fish'er-iiiaii,  n. 
[-MEN,  p/.]  One  who  catches  fish;  a  fisher;  an 
angler.  — lisli'er-y,  n.  [-ies«,  pi.]  1.  The 
operation  or  business  of  catching  fish;  fishing 
Industry.  2.  A  place  for  fishing.— fish'injf, 
n.   The  act  or  operation  of  catching  fish. 

fisb.,  fish,  n.  '  [fish  or  fish'es,  pL]  1.  A  ver- 
tebrate animal  with  permanent  gills,  adapted  to 
live  under  water,  commonly  covered  with 
scales  and  provided  with  fins.  2.  Loosely,  any 
animal  habitually  living  in  the  water.  [<  AS. 
^*c.]— lish'shook'',  «.     A  hook  for  catching 


t?=< 


fi8h'inon''ffer,   fish'mun" 


fish  on  a  line, 
ger, «.  A  dealer 
In  fish.— fish'- 
'wife'',  71. 
[fish'  wives', 
pL]  A  woman 
who  sells  fisli; 
an  abusive  vira- 
go  .  fl  8  h '- 
wom^'auit.— 
flsh'y,  a.  1. 
Suggestive  of, 
pertaining  to, 
or  like  fish.  2. 
Abounding  In 
flsh.-fiHh'i- 

IieMH,  71. 

fis'sure,  fish'- 
Qr.  I.  f^.  &re.  Jfis'suhkd;  Fis'suu-iNO.]  To 
crack;  split.  II.  n.  A  narrow  oj)ening,  cleft, 
crevice,  or  furrow.  [<  h.flnsura,  <,fin<lo,n\}Ut.] 

fist,  flst,  n.  The  hand  when  closed  tiglitly,  as 
for  striking;  the  clenched  hand.  [<  AS.  /'J^aV, 
flat.]  —  flst'lc,  a.— flst'l-eiilT'',  «.  A  cuff  with 
the  iQst;  in  the  plural,  a  pugilistic  encounter. 

fls'tu-la,  fis'chu-la  or  -tu-la,  n.    1.  A  long 


Primitive  Flsh.hooks  of  the 
Northwest  Coast  of  America. 


narrow  canal  caused  by  diseased  action.  2+. 
A  reed  or  pipe.  [L.] —  fls'tu-lar,  a. 
fit,  fit,  i>.  [fit'ted'';  fit'ting.]  I.  f.  1.  To 
render  suitable;  adapt.  2.  To  qualify;  pre- 
pare; equip:  commonly  with  out  or  up.  3. 
To  be  of  the  proper  size  and  shape  for.  4. 
To  be  becoming  or  suitable  for;  befit.    II.  i. 

1.  To  be  made  of  the  proper  size,  shape,  etc. ; 
be  rightly  adjusted,  suitable,  proper,  or  becom- 
ing. 2.  To  receive  suitable  equipment.  [ME. 
Jitteriy  <  Ice.  Jitja,  knit  together.]  —  flt'ter,  n. 

fit,  a.  [fit'ter- fit'test."]  1.  Adapted  to  an 
end,  aim,  or  design;  adequate;  competent; 
qualified;  ready.  2.  Conformed  to  a  standard; 
suitable;  appropriate.  —  flt'ly,  adv.  In  a  fit 
manner;  properly.— fit'ness,  n. 

fit^,  n.  A  convulsion;  spasm;  sudden  mood; 
caprice.  [<  AS.  Jitt,  struggle.]  — flt'ful,  a. 
Occurring  in  fits;  marked  by  fits;  spasmodic. 
-ly,  adv.    -iiess, «. 

fit^,  n.  1.  An  adjustment  or  agreement  in  size, 
form,  or  the  like;  suitability;  adaptation.  2. 
A  making  ready. 

fit'ting,  fifing.  1.  2)a.  Fit  or  suitable;  proper; 
appropriate.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  adjusting  or 
connecting  properly.  2.  pi.  Fixtures  and  ap- 
paratus.—flt'ting-ly,  arfr>.— flt'ting-ness,  n. 

five,  faiv.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more  than 
four.  II.  n.  1.  The  sum  of  four  and  one.  2. 
A  symbol  denoting  this  number,  as  5  or  V-  [  < 
AS.  fif,  =  Goth,  ^w/.]— flve'fold''.  I.  «. 
Made  up  of  five;  five  times  as  much  or  as  great. 
II.  adv.  In  a  fivefold  manner  or  degree.— 
fives,  n.  pi.    A  game  similar  to  court»tennl8. 

fixS  fix,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  fasteii,  attach,  or  se- 
cure firmly;  make  firm;  establish.  2.  To  set; 
solidify.  3.  To  direct  steadily  and  intently, 
as  the  gaze.  4.  To  decide  definitely;  settle; 
determine.  5.  To  arrange;  put  in  order;  ad- 
just. II.  i.  1.  To  settle  down  and  remain  in 
one  spot.  2.  To  become  firm  or  solid;  crystal- 
lize; congeal;  solidify.  [<  1,.^  Jigo.  fasten.] 
— fix'a-bl(e,  «.- fix-a'tion,  flx-fi'shun,  «. 
The  act  of  fixing,  or  the  state  of  being  fixed; 
stability. —  fixed,  fixt,  joa.  1.  Established;  at- 
tached or  fastened;  settled;  stable;  lasting,  ti. 
Astron.  Keeping  nearly  the  same  relative  posi- 
tion; as,  /?a;ed  stars. —fix'ed-ly,  fix'ed-11,  adv. 

—  fix'eo-iiess,  flx'ed-nes,  «.  —  fix'i-ty,  n. 
The  state  of  being  fixed;  permanent  character 
or  condition;  fixedness;  stability.— fix'ture, 
flx'chur  or  -tlQr,  7i.  1.  Anything  fixed  firmly 
in  its  place;  as,  p&B'tixtures.  ri.  One  who  or 
that  which  Is  regarded  as  permanently  fixed. 

fix,  fix,  n.    IColloq.]    A  position  of   embarrass- 
ment; dilemma. 
fjord,  «.    SameasFioKD. 
fiaVby,  fiab'i,  a.    1.  Lacking  muscle;  flaccid. 

2.  Lacking  in  moral  or  intellectual  vigor;  lan- 
guid ;  feeble.     [  <  flap,  v.]  —  flab'bl-ly,  adv. 

—  Ilab'bi-ness,  n. 

fiac'cid,  flac'sid,  a.  Lacking  firmness  or  elas- 
ticity; flabby.  [<  'L.Jiaccidtis,<Jfaccus,  flab- 
by.] -Iv,arf??.— fllac-cid'l-ty,  llac'cld-ness, «. 

fiagi,  riag,  rt.  [flagged;  flag'oing.]  To 
signal  by  a  flag. 

fiag*,  r^    To  pave  with  flagstones. 

fiag3,  ri.  1.  To  grow  spiritless  or  languid; 
become  tired;  droop.    2.    To  grow  dull;  drag. 

flagi,  n.  A  piece  of  cloth  commonly  bearing  a 
device  and  attached  to  a  staff  or  halyard:  used 
as  a  standard,  symbol,  or  signal.    [Cp.  D.  vlag. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  U8§ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  riile;  but,  ©r; 


185 


flag 
flatter 


Bn.Jlag,  Sw.flagg.]—hlacli  flag,  the  emblem 
of  piracy  and  of  no  quarter.—  flag'inan'",  n. 
One  who  carries  aflag,  as  for  signaling  trains  on 
a  railway  — flag'=of''fl-cer,  n.  1.  Formerly, 
the  captain  of  a  flag^shlp.  2.  An  admiral,  vice* 
admiral,  or  rear=admiral.— f.  of  truce,  a  white 
flag  displayed  to  denote  that  a  conference  or  truce 
is  desired.— f.sship,  n.  The  shin  carrying  a 
flag=offlcerand  displaying  his  flag.— flag'stan^^ 
n.    A  pole  on  which  a  flag  is  hung  or  displayed. 

flag^,  flag,  n.  A  flagstone.  [<  Ice.  Jtaga, 
slab  of  stone.] 

flag^,  71.  A  plant  having  sword'shaped  leaves 
and  growing  in  moist  places.  [Prob.  =  flag* 
(as  flattering  in  the  wind).] 

flag'el-late,  flaj'el-et,  rt.  [-LA'TEDd;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  To  beat  with  a  rod;  whip;  scourge. 
[<Ij. Jlagellatiis,  pp.  of  Jlagello,  <Jlagellum, 
scourge.]  —  flag'^el-la'tion,  «.— flag'el-lant. 
I,  a.  Using  a  scourge,  or  fitted  to  be  used  for 
scourging.    II.  n.    A  self^scourging  fanatic. 

flage'O-ief ,  flaj'o-let",  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment resembling  the  flute,  but  blown  from  the 
end.     [F.,  <  li.  flatus;  see  flute,  ??.] 

fla-gi^tious,  fla-jish'us,  a.  Flagrantly  wiclied; 
atrocious;  heinous.  [<  L.  flagitiosus,  <fla- 
gitivm,  disgraceful  act.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

flag'on,  flag'un,  n.  A  vessel  with  a  handle  and 
a  narrow  mouth,  used  to  serve  liquors.     [OF.] 

fla' grant,  fle'grant,  a.  1.  Openly  scandalous; 
notorious;  hemous.  21.  Burning;  blazing. 
[F.,  <  Ij.  flagran{t-)s,  ppr.  of  flagro,  burn.] 

—  fla'grran-cy,   fl6'gran-sl,   7i.      Notorious- 
ness; heinousness.— fla'grant-ly,  adv. 

fla^'stone".  flag'ston",  n.   A  broad,  flat  stone 

suitable  for  foot-pavements. 
flail,  flel,  n.     An  implement  consisting  of  a 

wooden  bar  (the  swingle)  hinged  or  tied  to  a 

handle,  for  separating  grain  by  beating.     [< 

L.  flagellum,  scourge!] 
flake,  flelc.    I.  vt.  &  vi.     [flaked';   fla'- 

KiNG.]    To  peel  off  in  flakes;  fleck.    II.  ». 

A  small  flat  fragment;  scale;  fleck.     [Scand.] 

—  fla'ky,  fle'ki,  a.    Resembling  or  consisting 
of  flakes;  separable  Into  flakes.—  fla'ki-ness,  «. 

flam'beau,  flam'bo,  n.  [flam'beaux,  flam'- 
bOz,  j)l.]    A  flaring  torch.     [F.] 

flame,  flem.  J.-  vi.  [flamed;  fla'ming.] 
1.  To  give  out  a  flame;  blaze  or  burn.  2.  To 
shine  like  a  flame;  flash.  3.  To  burst  forth, 
as  in  violence  of  passion.  II.  n.  1.  A  stream 
of  vapor  or  gas  made  lu- 
minous by  heat ;  a  blaze ; 
flow;  brilliancy.  2. 
Ixcitement,  as  from 
rage,  strife,  or  passion- 
ate desire;  an  ardent  af- 
fection ;  passionate  love. 
3.  [Colloq.]  A  sweet- 
heart. [0F.,<  L.^am- 
7«rt,  flame.] 

fla-min^go,  fla-min'- 
gO,  n.  A  long»necked, 
small-bodied  bird,  of  a 
red  color,  having  very 
long  legs,  webbed  feet, 
and  a  bent  bill. 

flange,  flanj,  n.  A  projecting  rim  or  edge,  as 
on  a  car-wheel.     [Var.  of  flank.] 

flanks  flank,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  stand  or  be  on 
either  side  or  on  both  sides  of;  border.    2. 


American  Flamingo. 

V40 


Mil.  To  turn,  guard,  or  threaten  the  flank  of. 
II.  i.  1.  To  guard  or  attack  the  flank.  2. 
To  border;  touch:  withow. 

flank,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  flank  or  side. 

flank,  n.  1.  The  hinder  part  of  an  animal's 
side,  between  the  ribs  and  the  hip.  2.  The 
side,  or  the  lateral  portion,  of  anything, 
especially  of  a  military  force.     [<  F.flanc] 

flan'nel,  flan'el,  71.  A  loosely  woven  woolen 
stuff  with  soft,  nap»like  surface.  [<F.flanelle.] 

flap,  flap.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [flapped';  flap'pikg.] 
1.  To  strike,  or  strike  at,  with  or  as  with  a 
wing.  2 .  To  move  to  and  fro  rapidly,  as  wings ; 
swing,  as  in  the  wind;  droop  like  the  flap  of  a 
hat.  II.  71.  1.  Abroad,  limber,  and  loosely 
hanging  part  or  attachment.  2.  The  act  of 
flapping;  a  light  blow.  [Prob.  imitative.] 
—  flap'per,  flap'er,  n. 

flare,  flar.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [flared;  flar'ing.] 
1 .  To  burn  unsteadily ;  emit  a  sudden  dazzling, 
unsteady  light.  2.  To  display  ostentatiously ; 
be  offensively  showy  in  dress.  3.  To  open  or 
spread  outward  like  the  sides  of  a  funnel.  II. 
71.  1.  A  large,  bright,  but  unsteady  light;  fig- 
uratively, ostentation.  2.  A  widening  or 
spreading  outward,  as  of  the  sides  of  a  funnel. 
[<  Norw.^ara,  blaze.] 

flasllS  flash,  V.  I.  t.  To  cause  to  act,  operate, 
or  appear  suddenly,  as  a  bright  light.  II.  i. 
To  act,  operate,  or  appear  with  suddenness  or 
brilliancy.     [Scand. J 

flasll,  a.  Relating  to  or  connected  with  thieves 
or  thieves' talk;  cheap  and  tawdry ;  loud. 

flasll,  n.  1.  A  sudden  and  transient  blaze; 
gleam;  a  sudden  outburst,  as  of  wit,  anger, 
etc.  2.  A  moment;  instant. —  flash'slight'^, 
71.  1 .  A  light,  as  in  a  lighthouse,  shown  only  at 
regular  Intervals.  3.  A  brief  and  brilliant  light 
for  taking  photographs.- flash'y,  a.  Preten- 
tious without  merit;  showy;  tawcfry.— flash'i- 
ly,  art?;.— flash'i-ness,  71. 

flask,  flgsk,  n.  A  small  bottle  or  simUar  vessel. 
[<  AS.  flasce.] 

flat,  flat,  V.     [flat'ted'I;  flat'ting.]    I.  t. 

1 .  Mus.  To  lower  (a  tone),  as  by  a  half  step. 

2.  To  lower  or  depress  in  general.  3.  To 
make  flat.  II.  i.  1.  Mus.  To  sing  or  play- 
below  the  pitch.    2.  To  become  flat  or  stupid. 

flat,  a.  1.  Level;  prostrate;  overthrown; 
ruined.  2.  Positive;  absolute.  3.  Monoto- 
nous; dull;  insipid.  4.  il/ws.  Below  pitch.  [< 
Ice. flatr.]  -\y,adv.  -ness, ».— flat'ten,  flat'n, 
vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  flat.—  flat'wise'', 
flat'waiz",  adv.  With  the  flat  side  downward  or 
next  to  another  object.    flat'way8'''1:. 

flat^ /}.  1.  A  plane  surface;  a  level.  2.  Low 
land  over  which  the  tide  flows;  shoal.  3.  Any- 
thing that  is  flat;  the  flat  side  of  a  thing.  4. 
3Iiis.  A  tone  a  half  step  lower  than  a  tone 
from  which  it  is  named,  represented  by  the 
character  h. 

flat^,  71.  1 .  A  set  of  rooms  on  one  floor,  for  the 
occupancy  of  a  single  family;  apartment.  2. 
A  house  containing  such  flats.     [  <  AS.  flet.] 

flat,  adv.  In  a  level  state  or  position;  so  as  to 
be  flat;  flatly. 

flat'ter,  flat'gr,  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  praise  unduly, 
obsequiously,  or  insincerely;  fawn  on;  cajole. 
2.  To  encourage  with  delusive  or  visionary 
hopes;  persuade.    II.  i.    To  make  use  of  ful- 


fiutifire    (future);   aisle;   au   (mt)\   oil;   c   (k);    chat;    dli   {the);   go;   sing,  iiik;   thin. 


flaunt 
fligrlit 


186 


some  compliments  or  undue  praise.  [ME. 
flateren;  cp.  'MD.Jlalteren,  Ice.  fladhra,  flatter, 
G.flatiern,  flutter.]  —  flat'ter-er,  n.  One  who 
flatters.—  flat'ter-y,  n.  [-ies«,  p/.]  The  act  or 
practise  of  the  flatterer;  undue  or  insincere  com- 
pliment; adulation. 

flaunt,  flfint.  P.  Tt.  &  m.  1.  To  display 
ostentatiously;  parade.  21.  To  wave  or  flutter 
in  the  wind.  II.  «.  1.  The  act  of  flaunting. 
2.  A  boast;  vaunt.—  flaunt'ing,  pa.  Making 
a  parade  or  ostentatious  display;  jaunty  and  gay. 

flaiit'ist,  flSt'lst,  n.    One  who  plays  the  flute. 

fla'vor,  fle'v§r.  I.  'vt.  To  impart  flavor  or 
any  distinguishing  quality  to.  II.  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  a  thing  as  affecting  the  sense  of  taste 
or  the'senses  of  taste  and  smell;  characteristic 
taste  of  a  thing,  especially  if  pleasant:  often 
used  figuratively.  2.  Flavoring.  [<  OF. 
flavew\  <  L./azJMS,  yellow.]     fla'vourj. 

—  fla'vor-ina:,  n.  A  substance,  as  an  essence 
or  extract,  for  glvmg  a  flavor  to  anything. 

flaw,  flo,  vt.  1.  To  make  flaws  in;  mar;  crack. 
2.  To  make  invalid  or  inoperative. 

flaw^,  n.  An  inherent  defect,  as  in  construc- 
tion or  constitution;  w^eak  spot;  crack;  fissure. 
[WE^awe,  <  Sw.Jlaga,  crack.]  —  flaw'less, 
a.  Having  no  flaw.  — flaw'less-ly,  adv.— 
flaw'y,  a.    Having  flaws;  defective. 

flaw'',  n.  A  sudden  puff  of  wind;  a  transient 
but  violent  wind<=storm.     [  <  Norw.  flaga.] 

flax,  flax,  n.  1.  The  soft  fiber  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  the  flax«=plant.  2.  An  annual  plant 
with  stems  about  two  feet  high, 
having  a  mucilaginous  seed, 
c&Wed  flaxseed  or  linseed,  and  an 
inner  bark  which  yields  the  flax 
of  commerce.  [  <  AS.fleax;  per- 
haps <  4/  of  PLY.]  —  llax'en,  a. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  of  flax; 
like  flax;  of  a  light  golden  color. 

flay,  fle,  vt.  To  strip  off  the  skin 
from;  skin,     [<  AS.  Jtean.] 

flea,  fit,  n.  An  insect,  parasitic  up- 
on a  mammal  or  a  bird,  having  a 
compressed  body,  limbs  adapted 
for  leaping  and  a  head  armed 
with  piercing  mandibles  and  a 
suctorial  proboscis.  [  <  AS.  flea, 
prob.  <  v  otfledn;  see  tlee.  v.]         -p.  ^ 

fleam,  flim,  n.    Surg.   A  lancet.        "  "*^- 

fleck,  flee.  1^.  vt.  To  spot  or  stupe;  dapple. 
II.  71.  A  dot  or  streak;  dapple.  [<  Ice. 
flekkr.]  —  fleck'less,  a.    Spotless;  stainless. 

fleo'tlon,  flec'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  bending 
or  turning.  2.  A  curved  or  bent  ])art.  [<  L. 
Jlexio(n-),  <flecto,  bend.]    flex'lont. 

fled,  tU'd,  imp.  &  pp.  of  flkk,  v. 

fledge,  flei,  v.  frLEDOEuj  fledu'ing.]  I§.  t. 
To  furnish  with  featiiers  or  with  any  soft 
covering.  II.  i.  To  acquire  feathers  enough 
for  flight.  [Ult.  <  AS.Jledgafi,  fly.  |  —  lledjs'- 
llnir.  I.  a.  Just  fledged;  ht>nce,  little  known, 
as  a  young  poet.  II,  7i.  A  young  bird  Just 
fledged.    fleatfe'IiiiB^. 

flee,  flt,  V.  [flkd,  fled;  flee'inw.]  1. 1.  To 
run  away  from;  shun;  avoid.  II.  i.  To  seek 
safety  in  flight;  run  away.     [<  AS.fledn.] 

fleece,  flts.  I.  vt.  [fleecei)';  flee'cino.] 
1.  To  cut  or  shear  olT  the  fleece  from;  hence, 
to  swindle.  2.  To  cover  as  with  a  fleece.  II. 
u.     The  woolly  covering  of  a  sheep;  also,  the 


entire  coat  of  wool  sheared  from  a  sheep.  [< 
AS.  fleos,  Jl1/fs.]  —  t\ee'c\,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
like,  or  covered  with  a  fleece. 

fleer,  flir.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  jeer  at;  deride; 
mock;  sneer.  II.  n.  Derision  or  scorn;  a  leer. 
[<  'NoTw.Jlira,  titter,  giggle.] 

fleet",  flit,  vi.  To  fly  or  pass  swiftly.  [<  AS. 
fleotan,  <  yof  flow,  ?;.]- Heet'ing,joa.  Pass- 
ing quickly;  transitory. 

fleet,  a.  Moving,  or  capable  of  moving, 
swiftly;  rapid;  nimble;  swift.  [Cp.  Ice. 
fljotr.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fleet,  n.  A  number  of  vessels  in  company  or 
under  one  command,  especially  ships  of  war. 
[<  AS.  fleot,  ship,  <fledtan,  float.] 

fle sli,  flesh.  V-.Tt.  1.  To  glut  with  or  as  with 
flesh;  satiate;  also,  to  accustom,  inure,  or 
tempt  with  a  taste  of  flesh,  as  a  hawk  or 
dog.  2.  Hence,  to  make  eager  with  a  foretaste 
of  anything;  embolden  with  success;  flush. 
II.  n.  1.  The  softer  tissues  of  an  animal 
body;  animal  food  or  meat.  2.  The  material 
part  of  man;  the  body  as  opposed  to  the  soul; 
the  carnal  or  sinful  nature.  3.  Mankind  in 
general;  the  human  race.  4.  The  soft,  pulpy 
parts  of  fruits  and  vegetables.     [  <  AS.  Jl3esc:\ 

—  flesli'ly,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  bodv;  corpo- 
real; carnal;  worldly;'  human.— flesh'ti-uess, 
n.  Carnality.  —  flesh'ly,  adv.  Carnally.— 
flesli'y,  a.  [flesh'i-er;  flesh'i-est.]  1. 
Having  much  flesh;  plump;  corpulent;  succulent, 
as  a  plant.  3.  Pertaining  to  flesh  or  to  the  car- 
nal nature;  composed  of  flesh.— fle  sh'i-ness, 
n.  Plumpness;  corpulence. 

fleur^'sdedis',  flur"''dg=li',"«.    [fleurs"*de- 

Lis',  pi.}     A  heraldic  device,  the 

bearing  of  the  former  royal  fam- 
ily of  France.     [F.,  flower  of 

LILY.]      fleur^'sdeslys't; 

flow''er=de=lis'+. 
fle\«S  fllu,  imp.  of  fly,  v. 
flews,  fllilz,  n.pl.    The  large  chop 

or  hanging  upper  lip  of  certain 

dogs,  as  the  bloodhound. 

—  flewed,  fliud,  a.  Having  Fleur»de.ll8. 
large  flews. 

flex,  flex.    I',  vt.    To  bend-  subject  to  flexure. 

II.  n.    A  bend;  flexure.     [<  L.Jlexi/s,  pp.  of 

Jlecto,  bend.]  —  flex'i-bl(e,  a.      1 .  Capable  of 

being  bent,  turned,  or  twisted,  without  breaking; 

pliable;  pliant;  plastic.  .  2.  Tractable;  yielding; 

compliant.     flex'iKeJ.— flex''i-bil'i-ty,   «• 

flex'i-bKe-iiesst.—  flex'i-bly,    adv. 
flex^ion,  flex^iou-al.    Same  as  flection,  etc. 
flex'ure,  flex'yur,  71.    A  bending;  also,  a ' 

part;  turn;  curve;  fold. 
flick,  flic.    I«.  vt.    To  give  a  flip  to.    II. 

A  quick,  light  stroke,  as  with  a  whip. 
fllck'er,  flik'gr,  vi.    To  be  unsteady  or  wav 

ing,  as  a  flame.     [  <  AS.  Jlice/ian.] 
fllck'er*,  ii.    A  waving  or  fluctuating  light; 

flickering  or  fluttering  motion. 
flick'er'',  71.     A  woodpecker,  e8i)ecially 

golden-winged  woodpecker  of  eastern  Nor 

America.     [Imitation  of  the  bird's  note.] 
fli'er,     (^flai'jjr,  n.    That  which  flies;  a  flyii;_ 
fly'er,    j  bird;    a  fugitive;   a  rapidly  movlng| 

piece  in  a  machine. 
flight>,  flait,  n.    1.  The  act,  process,  or  powefj 

oTflving;   swift  movement  of  any  kind;    ala 

the  distance  traveled,  as  by  a  projectile.    2. 

group,  flock,  or  swarm  of  flying  creatures.    8« 


papfl,  9ak;  at,  ftir;  elfmfint,  thdy,  nt%ge\  It,  %,  t  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  9r;  full,  rtlle;  but, 


187 


fliglit 
flotsam 


A  soaring  and  sustained  effort  or  utterance. 
4.  An  ascent  or  continuous  series  (of  stairs  or 
steps).     [<ASi.Jlyht,<fledgan,^y.'\ 

flight'^,  flait,  71.  The  act  of  fleeing  or  esca- 
ping: a  running  away.  [<  AS.  *flyht,  <fl€on, 
tlee.] 

flighfy,  flait'i,  a.  Capricious;  giddy;  deliri- 
ous.—  flight'i-ly,    adv. — flight'i-ness,  n. 

flim'sy,  flim'zi,  a.  [flim'si-er;  flim'si-est.] 
Laclcing  substantial  texture  or  structure;  thin 
and  weak;  ineffective.     [<  W.  llynisi,  slow.] 

—  fliin^si-ly,  ad».— flim'si-ness,  n. 
fliuchS  flinch,  vi.    To  shrink  back,  as  from 

pain  or  danger;  waver;  wince.  [Prob.  <  F. 
flecMr.,  <  Yi.flexns;  see  flex.] 

flin'der,  flin'dgr,  n.  A  small  fragnient;  splin- 
ter; shred.     [<  Norw.j/?in<^rrt,  splinter.] 

fling,  fling,  v.      [flung,  flung;   plino'ing.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  cast  with  force  br  suddenness; 
throw;  hurl;  sling.  2.  To  throw  to  the 
ground;  hence,  to  worst;  overpower.  3.  To 
send  forth;  give  out;  emit  freely.  II.  i.  1. 
To  throw  a  missile  ;    cast  aspersions ;   flout. 

2.  To  kick  out,  as  ahorse;  start  and  rush  with 
impatience  or  passion;  dash;  flounce;  rush. 

fling,  n.  1.  The  act  of  casting  out,  down,  or 
away;  a  sling.  2.  A  sneering  insinuation; 
aspersion.  3.  A  kick,  flounce,  leap,  or  the 
like.  4.  Free  range  for  action  or  indulgence; 
dash;  swagger.  5.  A  lively  Scotch  dance.  [< 
Ice.  ^e??g/a,  whip,  ride  furiously.] 

flint,  fliiit,  n.  A  hard,  dull^colored  variety  of 
quartz;  a  piece  of  such  stone,  shaped  for  some 
purpose,  as  for  striking  flre.     [  <  AS.  flint.] 

—  flint'y,  a.  [fiint'i-er;  flint'i-est.] 
Made  of,  containing,  or  resembling  flint;  hard; 
cruel;  obdurate.— fl in t'i-ness,  «. 

flip,  flip,  vt.  [flipped';  flip'ping.]  1.  To 
snap  or  flick;  toss  or  throw  lightly  and  quickly. 
2.  To  strike  or  remove  with  slight,  quick  mo- 
tion.    [A  form  of  flap.] 

flipi,  n.  A  quick  movement  of  the  hand  or 
finger;  sudden  toss;  snap;  fillip;  flick. 

flip2,  n.   A  hot  drink  of  ale,  spiced  and  sugared. 

flip^pant,  flip'ant,  a.  Light,  pert,  and  triiiing; 
shallow  and  impertinent.  [<  Ice.  Jleipa, 
prattle.]  — flip'pan-cy,  n.  flip'pant-iiess J  .— 
flip'pant-ly,  adv. 

flip'per,  flip'gr,  n.  A  limb  used  to  swim  with, 
as  in  seals,  turtles,  etc. 

flirt"*,  flgrt,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  fling,  jerk,  or  wave 
lightly  and  quickly.  2.  To  jeer  at;  flout.  II. 
i.  1.  To  make  love  for  mere  amusement; 
coquet.  2.  To  flout;  flounce.  3.  To  act  gid- 
dily or  flippantly.  4.  To  jeer;  scoff.  [<  AS. 
Jleard,  foolish  thing.]  —  flir-ta'tioii,  n.  In- 
sincere love=making.    flirt'iiigt. 

flirt,  n.  1.  A  person,  especially  a  woman,  who 
flirts;  a  coquette;  trifler.  2.  The  act  of  flirt- 
ing, in  any  sense;  a  toss;  fling;  jeer. 

flit,  flit,  ri.  [flit'teC;  flit'ting.]  To  fly  or 
move  rapidly  and  lightly;  dart;  skim;  scud. 
[yiE.  Jlitfen,  <  Sw.^y«a,  flit.]  -  flit'ting,  ?«. 

flitch.,  flich,  n.  A  side  (of  a  hog)  salted  and 
cured.     [<  AS.flicce.] 

float'',  flOt,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  hold  up  and  cause 
to  move  on  or  near  the  surface  of  a  liquid  or 
fluid.  2.  To  put  in  circulation;  find  a  market 
for;  secure  support  for.  II.  i.  To  be  sup- 
ported or  carried  along  by  a  liquid  or  gas; 


move  lightly  and  without  effort.  [<  AS. 
flotian,  <jleotan.,  float.]  —  float'er,  n. 

float,  n.  An  object  that  floats  on  a  liquid  or 
buoys  up  something.     [<  AS.  flota,  ship.] 

float'agre,  n.    Same  as  flotage. 

flock,  liec.  I'.  VI.  To  assemble;  congregate. 
II.  n.  1.  A  company  or  herd  of  animals,  as 
sheep,  goats,  rabbits,  or  birds.  2.  A  congre- 
gation, church,  or  parish.  [<  AS.jf?occ,  orig. 
of  birds,  <  -j/  of  fleogan,  fly.] 

floe,  flO,  n.  A  tabular  mass  of  floating  polar 
ice.    [<  \yn.  flage.l 

flog,  fleg,  vt.  [flogged;  flog'ging.]  To 
chastise  witli  a  whip,  rod,  etc.;  whip.  [Cp. 
AS.  flocan,  strike.]  —  flog'ging,  n. 

floods,  flud,  V.  I.  t.  To  inundate;  deluge; 
also,  to  supply  abundantly  or  to  excess.  II.  i. 
To  rise  to  or  be  at  the  flood;  overflow. 

flood,  71.     1.   A  freshet;  inundation;  deluge. 

2.  The  coming  in  of  the  tide;  the  tide  at  its 
height;  high  tide.  3.  A  copious  flow  or  stream, 
as  of  sunlight,  lava,  etc. ;  abundant  or  excess- 
ive supply.     [<  AS.  Jidd,  <flowan,  flow.] 

—  flood'sgate'',  n.  A  gate  for  regulating 
the  flow  of  water,  as  in  a  raceway;  any  free  vent 
for  an  outpouring,  as  of  contention  or  vice. 

floor,  flOr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  cover  or  provide  with 
a  floor.  2.  To  throw  down  to  or  as  to  the 
floor;  overthrow;  vanquish.  3.  To  place  near 
or  on  the  floor.  II.  n.  1.  The  bottom  sur- 
face in  a  room  or  building;  also,  the  space 
between  any  two  such  surfaces;  a  story.  2.  In 
any  parliamentary  body,  the  part  of  the  hall 
appropriated  to  members;  hence,  the  right  to 
speak  at  a  given  time  and  to  the  exclusion  of 
others.  [<  AS.^or.l  —  floor'ing,  n.  1.  Mate- 
rial for  the  making  of  a  floor.  2.  Floors  collect- 
ively; a  floor. 

flop,  flop,  V.  &  n.    Same  as  flap. 

flo'ra,  flO'ra,  n.  1.  The  aggregate  of  plants 
indigenous  to  a  country  or  district.  2.  [F-] 
Rom.  Myth.  The  goddess  of  flowers.  [L.,  < 
jlos  (flor-\  flower.]— flo'ral,  a.  Of,  like,  or 
pertaining  to  flowers. 

flo-res'cence,  flo-res'gns,  n.  Bot.  1.  The 
state  of  being  in  blossom.  2.  Inflorescence. 
[<  h.Jloresco,  inceptive  of  ^oreo,  bloom.] 

—  flo-res'cent,  a.     Exjjanding  Into  flowers. 
flor'id,  fler'id,  a.    1.  Having  a  bright  color; 

of  a  lively  reddish  hue.    2.  Excessively  ornate. 

3.  Blooming;  flowery.  [<L.flcyiidvs,  <Jlos, 
flower.]  —  flo-rid^i-ty,  n.    flor'id-ness:):. 

flor'in,  fler'in,  n.  A  European  silver  coin; 
also,  a  gold  coin  of  Tuscany.     [F.] 

flo'rist,  flO'rist,  n.  A  grower  of  or  dealer  in 
flowers.     [<  L.Jios  {Jlor-),  flower.] 

flossi,  fles,  u.  1.  Floss'Silk.  2.  The  silk  of 
some  plants,  as  Indian  corn.  [  <  L.^'^  Jlucci/s, 
fluid,  loose,  slack.]  —  floss'ssilk'',  ft.  A  soft, 
downy  embroidery ssilk. —fl 088' js  a.  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  like  floss;  light;  downy. 

floss^,  n.  A  slag  that  floats  on  molten  metal. 
[Prob.  <  G.  floss,  raft.] 

flo'tage,  flo'tlj,  71.  1.  Things  that  float,  col- 
lectively. 2.  The  capacity  of  anything  to  buoy 
up  or  to  float.     [<  F.flottage,  <flotte7\  float.] 

—  flo-ta'tion,  7i.  1.  The  act  or  state  of 
floating.    2.  The  science  of  bodies  that  float. 

flo-tiria,  flo-til'a,  n.    A  fleet  of  small  vessels; 

a  small  fleet.     [Sp.,  <floia,  fleet.] 
flot'sanx,  flet'sam,  n.    Law.    Goods  cast  or 


I 


tipre    (future);   aisle;   au    (a(/t);    ell;    c   (k):    chat;   dh   (the)-   go;   sing,  iijik;   thin. 


flounce 
fluster 


188 


swei)t  from  a  vessel  into  the  sea  and  found 
floating.     [<  F.  flotter,  float;  see  flotage.] 

flounce^  ttauns.  I.  vt.  [flounced':  floun'- 
ciNG.]  To  furnish  with  flounces.  II.  7%.  A 
gathered  or  plaited  strip  on  a  skirt.  [<  F. 
froncer,  wrinkle.] 

flounce^.  I.  vi.  [flounced';  floun'cing.] 
To  fling  oneself  about  petulantly.  II.  n.  The 
act  of  flouncing;  a  fling.  [<  Old  Sw.  flunsa, 
plunge.] 

floun'der,  flaun'dgr,  vi.  To  stumble  or  strug- 
gle, as  through  weakness  or  uncertain  footing. 
[<  D.flodderen,  flap,  splash  through  mire.] 

floun'der',  n.    A  flatfish.    {<^w.  flundi^a.] 

floun'der^,  n.    A  stumbling  motion. 

flour,  flaur,  t;.  I.  t.  1.  To  pulverize.  2.  To 
sprinkle  flour  upon.  II.  i.  To  break  up  into 
minute  globules,  as  mercury. 

flour,  n.  1.  The  ground  and  bolted  substance 
of  wheat,  or  of  other  specified  cereal ;  as,  rye 
flour.  2.  Any  finely  powdered  substance. 
[Earlier  spelling  of  flower.] 

flour'isliS  flur'ish,  i;.  I.  t.  1.  To  swing  about 
or  brandish:  flaunt.  2.  To  embellish  with 
flourishes.  II.  «.  1.  To  be  thriving  or  pros- 
perous; live.  2.  To  swing  or  wave  about.  3. 
To  use  flourishes.  [<  L.floresco,  <floreo;  see 
FLOWER,  r.]  —  flour'ish-ing,  j9a.  Thriving; 
prosperous. 

flour'ish,  ??.  1.  An  ornamental  mark  or  de- 
sign, as  in  writing.  2.  The  act  of  brandishing 
or  waving.    3.  J/m«.  A  passage  for  display. 

flout,  flout.  I<>.  vt.  &  vi.  To  scoff  at;  jeer. 
11.  n.  A  gibe;  scoff.    [Cp.  MD.^My<e?i,  jeer.] 

flo-w,  flo,  V.    I.  ^    To  overflow;  flood.    II.  i. 

1 .  To  move  along  smoothly,  as  a  stream ;  glide. 

2.  To  proceed  from  a  source;   issue;  result. 
-     3.  To  rise,  as  the  tide:  opposed  to  ebb.    4.  To 

wave,  as  in  a  breeze;  float.  5.  To  abound. 
[<  A.^.  fldivan.']  —  f^ow'\n^,  pa.  &  n. 

flow,  n.  1.  The  act  of  flowing,  or  that  which 
flows;  a  continuous  stream  or  current.  2.  The 
incoming  of  the  tide.  3.  A  copious  outpour- 
ing; abundant  supply. 

flo-w'er,  flau'gr,  v.  I.  t.  To  decorate  with 
flowers  or  flower-work.  II.  i.  To  put  forth 
flowers;  bloom;  blossom. 

flow'er,  7?.  1.  Theblossomof  a  plant;  bloom. 
2.  A  flowering  plant.  3.  The  brightest,  finest, 
choicest  part,  period,  or  specimen  of  anything. 
4.  Any  flower-like  ornament;  in  rhetoric,  a 
figure  of  speech.  5.  pi.  Avery  light  powder 
obtained  by  sublimation;  flour.  [<  OF.  flor,< 
L.  fios  ( flor-),  flower.]--flow'er-y,  a.  Abound- 
ing with  flowers;  flowered;  florid;  figurative; 
poetic. —  flow'er-i-iiess,  n. 

flown,  mn.  pp.  of  FLY,  V. 

fluc'tu-ate,  fluc'chu-et  or  -tju-gt,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-A'TED'';  -A'TiNG.]  1.  To  move,  or  cause  to 
move,  like  waves;  undulate.  2.  To  pass  back- 
ward and  forward  irregularlv;  waver;  oscillate. 
[<  L.  flitctuatm,  pp.  of  flurtm,  <  fluctus, 
wave.]  —  fluc'^tii-a'tlon,  n.  Frequent  irregu- 
lar change;  varying  movement  or  action. 

flue,  flQ,  n.  A  channel  or  passage  for  smoke, 
air,  or  gases  of  combustion;  a  chimney.  [Cp. 
OV.flne,  a  flowing.] 

flu'ent,  flQ'ent,  a.  1.  Heady  in  sfx^aking  or 
writing;  voluble;  copious.  2.  Marked  by  flu- 
ency; flowing;  smooth.     3.   Flowiii<,'   frci-ly; 


mobile.  [<  L.  flu€n(t-)s,  ppr.  of  ^mo,  flow.] 
—  flu'en-cy,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  fluent; 
readiness  and  ease  of  speech  or  expression,  flu'- 
eiit-nessi.— flu'ent-ly,  adv. 

fluff,  fluf,  n.  1.  Nap  or  down.  2.  Anything 
downy  or  fluffy.  [Cp.  flue,  ?/.]  — fliin'y,  a. 
Downy;  feathcfv.— fliilfi-iiess,  n. 

flu'id,  flii'id.  I.  «.  Capable  of  flowing;  liquid 
or  gaseous.  II.  n.  A  liquid  or  gas.  [<  L. 
fluidvs,  <  fluo,  flow.]  — tlu-id'i-ty,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  fluid,    flu'id-nesst* 

fluke,  flfik,  n.  1.  The  part  of  an  anchor  that 
holds  to  the  ground.  2.  One  of  the  lobes  of  the 
tail  of  a  whale.  3.  A  barb  on  a  harpoon. 
[Perhaps  <  G.  flunk,  fluke,  wing.] 

flume,  flum,  n.  1.  A  conduit,  as  for  a  mill- 
wheel.  2.  A  narrow  passage  through  which  a 
torrent  passes.     [<  L.^^  flumen,  river.] 

flum'mer-y,  w.  1.  Anything  insipid;  empty 
compliment  or  show;  humbug.  2.  A  dish  of 
light,  pasty  food;  refuse  of  wlieat  starch. 

flunisr,  flung,  imp.  &  pp.  of  fling,  w. 

flunk'y,     (  flunk'i, -§,  n.  [flunk'ies^,  p/.]    1. 

flunk'ey,  f  An  obsequious  fellow;  servile  im- 
itator; toady.  2.  [CoUoq.]  A  servant  in  livery. 
[Allied  to  FLANK,  v.]  —  fliink'y-ism,  n. 

flu'or,  flfi'^r,  n.  A  cleavable,  vitreous  com- 
pound of  calcium  and  fluorin.  [LL.,  <  L. 
flm,  flow.]    flu'or-itet;  flu'or-spar^:. 

flu''o-res'cence,  flu  "o-res'gns,  ti.  The  power 
by  which  some  substances,  when  illuminated, 
give  off  light  of  a  color  differing  from  their 
own;  also,  the  light  so  given  off.  —  flu^'o-res'- 
cent,  rt.    Showing  or  produced  bj  fluorescence. 

flu'o-rin,     I  flu'o-rin,  -rin  or^-rin,  w.     Chem. 

flu'o-rine,  i  A  pale^greenish  gaseous  element. 

flu'or-o-scope,  flu'gr-o-scop,  n.  A  device  for 
observing,  by  means  of  some  fluorescent  sub- 
stance, the  shadows  of  objects  enclosed  in 
media  opaque  to  ordinary  light,  but  transparent 
to  Roentgen  rays.     [<  fluor  +  -scope.] 

flur'ry,  flur'i.  I.  vt.  [flur'ried;  flur'ry- 
iNG.]  To  bewilder  or  confuse;  adtate;  fluster. 
II.  n.  [flur'riesS  pi.]  A  sudden  commo- 
tion; nervous  agitation;  flutter;  hurry;  a  light 
gust  of  wind.     [<  Sw.flurig,  disordered.] 

flushi',  flush, -yt  &ri.  To  redden;  blush;  glow. 
[<  Sw.  dial,  flossa,  burn,  flare.] 

flusli^S  vt.  &  vi.  To  deluge  or  be  filled  with 
water;  wash  out.     [Perhaps  of  OD.  origin.] 

flushes  vt.  &  vi.  To  drive  or  be  startled  from 
cover;  start  up,  as  birds.     [KyiE.flmtihe/t.] 

flush.'",  vt.  To  encourage  and  excite;  elate: 
chieflyin  the  past  participle.  [Corr.of  flesh,  v.] 

flushes  vt.  To  make  flush  or  even:  often 
with  up.  [up  even.] 

flush',  a.    Level;  even.    [<  flush",  a,  fllled 

flush.2,  a.  Full;  copious;  well  supplied  with 
money.     [<  flush*,  7i.] 

flusll=>,a.  Fullof  life;  vigorous.  [<FLUSHi,r.] 

flush',  '/I.  1.  A  heightened  color;  warm  glow; 
blush.  2.  Sudden  elation  or  excitement.  3.  A 
blossoming  out;  bloom. 

flush '^,  n.  The  act  of  flushing  a  bird;  a  bird 
or  birds  startled  from  cover. 

flush^,  n.  A  hand  of  cards  all  of  one  suit.  [< 
L.^P./^MOTM*,  a  flow.] 

flush*,  n.    A  sudden  gush  or  rush  of  water. 

flush i^,  n.    Abundance.    [<  flush^,  ?<.] 

flus'ter,  fluB'tgr.    I.  vt.    To  confuse;  flurry; 


papa,  98k;  at,  fiir;  el^mfint,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


189 


flute 
fold 


intoxicate.  II.  n.  Confusion  of  mind;  flurry; 
intoxication.  [<  Ice.  flaustra,  be  flustered.] 
flute,  fliit,  t;.  [flu'ted'I;  flu'ting.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  play,  eing,  or  utter  with  flute^like  tones.  2. 
To  corrugate;  crimp.  11.  i.  To  play  on  a 
flute;  make  a  flute=^like  sound. 

—  flu'ted,  ;x/.  1.  Exhibiting  parallel  grooves 
or  flutes.  2.  Having  the  tone  of  a  flute.—  flu'- 
tinsr«  n.  1.  A  flute  or  groove ;  flutes  or 
grooves  collectively;  fluted  work.  ti.  A  crimp, 
as  In  a  woman's  ruffle.  3.  The  act  of  making 
a  flute,  as  by  carving  a  column. 

flute,  n.  1.  A  tubular  wind-instrument  of  small 
diameter  with  holes  along  the  sides.  2.  A 
groove,  usually  of  semicircular  section,  as  in  a 
column;  also  a  corrugation;  crimping.     [F.] 

flut'ter,  flut'gr,  V.  I.  t.  To  shake;  agitate; 
vibrate;  fluster.  II.  i.  To  make  the  wings 
vibrate  rapidly ;  move  with  quick,  beating 
motions  of  the  wings;  move  fitfully;  be  agi- 
tated.   [<  AS.Jioto/'ian  (freq.);  cp.  float,  v.] 

flut'ter,  n.  1.  The  act  of  fluttering.  2.  Agi- 
tation; confused  or  tumultuous  emotion. 

flu'vi-al,  flu'vi-al,  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or 
formed  by  a  river.  [<  L.  flnvialis,  <  ffuvius, 
river.]    flu'vi-a-til(et;  flu"vi-at'icj. 

flux,  flux.  V.vt.  To  melt  or  make  fluid;  purge; 
treat  with  a  flux,  as  in  welding.  II.  «.  1.  A 
continuous  flowing;  the  act  or  process  of  melt- 
ing. 2.  Med.  A  morbid  discharge  of  fluid 
matter.  3.  A  substance  that  promotes  the 
fusing  of  minerals  or  metals.  [F.,  <  L.fltexus, 
<fliio,  flow.]  —bloody  flux,  dysentery. 

flux^ion,  fluc'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  flowing 
or  melting;  that  which  flows  or  melts.  2.  Math. 
The  rate  of  flow  or  variation  of  a  changing 
quantity.— fliix'ion-al,  a.    flux'ion-a-ry:j:. 

fly,  flai,  V.     [flew,  flu;  flown, flOn; fly'ing.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  put  to  fliglit.  2.  To  flee  from; 
shun.  II.  i.  1.  To  move  in  the  air  by  using 
the  wings.  2.  To  move  quickly;  hasten;  dart; 
flee.  3.  To  stream  or  float  in  air  or  water; 
wave.  4.  To  be  violently  impelled;  explode; 
burst.  [<  AS.^eogra/?.]  —  fly'ing.  I.  .;)a.  1 . 
Intended  or  adapted"  for  rapid  motion;  &s,  flying' 
artillery:  so  applied  to  various  animals  that,  by 
extended  flns  or  membranes,  make  long  sailing 
leaps  through  the  air  without  true  flight;  as, 
the.^2/m.f/.squirrel,  etc.  3.  Floating  in  the  air. 
3.  Unusually  extended;  extra;  as,  a.fl7jing  jib. 
II.  n.    The  act  of  flight;  flight,  as  of  a  bird. 

—  fly'ingsfisli,  n.    A  flsh  with  large  pectoral 
flns  that  buoy  it  up  as  it 
moves  through  the  air. 

flyi,».  [flies*, />/.]  1. 
One  of  various  small 
two* winged  insects.  2. 
[FLys^  1^1.']  A  light 
carriage.  [<  AS. 
Hedge,  <Jledgan,^y.'\ 

—  fly'bloW'.    I.  vt. 

&     Vi.         [FLY  '  blown", 

flai'blon";  fly'blow"ixg.]  To  taint  with  fly» 
blows.    II.  n.    The  egg  or  young  larva  of  a  fly. 

—  fly'sspeck''.  I*,  vt.  To  mark  with  fly» 
specks.  II.  n.  The  dot  made  by  the  excrement 
of  a  fly;  hence,  any  slight  speck. 

fly*,  «.  1.  One  of  various  rapidly  moving  ob- 
jects or  devices;  as,  the  Jl]/ot  a  printing-press. 

2.  A  flap.    3.  The  act  of  flying.     [<fly,  v.] 

—  fly'sleaf ',  n.  A  blank  leaf  at  the  begin- 
ning or  end  of  a  book.  —  flyswheel,   n.     A 


Flylng.flsh.    V24 


heavy  wheel  whose  weight  resists  sudden  changes 
of  speed,  thus  securing  uniform  motion. 

fly'er,  n.    Same  as  fliee. 

foal,  fOl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  birth  to  a  foal, 
II.  n.  The  young  of  an  equine  animal;  a  colt 
or  a  filly.     [<  AS.  fola.] 

foam,  fom.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  gather,  produce, 

or  emit  foam;  make  or  become  full  of  foam; 

froth.    II.  n.   A  collection  of  minute  bubbles 

forming  a  frothy  mass.     [<  AS. /am.] 

—  foani'y ,  a.    Covered  with  foam;  f  oam«like. 

tottffehfVt.  [fobbed;  fob'bing.]  To  cheat; 
trick.     [<  D.foppen.] 

foto,  n.  A  watch-pocket  in  the  waistband  of 
trousers,  or  a  cham  or  ribbon  hanging  from  it. 
[Cp.  G.  dial,  fuppe,  pocket.] 

fo'cus,  fo'cus.  I.  vt.  [fo'cused'  or  FO'- 
cussED*;  FO'cus-iNG  Or  Fo'cus-siNG.]  To  ad- 
just or  bring  to  a  focus;  concentrate.  II.  n. 
[fo'cus-es*  or  Fo'ci,  pi.]  1.  A  point  of  meet- 
ing of  reflected  or  refracted  rays  of  light;  any 
point  of  concentration.  2.  Geom.  One  of  two 
points,  as  in  an  ellipse,  the  sum  or  difl'erence 
of  whose  distances  to  any  point  of  the  curve 
is  a  constant.  [L.,  hearth.] —  fo'cal,  a.  Of, 
pertaining  to,  situated  at,  or  constituting  a  focus. 

fod^der,  fed'gr.  I.  vt.  To  supply  with  fodder. 
II.  n.  Coarse  feed,  for  horses,  cattle,  etc.,  as 
the  stalks  and  leaves  of  Indian  corn.  [<  AS. 
foddor,  <fdda,  food.] 

foe,fO,  ».  1.  One  actively  hostile.  2.  A  hos- 
tile force;  an  enemy;  adversary.  [<  AS.  fa, 
fdh,  <  V  of  feon,  hate.]  —  foe'man,  fCmgn, 
n.    [foe'men.ju;.]     An  active  or  open  enemy. 

fne'tal,  fce'tid,  a.    Same  as  fetal,  fetid. 

fog, f eg.  \.vt.8ivi.  [fogged;  fog'ging.]  To 
surround  with  or  as  with  fog;  cloud;  become 
foggy.  II.  n.  1.  Condensed  w^atery  vapor 
suspended  in  the  atmosphere  near  the  earth's 
surface.  2.  Bewilderment;  perplexity;  obscur- 
ity. [  <  Dn./of7,  spray,  storm.]  —  fog'gy ,  feg'i, 
a.  Full  of  or  covered  with  fog;  obscure;  con- 
fused.—fog'gi-ly,  ad».— fog'gi-ness,  n. 

fo'gy,  fO'gi,  n,  [fo'gies",  ;?;.]  A  person  of 
old-fashioned  notions.  [Cp.  G.  vogt,  Syf.fogde, 
steward.]  — fo'gy-ism,  n. 

foi'bKe,  fei'bl,  n.  A  personal  weakness;  slight 
fault  of  character.    [F.] 

foil,  foil,  vt.  To  render  ineffectual;  frustrate; 
balk.    [<  ¥.  fouler.'] 

foils  n.  1.  Metal  in  very 
thin  sheets,  as  the  amal- 
gam on  the  back  of  a  mir- 
ror. 2.  Anything  that 
adorns  or  sets  off  some- 
thing else  by  contrast. 
3.  A  leaf -like  division  in 
architectural  ornamenta- 
tion. [0F.,<  L./o^iwm, 
leaf.] 

foil*,  n.  A  sword'like  im- 
plement, with  a  button 
on  its  end,  used  in  fen- 
cing.    [<  FOIL,  v.] 

foists  feist,  vt.    To  thrust 
inslyly;palmoff.  [<0D  S'i^y^^N^w'^^o'^rkr 
vysten,  flzzle;  cp.  fizz.] 

folded,  fold,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  lay  or  bend  over 
upon  itself;  lap.  2.  To  embrace;  envelop. 
II.  i.    To  shut  in  folds.    [<  AS.  fealdan.] 


Foils. 
Foliated  tracer 


in  a 


window  of  Grace  Church 


I 


flut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);  go;   sing,   i^k;  thin. 


fold 
forbear 


100 


fold.2<i,  fold,  vt.    To  shut  up  in  a  fold,  as  sheep. 

fold.!,  n.  1.  One  part  doubled  over  another;  a 
plait;  ply.    2.  An  embrace. 

fold2,  n.  1.  A  pen,  as  for  sheep.  2.  A  flock 
of  sheep;  figuratively,  a  church.  [<  AS./o/c^.] 

-fold,  suffix.  Signifying  "  times,"  "  repetitions  "; 
as,  twofold.  [<  AS.  -feald,  akin  to fealdan,  fold.] 

fold'er,  fold'gr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
folds. 

fo'^li-a'ceous,  f0"li-e'shiu8,  a.  Of  the  nature 
or  form  of  a  leaf.     [<  Jj. folium,  leaf.] 

fo'li-age,  fO'li-gj,  n.  Any  growth  of  leaves; 
a  cluster  of  leaves;  leaves  collectively.  [<  F. 
feuiUar/e,  <  feuille,  <!>.  folium,  leaf.] 

fo'li-ate,  fo'li-et.  I.  vt.  [-a^'ted^;  -a"ting.] 
To  beat  into  a  leaf;  coat  with  a  thin  layer  of 
amalgam,  as  a  mirror.  II.  fo'li-et  or  -§t,  a. 
Having  leaves;  leafy;  leaf'Shaped;  decorated 
with  leaf 'Shaped  ornaments;  beaten  into  a 
leaf.  —  fo'^li-a'tion,  n.  1.  Bot.  The  leafing 
out  of  plants,  ti.  The  act  of  foliating.  3.  Arch. 
Decoration  with  foliated  tracery.  4,  The  state 
of  being  f oUaceous  or  foliated. 

foli-o,  fO'li-0,  n.  1.  A  sheet  of  paper  folded 
once.  2.  A  book  or  the  like,  composed  of 
sheets  folded  but  once;  hence,  a  book  of  the 
largest  size.     [L.,  abl.  of  folium,  leaf.] 

folk,  folk  07'  fok,  n.  1.  People  collectively. 
2.  pi.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  Those  of  one's  family; 
relatives.    3.  A  nation  or  race.     [<AS.folc.] 

fol'li-cl(e,  fel'i-cl,  n.  A  minute  cavity,  sac,  or 
tube;  a  dry  seed-vessel;  a  cocoon.  [<  Ij.fol- 
liculus,  dim.  oifollis,  bag.]  —  fol-lic'u-Iar,  a. 

fol'low,  fel'O,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  go  or  come  after; 
accompany  as  a  subordinate;  succeed;  attend; 
pursue.  2.  To  engage  in,  as  a  trade;  obey  or 
conform  to,  as  a  precept  or  example.  3.  To 
note,  watch,  or  observe,  as  a  moving  object  or 
the  thought  of  a  discourse.  4.  To  result  from. 
5.  To  strive  to  obtain.  II.  i.  1.  To  go  or 
move  behind  and  toward  something;  pursue. 
2.  To  be  a  natural  consequence.  [<  AS. 
fylgan,  folgian.]  —  fol'Iow-er,  n.  One  who  or 
that  wh'lch  follows;  an  adherent,  Imitator,  or  at- 
tendant.—fol'low-ingr.  J,  pa.  Next  In  order; 
succeeding  or  ensuing.  II,  n.  A  body  of  adher- 
ents or  attendants. 

fol'ly,  fel'ij  71.  [F0L'LIES^  pL]  The  state  of 
being  foolish;  foolish  conduct,  or  its  result. 
[<F.folie,  <fol,  fool.] 

fO-xnent'<',  fo-ment',  vt.  1.  To  apply  warm 
or  medicated  lotions  to.  2.  To  stir  up  to 
heat  or  violence;  instigate.  [<  h.^fotn^nto, 
<  fomentum,  warm  lotion.]  —  fo''iiieii-ta'- 
tloii,  n.  The  act  of  fomenting  In  any  sense;  any 
lotion  or  medicinal  substance  used  in  fomenting. 

fond,  fend.  a.  1.  Loving;  affectionate;  some- 
times, foolishly  affectionate.  2.  Foolishly 
prized;  trivial;  silly.  [hiE.fond,f07}7ied,  pp. 
of  fonneM,  act  as  a  fooi.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fon'dlCe,  fen'dl,  v.  [fon'dl(e)d;  fon'dling.] 
I.  t.  To  handle  lovnigly;  caress.  II.  t.  To 
display  fondness,  as  by  caressing.  [  <  fond,  a.] 

font*,  font,  n.  1.  A  receptacle  for  the  water 
used  in  baptizing.  2.  A  fountain.  [<  L.^s  +  W' 
fon(t-)8,  fountain.] 

font^,  n.  PriTit.  A  full  assortment  of  type  of 
a  particular  kind.     [<  L.^\fundo,  pour.] 

food,  fnd,  n.  Nourishment;  nutriment;  ali- 
ment.    [  <  AS.  fdda.] 

fool,  fOl. .  I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  make  a  fool  of;  im- 


pose upon;  deceive;  play  the  fool.  II.  n.  1. 
A  person  lacking  in  understanding,  judgment, 
or  common  sense;  a  simpleton.  2.  An  idiot; 
imbecile,  3.  A  court^jester.  [<  JA,.^  folhis, 
foolish,  <  L.  follis,  windbag.]  —  fool'er-y,  n. 
[-lESit,  pl.'\  Foolish  conduct:  anything  foolish.— 
fool'har'^dy,  a.  Bold  without  judgment;  reck- 
less; rash.  — fool'har'^di-ly,  adv.  — fooV- 
har^'di-ness,  n.— fool'ish,  a.  Of  or  like  a 
fool;  weak«mlnded;  marked  by  folly,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.— fools'cap'^  n.  A  size  of  writing- 
paper  about  13  by  8  Inches. 

foot-!,  fut,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  tread;  set  the  foot 
on;  travel.  2.  To  add,  as  a  column  of  figures. 
II.  i.    To  go  afoot;  walk. 

foot,  n.  [feet,  ftt,^^.]  1.  The  part  below  the 
ankle  in  man,  or  the  corresponding  part  in 
other  animals.  2.  Anything  corresponding  in 
form,  use,  or  position  to  an  animal's  foot;  the 
lowest  part  of  a  thing;  the  last  of  a  series. 
3.  A  measure  of  length:  twelve  inches.  4. 
Unmounted  troops,  collectively;  infantry.  5. 
Pros.  A  division  of  a  verse.  [<  AS.fot,  pl.fet.] 
—  foot'ball'%  n.  A  large  Inflated  ball  to  be 
kicked  in  play;  also,  the  game  in  which  it  is  used. 

—  foot'fall''^  11.  The  sound  of  a  footstep.— 
foot'hold'',  n.  A  place  where  the  foot  may 
rest;  secure  footing;  established  position.— 
foot'iug,  n.  1.  A  place  to  stand  or  walk  on; 
hence,  secure  position.  2.  The  adding  or  the 
sum  of  a  column  of  figures.  3.  A  footstep; 
tread.— foot'liglits'',  n.  pi.  Lights  in  a  row 
near  the  front  of  the  stage,  as  in  a  theater.— 
foot'man,  TO.  [--mes,  pi.}  1 .  A  man  servant 
who  attends  a  carriage,  etc.    211.  A  f  oot»soldler. 

—  foot'pad'',  n.  A  highwayman  or  robber  on 
foot.— loot'print''',  «.  Air  impression  of  a 
foot.  foot'sinark''t.— foot'8tep'^  71.  A  step, 
or  its  feound  or  mark;  footfall;  footprint.- foot'- 
stooP',  71.    A  low  stool  for  the  feet. 

fop,  fep,  n.  A  man  affectedly  fastidious  in  dress 
or  deportment:  a  dandy.  [<  D.foppen,  prate, 
cheat.] — fop'ling,  7?.  Apettyfop.— fop'per-y, 
71.  [-iES»,  pi.}  The  conduct  or  practises  of  a 
fop.  fop^pish-nessl:.— fop'pish,  a.  Char- 
acteristic of  a  fop.    -ly,  adv. 

for,  for.  I.  prep.  Because,  or  by  reason  of; 
on  account  of;  with  a  view  to;  tending  toward; 
in  behalf  of;  in  place  of;  with  reference  to; 
belonging  to;  adapted  to;  in  honor  of ;  by  the 
name  of.  II.  conj.  Seeing  that;  since;  be- 
cause.    [<  AS.  for,  fore,  before,  for.] 

for-,  pr^x,  with  values  as  follows:  for-i. 
Thorougiily;  greatly:  used  with  negative,  altera- 
tive, and  intensive  force.  [  <  AS.  for-.]  for-2, 
SecFOBE-i.    for-3.    Outside.    [<L.foris.} 

for'age,fer'gj.  I.vf.&vi.  [for'aged;  for'a- 
GiNo.]  To  overrun  in  search  of  forage;  pro- 
vide with  or  procure  for  forage;  collect  food 
for  men  and  stock  by  roving  search.  II.  7). 
1.  Any  food  suitable  for  horses  or  cattle.  2. 
The  act  of  foraging.  [<  Lh.^^  fodntm,  fod- 
der.] —  for'a-ser,  n. 

for'^as-much',  fSr'az-much',  co/ij.  Seeing  or 
considering  that:  used  with  a^. 

for'ay,  fer'e.  I.  rf.  &in.  To  ravage;  pillage; 
raid.  II.  ?i.  A  marauding  expedition;  raid. 
[Var.  of  FORAGE.]  —  for'ay-er,  7/. 

for-lmd(e',  fer-bad',  imp.  of  Fonnin,  v. 

for-toear',  for-bnr',  v.  [for-bore'.  fer-l)Or'; 
for-borne',  fer-l)Orn';  for-bkar'ing.]  I.  t. 
To  refrain  or  abstain  from.  II.  i.  1.  To  re- 
frain from  some  action.     2.   To  be  patient. 


papfi,  gBk;  at,  fiir;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  UB|ge;  It,  g,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  5r;  full,  rule;  but,  ijr; 


191 


fortoid 
foresborten 


[<  AS.  f07'beran,  <for-  (see  for-i),  4-  beran, 
beari,  ^).]  —  for-bear'ance,  n.  The  act  of 
forbearing;  patience;  mildness.— for-bear'ing, 
2KI.    Disposed  to  forbear;  patient. 

for-toid.',  fer-bid',  rt.  [for-bade',  fer-bad'; 
for-bid'den,  fer-bid'n,  or  for-bid';  for-bid'- 
DiNG.]  1.  To  bid  or  command  against  an  act; 
prohibit.  2.  To  command  (a  person)  not  to 
do.  3.  To  oppose  effectually;  operate  against. 
[  <  kS.forbeddin,<for-  (see  for-1)  +  beodan, 
BID.]  —  for-bidMing,  pa.  Such  as  to  repel; 
repellent;  repulsive. 

force,  fOrs.  l.vt.  [forced';  forgoing.]  1. 
To  compel.  2.  To  accomplish  by  or  as  by 
force  or  violence.  3.  To  stimulate  artificially. 
II.  n.  1.  Any  cause  tending  to  produce,  stop, 
or  change  the  motion  of  a  body;  any  operating 
energy.  2.  Constraint;  compulsion;  coercion. 
3.  Power  to  convince  or  move;  cogency;  im- 
port. 4.  Binding  effect;  eflicac.v.  5.  An  or- 
ganized body,  as  of  troops  or  police ;  an  army. 
[F.,  <  'L.^^fortis,  strong.] 

—  force'spump'^  n.    A  pump  that  delivers 
fluid  at  Increased  pressure 
by  means  of  compressed  air. 

for'ceps,  fer'seps,  «.  Pin- 
cers for  grasping  small  ob- 
jects; a  pincers'like  struc- 
ture. [L.,  prob.  Kfoi^mus. 
warm,  -(-  capio,  take.] 

for'ci-tol(e,  for'si-bl,  a.  1 . 
Accomplished  by  force.  2. 
Energetic;  cogent. —for'ci- 
bly,  adv. 

ford,  ford.  P.  'ct.  To  wade 
across  (a  stream,  etc.).  II. 
n.  A  fording  place  in  a 
stream.  [<  AS.  foi^d,  < 
faran.,  go.]— ford'a-bl(e,a. 

fore,  for.  I.  a.  Preceding 
in  place  or  time;  forward; 
antecedent;  prior.  II.  n. 
The  foremost  part;  the  lead- 
ing place.  III.  adv.  1.  Naut.  At  or  toward 
the  bow.  2.  Before;  forward;  in  front.  IV. 
prep.  Before.  [<  AS./ore(cp./ora?i,1oefore). 
a  form  otfor,  for.]  — fore':andsaft'',  a.  Lying 
or  going  in  the  direction  of  the  ship's  length. 

tove-, 2)reflx,  with  values  as  follows  :  fore-'. 
Before.  [<  AS./o/r-,  for-,  <  fore-,  before.] 
fore-!",  =  for-1.  fore-3,  =  for-^.— fore-'- 
arm'',  n.  The  part  of  the  arm  that  is  between 
the  elbow  and  the  wrist.—  fore'part'',  n.  The 
fore  part:  an  erroneous  form.— fore-show',  vt. 
To  prophesy,    fore-shew't. 

fore-arm',  for-arm',  tt.    To  arm  beforehand. 

fore-bode',  fOr-bod',  v.  [-bo'ded'';  -bo'ding.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  be  an  omen  or  warning  sim  of; 
presage.  2.  To  have  a  premonition  of.  II. 
i.  To  foretell;  prognosticate.  [<  KS.  fore- 
1x)dian;  cp.  bode,  v.] — fore-bo'dlng,  n.  The 
apprehension  of  coming  misfortune. 

fore-casf'i,  fOr-cgst',  vt.  To  calculate  or  plan 
l)cforehand;  predict.    [<  fore-'  +  cast,  r.] 

f ore'cast",  f Or'cgst",  n.  An  antecedent  calcu- 
lation, determination,  or  contrivance. 

fore'cas^tle,  for'cgs"!  or  [Naut.]  foc'sl,  ??. 
Naut.  The  forward  part  of  a  ship;  compart- 
ment for  common  sailors. 

fore-close',  for-cloz',  vt.  [fore-closed'; 
FORE-CLO'siNG.]    To  bar  by  judicial  proceed- 


A   Side^suc 

tionForce= 

pump. 

a,  air*chamber;  b, 
brake;  d,  d,  dis- 
cliarge»pipes;  p.  pis- 
ton-rod; s,  stand. 


ings  the  right  to  redeem  mortgaged  property; 
shutout;  exclude.  [<  OF.  forclos.] — fore- 
clo'siire,  -clo'zhur,  m.    The  act  of  foreclosing. 

fore'fa"tlier,  fOr'fa'dhgr,  n.  An  ancestor, 
especially  a  remote  ancestor. 

fore-feu il'ii,  for-fend',  vt.    Same  as  forfend. 

fore'fin"ger,  fOr'fi^"gsr,  n.  The  digit  next 
to  the  thumb. 

fore'foot",  for'fut",  n.  1.  A  fore  foot.  2. 
The  bow  or  cutwater  of  a  vessel. 

fore'front",  for 'front",  n.  The  foremost 
part  or  position. 

fore-go'i,  fOr-gO',  vt.  [fore-went';  fore- 
gone'; FORE-GO'iNG.]  To  deny  oneself  the 
pleasure  or  profit  of;  give  up;  rehnquish. 

fore-go'2,  vt.  &  vi.  To  go  in  advance  of;  go 
before. —  fore-go'ing,  pa.  Occurring  pre- 
viously; antecedent.— fore-gonCe',  pa.  De- 
termined already. 

fore'ground",  fOr'graund",  n.  That  part  of 
a  landscape  nearest  the  spectator. 

fore1iand"ed,  for'hand'gd,  a.  1.  Done  in 
pood  time.  2.  [U.S.]  Having  money  saved; 
thrifty. 

fore'head,  fer'gd,  «.  The  upper  part  of  the 
face,  between  the  eyes  and  the  hair. 

for'eign,  fer'§n,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or  de- 
rived from  another  country;  alien.  2.  Con- 
nected with  other  countries.  3.  Introduced 
from  without;  not  belonging  to  that  place  or 
body  in  which  it  is  found.  4.  Not  pertinent; 
irrelevant.  [<  LL.^ foranevs,  <  L.foras,  out 
of  doors.  1  —  ror'eign-er,  fer'§n-gr,  n.  A  citizen 
of  a  foreign  country;  an  alien. 

fore-know',  for-no',  vt.  [fore-knew'; 
-known';  -KNOw'iNG.]  To  know  beforehand. 
—  fore-knowI'e<lge,  for-nel'gj,  n.  Knowl- 
edge of  a  thing  before  It  exists  or  of  an  event 
before  it  takes  place. 

fore'land",  n.    A  projecting  point  of  land. 

fore'lock",  fOr'lec',  n.  A  lock  of  hair  grow- 
ing over  the  forehead,  as  of  a  horse. 

fore'man,  for'm^n,  n.  [fore'men,  pi.]  The 
head  man  overseeing  a  body  of  workmen. 

fore'mast",  fOr'mgsf,  n.  The  foremost  mast 
of  a  vessel. 

fore'most",  fOr'mOst',  a.  First  in  place,  time, 
rank,  or  order;  chief.     [<  AS.  formest.] 

fore-noon',  fOr-nSn',  n.  The  period  of  day- 
light preceding  midday;  the  morning. 

fo-ren'sic,  fo-ren'sic,  a.  Pertaining  to  courts 
of  justice  or  to  public  disputation.  [<  L./o- 
rensis,  <  forum,  market-place,  forum.] 

fore"or-dain',  fOr'er-den',  vt.  To  ordain 
beforehand;  predestinate. —  fore-or"di-na'- 
tion,  n.    Predestination;  predetermination. 

fore-run',  fOr-run',  vt.  To  run  in  advance  of; 
precede;  usher  in;  announce. —  fore-run'ner, 
n.    A  herald;  prognostic. 

fore'sail",  fOr'sel"  or  [Naut.]  fo'sl,  n.  Nant. 
A  sail,  especially  the  lowest  sail  on  a  foremast. 

fore-see',  for-si',  v.  [fore-saw'  ;  fore-seen'  ; 
fore-see'ing.]  I.  t.  To  see  beforehand; 
anticipate.     II.  i.    To  have  foresight. 

fore-shad'OW,  fOr-shad'O.  I.  vt.  To  sug- 
gest beforehand;  prefigure.  II.  n.  The  indis- 
tinct representation  of  something  to  come. 

fore-short'en,  for-shert'n,  vt.  To  shorten 
parts  in  a  drawing  of  (an  object),  so  as  to  give 
the  proper  impression  of  distance. 


fiuttfire    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;   c   (k);    chat;    dh   (^Ae);   go;  sing,  ink;    thin. 


foresiglit 
formula 


192 


fore'sight'^,    fOr'sait",    n.     1.   The   act   or 

capacity  of  foreseeing.  2.  Thoughtful  care 
for  the  future.     [<  foke-i  -f  sight.] 

for'est,  fer'est,  n.  A  large  tract  of  land 
covered  with  a  natural  growth  of  trees  and 
underbrush.  [OF.,  <  lAi.foresta,  <  L.foras; 
see  FOREIGN.] — for'est-er,  n.  1.  One  who 
has  charge  of  a  forest,  its  timber,  or  Its  game. 
ti,  A  dweller  In  a  forest.— for' «^st-ry,  n.  1. 
The  art  of  developing  or  managing  forests. 
2.  Forestage. 

fore-stair,  for-stel',  vt.  1.  To  hinder  or 
guard  against  by  preparation;  anticipate;  pre- 
vent. 2.  To  preoccupy  or  control  in  one's 
own  favor  by  anticipatory  measures. 

fore-taste',  for-test',  vl.  To  have  some  ex- 
perience of  before  possessing. 

fore'taste'',  for'test",  n.  A  taste  or  brief  ex- 
perience beforehand. 

fore-tell',  for-tel',  vt.  &  m.  [fore-told'; 
fore-tell'ing;  fore-told'.]  To  tell  or  de- 
clare in  advance;  predict. —  fore-teil'er,  n. 

fore'thought",  fOr'thet",  n.  1.  Considera- 
tion beforehand.  2.  Prudent  care  for  the 
future. 

fore'''to'ken,  vt.    Same  as  foreshadow. 

fore'top'',  fOr'tep",  n.  1.  The  forelock.  2. 
A  platform  at  the  head  of  a  foremast. 

for-ev'er,  fer-ev'er,  adv.  1.  Throughout 
eternity;  to  the  end  of  time.     2.  Incessantly. 

fore-warn',  fOr-wern',  vt.  To  caution  before- 
hand ;  inform  or  instruct  in  advance. 

for'feit,  fer'fit.  I<i.  vt.  To  incur  the  loss  of 
through  some  fault,  omission,  error,  or  offense. 
II.  a.  Forfeited.  HI.  n.  1.  A  thing  lost  by 
way  of  penalty  for  some  default.  2.  pi.  Any 
game  in  which  some  playful  penalty  is  im- 
posed. [<  OF.forfait,  pp.  oiforfaire,  <  L."' 
forts,  out  of  doors,  4-  facio,  do.]  —  forfei- 
ture, fffr'fl-chur  or  -tiyr,  n.  The  act  of  forfeit- 
ing, or  that  which  Is  forfeited. 

for-fencl'll<i,  fer-fend'.  vt.    To  ward  off;  prevent. 

for-srave',  fer-g&v',  imp.  of  forgivb,  v. 

forge  1,  fOrj  or  ferj,  v.  [forged;  for'ging.] 
1.  t.  1.  To  shape  (metal)  with  a  hammer  or 
machine;  shape;  frame.  2.  Law.  To  make 
or  alter  with  intent  to  defraud.  II.  i.  To  be 
guilty  of  forgery,  1<F.  for(/e?\  <  L.  fabrico?; 
make,  construct.]  —  for'gef,  fOr'jgr  o?'  fSr'jcr, 
n.   1.  One  who  counterfeits  or  commits  forgery. 


3.  Asmlth.— for'grer-y,  fOr'jer-l  orfSr'jer-I,  ?». 

•-    ^     - •    -  -jlfying 

any  commercial  or  legal  paper.    *i.  The  act  of 


r-iES»,  jo/.l    1.  The  act  of  fraudulently  falslfyln 
"egal  paper,    a.  The  act  o 
3.  A  spurious  article  bear 


counterfeiting  coin. 
Ing  a  false  signature. 

forge2,  V.  I.  t.  To  impel  forward.  II.  i. 
To  go  slowly  or  with  difticulty,  as  by  mere  mo- 
mentum.     [Perhaps  corr.  of  force,  v.] 

forge,  ?i.  1.  An  open  fireplace  or  hearth  with 
forced  draft,  for  heating  metal  ready  for  ham- 
mering or. shaping.  2.  A  i)lace  where  metal  is 
forged.    [F.,  <  h./abrica;  see  fabuic] 

for-get',  forget',  vt.  &  vi.  [fok-qot',  fer-get'; 
for-got'ten,  fer-get'n;  for-get'tino.]  1. 
To  be  una])le  to  recall  to  mind;  lose  from  the 
memory.  2.  To  lose  interest  in  or  regard  for; 
neglect.  [<  AS.  forgUan,  <  for- {see  for-») 
-f  gitan,  get.]  -  for-get'ftil,  a.  Forgetting 
easllv;  neglectful,  -ly,  arf».  -iiess,  n.— for- 
Ket'siiK'jnot",  n.  A  perennial  herb,  with 
finmll  8ky»J)hie  flowers. 


for-g^v(e',  fer-giv',  v.  [for-gave',  -gev' ;  for- 
giv'en;  for-giv'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  cease  to 
cherish  displeasure  toward;  pardon;  excuse. 
2.  To  remit,  as  a  debt.  II.  i.  To  show  for- 
giveness in  spirit  or  conduct.  [ <  AS.  for-  (see 
FOR-i)  -f  gifan,  give.]  —  for-giv(e'ness,  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  forgiving;  pardon.  3.  A  disposition 
to  forgive,  for-giv'iiig-nesst.  — for-giv'- 
ing, pa.    Disposed  to  forgive.    -ly,  adv. 

for-got',  fer-get',  imp.  &pp.  of  forget,  ». 

fork,  fork.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  lift,  toss,  or  dig 
with  a  fork;  divide  into  diverging  parts.  II. 
n.  A  device  consisting  of  a  handle  and  two  or 
more  tines  or  prongs;  also,  anything  of  like 
shape  or  use.  [<  AS.  fore,  <  li.furca,  fork.] 
—forked,  f erkt  or  ferk'ed,  a.  Having  a  fork,  or 
shaped  like  a  fork;  diverging  Into  two  branches. 

for-lorn',  fer-lern',  a.  Left  in  distress  with- 
out help  or  hope;  miserable;  pitiable;  lonely; 
dreary.  [<  AS.  forloi'en,  <  for-,  for-i,  -|- 
leosan,  lose.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. —  forlorn 
hope,  a  military  detachment  detailed  for  a 
doubtful  or  desperate  enterprise;  also,  such  an 
enterprise. 

form,  form,  V.  I.  t.  To  make  or  construct; 
conceive;  mold;  arrange;  compose.  II.  i.  To 
assume  a  specific  form. 

form,  n.  1.  The  shape  of  a  body  as  distin- 
guished from  its  substance  or  color;  figure; 
contour;  hence,  appearance;  style;  manner; 
kind.  2.  Eegular  method;  ritual;  ceremony; 
style.  3.  A  mold,  model,  or  formula.  4.  A 
long  bench  without  a  back.  5.  Print.  Type, 
engravings,  plates,  etc.,  imposed  in  a  chase.  6. 
A  ghost;  fantom.  [<  L.^^  forma,  form.] 
—  forin'less,  a.    Without  form;  shapeless. 

-form,  .suffix.  Like;  In  the  shape  of.  [<  L.  -formis, 
-like,  <  forma,  form.] 

forxn'al,  ferm'al,  a.  1.  Made  or  done  accord- 
ing to  established  forms;  having  regard  to  so- 
cial forms;  ceremonial;  ceremonious.  2.  Per- 
taining to  form  as  opposed  to  substance;  out- 
ward; external.—  form'al-isin,  n.  Scrupulous 
observance  of  forms,  —  forin'al-ist,  n.— for- 
mal'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  «/.]  1.  The  state  or  char- 
acter of  being  formal;  conventionality.  tJ.  A 
proixir  order  of  procedure;  also,  an  empty  cere- 
monial.—forin'al-ly,  adv. 

for-ma'tion,  fer-me'shun,  n.  The  act,  proc- 
ess, or  resultof  forming;  construction;  arrange- 
ment* development. —  forni'a-tiv(e,  ferm'a- 
tlv.  I.  a.  1 .  Competent,  serving,  or  aiding  to 
form.  3,  Pertaining  to  formation.  11.  ??.  An 
element  added  to  a  word,  as  a  prefix  or  sutfix. 

for'mer,  fSr'm^r,  a.  Going  before  in  time; 
previously  mentioned;  preceding;  ancient.  [< 
AS.  for?na,  first.] —for'mer- ly,  adv.  Some 
time'or  a  long  time  ago*. 

form'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  forms  or 
molds;  a  maker-  pattern,  [<  1,.^^  for77ia(or, 
<  fonno,  FORM.] 

for'mi-da-bl(e,  fSr'mi-da-bl,  a.  Exciting 
fear;  dangerous  to  encounter;  difficult  to  ac- 
complish. [F.,  <  L.  formidaMis,  <formido, 
fear.]  —  for'ml-da-bly,  adv. 

for'mu-la,  f5r'miu-la,  ;?.  [-las*  or  l^,  ;>/.] 
1.  A  fixed  rule  or  form;  exact  statement.  2. 
Med.  A  prescription,  3.  An  algebraic  rule 
or  chemical  combination  expressed  in  symbols. 
[L.,  dim,  of  forma,  form.]  — for'mii-Ia-ry, 
fSr'mlu-le-rl,  1.  a.  Stated  In  or  as  In  a  formufa; 
formal.    II,  n.     [-bibs*,  pi.]     A  collection  of 


papa,  9Bk;  at,  filr;  el§m§nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


193 


fornication 
foundry 


forms,  formulas,  etc.;  a  ritual  or  formula.—  for'- 
mii-Iate,  vt.     [-la"ted<1;   -la'ting.]     To  ex- 

?ress  in  a  formula,  or  as  a  formula,  for'mu- 
ar-izei.— for'^mii-la'tion,  n. 

for "ni- caption,  fer'ni-ke'shun,  n.  Illicit 
sexual  intercourse.  [<  L.  fornex  {fornic-), 
brothel,  lit.  vault.]  —  for'ni-ca'^tor,  w.— for'- 
ni-ca''''tress,  n. 

for-sake',  fer-sek',  vt.  [for-sook',  -suk'; 
fob-sa'ken  or  for-sook';  for-sa'king.]  To 
leave  or  withdraw  from;  abandon;  also,  to  re- 
ject.    [<  AS.forsacan.] 

f  or-SOOtll',  f  er-siith',  adv.  In  truth ;  certainly : 
chiefly  ironical.     [<  for,  p7'ep.,  -\-  sooth.] 

for-swear',  fer-swar',  vt.  &  vi.  [-swore; 
-sworn';  -swear'ing.]  To  renounce  upon 
oath;  repudiate;  perjure  (oneself). 

fort,  fort,  n.  Mil.  A  single  defensive  work;  a 
fortification;  fortress.  [F.,  <  L.fartis,  strong.] 

forte,  fort,  n.  That  which  one  does  most 
readily  or  excellently.     [<  L.^/or/w,  strong.] 

forth.,  forth,  at^v.  Forward;  outward;  away; 
out;  abroad.     [<  AS.  fo7'th,  <  fore,  before.] 

—  fortli'coin''ingr,  a.  Ready  or  about  to  ap- 
pear.—forth'^with',  forth'with',  adv.  With- 
out delay;  immediately;  directly. 

for'ti-eth,  fer'ti-eth.  I.  a.  1.  Tenth  in  order 
after  the  thirtieth.  2.  Being  one  of  forty  equal 
parts.    II.  ?i.    One  of  forty  equal  parts. 

—  for'ti-eth-ly,  adv. 
for'^ti-fi-ca'tion,   fer"ti-fi-ke'shun,   n.      1. 

The  act,  art,  or  science  of  fortifying.  2.  A 
military  defensive  work;  a  fort. 

for'ti-fy;,  fer'ti-fai,  vt.  &  vi.  [-fied;  -ft"ing.] 
To  provide  with  or  raise  defensive  works;  give 
strength,  security,  or  power  to.  [<  L.i-l+f 
fo7'fJft,  strong;  and  see -FY.] — for'ti-fl''a-bl(e,a. 

for'ti-tude,  fer'ti-tiud,  n.  Strength  of  mind 
to  meet  or  endure  unfalteringly  pain,  adversity, 
or  peril.     [<  h.forfifudo,  <forti$,  Btrong.] 

fort'night",  fert'nait"  or  fert'nit,  n.  A  period 
of  two  weeks.  [  <  AS.fedwert^ne,  fourteen, 
+  niht  (pi.),  nights.]     -ly,  a.  &  adv. 

for'tress,  fer'tres,  n.  A  large  permanent 
fort;  a  stronghold;  castle.     [<  F.  forteresse, 

<  L.i'i'  fortis,  strong.] 
for-tud-tous,  fer-tiu'i-tus,  a.    Occurring  by 

chance;  casual;  accidental.     [<  L.  fortuitus., 

<  for(f-)s,  chance.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
for-tu'i-ty,  fer-tiu'i-ti,  n.    Chance  occurrence. 
for'tu-nate,  fer'chu-[or  -tiu-]nc"t  or  -net,  a. 


Ruins  of  the  Forum  of  Rome.   Temple 
of  Saturn  in  the  Foreground. 

1.  Happening  by  a  favorable  chance;  lucky. 

2.  Favored  with  good  fortune.    -ly,  adv. 
for 'tune,  fer'chun  or  -tiun,  n.    That  which 

comes  or  happens  as  if  by  chance,  especially 
favorable  chance;  lot;  luck;  success;  a  large 


estate;  wealth.  [F.,  <  L.  fortuna,  <  for, 
fortune.] 

for'ty,  fer'ti.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  ten  more 
than  thirty.  II.  7i.  The  sum  of  ten  and  thirty. 
[<  AS.  feower  (fouv),  <  -tig  (see  fifty).] 

fo'rum,  fO'rum,  n.  [po'rums^  or  fo'ra,  pL] 
A  place  of  public  assembly  in  ancient  Rome; 
any  public  assembly  or  place  for  public  meet- 
ing; a  tribunal;  court.  See  illus.  m  preceding 
column.     [L.] 

for'ward,  fSr'ward.  F.  vt.  To  send  on- 
ward or  forward;  help  onward;  further;  trans- 
mit. II.  a.  1.  Located  at  or  near  the  front. 
2.  In  an  advanced  state;  advancing.  3.  Eager; 
prompt;  hence,  oflicious;  impertment;  bold. 
III.  adv.  Toward  the  front  or  some  advanced 
position;  onward;  ahead,  for'wards:):.  [< 
AS.  f07'eiveard.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fos'sil,  fes'il.  I.  a.  Dug  out  of  the  earth; 
petrified;  of  or  like  a  fossil;  outworn;  anti- 
quated. II.  71.  1.  A  body,  as  the  petrified 
form  of  a  plant  or  an  animal,  preserved  in 
earth  or  rock.  2.  A  person  or  thing  antiquated 
or  out  of  date.     [<  L.^  fossUlf,  <  fodio,  dig.] 

—  fos'^sil-if  er-oii8,  a.  Containing  fossils. 
—  fos'sil-ize,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ized;  -i'zing.]  To 
change  or  be  changed  into  a  fossil;  petrify;  make 
or  become  antiquated.    fos'siI-ise:{:. 

fos'ter,  fes'tgr,  vt.  To  nourish;  rear;  aid;  en- 
courage. [<  AS.  fdst7'ian,  <  fostor,  nourish- 
ment.]—fos'tersbroth'^er,  f.schild,  f.sfather, 
f.:inothcr,  f.spareiit,  f.ssiHter,  f.:!^on, 
one  considered  as  holding  the  relationship  indi- 
cated, in  consequence  of  nursing  and  rearing, 
though  not  related  by  blood. 

foiisrht,  fet,  imp.  &  pp.  of  fight,  v. 

foiisrht'en,  pp.  of  fight,  v.  Obsolete  except  In 
the  phrase  aJ'oughte7i  field. 

foul,  foul.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  collide  with,  as  a 
vessel;  collide;  make  or  become  foul  or  dirty; 
commit  a  breach  of  rule  against  (a  competitor). 
2.  Baseball.  To  strike  a  foul.  II.  a.  1.  Offen- 
sive; loathsome;  filthy.  2.  Obstructing,  en- 
tangling, or  injuring;  unfair.  III.  7i.  An  act 
of  fouling,  colliding,  or  becoming  entangled;  a 
breach  of  rule.  IV.  ac??;.  Foully.  [<AS./m;, 
foul.] — foul'ly,  adv.  In  a  foul  manner. — 
foul'iies^s,  n. 

found,  found,  imp.  &  pp.  of  find,  v. 

found.i'',  V.  I.  t.  To  lay  the  foundation  of; 
originate;  establish.  II.  i.  To  form  and  base 
one's  belief  or  opinion.  [<  h.^fundo,  <fu7i- 
(/ms,  base.]  —  foun-da'tion,n.  1.  The  act  of 
founding,  or  that  on  which  anything  is  founded; 
base;  l)asis.  ^.  An  endowment,  or  endowed  in- 
stitution.—foil  nd'eri,  n.  One  who  founds  or 
endows.— foiiiid''re88,  n.fem. 

founded,  vt.  To  cast,  as  iron,  by  melting  and 
pouring.     [<  F./onc?7'e,  <  L./«/wo?o,pour.] 

—  found'er2,  n.  One  who  makes  castings.— 
found^i  ng,  n.  The  business  of  making  articles 
of  cast  iron,  brass,  etc. 

foun'der,  faun'dgr,  v<.  &vi.  1.  To  fill  with 
water  and  sink,  as  a  vessel.  2.  To  fail;  miscar- 
ry; be  ruined.  3.  To  make  or  go  lame,  as  a 
horse,  by  reason  of  an  inflammation  in  the 
feet.  [<  OF.  afondrer,  sink,  <  fond  (<  L, 
/■w??c/?/,9),  bottom.] —foun'der3,  n.  Vet.  Surg. 
'Inflammation  of  the  tissue  in  the  foot  of  a  horse. 

found'ling,  faund'ling,  v.  A  deserted  infant 
of  unknown  parentage.     [<  AS.  flndan,  find.] 

foun'dry,  faun'dri,  n.  [foun'dries^,  pi.]  An 


m     ftutjure  .(future);    aisle;   au   {.out);    oil;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  {the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tSiin. 


fount 
freak 


194 


establishment  in  which  articles  are  cast  from 
metal .  [  <  F.  fonderie^  <  fonclre;  see  pound^, 
v.]    foun'der-yj. 

fount,  fount,  ?i.    1.  A  fountain.    3.  A  font. 

foun'tain,  faun't§n,  n.  1.  A  spring  of  water; 
a  jet  or  spray  of  water  forced  upward  artifi- 
cially; also,  any  structure  enclosing  it.  2.  A 
cause;  origin;  source  of  supply.  [<  L.^+^ 
fon{l-)s,  fountain.]  — foun'tain-head'',  n.  The 
source  of  a  stream;  any  primal  source. 

four,  for.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more  than 
three.  TL.  7i.  The  sum  of  three  and  one.  [< 
AS./e5M'er.]— four'fold^'.  I.  a.  Made  up  of 
four;  quadruple.  II.  n.  That  which  is  four 
times  as  many  or  as  much.  III.  arf?'.  In  quad- 
rupled measure.—  four'score''',  a.  &  n.  Eighty. 
—  four'ssquare'',  a.  Having  four  equal  sides 
and  angles.— foar'teen'',for'tin'.  I.  o.  Con- 
sisting of  four  more  than  ten.  II.  n.  The  sum 
of  ten  and  four.  — four'teenth'",  a.  &  n.— 
fourth,  forth.  I.  a.  Next  In  order  after  the 
third.  1 1,  n.  One  of  four  equal  parts,  -ly,  adv. 

fowl,  faul,  n.  1.  The  common  domestic  cock 
or  hen.  2.  pi.  Poultry  in  general.  3.  Birds 
collectively,  as  wild/ow^.  41|.  Any  bird.  [< 
AS.  fuffol,  fowl.] — fowl'er,  n.  One  who 
catches  or  kills  wild  birds  for  sport  or  food.  — 
fowl'ing:,  ?i.  The  killing  of  birds  as  a  sport  or 
for  food.  —  fowFingspiece^',  n.  A  light 
smooth-bore  shotgun  for  bird-shootlng. 

fox^,  f ex,  vt.  To  furnish  with  foxing,  as  a  boot.— 
fox^ini;,  n.  An  edging  of  leather  applied  over 
the  upper«leather  of  a  shoe,    foxt 


fox,  n.  1.  A  burrowing  canine  mammal  having 
?,  pointed  muzzle  and  long  bushy  tail. 


long, 


commonly  reddish-brown  in  color,  noted  for 
its  cunning;  also,  one  of  various  animals  in 
some  way  likened  to  this.  2.  A  sly,  crafty  per- 
son. 3.  Nant.  A  small  rope  made  by  hand 
of  two  or  more  rope-yarns.     [  <  AS.  fox.^ 

—  fox'j',  f ex'I.  a.  1 .  Of  or  like  a  fox;  crafty 
In  character;  reddish-brown  in  color.  5J.  Having 
a  musky  taste.— fox'i-ness,  n. 

fta'cas,  fre'CQs,  n.  A  noisy  fight  or  quarrel; 
uproar.    [F.,  <  fracasser,  shatter.] 

firac^tion,  frac'shun,  n.  1.  A  disconnected 
part;  fragment.  2.  A  quantity  less  than  a  unit, 
or  one  expressed  as  the  sum  of  a  number  of 
equal  parts  of  a  unit.  [F.,  <  L.  fracHo(n-),  < 
frnr(i/f>,  broken.]  —  frae'tion-al,  a.    -ly,  adv. 

flrac^tious,  f rac'shus,  a.  Disposed  to  rebel ; 
restive;  unruly;  peevish.  [<  Prov.  Eng. 
frafr/i,  scold.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ftrac'ture,  frac'chur  en"  -tiQr.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
Ifuac'tured;  fuac'tur-ing!]  To  break;  be 
broken;  admit  of  fracture.  II.  n.  The  act  of 
breaking;  a  break,  eitlier  partial  or  complete. 
[P.,  <  L.fracf.ura,  a  breach,  cleft.] 

—  frnc'tur-nl,  a. 

tra,g'ihe,  fraj'il,  a.  Easily  broken;  frail;  del- 
icate. [  <  h.fruf/ilh,  <  frango,  break.]  —  fra- 
Kil^i-ly,  n.    Fragile  quality  or  condition. 

firag'xnent,  frag'mvut,  n.  A  part  broken  off; 
a  small  deUiched  portion.  [F.,<  li.J'raginen- 
tiwi,  fragment,  remnant.]  —  frajc'iiii'ii-tn-ry, 
tt.    Composed  of  fragments;  broken;  Inroniplete. 

fra'g^ant,  fre'crant,  a.  llaving  jm  agreeable 
Huioll.    [  <  L./ragran{f-y,  sweet-scented.] 

—  fra'arrance,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
beinf?  fragrant.  Ira^Kraii-cy^.— frn^irrant- 
ly,  adv. 

firail,  frfil,  a.  Dcllcatelv  constituted;  easily 
broken  or  destroyed;  easily  tempted;  liable  to 


be  led  astray.      [  <   L.^  fragilis.,  fraglle.] 
-ly,    adv.—  fYa.Wty,    n.    [feail'tibs*,  pi.] 

I .  The  state  of  being  frail.  2.  A  moral  infirm- 
ity,   frail'nesst. 

frail,  n.  A  basket  made  of  rushes:  used  for 
containing  dried  fruits,  and  as  a  measure.  [< 
OF.  fraiel,  basket.] 

frame,  frem.  I.  vt.  [framed;  fra'ming.] 
To  put  together,  as  a  structure;  contrive;  ar- 
range; adjust;  shape;  surround  witli  a  frame. 

II.  n.  1.  Something  composed  of  parts 
united  in  a  system;  general  arrangement  or 
constitution;  framework.  2.  A  case  or  border 
made  to  enclos'i  or  surround  a  thing.  3.  A 
mental  state  or  condition.  [<  AS.  yW7««,  ad- 
vantage, <  fremman,  perform,  do.]  —  franie'- 
work'',  71.  A  skeleton  structure  for  supporting 
or  enclosing  something,  literally  or  figuratively. 

franc,  franc,  n.  A  French  silver  coin,  of  the 
value  of  about  19i  cents.     [<  OY.  franc] 

fran^cMse,  frgn'chiz  or  fran'chaiz,  n.  1. 
A  political  right,  as  of  suffrage.  2.  A  special 
privilege  or  exemption.  3.  A  place  of  refuge. 
[OF.,  <  franc;  Bee  frank,  a.] 

fran'gi -1)1(6,    fran'ji-bl,  a.    Easily  broken; 
fragile.     [F.,  <  L.  /rango,  break.] 
—  fran'^gi-bil'i-ty,  n. 

frank',  frank,  vt.  To  despatch,  or  cause  to  be 
transported,  free  of  charge. 

frank,  a.  1.  Candid  and  open;  ingenuous.  2. 
Free;  privileged;  exempt.  [<  OF.  franCy 
frank,  free.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

Franki,  n.  1.  A  member  of  one  of  the  Ger- 
manic tribes  settled  on  the  Rhine  early  in  the 
Christian  era.  2.  In  the  OKent,  any  European. 
[<   OHG.  Franko.,  =  AS.  franca,  javelin.] 

frank^,  n.  The  right  to  send  mail  matter  free, 
the  package  so  sent,  or  the  signature  that 
authenticates  it.     [<  frank,  a.] 

franklin- cense,  fra^k'in-sens,  n.  An  aro- 
matic gum  or  resin:  used  as  an  incense. 

fran-'tic,  fran'tic,  a.  Manifesting  or  due  to 
'excessive  excitement;  frenzied.  [ <  Gr.  phren- 
etikos,  <  ^;7^?^'«, brain.]— fran'tie-al-ly,  adv. 

fra-ter'nal,  fra-tgr'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
befitting  a  brother;  brotherly.  [K'L.^^frater- 
nus,  <  f rater,  brother.]  -ly,  adv.  — fra- 
ter'iii-ty,  »i.  [-ties»,o/.1  1.  The  condition  or 
relation  of  brotherhood;  brotherly  affection.  H. 
An  association  or  brotherhood.— iVat'rr-uize 
or  -iiiNe,  frat'gr-nolz,  rt.  &  ri.  To  bring  Into 
brotherly  relations;  hold  fellowship.— frat'^er- 
iii-za'lor -Hu'ltion,  «. 

frat'ri-cide,  frat'ri-said,  n.  1.  One  who  kills 
his  brother.  2.  The  killing  of  a  brother  by  a 
brother.  [F.,  <  L.  f rater,  brother,  -f  csedo, 
kill.]— frat'rl-cl''dal,  rt. 

fraud,  frSd,  n.  1.  Decention  with  the  object 
of  gaining  by  another's  loss;  craft;  trickery; 
guile.  2.  [Colioq.]  One  who  acts  fraudulently; 
a  cheat;  a  deceptive  or  spurious  thing.  ( <  L.^ 
frai/fi,  deceit.]  —  fraiid^u-leiit,  rt.  Proceeiiing 
'from,  characterized  by,  or  practising  fraud. 

frauKht,  fret,  pa.  [Poet.]  Freighted;  Imieii; 
full.    I  <  Dn./rofirte,  load.] 

fray,  fre,  r.  I.  t.  To  wear;  fret.  II.  i.  To 
ravel  at  the  edge.     [<  Ij.^frico,  rub.] 

fray ' ,  n.    A  fretted  spot  in  a  cloth,  cord,  etc. 

ftray3,  w.  l.  An  affray;  fracas.  21'.  A  combat; 
assault.     [.Vbbr.  of  affray,  «.] 

ft'eak,  n.    1.  A  sudden  causeless  change  of 


papa,  ^k;  at,  ftlr;  element,  thdy,  ns^;  It,  ^,  S  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rQIe;  but,  ur; 


195 


freckle 
frigate 


mind;  a  whim.  2.  A  monstrosity.  [Prob.  < 
AS.  frec^  bold,  rash.]  —  freak'ish,  a. 

frecf  l(e,  frec'l.  I.  vt.  &  xi.  [fkeck'lCe)!); 
freck'ling.]  To  mark  or  be  marked  with 
freckles.  II.  n.  A  small,  colored  spot  on  the 
skin.  [<  Ice.  freknur,  pi.,  freckles.]— freck'- 
\ie)A,  pa.    Marked  with  freckles,    freck'lyt. 

free,  fri.  l.vt.  [freed;  free'ing.]  To  set 
free;  release  from  bondage;  rid  or  relieve,  as 
from  hindrance  or  restraint.  II.  a.  [fre'er; 
fre'est.]  1.  Not  restrained,  fastened,  bound, 
or  fixed;  at  liberty;  uncontrolled;  independent. 

2.  Exempt:  followed  by  fivm  or  rarely  byo/". 

3.  Ingenuous;  frank;  easy;  careless;  uncon- 
strained. 4.  Unduly  familiar;  indelicate  or 
immodest.  5.  Without  fee;  gratuitous.  6. 
Liberal;  generous.  III.  adv.  Freely;  gratu- 
itously; willingly.  [<  AS. /rco,  orig.  loving, 
beloved.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,  n.— free'boof er, 
n.  A  robber. —  free'liold",  n.  1.  An  estate 
Inlands,  "i.  Land  held  in  fee  simple.— free-'- 
hold'^er,  n.  The  owner  of  a  freehold  estate.— 
free'inaii,  n.  A  man  who  Is  free;  one  not  a 
slave;  a  citizen.— free'ina'^son,  n.  A  member 
of  an  ancient  and  widely  extended  secret  f  rater- 
nlty.  — free'ina''8on-ry,  n.  The  Institutions 
and  principles  of  freemasons?  hence,  community 
of  feeling  and  Interest.— free'stone'',n.  1.  A 
sandstone,  easily  wrought  for  building  purposes. 
ii.  A  peach  easily  freed  from  Its  pit.  — free 
trade.  Commerce  unrestricted  by  tariff  or  cus- 
toms.—free's  will'',  a.  Made,  done,  or  given 
of  one's  own  free  will.  [slave. 

freed'man,  frld'mgn,  n.     An  emancipated 

free'dom,  fri'dum,  7i.  1.  The  state  of  being 
free  ;  liberty  ;  exemption.  2.  Facility;  ease; 
ingenuousness  ;  also,  undue  familiarity.  [< 
AS./'/w,  free,  -+-  -darn;  see  -dom.] 

freez(e,  friz,  vt.  &  vi.  [fro'zen,  fro'zn,  or 
froze,  f  roz ;  freez'ing.]  To  harden  with  cold  • 
congeal;  injure,  kill,  or  be  injured  or  killed 
by  cold.  [<  AH.fredsan.]  —  freez'er,  friz'^r, 
71.    One  who  or  that  which  freezes. 

freight,  fret.  1'^.  vt.  To  use  for  or  as  freight; 
load;  transport.  II.  n.  Goods  transported  by 
public  carriers,  or  the  price  paid  for  such  trans- 
portation ;  that  with  which  anything  is  laden. 
[<  OliG.^ ^'i^ffeht,  wages.]— freightage, 
n.  A  cargo;  transportation,  or  the  price  of  trans- 
portation of  merchandise.— freiglit'er,  n. 

Frenchi,  french.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  France. 
II.  7i.  The  language  or  people  of  France.  [< 
AS.  Frencisc,  <  Franca;  see  Frank^,  «.] 

—  Frencli'man,  n.    A  native  or  citizen  of 
France;  one  of  the  French  people. 

fren'zy,  fren'zi.  I.  vt.  [fren'zied;  fren'- 
ZT-iNG.]  To  throw  into  frenzy;  make  frantic. 
II.  n.  [fren'ziesS  /??.]  Violent  agitation; 
fury;  madness;  delirium.  \_<Gx.^^ j)hrenesis., 
inflammation  of  the  brain.] 

fre'qiieiiceil,  frl'cwens,  n.    A  crowd;  concourse. 

fre-quent'"",  fr§-cwent',  vt.  To  visit  or  repair 
to  often ;  resort  to  habitually. 

fre'quent,  frT'cwgnt,  a.  Occurring  or  appear- 
ing often.    [OF.,  <  \,.frequen{t-)s,  frequent.] 

— fre'o iieii-cy ,  n.  the  property  of  being  f re- 
quent.— fre'qiient-ly,  adv.  Often;  repeatedly. 

fres'co,  fres'co.  I.  vt.  To  paint  in  fresco. 
II.  n.  [fres'cos*  or  fres'coes'^,  pl.~\  Arch. 
The  art  of  painting  on  a  surface  of  plaster,  or 
a  picture  so  painted.  [It,  <  OHG./mc,  fresh.] 

fresh,  fresh,  a.     1.  Newly  prepared  or  pro- 


duced ;  unfaded  ;  unimpaired ;  untainted  ; 
recent;  new.  2.  Refreshing.  3.  Full  of  vigor, 
force,  or  vitality;  strong  and  brisk,  as  a  breeze. 

4.  Inexperienced;   conceited;  officious;   pert. 

5.  Unsalted.  [ME.  fresh,  fersh,  <  AS./ersc 
(for  *fresc).]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.— fresh' en, 
freshen,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  fresh  or 
vigorous;  revive. 

fresh'et,  fresh'et,  n.  A  sudden  flood  in  a 
stream ;  an  inundation.  [<  OF. /rescA^^,  fresh.] 

fresh'man,  fresh'mgn,  /?.  [fresh'men, /*/.] 
A  college  student  in  his  first  year. 

tret^,  fret,  v.  [fret'ted<1;  fret'ting.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  wear  or  eat  away,  as  by  friction.  2. 
To  irritate;  worry;  vex;  agitate.  II.  i.  1.  To 
be  worn  away.  2.  To  complain;  be  agitated. 
[<  AS.  for-  (see  for-i)  -f  etati:  see  eat.] 

fret^'i,  vt.    To  ornament  as  with  fretwork. 

fret^m.  The  act  of  fretting;  an  abrasion;  ir- 
ritation; agitation. 

fret^,  ti.  Ornamental  work  in  relief.  [<  L.^f 
ferrum.,  iron.]    frefworfj. 

fret^,  n.  A  bar  on  a  musical  instrument,  as  a 
guitar,  against  which  the  strings  may  be 
stopped.    [Cp.  OY.frete.,  iron  bar.] 

fret'ful,  fret'ful,  rt.  Inclined  to  fret;  peevish; 
worrying;  agitated,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

fri'a-tolle,  frai'a-bl,  a.  Easilj^  crumbled.  [< 
friabilis,  <  /no,  rub.]  —  fri"a-bil'i-ty,  n. 
fri'a-blCe-nesst. 

fri'ar,  frai'ar,  71.  A  member  of  a  mendicant 
monastic  order.  [<  F.  fj^ere,  <  L.  f rater, 
BROTHER.]  —  fri'ar-y,  ti.    A  monastery. 

fric"as-see',  fric"g-st'.  l.vt.  To  make  into 
a  fricassee.  II.  ti.  A  dish  of  meat  cut  small, 
stewed  or  fried,  and  served  with  gravy.  [  <  F. 
fricassee.] 

fric'tion,  fric'shun,  ti.  The  rubbing  together 
of  two  bodies,  or  the  hindrance  to  motion  so 
produced;  attrition.  [F.,  <  L.  frictio(n-),  < 
frico,  rub.]  — frlc'tion-al,  a. 

Fri'day,  frai'dg,  n.  The  sixth  day  of  the 
week.  [<  AS.  Frigu  (the  Norse  goddess 
Frigga)  -j-  dseg,  day.]  — Good  F.,  the  Friday 
before  Easter. 

fried,  frald,  imp.  &  pp.  of  fry,  v. 

friend,  frend,  n.  1.  One  who  cherishes  kind 
regard  for  another  person  or  who  regards  a 
thing  with  favor;  an  adherent;  ally.  2.  [F-] 
One  of  the  Society  of  Friends;  a  Quaker.  [< 
AS.fT^eond,  prop,  ppr,  oifreon,  love.] 

— friend'Iess,  a.  Having  no  friends;  for- 
lorn.—friend'ly,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  orhke 
a  friend;  befitting  friendship.  '^.  Propitious; 
favorable.  — frieud'li-iy,  mZ?;.- friend'li- 
ness,  «.— friend'ship,  n.  1.  Mutual  regard 
cherished  by  kin- 
dred minds.  2. 
The  state  or  fact 
of  being  friends. 

friezes  friz,  ??. 
ATXh.  The  mid- 
dle division  of  an 
entablature.  [ < 
F.  frise,f raise,  a 
ruif.] 

frieze^,  w.  A 
coarse  woolen 
cloth  with  shaggy 
nap.      [<  OF.  frize,  perhaps  <  Finesland.'] 

frig'ate,  frig'et  or  -gt,  «.     An  old-style  war- 


United  States  Frigate  Con- 
stitution. 


fiutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   ((mt);    ©11;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  (tho);   go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


fright 
fructify 


196 


vessel  of  moderate  size,  [<  'F.fregater,  <  It. 
fregata.']    See  illus.  on  preceding  page. 

fright,  frait.  I^.  vt.  [Poet.]  To  frighten. 
11.  n.  1.  Sudden  and  violent  alarm  or  fear. 
2.  Anything  ugly,  ridiculous,  or  shocking.  [< 
AS.  fyrhtu.] — fright'en,  frait'n,  vt.  To 
alarm  suddenly;  scare.— friglit'fiil,  o.  Apt  to 
Induce  terror;  shocking.     -Fy,  adv.     -ness,  n. 

frig'id,  frij'id,  a.  Of  low  temperature;  cold; 
formal  and  forbidding.  [  <  L.  frigidus.,  < 
.frigeo,  be  cold.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.—  fri-gid'- 
i-ty,  frl-jid'1-ti,  7i.    Coldness;  formality. 

frild,  fril.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  into  a  frill; 
put  frills  on;  become  frilled.  II.  n.  An  orna- 
mental band;  a  flounce;  ruffle. 

fringe,  frinj.  I.  vt.  [fringed;  frin'ging.] 
To  border  with  or  as  with  a  fringe.  II.  n.  A 
border  or  trimming,  as  of  pendent  cords;  an 
edging;  border.     [<  Ij.^ Jirnbrise,  fringe.] 

frip'per-y,  frip'gr-i.  I.  a.  Worthless.  II.  n. 
[-lEs^,  7?;.]  Worthless  things;  trumpery;  cast- 
off  clothes.     [<  OF.  fripper,  wear  to  rags.] 

firisk,  frisk.  I',  vi.  To  leap  about  playfully; 
frolic.  II.  7i.  A  playful  skipping  about.  [< 
OHG.F/mc,  fresh.]— frisk'y,  a.  Lively  or 
playful.— frisk'i-ly,  adr.  — frisk'i-ness,  n. 

ffitll,  (frith,  fgrth,  w.     [Scot.]    An  arm  of  the 

firth,   |eea.     [ME.  Jirth,  <  Ice.  fjdrdhr^&Tth.] 

frit'ter,  frit'gr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  waste  little  by 
little:  with  away.  2.  To  break  into  small 
pieces.  II.  n.  1.  A  small  fried  cake.  2.  A 
shred.     [<  L.^^ /rictus,  pp.  of frigo,  fry.] 

friv'o-lous,  friv'o-lus,  a.  Trivial;  trifling; 
silly.  [<  L./nw^ws,  silly.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
n.— friv-ol'i-ty,  friv-el'I-tl,  n.  [-ties*,  pi.] 
The  quality  or  condition  of  being  frivolous;  a 
frivolous  act  or  practise. 

frizz,  friz.  I.  vt.  [frizzed;  FRizz'iNG.]  To 
crimp.  II.  n.  That  which  is  frizzed,  as  hair. 
[<  OF.  f7'iser.]  friz'zl(ei.  —  frlzz'ly,  a. 
Crinkled;  crisped.  [from.] 

fro,  frO,  adv.    Away  from;  back.    [<  Ice.  frd, 

frock,  free,  n.  Any  loose  outer  garment,  as  a 
woman's  or  child's  gown;  dress.  [<  L."'  +  ^ 
floccus,  lock  of  wool.] 

frogi,  freg,  n.  A  small,  tailless,  amphibious, 
web'footed  animal.     [<  AS.  ..-p: 

frogga^frocga.]  dC.mm,^^   C 

frog',  n.     1.  The  triangular 

Erominence  in  the  sole 
orse'sfoot.    2.  A 
joint  of  rails  of  a 
railway-track. 
[Perhaps    corr.    of 

FORK.] 

frogs,  «.  1,  An  or- 
namental fastening 
of  a  cloak  or  a  coat. 
2.  The  loop  of  a 
scabbard.  [<  Pg. 
froco,  <  Ij.  floccus., 
lock  of  wool.] 

froric,  frel'ic.     I.     a,  egrt 

vi.  [fROL'ickeD';  (tadpoles)  in  various  etajfPs  of 
FROL'ICK-ING.]    To  growth;  c.  adult. 

play  mirthful  pranks;  sport.  II.  a.  Merry; 
sportive.  III.  n.  A  scene  of  gaiety;  a  playful 
act;  merriment;  sport.  [<  MD.  vro,  glad,  gay, 
+  -lick.,  -LT».]  —  frol'Ic-Bonie,  a.  Full  of 
frolic;  playful. 


Development  of  the  Frog. 
a,  egrgs;  h,  h,  aquatic  youni; 


from,  from,  pr^/).  1.  Out  of;  starting  at;  be- 
ginning with;  after.  2.  In  variant  or  adverse 
relation  to;  as,  from  grave  to  gay.  3.  Having 
as  a  cause,  reason,  or  origin;  by  means  of;  due 
to;  out  of.     [<  AS.from^frain.] 

firond,  frend,  n.  A  leaf^like  expansion,  as  of 
ferns  and  seaweeds;  a  broad  leaf,  as  of  the 
palm.   [<  L.  fronid-)s,  leaf.] 

front'',  frunt,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  face  toward; 
encounter;  confront.  2.  To  put  a  front  on. 
11.  i.  To  have  the  front  or  face  in  a  specified 
direction:  with  o»  or?/^;^??. 

front,  a.  Situated  at  the  front;  considered 
from  the  front;  frontal. 

front,??.  1.  The  foremost  part  of  anything. 
2.  Position  in  advance.  3.  The  forehead; 
brow;  face.  4.  Manner  of  confronting  a  per- 
son or  a  situation.  5.  Effrontery.  [F.,  <  L. 
from  {f7'ont-),  brow.]  —  frontpage,  n.  Linear 
extent  of  front. —  frou'tal,  fren'tal.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  front  or  to  the  forehead.  11. 
n.  A  front  part;  something  to  cover  the  front  or 
forehead;  a  frontal  bone. 

fron'^tier',  fren"ttr'  or  fren'tir.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  frontier.  II.  n.  The  border  of 
a  nation's  territory;  the  confines  of  civilization, 
[<   F.  frontiere,  <  L. /rows, forehead.] 

fron'tis-piece'',  fren'tis-pts",  ??.  An  illustra- 
tion in  the  front  of  a  book.  [<  h.^  frons, 
front,  +  specio,  view.] 

front'let,  n.    A  band  worn  on  the  forehead. 

frost'',  frost,  V.  I.  t.  To  cover  with  or  injure 
by  frost;  apply  frosting  to.  II.  i.  To  freeze; 
assume  the  appearance  of  frqst. 

tro8t,n.  1.  Minute  crystals  of  ice  formed  di- 
rectly from  atmospheric  water-vapor.  2. 
Freezing  weather.  [<  AS.fo?'st,  for  fjvst,  < 
freosan,  freeze.]  —  frost'ing,  n.  A  surface 
Imitating  frost,  as  a  mixture  of  sugar  and  white 
of  egg,  used  to  cover  cake.  — frost'y,  a. 
[frost'i-er;  feost'i-est.]  Attended  with  or 
affected  by  frost;  chilly;  forbidding.— frost'i- 
ly,  ori».— frost'i-iiess,  n. 

froth,  froth.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  cause  to  foam; 
form  froth;  foam.  II.  n.  A  mass  of  bubbles 
resulting  from  fermentation  or  agitation ;  any 
light,  unsubstantial  matter.  [ME.  frot/ie,  < 
Ice.  frodha.]  —  froth^y,  a.  Consisting  of, 
covered  with,  or  full  of  froth;  onipty;  preten- 
tious.—frotli'i-Iy,  ad?;.- frotli'i-ness,  «. 

fro'^ward,  frO'ward,  a.  Disobedient;  intrac- 
table; perverse.  [<  AS.  from,  -f  -weard, 
-WARD.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ftrown,  frauii,  v.  I.  t.  To  rebuke  with  mani- 
fest displeasure:  commonly  with  doivn.  II. 
i.  1.  To  knit  the  brow,  as  in  displeasure; 
scowl.  2.  To  wear  a  threatening  aspect;  lower. 
[<   OF. /rown^-,  of  Scand.  orig.] 

fjrown,  n.  A  wrinkling  of  the  brow,  as  in  dis- 
like, anger,  or  abstraction. 

firow'zy,  frau'zi,  a.  [frow'zi-er;  frow'zi- 
EST.]  Unkempt;  slovenly;  untidy.  [Cp.  E. 
d'u\\.f7viist,  mustv  smell.] 

froze,  froz,  imp.,  ii'o'zeii,  pp.  of  fueezb,  v. 

fro'zen,  frO'zn,  pa.  Solidified,  benumbed,  or 
killed  by  cold;  overspread  with  ice. 

firuc'ti-fy,  fruc'ti-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -ry'iNo.l 
I.  t.  To  render  fruitful.  II.  i.  To  yield 
fruit.    [<  L.  fnictns,  fruit,  -{-facia,  make.] 

—  fruc"ti-iH-ca'tloii,  n.      1.    The  act  of 
fructifying,    a.  The  fruit  of  a  plant. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  clemfint,  th^y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


197 


frugal 
function 


I 


fru'gal,  fru'gal,  a.  Exercising  or  marked  by 
economy;  saving;  sparing;  meager;  stinted. 
[F.,  <  1a.  frugalis,  <f nix,  frmt.l  -ly, adv. — 
frii-gal'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  joZ. J  Strict  economy; 
thrift,    fru'gal-nesst. 

fru-gifer-ousS,  fru-jifgr-us,  a.  Fruitful. 
[<  L.fn/x.  fruit,  -{-few,  bear.] 

fru-giv'o-rous,  fru-jiv'o-rus,  a.  Fruit»eat- 
ing.  [  <  h.frfix  (frug-),  fruit,  -(-  I'oro,  devour.] 

fruit,  frut.  I<^.vt.&m.  To  produce  as  fruit; 
bear  fruit.  II.  n.  1.  The  matured  seed-ves- 
sel of  a  flowering  plant,  with  its  contents  and 
immediate  accessories,  especially  when  edible; 
any  vegetable  product  used  as  food;  spores  and 
spore=cases.  2.  That  which  is  produced;  off- 
spring; product;  result;  effect.  [F.,  <  L.fmc- 
tus,  <fr)ictiis  orfmitus,  pp.  of  fruor,  enjoy.] 

—  friiit'ajfe,  frut'ej,  «•  1.  Friiit  collectively. 
2.  Any  result  or  eflfect.— fi*uit'er-er,  n.  A 
dealer  In  fruits.—  friiitTiil,  <i.  Bearingfrult  or 
offspring  abundantly;  prolific;  productive,  -ly, 
adv.  -iiei^s,  7i.— friiit'less,  a.  Yielding  no 
fruit  or  good  result;  barren,   -ly,  od?).   -ness,  «. 

fru-i'tion,  fru-ish'un,  n.  The  bearing  of  fruit; 
the  yielding  of  natural  or  expected  results; 
realization;  fulfilment.  [OF.,  <  L.  friiUus, 
pp.  of  fnioi\  enjoy.] 

frus'trate,frus'tret.  I.  vt.  [frus'tra'ted''; 
FursTRA'TiNG.]  To  CHUSC  tofail;  baffle;  foil; 
nullify.  II.  frus'tret  0?' -tret,  o.  1.  Without 
effect";  vain;  null;  void.  2.  Frustrated;  baf- 
fled.    [<  'L.  frustratiis,  <  frvstra,  in  vain.] 

—  friis-tra'tiou,  n.    Failure;  defeat. 
frus'tum,  frus'tum,  v.    [-tums*  or  -ta,  2^1-'] 

That  which  is  left  of  a  solid  .*. 

after  cutting  off  the  upper  part 
by  a  plane  parallel  to  the  base* 
a  fragment;  a  broken  shaft  of 
a  column.     [L.] 
fry,  frai,  r.    [fried;  fry'ing.]     ^ 

I.  t.     1.  To  cook  in  hot  oil.      Frustum  of  a 
lard,   or  butter.     2.  To  vex;         lyramld. 
worry.    II.  i.    To  be  cooked  in  or  with  lard, 
etc. ;  be  subjected  to  great  heat.     [  <  F.  frire, 
<  L./nf/o,  fry.] 

fryi,  n.  [fries^  j';^.]  A  dish  of  anything  fried. 

fry2,  n.  sing.  &,pl.  1.  Very  young  fish.  2.  A 
multitude  or  quantity  of  petty  persons  or  ob- 
jects.    [<  Ice.  ./>•»!, //yo.] 

fliclL'sia,  fiu'siiia,  n.  A  plant  of  the  evening* 
primrose  family,  with  drooping,  four»petaled 
flowers.  [<  Leonhardi^wcA*,  German  botanist.] 

fud.'dl(e,  fud'l,  tt.  &  tl.  [fud'dled;  fud'- 
i)LiN(;.]     To  intoxicate  or  become  intoxicated. 

fudge,  fuj,  n.  A  humbug;  nonsense:  common- 
ly used  as  a  contemptuous  interjection.  [< 
LG.  futsch,  begone.] 

fu'el,  fifi'el,  71.  Combustible  matter,  as  wood  or 
coal,  used  to  feed  a  fire;  whatever  feeds  or  sus- 
tains any  expenditure,  outlay,  passion,  or  ex- 
citement.   [<  L.'-i'  +  OFyoc?/*,  fireplace.] 

fu'gi-tiv(e,  flu'ji-tiv.  I.  a.  Fleeing;  escaping 
or  escaped;  runaway;  evanescent;  momentary. 

II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  flees;  a  runaway ; 
deserter;  anything  evanescent.  [<  Y.fugitif,  < 
'L.fugitivus,  <  fi/gio,  flee.]   -ly ,  adv.  -ness,  n. 

-fnl,  suffix.  1,  Full  of;  abounding  In;  contain- 
ing; as,  artful;  bcauti/"?/,?.  2.  The  quantity  or 
number  that  will  fill;"  as,  a  cup ftd;  a  spoon/wZ. 
Nouns  having  this  sufiix  form  the  plural  by  a  ter- 
minal s;  as,  cnpftils,  pail/wte.    [<  AS.  fill,  full.] 


ful'crum,  ful'crum,  n.  [ful'crums^  or  ful'- 
CRA,  pL]  The  support  on  or  against  which  a 
lever  rests.     [L.,  bed«post,  <  fulcio,  prop  up.] 

ful-flir,     (^  ful-fil',  r/.      [FUL-FILLEU';  FUL-FIL'- 

ful-flll',  j  LING.]  1.  To  bring  to  pass;  make 
good;  accomplish;  perform  tully.  2.  To  fill 
the  time,  course,  requirements,  oV  expectations 
of.  [<  AS.  fid,  FULL,  -\-fyllan.]—ful-til'ment, 
ful-fllPment,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  fulfil- 
ling; accomplishment;  performance. 

funs  fill,  ^'i-  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  full; 
show  fulness.     [<  AS.  fullian,  fill.] 

fulP,  zj.  I.  i.  To  make  (cloth)  tliicker  and  more 
compact,  asinafulling=mill.  II.  i.  To  become 
thicker  by  shrinking,  as  woolen  cloth.  [<  OF. 
fonller,  trample  on,  <  L.fullo,  fuller.]         * 

full,  a.  1.  Containing  jill  that  can  or  all  that 
should  be  admitted;  filled.  2.  Abounding  in 
something;  suflicient  or  complete;  ample.  3. 
Having  the  disk  wholly  illuminated,  as  the 
moon.    4.  High,  as  the  tide.   [<  AS.  fi/L] 

—  full'y,  a(/^).  — ful'ness,  «.    full'iiessi. 
full,  91.    1.  The  highest  state,  point,  or  degree. 

2.  The  phase  of  (the  moon)  when  the  whole 
disk  is  illuminated.    [  <  AS.  fyllu,  <fid,  full.] 

full,  adv.    Without  abatement;  fully;  quite. 

fulFer,  n.    One  who  fulls  and  cleanses  cloth. 

—  fullers'  earth,  a  clay  used  in  fulling 
cloth.— full'er-y,  n.  A  place  where  cloth  Is 
fulled. 

ful'mar,  ful'mar,  n.    A  large  petrel'like  sea- 
bird  of  polar  coasts. 
furmi-nate,     fol'mi- 

net,  ^.    [-NA"TED'*; -NA"- 
TING.]        I.    t.        1.     To 

cause  to  explode.  2. 
To  utter  or  issue  as  a 
threat.  II.  i.  1.  To 
lighten  or  thunder; 
thunder  forth  censures 
or  threats.  2.  To  as- 
sume suddenly  a  bright  uniform  color;  said  of 
gold  at  the  close  of  the  refining  process.  [  <  L. 
fulminattis,  pp.  of  fulmino;  see  fulminant.] 

—  fuP'ini-na'tioii,  n.  The  act  of  fulmina- 
ting, or  that  which  is  fulminated.— ful'ini-na- 
to^ry,  a.    Uttering  f ulminations. 

fuFmi*nate,  n.  A  salt  or  mixture  that  ex- 
plodes under  percussion. 

ful^sonxe,  ful'sum,  a.  Offensive  from  excess 
of  praise;  coarse;  indelicate.  [<  ME.  Jul, 
FULL,  a..-{-  -sum,  -some.]    -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 

fum'bl(e,  fum'bl,  vt.  &  vi.  [fum'bl(e)d; 
fum'bling.]  To  handle  or  feel  about  blindly 
or  clumsily.    [  <  D.  fommelen.A,  —  fum'bler,  n. 

fume,  fium,  V.  [fumed;  fu'ming.]  I.  t. 
To  subject  to  or  fill  with  vapors;  exhale,  as 
noxious  gases.  II.  i.  1.  To  emit  smoke,  gas, 
or  vapor.     2.  To  rage;  rave. 

fume,  n.  1.  Vapor,  especially  as  having  nar- 
cotic or  choking  qualities.  2.  Furious  anger 
[OF.,   <  L.  fuimis,  smoke.] 

fu'mi-gate,  fift'mi-get,  vt.  [-ga"ted<';  -ga"- 
TiNG.]  To  subject  to  smoke  or  fumes,  as  for 
disinfection.  [<  L.  fumus,  smoke,  4-  o,go, 
drive.]  —  fu^'mi-ga'tion,  n. 

fun,  fun,  n.  That  which  excites  merriment; 
frolic;  drollery;  joke.    [Of  Celt,  orig.] 

func'tion,  func'shun,  n.  1.  The  appropriate 
or  assigned  business,  duty,  part,  or  office  of  any 


Arctic  Fulmar 


fiutgure  (future);    aisle;   au   (twt);    eil;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  {the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


fund 
fuse 


19d 


person  or  thing.  2.  A  public  ceremony  or  en- 
tertainment. 3.  Math.  A  dependent  quantity. 
[OF.,<  L.  /unctio(n-),  <  functus,  pp.  of  fun- 
gor,  execute.]  —  func^tion-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  function;  performing  the  functions,  as  of  an 
organ;  affecting  the  functions  and  not  the  sul)- 
stance  of  an  organ.— func'tion-a-ry,  func'- 
8hun-g-rl,  n.    [-riesi,/)/.J    A  public  offlclal. 

fund,  fund.  I<>.  tt.  To  convert  (various  debts) 
into  a  single  fund  secured  by  stocks  or  bonds. 
II.  n.  1.  A  sum  of  money  or  stock  of  convert- 
ible wealth.  2.  Money  lent  to  a  government;  a 
funded  det»t.  3.  A  reserve  store;  an  ample 
stock.     [<  F.  fond,  <  L.  fundus,  bottom.] 

fun'da-ment,  fon'da-mgnt,  n.  1.  A  funda- 
uK'ntal  principle  or  element.  2.  The  buttocks; 
also,  the  anus.  (,<  L.  fund  amen  turn,  <  fun- 
dus, hoitom.] —  fun^da-men'tal.  I.  a.  Re- 
lating to  or  constituting  a  foundation;  Indispen- 
sable; ba.sal.  II.  n.  Anything  that  is  funda- 
mental ;  a  foundation  ;  a  necessary  truth  ;  an  es- 
sential.   -I  J',  (idr. 

fu'ner-al,  fiu'ngr-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
funeral.  fU'ner-a-ryJ.  II.  n.  The  cere- 
monies attending  the  burial  of  the  dead;  also, 
the  gathering  or  procession  of  persons  on  such 
occasion.     [<  l,M'funus,  funeral.] 

fu-ne're-al,  fiu-ni'rg-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
suitable  for  a  funeral;  mournful;  luerubnous. 

fun'gus,  fop'gus,  ti.  [fun'gi,  fun'jaio?'-gi,or 
fun'gus-E8,  pL]  One  of  a  group  of  plants,  inclu- 
ding mushrooms, toadstools, mold, and  mildew ; 
also,  a  soft,  spongy  growth  on  an  animal  body. 
rL.,<  Gr.  sphongos,  sponge.]— fun- goa'i'ty, 
fun-ges'I-tl,  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
fimgous;  a  fungous  growth;  proud  flesh.  —  fun'- 
irouM,  fun'gos,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  fungus;  spongy;  springing  up  suddenly; 
bearing  or  containing  fungi. 

fU'ni-cI(e,  fiu'ni-cl,  n.    A  email  cord,  ligature. 


or  til)er.    f  <  L.  funiculus,  dim.  of  funis,  rope. 
—  fu-nic'u-lar,  flu-nlc'yu-lar,rt. 
fun'nel,  fun'el,  n.    1.  A  wide-mouthed  con- 
ical vessel,  terminating   in  a  tube,    for  filling 
close  vessels  with  liquids;  tunnel.  2.  Asmoke- 

Eipe.    3.  Any  funnel-like  part  or  process.    [< 
i.OF  in,  into,  +  fundo,  pour.] 

fun'ny,  fun'l,  a.  [pun'ni-er;  tuk'ni-est.] 
Affording  fun;  comical;  ludicrous. 

fur,  for.  I.  vt.  [furred;  fur'rino.]  1.  To 
cover,  line,  or  trim  with  furor  with  a  fuzzy  coat- 
ing. 2.  To  nail  strips  upon  (joists,  etc.),  as  for 
lathing.  3.  To  remove  scale  from.  II.  n.  1. 
The  soft,  fine  coat  covering  the  skin  of  many 
mammals.  2.  pi.  or  collect,  sing.  Skins  of  fur- 
Ixjaring  animals;  also,  apparel  made  of  them. 
3.  Any  fuzzv  covering.  [<  LL.^^  fodrus,  < 
iinth.jTidr,  sheath.] —fur'rln^,  n. 

fur'toe-low,  fur'^'-lo,  n.  A  plaited  flounce  or 
other  oriutment.     [<  F.f albala,  fiirhalow.] 

fur'blsh'.  fur'blsh,  vt.  T 
rubbing;  burnish;  renovate. 
ban,  fur  pan,  clean.] 

fUT'cJElte,  fur'ketw -kC't,  rt.  Forked,  [<  L. 
furca,  fork.]    fur^ca'^tedj. 

fu'rl-ous.  nn'ri-us,  a.  1.  Full  of  fury;  raging; 
frantic.  2.  Wildly  raging  or  rushing;  tempes- 
tuous. 3.  Insane.  [<  L,  furio»us,  <  fujv, 
rave.]     -ly,  adc.    •nena,  n. 

furl,  f  Orl,  rt.  To  roll  up  and  gecare,  as  a  sail  to 
a  spar,    [  <  Ar.or  fardah,  package.] 


To  make  bright  by 
e.     [  <OHG.0F />/,.- 


fur'long,  fOr'leng,  n.  A  measure,  one-eighth 
of  a  mile.  [<  AH.  fuHang,  lit.  'length  of  a 
furrow.'] 

furlough,  fiir'lo.  I.  vt.  To  grant  a  furlough. 
II.  n.  Leave  of  absence  granted  to  a  soldier  or 
sailor.     [<  D.  rerlof] 

fur'nace,  f  ur'nes,  71.  A  structure  or  apparatus 
enclosing  a  lire»chamber,  as  for  melting  metal, 
supplying  hot  air,  etc.  [<  L.f*^  fornax  (for- 
nac-),  <  furnus,  oven.] 

fur'nisllS  fur'nish,  vt.  1.  To  equip,  or  fit  out, 
as  with  apparatus  or  furniture.    2.  To  supply; 
yield.  [<  OB.G. ^^  frumjan,  perform,  provide.] 
—  fiir'iiisli-ing,  n.    1.  }jI.    Fixtures  or  fit- 
tings,  ti.  The  act  of  supplying  with  furniture. 

fur'ni-ture,  fur'ni-chur  or  -tiyr,  n.  Equip- 
ment or  outfit,  as  of  chairs,  tables,  or  other 
household  or  office  articles;  the  trappings  of  a 
horse  or  the  like.  [  <  F.  fourniture,  <  four- 
nir,  furnish.] 

fu'ror,     I  fiii'rer,  fiu'rOr  or  fu'ro-rg,  n.    Over- 

fu'rore,  )  mastering  passion  for  anything; 
rage;  mania.     [<  Tu.  furor,  <furo,  rage.] 

fur'ri-er,  f  ur'i-gr,  w.  A  dealer  in  furs  or  fur 
goods;  fur-dresser. 

fur'row,  fur'o.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  cut  furrows 
in.  II.  n.  1.  A  trench  made  in  the  earth  by  a 
plow.  2.  Any  groove  or  wrinkle.  [  <  AS.  fnrh.] 

fur'ry,  fur'i,  a.  Of  or  like  fur;  covered  with  or 
cliul  in  fur. 

fur'tlier,  fur'dhgr.  I.  vi.  To  help  forward; 
promote.  II.  a.  conipar.  [PoA-i^u'e wanting: 
used  as  compar.  of  far.]  1.  More  distant  or 
advanced;  also,  opposite  or>yon.  2.  Wider  or 
fuller;  additiohal.  III.  adv.  More  remotely; 
farther;  also,  in  addition;  besides.  [<  AS. 
furtlwr,  compar.  of  fore,  before.] 

—  fur'tlier-ance,  n.  1.  The  act  of  further- 
ing; advancement,  tj.  That  which  furthers.- 
fiir'ther-inore'',  adv.  Besides;  moreover.— 
fur'ther-iiiost'',  a.  Furthest  or  most  remote. 
—  fiir'thest.  I.  a.  super  I.  [/"oWi/r^  wanting: 
used  assuperl.  of  fab.]  Most  distant,  remote,  or 
advanced.  II.  adv.  At  or  to  the  greatest  dis- 
tance. 

fur'tiv(e,  fur'tiv,  a.    Stealthy  or  sly;  stolen; 
secret;  elusive.    [<  L.^  fiirtivus,<fur,  thief  ] 
-ly,  adv.    -iiess,  H. 

fu'rv,  fiu'ri,  n.  [fu'ries*,  jo/.]  1.  A  state  of 
violent  anger;  ungovern- 
able rage;  any  vehement 
fiassion  or  excitement; 
renzy.  2.  [F-]  Class. 
Myth.  One  of  three  god- 
desses of  vengeance,  3. 
A  turbulent  woman;  ter- 
magant. [<  L.^furia,  < 
furo,  rave.] 

furz(e,  furz,  n.  A  spiny 
shrub  of  the  bean  family, 
having  many  branches 
and  yellow  flowers.  [< 
AS.jyrs.]  —  fiirz'y,  a. 

fuse,  fiOz,  -vt.  &  vi. 
I  fused;  fu'sino.]  To 
liquefy  by  heat;  melt; 
blend  by  melting.     [  <  L 


fusus,  pp.  of /undo,  pour.] 
ru'N|.bl(e 


Furze, 
a,  a  Bimrle  flower, 
Capat)le  of  being  fuaed.- 


fu''Nl.bilM.ty.  n. 

fuse,  n.    A  tube,  cord,  or  the  like  to  convey 


p«pfl,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  thfiy,  uafge;  It,  \,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


199 


fusee 
gaiter 


fire   to   an    explosive.       [Abbr.  of    fuseei.] 

fu-see" ,  fiu-zi',  n.  1.  A  match  not  extinguish- 
able  by  wind.  2.  A  fnse.  3t.  Fnsil.  [<  F. 
fux\h  <  L.^  focus,  fireplace.] 

fu-see"2,  It.  A  spirally  grooved  cone  to  equal- 
ize motion  in  a  watch.     [<  L.  fi/sus,  epintlle.] 

fu'sil,  flu'zll,  71.  A  flint-lock  musket.  [F.,  <  L. 
focus,  fireplace.]  — fu'^si-leer',  fii'^si-lier^ 
"flu"zi-lir',  n.  An  infantry  soldier  of  a  special 
class;  formerly,  one  who  carried  a  fusil.—  fii"- 
sil-Iade^  flfrzl-led',  n.  A  simultaneous  dis- 
charge of  firearms.    [F.] 

fu'sion,  fiu'zhun,  n.  1.  The  act  or  process  of 
fusing,  or  the  state  of  being  fused.  2.  Coales- 
cence or  blending;  coalition.  [F.,  <  L.  fu- 
sio(n-),  <fusus;  see  fuse,  i'.] 

fuss,  f  us.  V^.vt.&vi.  To  trouble  or  make  ado 
about  trifles;  fret;  worry.  11.  n.  Disturbance 
about  trivial  matters;  trouble;  ado.  [<AS. 
fiis,  ready.]  — fiiss'y,a.  Inclined  to  fuss;  fldg- 
'ety;  fretful.—  fuss'i-ly,  adv.—  fiiss'i-ncss,/'- 

fus'tian,  fus'chan  or  -tian.  I.  a.  Made  of 
fustian;  pompous;  bombastic.  II.  n.  1.  A 
coarse  twilled  stuff,  as  corduroy.  2.  Preten- 
tious verbiage;  bombast.  [<  Ar.t>F  Fustdt 
(near  Cairo,  in  Egypt).] 


fust'y,  fust'i,  a.  [fust'i-er;  fust'i-est.] 
Musty;  moldy;  rank.  [<  L.«f  fustis,  club.] 
—  fust^i-ness,  n. 

fu'til(e,  fiu'til,  a.  Of  no  avail;  done  in  vain. 
[  <  L.  futilis,  that  easily  pours  out.]  —  fu-til'- 
i-ty,  «.  [-TiEs«,jo?.]  The  quality  of  being  fu- 
tile; anything  futile. 

fut'tock,  fut'gc,  n.  A  crooked  timber  in  the 
frame  of  a  wooden  vessel.     [Perhaps  <  foot, 

SUff.  -OCK.] 

fu'ture,  fiii'chur  or -ti^r.  I.  a.  Such  as  will 
or  may  be  hereafter;  pertaining  to  or  express- 
ing time  to  come.  II.  n.  The  time  yet  to 
come;  that  which  will  be  in  time  to  come; 
prospects  or  outlook.  [<  Ij.fniurus,  fut.  p. 
of  sum,  am.]  —  fu-tu'ri-ty,  fiu-tiii'ri-ti,  n. 
[-ties*,  joZ.]  1 .  Time  to  come;  the  future.  2, 
The  state  of  being  future.  3.  The  people  of  the 
future.    4.  A  future  possibfiity. 

fuz(z.  fuz,  n.  Fine  particles  of  down,  or  of 
downy  vegetable  fiber,  as  on  cloth  or  on  some 
fruits.  [<  fusty.]  —  fuz(z'y,  a.—  fuz(z'i-Iy, 
adv.—  fiiz(z'i-ness,  n. 

fy,  fai,  interj.     Same  as  fie. 

-fy ,  sujfflx.  Make.  [  <  OY.fler,  <  L.  Jico,  <  facia, 
do,  make.] 


G 


G,  g,  gee,  ji,  n.  [gees,  G's  or  Cs,  jtz,  pi.'] 
A  letter:  the  seventh  in  the  English  alphabet. 

gat)"ar-dine',  gab"ar-din',  n.  A  long,  loose 
cloak.     [<  Sp.  fjabardiva.] 

gab'bKe,  gab'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [gab'bl(e)d: 
gab'bling.]  To  chatter;  utter  a  clatter  of  in- 
articulate sounds.  II.  ».  Noisy  and  incoher- 
ent or  foolish  talk;  cackling,  as  of  geese. 

ga'toi-on,  ge'bi-§n,  n.  A  wicker  basket  to  be 
filled  with  sand  to  form  a  fortification,  founda- 
tion, etc.    [F.] 

ga'blCe,  g6'bl,  n.  The  triangular  end  of  a  wall, 
above  the  eaves;  also,  the  entire  end  wall  of  a 
building.     [F.] 

gad,  gad,  vl.  [gad'ded'';  gad'ding.]  To  roam 
abroad  idly;  ramble;  stray. —  gad'der,  n. 

gad,  n.    A  punch,  point,  goad,  or  the  like, 
Ice.  qaddr,  goad,  spike.] 

gad'fly'',  gad'flai",  n.  [-flies"^ 
pL]  A  large  fly  that  torments 
cattle.    liorse'=fly"'t:. 

Gael,  gel,  n.    A  Scottish  High- 
lander.—  Gael'ic,  gel'ic.     I.  a. 
Belonging  or  relating  to  the  Scot- 
tish Highlanders.    \l.  n.    The  Celtic  language. 
I  <  Gael.  Oaidheal,  Gael.] 

gaflf,  gaf,  n.  1.  A  sharp  iron  hook  at  the  end 
of  a  pole,  for  landing  large  fish.  2.  Naut.  A 
spar  for  extending  a  sail.  3.  A  game-cock's 
steel  spur.     [<¥.  gaffe.'] 

gag,  gag.  I.  vt.  &vt.  [gagged;  gag'ging.]  To 
use  a  gag  upon;  silence  by  force;  nauseate  or  be 
nauseated.  II.  n.  1.  Any  appliance  for  com- 
pletely obstructing  the  vocal  organs;  any  re- 
straint upon  speech.  2.  Something  nauseating. 
3.  An  actor's  interpolation  in  a  play. 


Gadfly, 


gagei,   |.gej.    1.  vt.    [gaged,  gauged;  ga'- 

gauge,  )  GiNG,  GAU'GING.]  To  determine  by 
measurement;  measure;  estimate.  II.  n.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  capacity,  di- 
mensions, etc.,  of  anything;  a  standard  of  com- 
parison. [<  OF.  ganger,  measure.]  —ganger, 
srau^grer,  w.  One  who  gages;  an  officer  of  the 
revenue  service. 

gage^ll.  1.  vt.  [gaged;  ga'ging.]  To  give  or 
deposit  as  a  pledge  for  some  act;  pawn  •  wager. 
II.  n.  Something  given  or  thrown  down  as 
security  for  some  act,  asforacombat;  apledge; 
a  challenge;  defiance.  [<  F.  gager,  <  OF. 
wagier,  avage.] 

gage^,  n.  One  of  several  varieties  of  plum. 
[Sir  William  Gage,  1725.] 

gai'e-ty,  (ge'§-ti,  w.    [-TIEs^^^.]    The  state 

gay'e-ty,  (of  being  gay;  memment;  fun. 

garly ,   (  ge'li,  adv.    In  a  gay  manner;  joyous- 
gay 'ly,  jly;  merrily;  showily. 

gain,  g6n,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  secure  as  profit  or 
earnings;  get.  2.  To  win.  3.  To  arrive  at; 
reach.  4.  To  win  over;  propitiate.  II.  i. 
To  make  progress;  improve;  advance;  obtain 
the  advantage:  oii^n  with  on  or  upon. 

gain,  n.  An  advantage;  acquisition;  profit;  in- 
crease.    [<  Ice.  <7a<7/?,  gain,   advantage.] 
—  jrain'fiil,  g^n'ful,  a.   Profitable;  lucrative. 

gain ''say',  gen"8e',  vt.  [-said';  -say'ing.] 
To  contradict;  controvert.  [<  AS.  gegn-, 
against,  +  secgan,  say.]  —  gain'say^er,  n. 

eair'isli,  -ly,  etc.    Same  as  garish,  etc. 

gait,  get,  71.  The  manner  of  walking  or  step- 
ping: carriage;  walk:  way.  [<  Ice.g-a^a,  way.] 

gait'er,  n.  A  covering  for  the  lower  leg  or 
ankle;  a  high  shoe  closed  in  front.  [<  F. 
guetre.] 


fifitlure    (future);    aisle;   au   (out);    ell;   c   (k);    cliat;   dh   (the)',  go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


gala 
ganglion 


200 


ga'la,  ge'la,  n.  A  festivity;  show.  [F.]  —  ga'- 
lasday'',  7i.     A  holiday;  festival. 

Gal'ax-y,  gal'ax-i,  n.  1.  A  starry  band  en- 
circling tlie  heavens,  called  the  Milky  Way.  2. 
[g-1  [-lES^,  j)l.]  Any  brilliant  group,  as  of 
persons.     [<  Gr  J  ^alaxias,  <  gala,  milk.] 

gale,  gel,  n.  A  wind=storm;  a  strong  wind; 
hilarious  merriment.     [Scot.] 

ga-le^na,  ga-li'na  or  -le'na,  n.  A  common 
ore  of  lead;  lead  sulfld.    [<  Gr.^ galene,  lead.] 

gall,  gel,  vt.  To  injure  or  render  sore  by  fric- 
tion; abrade;    fret;  harass. 

galls  n.  An  excrescence  on  plants,  due  to  in- 
sects or  to  a  parasitic  fungus;  also,  a  similar 
excrescence  on  animals.  [<  L.^j/a/to.  gallnut.] 
—  gall'mif",  n.  The  gall  of  a  species  of  oak 
called  the  gall«oak.    gall'sap'^plet. 

gall^,  n.  An  abrasion  or  excoriation.  [<  AS. 
gealla,  gall  (on  a  horse).] 

gall^,  n.  1.  The  bitter  fluid  secreted  by  the 
liver;  bile;  hence,  bitter  feeling;  malignity.  2. 
The  sac  containing  the  bile,  gall'sblad.'^- 
dert.     [<  AS.  gealla:  said  to  be  connected 

with  YELLOW.] 

gaFlantS  gal'ant.  I.  a.  Possessing  an  in- 
trepid spirit;  brave;  chivalrous.  II.  «.  A 
man  of  gay  and  dashing  manners;  an  intrepid 
youth.  [<  OF.  galant,  prop.  ppr.  of  galer, 
rejoice.]     -ly',  adv. 

gal-lant^^,  gal-lant'.  I.  a.  Polite  and  atten- 
tive to  women;  courteous.  II.  n.  A  man  who 
pays  court  to  women:  used  in  good  or  evil 
sense,    -ly^,  adv. 

gariant-ry,  gal'ant-ri,  n.  [-kies^,  pi.]  1. 
Courage;  heroism-  chivalrousness.  2.  Polite 
or  excessive  attention  paid  to  women. 

gal'le-on,  gal'e-e",  n.  A  large  Spanish  ship 
(15th  to  17th  century).  [<  LL.^p  galea,  galley.] 

gal'ler-y,  gal'gr-l,  n.  [-ies^,  i)l.]  1.  An 
elevated  floor  along  the  side  of  a  church, 
theater,  or  the  like;  also,  the  people  seated 
there.  2.  A  corridor;  passageway;  a  place 
used  for  the  display  of  statues,  paintings,  etc. 
[  <  OF.  galerie,  gallery.] 

gal'ley,  gal'e,  n.  1.  A  seagoing  vessel  pro- 
pelled by  oars;  barge;  rowboat.  2.  The  cook- 
ing'place  on  board  ship.  3.  Print.  A  long 
tray,  for  holding  composed  type.    [  <  F.  galee. 


Gaiaic 

Gaul 

Oallus,  inhab.  of  Gaul.]  — GaPli-oIsm,  gal'i 

slzm,  n.    A  French  Idiom,  as  used  In  any  other 

language. 

gal'lic^,  gal'ic,  a.    Derived  from  gallnuts. 

gal"li-na'ceouSj  cal'i-ne'shias,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  order  of  birds  (<r'«//i//<T)  that  includes 
the  common  hen,  turkeys,  partridges,  etc. 

gal'li-pot,  gal'i-pet,  n.  A  small  jar  for  oint- 
ments.    [Corr.  of  OD.  gleyiwt.] 

gallon,  gal'un,  n.  1.  A  liquid  measure  (1) 
U.  S.  standard,  231  cubic  inches;  (2)  lirit.  Im- 
perial, 277.271  cubic  inches.  2.  A  dry  measure: 
one-eighth  of  a  bushel.    [F.] 

gal-loon',  gal-lTin',  n.  A  worsted  lace;  narrow 
tape  or  trimming,   f  <  Sp.''  galon,  court  dress.] 

gariop,  gal'up.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  ride,  drive, 
or  go  at  a  gallop.  II.  n..  1.  Quadrupedal  mo- 
tion by  a  regular  succession  or  leaps.    2.  The 


act  of  riding  at  a  gallop.  [<  Old  Flem.o*" 
wolop,  gallop.] 

gal'lows,  gal'oz,  n.  [gal'lows  or  gal'- 
Lows-ES,  pi.]  A  framework  used  for  hanging 
criminals,  supporting  spars  on  a  vessel,  and 
other  purposes.     [  <  AS.  galga.] 

gal'op,  gal'up  or  gg"lO',  n.  A  lively  dance,  or 
the  music  for  it.    [F.,  gallop.] 

ga-losh.',  ga-lesh',  n.  A  wooden  or  other  over- 
shoe. r<  Gr.P  kalon,  wood,  -\-  pons,  foot.] 
ga-loclie'$. 

gal-van'ic,  gal-van'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  gal- 
vanism. [<  Aloisio  (?a/va«i,  of  Bologna,  dis- 
coverer of  galvanism  (1737-98).]— gaPva-nism, 
gal'va-nlzm,  n.  Current  electricity  arising  from 
chemical  action:  no  longer  In  scientific  use.— 
gral'va-nist,  «.— gaPva-nize  or-nise,  vt. 

[-NIZED,    -SriSED;     -Nl"ZING,    -Nl'SING.]        1.    To 

treat  with  a  continuous  electric  current;  excite 
(a  corpse)  to  muscular  action  by  electricity; 
rouse  to  a  false  show  of  life  and  energy.  2.  To 
electroplate.— galvanized  iron.  Iron  coated 
with  tin  or  zinc. 

gani'bl(e,  gam'bl,  v.  [gam'bl(e)d;  gam'- 
BLiNG.]  I.  /.  To  squander  by  gaming:  fol- 
lowed by  away.  II.  i.  To  game;  risk  or 
wager  something  of  value  upon  a  chance.  [< 
AS.  gamenian,  <  gamen,  sport.] 
—  gani'bler,  «.— gam'bling,  n. 

gam-boge',  gam-boj'  or  gam-buj',  n.  A 
brownish  Oriental  gum  resin.  [<  Cambqja, 
Cambodia,  in  Farther  India.] 

gam'bol.gam'b^l.  l.vi.  [-boled  or -bulled; 
-BOL-iNO  or  -BOL-LiNG.]  To  skip  sportivcly 
about;  caper  playfully.  II.  "n.  A  skipping 
about  in  sport.    [  <  It.f  gamba,  leg.] 

gam'brel,  gam'br§l,  n.  1.  The  hock  of  an 
animal.  2.  A  stick  used  for  hanging  meat. 
3.  A  roof  having  its  slope  broken  by  an  ob- 
tuse angle,  gambrel  roof$.  [<  OF. 
gamhe,  <  LL.  gamba,  leg.] 

game,  gem,  v.  [gamed;  ga'ming.I  I§.  t.  To 
lose  or  wager  at  play.  II.  i.  To  play  a  game, 
especially  a  game  of  chance,  for  a  stake.  [< 
AS.  ga?nenian,  <  gamen,  sport.] 

game,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  game.  2. 
Ready  to  fight;  courageous;  unflinching. 

game,  n.  1.  A  contest  for  recreation  or 
amusement;  a  jest;  joke;  sport.  2.  A  scheme; 
plot.  3.  Wild  animals  collectively,  or  their 
flesh;  any  object  of  pursuit.  [<  AS.  gamen, 
sport.]  —  game' some,  a.  Playful;  sportive; 
gay;  merry.— game'ster,  n.  A  gambler.— 
ga'ming,  n.    The  act  or  practise  of  gambling. 

gam'in,gam'In or gg'maii'.w.  Astreetarab.  LF-l 

gam'mon',  n.  1.  [Colloq.]  A  hoax.  2.  In 
backgammon,  a  sweeping  defeat.  [<  AS. 
gamen,  sport.]  [gamba,  leg.] 

gam'mon^,   n.     A  cured   ham.    [<    LL-^f 

gam'ut,  gam'ut,  n.  The  diatonic  scale  of 
musical  notes;  the  whole  range  of  anything. 

gan'der,  gan'd^jr,  n.  A  male  goose.  [<  As. 
gandra,  gans*,  goose.] 

gang,  n.  A  number  of  persons  or  instruments 
acting  together;  a  group;  squad.  [<  AS. 
gang,  agoing,  <  gangan,  go.] 

gan'gli-on,  gau'gli-Qn,  n.  [gan'gli-ons»  or 
gan'gli-a,  pl?i  1.  Anat.  (1)  An  aggregation 
of  nerve-cells.  (2)  A  gland-like  organ.  2. 
Pathol.  A  hard  globular  tumor  proceeding 
from  a  tendon.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  ganglion,  tumor.] 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


201 


gangrene 


An  opening  or 


Gannet.    1/35 

[<  Sw.gaia,  lane, 


gan''grene,  gan'grin.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [gan'- 
grened;  gan'gre'ning.]  To  cause  gangrene 
in;  become  affected  by  gangrene.  II.  n.  Tlie 
deatli  of  a  part;  the  first  stage  of  mortification. 
[OF.,  <  Gr.  gaiigraina,  <  graino,  gnaw.] 

—  fjan'gre-uous,  a.  [passageway. 
gang'way'',  gang'we'  '  ^--  - 
g^an'net,  gan'et,    n. 

A  bird  related  to  the 
pelicans.  [<  AS. 
ganof;  cp.  gander.] 

gant''leti,    (ggnf- 

gaunt'let,  j  let,  n. 
A  punishment,  where- 
in the  victim  ran  be- 
tween two  rows  of 
men  who  struck  him 
with  clubs  as  he 
passed;  a  series  of 
risks  or  unpleasant  events. 
+  Wpa,  leap.] 

e:aiit'let2, 7j.  SameasGAUNTLET^.  gaiit'Iettet. 

(fiiol,  gaol'er,  etc.    Same  as  jail,  etc. 

gap,  gap.  I.  vt.  [gappep';  gap'ping.]  To 
nick  or  notch;  make  a  breach  in.  II.  n.  A 
passage  or  aperture;  breach;  break;  ravine. 
[  <  Ice.  gap,  gap,  abyss,  <  gapa,  gape.] 

gape,  gGp.  I.  fi.  [gaped';  ga'ping.]  To 
open  the  mouth  wide,  as  in  yawning;  present 
a  wide  opening,  as  a  chasm.  II.  n.  The  act 
of  gaping;  an  opening;  chasm;  fissure.  [< 
AS.  geapan,  gape,  open  wide,  <  geap,  wide.] 

gar,  V.  A  lish  with  spear-like  snout,  gar'- 
flslii;  gar'pike:;:.'"    [<  AS.  gar,  spear.] 

garb,  gurb,  n.  A  complete  or  characteristic 
dress;  outward  form  or  expression.  [<OHG.of 
garavi,  preparation,  garb.] 

gar'bage,  gSr'bej,  ?i.  Animal  or  household 
refuse.     [<  OHG.of  garba,  sheaf.] 

gar'bKe,  gflr'bl,  tt.  [gar'bl(e)d  ;  gar'- 
BLiNG.]  To  change  injuriously,  as  a  docu- 
ment; mutilate;  pervert.  [<  Ar.^p  +  OF  ^/i^^.5f7/^ 
sieve.] 

gar'den,  gflr'dn.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  cultivate; 
lay  out  or  till  a  garden.  II.  n.  A  pHace  for 
the  cultivation  of  fiowers,  vegetables,  or  small 
plants;  any  fertile  or  highly  cultivated  ter- 
ritory.    [<  OHG.OF  garto,  yard,  garden.] 

—  trar'den-er,  gdr'dn-er,  71.  One  who  tends 
gardens,  or  Is  skilled  in  gardening.— gar'deii- 
hisj,  11.    The  caring  for  a  garden;  horticulture. 

gar'gKe,  gQr'gl.    I.  vt.     [gar'gl(e)d;  gar'- 

GLiNG.]     (1)  To  rinse  (the  throat)  with  a  liquid 

agitated  by  air  from  the  windpipe.     (2)  To  use 

as  a  gargle.    II.  n.    A  liquid  for  gargling.    [< 

OF.  gargouiller,  gargle.] 
gar'goyle,  gQr'geil,  n.   A  projecting  medieval 

stone    spout,    grotesquely 

carved.     [<  OF.  gargou- 

ille,  throat,  <  L.  gurgu- 

Iw(n-).  gullet.] 
gar'ish,     gar'ish,     a. 

Marked    by    a    dazzling 

glare;    gaudy;    conceited. 

[Allied  to  GAZE.] 
-ly,  adv.    >ness,  7i.  ^ 

gar'land,   gar'land.    F.  Gargoyle. 

rt.    To  deck,  as  with  a  garland.    11.  n.    A 

wreath  as  a  token  of  victory,  joy,  or  honor. 

[<  OF.  garlande.] 


gar'lic .  gar'lic,  ?? .  A  hardy  bulbous  perennial 
of  the  same  genus  as  the  onion.  [<  AS.  gar, 
spear,  -\-  leac,  leek.]  —  gar'lick-y,  a. 

gar'ment.  gar'mgnt,  n.  An  article  of  cloth- 
ing.   [<  OF.  garnetiunt,  <  garnir,  garnish.] 

gar'ner,  gar'ngr.  I.  vi.  To  store,  as  in  a 
granary;  gather.  Tl.  n.  A  place  for  the 
storage  of  grain ;  a  granary;  gathering;  store. 
[  <  LT^  granarimn,  granary.] 

gar'net*,  gar'net,  n.  A  vitreous  transparent 
or  translucent  stone,  sometimes  cut  as  a  gem ; 
also,  its  prevailing  color,  a  deep  red.  [<  F. 
grenat,  <  L.^-^-  graniwi,  seed.] 

gar'net^,  n.    A  form  of  tackle  or  purchase. 

gar'nish.,  gar'nish.  iKvf.  1.  To  embellish; 
decorate.  2.  LauK  To  give  warning  to  answer 
to  an  action.  II.  n.  An  ornament,  as  around 
a  dish  at  table.  [  <  OF.  garnir,  for  warnir, 
WARN.]  —  gar'nish-menf,  n.  The  act  of  gar- 
nishing.— gar'iii-ture,  gar'ni-chur  or  -tigr,  n. 
Anything  used  to  garnish;  embellishment. 

gar'ret,  gar'et,  n.  A  story  or  room  directly 
under  a  sloping  roof.  [<  OF.  garite,  place  of 
refuere.] 

gar'fi-son,  gar'i-sn.  I.  vt.  1.  To  put  soldiers 
in  (a  fortress);  to  supply  (a  fortress)  with 
soldiers.  2.  To  put  into  a  fortress  or  town. 
II.  n.  The  military  force  defending  a  fort, 
town,  or  the  like.  [ME.  garnison,  <  OF.  gar- 
?nso»,  <  garnir;  see  garnish.] 

gar-rote',  gar-rOt'.  I.  vt.  [GAR-RO'TEod; 
oar-ro'ting.]  1.  To  execute  with  a  garrote. 
2.  To  throttle  in  order  to  rob.  II.  71.  A  Span- 
ish instrument  for  capital  punishment  by 
strangling;  strangulation.  [<  Sp.  garrote, 
orig.  cudgel.]  —  gar-ro'ter,  gar-rO'tgr,  n. 

gar'ru-lous,  gar'u-lus,  a.  Given  to  con- 
tinual and  tedious  talking;  habitually  loqua- 
cious. [<  L.  r/ar/'wft/«,  chattering.]  -\-^,adv. 
-uess,  n.— gar-ru'li-ty,  gar-ru'li-tl,  n.  Idle 
and  empty  loquacity. 

gar'ter,  gflr'tgr.  I.  vt.  To  put  a  garter  upon; 
fasten  with  a  garter.  II.  n.  1.  A  band  to 
hold  a  stocking  in  place.  2.  The  badge  of  the 
highest  order  of  knighthood  in  Great  Britain, 
called  the  Order  of  the  Garter;  also,  the  order 
itself,  or  membership  therein.  [<  OF.  gartier, 
<  garret,  <  Br.  gar,  leg.] 

gas,  gas,  TO.  [gas'es'=,  ^:>;.]  1.  An  aeriform  elas- 
tic fluid;  especially,  a  gaseous  mixture  used  as 
an  illuminantor  as  a  fuel,  called  illiiminatings 
gas,  fuelsgas,  or  heating:gas.  2.  A  single 
jet  of  flame  supplied  by  illuminating' gas. 
gas'sjet'^i;  gas'light'^:!:.  3.  Laughing= 
gas;  nitrous  oxid.  4.  [Colloq.]  Empty  Doast- 
ing;  chatter.  [A  term  invented  by  the  Belgian 
chemist  Van  Helmont  (1577-1644).]  —  gas's 
biirii'''er,  n.  A  tip  attached  to  a  gas=fixture 
for  regulating  the  flame  of  gas  as  It  is  burned.— 
gassfittcr,  n.  One  who  fits  and  puts  up  gas* 
fixtures.- gassfittinjrs,  7i.pl.  The  appliances 
connected  with  the  introduction  and  use  of  gas 
In  a  building.  Including  meters,  etc.—  gassfix- 
ture,  71.  A  tube,  with  burners  and  stopcocks, 
connected  with  a  gas=pipe.—  gassineter,  m.  An 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  gas  con- 
sumed In  a  given  place  and  time.— gasswell,  «. 
A  well  from  which  natural  gas  flows.— gass 
"works,  71.  An  establishment  In  which  Ilhimi- 
nating^gas  or  heatlng^gas  Is  made.— natural 
gas,  Iliumlnating^gas  found  In  nature  beneath 
the  earth's  surface. 


I 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  (th€);    go;  sing,   ink;   thin. 


gasconade 
gendarme 


202 


eas"con-ade',  gas"c§n-e(l'.  I.  ri.   [-a'ded''; 

-a'ding.]     To  vaunt  oneself;    brag;   bluster. 

II.   n.      Boastful  or    blustering  talk;    brag- 

adocio;  bluster.     [F.] 
gas'e-ous,  ga8'§-us,  a.    1.  Having  tbe  nature 

or  form  of  gas;  aeriform.    2.  Unsubstantial. 
zSLSlx.  gash.    I',  vt.  To  make  a  long  deep  cut 

in      II.    n.    A  long  deep  incision;    a  flesh* 

wound.     [<  Gr.^^charassd,  Bcratch.]      , 
scas'ket,  n.    1.  A  ring  or  disk  of  packing  to 

make  a  joint  watertight.    2.  A  rope  or  cord 

used  to  confine  furled  sails.     [Appar.  <   F. 

narcette,  cat*o'=^nine»tails.] 
gas'o-line,  gas'o-lin  or -Itn,  n.    A  colorless, 

volatile,  inflammable  product  distilled  from 

petroleum.  .  ^     i    * 

gas-om'e-ter,  gas-em'e-tgr,  n.     A  tank  tor 

storing  or  an  apparatus  for  measuring  gas. 
gasp,  gasp.    I',  vt.  &  vi.    To  utter  or  emit 

brokenly  and  painfully;  breathe  convulsively, 

as  from  exhaustion  or  fear.    II.  n.    An  act  of 

gasping.    [<  Ice.  geispa,  yawn.] 
gas'tric,  gas' trie,  a.      Of,  pertaining  to,  or 

near  the  stomach.      [ <  Gr.i^  gaster,  stomach.] 
gas-tron'o-my,  gas-tren'o-mi,  n.     The  art 

of  preparing  and  serving  appetizing  food.    [< 

Gr.F  gaster,  stomach,  +  norms,  law.] 

—  iras-tron'o-iner,  n.  An  epicure,  eas'- 
tro-nomet;  gas-tron'o-misti.  —  «as''- 
ti'o-nom'ic,  a. 

gate,  get,  n.  1.  An  opening  or  passageway, 
as  in  a  fence,  wall,  or  enclosure;  a  portal;  also, 
a  movable  frame  or  valve  that  serves  to  close 
it.  2.  Any  means  of  access;  hence,  power; 
supremacy.  [<  AS.  geat,  gate,  opening,  < 
giian,  get.]  —  sate'way'',  n.  A  gate;  any 
means  of  Ingress  or  egress.        ^     ^     ,    . 

cath'er,  gadh'gr,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  brine  to- 
gether; assemble;  collect.  2.  To  deduce; 
infer.  3.  To  draw  into  folds  or  plaits.  II.  i. 
1.  To  come  together;  congregate.  2.  To  in- 
crease; accumulate.  3.  To  come  to  a  head; 
concentrate.     [<  AS.  gxdtian,  gaderian.] 

—  irath'er-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
gathers.- tfatli'er-injr,  n.  The  act  of  gather- 
ing or  tliat  which  is  pitlxrcd  or  brought  togeth- 
er; an  assemblaK"';  an  ahsci'ss. 

gatll'er,  n.    A  plait  or  fold  in  cloth. 
gaud,  god,  n.    An  article  of  vulgar  finery.    [  < 
L.  gaiidium,  joy,  <  gaudeo,  rejoice.] 

—  irand'y,  gWl,  a.  Ioaud'i-kr;  oavd  t- 
KST.T  Obtrusively  brilliant  In  color;  garish; 
flashy.— iraud'l-ly,  m/r.— uaud'i-nesH,  n. 

ffautiCt  Baii'arer,  etc.    Same  as  oa«e,  etc. 
gaunt,    gflnt,    a.      Emaciated;    lank;    lean; 

meager;    thin;   famishing;   wasting.       [Prob. 

Hcand.]    -ly,  adv.    -nes«,  n. 
gauntaet>,  gflnt'let,  //.    A  knight's  leather 

glove  covered  with  metal  plates;  a  glove  with 

long  wrist-extension;  also,  the  wristlet.     [Also 

qautlet,  <  D.'-''+of  «'a«/,  mitten.] 
Bfiiint'lets,  n.  Sameas  oantlktI. 
gauz(e,  g6z,  n.   A  light  open-woven  fabric,  as 

of  cotton,  silk,  or  wire:  used  also  adjectivally. 

r<  F.  gazes  gauze.] —  gau«'y,  rt.    Thin  and 

«llaphano<i8  like  gauze. 
gav'el,  gav'el,  71.     1.  A  masons'  mallet;  also. 

that  UB('d  by  a  presiding  oftlcer.    2.  An  un- 

unbound   bundle  of  grain.     [<  OF.  garelle, 

sheaf,  ult.  <  L.  capio,  take.] 
ga'vl>al.  gfi'vi-al,  n.    The  great  Indian  croco- 


dile, having  long  slender  jaws.    [<  Hind,  gha- 
riydl,  crocodile.] 
gawk,    gek.      I',    ri.      To   stare  or  behave 
awkwardlv  and  stupidly.    II.  «.  An  awkward, 
stupid  fellow.     [<  Ice.  gankr,  cnckoo.] 

—  aawk'y,  gek'i.  I.  a.  Awkward  and  dull; 
clownish;  clumsy.  IT.  n.  [gawk'ies^  pL]  A 
gawk.—  fifawk'i-ly,  adv.—  gawk'i-iiess,  n. 
gay,  ge,  a.  1.  Filled  with  or  inspiring  mirth; 
merry;  sportive.  2.  Brilliant;  showy.  3. 
Loving  pleasure;  wanton.  [<  OBG.^^  gdhi, 
quick,  sudden.]  — sai'ly  or  ^ay'ly,  adv.— 
gai'e-ty,  gay'e-ty,  gay'ness,  n. 
gaze,  gez.  I.vi.  [gazed;  oa'zing.]  To  look 
earnestly  and  steadilv,  as  in  scrutiny,  admira- 
tion, or  concern.  II.  n.  A  continued  or  in- 
tense look.  [<  Sw.  dial,  gam,  gaze.] 
ga-zel',  Iga-zel',  71.  A  small,  delicately 
ga-zelle',  i"  formed  antelope,  with  recurved 
horns  and  large  gentle  eyes.  [OF.,  < 
Ar.  ghazdh  gazel.] 
ga-zet(te',  ga-zet'.  I.  vt.  [ga-zet'- 
TEDd;  ga-zet'ting.]  To  report  offi- 
cially; hence,  to  appoint. 
II.  n.  A  newspaper,  or 
printed  account  of  cur- 
rent events;  any  official 
announcement.  [  <  It. 
gazzetta.]  —  gaz'^et- 
teer',  gaz"et-ir',n.  1.  A 
dictionary  of  geographical 
names,  -i,  A  writer  or 
contributor  of  news  for  a  Gazel.    1/43 

gazette.  . 

£Cear,  gir,  v.  I.  t.  1..  To  equip;  make  ready; 
harness;  dress.  2.  Mech.  To  put  into  gear. 
II.  i.  Mech.  To  come  into  or  be  in  gear. 
gear,  n.  1.  Mech.  Any  set  of  appliances,  as 
of  cog-wheels,  serving  to  transmit  motion  or 
change  its  rate  or  direction.  2.  Nant.  The 
set  of  ropes,  blocks,  etc.,  used  in  working  a 
spar  or  sail.  3.  A  cog-wheel.  4.  Fitness  for 
harmonious  and  effective  action.  5.  Any 
equipment,  as  dress,  accouterments,  tools,  or 
household  necessaries.  [<  AS.  geavive  ipL), 
equipment,  clothing.]— sear'inu,  n.  1  .Mech. 
Gear  In  general;  working  parts  collectively.  "Z, 
NatU.  Ropes  and  tackle. 
gee,  it,  vt.  &  vi.    To  turn  to  the  right  or  from 

the  driver:  said  of  or  to  draft  animals. 
irces«N  gl8, 71.    Plural  of  ooosk. 
gel'a-tin,     I  jel'a-tin,  n.    A  hard,  transpar- 
gel'a-tine,  f  ent,  tasteless  substance  obtainetl 
from  animal  tissue,  as  skin  or  horns.     [  <  L.* 
gelatux,  pp.  of  qeln,  freeze.]  —  itel-at'l-noiiii, 
a.    Of  the  nature  of  gelatin;  like  jelly. 
geld,  geld,  vt.  [gei.d'ei)''  or  gelt;  geld'ino.] 
To  castrate.    [<  Ice.  gelda,  castrate.]  -  geld'- 
iiiiTt  ".    A  castrated  horse. 
gem,  jem.    I.  vt.    [gemmed;  gem'ming.]  To 
adorn  with  or  as  with  gems.    II.  «.    A  pre- 
cious stone;  anything  rare,  delicate,  and  per- 
fect.    \<\u.^  qe)»ina,hw\.\ 
gem-ma'tion,   jem-me'shun,  V.     Buddnig, 
as  of  plants,  or  of  the  lower  tyix's  of  animals. 
[<  L.  qeininatiifi,  pp.  of  qennno,  bud.]     ^«'in  - 
mate,"  a.    IWarlng  buds  or  reproducing  by  tnuls. 
-iren.    A  suttlx  used  to  mean  'producing,      pro- 
duced'; as,  hvdrofif^n,  exopeji,  etc.    [(a)  <  i^- 
■genuH,  <  gigtio,  geno,  bear;  (b)  <  Gr.  genex,  < 
gignnmai,  be  born.]  ,  , 

gen^'darme',  jen'darm',  n.    [gbn'darmes'. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  thfiy,  nBfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  eratf?r,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


203 


gender 
grenuine 


GENS  d'armes,  pi.]     Originally,  in  France,  a 

man-at-arms;  now,  an  armed  policeman.    [F.] 

— gen-clariii''er-ie,  7i.  Gendarmes  collectively. 

gen-dariii'er-yt. 
gen'der,  jen'dgr,  rf.     To  beget;    engender; 

give  rise  to.     [<  L.''  genero.,  beget.] 
gen^der,   ??.      A  property  of  certain   words 

whereby  they  indicate  sex.     [<  L.^f  genus; 

see  GENUS.] 
gen"e-aro-g:y,  jen"g-aro-ji,  n.    [-GIEs^  j>/.] 

I.  A  record  of  descent  from  some  ancestor;  a 
list  of  ancestors  and  their  descendants.  2. 
Descent  in  a  direct  line;  pedigree.  [<  Gr. 
qenea^  race;  and  see-OLOGY.J — gen''e-a-log'- 
ic-al,  a.  gen''e-a-lo8:'ici.  — gen''e-al'b- 
gist,  n.  One  versed  In  genealogies. 

geii'e-ra,  n.  Plural  of  genus.  [L.] 
gen''er-al,  jen'er-al.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
a  genus  or  kind;  relating  to  all  of  a  class.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  majority;  wide<=8pread.  3. 
Large  in  scope,  meaning,  or  contents;  indefi- 
nite. 4.  Common;  customary.  5.  Viewed  as 
a  whole.  II.  n.  1.  Mil.  An  officer  who 
commands  any  body  of  troops  not  less  than  a 
brigade.  2.  A  general  principle  or  statement. 
3.  That  which  includes  all  of  a  kind.  [<  \j.^^ 
generalis,  of  or  belonging  to  a  kind.]  —  gen''- 
er-al'i-ty,  n.  [-tiesj,  joZ.l  1,  The  main  part; 
majority,  'i.  A  general  statement.  3.  The  state 
of  being  general  or  generalized.— geii'^er-al- 
i-za'[or  -sa'ltion,  n.  The  act  of  generalizing; 
a  general  Inference;  an  induction.—  geii^ei*-al- 
ize,v.  [-IZED; -I'ziNG.]  1.  t.  Tomakeortreat 
as  general  or  universal;  infer  (a  general  law)  from 
particulars.  1 1,  i.  To  form  objects  Into  classes; 
form  general  Ideas  or  Inferences,  gen'er-al- 
iset.— gen'er-al-ly,  rtf/p.  1.  For  the  most 
part;  ordinarily,  ii.  without  going  into  par-, 
tlculars.     3.  Collectively.— gen'er-al-ship, 

II.  A  general's  office,  rank,  or  skill;  tactics  or 
strategy;  leadership. 

gen^ei'-al-is'si-mo,  jen'er-al-ls'l-mo,  n.  A  su- 
preme military  commander.    [It.] 

gen'er-ate,  jen'gr-et,  r/".  [-a"ted<^-  -a'ting.] 
1.  To  produce;  create.  2.  To  beget.  3. 
Math.  To  trace,  as  a  line,  by  motion  of  a  point. 
[<  L.  generatus,  pp.   of   geneiv,   beget.] 


gen"er-a'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  generating 
m  any  sense;  reproduction;  origination.  2.  A 
step  in  descent;  the  body  of  Individuals  existing 


at  one  time,  or  their  average  lifetime.  3.  Race 
or  family.    4.  Progeny.— gen'er-a-tiv(e,  a. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  generation;  having  power  to 
produce  or  originate.—  gen'er-a''tor,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  generates,  especially  a  ma- 
chine for  the  production  of  gas  or  electricity. 

ge-ner'ic,  ie-ner'ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
genus  or  a  class  of  related  things:  opposed  to 
specific.  2.  Having  a  general  application.  3. 
Pertaining  to  gender.  [<  L.  genus;  see  ge- 
nus.]   ge-ner'ic-alt. 

geu'er-ous,  jen'gr-us,  a.  1.  Giving  or  bestow- 
ing heartily  and  liberally;  magnanimous;  chiv- 
alrous. 2.  Cheering  or  stimulating,  as  wine. 
[OF.,  <  L.  genei'osus.,  of  noble  birth.]  -ly,  adv. 
—  gen''er-08'i-ty,  ».  [-TIES^2)/.]  The  quality 
of  being  generous;  liberality;  a  generous  act. 

gen'e-sis,  jen'g-sis,  n.  [-ses,  -stz,  pi.]  1. 
The  act  or  mode  of  originating;  creation;  ori- 
gin; beginning.  2.  [G-]  The  first  book  of  the 
Bible.     [<  Gr.L  genesis.,  origin.] 

ge^ni-al,  ji'ni-al,  a.  1.  Kindly;  cordial; 
pleasant.    2.  Imparting  warmth,  comfort,  or 


vigor;  cheering.  3.  Nuptial.  [<  L.  genialis, 
of  one's  tutelary  deity.]  —  ge^'m-aPi-ty,  n. 

gen'i-tal,  jen'i-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  genera- 
tion.    [<  Ij.^^  genitalis,  <  gigno,  beget.] 

gen'i-tiv(e,  jen'i-tiv.  I.  'a.  Gram.  Indica- 
ting source,  possession,  or  the  like.  II.  n. 
In  Latin,  Greek,  etc.,  the  genitive  case.  [<  L. 
genitivus,  gigno,  beget.] 

gen'i-tor§,  jen'I-tgr,  n.    A  progenitor.    [L.] 

gen'iusi,  jin'yus,  n.  [ge'ni-i  or  (def.  3)  gen'- 
lUS-Es,  jo^.]  1.  Exalted  intellectual  power  and 
creative  ability.  2.  Remarkable  aptitude  for 
some  special  pursuit.  3.  [GEN'ius-Es,jt;^.]  A 
person  of  phenomenal  intellectual  powers.  4. 
The  essential  principle  of  anything.  5.  A 
representative  type.     [L.,  one's  tutelar  spirit.] 

ge'iii-us2,  jl'ni-us  or  ge'ni-us,  n.  [-nt-i,  -alor-t, 
pL]    A  beneficent  guardian  spirit.    [L.J 

-gcnoiis,  S7ifflx.  Used  with  the  meaning  '  born,' 
'bearing.'     [(1)  <  L.  genus;  see  -gen.     (2)  < 

-GEN  +  -OUS.] 

gen're,  zhfin'r,  n.  A  style  of  art  Illustrative  of 
common  life.    [F..  <  L.  genus,  kind.] 

gen-teel',  jen-tll',  a.  Well-bred  or  refined; 
elegant;  fashionable.  [<  F.  gentil;  see  gen- 
tle.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

gen'tian,  jen'shian,  n.  A  flowering  plant  of 
various  species,  as 
the  yellow  gentian  of 
Europe  (used  medici- 
nally), and  the/Hw^ecZ 
gentian  of  America, 
with  blue,  delicately 
fringed  flowers.  [< 
L.OF  Gentius.&nlW^r- 
ian  king.] 

gen'tile,  jen'tail,  n. 

1.  [G-]  Scrip.  One 
not  a  Jew.  2.  Gram. 
A  noun  or  an  adjec- 
tive denoting  race  or 
country.  3.  A  mem- 
ber of  a  gens  or  clan. 
Used  adjectivally  in 
all  senses.  [<  L. 
gentilis;  see  gentle.] 

gen-til'i-ty,  jen-til'i-ti. 
The  quality  of  being  genteel.     2.  Fashionable 
exclusiveness.    3.  Dignity  of  birth. 

gen'tl(e,  jen'tl,  a^    1.  Mild;  kindly;  gracious. 

2.  Moderate  in  action;  soft  or  low;  peaceful. 

3.  Tame;  docile.  4.  Not  steep  or  abrupt; 
easy.  5.  Of  honorable  family;  noble.  [< 
L.F  gentilis,  of  the  same  clan.]  -ness,  n.— 
gen'tly,  arf??.- gen'tl(e-foIk'',  n.pl.  People 
of  good  family:  now  more  commonly  gentlefolks. 
—  gen'tl(e-man,  n.  [-men.ji;/.]  1.  A  well- 
bred  and  honorable  man.  ii.  A  man  of  the 
higher  class  or  of  gentle  extraction.— gen'tlCe- 
man-ly,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  befitting  a  gen- 
tleman; courteous;  gracious.  gen'tKe-man- 
like'^t.  — geii'tire-woin'^an,  n.  L-wom"en, 
-wim"en,  jn.]  1.  A  woman  of  good  birth  and 
breedfng;  a  lady.    2.  A  maid  of  honor. 

gen'try,  jen'tri,  n.  1.  People  of  good  posi- 
tion or  birth.  2.  Any  specified  class  of  people. 

gen'^u-flec'tion  or  -flex^ion,  jen"yu-flec'- 
shun,  n.  A  bending  of  the  knee,  as  in  worship. 
[<  L.  genu,  knee,  -{-fiecfo,  bend.] 

gen'u-in(e,  jen'yu-in,  a.  1.  Of  the  original 
or  true  stock,  or  of  the  authorship  claimed;  not 


[-TIES^,    pi.]      1. 


I 


utiure    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);    oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dli    (the);   go;  sing,  ink-  thin. 


g^enus 
gift 


204 


epurione,  adulterated,  or  counterfeit.  2.  Not 
affected  or  hypocritical ;  frank;  sincere;  true. 
[<  L.  gemnnus,  innsite.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,n. 

ge''nus,  ji'nus,  n.  [gen'e-ka,  jen'g-ra,  rarely 
ge'nus-es,  j5^.]  A  group  or  class  embracing 
subordinate  classes  or  species.     [L.,  origin.] 

-geiiy,  svfflx.  Production.  [<  L.  -{jenia,  <  Gr. 
■geiieia,  <  V  ge7i  in  gigtwtnai,  become.] 

ge-og'ra-pliy,  je-eg'ra-fi,  n.  [-phies^,  pi.] 
The  science  that  describes  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  with  its  peoples  and  products;  also,  a 
treatise  on  this  science.  [<  Gr.  ge,  earth,  + 
grapho,  write.]  —  ge-og'ra-pher.  je-eg'ra-fgr, 
w.— jfe''o-orrapli'ic-al,  jI"o-graf'ic-aT,  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  geography,   ge-^o-grrapli'lcl:. 

ge-oro-sy,  jg-el'o-ji,  n.  The  science  that 
treats  of  ihe  constitution  and  structure  of  the 
earth;  also,  a  treatise  on  this  subject.  [<  Gr. 
ge,  earth,  -\-  -logy.]  —  ge''o-log''ic,  ji"o-lej'ic, 
a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  rterived  from  geology. 
ge^'o-log^ic-alt.  — ge-ol'o-gist,  n.  One 
versed  in  geology,  ge-ol'og-erj.— ge-ol'o- 
eix,e,vi.  l-GizED; -Gr'ziNG.]  To  study  geology. 
ge-oFo-giset. 

ge-om'e-try,  j§-era'e-tri,  n.  [-tries^,  pL] 
The  branch  of  mathematics  that  treats  of 
space  and  its  relations;  also,  a  treatise  on  this 
subject.  [<  Gr.  ge,  earth,  -f-  meiron,  meas- 
ure.] —  ge-oin'e-ter,  n.  One  skilled  in  geom- 
etry ;  a  mathematician.  ge-oiii'"e-tri'cianH:. 
—  ge''o-inet'ric,  gc^o-inefric-al.  jI"o- 
met'rlc,  -al,  a.  Pertaining  to  geometry  or  In 
accordance  with  Its  rules  or  principles;  charac- 
terized by  regular  lines,  curves,  and  angles.-- 
ge'''o-iiiot'ric-aI-Iy,  adv. 

ge-ra'ni-unx,  j§-re'ni-um,  n.   Bot.    A  flower- 
ing plant  of  many  species, 
common     in    cultivation. 
[L.,   <    Gr.    geranion,    < 
geranoK,  crane.] 

ger'fal''con,  jer'fe'cn  or 
-fal  "c§n,  11.  A  large  falcon 
with  feathered  shanks.  [  < 
LL.oF  hierofalco{n-),  sacred 
falcon.] 

germ,  jgrm,  n.  The  earliest 
stage  of  an  organism ;  bud; 
embryo;  primary  source. 
[<  L.F  gerwen,  sprig.]  (ieranlum 

-ger'ini-nal,  a.  otrannmi. 

Ger'naanS  jfir'man.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Ger- 
many, its  people,  or  its  language.  II.  n.  1. 
A  native  or  citizen  of  Germany.    2.  The  lan- 

fjiiage  of  Germany.  3.  [g-]  [U.S.]  The  cotil- 
lon. [<  L.  Germaims,  (ierman:  said  to  be  of 
Celtic  origin.]  —  Ger-man'Ic.  I.  a.  German. 
II,  n.  The  German  language.— German  sil- 
ver, a  white  alloy  of  nickel,  zinc,  and  copper. 

ger'xnan",  a.  1.  Having  the  same  parents  or 
grandparents:  used  after  the  noun.  2.  Ger- 
mane.    [<  L.  germamis,  near  akin.] 

ger-mane',  jgr-men',  a.  1.  Appropriate;  per- 
tinent.   2.  Akin;  german. 

ger'mi-nate,  jcr'nii-nC't,  t'i.  [-Nx'TEDd;  -na"- 
TiN(j.  I  To  begm  to  vegetate  or  develop  into  a 
higher  form.  [  <  L.  gemien  (germin-),  sprout.] 
—  ffer'''ini-na'tion,  n. 

ges-ta'tion,  jes-to'shun,  n.  Pregnancy.  [< 
L.  gestatio(n-),  carrying.] 

ges-tlc'u-late,  jee-tic'yu-let,  vi.  [-la'ted''; 
-LA'TiNo.]    To  make  gestures  or  motionB,  as 


in  speaking.  [<  L.  gesticulatus,  pp.,  <  ges- 
tus,  gesture.] —ges-tic'^u-la'tion,  n. 

ges'ture,jes'chur  or -tiftr.  l.xi.  [ges'tured; 
ges'tur-ing.]  To  gesticulate.  II.  w.  An  ex- 
pressive motion  or  action,  as  of  the  hand  or 
hands  in  speaking.  [<  LL.  gestura,  mode  of 
action.] 

get,  get,  V.  [got,  get  (gat+);  got  or  got'ten, 
get'n;  get'ting.]  I.  t.  1.  To  gain  or  come 
into  possession  of;  procure;  acquire;  receive; 
obtain.  2.  To  commit  to  memory.  3.  To  be- 
get. 4.  To  bring  about:  cause  to  be.  5.  To 
prevail  on;  persuade.  II.  i.  1.  To  acquire 
wealth.  2.  [Colloq.J  To  arrive  at;  come  to 
be.     [<  AS.  gitan.] 

gew'gaw,  giu'ge.  I.  a.  Showy;  gaudy.  II. 
n.  A  flashy,  useless  ornament;  bauble.  [< 
AS.  gifu,  gift,  <  gifan,  give.] 

gey'ser,  gai'sgr,  n.  A  hot  spring  from  which 
water  or  mud  is  ejected  in  a  fountain«like 
column.     [<  Ice.  geysii\  <  geysa,  gush.] 

gliast'ly,  ggst'li,  a.  1.  Havmga  death-like 
appearance.  ~2.  Terrifying  or  shocking.  [< 
AS.  gxsthc,  <  gsestan,  terrify.] 

—  gliast'li-ness,  n. 

gbost,  gOst,  w.  1.  A  disembodied  spirit.  2. 
The  soul  or  spirit.  3.  A  shadow  or  semblance; 
slight  trace.     [<  AS.  gCist;  cp.  aghast.] 

—  ghost'Iy,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  soul  or 
religion;  spiritual.  *Z.  Pertaining  to  apparitions; 
spectral. 

gboul,  giJl,  n.  An  evil  spirit  supposed  to  prey 
on  corpses.     [<  Ar.  ghiil,  demon  of  woods.] 

gi'ant,  jai'ant.  I.  a.  Gigantic.  II.  n.  1. 
Myth.  A  being  of  human  form,  but  of  enor- 
mous size.  2.  Any  person  or  thing  of  great 
size.     {<  Gy.^^  gigas  igigant-),  g\Sint.'\ 

—  gi'ant-ess,  n.ferh. 

gib'ber,  gib'gr,  vi.  To  jabber.  [Ult.  <  Ice. 
gabba,  mock.]  —  gib'ber-ish.  I.  a.  Without 
meaning.  II.  n.  Incoherent  or  Inarticulate 
gabble. 

giVbet,  jib'et.  I.  vt.  [-bet-ed'*  or  -bet-ted<'; 
-bet-ing  or  -bet-ting.]  1.  To  execute  by 
hanging.  2.  To  hold  up  to  public  execration. 
II.  n.  An  upright  timber  with  a  crosspiece  at 
its  upper  end,  used  as  a  gallows.  [  <  OF.  gibet, 
gibbet.]  [Asia.     [F.] 

gib'bon,  gib'gn,  n.    A  slender  ape  of  southern 

gibbous,  gib'os,  a.  1.  Irregularly  rounded; 
convex.  2.  Humpbacked.  [<  L.  gibbosiis, 
hunched.]— gib'boiis-ness,  n.    gib-bos'l-tyj. 

gibe,  jaib.  l.vt.&vi.  [gibed;  gi'biisg.]  To 
mock.  II.  n.  An  expression  of  sarcasm  and 
ridicule;  an  object  of  ridicule.  [<  Sw.  dial. 
qipa,  talk  foolishly.]    jibe^. 

gib'let,  jib'let,  7U  1.  One  of  the  edible  parts 
cut  away  from  a  fowl  in  preparation  for  roast- 
ing, as  the  gizzard,  liver,  etc.  2.  pi.  Rags;  tat- 
ters.    [<  OF.  gibelet,  entrails  of  fowls.] 

gid'dy,  gid'i,  fl.  [gid'di-er;  oid'di-est.]  1. 
Having  a  whirling  or  swimming  sensation  in 
the  head;  dizzy.  2.  Tending  to  cause  dizzi- 
ness. 3.  Marked  by  foolish  levity  or  impru- 
dence.    [ME.  gidi,  foolish.]  -gld'dl-ness,  n. 

gift,  gift,  n.  i.  That  which  is  given;  a  dona- 
tion; present.  2.  The  act,  right,  or  power  of 
giving.  3.  A  natural  endowment;  talent.  [< 
AS.  s^,  <  gifan,  give.]  —  glft'ed,  gift'gd,  pa. 
Endowed  with  mental  power  or  talent. 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  elfrnfint,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  bot,  or; 


205 


gig  ^ 
glacier 


gigi.  gig,  n.    1.  A  light,  twcwheeled,  one= 

seated  vehicle  for  one  horse.      2.   A  ship's 

boat.       [<    Ice. 

g'l^ja,  fiddle.] 
gig2  ,    TO.      A 

pronged     fish= 

spear;  also,  a  set 

of      hooks     for 

catching  fish  by 

dragging. 
gi-gan'tic ,  jai-  English  Gig  of  ITSl. 

gan'tic,  a.    Like 

a  giant;  colossal;  mighty.     [<  L.  gigas;  see 

GIANT.] 

gig'gle,  gig'l.  I.  vi.  [gig'gled;  gig'gling.] 
To  laugh  with  an  effort  at  suppression;  titter. 
II.  n.  A  convulsive  laugh;  titter.  [Imitative.] 

gild,  gild,  tt.  [gild'ed"!  or  gilt;  gild'ing.J 
1.  To  coat  with  or  as  with  gold.  2.  To 
make  lustrous;  illuminate.  3.  To  gloss  over. 
[<  AS.gyldan.]  — gild'er,  to.— gild'Ing,  gild'- 
Ing,  n.  1 ,  The  art  of  overlaying  a  surface  thinly 
with  gold.    ii.  An  overlay  of  gold;  gilt. 

gild',   I  n.    [GUd  is  the  older  as  well  as  the 

guild,  f  simpler  form.]  An  association  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  kindred  pursuits  for  mutual 
protection,  aid,  or  cooperation.  [<  AS.  gild, 
payment.] 

giliS  gil,  n.  An  organ  of  fishes  for  breathing 
the  air  contained  in  water.      [<  Dn.  giselle.] 

gilP,  jil,  n.  A  liquid  measure  of  one»eighth  of 
a  quart.     [<    OF.  (yelle,  measure  for  wine.] 

gil'ly-flO"w"er,  /  jil'i-flau'gr,  n.    Anyone  of 

gil''li-flow'''er,  (various  flowering  plants, 
especially  of  the  mustard  family.  [<  OF. 
gilofre,  gillvflower.] 

gilt,"  gilt.  I.  a.  Gilded;  yellow  like  gold.  II. 
n.  1.  The  material  used  in  gilding.  2.  Su- 
perficial or  meretricious  show. 

gim^'bal.  jim'bal,  n.  A  contrivance  for  sus- 
pending aii  object  on  shipboard,  so  that  it  may 
always  remain  level.  [<  L.^f  gemellus,  dim. 
of  germniifi,  twin.] 

gim'crack'',  jim'crac".  I.  a.  Cheap  and 
showy.    II.  n.     A  gewgaw;  bauble. 

gim^lbt,  gim'let,  n.  A  small  boring»tool  with 
a  cross=head  and  a  cutter=pointed  screw»tip. 
[<   OJ).^^  wimpel,\iore.'] 

gimp,  gimp,  n.  A  narrow,  flat,  ornamental 
trimming:  used  for  dresses,  furniture,  etc.  [< 
OHG.<^F  ivimpal,  robe,  hair»fillet.] 

gin,  jin,  t'^.  [ginned;  gin'ning.]  1.  To  catch 
in  or  as  in  agin  or  trap.  2.  To  remove  the 
seeds  from  (cotton). 

gin',  n.  1.  One  of  various  machines.  2.  A 
snare  or  trap.     [Contr.  of  engine.] 

giil2,  TO.  An  aromatic  distilled  alcoholic  liquor. 
[Corr.  of  geneva.] 

gin'ger,  jin'jgr,  to.  The  pungent,  spicy  root- 
stock  of  a  tropical  plant;  also,  the  plant.  [< 
Gr.L+F  zingibeHs,  ginger.]  —  gin'ger-bread'", 
n.    A  light  sweet  cake  flavored  with  ginger. 

gin'ger-ly,  jin'jgr-li,  a.  Cautious,  or  fastidi- 
ous, as  an  act  or  movement:  used  also  adverb- 
ially.    [  <  Svv.  dial,  gingla,  gangla,  go  gently.] 

ging^Iiam,  ging'am,  to.  A  cotton  dress»goods, 
usually  in  checks  or  stripes.  [<  F.  gulngan, 
corr.  of  Guingamp  (a  town  in  Brittany).] 

gin'seng,  jiii'seng,  n.    A  Chinese  herb  hav- 


Glrafle.    Vioo 


ing  an  aromatic  and  stimulant  root.  [  <  Chin. 
jintsan,  ginseng.] 

Gip'sy,  jip'si,  n.  [Gip'sies^,  pL]  A  member 
of  a  wandering  race,  now  found  in  every  part 
of  the  world;  also,  the  language  of  that  race. 
[<  Egyptian,  abbreviation.] 

gi-raflfe',  ji-raf ',  n.  A  ruminant  having  a  very 
long  neck,  and  the  hind  limbs  generally  shorter 
than  the  fore 
ones.  [F.,  <  Ar.sp 
zarof,  giraffe.] 

girdi,  ggrd,  vt. 
[gird'eci  or 
girt;  gird'ing.I 
1.  To  bind  around 
or  about,  as  with 
a  belt.  2.  To  en- 
compass; en- 
circle. [<  AS. 
qyrdan.l 

girded,  tt.  &  Tt. 
To  attack  witli 
sarcasm;  gibe: 
jeer.  [<  A^« 
ffyrd,  rod.] 

gird''er,  gerd\i. 
fy.  A  principal 
horizontal  beam. 

gir''dl(e,ggr'dl.  I. 
vf.  [gir'dl(e)d; 
gir'dling.]  1.  To  fasten  a  girdle  or  belt 
around.  2.  To  encompass.  3.  To  make  an 
encircling  cut  through  the  bark  of  (a  branch  or 
tree).  II.  n.  1.  A  belt  used  for  girding  a 
loose  garment  about  the  waist.  2.  Anything 
which  encircles  like  a  belt.     [<  AS.  gyrdelJ] 

girl,  ggrl,  n.    A  female  infant  or  child,  or  a 

young  unmarried  woman.     [  <  LG.  gov,  child.] 

—  jfirl'liood,  n.    The  state  or  time  of  being 

a  girl.— g^irl'isli,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  aglrl. 

girt,  gert,  iiiip.  of  gird,  v. 

girth.,"??.  1.  A  band  or  strap  for  fastening  a 
pack  or  saddle  to  a  horse's  back.  2.  Anything 
that  girds  or  binds.  3.  The  circumference  of 
an  object.     [<  Ice.  gjorih,  girdle,  girth.] 

gist,  jist,  «.  The  main  point;  substance.  [< 
OF.  gist,  main  point  of  an  action.] 

giv(e,  giv,  V.     [gave,  gev;  giv'en:  giv'ing.] 

I.  ^  1.  To  bestow  gratuitously.  2.  To  trans- 
fer as  or  for  a  price;  hand  over  to  another;  de- 
liver. 3.  To  bestow  as  due.  4.  To  present, 
communicate,  or  impart;  also,  to  administer  or 
infiict.  5.  To  utter  or  declare;  announce;  pro- 
claim; pronounce.  6.  To  concede;  surrender: 
often  with  vp.  7.  To  yield  as  a  product  or  re- 
sult.    8.  To  supply;  impart;  excite;  exhibit. 

II.  i.  1.  To  convey  gratuitously  the  title  or 
possession  of  something  valuable.  2.  To  move 
or  yield,  as  through  pressure;  recede.  [< 
AS.  oi/a??.] —giv'en,  pa.  1.  Habitually  in- 
clined.   2.  Specified.—  tjiv'er,  n. 

giz'zard,  giz'ard, «.  1.  The  second  stomach 
of  birds,  in  which  the  food  is  ground.  2.  The 
first  stomach  of  insects.  [<  L.^'  gigeria, 
cooked  entrails  of  poultry.] 

gla'cial,  gle'shial  or  glg'si-al,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  caused  by  ice-masses.  2.  Icy.  [<  L. 
glacialis,  <  glacies,  ice.] 

giac'i-er,  glas'i-gr  or  gle'shigr,  n.  A  slowly 
moving  field  or  stream  of  ice,  formed  in  re- 


I 


flut|are  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);    ©11;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  (the);   go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


glacis 
glorify 


206 


fions  of  perennial  frost  from  compacted  snow. 
F.,  <  L.  glacies,  ice.] 

gla'cis,  gle'sls,  n.  A  defensive  slope,  as  of  earth, 
in  front  of  a  fortllication.  [F.,  <  L.  glacies,  ice.] 

glad,  glad,  a.  [glad'der;  glad'dest.]  Hav- 
ing a  feeling  or  aspect  of  joy,  pleasure,  or 
brightness;  exciting  joy;  joyful;  pleased ;  grati- 
fied. [<  AS.  glaed,  shining,  glad.]  —  glad'Iy, 
adv.  Lolad'li-er;  glad'li-est.]  -ncss;  n.— 
glad^Nonie,  a.  Causing  or  having  a  f  eelmg  of 
joy.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

glad'den,  glad'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make,  be,  or 
l)ec()ine  glad.     [<  AS.  ffladian,  be  glad.] 

glade,  gled,  n.  A  clearing  or  open  space  in  a 
wood.     [<  AS.  {/l3ed,  bright.] 

glad'i-a'^tor,  glad'i-e"t§r,  n.  Horn.  Antig. 
A  man  who  fought  with  deadly  weapons,  as  m 
the  amphitheater,  for  popular  amusement. 
[L.,  <  (/ladivs,  sword.]  -  glad''i-a-to'ri-al,  a. 

glad'^'i-olus,  glad"i-0'lus,  n.  A  plant  with 
a  fleshy  bulb,  sword^shaped  leaves,  and  spikes 
of  colored  flowers.  [<  L.  gladiolus,  sword* 
lily,  dim.  of  gladius,  sword.] 

glair,  glar,  n.  The  white  of  egg;  also,  any 
similar  viscous  matter.  [<  F.  glaire,  <  L. 
darns,  clear.]  —  glair'y,  a. 

glam'our,  l  glam'ur,  -gr,  n.    A  delusive  fasci- 

glam'er,     (  nation;  enchantment.  [Orig.  Sc] 

glance,  glgns,  v.  [glanced^;  glan'cing.] 
I.  t.  To  dart  suddenly  or  obliquely;  direct 
momentarily.  II.  i.  i.  To  look  at  a  thing 
hurriedly  or  indirectly.  2.  To  bound  off  after 
striking  obliquely.    3.  To  hint.    4.  To  flash. 

glance,  n.  A  quick  or  passing  look;  sudden 
or  transient  thought;  momentary  gleam;  ob- 
lique rebound.     [  <  Sw.  or  D.  glans,  splendor.] 

gland,  gland,  n.  An  organ  by  means  of  which 
constituents  are  removed  from  the  blood;  a 
special  secreting  organ  in  plants;  also,  any 
similarly  shaped  organ.  [<  F.  glande,  <  L. 
glanidAs,  acorn.]  — glan'du-lar,  a. 

gian^ders,  glan'dgrz,  n.  Vet.  Med.  A  con- 
tagious disease  affecting  especially  the  nose 
and  air^passages  of  the  horse.    [<  gland.] 

glare,  glar,  vi.  [glared;  glar'ing.]  1.  To 
shine  with  fierce  intensity.  2.  To  gaze  or  stare 
fiercely.  [^ME.  glaren;  cp.  AS.  glser.,  amber.] 
—  firlar'iiiK,  pa.  1 .  Emitting  an  excessively 
brlllfiint  light,  "i.  Plainly  evident;  notorious. 
3.  Characterized  by  a  fierce  stare. 

glare',  n.  1.  A  dazzling  light.  2.  An  in- 
tense and  piercing  look  or  gaze,  usually  hostile. 

Iflare2,  n.  [IT.  S.|  A  glassy,  smooth  surf  ace.  [  < 
F.  f/laire,  white  of  an  egg.J 

glass,  gigs.  V.  vt.  1.  To  reflect  as  in  amir, 
ror.  2.  To  glaze.  II.  w.  1.  Acompound  of 
silica  with  metallic  oxids:  usually  transparent 
and  brittle.  2.  Any  fused  substance  resem- 
bling glass.  3.  Any  article  made  wholly  or 
partly  of  glass,  as  a  mirror  or  a  drinking"  vessel ; 
pi.,  spectacles  or  eye-glasses.  4.  The  contents 
of  a  (Irinking'glnss.  [  <  AS.  glsps.]  —  glaHM^iil, 
n.  As  much  as  can  be  contained  In  a  drinking' 
glass.— irlaHs'y,  a.  Composed  of  or  like  glass; 
having  a  hard,  fixed  appearance.— iflan«'i-ly, 
adv.—  KlasH^i-uesM,  7t. 

glaze,  glez,  v.  [glazed;  ola'zing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  furnish  with  glass.  2.  To  give  a  glassy 
or  glossy  appearance  or  coating  to.  II.  i.  To 
become  glassy.  [ME.  glasen,  <  glas,  <  AS. 
glses,  glass.]—  gla'zer,  n.—  gla'zler,  gld'zhgr, 


n.    1.    One   who  fits  panes  of   glass.    2.   One 

who  applies  glaze  to  pottery.— gla'ziiig,  ?«.    1. 

A  glaze.    2.  The  act  or  art  of  applying  glaze.  3. 

Window«panes  collectively;  glasswork.        . 
glaze,  n.   A  smooth,  shining  surface;  a  glossy 

coating,  or  a  substance  used  to  produce  it. 
gleam,  glimi    I.  vi.    To  shine  out  suddenly 

or  briefly;  glow.     II.   ?i.   A  glimmer;   flash. 

[<  AS.  glsem;  cp.  glimmer.] 
glean,  glin,  i;^  &  ft.    1.   To  gather  (leavings) 

after  a  crop  has  been  removed;  gather  item  by 

item  laboriously.    2.  To  remove  the  gleanings 

from  (land).     [<  OF.  glener,  <  LL.  gleno.'] 

—  srlean'er,  n. 

glebe,  glib,  w.  1.  [Gr.  Brit.]  A  portion  of  land 
attached  to  a  parish  church.  2§.  The  turf;  soil. 
[OF.,  <  L.  gleba,  clod.] 

glee,  gli,  w.  1.  Mirth;  gaiety;  merriment.  2. 
Mus.  A  composition  for  three  or  more  voices, 
without  accompaniment.     [<  AS.  gled.] 

—  glee'ful,  a.  [aleann.^ 
glen,  n.  A  small,  secluded  valley.  [<  Gael. 
glib,  glib,  a.    Speaking  with  plausible  fluency. 

[<  D.  glibheren,  freq.of  glippen,  slide.] 
— glib'Iy,  arfv.  — glib'ness,  n. 

glide,  glaid,  vi.  [gli'ded<i  or  glid;  gli'- 
DiNG.]  To  move,  slip,  or  flow  onward  rapidly, 
smoothly,  and  easily.    [<  AS.  glidan.] 

glim^mer,  glim'gr.  I.  vi.  To  gleam  fitfully; 
flicker.  II.  n.  A  faint,  unsteady  light;  a 
gleam;  glimpse.     [<  Dn.  glimre.] 

—  gliin'mer-ing,  pa.&  n. 
glimpse,  glimps.    I.  vt.  &  vi.     [glimpsed'; 

GLiMPs'iNG.]  To  catch  a  glimpse  of;  look  for 
an  instant;  glance;  appear  fof  an  instant  only. 
II.  n.  1.  A  momentary  view  or  look.  2.  A 
swift,  passing  appearance.     [<  AS.  gleamu.) 

glls^ten,  glis'n.  I.  vi.  To  sparkle  as  with 
reflected  light;  shine;  gleam.  II.  n.  A  gleam. 
[<  AS.  glisnian,  <  stem  of  glisian,  shine.] 

glis'terlU  vi.  &  n.    Glitter. 

glit'ter,  glit'gr.  I.  vi.  To  shine  as  a  hard, 
polished  surface;  sparkle;  gleam;  be  brilliant. 
il.  n.  Sparkle;  brilliancy.     [ME.  fflifere/i .] 

gloam'ing,  glom'ing,  ti.    The  twilight;  dusk. 

gloat'',  glot,  vi.  To  gaze  steadily  with  cruel  or 
malign  satisfaction.  [<  Ice.  glotta,  grin.] 

globe,  glob,  n.  1.  A  perfectly  round  body;  ball; 
sphere.  2.  The  earth.  3.  A  sphere  on  which 
is  a  representation  of  the  geography  of  the 
earth  or  of  the  heavens.    [F.,  <  L.  globus,  ball.] 

—  glol>e^fl8li'%  n.  A  fish  able  to  Inflate  Itself 
into  a  globularf  orin.— fflo'- 
boHCf  a.  Nearly  globular. 
— Ulob'u-lar,  glBh'yu-lor, 
a.  Spherical. —  jjlob'ii  I  e. 
gleb'yfil.  n.  A  small  globe 
or  spherical  particle. 

gloom,  glfun.    I.  vt.  «fe  vi. 
To  be  or  become  gloomy; 
darken;    be  dismal.     11.      oiobeflsh.    Vir 
n.     Darkness;   obscurity; 
hence,  melancholy;  sorrow;  misfortune.  •[< 
AS.  gilim,  <  glbxvan,  glow.]-—  gloom'y,  a. 
1oloom'i-er;   oloom'i-est.]      Full    of    gloom; 
dark;  dismal;  melancholy.— 8:Iooiii'i-ly»  rt<^'»'.— 

frIooin'i-nesB.  n. 
„  o'ri-fy,  glO'ri-fai,  vt.    [-fied;  -fy'ing.]    1. 
"To  ascribe  glory  to;  adore.     2.    To  exalt  to  a 


state  of  glory;  beatify.  3.  To  elevate  in  honor; 
reflect  glory  upon.    [<  L.^  glotia, 
faciOy  make.]  —  gIo"ri-fl-ca'tIon,  n. 


papfi,  ask;  at,  Sir;  elgni^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  fir; 


207 


glorious 
gobtole 


glc'ri-ous,  glo'ri-us,  a.  Full  of  glory;  illus- 
trious; grand;  noble.  [0F.,<  L.  gloriosus,  < 
gloria.,  glory.]    -ly,  adv. 

gio'ry,  glo'ri.  I.  vi.  [glo'ried;  glo'ry-ing.] 
To  feel  exultant  pleasure;  take  pride;  exult: 
commonly  followed  by  2/?.  II.  ».  [glo'ries^, 
]}l.]  1.  Distinguished  honor;  occasion  of 
praise;  honorable  boast;  praise;  adoration.  2. 
Grandeur;  magnificence;  radiance;  the  light 
and  bhss  of  heaven.    f<  L.o^  glona.,  glorv.] 

glOSSi,gles.  r.  vt.  1.  To  polish.  2.  To 
palliate;  excuse:  usually  withers?'.  II.  ??.  1. 
The  brightness  of  a  polished  surface.  2.  A 
deceptive  show.     [<  Ice.  .^tom,  blaze.] 

—  gloSS'y,     a.        [GLOSS'l-ER;      GLOSS'I-EST.] 

Having  a  lustrous  surface;  outwardly  or  spe- 
ciously fair.  — gloss'i-ness,  n. 

gloss^.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  annotate;  write  mar- 
ginal explanations.  11.  n.  1.  An  explanatory 
note.  2.  A  plausible  explanation  to  cover 
fault  or  defect.     [<  Gr.  glossa,  tongue.] 

glos'sa-ry ,  gles'a-ri,  n.  [-ries'^.  pi.']  A  lexi- 
con of  the  obsolete,  obscure,  or  foreign  words 
of  a  Avork.     [<  Gr.i-L  glossa,  tongue.] 

glot'tis,  glet'is,  n.  [-'ti-des,  -dtz  or  -des,  ^>;.] 
Aval.  The  mouth  of  the  windpipe.  [<  Gr. 
(jlofti^,  <  glotta,  tongue.] 

glove,  gluv.      I.   vt.      [gloved;  GLOV'ING.]   To 

put  on  or  cover  with  a  glove.  II.  n.  A  cov- 
ering for  the  hand,  having  a  separate  sheath 
for  each  finger.  [AS. ///o/^".]  —  glov'er,  n.  A 
maker  of  or  a  dealer  in  gloves. 

glow,  glo.  I.  vi.  1.  To  radiate  light  and 
heat,  or  either,  especially  without  a  flame.  2. 
To  feel  or  emit  heat.  3.  To  be  moved,  ardent, 
or  excited.  4.  To  flush.  II.  n.  1.  The  in- 
candescence of  a  heated  substance.  2.  Red- 
ness; flush;  ruddiness.  3.  Fervid  heat;  strong 
emotion  or  ardor.  [<  AS.  glowan.]  — ^\ow'- 
^vorin'\  11.  A  beetle,  the  "larva  and  wingless 
female  of  which  display  a  phosphorescent  light. 

glow'er,  glau'gr,  vi.  To  stare  frowningly; 
frown;  scowl.     [A  form  of  glare,  v.] 

gloze,  glOz,  vt.  &  vi.  [glozed;  glo'zing.] 
1.  To  palliate.  2\\.  To  flatter.  [<.Gr.LL+AS 
aloKsa.,  tongue.] 

glue,  glu.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [glued;  giu'ing.] 
To  stick  with  or  as  with  glue;  cause  to  adhere; 
adhere.  II.  n.  An  adhesive  preparation  de- 
rived from  boiling  certain  animal  substances, 
as  hoofs.     [<  F.  glu,  birdlime.] 

glum,  glum,  a.  Moody  and  silent;  morose;  sul- 
len.    [  <  Sw.  dial,  glomma,  stare.] 

glume,  gliim,  n.    A  chaff-like  scale  of  the  in- 
florescence of  grasses.    [< 
L.  gluma,  husk.] 

glut,  glut.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[glut'ted'I;  glut'ting.] 
To  gorge.  II.  n.  An  ex- 
cessive supply ;  plethora. 
[<  L.o^  glutio,  swallow\l 

glu'ten,  glu'ten,  n.  The 
tough  albuminous  part  of 
wheat  flour.     [L.,  glue.] 

—  jflu'ti-noiis,   a.      1, 
Resembling   glue;   sticky, 
stickv  matter, 


Glumes. 
a.  Pervaded  with 


glut'ton,  glut'n,  n.    One  who  gluts 'himse 
with  food  and  drink.  [<  J^.^  gluio{n-),  glutton 


himself 

-glut-'ton-ous,  a"— grliit'ton-y,  mT  The  act 

or  habit  of  eating  to  excess;  voracity. 


glyc'er-in,     (glis'er-in,   n.    A   thick,   oily, 

glyc'er-ine,  f  sweet,  liquid  compound  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  formed  in  the  de- 
composition of  fats,  and  used  in  making  con- 
fectionery, soaps,  etc.    [<  Gr.  glykei'os,  sweet.] 

gnarl,  nflrl,  vt.  To  snarl;  growl.  [Akin  to  G. 
knnrren.,  D.  knorren.'] 

gnarl,  n.  A  protuberance  on  a  trunk  or  branch ; 
a  tough  knot.    [Akin  to  LG.  knarre,  knot.] 

—  gnarlCe)<l,   narld,  a.    Exhibiting  gnarls; 
knotty;  crofes-gralned;  distorted,    gnarl'yj. 

gnasllS  nash,  vt.  To  grind  or  snap  (the  teeth) 
together,  as  in  rage. 

gnat,  nat,  n.  A  small  two^winged  fly  having 
long,  manyjointed  antenna?.    [<  AS.  gnset.'] 

gnaw,  no,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  eat  away  little  by  lit- 
tle; bite  repeatedly.  2.  To  corrode;  eat  or  fret 
away.     [<  AS.  gnagan. ]  —  ^naw^er,  n. 

gneiss,  nais,  «.  Geol.  A  crystallized  rock,  re- 
sembling granite.     [G.] 

gnome,  nOm,  n.  One  of  a  fabulous  race  of 
dwarfed  goblins;  a  dwarf;  a  humming»bird; 
small  North*American  owl.    [F.] 

gno'mon,  no'men,  n.  The  upright  piece  that 
casts  the  shadow  on  a  8un»dial.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
gonmon,  lit.  one  who  knows,  an  interpreter.] 

gnu,  nS,  n.    A  South-African  antelope  having 


^3^ 


Gnu.  Vco 
a  buffalo-like  head,  an  ass»like  mane,  and  a 
horse-like  tail.  [Hottentot.] 
go,  gO,  vi.  [went,  went;  gone,  gen  or  gen ;  go'- 
ING.]  1.  To  move  from  one  place  to  another; 
depart;  proceed.  2.  To  extend,  lead,  or  reach, 
in  place,  direction,  meaning,  or  effect;  tend; 
be  about  to  do;  intend;  suit;  fit;  belong;  con- 
form. 3.  To  pass  away  finally;  die.  4.  To  be 
expended,  sold,  or  exchanged.     [<  AS.  gan.] 

—  go'sby'^  n.  A  slight  or  snub;  avoidance.— 
goscart,  n.  A  frame  on  casters  to  support  a 
child  learning  to  walk;  a  light  cart  or  wagon; 
hand=cart.— go'ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  moving 
or  departing.  3.  I  IT-  S.l  The  condition  of  roads 
or  paths.    3!l.  Deportment. 

goad,  gOd.  P.  vt.  To  prick  or  drive  with  a 
goad;  stimulate;  incite.  II.  n.  A  point  set  in 
the  end  of  a  stick  for  urging  oxen;  hence,  any- 
thing that  spurs  or  incites.     [<  AS.  add.] 

goal,  gOl,  n.  A  point  or  end  aimed  at;  the 
limit,  winning-point,  or  safety-place  of  any 
game.     [<  OF.  ganle,  for  waule,  pole.] 

goat,  got,  n.  A  hollow-horned  ruminant  of 
nearly  ilie  size  of  the  sheep.     [<  AS.  gat.] 

—  goat'lierd'',  n.    One  who  tends  goats. 
goa-tee',  go-tf,  w.  A  pointed  beard  on  the  chin. 
gob'blei,  geb'l,  vt.     [gob'bled;  gob'bling.] 

To  swallow  (food)  greedily. 

—  gob'bleri,  n.    a  glutton. 


flutture  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;   dli  {the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


ft 


gobble 
gorilla 


208 


gob'ble^,  geb'].    I.  vt.  &  xi.    To  utter  a  gob- 
ble, as  turkeys.    II.  n.    The  gurgling  sound 
made  by  the  turkeycock.     [Imitative.] 
—  gob'bIer2,  n.    [Colloq.]   A  turkey»cock. 

gob'let,  geb'let,  n.  A  drinking^^vessel  with 
stem  and  standard.    [<  LL.'^^  cupellus,  cup.] 

gob'lin,  geb'lin,  n.  A  frightful  creature  fa- 
bled to  haunt  groves  and  grottoes;  gnome; 
kobold.    [<  Gr.oP  kobalos,  impudent  rogue.] 

god,  ged,  n.  1.  [G-]  The  one  Supreme  Being, 
self 'existent  and  eternal;  the  Creator;  Deity. 
2.  A  superhuman  being  made  an  object  of 
worship;  a  divinity;  deity;  an  idol.  [<  AS. 
god.]  — god'child'',  god'daugh^'ter,  god'fa'"- 
tlier,  ffod'inotli'^er,  god'son^',  one  viewed 
as  holding  a  religious  relationship  like  the 
natural  one  Indicated,  in  consequence  of  sponsor- 
ship at  baptism.— god'dess,  n.  A  female  divini- 
ty.— (iroa'head,  n.  1 .  The  essential  nature  of 
God;  Deity.  2.  [g-]  Godhood.— srod'Iiood,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  divfne;  divinity.— 
srod'less,  a.  Ungodly;  atheistical;  wicked. 
—  Kod'like,  a.  Shullar  to  God  or  to  a  god; 
divine;  of  supreme  excellence  or  beauty.— god'- 
ly,  a.  Filled  with  reverence  and  love  for  God; 
pious.- god'li-ly,  art?;.- go«l'li-ness,  n.  The 


character  of  being  godly.—  gt 

unexpected  stroke  of  good  fortune  regarded  as 


_  od'send'',  n.   An 

p< 
sent  by  God.— god'ship,  n.  The  rank  or  char- 
acter of  a  god;  deity.— God'speed'',  «.  A  wish 
that  God  will  speed  or  prosper  one. 
gog'gl(e,  geg'l,  n.  1.  A  rolling  of  the  eyes. 
2.  j)l.  Spectacles  Avith  tubes,  m  which  are 
glasses,  often  colored,  to  protect  against  dust 
or  strong  light.  [<  Gael,  gog,  a  nod.]— gog'- 
gleseye'',  n.  A  staring  eye.— g.seyed,  a. 
goi'ter,  I  gei'tgr,  n.  A  morbid  swelling  of  the 
goi'tre,  (neck.  [<  F.  goitre,  goiter.] 
gold,  gold,  71.  A  precious  metal  of  a  yellow 
color,  very  heavy,  ductile,  and  malleable;  this 
metal  coined;  hence,  wealth.  [<  AS.  gold,  < 
V  ghel,  be  yellow.]  — gold'=beat''er,  gold'- 
blt'er,  n.  One  who  makes  gold=leaf .—  g.  sdust, 
n.  (jold  In  fine  particles.— gold'finch'',  n.  1, 
A  European  finch  having 
a  black  hood  and  a  patch 
of  brilliant  yellow  on  the 
wings.  2.  An  American 
flnch  purely  lemon»yel- 
low,  with  black  cap, 
wings,  and  tall.— g.sfisli, 
n.  A  small  carp  of  golden 
color.— g.sfoil,  71.  Thin 
sheets  of  gold,  thicker 
than  gold-leaf.— g.  lace, 
a  lace  wrought  with  gold 
or  gilt  thread.— g.sleaf, 
n.  The  finest  leaf  made 
from  beaten  gold.— 
goId^Hitiitli'',  n.  A 
worker  In  gold. 
gold'en,  gold'n,  a. 
Made  of    or   like  gold; 


l)recious;  prosperous. 

A  Scottish 


American  Goldfinch. 

golf,  golf, «.    A  Scottish  ^^^ 

game  nlaycd  with  a  giitta«percha  ball  and  dubs 
resembling  hockeysticks.     [<  I).  A'o//,  dub.] 

gon'do-la,  gon'do-hi,  ?/.  A  long,  narrow, 
llat-bottoinecfVenetian  boat.  See  illus.  in  next 
column.  [It.]  —  goii^'do-ller',  gen"do-lIr',  ?/. 
71.    The  rower  of  a  gondola. 

gong,  gong,  Ti.  A  metal  instrument  like  a 
BhalTow  dish,  sounded  by  beating;  a  signal- 
bell  of  similar  shape.    [<  Malay  gdng.] 


f^ 


Gondola. 


-gony,  siijfflx.  Generation;  production;  as,  cos- 
mogoni/.  [<  L.  -gonia,<  Gr.  -gonia,<  gignomai 
(V  gen),  become.] 

good,  gud.  I.  a.  [bet'tek;  BEST.]  1.  Hay- 
ing excellent,  useful,  or  admirable 
qualities;  sound;  wholesome;  ex- 
cellent; righteous;  virtuous;  re- 
ligious. 2.  Adequate  for  some 
work  or  need ;  satisfac- 
tory; competent;  serv- 
iceable. 3.  Valid; 
sound;  genuine;  thor- 
ough. 4.  Considerable, 
as  in  amount  or  value. 
II.  n.  1.  That  which 
is  good  in  any  sense;  advantage;  profit;  benefit; 
righteousness;  virtue.  2.  Advancement  of  w'ell- 
being;  welfare.  3.  pi.  Personal  property ;  espe- 
cially, portable  chattels.  [  <  AS.  gM.] — good'- 
ly,  a.  [-LI-ER;  -Li-EST.]  Having  a  pleasing  ap- 
pearance or  superior  qualities;  comely;  attractive; 
ample.— good'li-iiess,  7J.  1.  Comeliness;  beau- 
ty, tit.  Goodness.— good'nianll,  n.  [-men,»/.] 
Master;  Mr.:  a  familiar  appellation  of  civility;  also, 
a  husband;  head  of  a  family. -good'ness,  7i. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  good.— good'- 
wife^'il,  gud'waif",  n.  [-wives",  »Z.]  Themis- 
tress  of  the  house;  madam;  Mrs.:  the  correlative 
of  goodmaTt.  —  good^^twiW^  n.  1.  A  desire 
for  the  well-being  of  others.  2.  The  established 
popularity  of  a  business  or  the  like. 

good''=by',     I  gud"-bai',  a.,  n.,  &  interj.  Fare- 

good'^bye',  f  well;  adieu.    [Contr.  of  God  be 

WITH  YOU.] 

goodly,  gud'i.  I.  a.  Mawkishly  good;  weak- 
lypious.  good'ysgood''y|.,il.  «.  [good'- 
lES'', ;;/.]  1.  A  weakly  good  person.  2.  An 
old  and  poor  woman.    3.  A  sweetmeat.     [< 

GOODWIFE.] 

goose,  gus,  n.  [geese,  gis,  pi."]  1.  A  web- 
footed  bird,  larger  than  a  duck  and  smaller 
than  a  swan.  2.  A  tailors'  heavy  smoothing- 
iron.  3.  A  silly  creature;  ninny.  [<  AS. 
gos,  pi.  gis.l  —  goo8e'ber''ry,  griz'ber"i,  n. 
[-RIES«,  pl.l  The  tart  fruit  of  a  spiny  shrub; 
also,  the  shrub.  [rodent. 

go'pber,  gO'fgr,  n.    A  burrowing  American 

goreSgOr,  r^  [gored;  gor'ing.J  To  make 
a  gore  of;  supply  with  a  gore. 

gore^,  rt.  [gored;  gor'ino.]  To  pierce,  as 
with  a  horn;  stab.     [Ult.  <  AS.  gar,  spear.] 

gore*,  n.  A  wedge-shaped  piece,  as  of  cloth 
in  a  garment.     [<  AS.  gdi'a,  point  of  land.] 

gore^,  n.  Blood  after  effusion,  especially  clot- 
ted blood.     [<  AS.  (75r,  filth.] 

gorge,  gerj,  v.  [gorged;  oor'gino.]  I.  f. 
1.  To  swallow,  especially  with  greediness.  2. 
To  fill  the  stomach  of  with  food;  glut.  II.  i. 
To  feed  in  a  greedy  manner,  [<  F.  gorger,  < 
goi'ge;  see  gorge,  n.] 

gorge,  71.  1.  The  throat;  gullet.  2.  A  nar- 
row passage  between  hills;  ravine.  [F.,  throat, 

<  L.  gurges,  whirlpool.] 

gor'geoiis,  gSr'jus,  a.  1.  Conspicuous  by 
splendor,  especially  of  colors;  magnificent;  re- 
splendent; sumptuous.  2.  Having  a  taste  for 
magnificence.  [  <  OF.  go7'gia«,  gaudy,  perhaps 

<  gorge;  see  gorge,  n.]    -ly,  adv.    -iie.ss,  ?/. 
go-ril'la,  go-ril'a,  n.     A   man-like   African 

ape  about  five  and  a  half  feet  in  height,  with  a 
massive bodyand limbs.  See illus.on  nextpage. 


papfl,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  fuU,  rule;  but,  wr; 


209 


gormand 
^aduate 


Gorilla.    1/55 

A  young  goose. 
Relating  to  or  agree- 


gor'mand,     )  ger'mand,  gur'mand,  n.      1. 

gour'mand,  f  A   glutton.     2.    An   epicure; 
gourmet.   [  <  F.  goui'- 
7?iand,  glutton.] 

—  gor'inaiid-ize, 
rt.  &  vi.  L-ized;  -i"- 
ziNG.]  To  eat  vora- 
ciously, gor^inaiid- 
isei.  — gor'maud- 
i^'zer  or-ser,  n. 

gorse,  gers,  n.  Furze. 
I  <  AS.  gorsL] 

gor'y,    gOr'i,    a.     1. 
Covered     or    stained 
with    gore.      2.    Re- 
sembling  gore.      [<  f 
gore2,  n.] 

gos'lxaw^k'',  ges'- 
hek",  n.  A  short* 
winged  hawk.  [< 
AS.  goshafuc.'] 

gos'l'ing,  gez'ling,  n. 

gos'pel,  ges'pel.  I.  a 
ing  with  the  Gospel;  evangelical;  veritable. 
II.  n.  1.  Good  news  or  tidings,  especially 
the  announcement  of  salvation  tnrough  Jesus 
Christ.  2.  [G-]  One  of  the  four  memoirs  of 
Christ  in  the  New  Testament.  [  <  AS.  godspdl, 
understood  as  godspell,  <  god,  good,  -f  spel, 
story,  =  Gr.  eiiangelion,  good  message.] 

gos^sa-mer,  ges'a-mer.  I.  a.  Thin  and 
light  as  gossamer;  ilimsy.  gos'sa-mer-yt. 
II.  n.  1.  An  exceedingly  tine  tiiread  or  web 
of  spider's  silk  that  may  float  in  the  air.  2. 
Fabrics.  (1)  A  fine  gauze.  (2)  A  thin  water= 
proof  outer   garment.      [ME.  gos,  goose,  + 

SOmei\  SUMMER.] 

gos'sip,  ges'ip,  vi.  [gos'siped*  or  oos'- 
sippEi)';  gos'sip-ing  or  gos'sip-ping.]  To 
tell  idle  or  mischievous  tales;  tattle. 

gos'sip,  n.  1.  Familiar  or  idle  talk;  ground- 
less rumor;  mischievous  tattle.  2.  One  who 
gossips.  3.  Originally,  a  sponsor  in  baptism. 
411.  A  boon  companion.  [<  AS.  god,  God,  -f 
sib,  related.] 

got,  imp.  &  pp.  of  GET.—  got'ten,  gefff,  pp.  of 

GET,  Z7. 

Goth,  geth,  n.  A  member  of  a  Low  German 
race  that  overran  the  Roman  empire  in  the 
3d  and  4th  centuries.  [  <  LL.  Got/ms.]  —  Goth'- 
ic.  I,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Goths  or 
their  tongue;  rude;  barbaric.  *i.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Pointed  style  of  medieval  architecture. 

II.  n.   1.  The  language  of  the  Goths.  "2.  Arch. 

The  Pointed  style.— Gothic  type,  a  type^face 

THIS  LINE  IS  IN  GOTHIC  TYPE. 

having  all  the  strokes  of  uniform  width. 

gouge,  gauj.  I.  ft.  [gouged;  gou'ging.] 
To  cut  or  scoop  out  with  a  gouge;  hence,  to 
cheat;  overreach.  II.  n.  A  chisel  having  a 
curved  cutting  edge;  also,  an  excavation  made, 
or  like  that  made,  by  it.    [OF.] 

gourd,  gOrd,  n.  A  melon«like  fruit,  with  a 
hard  rind;  also,  the  plant  that  bears  it,  or  a 
vessel,  as  a  dipper,  made  of  its  shell.  [<  L.^ 
cucurbita,  gourd.] 

gour'inand,  etc.    See  gormand. 

sroiir'^met',  gur"me',  n.    An  epicure.    [F.] 

gouts  gout,  7?.  1.  A  disease  manifested  ordi- 
narily by  inflammation  of  a  joint,  as  of  the 
great  toe.    2||.  A  drop;  clot.     [<  F.  goutte,  < 


L.  gutta,  drop.]  —  gout'i-ness, «.— goiit'y,  a. 

gojlt^,  gu,  n.  Taste;  relish.  [F.,  <  L.  gttstus, 
taste.] 

gov'ern,  guv'grn,  v.  I.  t.  To  control  by  au- 
thority; regulate;  direct;  influence.  II.  i.  To 
exercise  authority;  administer  laws.  [<  L.*' 
guberno,  <  Gr.  kybernao,  direct  a  ship.]  — 
gov'ern -a -bl(e,  a.— gov'ern-ess,  n.  A 
woman  who  trains  and  instructs  children. 

gov'ern-ment,  guv'grn-mgnt,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  governing,  or  the  state  of  being  gov- 
erned; control,  direction,  or  restraint.  2.  li.e 
organized  control  of  a  state  or  community;  the 
controlling  power;  the  administration;  also, 
territory  governed. —  gov^'ern-nien'tal,  a. 

gOV'ern-or,  guv'grn-§r,  n.  1.  One  who 
governs;  especially,  the  chief  executive  of  a 
state.  2.  A  device  for  regulating  the  speed, 
as  of  machinery. 

gown,  gaun.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To 
put  a  gown  upon;  dress  oneself 
m  a  gown.  II.  n.  A  woman's 
dress;  a  long,  loose  academic  or 
oflicial  robe.     [<  W.  givn.] 

grab,  grab,  t\  [grabbed;  grab'- 
bing.J  I.  ^  To  grasp  rudely; 
clutch  or  snatch;  seize  suddenly, 
violently,  or  dislionestly.  II.  i. 
To  make  a  clutch  or  sudden  . 
grasp.    [<  Sw.  grabba,  grasp.] 

grace,   gres.    I.  vt.    [graced'; 


Governor. 


GRA'ciNoJ  To  add  grace  to;  adorn;  honor; 
gratify.  II.  n.  1.  Beauty  or  harmony  of  form, 
attitude,  motion,  or  speech.  2.  Any  attractive 
quality  or  endowment;  any  spiritual  gift  or  at- 
tainment. 3.  Unmerited  favor  or  clemency; 
kindness,  favor,  or  service  freely  rendered; 
sanctifying  and  saving  divine  influence.  4.  A 
brief  prayer  before  or  after  a  meal.  [<  L.of 
gratia,  favor.  <  gratvs,  beloved.]  —  graee'fiil, 
a.  Characterized  by  grace;  elegant;  easy;  fitting 
orbecoming.  m\y, adv.  -ne8S,n.— grace'Iess, 
a.    Lacking  grace,  especially  in  the  moral  sense. 

g^a'cious,  gre'shus,  a.  1.  Disposed  to  show 
grace  or  favor;  full  of  kindness  or  love.  2. 
Courteous  and  condescending;  kind;  affable. 
3.  Possessing  or  exhibiting  divine  grace,  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

g;ra-da'tion,  gra-de'shun,  n.  Regular  ad- 
vance upward  or  downward,  as  by  steps;  a 
step,  degree,  or  rank  in  a  series;  grade.  [F., 
<  L.  gradatio{n-),  <  gradioi',  walk.] 

grade,  gred.    I.  vt.    [gra'ded^;  gra'ding.] 

1.  To  classify  by  grades.  2.  To  bring  to  a 
level  or  to  a  regular  inclination.  3.  To  im- 
prove by  cross=breeding.  II.  n.  1.  A  de- 
gree, step,  rank,  or  division  in  any  series  or 
course.  2.  An  incline,  or  the  degree  of  incli- 
nation. 3.  A  cros8=bred  animal:  also  used 
adjectivally.  [F,,<  L.gradus,  step,<  gradient 
walk.] 

grad'u-al,  graj'u-al  or  grad'yu-al,  a.  1.  Pro- 
ceeding by  steps  or  degrees;  moving  or  chan- 
ging slowly  and  regularly;  slow.  2.  Divided 
mto  degrees;  graduated.  [<  L.  gradvs,  step.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

grad''u-ate,  graj'u-et  or  grad'yu-et.  I.  vt. 
&  vi.  [-A'TEDd;  -A"TiNG.]  1.  To  admit  to  or 
take  an  academic  degree  at  the  end  of  a  course. 

2.  To  arrange  in  or  divide  into  grades  or  inter- 


fiutlure    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt); 
14 


eil;    c   (k);    cliat;   dh   {tho);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


grraft 
gprapliite 


210 


vals;  also,  to  bring  to  a  different  degree; 
change  by  degrees.  II.  a.  Having  been 
graduated  from  an  institution  of  learning. 
III.  n.  One  who  has  been  graduated  by  an 
institution  of  learning,  or  completed  any 
course.  [<  h.^^gradns,  degree,  step.] —  grad'"- 
ii-a'tion,  71.    The  act  of  graduating. 

g^aft'',  graft,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  insert  into  a 
tree,  as  a  graft;  insert  a  graft  into  (a  tree).  2. 
To  incorporate;  unite  vitally.  II.  i.  To  insert 
grafts. 

graft,  n.  1.  A  shoot  inserted  into  a  tree  or 
plant,  so  as  to  live  as  a  vital  part  of  it.  2. 
Something  united  or  amalgamated  with  a  for- 
eign stock.  [<  Gr.oF  (/rapheion,  style,  pencil.] 
—  grafting,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  Insert- 
ing a  graft. 

grail,  grel,  n.  A  broad 
bowl  or  chalice;  in  medie- 
val legend,  the  cup  used  by 
Christ  at  the  Last  Supper; 
the  Sangreal,  or  Holy 
Grail.     [<  OF.  greal.] 

g^raln,  greu.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
1.  To  form  into  grains; 
granulate.  2.  To  paint  or 
stain  in  imitation  of  the 
grain  of  wood,  etc.  11.  n. 
1.  Any  very  small,  hard 
mass;  &s,  &  grain  of  Band:     ,,,,.,-,     ^,. 

R  sppfl-    k   kprtipl-    minntP    ,  1-  Method  of  cutting 

a  seea,.  a  Kernel,  mmute  ^p  tonjrue=ff rafting, 
particle.    2.  Cereals,   col 


Grafting. 


tongue=grafting 
howing    shape    of 


lectively.    3.  A  weight,  the    tongue.    2.  Graft  and 

Vtooo  part  of  a  pound  av-  «to?k  bound  together. 

nirdiinnis  4.      TpvtnrP-    ^-   Protection    of   the 

OiraupoiS.         4.     lexture,    union  by  a  ball  of  clay. 

fineness  of  surface;  direc- 
tion or  set  of  fibers  or  the  like.    5.  Innate 
quality  or  character.  [OF.,  <  L.  (/rar/wm, grain.] 

g^am,         (  gram,  n.    In  the  metric  system,  a 

gramme,  f  weight:  15.43  troy  grains.  [<  F. 
gramme,  <  Gr.  gramma,  writing.] 

8:rain''^i-na'ceou8,  gram'i-ne'shius,  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  grass  or  the  grass  family  ( Graniin- 
esB).  [<  L.  gramineiis,  <  gramen,  grass.] 
grra  -  miii  'e  -  alt ;  srva  -  niin  'c  -  oust.— 
Krain'''i>iiiv'o-rou8,  a.    Feeding  upon  grass. 

grami'mar,  gram'ar,  n.  The  science  that 
treats  of  the  correct  use  of  language;  the  art 
of  speaking  and  writing  a  language  correctly; 
a  treatise  on  this  subject;  any  elementary 
treatise.  [<  Gr.f  gramma,  letter.]  —  gram- 
ma'ri-an,  gram-mC'ri-an,  n.  One  skilled  In 
grammar;  a  writer  or  compiler  of  grammars; 
anciently,  any  learned  person.  —  (rrain-mat'- 
ic-al,  a.  1.  Based  on  the  principles  of  gram- 
mar, tj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  grammar.  Krain- 
mat'irt.  —  Kram-mat'ic-al-Iy,  adr. 

g^am^pus,  gram'pus,  n.  A  large  dolpliin^like 
cetjvcean.     [<  Sp.  grand pez,  gTQat&Bh.] 

g:ran'a-ry ,  gran'a-ri,  n.  [-kies»,  j)l.'\  A  store- 
house for  grain.  [<  L.  granarium,  <  gra- 
num,  grain.] 

g^rand,  grand,  a.  1.  Magnificent  or  imposing; 
stately;  exalted;  inspiring.  2.  Preeminent; 
noble;  chief.     [F.,  <  L.  grandis,  great.] 

— If  raiid'ly,  «</».— ijcra"iid'iieH8,«.— flrraii'- 
dam,  vran'daiiKN  n.  A  grandmother;  an  old 
woman.—  (rraiid^child'',  n.  The  child  of  one's 
son  or  daughter. —  8rraiid'daiiirli"t«'r.  n.— 
irrand'fa'''tlicr,  n.  The  father  of  one's  fatlier 
orinother.  frrand'pa^'tj  Rrand'pa-pa"t.— 
irrand^inoth^'er,   «.    The  mother  of  one's 


father  or  mother.  grand'ina''t :  grand'aia- 
ma''t.— grand^par'^eut,  n.  The  parent  of 
one's  parent.— grand'sire'',  n.  A  grandfather; 
any  male  ancestor  preceding  a  father.— gran  d'- 
son'",  n.    The  son  of  one's  child. 

g^an-dee',  gran-dl',  n.  A  Spanish  nobleman. 
[<  L.^p  grandis,  great.] 

g^an'deur,  gran'jur  or  -diyr,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  grand;  sublimity;  magnificence;  dis- 
tinction; display.     [F.,  <  L.  grandis,  grand.] 

gran  -  dil'o  -  g.uent,  gran-dil'o-cwgnt,  a. 
Pompous  or  bombastic  in  style.  [<  L.  gra7i- 
dis,  grand,  +  loquen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  loquor, 
speak.]  —  gran-dil'o-quence,  n. 

grange,  grenj,  n.  A  farm,  with  its  dwelling* 
hou^e.     [<  \jM''^^^  granum,  grain.] 

g^an'it(e,  gran'it,  n.  A  rock  composed  of 
quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica, 
of  great  strength,  and  ta- 
king a  high  polish.  [  <  It. 
granito.^—^ra-rxWw,  a. 
Of  or  like  granite. 

gra-niv'o-rous,  gra- 
niv'o-rus,  a.  Living  on 
grain  or  seeds.  [<  L 
<7ran?/7w, grain, -1-wro,  eat  ] 

grant,  grant.    1^.  tt.    1. 
To  bestow;  confer.    2.  To     Micmstnicturc  of 
admit  as  true;  concede.    3.  Granite. 

To  transfer  (property)  by  a  grant.  11.  n.  1. 
The  act  of  granting.  2.  The  thing  granted. 
3.  An  admission;  concession.  [<  OF.granter, 

<  L.  creden{t-)9,  ppr.  of  credo,  believe.] 

—  grant-ee',  grgnt-I',  n.  The  person  to 
whom  property  or  rights  are  granted.— gr  anth- 
er, n.  One  who  grants.  —  gralit'or,  grgnt'gr, 
n.    Laic.    The  maker  of  a  legal  grant. 

g^ran'u-lar,  ^ran'yu-lar,  a.  Composed  of, 
like,  or  containing  grains  or  granules,  gran'- 
u-lousj. 

gran'u-late,  gran'yu-let,  t\  [-la'ted**;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  form  into  gi-ains.  2.  To 
roughen  the  surface  of  by  granules.  II.  i. 
To  become  granular.     [<  L.  granvm,  grain.] 

—  gran'^u-la'tion,  n.  1.  The  forming  into 
grains  or  granules,  rj.  A  granulated  surface. 
3.  The  forming  of  new  tissue,  as  In  the  healing 
of  wounds-. 

gran'ule,  gran'yul,  n.  A  small  grain;  parti- 
cle; corpuscle.  —  gran'u-lous,  a. 

grape,  grep,  n.  1.  The  fruit  of  the  grape- 
vine; also,  the  vine.  2.  Mil.  Grape-shot.  [< 
OF.  grape,  <  OIIG.  clirapho,  hook.] 

—  gra'per-y,  gre'pgr-I,  n.  A  building  or  en- 
closure for  the  growing  of  grapes. —  grape's 
shot'',  n.  A  cluster  of  cast-iron 
shot,  to  be  discharged  from  a  can- 
non.—g.sstone,  «.  A  seed  of  the 
grape.— g.sTiue,  n.  The  vine  that 
bears  grapes. 

-graph,  mMx.  Denoting  that  which 
writes  or  that  which  is  written;  as, 
\ihox\ogvaph.  \_<  Gr.  -graphos, 
-writer. -writing,  <  qrapho,  write.] 
graph'ic,  1  graMc,  -al,  a.  1.  ^Charge  of 
graph'ic-al,  ("Pertaining  to  the  Gmpe-shot. 
art  of  writing;  recorded  in  writing.  2.  Illus- 
trating ideas  by  pictures  or  diagrams;  descri- 
l)ing  with  pictorial  effect.     [  <  Gr.  graphikos, 

<  f/rapfid,  write.]    -ly,  adv. 
gnraph'ite,  graf'ait,  ti.    Mineral.    A  variety 

of  carbon:  used  as  a  lubricant  in  the  making 
of  lead-pencils,  etc.  —  jsra-plill'lc,  a. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  they,  us^ge;  It,  |,  1  (ee);  o,  oh;  arat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


211 


-graphy 
great 


Grapnel. 


-grapliy,  siiffix.  Description;  writing:  used  in 
in  such  words  as  geography,  hlogt'aphy,  naming 
a  descriptive  science.  L<  L-  -graphia,  <  Gr. 
-graphia,  writing,  <  f/rojo^r^,  write. ] 

grap''nel,  grap'nel,  n.  1.  A  device  for  grap- 
pling.  grap'- 
plingd^ron;.  2. 
A  lioafs  anclior  witli 
many  flukes.  [Ult.  < 
OF.  grapin,  dim.  of  ^^: 
r/rape,  hook.]  '■     ^ 

grap'plcgrap'l.  I. 
tt.  &  vi.  [grap'- 
pled;  grap'pling.] 
To  take  hold  of: 
seize;  clinch;  con- 
tend. II.  n.  1.  A 
close  hold,  as  in  wrestling.  2.  A  grapnel. 
[<  OF.  grappil,  grapnel.] 

grasp,  grasp.  I^  it.  To  seize  with  the 
hand;  embrace  firmly;  hold  in  possession: 
comprehend.  11.  n.  1.  A  gripe  or  grip  of 
the  hand;  enclosing  compressure.  2.  The 
ability  to  seize  and  hold;  possession:  compre- 
hension.    [<  AS.  gi'apian;  see  grope.] 

—  jrrasp'iiig,  ;x/.  Greedy  of  gain;  avaricious. 
grass,  grgs,  n.    1.  The  green  plants  on  which 

cattle  feeS.  2.  Bot.  Any  graminaceous  plant 
with  hollow,  jointed  stems  and  sheathing 
leaves.  [<  AS.  {7/'^.*.]  —  ^rass'liop'^per,  //. 
An  Insect  having  stout  and  - 

powerful  thighs  adapted  for 
leaping. —  grass'y,  a. 
Abounding  in,  covered  with, 
or  resembling  grass.— 
8:ra!!is'i-nes8,  n. 
grate', gret,t7.  [gra'ted'';  ^  ^, 
gra'ting.]  I.  ^  1.  To  Grasshopper, 
rub  together  with  a  harsh  sound.  2.  To  wear 
away  in  minute  particles  by  rubbing.  11.  i.  1 , 
To  rub  roughly  and  with  harsh  sound.  2.  To 
cause  mental  irritation.  [  <LL.f  f/ro^o. scratch.] 

—  gra'ter,  «.  One  who  or  that  which  grates; 
a  utensil  with  a  rough  surface  for  grating  sub- 
stances.—grafting,  l.pa.  Harsh  in  sound;  rasp- 
ing; Irritating.  II.  M.  The  act  or  sound  of  rasping. 

grate^d,  tt.     To  fit  with  a  grate  or  with  bars. 

grate,  //.  A  framework  of  bars,  as  to  close 
an  opening,  or  to  hold  fuel  in  burning.  [< 
L-ii-  crafis,  hurdle.]    gra'tingj. 

gprate-'ful,  gret'ful,  o.  1.  Having  or  express- 
ing a  due  sense  of  benefits  received;  thankful. 
2.  Affording  gratification.  [<  L.  gratus, 
pleasing.]     -Ty,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

grat'i-fy,  graVi-fai,  t'/.  [-fied- -fy"ing.]  1. 
To  please,  as  by  satisfying  a  desire  or  need. 
2i|.  To  recompense,  reward,  or  give  a  gratuity 
to.  [<  L.F  gratifico,  <  grains,  kind;  and  see 
-FY.]— grat^i-fl-ca'tion,  grat"i-fi-ke'shun,  n. 
1.  The  act  of  gratifying;  a  satisfying  or  pleasing. 
ti.  The  state  of  being  gratified.  3.  That  which 
gratifies;  a  reward. 

gra'tis,  gre'tis  or  gra'tis,  adv.  Without  rec- 
ompense: freely.    [L.J 

grat'i-tude,  grat'i-tiud,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing grateful;  thankfulness. 

g:ra-tu'i-tous,  gra-tiu'i-tus,  a.  Given  with- 
out recompense,  as  a  benefit,  or  without  prov- 
ocation, as  an  insult.  [<  L.  gratuitiis,  < 
gratia,  favor. ]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  W.— gra-tu'- 
i-ty,  n.  [-TIES*,  p/.]  That  which  is  given  gra- 
tuitously; a  present;  donation. 


gjrave,  grev,  vi.  [graved;  graved  or  gra'- 
VEN,  gre'vn;  gra'ving.]  To  engrave;  sculp- 
ture; impress  deeply.     [<  AS.  gr-afan.'] 

grave,  a.  1.  Of  momentous  import.  2.  Seri- 
ous, as  in  mind,  manner,  or  speech.  3.  Sober 
in  color  or  fashion.  [F.,  <  L.  gravu,  heavy.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

grave,  n.  1.  An  excavation  in  the  earth  for 
the  burial  of  a  dead  body.  2.  Hence,  destruc- 
tion or  ruin;  the  abode  of  the  dead.  [<  AS. 
grspf,  <  grafan,  dig.]  —  grave'stone'',  n.  A 
memorial  stone,  placed  at  a  grave.— grave'- 
yard'',  n.    A  burialeground;  cemetery. 

g^rav'el,  grav'el.  I.  vt.  [grav'eled  or 
grav'elled;  grav'el-ing  or  gr a v 'el-ling.] 
1.  To  cover  or  fill  with  gravel.  2.  To  run  (a 
vessel)  aground;  bring  up  short:  embarrass; 
perplex.  II.  n.  1.  A  mixture  of  sand  and 
pebbles.  2.  A  disease  characterized  by  forma- 
tion in  the  kidneys  of  granular  concretions. 
[<  OF.  gravele.]  —  grav'el-ly,  a.  Consisting 
of  or  abounding  in  gravel. 

gra'ver,  gre'vgr,  n.  An  engraver;  formerly,  a 
sculptor;  a  burin  or  chisel.  [<  As.  grsefere, 
<  grafan,  dig.] 

grav'i-tate,  grav'i-tet,  vi.  [-TA"TEDd;  -ta"- 
TiNG.]     To  tend  by  or  as  by  force  of  gravity. 

grav'^i-ta-'tion,  grav"i-te'shun,  rt.  The  force 
with  which  all  bodies  attract  each  other;  any  at- 
traction or  tendency,  physical,  mental,  or  mor- 
al, toward  some  particular  object. 

grav'i-ty ,  grav'i-ti. //.  [-tiess»/.]  1.  Grav- 
itation; weight.  2.  The  quality  of  being 
grave;  importance;  seriousness;  sedateness. 
[<  L.  grar}fa(t-)s,  <  gravis,  heavy.] 

gra'vy,  gre'vi,  ?;.  [gra'vies^,  ^;^.]  The  liquid 
(fat  and  juice)  that  drips  from  cooked  meat, 
or  a  sauce  made  from  it. 

gray,  I  gre.    I.  a.     1.    Of  mingled  white  and 

grey,  (black.  2.  Having  gray  hair;  hoary; 
old;  aged.  II.  ji.  A  gray  color;  something 
gray;  a  gray  animal.    [<  AS.  gi'ieg.]  -ness,  n. 

srray'lioiind'',  n.    Same  as  greyhound. 

gray'ling,  gre'ling,  n.  A  small  trout-like  fish. 

grazei,  grez,  v.    [grazed;  gra'zing.]     I.  /. 

1.  To  cause  to  feed  upon  herbage.  2.  To  eat 
herbage  from,  as  a  pasture.  3.  To  tend  while 
at  pasture.    II.  i.  1.  To  eat  growing  herbage. 

2.  To  yield  grass.  [<  AS.  grasian,  <  grxs, 
grass.]  —  gra'zer, /I.— gra'zier,  gre'zhgr,  v. 
One  who  pastures  or  deals  in  cattle. 

graze2,grez,  tJ.  [grazed;  gra'zing.]  I.  t. 
To  touch  or  rub  lightly  in  passing;  abrade. 
II.  i.  To  give  something  a  passing  touch; 
produce  an  abrasion.     [Perhaps  =  grazei,??.] 

g^rease,  gris  or  grlz.  I.  vl.  [greased,  grist 
or  grtzd;  greas'ing.]  To  smear  with  grease; 
make  to  move  easily  or  run  smoothly.  II. 
gris,  n.  1.  Animal  fat;  any  unctuous  sub- 
stance. 2.  An  inflammation  of  a  horse's 
heels.     [  <  F.  graisse,  <  L.  crassvs,  fat.] 

—  greas'y,  gris'l,  «.  [gbeas'i-ee;  greas'i- 
est.]  Smeared  with,  containing,  or  like  grease; 
oily.- greas'i-ly,  adv.—  gre As'i'iiess,  n. 

great,  gret,  a.  1.  Of  unusually  large  mass, 
quantity,  number,  or  duration;  big;  vast; 
numerous;  prolonged.  2.  Of  considerable 
degree;  extreme.  3.  Important;  mighty;  mo- 
mentous. 4.  Having  large  mental,  moral,- or 
other  endowments  ;  eminent ;  distinguished. 


Hutjure  (future);   aisle;   au  (awt);    oil;  c  (k);  cliat;   db  {the)\   go;  sing,  ink;  tUiu, 


grebe 
grippe 


212 


5.  High*minded;  magnanimous;  grand.  6. 
More  remote  by  one  generation  tlian  that  indi- 
cated by  tlie  qualified  word;  as,  ^rrea^'grand- 
fatlier,  etc.  [<  AS.  great.']  —  great'ly,  adv. 
—  great'ness,  n.— great'coat'^  n.  A  heavy 
overcoat. 

grebe,  grib,  n.     A  4»toed  diving  bird  without 
taiNfeathers.    [<  F.  grebe., 
<  Bret.  A;n6,  comb.] 

Gre'cian,  gri'shan.  I.  a. 
Greek.  Tt.  n.  1.  A  Greek. 
2.  A  Greek  scholar. 

Gre'cism,  gri'sizm,  n.  A 
Greek  idiom, 

greed,  grid,  n.  Eager  and 
selfish  desire;  greediness; 
avarice.  [<  AS.  grsed.] 
—  greed'y,  a.  [gkeed'i- 
EK;  greed'i-est.]  1,  Hav- 
ing an  excessive  appetite 
for  food  or  drink.  2.  Avari- 
cious.—greed'i-ly,  adv.— 
greed'i-ness,  n. 

Greek,  grtk.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Greece  or  the 
Greeks;  Grecian;  resembling  the  Greeks.  II. 
n.  One  of  the  people  of  Greece;  the  Greek 
language:  a  Greek  scholar.  [<  L.  Grsecus,< 
Gr.  Graikos,  Greek.] 

green,  grin.  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  ordinary  color 
of  growing  plants.  2.  Unripe;  immature.  3. 
New;  fresh.  4.  Pale;  sickly;  wan.  5.  Vigor- 
ous; flourishing;  fresh.  II.  n.  1.  A  green 
hue,  object,  or  pigment.  2.  A  plot  of  gras8= 
land,  or  a  common.  3.  pi.  The  leaves  and 
stems  of  young  plants  used  as  food.  [<  AS. 
gr'^ne,  <  |/  of  grow.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— 
green'back'',  n.  A  legal=tender  note  of  the 
United  States.— Kreeii'8:ro''cer,  n.  A  retailer 
of  fresh  vegetables.-  greeii'liorii'',  n.  [Col- 
loq.]  An  Inexperienced  person;  a  novice.— 
irreen'house'',  n.  A  building  covered  with 
glass,  for  the  protection  of  exotics  or  other  tender 
plants.— creen'ish,  a.  Somewhat  green;  Inex 
peiienced.— jfr<«eii'rooin'%  grtn'rum^ 


Crested  Grebe. 


The 


common  waiflng=room  for  performers  in  a  thea- 
ter.—green'shaiik'',  n.  A  Europeau  sandpiper 
with  greenlsh»gray  legsjmd  feet.— 
Kreen'8ward'%  n. 
with  grass. 
greet'',  grit,  v.  I.  t. 
salutations  to  either  in 
person  or  in  writing; 
accost.  II.  i.  To 
meet  and  salute.  [< 
AS.  gr7(a7i.]—f^reeV- 
iiiK,  n.  Salutation; 
welcome. 

gre-ga'ri-ous,    gr§. 
ge'ri-us,   a.     Associa- 
ting in  flocks  or  com 
panics.       L<   L 
-ly,  adv.    >nci!iM,  n. 

gre-nade',  gr§-ned'  or  gren-ad',  n.    Alii.    An 
explosive  shell,  to  be  thrown  oy  hand.     [P.] 

—  uren'^a-dier',  greiru-dir',  n.  1.  Origi- 
nally, a  soldier  who  threw  hand-grenades,  "i. 
Later,  a  member  of  a  regiment  composed  of  men 
of  great  stature. 

urrew,  imp.  of  grow,  v. 

irrey,  arrey'beard'',  etc.    Same  as  gray,  etc. 

greyliound",  grfi'haund",  n.     A  tall,  very 
slender  hunting-dog,  noted  for  keen  eight  and 


Greenshank.   Vs 
gregarim,    <  grex,  flock.] 


swiftness.  [<  Ice.  grey,  dog,  grej'hound,  -{- 
hundr,  hound.]    gray'liound'':}:. 

grid'dle,  grid'l,  n.  1.  A  shallow  pan,  for 
baking  or  frying  thin  cakes.  2.  A  cover  for  a 
hole  in  a  cooking»stove.     [<  W.  gredylL] 

grid^i'^ron,  gria'Qi"urn,  n.  A  grated  utensil 
for  broiling,  or  a  structure  or  construction  re- 
sembling it.     [<  ME.  gridire,  griddle.] 

grief,  grif,  w.  1,  Sorrow,  as  from  affliction; 
regret;  lamentation.  2.  A  cause  of  sorrow; 
aftliction;  grievance.  [F.,  <  L.  {/;'a?;w,  heavy.] 

griev(e,  griv,    v.     [griev(e)d;   griev'ing.] 

I.  t.    To  oppress  with  grief;  afflict  mentally. 

II.  i.  To  be  distressed;  sorrow.  [<  L.^ 
gravo,  oppress.]  — griev'ance,  n.  A  cause  of 
annoyance;  wrong  done.— griev'oiis,  a.  Caus- 
ing grief,  distress,  or  Injury;  mournful;  painful; 
harmful;  distressing;  severe.— griev'ous-ly, 
ar/??.— griev'ous-ness,  n. 

griffin,  grif'in,  n.  1.  A  fabulous  creature, 
half  lion,  half  eagle.  2.  One  who  guards  or 
watches  a  thing  intently.  [<  Gr.^+F  gryps, 
fabulous  creature.]    grirfon:^ . 

grild,  gril,  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  broil.  2.  To  tor- 
ment.    II.  i.    To  be  broiled  or  fretted. 

grim,  grim,  a.  Stern  and  forbidding;  harsh; 
unyielding;  formidable.     [<  AS.  gnjn.'] 

—  grimily,  «f?r.— grim'iiess,  n. 
gri-mace',  gri-mes'.    I.  ri.    To  make  gri- 
maces.   II.  n.    A  contemptuous  distortion  of 
the  features;  a  hypocritical  expression  of  feel- 
ing.    [F.;  cp.  grim  and  grin,  «.] 

g^ri-mal^'kin,  gri-mel'kin,  n.    An  old  cat. 

grime,  graim.  I.  rt.  [grimed;  gri'ming.] 
To  make  dirty;  begrime.  117  w.  That  which 
soils;  dirt  ground  in.     [Scand.]  —  gri'my,  a. 

grin,  grin.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [grinned;  grin'- 
NiNG.l  To  make  by  grinning;  expose  the 
closed  teeth,  as  in  suppressed  laughter.  II.  n. 
The  act  of  grinning;  a  broad  smile.  [<  AS. 
g?mnian.] 

g^ind,  graind,  v.  [ground,  ground;  grind'- 
iNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  reduce  to  fine  particles,  as 
by  crushing  and  friction.  2.  To  sharpen,  as 
on  a  grindstone.  3.  To  rub,  wear,  or  chafe; 
oppress  by  exactions;  afflict  cruelly;  harass. 
II.  i.  1.  To  perforin  or  be  8ul).iected  to  the 
operation  of  grinding;  be  chafed,  polished,  or 
sharpened  by  rubbing.  2.  To  work  laboriously 
and  mechanically.     [<  AS.  gn»dan.] 

—  srrind'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
grinds;  a  molar  tooth.  — ifriiid'Ntoue'%  >i.  A 
flat  circular  stone  so  hung  that  it  can  be  rotated 
upon  an  axis,  as  for  sharpening  tools. 

grip,  grip.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [gripped';  orip'ping.] 
To  gripe;  grasp.  II.  w.  1.  The  act  of  grasp- 
ing flrmly;  a  Arm  grasp.  2.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
A  valise,  grip'sack^t.  3.  That  part  of  a 
thing  by  which  it  is  grasped;  a  handle;  also, 
a  gripping  mechanism.  4.  Ability  to  seize  and 
hold.    [<  AS.  grlpan,  seize.] 

g^ripe,  grnip.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [griped';  gri'- 
piNG.j  1.  To  seize  and  hold  flrmly;  grasp.  2. 
To  give  pain  to  (the  bowels);  distress;  suffer 
distress;  be  extortionate.  II.  «.  1.  A  fast 
or  firm  hold;  grip;  oppressive  control.  2.  i)l. 
Intermittent  pains  in  the  bowels.  3.  A  handle; 
band;  fastening.     {<  A'A.  gnpan.] 

grippe,  I  grip  or  grip,  n.     Severe  influenza  or 

grip,       S  epidemic  catarrh.    [F.] 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  birt,  or; 


^1^ 


g^rlsly 
gjrow 


g^ris'ly,  griz'li,  a.  Savage=looking;  fear-^inspir- 

ing.    [<  AS.  g'?t«^c,  terrible.] 
g^rist,  grist,  n.     1.  A  portion  of  grain  to  be 

ground.     2.  A  supply;  provision.     [AS.] 

—  grist'sinill''',  m.  A  mill  for  grinding  grain. 
gris'tle,  gris'l,  ?i.    Cartilage,  especially  when 

in  meat.     [AS.]  —  gris^tly,  gris'li,  a.    Of  or 

like  gristle. 
grit',  grit,  n.     1.  Rough,  hard  particles;  sand 

or  gravel;  a  compact  sandstone.    2.  Firmness 

of  character,  especially  in    pain  or  danger; 

pluck;  courage.    [<  AS.  ^rfo/,  dust.]  —  grit'- 

ty,  grit' 1,  a.    1.  Containing  or  consisting  of  grit. 
"Z.  [U.  S.l  Full  of  pluck.— srrit'ti-ness,  n. 
grit^,  n.    1.  Coarse  meal.    2.  pi.  Grain  hulled 

or  granulated.     [<  AS.  (/rytt,  flour,  bran.] 
griz''zle,  griz'l,  n.    A  mixture  of  white  and 

black;  gray.     [<  OIIG.^^^  g?'is,  gray.] 

—  griz'zled,  a.  Gray.— "griz'^zly,  a.  Gray- 
ish; somewhat  gray.— grizzly  bear,  a  large, 
ferocious,  griz- 
zly^gray  or 
brownish  bear 
of  western 
North  Amer- 
ica. 

groan,  grOn. 
I.  ri.  To  utter 
a  low,  contin- 
ued, distress- 
ful sound, as  in 


pain  or  sorrow. 
II.  n.    A  low. 


Grizzly  Bear, 


murmuring  sound,  as  of  distress:  used  also 
figuratively.     [<  AS.  grdnian.] 

groat,  grot,  n.  A  former  English  silver  coin : 
fourpence;  a  trifle.     [<  LG.  grofe,  a  coin.] 

groats,  grots,  n.  jjI.  Hulled  and  crushed  oats 
or  wheat.     [<  AS.  grdtan.] 

gro'cer,  grO'sgr,  n.  One  who  deals  in  grocer- 
ies.   [<  LL.oF  grossarius,  <  grossus,  great.] 

—  gro'cer-y,  gro'sgr-l,  n.  1.  [-ies«,  pi.} 
[U.S.]  A  grocer's  store  or  shop.  "Z,  pi-  House- 
hold supplies  for  the  table. 

g^og.  greg,  n.  A  mixture  of  spirits  and  wa- 
ter; any  intoxicating  drink.  [<  'Oki  Grog,\ 
a  nickname  of  Admiral  Vernon  (1684-1757).] 

—  grog':sliop'%  n.    A  liquor  ^saloon. 
grog'ram,  greg'ram,  n.     A  former  coarse 

fabric  of  silk  and  mohair.  [<  OF.  gros,  gross, 
coarse,  +  grain,  grain.] 

groin,  grein.  I.  vt.  To  form  into  groins,  as 
arches.  II.  n.  1.  Anat.  The  crease  where 
the  thigh  joins  the  abdomen.  2.  Arch.  The 
line  of  intersection  of  two  vaults;  intersecting 
vaulting.     [<  Ice.  grein,  branch,  arm.] 

g^room,  grum.  I.  vt.  To  take  care  of,  as  a 
horse.  II.  n.  1.  A  person  who  cares  for 
horses  in  the  stable;  hostler.  2.  A  bridegroom. 
3;i.  A  menial;  page;  servitor.  [<  Ice.  gromr 
man,  servant.]  —  grooms'man,  n.  The  man 
who  attends  the  bridegroom  at  a  wedding. 

grroov(e,  grhv.  I.  t^t.  [groov(e)d;  groov'ing.] 
To  form  a  groove  in;  fix  in  a  groove;  shape 
like  a  groove.  II.  n.  1.  A  furrow,  channel, 
or  long  hollow,  especially  as  cut  by  a  tool.  2. 
A  fixed  routine.     [<  D.  groef,  groere,  grave.] 

g^rope,  grop,  'ct.  &  vi.  [groped';  gro'ping.] 
To  search  out,  as  in  the  dark;  feel  one's  way; 
search  uncertainly.  [<  AS.  grdpian,  <  grdp, 
grip] 


gros^beak^',  grOs'bik",  n.     One  of  various 
small   birds    hav- 
ing a  large  stout 
beak.    f<  gross, 

-|-BEAK,  n,.] 

gross,  gros,  a.  1. 
Large  and  coarse; 
glaring,  as  an  er- 
ror or  fault.  2. 
Entire.  3.  Coarse 
in  meaning.  4. 
Dull  of  apprehen-  Rose^breasted  Grosbeak,  i/io 
sion  or  feeling. 
[<  LL.F  grossus,  thick.]    -ly,  adt).    -ness,  n. 

gross,  w.     [gross,  j^/.]     1.  Twelve  dozen,  as  a 
unit.  2.  The  greater  part;  mass;  entire  amount. 
—  great  gross,  twelve  gross,  as  a  unit. 

grot,  gret,  n.    [Poet.]     A  grotto. 

gro-tesq.ue',  gro-tesc',  a.  Incongruously  com- 
posed or  ill=proportioned;  ludicrously  odd  or 
extravagant;  fantastic.     [F.,  <  It.  grotiesca, 

<  grotfa,  grotto.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  ?i. 
grot'to,  gret'O,  n.    A  small  picturesque  cavern 

or  a  caveni'like  retreat.  [<  It.  grotta,  <  L."- 
cnjpta,  CRYPT.] 

ground"*,  ground,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  fix  firmly; 
found;  establish.  2.  To  train  in  flrst  princi- 
ples. 3.  To  put,  place,  or  set  on  or  in  the 
ground ;  run  aground.  II.  i.  1 .  To  run  aground, 
as  a  ship.    2.  To  come  or  fall  to  the  ground. 

ground,  imp.  &  pp.  of  grind,  v. 

ground,  a.  Being  on  the  ground  or  on  a  level 
with  it;  fundamental.— ground  floor,  the  floor 
of  a  building  at  or  near  the  ground^level;  an  ad- 
vantageous position,  as  in  business. 

ground,  n.  1.  The  surface  of  the  earth ;  land; 
a  region  or  tract  of  land.  2.  A  base  or  founda- 
tion; also,  a  starting»point;  reason.  3.;>/.  Dregs. 
[  <  AS.  grund.'\  —  ground'shog'',  n.  The 
woodchuck.—  grounil'less,  a.  Without  foun- 
dation, reason,  or  cause,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

—  ground'ling,  ?i.  1.  Any  animal  that  lives 
on  the  ground.  tj.  An  underling  or  base 
person.—  gronnd'uut''',     n.       A    peanut.— 

:plan,  n.    The  horizontal  plan  of  the  ground 
ioor  of  a  building;  a  preliminary  plan  of  any  kind. 

—  g.splot,  n.  A  bullding=lot;  also,  a  ground* 
plan.— g.srent,  n.  The  rent  of  grounds  leased 
for  building.-  ground'work'',  n.  A  funda- 
mental part;  basis. 

group,  grup.  I',  vt.  &  m.  To  form  into  a 
group  or  groups.  II.  n.  A  small  assemblage 
or  collection;  company;  cluster.  [<  It.*"' 
gruppo,  heap.] 

grouse,  grans,  n.  One  of  various  game-birds, 
somewhat  smaller  than  the  domestic  hen,  with 
mottled  plumage,  known  as  the  prairie^Jien, 
sage^cock,  etc.    [Ult.  <  OHG.  gris,  gray.] 

g^rout'y,  graut'i,  a.  Turbid,  as  liquor;  roily; 
surly;  sulky. 

g^ove,  grOv,  n.  A  small  wood,  especially  when 
cleared  of  underbrush.     [<  AS.  grdf.'\ 

grov'el,  grev'l,  x'l.  [-eled  or  -elled;  -el- 
iNG  or  -EL-LING.]  1.  To  Creep  on  the  earth; 
lie  abjectly  prostrate.  2.  To  delight  in  what 
is  low.— grov'el-er,  grov'el-ler,  n. —  grov'- 
el-ing,  grov'el-Iing,  grov'1-ing,  tm.  Lying 
prostrate;  abject;  low;  mean;  sordid.  [Prop,  adv., 

<  Ice.  (jrufa,  flat  on  the  ground.]    -ly,  adv. 
g^ow,  grO,  V.     [grew,  grQ;  grown;  grow'- 

ING.]    I.  t.    To  cause  to  spring  up  and  mature. 


fo 


fiutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ©11;   c  (k);    cliat;   dh  {th€)\  go;   sing,  ink;  thin. 


I 


guinea 


^14 


II.  i.  1.  To  increase  in  bulk,  as  a  living  or- 
ganism. 2.  To  be  produced  by  vegetation.  3. 
To  pass  to  a  certain  state;  as,  to  g?viv  cold.  4. 
To  become  fixed  or  attached:  with  to.  [<  AS. 
f/ro/van.]  —  grow'er,  n. 

girowl,  graul.  I.  vt.  &  ti.  To  utter  in  a  surly 
tone;  utter  a  growl;  find  fault;  grumble.  II. 
n.  The  guttural  threatening  sound  made  by  an 
angry  animal;  angry  faultfinding;  grumbling. 
[Cp.  D.  (/rollen,  grumble.] 

jfrown,  gron,  pp.  of  gbow,  v. 

growth,  grOth,  w.  1.  The  gradual  increase  of 
a  living  organism  by  natural  process;  any 
gradual  increase ;  augmentation ;  progress ;  pro- 
motion. 2.  Anythmg  grown  or  produced; 
product;  effect.  [<  Ice.  grodar,  <  groa,  grow.] 

g^ubjgrub.  vt.&vi.  [grubbed;  grub'bing.] 
To  dig  up  or  out;  dig  up  by  the  roots;  dig  by 
scratching  up  the  ground;  do  menial  labor; 
drudge.     [ME.  grubben,  grobben;  cp.  grope.] 

—  ifrub'ber.  n. 

grub,  n.    The  larva  of  an  insect. 

grudge,  gruj.  I.  'vt.  [grudged;  grudg'ing.] 
To  envy  one  the  possession  of;  begrudge.  II. 
n.  1.  Ill  will  cherished,  as  for  some  remem- 
bered wrong.  2.  Reluctance.  \_<  0¥ .  grouch- 
er,  murmur.]  —  grudg'ing-ly,  adv. 

gfru'el,  gru'el,  n.  A  semiliquid  food  made  by 
boiling  meal  in  water  or  milk.  [<  LL^^  gru- 
tdbim,  dim.  of  grutum.,  meal.] 

grufif,  gruf,  a.  Rough  or  morose;  surly.  [< 
D.  groj\  coarse,  loud.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

g^um,  grum,  a.  1.  Morose,  sullen,  or  sour; 
surly.  2.  Guttural.  [<  AS.  gram,  grom.,  angry.] 

grum'tolCe,  grum'bl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [grum'- 
bl(e)d;  grum'bling.]  To  express  complain- 
ingly;  to  murmur;  growl;  mutter.  II.??.  The 
act  of  grumbling;  a  complaint;  murmur.  [< 
MD.  grommelen,  freq.  of  grommen.,  grumble.] 

—  gruin'bler,   n.     One   who  grumbles    or 
complains. 

g^runt,  grunt.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  in  a  gut- 
tural manner;  emit  a  deep  guttural  sound; 
murmur;  complain.  II,  n.  A  short,  guttural 
sound,  as  of  a  nog.  [<  AS.  gninian,  grunt.]  — 
grunt'er,  n.  A  person  or  animal  that  grunts, 
especially  a  hog. 

gua''no,  gwfl'nO,  n.  The  accumulated  excre- 
ment of  sea-birds:  used  as  a  fertilizer.  [< 
Peruv.  huann,  dung.] 

guar''an-tee',  gar"an-tl'.  I.  vt.  [-teed'; 
-tee'ing.]  1.  To  promise  or  warrant  the  per- 
formance of.  2.  To  secure  against  loss  or 
damage.  II.  n.  1.  A  guaranty.  2.  One  to 
whom  a  guaranty  is  given;  less  correctly,  a 
guarantor.  —  giiar'an-tor'%  gar'an-tSr",  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  guarantees  or  warrants. 

guar'an-ty,  gar'an-ti.  I.  rf.  [-tied,  tid; 
-TY-iN(j.]  Same  as  guarantee.  II.  n.  [-ties*, 
pi.]  An  undertaking  by  one  i)er«on  to  be  an- 
swerable for  some  obligation  of  another;  the  act 
of  making  sure,  or  tliat  which  assures.  [<  OF. 
garantie,  fern.  pp.  of  garantif,  warrant.] 

guard,  gflrd.  I^.rt.&vi.  To  protect;  defend; 
watcli  or  watch  over;  be  on  one's  guard.  II. 
n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which  protects  or  de- 
fends. 2.  A  state  of  watchful  oversight;  an 
atittude  or  condition  of  defense.  3.  Any  pro- 
tecting device;  as,  a  watchguard.  4.  One  hav- 
ing charge,  as  of  a  train,  or  of  baggage  on  a 


railway.  [<  OF.  garder,  warder.,  <  MIIG. 
warten,  watch.]  —  guard'ed,  gard'ed,  pa. 
Exhibiting  caution;  circumspect,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  «.  — guard'i-au,  gard'i-an.  I.  a. 
Keeping  guard;  watching.  II.  n.  1.  A  person 
who  legally  has  the  care  of  the  person  or  prop- 
erty, or  both,  of  another,  as  of  a  minor.  3.  A 
guard;  warden.— giiard'i-an-sliip,  n. 

gua'va,  gwfl'va,  n.    A  tropical  American  tree 
of  the  myrtle  family;  also,  its 
fruit,  from  which  guava  jelly  is 
made.     [<  Braz.  gvaiva.] 

gu'^ber-na-to'ri-al,  giu"bgr- 
na-to'ri-al,  a.  [U.  S.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  governor  or  the 
office  of  governor.  [  <  L.  guber- 
nator,    governor,    <    guberno, 

GOVERN.] 

gudg-'eoni,    n.      1.  An    Old 

World  fish,  very  easily  caught. 
2.  A  simpleton.  [<  Gr.L+F 
kobios,  kind  of  fish.] 

gudg'eon^,  w.  Mech.  The  bear- 
ing of  a  shaft;  a  pin.  [<  OF. 
gougeon,  pin  of  a  pulley.]  White  Guava 

guer'don,  gsr'dgn,  n.  An  hon-  *°"  ^^^^^  <•">• 
orable  reward;  recompense;  requital.  [< 
OHG.OF  tvidar,  back,  again,  -j-  Ion,  reward.] 

guer-ril'la,  ggr-ril'a,  n.  One  of  an  irregular 
band  of  partizan  soldiers,  usually  mounted. 
[<  Sp.  guerrilla,  skirmish.] 

guess,  ges.  V.vt.&vi.  1.  To  hazard  a  sup- 
position about;  conjecture;  surmise.  2.  To 
conjecture  correctly;  divine.  II.  n.  A  tenta- 
tive opinion  or  conclusion;  a  supposition ;  sur- 
mise; conjecture.  [ME.  gessen,  <  geten,  get.] 

guest,  gest,  n.  A  visitor;  also,  a  lodger  or 
boarder.     [<  AS.  gaest,  gest.] 

guf-faw',  guf-fe',  n.  A  shout  of  boisterous 
laughter;  horselaugh.     [Of  imitative  orig.] 

guide,  gaid.  1.  vt.  [guid'ed<1;guid'ing.]  To 
conduct  in  a  course  or  path;  lead;  manage; 
train.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  leads  another  in 
any  path  or  direction.  2.  Something  serving 
to  guide;  a  guide-book,  [<  OF.  gnider,  or 
Germanic  orig.]  —  giiid'ance,  gaid'ons,  n. 
The  act,  process^  or  result  of  guiding;  a  leading; 
direction.  —  jf  11  ide':board'',  g.spost,  n.  A 
board  or  post,  to  direct  travelers. 

Kuild,  sruild'hall'^,  guild^ry,  etc.  Same  as 
GILD,  etc. 

guile,  gail,  71.  The  act  of  deceiving,  or  the  dis- 
position to  deceive;  a  stratagem.     [OF.] 

—  ttiiile'lHl,   a.     Full  of  deceit  or  guile. — 
Kiiilj''l€«HH,  a.    Free  from  guile;  artless;  frank. 

guil'lo-tine',  gil"o-ttn',  vt.  [-tined';  -tin'- 
iN(i.]     To  behead  with  the  guillotine. 

guirio-tine",  gil'o-ttn",  n.  The  instrument 
of  capital  i)unishment  in  France,  in  which  a 
weighted  knife  falls  and  beheads  the  victim. 
[F.,<  Dr.  J.  I.  amllo(v),  17;iH-]814.] 

guilt,  gilt,?/.  1.  The  state  of  one  liable  to  or 
deserving  of  punishment;  a  stivte  of  condemna- 
tion. 2.  Wickedness.  [<  AS.  v?///,  orig.  a  fine, 
<   (iU(lan,    i)ay,  yield.]  —  giillt'l-ly,''rt(/r. — 

?:iiilt'i-iiess,  «.  — uriiilt'lesN,  a.  1.  Free 
rom  guilt;  Innocent.  "Z,  Ignorant.  — uuilt'y, 
gllt'l,  «.  [gttilt'i-er;  guilt'i-est.  1  1.  Having 
Incurred  guilt;  liable  to  penalty,  tj.  Involving, 
expressing,  or  characterized  by  guilt. 
guin'ea,  gin'g,  n.   An  English  monetary  unit, 


popfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el©mgnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rflle;  bm,  Or; 


215 


guinea=fowl 
guzzle 


Great  Black»backed  Gull.  Vso 


and  former  coin,  equal  to  21  shillings  or  So. 
[<  Guinea,  as  first  coined  from  Guinea  gold.] 

guin'ea=fowl",  n.  An  African  bird  com- 
monly domesticated,  dark'gray.  with  white 
spots.  [<  6^  wi/i^a,  a  country  of  West  Africa.] 
guin'ea=lieii''t.  —  guin'easpig'^,  n.  A 
Souths  American  rodent,  commonly  white,  varie- 
gated with  red  and  black. 

guise,  gaiz,  n.  The  external  appearance;  out- 
ward seeming;  manner;  behavior.  [OHG.o^ 
wlsa,  wise,  manner.] 

gul-tar',  gi-tflr',  n.  A  musical  instrument 
shaped  somewhat  like  a  violin,  having  usually 
six  strings  played  with  the  fingers.  [<  Gr.i'+*' 
kithara,  kind  of  lyre.] 

gulch,  gulch,  n.  [Am.]  A  ravine;  hollow; 
gully.     [Akin  to  Sw.  golka,  gulch.] 

gulf,  golf,  n.  1.  The  tract  of  water  witlain  an 
indentation  or  curve  of  the  coast=line,  in  size 
between  a  bay  and  a  sea.  2.  An  abyss;  chasm. 
[<  GvJ  kolphos,  kolpos,  bay.] 

gull,  gul,  vt.    To  impose  upon;  outwit. 

gulli,  n.    A  long'winged,  usually  white,  web= 
footed  swimming  bird.     [<   Corn. 
gullan,  gaU.] 

gUlF,?K  1.  A  sim- 
ple, credulous  per- 
son; dupe.  2.  A 
deceit.  [<  Ice. 
golr.gnlr, yeWow.] 

gullet,  gul'et,  n. 
The  esophagus. 
[<  L.oF  gula, 
throat.] 

gurii-l>l(e,  gul'i 
bl,  a.    Capable  of  being  gulled;  simple;  cred- 
ulous.—gui'^Ii-biPi-ty,  n. 

gul'ly,  gul'i.  I.  vt.  [gtil'lied,  gul'id;  gul'- 
LY-iNG.]  To  make  a  gully  in.  II.  n.  [gul'- 
I-IES^  1)1.]  A  channel  cut  by  running  water;  a 
deep  gutter;  narrow  ravine.  [<  OF.  goidet, 
gullet.] 

gulp,  gulp.  I',  vt.  To  swallow  eagerly  and  in 
large  drafts.  II.  n.  The  act  of  gillping,  or 
something  gulped  down;  a  swallow.  [<  D. 
gxilpen,  swallow.] 

gum,  gum,  vt.  &  vl.  [gummed;  gum'ming.] 
To  smear  or  be  smeared,  as  with  gum;  stiffen 
or  stick  with  gum;  become  stiff  and  sticky. 

gum' ,  n.  1 .  The  sap  of  certain  trees  or  shrubs 
exuded  and  dried.  2.  Bot.  Sameas  gum»tree. 
3.  India-rubber.     [<  Gr.^+F  A»7wmi,  gum.] 

—  giiiii'my,  a.  Like  or  covered  with  gum; 
viscous;  sticky.  — guin'iiii-iiess,  «.  — jriiin's 
tree'^  n.  A  guni-producing  tree  of  the  United 
States  and  Australia. 

gum2,  11.  The  fieshy  tissue  that  invests  the 
necks  of  the  teeth.  [<  AS.  goma,  palate,  pi., 
the  jaws.] — guin'sboii'^,  n.  A  small  boil 
formed  on  the  gum.] 

gun,  gun.  I.  vi.  [gunned;  gun'ning.] 
[U.  S.]  To  shoot  with  a  gun,  especially  at  small 
game.  II.  n.  1.  A  metal  tube  for  firing  pro- 
jectiles by  the  force  of  an  explosive,  together 
with  its  stock  and  other  attachments.  2.  Any 
device  for  discharging  missiles  through  a  tube. 
3.  The  discharge  of  a  gun.  [Perhaps  <  Gr.OF 
manganon,  war»engine  for  throwing  stones.] 

—  8riiii''sbai'''rel,  n.  The  tube  of  a  gun.— 
gun'boat/'  n.  Formerly,  a  small  vessel  having 


one  gun,  now  a  man=of  »war  next  In  size  below  a 
cruiser.- gun'eof  ton,  n.  A  compound  pre- 
pared by  treating  cotton  with  nitric  and  sulfuric 
acids.  — gunsmetal,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper,  or 
a  superior  quality  of  iron,  used  for  making  can- 
non.—giin'ner,  n.  One  who  uses  or  operates 
a  gun.  — guii'ner-y,  «.- guii'uing,  «.  The 
sport  of  hunting  game  with  a  gun.—  gim'po  w''- 
der,  11.  An  explosive  mixture  of  niter,  charcoal, 
and  sulfur. —  gnii'shof.  I.  a.  Made  by  the 
shot  of  a  gun.  II.  n.  The  range  or  reach  of  a 
gun.  —  guii'smith'',  n.  One  who  makes  or  re- 
pairs firearms.- jrunistock,  n.  The  wooden 
part  of  a  gun  holding  the  lock  and  the  barrel. 

gun'riy,  gun'i,  n.  [gun'nies^,  pi.]  Coarse 
sacking  of  jute  or  hemp.  [<  Beng.  goril., 
gunny  bag.] 

gun'wale,  gun'wel  (Naut.,  gmi'el),  n.  The 
upper  edge  of  a  vessePs  side.  [<  gun  +  wale, 
plank.]    gun'nelt. 

gur'gl(e,  gtJr'gl.  I.vi.  [gur'gl(e)d;  gur'- 
GLiNG.]  To  flow  with  a  bubbling,  noisy  cur- 
rent; make  a  murmuring  sound.  II.  n.  A  gur- 
gling flow  or  sound. 

gur''nard.,  giir'nard,  n.  One  of  various  fishes, 
with  mailed  cheeks. 

gush,  gush.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  pour  forth  or 
flow  out  freely  and  copiously;  make  an  extrav- 
agant display  of  affection  or  sentiment.  II.  n. 
A  sudden  outpouring  of  fluid;  an  extravagant 
display  of  sentiment.  [<  Ice.  g-w^fa,  gush.] —- 
giish^insr,  pa.    Flowing  freely;  sentimental. 

gus'set,  gus'et,  71.  A  small  triangular  piece  of 
cloth  fitted  into  a  garment.  [<  P.  gonsset, 
armhole.] 

gusti ,  gust,  n.  A  violent  blast  of  wind ;  sudden 
outburst  of  feeling.  [  <  Ice.  gusir,  <  gjdsa, 
GUSH.]  —  giist'y,  a. 

gust^,  n.  Taste;  relish;  gratification.  [<  L. 
gustus,  taste.]— sus'ta.-to^'ry,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  sense  of  taste. 

gus'to,  gos'to,  n.  Keen  enjoyment;  relish. 
[It.,  Pg.,  and  Sp.,  <  L.  gustus,  taste.] 

gut,  gut.  I.  r<.  [gut'ted^;  gut'ting.]  To  take 
out  the  intestines  or  destroy  the  contents  of; 
ravage;  despoil;  plunder.  II.  n.  The  ali- 
mentary canal;  an  intestine:  not  in  best  usage. 
[<  AS.  gut.  <  geotan,  pour.] 

gut'ta=per'cll"a,  gut'a=per'cha,  n.  A  brown- 
ish=red  horny  substance,  softening  with  heat, 
obtained  from  an  evergreen»tree  of  the  Malay 
archipelago.  [  <  Malay  gatah,  gum,  -f-  percha, 
tree.] 

gut'ter,  gut'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  form  a  chan- 
nel in;  become  channeled.  II.  n.  1*  A  chan- 
nel along  the  eaves  of  a  house  to  carry  off  rain» 
water.  2.  A  waterway  for  surface* water  at 
the  side  of  a  road.  3.  Any  slight  channel, 
trench,  or  trough.     [<  L.*"  gutfa,  drop.] 

gut'tur-al,  gut'ur-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
throat;  formed  in  the  throat.  II.  n.  A  sound 
produced  in  the  throat.  [  <  L.  guttur,  throat.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

guyi,  gai.  I.  vt.  To  steady  with  a  guy.  II. 
n.  A  8tay=rope  or  the  like,  as  for  steadying  a 
mast.     [  <  OF.  guye,  guie,  guide.] 

guy2.  I.  vt.  To  ridicule;  quiz.  II.  n.  A  person 
of  grotesque  appearance.  [<  Guy  Fawkes, 
leader  in  gunpowder  plot  (Nov.  5,  1605).] 

guz'zle,  guz'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [guz'zled;  guz'- 
ZLiNG.]  To  drink  immoderately  or  frequently. 


fiutiilre    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   eil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dli   (the);   go;  sing,  iitik;   tbin. 


gfymnasiuni 
nair 


216 


[<  OF.  *qouziller,  akin  to  gosier,  throat.] 
—  griiz'zler,  n. 

gym-na'si-um,  jim-ne'zi-um,  ?i.  [-si-a,  2?/.] 
1.  A  place  for  gymnastic  exercises.  2.  ALatin 
or  classical  school.  [L.,  <  Gr.  gymnasion,< 
gymnazo,  train  naked.]  —  gym'nast,  n.  One 
expert  in  gymnastics;  an  athlete. —  aryni-nas'- 
tic.  I.  (I.  Relating  to  gymnastics.  II,  n.  Dis- 
ciplinary exercise  of  body  or  mind;  a  feat  of 
bodily  skill:  generally  in  the  plural. 

gyp'sum,  jip'sum,  n.  Sulfate  of  lime:  when 
calcined,  called  plaster  of  Pans.  [<  Gr.^+F 
gypsos,  chalk.]  —  ^yp'se-ous,  a. 

Gyp'sy,  etc.    See  gVpsy. 

gy'ral,  jai'ral,  a.  1.  Having  a  circular,  re- 
volving, or  whirling  motion.  2.  Anat.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  convolutions  of  the  brain. 


gy'rate,  jai'ret,  m.  [gy'ra'ted'';  gy'ra"- 
TiNG.]  To  rotate  or  revolve,  especially  in  a 
spiral  or  helix,  as  a  cyclone.  [<  Gr.^  gy?'Os, 
circle.]  —  gy'ra-to-ry,  a.  Having  a  circular 
motion,  gy'rali.— gy-ra'tion,  n.  A  whirl- 
ing or  rotating,    gyrei. 

gyr'tal^'cou,  n.   Same  as  gerfal- 
con. 

gy'ro-scope,  jai'ro-scop,  n.  A 
heavy  rotating  wheel,  the  axis  of 
which  Is  free  to  turn  m  any  direc- 
tion, and  may  be  made  to  revolve 
In  a  horizontal  or  other  plane,  as  If 
Independent  of  gravitation.  [<Gr.  Gyroscope. 
gyros,  round,  a  circle,  +  -scope.] 

gyve,  jaiv,  n.  A  fetter  for  the  limbs  of  pris- 
oners.    [Of  Celt,  origin.] 


H 


H,  li,  §ch,  n.  [aitches,  H's,  or  /Ts,  ech'ez,  pl.l 
The  eighth  letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 

h.a,  ha,  interj.  An  exclamation  or  sound  made 
by  a  quick  expulsion  of  breath,  as  in  surprise, 
joy,  grief,  laughter,  etc. 

lia'be-as  cor'pus,  M'[or  hg']be-as  cSr'pus. 
Law.  A  writ  requiring  a  person  in  custody  to 
be  brought  before  a  court.    [L.,  have  the  body.] 

hab'er-daslx'^er,  hab'er-dash"gr,  n.  A  deal- 
er in  gentlemen's  furnishings  or  in  ribbons, 
trimmmgs,  etc.  [  <  Ice.  hapurtask^  haversack.] 

ha-bil^i-ment,  ha-bil'i-mgnt,  n.  An  article 
of  clothing;  in  the  plural,  dress;  garb.  [< 
OF.  habillement,  <  hahiller.,  dress.] 

babbit,  hab'it,  n.  1.  A  tendency  toward  an 
action  or  condition,  which  by  repetition  has 
become  spontaneous.  2.  An  action  so  in- 
duced; habitual  course  of  action  or  conduct. 
3.  Habitual  condition,  appearance,  or  temper- 
ament. 4.  An  outer  garment  or  garments; 
costume;  a  woman's  dress  for  horseback- 
riding.     [F.,  <  L.  habitus,  condition,  dress.] 

lia'b'it-a-'bl(e,  hab'it-c-bl,  a.  Fit  to  be  in- 
habited. [<  L.  habitabilis,  <  habito,  inhabit.] 
—  hab^^it-a-bil'i-ty,  n.—  hab^it-a-bl(e- 

II«HN,  71. 

hal>^i-tat,  hal>'i-tat,  n.  The  region  where  a 
race,  species,  or  individual  ijaturally  or  usually 
lives  or  is  found.     [L.,  '  it  dwells.'] 

liab"i- taction,  hab'i-te'shun,  n.  1.  A  place 
of  abode.     2.  The  act  or  state  of  inhabiting. 

lia-biVu-al,  ha-bich'u-al  o?'  ha-bit'yu-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  constituting,  or  resulting  from 
habit;  usual;  ordinary;  inveterate,    -ly,  adv. 

ha-biVu-ate,  ha-l)ich'yu-et  or  ha-bit'yu-Ot, 
rt.  [-a"tei)'';  -a'tino.]  To  make  familiar  by 
repetition  or  use;  accustom.  [<  L.^-^  habitus, 
HABIT,  n.]  —  lia-l)lt'''u-a'tion,  n. 

hab'l-tude,  hab'i-tiud,  n.  1.  Habitual  meth- 
od or  state;  habit.  2.  Customary  relation  or 
association.     [F.,  <  L.  habitiido,  condition.] 

hack,  hac,  vt.  &  vl.  1.  To  cut  irregularly  or 
at  random;  chop;  mangle;  notch.  2.  To  emit 
a  short,  dry  cough.     [Of  AS.  origin.] 

hack' ,  n.  1.  A  gash  made  by  or  as  by  a  sharp 
Instrument.    2.  [Colloq.]  A  short,  dry  cough. 

haok^, /«.  1.  A  horse  kept  for  hire.  2.  [U.S.] 


A  haclmey-coach.    3.  A  drudge.    [Abbr.  of 

HACKNEY.] 

hack'le,  hac'l.  I.  tt.  [hack'led;  hack'- 
LiNG.]  1.  To  hatchel.  2.  To  tear  into  pieces. 
II.  n.  1.  A  hatcliel.  2.  Unspun  fii)er,  as 
raw  silk. 

liack''ney,hac'ng.  l.vt.  To  exhaust  by  con- 
tinual use;  make  stale  by  repetition.  II.  a. 
Let  out  for  hire;  common.  III.  n.  1.  One 
of  a  breed  of  driving-  and  saddle-horses.  2. 
A  horse  kept  for  hire.  3.  A  Hackney-coach. 
[<  F.  haqvenee,  an  ambling  horse.]  —  haek'- 
iieyscoach'',  n.    A  coach  laying  for  hire. 

had,  had,  imp.  of  have,  v.  [Atlantic. 

liad^dock,  had'gc,  n.  A  food-fish  of  the  North 

Ha'des,  he'dtz,  n.  The  condition  and  abode 
of  the  dead;  Sheol;  sometimes,  hell.  [<Gr. 
Ilaides,  <  a-  priv.  -f  idein,  see.] 

haft,  haft,  n.  The  handle  of  a  cutting  weapon 
or  tool^  hilt.    [<  AS.  hspft,  handle.] 

hag,  n.  A  forbidding  or  malicious  old  woman; 
an  ugly  crone.  [Contr.  of  AS.  haegtes,  a  fury.] 
—  Iiag'srish,  a.    Like  a  hag. 

hag'gard,  hag'ard,  a.  Worn  and  gaunt  in 
ai)pearance.     [Corr.  oi  hag ged,  <  hag,  «.] 

hag'gKe,  hag'l,  v.  [hag'oi.(e)d;  hag'gling.] 
I.  /.  To  hack;  mangle.  II.  i.  To  chaflfer; 
cavil.     [Freq.  of  hack,  v.] 

hails  liel.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  pour  out  like 
hail;  pour  down  hail.  II.  «.  Frozen  rain  or 
congealed  vai>or,  falling  in  pellets.  [<  AS. 
hxqel.]  —  hail'stone'',  n.    A  pellet  of  hail. 

hail^.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  greeting  to;  sa- 
lute; call  loudly  to;  give  a  loud  call  or  greet- 
ing. II.  n.  A  call  to  attract  attention;  greet- 
ing. III.  inte7j.  An  exclamation  of  greeting. 
[A  use  of  HAI.K,  «.]  —  liaiPsfel'^Iow,  hel'-fel"- 
o,  11.    A  close  companion. 

hair,  hjlr,  n.  A  lilament  growing  from  the 
skin  of  an  animal;  also,  such  filaments  collect- 
ively; any  similar  outgrowth.  [<  AS.  h^r, 
hair.]  — Iiair'brendth",  «.  A  hair's  breadth; 
an  e.xtrt'melv  small  space  or  distance:  used  ad- 
jectivally.—lialrVloth'',  «.  A  fabric  having 
a  warp  of  citbcr  cotton  or  linen  yarn  with  a 
horsehair  filling'.  biiir'sdreH»"er,  n.  A  bar- 
ber.—h.«drfN«*in«:.  «.— halT'Iess,  rt.    Destl- 


papfi,  «j8k;  at,  air;  el©m$nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^jr,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


217 


balberd 
liand 


tute  of  hair.— hair'lip'",  n.  Same  as  hake- 
lip.—  hair'piii'^  n.  A  pin  made  of  wire,  bone, 
etc.,  for  supporting:  the  hair  or  head=dress.— h.s 
spring,  n.  The  very  fine  spring  of  the  balance* 
wheel  in  a  clock  or  watch.—  h.^triggrer,  n.  A 
secondary  trigger  that  instantaneously  releases 
the  main  trigger  of  a  firearm.-  hair'y,  a.  Cov- 
ered with,  abounding  in,  consisting  of,  or  like 
hair;  hirsute.— hair'i-ness,  n. 

lial'toerd,  hal'bgrd,  n.  A  weapon  in  the  form 
of  a  battle»ax  and  pike  at  the  end  of  a  long 
staflf .  [  <  MHG.OF  helmbarfe,  <  helm,  handle, 
4-  barte,  broadax.]  — hai''ber-dier',  n.  A 
soldier  armed  with  a  halberd. 

harcy-on,  hal'si-^n.  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  halcyon.  2. 
Calm;  peaceful.  II.  n.  A 
kingfisher.  [L.,  <  Gr.  alkyon, 
kingfisher.] 

liale,  hel,  t'<.  [haled;  ha'ling.] 
To  drag  by  force;  haul;  lug. 
[<  AS.  holian,  get.] 

hale,  a.  Of  sound  and  vigorous 
health;  robust.  [<  Ice.  heili, 
sound.] 

lialf,hflf.  I.  a.  1.  Having  half 
of  a  standard  value.  2.  Partial.  Halberdier. 
II.  n.  [halvesS  pL]  One  of  the  two  equal 
parts  into  which  a  thing  is  or  may  be  divided, 
or  a  quantity  equal  to  such  a  part.  III.  adv. 
To  the  degree  or  extent  of  a  half;  partially. 
r<  AS.  hea!f,  half.]  —  halPsbreed''.  I.  a. 
Half  of  one  blood  and  half  of  another.  II.  7i. 
One  having  parents  of  different  blood,  li.s 
bloocU.— Ii.sbrother,  n.  A  brother  related 
through  only  one  parent.  — h.scaste.  I.  a. 
Of  mixed  European  and  other  blood.  II.  ?i. 
One  born  of  mixed  European  and  Asiatic 
blood;  also,  any  half=breed.  — h.shearted,  a. 
Wanting  in  affection,  interest,  or  sincerity.  -|y, 
aclv.  -ness,  n.—  Ii.siiiast,  n.  The  position  of 
a  flag  when  hoisted  half»way  up  the  staff,  as  a 
tribute  of  respect  to  the  dead  or  as  a  signal  of 
distress.  — h.smeasHre,  n.  An  Imperfect  or 
Inadequate  measure  or  plan.— h.  5  mo  on,  n.  The 
moon  when  half  its  disk  Is  illuminated,  or  some- 
thing similar  in  shape  to  this.— half  pen'^ny, 
haf'[or  he'  Jpen"!  or  hap'e-ni,  n.  [half'i'Ence", 
-pens",  or  half'pen'nies*,  jo^.]  A  British  coin 
of  the  value  of  half  a  penny.—  h.s^ister,  n.  A 
sister  by  one  parent.— Ii.  step  {Mua.),  a  semi- 
tone.-h.sway.  I.  a.  Midway  between  two 
points.  II,  adv.  At  or  to  half  the  distance.— 
h.swittecl,  a.    Feeble»minded;  idiotic. 

hari-'but,  hel'i-but,  n.  A  large  flatfish  of 
northern  seas. 

hall,  hel,  n.  A  large  building  or  room;  main 
living»room  of  a  castle;  entry  or  a  passageway 
in  a  building.     [<  AS.  heall,  hall.] 

lial"le-lu'iali,  harg-lii'ya,  71.  &  inte?y. 
Praise  ye  the  Lord.  [<  Heb.  haleluidh.] 
haine-lu'jaht. 

hal-lo',  hg-lo',  inte?]).  An  exclamation  used  in 
accosting  or  calling  the  attention:  used  also  as 
verb  and  noun.  — hal-ioo',  ha-lo'  01'  hel'O  or 
hal-lu'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  with  a  shout;  call 
or  shout  to;  call  loudly.  II.  n.  A  loud  call  or 
shout.    III.  i?iterj.    Hallo. 

hal'low,  hal'O,  vt.  To  devote  to  holy  or 
religious  uses.  [<  AS.  hdlgian,  <  halig,  holy.] 

lial-lu'^ci-na'tion,  hal-lu"si-ne'shun,  n.  An 
apparent  perception  without  any  correspond- 
ing external  object;  delusion.  [^<  L.  halluci- 
natio{n-\  <  hallucinor,  wander  in  mind.] 


b.a''lo,  he'lo,  n.  A  luminous  circle,  as  around 
the  moon.     [<  Gr.i-  halos,  threshing*floor.] 

halti,  belt.  F.  rt.  &Ti.  To  walk  with  a  limp; 
be  lacking  or  imperfect;  hesitate.  II.  a. 
Limping  in  gait;  lame.  III.  n.  The  act  of 
limping:  lameness.     [<  AS.  healt,  lame.] 

h.alt^.  I'',  vt.  &  vi.  To  stop;  bring  or  come  to 
a  halt.  II.  n.  A  complete  stop,  as  of  march- 
ing troops.  [OF.,  <  MHG.  halt,  imper.  of 
halten,  hold.] 

liaFter,  hel'tgr.  I.  vt.  To  attach  or  secure, 
as  with  a  halter.  II.  n.  A  strap  or  rope, 
especially  one  with  a  headstall  at  one  end,  by 
which  to  hold  a  horse  or  other  animal  ;  a 
hangman's  rope.  [<  AS.  hselfter;  cp.  helve.] 

lialvCe,  hflv,   vi.      [hALV(e)D;   HALV'ING.]      To 

divide  into  halves.     [<half.] 

halves,  havz,  n.    Plural  of  half. 

hal'yard,  hal'yard,  n.  Naut.  A  rope  for 
hoisting  a  sail,  a  yard,  or  a  flag.  [<  hale, 
v.,  +  YARD,  spar.] 

liam,  ham,  n.  1.  The  thigh  of  an  animal, 
especially  of  a  hog,  prepared  for  food.  2.  pi. 
[C'olloq.]  The  buttocks.  [<  AS.  hamm,  ham.] 

liame,  hem,  n.  One  of  two  curved  bars  fitted 
to  the  collar,  that  hold  the  traces  of  a  draft- 
harness.     [<  AS.  hama,  cover.] 

ham'let,  ham'let,  n.  A  little  village.  [OF., 
dim.  of  hamel,  village.] 

ham'mer,  ham'gr,  v.  1. 1.  To  strike  or  shape 
with  or  as  with  a  hammer;  pound;  drive; 
forge;  work  out  laboriouslv.  II.  i.  To  strike 
repeated  blows;  work  hard  or  constantly. 

liain'mer,  n.  A  hand»implement  for  driving 
nails,  beating,  pounding,  Jjfe>-^.-->^  i^. — ^ 
etc.;   also,  a  machine  per-  jfi7{l^^3)  '^tf*^ 

forming  similar  functions,  d  r^ ~i 

[<  AS.  Earner,  hammer.]     'aJ--'       — ' 

ham'mock,    ham'§c,   ti.  |_[  l^^^^rVT* 
A  couch  of  canvas  or  net-         ^^l~^ 
ting,  svvung  by  the  ends.  Hammers. 

[<Sp./mmaca,ofW.-Ind.     1.  ciaw.  2.  Machin- 

ongm.]  ists'.    3.  Riveting.    4. 

h.am.'perl,ham'per.    l.Vt.    Bricklayers'.     5.  Up- 

To  put  a  hamper  on;  bin-  holsterers'. 
der.    II.  n.     1.  Cumbrous  necessaries,  as  rig- 
ging, on  a  ship.    2.  A  fetter.     [Cp.  AS. /mme- 
lian,  mutilate.] 

ham'per^.  I.  vt.  To  put  into  or  load  with 
hampers.  II.  n.  A  large  packing^basket,  as 
for  food.     [  <  OF.  hanaper,  <  hanap,  cup.] 

ham'strlng",  ham'string".  I.  vt.  To  cut 
the  hamstring  of;  cripple.  II.  n.  A  tendon  of 
the  thigh,  back  of  the  knee;  the  large  sinew  at 
the  back  of  the  hock  of  the  hind  leg  of  a 
quadruped. 

hand,  hand.  \'^.vt.  1.  To  give,  pass,  deliver, 
or  transmit  with  or  as  with  the  hand.  2.  To 
assist,  lead,  or  raise  with  the  hand.  II.  n. 
1.  The  part  of  the  fore  limb  in  man,  adapted 
for  grasping;  a  similar  part  of  some  other 
animals.  2.  Dexterity;  touch;  also,  handi- 
work; performance.  3.  An  operative.  4. 
Somethmg  like  or  acting  like  the  human  hand, 
as  the  pomter  of  a  clock.  5.  Handwriting; 
penmanship;  signature.  6.  The  supposed 
width  of  a  palm,  viz.,  four  inches.  7.  Posses- 
sion; control.  8.  The  cards  held  by  a  player 
at  one  deal.     9.  Side;    direction.      [<  AS. 


flut|flre  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  {th€)\   go;  sing,  ink;  tliin. 


handicap 
hardiliood 


218 


hand.]  —  hand'sbar^'row,  n.  1 .  A  litter  or 
stretcher.  3.  A  wheelbarrow.— hand'bill'^, 
n.  A  small  advertising  sheet;  dodger.—  hand'- 
book'',  71.  A  small  guide*book  or  manual.— 
haud^breadtli''^  n.  The  breadth  of  the  hand; 
a  palm.— haiid'ciiff'".  I',  vt.  To  put  hand- 
cufifs  upon.  II.  «.  One  of  two  manacles  con- 
nected by  a  chain,  and  designed  to  be  locked 
around  the  wrists.— hand'ful,  n.  As  rtiuch 
as  a  hand  can  hold.— h.sinade,  a.  Made 
by  hand  or  by  hand^tools.- hand'inaid'',  n. 
A  female  servant  or  attendant.  hand^- 
maid'^'eiit.-  h.:organ,  7i.  A  musical  instru- 
ment operated  by  a  crank.— h.ssaw,  n.  A 
saw  made  to  be  used  with  one  hand.— hand'- 
spike",  n.  A  bar  used  as  a  lever.— hand'- 
wri'^ting,  n.  The  form  of  writing  peculiar  to 
a  given  person;  penmanship;  written  matter. 

liand'i-cap,  hand'i-cap.  I.  vi.  [-cAprED'; 
-CAP-PING.]  To  impose  a  handicap  on;  en- 
cumber; hmder;  retard.  II.  n.  The  carry- 
ing of  extra  weight  by  a  competitor  in  a  race, 
or  an  allowance  of  time  or  distance,  to  favor  a 
weaker  rival;  also,  a  race  conducted  with  such 
allowance.  [  <  hand  in  cap,  perhaps  from  the 
drawing  of  lots.] 

liand'i-craft'',  hand'i-crgft",  n.  Skill  and 
expertness  in  working  with  the  hands;  a 
mechanical  trade.     [<  hand  -f  craft.] 

hand'i-Iy,  adv.,  hand'i-ness,  n.    See  handy. 

liand'i-worf ,  hand'i-wurk",  n.  Work  done 
by  the  hands. 

liaiid''ker-cliief,  han'kgr-chif,  n.  1.  A  ker- 
chief for  wiping  the  face  or  nose.  2.  A  necker- 
chief.     [<  HAND  -f  KEKCHIEF.] 

liaii^dl(e,  han'dl.  I.  vt.  rHAN'DL(E)D;  han'- 
DLiNO.]  1.  To  touch;  feel;  manipulate;  ply; 
treat.  2.  To  buy  and  sell;  deal  in.  3.  To 
accustom  to  the  hand,  as  an  animal;  train.  4. 
To  provide  with  a  handle.  II.  n.  That  part 
of  an  object  intended  to  be  grasped  with  the 
hand.     [<  AS.  handle.,  <  hand,  hand.] 

hand^some,  han'sum,  a.  1.  Agreeable  to  the 
eye  or  to  good  taste;  of  pleasing  aspect.  2.  Of 
liberal  dimensions  or  proportions.  3.  Marked 
by  magnanimity.      4.   Marked  by  propriety. 

t<   HAND  -f-  -SOME.]  —  hand'some-Iy,   adv. 
ecomlngly;  liberally;  generously. 
hand'y,  hand'i,  a.     [hand'i-er;  hand'i-est.] 

1.  Heady  at  hand  or  convenient  for  use;  near 
by.  2.  Skilful  with  the  hands.  [  <  AS.  gehende, 
at  hand,  <  ge-,  a-^,  -f  hand,  hand.] 

—  hand'i-ly,  ad».— hand'i-ness,  n. 
hang,  hang,  v.     [hung,  hong,  or  hanged; 

HANo'iNG.]  I.^  1.  To  support  by  attachment 
to  something  above;  suspend;  also,  to  suspend 
something  on;  as,  to  hang  walls  with  tapestry. 

2.  To  execute  on  the  gallows  (with  pp. 
hanged).  II.  i.  1.  To  depend,  swing,  wave, 
or  flutter  from  any  support.  2.  To  suffer 
death  by  the  gallows.  3.  To  be  imminent. 
4.  To  watch  or  wait  with  solicitude  5.  To 
stick;  cling;  hover.  6.  To  rest  for  decision; 
depend.     [<  AS.  hangian.] 

—  hantf'bird'',  )i.  A  bird  that  builds  a  hang- 
ing nest;  as,  the  Haltluiore  oriole  or  flery  fuiiiy- 
6<rrf.  —  hanjf'dojr".  I.".  Of  mean,  sneaking, 
or  abject  character  or  anpcannice.  II.  n.  A 
skulking  person;  sneak.— Iianit'eri.  bung'^'r,?*. 
One  who  or  that  which  hangs;  device  by  which 
Bomething  Is  suspended.— hanjr'er'',  n.  A  short 
cut»and. thrust  sword.  —  haiiK^iTiir«  w.  1 .  The 
act  of  suspending;  execution  on  the  gallows.   3. 


A  low,  two'wheeled. 


Hansom. 


pi.  Drapery  for  a  room,  as  tapestry,  —bang'- 
man,  7i.  [-men,  jo^.]  A  public  executioner.— 
bang'naiP',  «.  Skin  partially  torn  loose  near 
the  root  of  a  finger=nail.    [Corr.  of  agnail.] 

hank,  hank,  n.  A  bundle  of  two  or  more  skeins 
of  yarn  tied  together;  also,  a  single  skein.  [< 
Ice.  hd?ik,  coil,  <  hanga,  hang.] 

hank'er,  hank'gr,  vi.  1.  To  have  an  incessant 
desire;  hunger;  crave.  2.  To' linger  in  expec- 
tation. [Freq.  of  hank,  for  hang,  v.]  —  hank'- 
er-ing,  n. 

han'som,  han'sum,  n. 
one»horse  cab,  with  dri- 

.  ver's  seat  perched  back 
of  the  top.  [  <  Hansom , 
name  of  inventor.] 

hap,  hap.  I.  vi. 
[happed';  hap'ping.] 
To  happen;  chance.  II. 
n.  1.  A  casual  occur- 
rence; happening; 
chance.  2.  Luck;  good  fortune.  l<lce. happ, 
hap.]  —  hap'haz'^ard.  I.  a.  Accidental; 
chance.  II.  7i.  Mere  chance;  hazard.— hap'less, 
a.  Having  no  luck  or  hap;  unfortunate;  unhappy. 
—  bap'ly,  adv.   By  chance;  perchance;  perhaps. 

hap'pen,  hap'n.  vi.  1.  To  come,  occur,  or  ex- 
ist by  chance;  befall.  2.  To  come  to  pass; 
occur.  [<  HAP,  v.]  —  hap'pen-ing,  n.  Some- 
thing that  happens;  an  event. 

hap'py,hap'i,  a.  [hap'pi-er;  hap'pi-est.]  1. 
Enjoying,  giving,  or  indicating  pleasure;  jov- 
ous;  blessed.  2.  Dexterously  or  fortunately 
effective;  opportnne;  felicitmis;  fortunate.— 
hap'pi-ly,adt\  In  a  happy  manner;  fellcitoush'; 
fortunately;  opportunely.— hap'pi-iiess,  n.  1 . 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  happy;  gratification; 
enjoymept;  blessedness.  "Z.  Good  fortune;  luck; 
aptness;  felicitousness. 

ha-rang(ue^,  ha-rang'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [ha- 
rang(ue)d';  ha-rang(u'ing.]  To  utter  a  ha- 
rangue to;  deliver  a  harangue.  II.  n.  An 
oration;  especially,  an  extemporaneous  and 
vehement  speech.     [F.,  <  OHG.  hring,  ring.] 

har'assS  har'as,  vt.  To  vex  with  importuni- 
ties or  annoyances;  worry.  [<  OF.  harasser, 
worry;  cp.  harry.] 

har'bin-ger,  hQr'bin-jgr,  n.  A  forerunner. 
[<  OF.  herbergeor,  provider  of  shelter.] 

har'bor,  hflr'b^r,  v.  I.  t.  To  give  refuge; 
shelter;  entertam.  II.  i.  To  find  or  receive 
shelter  or  protection. 

har'toor,  n.  A  port  or  haven;  any  place  of 
refuge  and  rest.     [<  Ice.  herberqi,  camp.] 

har'boiir,  n.   Harbor:  usual  spelling  In  England. 

hard,  hQrd.  I.  a.  1.  Solid;  lirm;  unyielding. 
2.  Difficult;  rigorous;  severe.  3.  Unfeeling; 
unsparing;  exacting.  4.  Thoroughgoing 
and  energetic.  5.  Coarse  and  unpalatable; 
poor;  scanty;  also,  disnleasing;  offensive.  6. 
Containing  mineral  salts  in  solution:  said  of 
water.  II.  adv.  In  a  hard  manner.  [  <  AS. 
heard,  hard.]— hard'shearf'ed,  a.    Lacking 

t»lty  or  sympathy;  unfeeling;  obdurate.  —  h.» 
leartediieMH,  Jt.  —  har«l'n«"Hs,  ». 
hard^en,  hflrd'n,  vt.  «fc  ri.  To  make  or  be- 
come hard  or  harder;  make  callous,  insensible, 
or  indifferent.  [<  AS. //ertr(/ia«,  harden.] 
har'di-hood,  hOr'di-hnd,  n.  1.  Sturdy  cour- 
age; presumptuous  boldness.  2.  The  quality 
of  being  hardy. 


popfi,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  element,  thfey,  UB§ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rflle;  but,  ur; 


219 


hardily 
hasp 


har'di-ly,  hflr'di-li,  adv. 
liar''dl-iLess,  har'di-nes, 


With  hardihood. 
7.     1.  The  state  of 

being  hardy.  2.  Stout'heartedness;  intrepidity. 
hardily,  adv.  1.  With  difficulty  or  great  pains. 

2.  Scarcely;  not  quite.    3.  Improbably. 
hard'sliip,  hQrd'ship,  n.    Something  hard  to 

endure,  as  exposure  or  injustice. 
hard'tack",  hQrd'tac",  'n.     Large,  unsalted, 

hard'baked  biscuit  for  army  and  navy  use. 
liard'ware'',  n.     Manufactured  articles   of 

metal,  as  utensils  or  tools. 
har'dy,  har'di,  a.    [har'di-er;  har'di-est.] 

I.  Inured  to  hardship;  robust.  2.  Showing 
hardihood;  bold*  audacious.  3.  Ilort.  Able 
to  survive  the  vvniter  in  the  open  air.  [<  F. 
hardi.,  <  OHG.  harti,  hard.] 

hare,  bar,  n.  A  rodent  with  cleft  upper  lip, 
long  ears,  and  long  hind  legs:  proverbial  for 
its  timidity  and  swiftness.  [<  AS.  hara, 
hare.]  —  hare'belP',  n.  A  perennial  herb  with 
blue  bell»shaped  flowers.—  Iiare'brained'%  a. 
Foolish;  flighty;  giddy.-  liare'lip'',  n.  A  con- 
genital fissure  of  the  upper  lip. 

lia'reiii,  he'rem,  n.  The  women's  apartments 
in  a  Mohammedan  household;  seraglio;  also, 
the  women  occupying  them.    [  <  Turk,  harem, 

<  Ar.  hardm,  anythmg  forbidden.] 
har'i-cot,  har'l-co,  n.    A  stew  of  meat  and  veg- 
etables. 

hark,h(irk.  I',  re.  To harken;  listen:  chiefly 
in  the  imperative,  with  interjectional  force. 

II.  71.     The  cry  "hark." 

hark'en,     i  hflrk'n,  vt.  &  vi.     To  hear  by  lis- 
heark'en,  f  tening;  listen.    [<  AS.  hercnia)), 

<  h'ran,  hear.]  [demon.] 
harae-quin,  n.  A  buffoon.  [OF.,  <  hellekin, 
liar'lot,  hflr'let,  n.     A  prostitute.     [<  OF. 

/lerlot,  fellow.] 

harm,  hQrra.  I.  vt.  To  injure;  hurt.  II.  «. 
That  which  inflicts  injury  or  loss,  or  the  injury 
inflicted;  hurt;  wrong.  [<  AS.  hearm,  insult.] 
—  harm'ful,  a.  Having  power  to  injure; 
noxious.  -\y.  adv.  -nes8,  n.— harnfless, 
a.  1.  Not  harmful;  Innoxious,  2.  Without 
hurt,  loss,  or  liability.    -|y,  adv.    -ness-,  n. 

har-mon'ic,  har-men'ic.  I.  a.  Producing 
or  relating  to  harmony,  II.  n.  A  secondary 
tone;  overtone.  [<  Gr.i-  /iar?nonikos,  <  har- 
i)i07iia;  see  harmony.]     har-mon'ic-alj. 

har'mo-ny,  har'mo-ni,  n.  [-NIEs^  ^;^.]  1. 
Agreement  of  musical  sounds.  2.  Accord  in 
feeling,  relation,  manner,  or  action;  conform- 
ity; order;  symmetry;  unanimity;  unity.  [< 
Gr.i'+F  harmonia.,  music,  a  joining,  <  y  ar, 
join.]  —  har-mo^ni-ous,  hflr-mO'ni-us,  a.  Pos- 
sessing harmony;  concordant;  musical;  peace- 
able; symmetrical;  congruous,  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
n.—  Iiar'mo-iiize  or  -nise,  vt.  &  vi.  [-nized; 
-jfi'zixG.l    To  make  or  become  harmonious. 

hardness,  har'nes.  I',  tt.  1.  To  put  harness 
on;  attach  by  means  of  harness.  2.  To  equip 
with  armor.  II.  n.  1.  The  equipment  of  a 
horse  or  other  draft^animal;  tackle,  as  for  lift- 
ing. 2.  Equipment  for  any  work;  active  serv- 
ice. 3.  Originally,  defensive  armor.  [<  OF. 
harnas,  <  Br.  Aarnes;,  armor,  <  houran,  iron.] 

harp,  hflrp.  I',  vi.  1.  To  revert  to  some  sub- 
ject incessantly;  dwell  unduly:  with  on  or 
upon.  2.  To  play  on  the  harp.  II.  n.  A 
stringed  musical  instrument,  nearly  triangular 
in  modern  form,  played  with  the  fingers. 


—  liarp'er,  hurp'er,  n.  One  who  plays  the 
harp,  liarp'istt. 
har-poon',  hflr-pun'.  I. 
vt.  To  strike  with  a  har- 
poon. II.  n.  A  barbed 
missile  weapon,  carrying 
a  long  cord,  for  striking 
whales  or  the  like.  [< 
Y.^harpon.] 

harp'si-chord,  hQrp'si- 
cerd,  n.  An  old-fash- 
ioned musical  instru- 
ment, resembling  the 
pianoforte.  [<  OF, 
harpe.,  harp,  -f-  clwrde., 
string.] 

har'py,  hflr'pi,  w.  [har'- 
PIEs^  pl.'\  1.  A  plun- 
derer; extortioner.  2. 
Myth.  A  rapacious  and  4-j 
fllthy  winged  monster. 
3.  A  very  large,  crested  Harp, 

tropical  American  eagle.       [<   Gr.i'+OF  har- 
pijiai,  harpies,  <  hai-pazo,  snatch.] 

har'que-bus,  hflr'cwg-bus,  n.  An  ancient 
hand=flrearm,  the  predecessor  of  the  musket. 
[<  F.  hargmbnse.)    har'q.ue-buset. 

har^ri-dan,  har'i-dan,  n.  A  vixenish  old 
woman;  hag.    [<  OF.  haridelle,  jade.] 

har'ri-er',  har'i-gr,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  harries.    2.  A  buzzard=like  bird. 

har'ri-er2,  n.  A  small  hound  used  for  hunt- 
ing hares.     [<  hare,  w.] 

har'row,  har'O.  I.  vt.  1.  To  work  with  a 
harrow,  as  land.  2.  To  lacerate  the  feelings 
of;  torment.  II.  n.  A  frame  set  with  spikes 
or  teeth,  for  leveling  plowed  ground.  [<  AS. 
hearge.,  harrow.] 

har'ry,  har'i,  vt.  &  vi.  [har'ried,  -rid;  har'- 
RY-iNG.]  To  pillage;  strip;  harass.  [<  AS. 
he7'ffian,  waste  with  an  army.] 

harsh,  harsh,  a.  Grating  or  rough;  irritating; 
offensive;  rigorous;  severe.  [<  Sw.  hdrsk, 
rank.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

hart,  hflrt,  fi.  The  male  of  the  red  deer.  [< 
AS.  heort,  hart.]  —  harts^horn'',  n.  A  v.olatile 
preparation  of  ammonia,  used  as  smelling-salts; 
formerly  distilled  from  the  horns  of  deer.  [< 
hart's  +  hokx.] 

har'vest,  hflr'vest.  1<^.  vt.  To  gather  and 
store,  as  a  crop;  reap.  II.  n.  A  crop,  as  of 
grain,  gathered  or  ready  for  gathering;  also, 
the  time  of  gathering;  the  product  of  any  toil 
or  effort.  [<  AS.  hwrfest,  autumn.]  — har'- 
vest-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  harvests;  a 
reaper. 

has,  haz,  3d  per.  siiig.  pres.  ind.  of  have,  v. 

hash,  hash.  I',  vt.  To  cut  or  chop  into  email 
pieces.  II.  7i.  A  dish  of  hashed  and  cooked 
meat;  any  mixture;  a  rehash.  [<  G.^f  hacken., 
hack.] 

hash''ish,  hash'ish,  n.  The  tops  and  sprouts 
of  Indian  hemp;  also,  an  intoxicating  prepa- 
ration of  this  plant.  [<  Ar,  hashish.,  hay,] 
hash'^eesht- 

haslet,  has'let,  w.  The  heart,  liver,  lights, 
etc.,  as  of  a  hog,  used  as  food.  [<  OF.  ha^te- 
let,  <  haste,  spit.] 

hasp,  hasp.  V-.vt.  To  shut  or  fasten  with  or 
as  with  a  hasp.    II.  n.    A  fastening  passing 


lut|ure    (future);    aisle;    au    {pui)\    ail;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   {the);   go;   sing,  ink;    tliin. 


hassock 
haze 


220 


over  a  staple  and  secured  as  by  a  padlock.  [< 
AS.  Jisepse^  hasp.] 

has'sock,  has'^c,  n.  A  thick  mat  or  cush- 
ion for  a  footstool.  [<  AS.  hassuc,  coarse 
grass.] 

Iiasr,  hast,  2dper.  sing.  ind.  of  have,  v. 

haste,  hest.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [ha'sted'';  ha'- 
STING.]  To  hasten.  II.  n.  1.  Celerity  of 
movement  or  action;  speed;  despatch;  hurry. 

2.  Necessity  for  speed;  urgency.  [<  AS. 
hsest,  violence.]  —  ha'sten,  vt.  &  vi.  To  drive 
or  urge  forward;  expedite;  despatch;  be  quick. 
—  lia'sty,  a.  [ha'sti-ek;  ha'sti-est.]  1. 
Acting,  done  with,  or  demanding  haste.  5i. 
Acting  or  done  without  due  consideration;  rash. 

3.  Qulck*tempered;  impetuous;  irascible.— lia'- 
8t.i-ly,  ad«.— ha'sti-ness,  n.  [hast.] 

hat,  hat,  n.    A  covering  for  the  head.    [<  AS. 
hatch",  hach.  v.    1.  t.  To  cause  to  develop  in 

and  come  forth  from  the  egg.  II.  i.  To  pro- 
duce young,  as  eggs;  come  out  of  the  egg,  as 

young  birds. 
hatches  vt.    In    drawing  and  engraving,  to 

mark  with  parallel  or  crossed  lines.    [<  F. 

hacher,  <  G.  hacken,  cut.]  —  hatch'ing,  71.  1. 

In  drawing,  the  marking  with  parallel  or  crossed 

lines.    'Z.  A  system  of  such  lines. 
hatch^  n.    The  act  of  hatching,  or  the  brood 

hatched  at  one  time. 
hatch^,  n.    An  opening  in  a  deck,  floor,  or 

roof;  also,  its  cover.     [<  AS.  Jisec,  gate.] 
hatch'el,  hach'el.     I.  vt.     [hatcu'eled  or 

hatch'elled;    hatch'el-ing  or   hatch'el- 

LiNG.]    To  comb,  as  flax  or  hemp;  tease;  vex. 

II.   n.    An  implement  for  cleaning  flax   or 

hemp,  consisting  of  a  set  of  teeth  fastened  in 

a  board.     [Var.  of  hackle,  /i.l 
hatch^et,  hach'§t,  n.    A  small  short^handled 

ax,  for  use  with  one  hand.     [<  0¥.  Jiachette, 

dim.  of  hacJie.,  ax.] 
hatch'way'',  hach'we",  n.    A  hatch. 
hate,  het.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    [ha'ted'';  ha'ting.] 

To  regard  with  extreme  aversion;  detest;  feel 

or  cherish  hatred.    II.  n.    Intense  aversion; 

animosity;  malignity.     [<  AS.  hete,  hate.] 

—  hate'ful,  a.  i  .  Exciting  strong  aversion; 
odious.  '^.  Feeling  or  manifesting  hatred,  -ly, 
(ulv..  -ncf^M,  n.  — ha'ter,  n. 

ha'tred,  he'tred,  n.  Bitter  aversion;  antip- 
athy; animosity;  enmity. 

hat'ter,  n.    One  who  makes  or  deals  in  hats. 

haugh'ty,  hS'ti,  a.  [haugh'ti-er;  haugh'- 
Ti-EST.]  l*roud  and  disdainful;  arrogant.  [< 
OF.  hantain,  <  havt,  high.] 

—  haugh'ti-ly,  a(/».— hauirli'ti-ness,  n. 
haul,  hSl.    I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  pull,  draw,  or  drag 

witli  force;  transport  by  pulling.  II.  n.  A 
Idiiling  with  force;  also,  that  which  is  obtained 
by  hauling,  as  a  draft  of  fishes.    [<  AS.  holian.] 

haunch,  hflnch,  n.  1.  The  fleshy  part  of  the 
hip.  2.  The  part  of  an  arch  on  either  side  of 
its  crown.'    [<  OIIG.^  anc/ul,  joint.] 

haunt'),  hdnt,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  resort  much 
to;  frequent.  2.  To  visit  persistently,  as  a 
ghost  or  a  disturbing  thought.  II.  i.  To  be 
much  about  or  around,     [  <  F.  hauler,  haunt.  ] 

haunt,  n.  A  place  to  which  one  resorts  fre- 
quently. 

haut'boy,  hO'bel,  w.  A  wooden  wind-instru- 
ment; oboe.  [<  F.  hautboia,  <;  haul,  high,  -f- 
bota,  wood.l 


have,  hav,  v.  [had;  hav'ing.  Pres.  ind. 
sing.,  I  HAVE,  thou  hast,  he  has.]  1.  To 
hold;  own;  possess;  comprise.  2.  To  ex- 
perience or  feel ;  entertain;  realize;  enjoJ^  3. 
To  cause  to  be;  procure;  effect;  permit.  4. 
To  be  obliged  or  compelled  to.  5.  To  bring 
forth;  bear.  6.  To  esteem  or  regard.  7.  To 
possess  an  advantage  over.     [<  AS.  habban.] 

ha'ven,  he'vn,  n.  A  place  of  anchorage  for 
ships;  a  harbor;  port;  refuge;  shelter.  [<  AS. 
lisefen,  haven.] 

hav'er-sack,  hav'gr-sac,  n.  A  bag,  slung 
from  the  shoulder,  as  for  a  soldier's  rations. 
[<  G.*"  hafer,  oats,  -f  sack,  sack.] 

hav'oc,  hav'§c,  n.  General  carnage  or  de- 
struction; devastation.     [<  AS.  hafoc,  hawk.] 

hawi,  he,  vt.  &  vi.  To  turn,  or  cause  to  turn, 
to  the  left  in  driving.      [<  AS,  hdwian,  look.] 

haw^,  vi.    To  hesitate  in  speaking. 

hawS  n.  The  fruit  of  the  hawthorn.  [<  AS. 
hagan.'] 

haw^,  n.  An  interjected  utterance  resembling 
the  sound  of  haw. 

hawk",  hek,  vt.   To  cry  for  sale  in  the  streets 
or  in  public  places;  peddle. 
—  liawk'eri,  n.    A  pedler. 

hawk^S  vt.  &  vi.  To  cough  up  forcibly;  clear 
the  throat  with  a  scraphig  sound.    [Imitative.] 

hawk3«,  vi.  To  hunt  with  hawks.— hawk'ers. 
One  who  hunts  with  hawks;  a  falconer. 

hawk,  n.  A  bird  of  prey,  as  a  falcon,  buzzard, 
or  kite.   [  <  AS.  hafoc,  hafuc, 
hawk.] 

haw'ser,  he'zgr,  n.  Naut.  A" 
large  rope,  5  to  10  inches  in 
circumference.  [  <  OF.  haul- 
seree,  <  havlser,  lift.] 

haw'thorn,  he'them,  n.  A 
thorny  shrub  of  the  rose  fam- 
ily. [<  AS.  haegtharn  (lit. 
hedge=»thorn).] 

hay,  he,  n.  Grass,  clover,  or 
the  like,  cut  and  dried  for  fod- 
der. [<  AS.  Mg,  h'lg,  hav,< 
hedwan,  cut.]  — liay'coc"lt", 
71.    A  dome»shaped  pile  of  hay 


Hawk  prepared 


In  the  field.- Iiay>=fc''ver,f05  Falconry.  1/25 
71.  An  annually  recurring  ca-  «.  ^ood;  b,  braces 
tarrhal  affection  of  the  eyes  to  draw  hood  to- 
and  air-passages.  —  liay'iiiK,  gftner; .;,  jess. 
71.  The  work  of  preparing  and  storing  hay.— 
hay'mo^v'',  n.  A  mass  of  hav  stored  in  a  barn, 
as  in  a  loft  or  bay.— liav'MtacTk'%  «.  A  conical 
pile  of  hay,  stacked  in  the  open  air. 

haz^ard,  haz'ard.  F.  vt.  1.  To  put  to  haz- 
ard; imperil.  2.  To  venture;  risk.  II.  n.  1. 
Exposure  to  the  chance  of  loss  or  harm;  risk; 
peril.  2.  A  fortuitous  event;  a  chance.  3. 
That  which  is  hazarded.  [<  At.^p*^^^  al-zar, 
the  die.]  — liaz'ard-ou8,  a.  Exposed  to,  ex- 
posing to,  or  involving  danger  or  risk  of  loss. 
-ly,  adv.    -uess,  n. 

haze,  hez,  vt.  [hazed;  ha'zing.]  To  sub- 
ject to  practical  jokes,  as  a  student,  or  to  severe 
tasks,  as  seamen.    [<  OF.  haser,  irritate.] 

haze,  71.  Very  fine  suspended  particles  in  the 
the  air,  often  with  little  or  no  moisture;  dim- 
ness, as  of  perception  or  knowledge.  [Co.  AS. 
hatsv,  gray.]  — ha'zy,  he'zi,  a.  Obscured  with 
haze;  dim;  confused;  obscure. —  ha'zi-ly,  adv. 
—  ha'zi-ncss,  n. 


papcl,  gsk;  at,  air;  el§racnt,  they,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


221 


bazel 
lieaven 


I 


lia'zel,  he'zl.  I.  a.  Made  of  the  wood  of 
hazel;  dark=bro\vn.  II.  n.  A  small  tree  of 
the  oak  familj',  yielding  a  small  edible  nut. 
[<  AS.  hxsel,  hazel.]  —  ha'zel-nut'',  n.  The 
nut  of  the  hazel;  also,  the  shrub. 

he,  hi,  2ii'on.  [his,  ]X)ss.\  him,  o&j.;  they, 
nom.  i)l\  THEIR  or  theirs,  2)0ss.  pl.\  them, 
ohj.  p^.]  The  male  person,  animal,  or  thing 
previously  mentioned  or  implied.     [<  AS.  A?.] 

head,  hed,  v.  T'.  t.  1.  To  be  at  the  head  of; 
be  first,  chief,  or  leader  of.  2.  To  be  or  get 
ahead  of;  intercept.  3.  To  furnish  with  a 
head;  also,  to  cut  off  the  head  or  top  of;  be- 
head. II.  i.  To  move  forward  in  a  given  di- 
rection; come  to  a  head;  originate;  spring. 

head,  hed,  a.  1.  Being  the  head  or  at  the 
head;  chief.  2.  Bearing  upon  or  against  the 
head;  as,  a  head  wind. 

head,  n.  1.  The  part  of  the  body  of  an  animal 
that  contains  the  brain  and  the  organs  of 
special  sense;  also,  something  like  or  analogous 
to  it;  top;  front;  prow;  ear  of  grain;  title  or 
division,  as  of  a  discourse.  2.  A  chief,  leader, 
or  commander;  also,  his  position  or  rank.  3. 
A  unit;  as.  a  hundred  lieadoi  sheep:  used  both 
as  a  singular  and  plural.  4.  Headway;  liberty; 
freedom.  [<  AS.  heafod,  head.]  —  head'- 
ache'%  11.  A  pain  In  the  head.  —  head's 
dress'',  n.  A  covering  or  ornament  for  the 
head.— liead'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  whlcli 
makes  or  puts  on  heads;  a  plunge  or  fall  head 
foremost. —  lieati'iiisr,  ".  Something  located 
at  the  head,  as  a  title.— head'laiid",  n.  A 
cliff  projecting  into  the  sea.  —  Uead'less,  a. 
Without  a  head.—  Iiead'long:".  I.  a.  Precipi- 
tate; Impetuous;  rash.  II.  adv.  Head  fore- 
most; rashly;  recklessly;  precipitately.— Iiead'- 
qiiar^ters,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  Mil.  The  location 
of  a  commanding  officer  in  camp,  garrison,  etc. 
—  Iiead'ship,  ».  The  office  of  a  chief;  author- 
ity.—Iieads'man,  n.  [-MEN,  wLl  A  public 
executioner.  — h.sstall,  n.  The  part  of  a 
bridle  that  fits  over  tbe  horse's  head.  — liead'- 
stroug",  a.  Stubbornly  bent  on  having  one's 
own  way;  obstinate;  determined.- head'way", 
71.  Forward  motion;  momentum;  progress;  In- 
terval of  running=time  between  consecutive 
trains.— head'y,  a.  1.  Headstrong.  2. 'Tending 
to  affect  the  head,  as  liquor.— liead'i-iiess,  n. 

heal,  hil,  V.  I.  t.  To  restore  to  health  or 
soundness;  reconcile,  as  differences;  remedy. 
II.  i.  To  become  sound  and  well.  [<  AS. 
hxlan.,  <  hdl,  whole.]  — heaVing,  pa.  &  n. 

health,  helth,  n.  1.  Soundness  of  any  living 
organism;  also,  physical  condition,  good  or  ill. 
2.  A  toast  wishing  health.  [<  AS.  h^lik,  < 
hdl,  whole.] — health'ful,  a.  1.  Promoting 
health;  salubrious,  ii.  Being  in  health:  properly 
health]/,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n.— liealth'i-ly, 


adv. 


liealtli'i-] 


health 


th  '  y,    a 

.    Having 


[health'i-er  ;     health'i-est.]       1 

health;  sound;  well;  vigorous.    3.  Conducing  to 

health:  properly  healthful. 

heap,  hip.  I',  vt.  To  form  into  a  heap;  fill 
heapinsfuU;  amass.  II.  n.  1.  A  collection 
of  things  piled  up;  a  pile;  mass.  2.  A  large 
number;  lot;  crowd.     [<  AS.  heap,  crowd.] 

hear,  hir,  v.  [heard,  hgrd;  hear'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  apprehend  by  the  ear;  listen  to;  under- 
stand by  listening.  2.  To  accede  to  the  wishes 
of;  regard;  favor;  grant.  11.  i.  1.  To  have 
perceptions  of  sound  through  the  ear.  2.  To 
be  told;  receive  word.     [<  AS.  heran,  hear.] 


—  hear'er,  n.—  hear'ing,  n.  The  capacity 
to  hear;  opportunity  to  be  heard;  audience.— 
hear'say",  w.     Common  talk;  report;  rumor. 

heark'en,  hark'n,  v.    Same  as  hakken. 

hearse,  hgrs,  n.  A  vehicle  for  carrying  the 
dead  to  the  ^^rave.     [<  L.^  hirpex,  harrow.] 

heart,  hart,  n.  1.  The  hollow  muscular  struc- 
ture that  propels  the  blood  by  contraction  and 
dilatation.  2.  The  emotional  nature;  feelings; 
susceptibility;  tenderness;  sympathy.  3. 
Courage;  resolution.  4.  Vital  part  or  interest; 
center;  core.  [<  AS.  heoiie.,  heart.]  —  heart'- 
ache",  n.  Mental  anguish;  grief.- heart's 
bro"keii,  a.  Overwhelmingly  grieved.— 
heart'burn",  n.  A  burning  sensation  in  the 
esophagus,  due  to  acidity  of  the  stomach.— 
heart'felt",  a.  Deeply  felt;  most  sincere.  — 
heart'rend"ing,  a.  Extremely  distressing; 
dreadful.—  h.ssick,  a.  Deeply  disappointed  or 
despondent.— heart'less,  a.  Without  heart; 
pitiless;  spiritless.  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.  — 
hearts'ease",  hurts'Iz",?i.  The  pansy  or  violet. 

hearth,  hflrth,  n.  1.  The  floor  of  a  fireplace, 
furnace,  or  the  like.  2.  The  fireside;  home. 
[<  AS.  heorth,  hearth.]  —  hearth'-stone",  n. 
A  stone  fonning  a  hearth;  fireside. 

heart'y,  hart'i,  a.  [heart'i-er;  heart'i- 
EST.]  1.  Proceeding  from  the  heart;  cordial; 
heartfelt.  2.  Full  of  health  and  strength.  3. 
Craving  or  supplying  abundant  nourishment ; 
as,  a  hearty  appetite;  hearty  food. 

heat,  hit.  I'',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
hot,  feverish,  or  intense;  excite.  II.  n.  1. 
'  A  physical  form  of  energy  generated  as  by 
combustion,  chemical  action,  or  friction.  2. 
The  sensation  produced  by  this  agent;  state  of 
being  hot.  3.  A  single  course  of  a  race.  4. 
Intensity;  vehemence.  5.  Generative  appetite. 
6.  Fermentation.     [<  AS.  hietu,  <  hat,  hot.] 

heath,  htth,  n.  A  low,  hardy  evergreen  shrub; 
open  land  overgrown  with  heath  or  with  coarse 
herbage.     [<  AS.  h^dh,  heath.] 

hea'then,  hi'dhn.  I.  a.  Gentile;  pagan; 
irreligious;  uncultured.  II.  n.  [hea'thens 
or,  collectively,  hea'then.  j)l.]  One  of 
people  that  rejects  the  true  God;  a 
pagan;  Gentile;  idolater.  [<  AS. 
hxthen,  heathen,  <  h^th,  country.] 
— hea'then-dom, «.— hea'then- 
ish,  a.— hea'then-isin,  n. 

heath' er,  hedh'gr,  n.    Heath. 

—  heath'er-y,  a.    Resembling  or 
abounding  with  heather. 

heav(e,  htv,  v.    [heaved  or  hove; 
heav'ing.]     I.  t.    To  raise  with  ef- 
fort; throw  or  cast  forth;  cause  to 
swell  or  rise;  give  vent  to  with  diffi- 
culty.    II.  i.    1.  To  rise  or  swell 
up.     2.  To  rise  and 
fall  alternately  and 
heavily.       3.    To 
pant;  strain;  labor. 
4.  To  retch.  [<AS. 
habban,  lift.] 

—  heav'er, 


Common  Heather. 


heav(e,  hiv,  n.  A  heaving;  throw;  swell  or 
expansion,  as  of  waves. 

heav'en,  hev'n,  n.  1.  The  place  or  state  of 
rishteous  souls  after  death;  supreme  happi- 
ness. 2.  The  sky.  3.  [H-]  God;  Providence. 
[<  AS.  heofen,  heaven.] —heav'en-Iy,  a. 
Belonging,  relating  to,  or  suggestive  of  heaven; 


fiutture  (future);    aisle;  an  {out);'  ell;  c  (k);  chat;  db  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


I 


heaves 
hell 


222 


celestial.— heav'en-ward,  a.  Tending  toward 

heaven. 
heaves,  htvz,  n.  pi.    An  asthmatic  disease  of 

horses.     [PI.  of  heave,  n.] 
heav'y,  hev'i,  a.     [heav'i-er;   heav'i-est.] 

1.  Having  great  weight;  ponderous;  massive; 
tremendous;  powerful.  2.  Hard  to  lift,  carry, 
or  accomplish;  hard  to  hear  or  suffer.  3. 
Causing  or  feeling  sorrow;  dejected.  4.  Slug- 
gish of  mind.  [<  AS.  heflg,  <  hebban,  heave.] 

—  lieav'i-Iy,  adv.  1.  With  great  weight  or 
burden;  oppressively;  also,  densely.  2.  With 
depressing  affliction  or  misfortune;  grievously; 
tediously.— heav'i-ness,  n.  1.  The  quahty 
of  being  heavy;  ponderousness.  ^.  Despondency; 
grief. 

heb-dom'a-dal,  heh-dem'a-dal,  a.  Com- 
posed of  seven  days;  occurring  weekly.  [< 
Gr.  hebdomas,  week,  <  hepta,  seven.] 

He-bra'ic,  he-bre'ic,  a.  Relating  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  Hebrews.  [<  Gr.  Hebrmkos.,  < 
Hebraios.,  Hebrew.] 

He'hrew,  hi'bru.  I.  a.  Hebraic.  II.  n.  A 
member  of  the  Jewish  race;  also,  their  lan- 
guage.   [<  Gr.  Hebraios,  <  Aramaic  'ebi'dyd.'] 

hec^a-tomb,  hec'a-tum,  n.  A  great  sacrifice, 
originally  of  a  hundred  bulls.  [<  Gv.heka- 
fombi',  <  hekaton,  hundred,  -f  bous,  ox.] 

liec'tare,  see  metric  system,  under  metric. 

hec'tlc,    hec'tic.      1.  a.      1.  Constitutional. 

2.  Consumptive.  II.  n.  1.  A  fever  connected 
with  some  organic  disease,  as  consumption.  2. 
The  bright  flush  on  the  cheek  in  hectic  fever. 
[<  Gr. i^hekfikos.) 

hecto-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.hekaton, 
a  hundred.]— hec'to-gram,  liec/to-lP'ter,  etc. 
See  Metric  System,  under  metric— hec'to- 

fraph,  hec'to-graf,  7i.    A  gelatin  pad  for  ma- 
ing  multiple  copies  of  a  writing  or  drawing, 
[-f -graph.] 

hec'tor,  hec't^r.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  domineer 
over;  bully;  be  domineering.  II.  n.  A  quar- 
relsome, domineering  fellow;  bully.  [<  Gr.^ 
Ilekfbr,  a  Troian  hero.] 

lied.''dle,  hedi,  n.  A  series  of  vertical  cords 
or  wires,  to  raise  and  lower  the  threads  in 
weaving.     [Of  Scand.  orig.] 

hedge,  hej,  v.  [hedged;  hedg'ing.]  I.  t. 
To  enclose  with  or  as  with  a  hedge;  limit; 
obstruct;  defend.  II.  i.  To  make  one  bet  to 
offset  another;  provide  a  means  of  escaping 
responsibility. 

hedge,  hej,  n.  A  fence  formed  by  bashes  set 
close  together.  [  < 
AS.  hecf/,  <  haga., 
vard.J  —  hedge'- 
^los:''.  n.  A  small 
insectivorous  mam- 
mal having  the  back 
and  sides  covered 
with   stout  spines; 

(•orcuplne.— 
leda'er,  n.  One 
who  iiedgcs;  a  ma- 

hedges. --Kie'f  European  Hedgehog.  Vo 
row",  n.  A  row  of  shrubs,  planted  as  a  hedge. 
heed,  hid.  I*",  rt.  &  in.  To  take  notice  of; 
attend  to;  pay  attention.  II.  n.  Careful  at- 
tention or  consideration.  |  <  AS.  /i?(lan, 
heed.]  —  heed'leMH,  a.  Careless.  -Iv,  atir. 
-neMH,  7).— heed'ful»a.    Attentive,    -ly,  («/r. 


heeli,  hil,  vt.    To  add  a  heel  to. 

heel2,  vt.  &  vi.  To  lean,  or  cause  to  lean,  to 
one  side;  cant,  as  a  ship.     [<  AS.  heldan,  tilt.] 

heel,  n.  The  hinder  part  of  the  foot  or  of  a 
shoe;  anything  resembling  this  in  place  or  po- 
sition; the  lower  end  of  a  rafter;  the  last  part 
of  a  thing.  [  <  AS.  hela,  <  /wh,  heel.]  —  heeP- 
er,  hirer,  TC.  1.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  A  disreputable 
political  retainer.    2.  One  who  heels  shoes. 

beft,  71.    [Colloq.]    Weight;  gist.    [<  heave.] 

heg'i-ra,  hej'i-ra  or  he-jai'ra,  n.  A  flight; 
especially  [H-],  the  flight  of  Mohammed  from 
Mecca,  A.  D.  622.     [<  Ar.  h^ira,  departure.] 

heif''er,  hef'gr,  n.  A  young  cow.  [<  AS. 
hedhfore.'] 

height,  (halt,  n.    1.  Distance  above  a  base; 

hight,  (altitude;  elevation.  2.  An  eminence. 
3.  The  acme;  culmination.  [<  AS.  hedthu., 
<  heath,  high.]  —  heighten,  hight'en,  hait'n, 
V.  I.  t.  To  intensify;  enhance;  elevate;  exalt. 
II.  i.    To  be  elevated  or  intensified. 

heinous,  he'nos,  a.    Wicked  in  the  extreme; 
atrocious.     [<  F.  haineux,  <  OF.  hair,  hate.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

heir,  ar,  n.  One  who  inherits  or  is  entitled  to 
inherit  the  property  of  another;  one  entitled 
to  succeed  to  a  deceased  person's  estate;  one 
who  or  that  which  succeeds  to  any  qualities  or 
advantages  of  another.  [OF.,  <  L.  Jieres, 
heir.]  —  neir'ess,  n.  /em.— heir'loom'',  5r'- 
lum",  n.  Any  movable  chattel,  personal  quality, 
or  characteristic  that  descends  to  an  heir. 

liej'i-ra,  M.    Same  as  hegira. 

beK'to-trrain,  etc.  Same  as  hectogram.  See 
METRIC  system.  Under  metric. 

held,  held,  imp.  of  hold,  v. 

he-li^a-cal,  h§-lai'a-cal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
sun.  [<  Gr.  heliakos,  of  the  sun.]  he^li-ac:i:> 

heFic-al.  hel'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  shaped 
like  a  helix. 

hello-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  helios,  the 
sun.]  —  he''li-o-cen'tric, 
hi"lI-o-sen'trlc,  a.  Having 
reference  to  the  sun  as  a 
center.  he''li-o-ceii'- 
tric-al  t.  — he'li  -o- 
Kraph'',  M.  1.  An  instru- 
ment for  taking  photo- 
graphs of  the  sun.  2.  A 
fthotograph  taken  by  sun- 
ight.       3.    A   mirror   for 

.   signaling  by  flashes  of  light. 

—  lie''li-o-»rrapli'ic,  a. 

—  he'li-o-type,  «.  A 
photo»cngraving  from 
which  impressions  can  be 
taken  by  a  printlng«pres8; 
an  impression  so  taken.— 
lie'Ii-o-ty''py,  n.  The 
process  of  making  hcHo- 

heOl-o-trope;',     hl'li-o-     v^     Heliotrope. 
trOp",  71.    1.  A   shrub  or 
herb,  with  small  white  or  i)urplish  flowers.    2. 
An  Instrument  for  refliHtiiig  the  sun's  rays,  as 
in  signaling.     [<  Gr.^-  hi li(>tr<)j)io/i,  smx'di&l.] 

he'lix,  ht'lix,  n.  [he'i-ix-es,  ht'lix-ez,  or  hel'- 
i-cEs,  hel'i-siz,  j>l.]  1.  A  spiral,  as  a  screw* 
thread.  2.  Anat.  The  recurved  border  of  the 
external  ear.     [<  Gr.'- ^e/ia*,  spiral.] 

held,  lid,  7).  1.  The  abode  of  evil  spirits: 
infernal  regions;  place  of  eternal  punishment, 
of  extreme   torment,    or   of   evil-doing.     2. 


papfi,  ^sk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  ns^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  hot,  ur; 


223 


hellebore 
lierb 


Hades.    [<  AS.  hell,  prob.  <  hdan^  conceal.] 
—  hell'ish,  hel'lsh,  a.    Of  or  like  hell;  dia- 
bolical,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

belle-bore,  hel'§-bOr,  n.  A  perennial  herb 
having  dissected  leaves  and  large  flowers,  the 
roots  of  some  species  being  cathartic  or  poison- 
ous.    [<  Gr.L+F  y^g^ijgftorft*,  hellebore.] 

Hel'lene,  hel'tn,  n.  A  Greek.  [<  Gr.  HelU- 
nes,  <  Ilellen,  Hellen,  legendary  chief.]  Hel- 
le'ni-anj.— Hel-len'ic,  a.    Grecian. 

helms  helm,  ti.  The  steering  apparatus  of  a 
vessel,  especially  the  tiller;  place  of  control  or 
resi)onsibility.     [<  AS.  keltna,  helm.] 

— heliiis'iiiaii,  71.     [-MEX,  pLJi     Maut.     A 
steersman. 

heliiii^,  n.    A  helmet.    [<  AS.  helm,  covering.] 

heFmet,  hel'met,  n.    A  covering  of  defensive 
armor  for  the  head,  or  some- 
thing resembling  it  in  shape, 
position,    or    function.      [< 
G.OF  helm,  helm.] 

hel-min'tliic.     I.  a. 
Pertaining    to    worms. 
Worm^expelling.    II.  n. 
vermifuge. 

Hel'ot,   hel'et  w  hi'let, 
One  of  the  Spartan  bondmen ; 
any   slave.      [<    Gr.    Helos 
(town  of  Sparta).]  ,,  , 

helps  help,  V.  1. 1.  1.  To  aid;  Helmet, 

assist;  relieve;  succor.  2.  To  change  for  the 
better;  remedy.  3.  To  wait  upon,  as  at  table. 
4.  To  refrain  from ;  forbear.  II.  z.  1.  To  lend 
assistance;  be  useful.  2.  To  portion  out  food  at 
table.  [<  AS.  helpan,  help.]  —  help'er,  ?i.— 
help'fnl,ff.  Affording  aid;  beneficial.  ~\y,adv. 
-iiess,  n.— Iielp'less,  a.  1.  Unable  to  help 
oneself;  feeble.  'Z.  Beyond  remedy,  -ly,  adv. 
-iiess,  «.— Iielp'mate'',  n.  A  helper:  co- 
worker. —  help' ineet",  n.  One  who  is  fitted 
to  help;  a  partner;  companion;  wife. 

help,  n.  1.  Assistance;  aid;  remedy;  relief; 
rescue;  succor.  2.  A  helper.  [<  AS.  help,  < 
helpan,  help.] 

hel'tersskel'ter,  hel'tgr-skel'tgr.  I.  a. 
Hurried  and  confused.  II.  n.  Disorderly 
hurry.  III.  adv-  With  haste  and  confusion. 
[Imitative.] 

helv(e,  helv.  I.  vt.  [hei.v(e)d;  helv'ing.] 
To  furnish  with  a  helve.  II.  n.  The  handle, 
as  of  an  ax,  hatchet.     [<  AS.  hdf,  handle.] 

hems  hem,  xt.  [hemmed;  hem'ming.]  1. 
To  make  a  hem  on;  border;  edge.  2.  To  shut 
in;  enclose;  restrict. 

hem^,  vf.  &  vi.  [hemmed;  hem'ming.]  To 
throw  off  by  coughing;  cough;  stammer. 

hem,  n.  A  fold  made  by  twice  turning  over 
the  raw  edge  of  a  fabric  and  sewing  down  the 
inner  fold.     [<  AS.  hem,  <  ham,  a  field.] 

hem,  «.  &  interj.  A  sound  made,  as  in  clear- 
ing the  throat;  ahem.    [Onomatopoetic] 

hemi- ,  prefix.  Half.  [  <  L.  hemi-,  <  Gr.  hemi-, 
half.—  hem'i-stitch,  hem'i-stic,  n.  A  half  of 
a  poetic  line;  an  Incomplete  poetic  line.  — 
1ieni'i-<«ptiere,  hem'1-sfir,  «.  A  half»sphere; 
half  of  the  terrestrial  or  of  the  celestial  globe. 
—  lieiii"i-aplier'ic,  lieiii''i-splier'ic-al,  a. 

hem'lock,  hem'lec,  n.  1.  An  evergreen  of 
the  pine  family.  See  illus.  in  next  column. 
2.  A  large  poisonous  biennial  herb  of  the 
parsley  family.     [<  AS.  hemlic] 


h8em'or-rha| 

hein''or-rliag'ic, 


hem'or-rhage,  hem'o-rgj,  «.  Discharge  of 
blood  from  a  ruptured  blood-vessel.  [<  Gr. 
haimorrhagia,  <  haima, 
blood,  4-  rheguymi,  break.] 
iag< 
-rlia_ 
liein'Lor  liseiii'lor-rlioitiH, 
11.  pi.    Piles. 

hemp,  hemp,  «.  A  tall  annual 
herb  of  the  nettle  family,  with 
small  green  flowers,  and  a 
tough  bark;  also,  the  tough 
and  strong  fiber  obtained  from 
it,  used  for  cloth  and  cordage. 
[<  AS.  henep,  hemp.] 

—  liemp'en,  hemp'n,  n.   Of 
or  pertaining  to  hemp. 

hem'stitch^',  hem'stich'.     It 

broider  with  a  hemstitch.  II.  n.  The  orna- 
mental finishing  of  the  inner  edge  of  a  hem, 
made  by  pulling  out  several  threads  adjoining 
it  and  drawing  together  in  groups  the  cross* 
threads  by  successive  stitches. 

hen,  hen,  71.  1.  The  female  of  the  domestic 
fowl;  also,  any  female  bird.  2.  2>l-  Domestic 
fowl,  without  regard  to  sex.  [<  AS.  henn, 
hen.]  —  heii'bane",  n.  A  poisonous  herb  of 
the  nightshade  family. 

hence,  hens,  adv.  1.  Away  from  this  place. 
2.  In  the  future.  3.  From  this  cause  or  source; 
consequentlj' ;  therefore.  [<  AS.  heonan,  < 
heona,  hence.] —heiice'Torth',  adv.  From 
this  time  on  or  forward.    hence''for'war<lt. 

hench'man,  hench'man,  n.  [-men,;;/.]  1. 
A  servile  agent  or  subordinate.  2!|.  A  male 
servant.     [<  AS.  hengst,  horse,  -\-  man,  man.] 

hen'ner-y,  hen'gr-i,Vi.  A  place  where  heus 
are  kept. 

hen'peck'^S  hen'pec",  rt.  To  domineer  over; 
worry  by  petty  annoyances:  said  of  a  wife  who 
thus  controls  her  husband. 

he-pat'ic,  hg-pat'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  liver. 
[<  Gr.  hepatikos,  <  hepar  {hepat-),  liver.] 
he-pat'ic-alt. 

hep'ta-gon,  hep'ta-gen,  n.  A  figure  having 
seven  sides  and  seven  angles.  [<  Gr.  hepta, 
seven,  -f  goina,  corner.]  —  hep-tag'o-nal,  a. 
—  hep-taii'g:u-lar,  a.    Having  seven  angles. 

hep'taiK5h-y,  hep'tark-i,  n.  [-iess  jyl.]  1. 
A  group  of  seven  kingdoms  or  governments. 
2.  Government  by  seven  persons.  [<  Gr. 
hepta,  seven,  -\-  arche,  rule.] 

her,  hgr,  pron.  Objective  or  possessive  case 
of  she:  used  in  the  form  hers  in  the  predicate 
when  the  noun  is  not  expressed.  [  <  AS.  hire, 
gen.  and  dat.  sing,  of  heo,  fem.  of  he,  he.] 

her'ald,  her'ald.  I"",  vt.  To  announce  pub- 
licly; usher  in;  proclaim.  II.  n.  1.  Anciently, 
an  official  bearer  of  important  messages  from  a 
sovereign  or  commander;  hence,  any  bearer  of 
news.  2.  A  precui-sor;  harbinger.  [<  OHG.'^^ 
hari,  army,  4-  waltan,  rule.]  —  her-ai'dic, 
her-al'dlc,  a.  Relating  to  heralds  or  heraldry.  — 
lier'ald-ry,  her'ald-ri,  n.  1 .  The  science 
that  treats  of  blazoning  or  describing  armorial 
bearings  and  the  like.  tj.  A  coat  of  arms.— 
licr'ald-sliip,  11.  The  oflice  or  rank  of  a  herald. 

herb,  hgrb  or  grb,  n.  A  plant  that  dies  com- 
pletely, or  down  to  the  ground,  after  flower- 
ing; green  fodder  for  cattle;  herbage.  [<  L.*" 
herha,  grass,  herbage.] 


ftut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c  (k);    cliat;   dli  {the);  go;   singj,   ink;  thin. 


herculean 
heterodox 


224 


—  her-ba'ceoiis,  her-be'shius,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  like  lierbs.  — lierb'age,  herb'ej  or 
erb'gj,  n.  Herbs  collectively;  hence,  pasturage.— 
herb'al,  herb'al  or  erb'al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
herbs.  — herb'al-istr  «.  One  skilled  In  the 
study  of  plants;  also,  a  dealer  In  herbs,  or  a  botanic 
physician. —  her-ba'ri-uin,  her-be'rl-um  or 
-bg'ri-um,  n.  [-ei-um^  or -ki-a,;^/?]  A  collection 
of  dried  plants  scientifically  arranged;  also,  a 
book  or  building  containing  such  collection. 
[LL.,  <  L.  herba,  herb.]-^  her-bif  er-oiis,  a. 
Producing  herbs  or  vegetation.— her-biv'o- 
roiis,  her-biv'o-rus,  o.  Feeding  on  vegetable 
matter,  as  certain  animals,  —  berb'y,  a. 

her-cu'le-an,  h6r-kiu'l§-an,  a.  [H-  or  h-] 
Like  or  pertaining  to  Hercules,  the  ancient  hero 
or  demigod;  possessing  or  requiring  great 
strength;  laborious;  mighty. 

herdd,  hgrd.  I.  Tt.  &  vi.  To  bring  together  into 
a  flock  or  herd;  congregate;  flock  together. 
II.  n.  1.  A  number  of  animals  feeding  or 
traveling  together.  2.  A  crowd  of  people; 
rabble.  3.  A  herdsman.  [<  AS.  Mrde,  < 
heord,  herd.]  — herds'man'",  n.  One  vrho 
owns  or  tends  a  herd,    heril'erj. 

her-'dic,  hgr'dic,  n.  [U.  8.]  A  carriage  with 
lovv=hung  body,  back  entrance,  and  side  seats. 
[  <  Peter  Ilerdic^  its  inventor.] 

here,  hir,  adv.  In,  at,  or  to  this  place,  time,  or 
stage  of  proceedings;  in  the  present  life.  [<AS. 
her.,  here,  <  4/  of  he,  pron.]  —  here'a-bout'", 
adv.  About  this  place;  in  this  vicinity,  here'a- 
boiits'^i.- here-aft'er.  I.  n.  A  future  state 
or  existence.  II.  adv.  At  some  future  time; 
also,  from  this  time  forth;  after  the  present  life. 
L<  AS.  heratfter,  <  her,  here,  +  sefter,  after.] 

—  here-at',  adv.  At  or  by  reason  of  this  — 
here-by',  adv.  By  means  or  virtue  of  this. — 
Yiere-in',  adv.  In  this;  in  this  place,  circum- 
stance, etc.  —  here-of,  adv.  1.  Of  this-  about 
this.  ^i.  From  this;  because  of  this.  —  here- 
on', adv.  On  this;  hereupon.  —  here-to',  adv. 
To  this  time,  place,  or  end.  — liere''to-lore'. 
1.71.    Past  time.    II.  ad».  Previously;  hitherto. 

—  here^iip-on',  adv.    Upon  or  because  of  this. 

—  here- with',  adv.    Along  with  this. 
he-red'i-ta-ry,  h§-red'i-te-ri,  a.    1.  Law.  (1) 

Passing,  capable  of  passing,  or  that  must  nec- 
essarily pass  by  inheritance,  or  from  an  ances- 
tor, to  an  heir.  (2)  Deriving  by  inheritance.  2. 
Passing  naturally  from  parent  to  child.  3. 
Endowed  with  certain  qualities  dertved  from 
an  ancestor.—  he-red'i-ta-ri-ly,  adv. 

he-red'i-tv,  he-red'i-ti,  n.  1.  Transmission 
of  physical  or  mental  qualities,  diseases,  etc., 
froni  parent  to  ofl"8pring.  2.  The  tendency 
manifested  by  an  organism  to  develop  in  the 
likeness  of  a  progenitor.  r<  1j.  heredifa{t-)s, 
heirship,  <  heres  (hered-),  heir.] 

her'e-sy,  her'g-si,  n.  [-sies=',  pi.]  A  doctrinal 
view  or  belief  at  variance  with  the  recognized 
tenets  of  a  system,  church,  school,  or  party.  [  < 
Gr.  hairesis,  school,  <  haired,  take.]  —  here- 
8i-arch,  her'e-sl-drc  or  lie-ri'si-flrc,  71.  The 
chief  exponent"()f  a  heresy.- lier'«»-rir,  her'e- 
tlc,  n.  One  who  holds  aheresy.-  he-ret'ic-af. 
a.  At  variance  with  or  subversive  of  accepted 
views  or  beliefs.    -ly,  adv. 

her'it-a-bl(e,  her'it-a-bl,  a.  1.  That  can  be 
inherited.  2.  Capable  of  inheriting.  [<  L. 
hei-ex,  heir.]  —  her''lt-a-bll'l-ty,  n. 

her'it-age,  her'it-0j,  n.  An  estate  that  passes 
by  descent;  that  which  is  inherited,  as  a  quality 
or  condition.    [OP.,  ult.  <  L.  fibres,  heir.] 


her-maph'ro-dite,  hgr-maf'ro-dait.  I.  a. 
1.  Having  the  characteristics  of  both  sexes;  bi- 
sexual. 2.  JVavt.  Square-rigged  forward  and 
schooner-rigged  aft.  II.  n.  1.  A  being  that 
combines  the  peculiarities  of  both  sexes.  2. 
JVayf.  A  hermaphrodite  brig.  [<  Gr.  he7'ni- 
aphroditos.] 

her'^me-neu'tics,  hgr''mg-niu'tics,  n.  The 
science  or  art  of  interpretation,  especially  of 
the  Scriptures.      [<   Gr.  hermeneutes,  inter- 

{tretei .]  —  her^'me-neu'tic,    a.      Expository. 
ier'"ine-neu'tic-al1:. 

her-met'ic,  hgr-met'ic,  a.  Made  impervious 
to  air  and  other  fluids,  as  by  fusion.  [<  Gr. 
Hermes,  Hermes,  the  god  of  the  occult  sci- 
ences.] her-mefic-al:}:.—  her-met'ic-al- 
ly,  adv. 

her'mit,  hgr'mit,  n.  One  who  abandons  socie- 
ty and  lives  alone;  an  anchorite.  [<  Gr.i-i'+F 
eremites,  <  ei'emos,  solitary.]  —  her'mit-age, 
her'mit-gj,  n.    The  retreat  or  cell  of  a  hermit. 

her'ni-a,  her'ni-a,  n.  Pathol.  Protrusion,  as  of 
an  intestine;  rupture.    [L.]  — her'ni-al,  a. 

he'ro,  hi'ro,  n.  1.  A  man  distinguished  for 
valor,  fortitude,  or  bold  enterprise;  anciently, 
a  demigod.  2.  The  central  male  figure  of  a 
poem,  play,  or  novel.  [<  L.  heros,  <  Gr.  herds, 
hero.]  —  he-ro'ic,  h§-ro'ic.  I.  a.  1 .  Relating 
to  or  like  a  hero;  brave;  hence,  vigorous;  venture- 
some. '^.  ^r«.  Larger  than  life.  II.  ?i.  A  heroic 
verse;  in  the  plural,  bombastic  or  extravagant 
language,  he-ro'ic-all:.  — her'o-in(e,  her - 
o-ln,  71.  1 .  A  woman  of  heroic  character,  tj. 
The  chief  female  character  in  a  story,  play,  or  the 
like.  — her'o-ism,  her'o-Izm,  n.  1.  Heroic 
character  or  qualities.    tJ.  A  heroic  act. 

hereon,  her'§n,  n.    A  long*necked  and  long* 
legged      wading 
bird.    [<V. heron,  ■^ 

<  OHG.  heigir.] 

—  hereon  -ry, 
n.  [-RIES,  pl.l  A 
place  where  herons 
congregate  and 
breed. 

her^'pe-tol'©-  r^^} 
^y,    hgr'iig-tel'o-    ''""^ 
ji,  w.     The  branch 
of     zoology    that     Yellow-crowned  Night- 


treats    of   reptiles 


heron.    1/44 


and  amphibians.     [<  Gr.  herpeton,  reptile, -\- 

-LOGY.] 

her'ring,  her'ing,  n.  A  small  food«fish  fre- 
quenting moderate  depths  of  the  ocean  in  great 
schools.    [<  AS.  haertfig,  prob.  <  here,  army.] 

hera,  ligrz,  poss.  pron.    See  her. 

her-self,  hgr-self,  ])ro7i.  A  reflexive  or  em- 
phatic form  of  the  third-personal  pronoun, 
feminine. 

hes'i-tate,  hes'i-tet  or  hez'-,  vi.  [-ta'ted''; 
-TA'TiNO.]  1.  To  be  uncertain  as  to  decision 
or  action.  2.  To  be  slow  or  faltering  in 
speech.  [<  L.  hsesifo,  stick  fast.]— hesM-tan- 
cy,  hes^'i-ta'tioii,  n.  The  act  or  manner  of 
one  who  hesitates;  vacillation.  — hes'i-tant,  a. 
Hesitating;  vacillating. 

Hes'per,  hes'pgr,  n.  The  evening  star;  ves- 
per. [<  Gr.''//?'^/)^ro/f,  evening  star.  J  Hes'pe- 
rust.—  Hes-pe'rI-an,  hes-pt'ri-an  or  -i)e'ri- 
an,  a.    [Poet.]    In  or  of  the  west;  western. 

hcHtll,  best,  n.    Same  as  BEHEST. 

het'er-o>dox:,  het'gr-o-dex,  a.    At  variance 


pap€,  cfsk;  at,  air;  el^mfjnt,  they,  nsfge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  ©h;  erat^r,  tir;  full,  rule;  hot,  ©r; 


225 


heterogeneous 
liight 


hi-s 


with  a  commonly  accepted  doctrine  in  religion. 
[  <  Gr.  heteros,  other,  +  doxa,  opinion.]  — 
liet'ei'-o-dox'^y,  n.  [-iEs»,p/.l  The  charac- 
ter of  being  heterodox;  a  heterodox  doctrine. 

lief er-o-ge'ne-ous,  het'gr-o-ji'n§-us,  a. 
Consisting  of  dissimilar  elements  or  ingredi- 
ents.    [<  Gr.  heteros,  other,  +  genos,  kind.] 

hew,  hiu,  vt.  &  vi.  [hewed;  hewn  or  hewed: 
HEw'iNG.]  To  shape  or  fell  with  blows,  as  of 
an  ax;  hack;  chop;  work  out  laboriously.  [< 
AS.  heaivan,  hew.]  —  hew'er,  n. 

h.ex'a-gon,  hex'a-gen,  n.  Georn.  A  figure 
with  six  sides  and  six  angles.  [<  Gr.  hex, 
six,  4-  gonia,  corner.]—  hex-ag'on-al,  a. — 
hex^'a-lie'ilroiij  «.  [-drons  or-DKA,  jg^.]  A 
solid  bounded  by  six  plane  faces. 

liex-ain''e-ter.  I.  a.  Having  six  metrical 
feet  in  a  verse.  II.  n.  Ptvs.  A  verse  of  six 
feet.     [<  Gr.  hex,  six,  +  melron,  measure.] 

hey,  he,  interj.  An  exclamation  of  surprise, 
pleasure,  inquiry,  incitement,  etc.  [Cp.  ha, 
interj.,  and  ho,  inter.}.'] 

hey'day',  he'de".  t.7i.  The  time  of  greatest 
vitality  and  vigor.  [<  AS.  hedh,  high,  +  dseg, 
day.]  II.  interj.  An  exclamation  of  surprise, 
joy,  etc.     [<  D.  hei,  hey,  -f  daar,  there.] 

r'tus,  hai-e'tus,  n.  [-tus  or  -tus-es,  -tus- 
ez,  j)l.]  1.  A  gap  or  opening;  break;  inter- 
ruption. 2.  Gram.  &  Pros.  Concurrence  of 
two  separate  vowels  without  an  intervening 
consonant.     [L.,  <  hiatus,  pp.  of  Mo,  gape.] 

hi-her'nal,  hai-ber'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
winter;  wintry.  [<  L.  hibernalis,  <  hiems, 
winter.] 

hi'her-nate,  hai'bgr-net,  vi.  [-na'ted<»; 
-NA"TiNG.]  To  pass  the  winter,  especially  in  a 
torpid  state,  as  certain  animals.  [<  L.  hiber- 
natus,  pp.  of  hiberno,  <  hiems,  winter.]  —  hi''- 
ber-na'tioii,  n. 

Hi-toer'ni-an,  hai-bgr'ni-an.  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Hibernia  or  Ireland,  or  its  people;  Irish. 
li.  n.  A  native  of  Ireland. —  Hi-ber'ni-an- 
isin,  n.  An  Irish  Idiom  or  peculiarity  of  speech. 
Hi-ber'ni-cisin+. 

hic'cup,        (hic'up.     V'._vt.&vi.    To  have 

hic'cough,  f  the  hiccups;  utter  a  hiccup;  to 
utter  with  hiccups.  II.  n.  A  short,  catch- 
ing sound  due  to  spasmodic  contraction  of  the 
diaphragm  and  windpipe.     [Imitative.] 

hie  ja'cet,  hie  je'set  or  yg'cet.  Here  lies:  in- 
scribed on  tombstones;  as  a  noun,  a  tombstone, 
or  its  inscription.    [L.] 

hick'o-ry ,  hic'o-ri,  n.  [-ries^,  2^1-]  An  Amer- 
ican tree  of  the  walnut  family,  yielding  an  edi- 
ble nnt  and  having  hard,  tough,  heavy  wood, 
valuable  for  timber;  also,  its  wood,  or  some- 
thing made  of  it,  as  a  walking-stick.  See  illus. 
in  next  column.     [Am.  Ind.] 

hid,  hid'den.    See  hidei,  vt. 

lii-dal''?o,  hl-dal'go,  n.  A  Spanish  nobleman  of 
the  lower  class.    [Sp.] 

hide',  haid,  vt.  &  vi.  [hid;  hid'den  or  hid: 
hi'ding.]  To  put  or  keep  out  of  sight;  se- 
crete- disguise.  [<  AS.  hf/dan,  hide.] —hid, 
pa.    Put  out  of  sight;  secreted;  not  known. 

hide2,  vt.  [hi'ded"!;  hi'ding.]  To  whip  with 
a  rawhide;  cover  as  with  hide. 

hide,  n.  The  skin  of  a  large  animal,  as  an  ox. 
[<  AS.  hf/d,  skin.]  —  hide'bound",  a.  1. 
Affected  with  a  rigid  contraction  of  the  skin. 
2.  Narrow»mInded. 


hid'e-ous,  hid'e-us,  a.  Shocking  or  dreadful, 
especially  in  looks;  ghastly.  [<  F.  hideux.] 
-ly,  adv.     -ness,  n. 

hi-dingi,  n.    Concealment. 

hi'diiig2,  n.    [Colloq.]    A  flogging. 

hie,  hai,  vt.  &  vi.  [hied;  hie'ing  or  ht'ing.] 
To  hasten:  hurry.     [<  AS.  higian.  hasten.] 

hi'er-arch,  hai'gr-flrc,  n.  An  ecclesiastical 
chief  ruler.  [  < 
Gr.  hieros,  sa- 
cred, 4-  archos, 
ruler.]  —  hi^'er- 
arch'ic,  a.  hi''- 
er-arch'alt; 
hi^'er-arch'- 
ic-alj.  —  hi'- 
er-arch'"y,  n. 
A  body  of  or- 
ganized ecclesi- 
astical rulers: 
clerical  or  priest- 
ly   government. 

—  hi-^e-rat'ic, 
hi'"e-rat'ic- 
al,  a. 

hi'er-o-glyph, 
hai'er-o-glif,  //. 
1.  Picture-wri- 
ting, especially 
of  the  ancient 
Egyptians.  2. 
A  character  or 
word  supposed 
to  convey  a  hid- 
den meaning. 
[<  Gr.  hieros, 
sacred,  -f-  gl>/ph- 

0,  carve.]    hi''- 
er-o-glyph'ic:t.—  hi^'er-o-glyph'ic,  a. 
lii''er-«-srIyi)h'ic-ali. 

hi''er-ol'o-gy,  hai"gr-el'o-ji,  n.  The  science 
of  or  a  treatise  on  ancient  Egyptian  writings 
and  inscriptions.  [<  Gr.  hieros,  sacred,  -f- 
-OLOGY.]  — hi'''er-o-Iog'ic,  hai"gr-o-lej'ic,  a. 
Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  hierology.  hi''- 
er-o-Iog'ic-ali.—  hi'^er-ol'o-gist,  n. 

hig'gle,  hig'l,  vi.  [hig'gled;  hig'gling.] 
To  dispute  about  trifling  matters.  [Corr.  of 
HAGGLE.]  —  hig'gler,  n. 

hiff'gle-dyspig'grie-dy.  I,  a.  [CoUoQ.]  Being 
in  a  disordered  state.  II.  7i.  Great  confusion. 
III.  adv.    [Colloq.]    In  a  confused  manner. 

high,  hai.  I.  a.  Greatly  elevated;  lofty;  chief; 
exalted;  intense.  II.  adv.  In  a  high  manner; 
to  a  great  altitude;  also,  at  a  high  rate;  luxu- 
riously. [<  AS.  Aea/^,  high.]— high'=born'', 
a.    Of  noble  birth  or  extraction.—  h.sbred,  a. 

1.  Havinga  fine  pedigree.  3.  Characterized  by 
fine  manners  or  breeding.— h.sflown,  a.  1. 
Pretentious.  '■2.  Extravagant  In  style. —  h.! 
handed,  a.  Carried  on  in  an  overbearing 
manner.  — high' ly,  arfw.— h.  s minded,  a. 
Showing  an  elevated  mind;  magnanimous.- 
hiffh'ness,  w.— h.spressure,  a.  Having  or 
using  a  high  steam»pressure;  originally,  non=con- 
densing:  said  of  steam-engines.— h.  priest,  a 
chief  priest.— high'road''.  n.  1.  A  main 
road.    '2.  A  common  or  easy  method  or  course. 

—  h.^spiriteil,  a.  Full  of  spirit;  not  brooking 
restraint,    h.^strungl:. 

high^land,  n.    1.  An  elevation  of  land.    2. 
[H-]  pi.     A  mountainous  region. 
—  high'land-er,  n. 
bight,  hight'en,  etc.    Same  as  hkigiit,  etc. 


Shagbark  Hickory. 

a,  hickorysnut,  with  half  the 

shuck  removed. 


fiut|fire  (future);   aisle; 
15 


{out);    oil;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  {the);    go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


liigrli^vay 
lioard 


226 


high'way'^,  ?;.  1.  A  specified  line  of  travel; 
public  thoroughfare.  2.  A  common  or  open 
way  or  course.  —  high'way''man,  n.  One 
who  practises  robbery  on  the  highway. 

lli-la'ri-ous,  hai-le'ri-us  o?-  hi-lg'ri-us,  a. 
Boisterously  merry;  romping.  [OF.,  <  Gr.^- 
hilaros,  cheerful.] 

—  hi-lar'i-ty,  n.    Boisterous  mirth, 
hill,  hil,    I.vt.&vi.    To  draw  the  earth  about 

or  over;  be  gathered  together,  as  into  a  hill. 

II.  n.    1.  A  conspicuous  natural   elevation. 

2.  A  small  heap  of  earth  raised  artificially.    [  < 

AS.  hyll,  hill.]  —  hilPock,  n.    A  small  hill.— 

liiIFy,  a.    Full  of  hills;  also,  large  and  swelling. 
hilt,  hilt,  n.    The  handle  and  guard  of  a  sword 

or  dagger.     [<  AS.  hilt.] 
him,  him,  pron.    The  objective  case  of  he.    [< 

AS.  him,  dat.  of  Ae,  he.]  —  him-seXP,  pron. 

[THEM-SELVES',  pL]    t.  The  intensive  form  of 

HE.    ii.  One's  individuality. 
hind,    haind,    a.     [hinu'most"   or   hind'er- 

most",  si/perl.]    Belonging  to  the  rear.    [< 

HINDER,  a.] 

hinds  71.    A  female  deer.     [<  AS.  hind.] 
liindl|2,  n.  A  farm-laborer.  [<  AS.  hma,<  htwan, 

servants.] 
hin^der,  hin'dgr,  vt.  &  vi.    To  keep  from  or 

delay  in  action;  be  or  act  as  a  check.     [<  AS. 

hindrian,  <  hinder,  behind.]  I 

—  Iiin'der-ance,  «.    Same  as  hindrance.    | 
hind'er,  haind'gr,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consti- 
tuting the  rear.     [<  AS.  hinder,  behind.]  — 
hind'niost'',  a.    In  the  extreme  rear,    hind'- 
er-mosft. 

Hin'doo,  -iaiii,  etc.    Same  as  Hindu,  etc. 

hin^drance,  hin'drans,  n.  The  act  of  hin- 
dering; also,  an  obstacle  or  check. 

Hin'du,  hin'dii,  n.  A  member  of  the  native 
Aryan  race  of  India;  also,  the  language  of  this 
race.  [Hind.  Per.]  —  Hin'^du-sta'ni,  n.  The 
official  and  ordinary  language  of  India. 

hing:e,hinj.  l.vt.&vi.  [hinged;  hin'ging.] 
To  furnish  with  a  hinge;  turn,  as  on  a  hinge; 
be  fitted  with  hinges;  depend;  hang.  II.  n. 
A  device  allowing  one  part  to  turn  upon  an- 
other; also,  a  joint.     [<  ME.  hengen,  hang.] 

hin'ny ,  w.  The  offspring  of  a  stallion  and  a 
she  ass.     [<  L.  hinnus,  mule.] 

hint,  hint.  \.  vt.  &>m.  To  suggest  indirectly; 
give  a  hint.    II.  n.    A  covert  or  indirect  al 


llii)i)()ljuiaiiius.    i/(50() 
The  prolonged  sound 


hyrian,  hire.]  —  hire'ling.      I.    a.      Serving 
for  hire;  venal.    W.n.    One  who  serves 
for  or  only  for  hire. 

hir-sute',  hgr-siut', 
a.  Having  a  hairy 
covering.  [<  L. 
hirsutus,  rough.] 

his,  hiz,  pron.  Pos- 
sessive case  of  HE. 
[<  AS.  his,  gen.  m. 
and  n.  of  he,  he.] 

hiss,  his.  I',  vt.  &  vi. 
To  utter  a  hiss.    U.  n 

of  s,  especially  as  an  expression  of  contempt 
also,  any  similar  sound.     [  <  AS.  hysian,  hiss.] 

—  Iiiss'in^,  a.    The  act  of  uttering  a  hiss. 

hist,  hist,  interj.    Be  silent!  hush!  hark! 

his'to-ry,  his'to-ri,  n.    [-ries^,  pi.]    A  system- 
atic record  of  past 
events;     past 
events  in  general. 
[<  Gr.  historia.] 

—  his-to'i-i- 
an,  n.  One  who 
compiles  a  history; 
a  chronicler.— h  i  s- 
tor'ic,o.  1.  Men- 
tioned or  celebra- 
ted in  history;  nota- 
ble. 'Z.  Historical. 
—  his-tor'ic-al, 
a.  1.  Relating  to 
history  or  to  the 
past.     ii.  Historic. 

his''tri.on'ic, 
his'tri-en'ic,  a. 
Pertaining  to  the 
stage;     theatrical. 


Clio,  the  Muse  of  History. 


uision.     [<  AS.  hentan,  seize  ] 

ip,  n.    iTie  hip-joint  or  adjacent  part  of 


hip 


the 


body;  haunch.     [<  AS.  hiji^e,  hip.] 

—  hip'sroof",  n.    A  roof  with  four  sloping 
sides  and  no  gable. 

hip^po-drome,  hip'o-drom,  n 
An  ancient  race-course  or  mod 
ern  circus.  [  <  Gr.  hipjx>8,  horse 
-(-  divnios,  course.] 

hlp"po-pot'a-mus,      hip"po 
pet'a-mus,  n.     [-Es,  -ez,  or  -mi,      Hln-roof 
-mai  or  -ml,  pi.]    A  large  am-  ^ 

phibious  8hort-legg«d  thick'skinned  mammal; 
river-horse.  See  fllus.  in  next  column.  [L., 
<  Gr.  hippos,  horse,  4-  2)otamos,  river.] 

hir'cin(e,  hgr'sin,  a.  Like  a  goat.  [<  L.  hir- 
cinvs,  <  hlrcus,  goat.] 

hire,  hair.  I.  vt  [hired;  hik'ino.]  To 
contract  for  the  services  of,  or  for  the  use  of; 
grant  the  use  of  for  pay.  II.  n.  Compensa- 
tion for  labor,  services,  etc.    [<  AS.  hpi\  < 


[  <  L.  histno7ncus,  <  histjio{n-),  actor.]  his''- 
tri-on'ic-alt.—  his''tri-oii''lc-al.|y,  adv. 

hit,  hit,  V.  [hit;  hit'ting.]  I.  t.  To  give  a 
blow  to;  strike;  get  or  catch  cleverly.  II.  i. 
To  strike  together;  clash;  also,  to  atUiin  one's 
aim;  happen;  conform;  suit.  [<  AS.  hittan, 
meet  with.]  [luck. 

hit,  n.    A  stroke;  blow;  a  repartee;  stroke  of 

hitch',  hich,  v.  I.  t.  To  fasten  or  tie,  espe- 
cially temporarily;  move  or  fasten  by  a  hitch. 
II.  i.  To  move  by  jerks;  become  entangled. 
[Cp.  G.  hinken,  limp,  D.  Iiotsen,  shake.] 

hitch,  n.  1.  A  stop  or  sudden  halt:  obstruc- 
tion. 2.  The  act  of  catching  or  fastening,  as 
by  a  rope.    3.  A  noose-like  knot. 

hith'er,  hidh'gr.  I.  a.  Near  to  or  toward  the 
speaker.  II.  adv.  In  this  direction.  [<AS. 
hider,  hither.]  —  hlth''er-to',  adv.  Till  now. 
—  Iiith'er-ward,  af/t\    Hither. 

hive,  haiv.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [hived;  hi'ving.] 
To  cause  to  enter  a  hive;  store,  as  honey.  11. 
n.  A  structure  in  which  bees  may  dwell;  also, 
a  colony  of  bees;  hence,  a  place  full  of  activity. 
[  <  AS.  h^fe,  hive.] 

hives,  Imivz,  n.  A  mild  fever  with  eruptions 
of  the  skin;  also,  croup.     [Appar.  <  hive.] 

ho,  ho,  intetj.  A  call  to  excite  attention.  [Form 
of  O,  interj.] 

hoar,  hOr,  rt.  White;  hoary.  [<  AS. /i5r,  hoary.] 

hoard,  hord.  I<».  vt.  &  vi.  To  gather  and 
store  away;  practise  accumulating.  II.  u. 
That  which  has  been  stored  away;  a  hoarding-, 
place.    [  <  AS.  hord,  treasure.] 


papA,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  elfm^nt,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


227 


hoarfrost 
liome 


hoar'frost'',  hoi'frest',  n.    A  white  frost. 
lioar^'liouiid'',    hOr'haund',   n.    A   whitish, 

bitter,  perennial  herb  of  the  mint  family:  used 

as  a  remedy  for  colds.     [<  AS.  hdr,  hoar,  -\- 

hune,  hoarhound.] 
hoarse,  hors,  a.    Harsh  and  rough  in  sound; 

having  the  voice  harsh  or  rough.     [<  AS.  has, 

hoarse.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
hoar'y,  hor'i,  a.  White,  as  from  age;  ancient. 

—  lioar'i-iiess,  n. 

hoax,  hOx.  I',  ft.  To  play  a  trick  upon.  II, 
71.  A  deception  practised  for  sport.  [Corr.  of 
HOCUS  in  Hocus'Pocus.] 
hoh,  heb,  11.  A  projection;  hub.  [For  hub.] 
hoh'hle,  heb'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [hob'bled; 
hob'bling.I  To  hamper  the  free  motion  of; 
hopple;  walk  with  a  hitch.  II.  «.  1.  A  limp- 
ing gait.    2.  A  fetter  for  the  legs.    [<  hop,  r.\ 

—  liob'ble-de-hoy'',     n.      An     awkward 
stripling. 

hoh'hy,  heb'i,  ??.  [hob'bies^,  j»;.]  Something 
in  which  one  takes  extravagant  mterest.  [< 
OF.  hobi,  a  nag.]  —  hob'byshorse''',  n.  A 
wooden  rocking-horse. 

hob-goh'lin,  heb-geb'lin,  n.  A  mischievous 
imp;  frightful  apparition. 

hoh'nail'",  heb'nel',  n.  A  nail  for  studding 
the  soles  of  heavy  shoes. 

hob'noto'^,  heb'neb',  ?)i.  [hob'nobbed";  hob'- 
NOB"BiNG.]  To  drink  together  convivially;  be 
on  familiar  terms.  [<  AS.  habban,  have, -f- 
tiabbafi,  not  have.] 

hocl£i,  n.  The  joint  of  the  hind  leg  in  quadru- 
peds; backpartof  knee-joint  in  man.  [<  AS. 
koh,  heel.] 

hock^,  n.  Any  white  Rhine  wine.  [<  Hoch- 
heim,  in  Germany.] 

hock'ey ,  hek'g,  n.  A  game  in  which  a  ball  is 
driven  with  a  hooked  bat;  also,  a  hooked  bat. 

[<  HOOK,  n.] 

ho'cus=po'cus,  hO'cu8*pO'cDS,  n.  A  con- 
jurers' trick;  a  deception.  [A  jugglers' term 
coined  in  imitation  of  Latin.] 

hod,  hed,  n.  A  long=handled  receptacle  for 
carrying  bricks  and  mortar;  also,  acoal=scuttle. 
[Var.  of  HOLDi,  n.] 

hodg:e'podge''%    hej'pej',    n.     A  hotchpotch. 

hoe,  ho.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [hoed;  hoe'ing.] 
To  use  or  operate  on  with  a  hoe.  II.  n.  A 
flat'bladed  miplement  for  digging.  [OF.,  < 
OHG.  houiva.  <  houwan,  cut.] 

hog;,  heg,  n.  1.  An  omnivorous  mammal;  any 
domestic  variety  of  the  wild  boar,  bred  and 
raised  for  its  meat,  which  is  called  pork.  2. 
A  filthy,  gluttonous  person. 

—  hog'Rish,  a.    Like  a  hog;  gluttonous. 
hogsOiead,  n.    1.  A  large  cask.    2.  A  Hquid 

measure,  ordinarily  63  gallons.     [<  MD.  oghs- 
hooffL  oxhead.] 
hoi''den,  hei'dn,  n.    A  romping  or  bold  girl. 
[<  MD.  heyden,  heathen.]    hoy'den:}:. 

—  hoi'Eor  hoy^]den-iHli,  a. 

hoist,  heist.  J.^.  vt.  To  raise  to  a  higher  po- 
sition. II.  n.  A  hoisting^machine;  lift;  the 
act  of  hoisting.    [<  OD.  hyssen,  hoist.] 

hold,  hold,  V.  [held;  held  or  hold'en; 
hold'ing.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  retain  so  as  to  pre- 
vent movement  or  escape;  also,  to  contain; 
restrict  or  restrain;  withhold.  2.  To  maintain; 
sustain;  adhere  to.    II.  i.    1.  To  maintain  a 


gra 
brc 


asp;  adhere.  2.  To  remain  firm  or  un- 
roken.  3.  To  continue;  proceed.  4.  To 
have  possession.  5.  To  stop;  forbear.  [<AS. 
healdan,  hold.]  —  hold'er,  n. —  hold'ing,  n. 
A  possession. 

hold^,  n.  The  act  of  holding;  a  seizure;  re- 
straint; a  place  to  grasp;  refuge.  [<  k^.heald, 
<  healdan,  hold.]  [hole,  w.] 

hold^,  11.     The  storage  part  of  a  ship.    [< 

hole,  hoi,  n.  A  cavity;  hollow;  animal's  den. 
[<  AS.  hoi,  <  helan,  hide.] 

hol'i-day,  hel'i-de,  n.  A  day  of  rest  or  of 
diversion.     [<  AS. /ia/ij7,  holy,  -\-  dseg,A?iY.} 

ho'li-ness,  n.    The  state  of  being  holy. 

hol'land,  hel'and,  n.  1.  Unbleached  linen. 
2.  pi.  Ardent  spirits,  as  made  in  Holland;  gin. 

horio,  hel'O  or  ho-lo',  i/iferj.  &  n.  Same  as 
HALLOO,    hollai;  horioaj. 

hol'low,  hel'O.  I.  rt.  &  ri.  To  make  or 
become  hollow.  II.  «.  1.  Having  a  cavity  or 
hollow  scooped  out;  sunken.  2.  Empty;  va- . 
cant;  sounding  like  the  reverberation  from  an 
empty  vessel  or  cavity;    deep;    murmuring. 

III.  n.    Any  depression  in  a  body;  a  cavity. 
[<  AS.  holh,  hollow.]    -ness,  n. 

hol'ly,  hel'i,  n.    A  tree  or  shrub  with  alternate 
leaves,  white  flowers,  and 
the  fruit  a  red  berry.     [< 
AS.  hole7i.] 

hoFly-hock'',  hel'i-hec", 
n.  A  tall  biennial  herb  of 
the  mallow  family,  with 
large  flowers  of  luimerous 
shades.  [ME.  holi,  holy, 
-|-  hoc,  <  AS.  hoc,  mallow.] 

holm^,  holm  or  hOm,  n. 
Low  land  by  a  stream;  an 
island  in  a  river.  [<  AS. 
holvi,  island.] 

holm^,  n.  1.  An  oak: 
holm-oak.  2.  The  holly. 
[Form  of  holly.] 

hol'o-caust,  hel'o-cest,  n. 
offering  wholly  consumed, 
structibn   by  fire  and  sword, 
whole,  +  kaustos,  burnt.] 

hoFster,  hol'stgr,  n.  A  leather  pistol=case. 
[<D.  holster.] 

ho'ly,  ho'li,  a.  [ho'li-er;  ho'li-est.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  holiness;  morally  excellent;  of 
highest  spiritiuil  purity.  2.  Consecrated;  hal- 
lowed.    [<  AS.hdlig,  <  hdl,  whole.] 

hoiii''age,  hem'§j.  I.  vi.  [hom'aged;  hom'- 
A-GiNG.]  To  pay  respect  or  reverence.  II.  7^ 
Reverential  regard  or  worship.  [<  LL.of 
hominaticuni,  service  of  a  vassal.] 

home,  hom.  l.vt.&vi.  [homed;  ho'ming.] 
To  carry,  bring,  or  send  home;  go  or  fly  home; 
occupy  a  home;  dwell.  II.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  one's  home  or  country.  2.  Going  to 
the  point;  effective.  III.  n.  1.  One's  fixed 
place  of  abode;  family  residence.  2.  A  con- 
genial abiding'place.  3.  The  locality  or 
country  in  which  a  person,  plant,  or  animal 
comes  into  being  or  dwells;  habitat.  4.  Any 
place  of  rest  or  shelter.    5.  In  games,  a  goal. 

IV.  adv.    1.  To  or  at  home.    2.  To  the  place 
or  point  intended.     [<  AS.  ham,  home.] 

—  ho'iniugr,  a.  Readily  finding  its  way  home, 


American  Holly. 

1.  A  sacrificial 
2.  Wholesale  de- 
[<  Gr.  holos. 


flutjare  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c   (k);    cliat;   dli   (the);   go;   sing,   iflik;  thin. 


homeopatliy 
hope 


228 


as  a  can-Ier=pigeon.— home'less,  a.  Having  no 
home.— home'like''',  a.  Like  home;  reminding 
of  home.  — home'ly,  a.  [home'li-er;  home'- 
Li-EST.]  1.  Having  a  familiar,  every*day  char- 
acter; unpretentious.  '2,  [U.  S.]  Having  plain 
features.     3.  Domestic. -home'li-ness,   n. 

—  hoine'sick'',  a.  Suffering  because  of  absence 
from  home.— home'sick'^ness,  n.— liome'- 
spiin'^.  I,  a.  1.  Of  domestic -manufacture. 
"Z.  Plain  and  homely  in  character.  II.  to.  Fabric 
woven  at  home.— home'stead,  n.  The  prop- 
erty occupied  as  a  home;  permanent  family 
abode.— home'ward,  adv.     Toward  home. 

lio''ine-[or  -moe-]  op/a-tliy ,  ho"mg-ep'a-thi, 
n.  A  system  of  medicine  formulated  by  Hahne- 
mann (1755-1843).  It  is  founded  on  the  prin- 
ciple that  "like  cures  like."  and  prescribes 
mmute  doses.  [<  Gr.  hommos,  like,  -f-  pathos, 
suffering.]  —  ho''me-[or  -moe-]o-path'ic,  a. 

I,  Relatingto  homeopathy.  2.  Extremely  small 
in  quantitj'.— ho'^me-Lor  'ince-lop'a-tliist, 
n.  One  who  advocates  or  practises  homeopathy. 
lio'iiie-[or  -iiKc-lO'patlil:. 

liom''i-cide,  hem'i-said,  n.  1.  The  killing  of 
any  human  being.  2.  A  person  who  has  killed 
another.  [¥.,  <  L.  homo^  man,  +  csedo,  kill.] 
—  lioin'i-ci''dal,  a. 

lloin''i-ly,  hem'i-li,  w.  [-lies",  ;);.]  A  didactic 
discourse,  as  for  the  expounding  and  applica- 
tion of  Scripture.  [  <  Gr.  homilia,  <  homilos, 
gathering.] — hom'^i-lefic  or  -ic-al,  a. — 
hoiti''i-Iet'ics,  n.  The  branch  of  rhetoric 
that  treats  of  the  composition  and  delivery  of 
sermons. 

hoxn^i-ny,  hem'i-ni,  n.  [U.  S.]  Maize,  hulled 
and  broken,  or  coarsely  ground.  [<  Am.  Ind. 
anhurni?iea,  parched  corn.] 

lio''ino-ge''ne-ous,  h0"mo-ji'ng-u8, «.  Made 
up  of  isiniilar  i)arts;  similar  in  material,  form, 
and  arrangement.  [<  Gr.  homos,  same,  -j- 
genos,  race.]  ho'^mo-ge'ne-al:!:'  -'y,  adv. 
-ness.  7?.— lio"'ino-Ke-iie'i-ty,  n.  Identity 
or  similarity  of  kind  oi-  structure. 

bone,  hOn.  I.  vt.  [honed;  ho'ning.]  To 
sharpen,  as  on  a  hone.  II.  n.  A  block  of  fine 
compact  stone,  or  the  like,  for  sharpening  edged 
tools,  as  razors.     [<  AS.  han,  stone.] 

boniest,  en 'est,  a.  1.  Fair  and  candid  in 
dealings;  frank;  open;  just;  upright;  also, 
chaste.  2.  Free  from  fraud;  creditable;  un- 
impeached.  [<  L.  honesti/s,  full  of  honor,  < 
honor,  honor.] — hon'est-ly,  arf^^— hon'es-ty, 
n.    The  quality  of  being  honest. 

hon'ey,  hun'g.  I.  vt.  &  ni.  To  talk  to  in 
a  cajoling  manner;   become  sweet  or  bland. 

II.  n.  1.  A  sweet,  eirupy  secretion,  derived 
chiefly  from  the  nectaries  of  flowers,  deposited 
by  bees.  2.  Sweetness  or  liisciousness  in  aen- 
eral.  [<  AS. huniq,  honey.]  — luui'eysbee''',  i\. 
A  l)ee  that  collects  honey;"the  common  hlve«l)ee. 

—  hoiiVy-comb''.  I.  rt.  To  fill  with  small 
holes  or  passages.  \\,i\.  1.  A  structure  of 
waxen  (•ells,  made  bv  bees  to  contiilii  honey,  eggs, 
i^tc.  'i.  .\iiytliing  full  of  small  boles  or  c«'ll8.— 
lioii'ey-coiiilnMl".  pa.  Full  of  cells  or  i)erfo- 
rations.— Iioii'eyed,  a.  1.  Covered  with  or 
full  of  honey.  2,  Sweet;  cajoling.— Iion'ey- 
moon'^,  n.  The  first  month  after  marriage.— 
hon'<»y-Hurk''I(«*.  ii.  Any  one  of  various  or- 
namental erect  or  climbing  flowering  slinibs. 

hon^or,  on'or.  I.  ri.  1.   To  rei.'ani  witli  honor 


or  respect;  bestow  marks  of  honor  upon;  im- 
part dignity  to.  2.  To  pav,  as  a  draft.  II.  n,  1. 
Considt'ration  due  or  paid,  as  to  worth ;  respect- 


ful regard.  2.  Any  outward  token  of  such 
feeling.  3.  A  nice  sense  of  what  is  right.  4. 
That  to  which  honor  is  due.  5.  A  cause  of 
esteem.  6.  A  title  used  in  addressing  judges, 
etc.  [<  L.^  Aowor,  honor.] —Iion'or-a-bl(e, 
a.  1.  Worthy  of  honor;  conferring  honor;  con- 
forming to  a  code  of  honor.  '^.  A  title.—  hoii'- 
or-a-bly,  art?).  —  hon''o-ra'i'i-uiii,  hen'o- 
re'ri-um  or-rg'ri-um,  «.  [-ki-a,jk);.]  Ail  honor- 
ary fee,astoa  professional  man.— hon'or-a-ry, 
en'er-e-ri,  rt.  1.  Done,  or  held  as  an  honor,  'i. 
Holding  ofl[ice  that  is  bestowed  in  sign  of  honor. 
3.  Accrediting  honorable  character. 

hon'oiir,  hoii^our-a-ble,  etc.    Honor,  etc. 

liood,  liud.  I'l.  xt.  To  cover  or  furnish  with  a 
hood;  hence,  to  hide.  II.  n.  1.  A  flexible 
covering  for  the  head  and  back  of  the  neck. 
2.  Something  of  similar  form  or  character. 
[<  AS.  ^M.l  —  hood'winkt,  i"<.  To  deceive 
as  if  by  blinding;  blindfold. 

-hood,  sufflx.  Condition;  state.  [<  AS.  had, 
condition.] 

hooMoo.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  I.  vt.  To  bring  bad 
luck  to;  bewitch.  II,  n.  A  cause  of  bad  luck. 
See  vooDoo. 

hoof,  hiif ,  n.  [hoofs^,  rarely  hooves^,  'pl.'\  The 
horny  sheath  incasing  the  ends  of  the  digits  or 
foot  in  various  mammals.     [<  AS.  Ao/',  hoof.] 

hooks  huk,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  fasten  or  catch 
with  a  hook;  hence,  to  entrap.  2.  To  attack 
with  the  horns,  as  a  cow.  3.  [Slang.]  To 
pilfer.  II.  i.  1.  To  have  the  form  of  a  hook; 
be  fastened  by  a  hook.  2.  To  attack  with  the 
horns.—  hooked,  jm.  1 .  Curved  like  a  hook. 
2,  Supplied  with  a  hook. 

hook,  n.  1.  Something  curved>or  bent  so  as  to 
catch  or  hold  another  object.  2.  A  tool  in 
hooked  form.  3.  A  curved  or  bent  part  or 
construction.     [<  AS.  hoc,  hook.] 

hoo'ka,  hu'ka,  n.  In  India,  a  form  of  tobacco* 
pipe.  [<  Hind,  huqqa,  <  At.  huqqa,  pipe  for 
smoking.] 

hoopi',  hiip,  v.    To  whoop. 

hoop2.  It.  vf.  1.  To  surround  with  hoops, 
as  a  cask.  2.  To  encircle.  II.  7i.  1.  A  circular 
band,  as  one  used  to  confine  the  staves  of  bar- 
rels. 2.  A  hoop-skirt.  [Cp.  D.  hoep,  hoop.] 
—  hoop'sskirt/',  n.  A  framework  of  hoops 
or  crinoline  for  expanding  a  skirt. 

hoot,  hut.  P.  vt.  &  ri.  To  jeer  and  mock 
with     hoots;      utter 

contemptuous  cries;  ^j^  Common  Hop. 
cry  as  an  owl.  II. 
n.  1.  A  cry  uttered 
in  derision.  2.  The 
cry  of  an  owl.  [< 
Sw.  huta,  hoot.] 

hop,hap,  ^;.  [hopped' 
or  hopt;  uop'ping.] 

I.  t.    To  leap  over. 

II.  i.  To  move  by  short  leaps, 
especially  on  one  leg.  [<  AS. 
hopjnan^ 

hopi,  11.    The  act  of  hopping; 

a  dance. 
hop^,  «.     1.  A  perennial  climbing  herb  with  op- 

nosite  lobed  leaves  and  scaly  fruit.    2.  pi.  The 

fruit  of  this  plant.     [<  D.  hop.] 
hope.  hop.    I.  rt.  &  ri.    [hoped';  ho'pino.] 

1.  To  desire  with  expectation  of  obtaining. 

2.  [Colloq.]  To  trust  or  imagine.  II.  n.  1. 
Desire  accompanied  by  expectation.    2.  The 


papa,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  thSy,  usfge;  It,  I,  i  (ee);  o,  Sh;  orator,  $r;  full,  rule;  but,  nr; 


229 


hopper 
hostile 


cause  of  hopeful  expectation.  [<  AS.  Jiopa, 
hope.]  —  hope'ful.  I.  a.  Full  of  hope;  prom- 
ising. II,  n.  [Colloq.]  A  son  or  daughter.— 
liope'Iess,  a.    Without  hope;  despairing. 

hop'per,  iiep'gr,  71.  One  who  or  that  which 
hops;  a  shaking  or  conveying  funnel  or  trough, 
as  for  grain  in  a  mill. 

hop'ple,  hep'l.  I.  vt.  [hop'pled;  hop'- 
PLiNG.]  To  hamper;  hobble.  II.  n.  A  fetter 
for  the  legs  of  a  horse,  etc.     [For  hobble.] 

horde,  hord.  I.  vi.  [hord'ed'^;  hord'ing.I 
To  gather  in  a  horde.  II.  n.  A  gathered 
and  motley  multitude  of  human  beings.     [F., 

<  Per.  orclu,  camp.] 
liore'houiid'',  n.    Same  as  hoakhound. 
ho-ri'zon,  ho-rai'zun,  n.    1.  The  line  of  the 

apparent  junction  of  earth  or  sea  with  the  sky. 
2.  The  bounds  of  observation  or  experience. 
[<  Gr.  Jwrizon,  ppr.  of  horizo,  bound.] 

—  hor^'i-zon'tal,  a.    Parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon; level.    -ly,  adv. 

horn,  hern.  i.  vt.  To  provide  with  horns,  or 
shape  like  a  horn.  II.  n.  1.  A  bonelike  pro- 
jecting growth  on  the  head  of  various  hoofed 
mammals,  as  oxen.  2.  Something  made  of  horn, 
or  likened  to  an  animal's  horn,  as  a  trumpet.  [  < 
AS.  Aor/i.]  —  horned,  a.  Having  a  horn. - 
liorn'pipe'',  n.  1.  A  lively  English  coimtry 
dance.  "Z,  A  former  musical  instrument.— 
horn'y,  a.  1.  Resembling  horn;  callous.  "Z. 
;Made  of  horn.    3.  Having  horns. 

hor'net,  her'net,  w.  A  large  social  wasp.  [< 
AS.  hyrnet,  prob.  <  horii.,  horn.] 

ho-roFo-gy,  ho-rel'o-ji,  n.  [-gies»,  pl.'\  The 
science  of  timepieces. 

hor'o-scope,  her'o-scop  n.  Astrol.  The 
aspect  of  the  heavens,  with  special  reference 
to  the  position  of  the  planets  at  a  person's  birth. 
[F.,  <  Gr.  horoslcopeion,  nativity.] 

hor'ri-hlCe,  her'i-bl,  a.  Exciting  abhorrence; 
terrible.  [OF.,  <  L.  /lOJTibilis,  <  horreo,  bris- 
tle, be  terrified.] — hor'rl-bly,  adv. — hor-riPic, 
a.  Causing  horror.— lior'ri-fy,  vt.  [-fied, 
-fold;  -FY'iNG.]    To  affect  or  fill  with  horror. 

hor'rid,  her'id,  a.  Fitted  to  inspire  horror; 
dreadful;  outrageous.     [<  L.  honidus, rough, 

<  horreo,  bristle.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  71. 
hor-'ror,  her'gr,  ?i.    1.  The  painful  emotion  of 

extreme  fear  or  abhorrence;  dread.     2.    Ex- 
treme repugnance.    3.  Some  great  calamity. 
[L.,  <  ho?reo,  be  terrified.] 
horse,  hers,  v.     [horsed';  hors'ing.]    I.   t. 

I.  To  mount  or  carry,  as  on  a  horse.  2.  To 
furnish  horses  for.    il.  i.    To  ride  on  a  horse. 

horse,  n.  1.  A  solid-hoofed  quadruped  hav- 
ing a  mane  and  tail  of  long  coarse  hair,  and 
relatively  small  ears  and  head.  2.  The  male 
of  the  horse.  3.  Cavalry.  [<  AS.  hors, 
horse.]  —  horse'hack'^,  I.  n.  1.  A  horse's 
back.    2.  An  object  shaped  like  a  horse's  back. 

II.  adv.  On  a  horse's  back.— horse'schesf - 
nut,  71.  An  Old  World  tree  of  the^oapberry 
family,  with  a  large  chestnut=like  fruit.— h.sfly, 
71.  A  gadfly.— h.sgiiards,  «.  pi.  A  body  of 
cavalry  serving  as  guards.  —  h.slaugh,  71.  A 
boisterous  laugh.  — liorse'nian.  n.  One  who 
rides  a  horse.- horse'inan-sliip,  n.  Eques- 
trian skill.— h. splay,  «.  Boisterous  play.—  h.s 
po'wer,  71.  1.  A  standard  theoretical  unit  of  the 
rate  of  work,  equal  toSS.OOOpounds  lifted  one  foot 
In  one  minute.  2.  A  mechanical  arrangement  for 
utilizing  a  horse's  power.—  horse'rad^'ish,  n. 


A  common  garden  herb  of  the  mustard  family, 
cultivated  for  the  pungent  root.  —  horses- 
shoe'',  n.  A  U=shaped  metal  shoe  for  a  horse; 
something  similarly  shaped.—  horse'whip''. 
It,  vt.    To  chastise  with  a  horsewhip.    II.   n. 


Corresponding  Joints  in  Horse  and  Man. 
s,  s,  shoulders  joint;  e,  c,  elbow»joint;  w,  w,  wrist* 
joint,  commonly  called  the  knee  in  the  horse;  h,  /i,hip= 
joint;  fc,  k,  knee=joint,  the  stifle-joint  of  the  horse; 
a,  a,  ankle=joint,  the  hock'join't  of  the  horse. 
A  whip  for  managing  horses.  —  hors'y,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  horses.  2.  Devoted  to  horses. 
hors'eyt.  — hors'i-ness,  «. 

hor'ta-tiv(e,  her'ta-tiv,  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  exhortation.  [<  L.  hortativus,  <  hortot\ 
urge.]  —  hor'ta-to-ry,  a.    Giving  exhortation. 

hor'ti-cul^ture,  h'er'ti-cul"chur  oi'  -ti^r,  ». 
The  cultivation  of  a  garden,  especially  as  a  sci- 
ence. [  <  L.  hortus,  garden,  +  adtin'a,  cultiva- 
tion.]—hor''ti-cuPtur-al,  a.— hor^'ti-cuPtur- 
ist,  n.    One  devoted  to  or  skilled  In  horticulture. 

ho-san'na,  ho-zan'a,  itUei'j.  An  exclamation 
of  praise  to  God.  [<  IIeb.«r  hoshVdh  7md, 
save,  I  pray.] 

hose,  hOz,  71.  [hose,  formerly  ho'sen,  hO'zn, 
pi.}  1.  A  stoclving:  mostly  used  as  a  plural. 
2.  A  flexible  tube  for  conveying  fluids.  [<AS. 
hosa,  hose.]  —  ho'sier,  n.  One  who  deals  in 
hose,  etc.— ho'sier-y,  n.  Hosiers'  wares;  stock- 
ings; hose. 

hos'pi-ta-bI(e,  hes'pi-ta-bl,  a.  1.  Disposed 
to  entertain  witli  generous  kindness.  2.  Char- 
acterized by  hospitality.  [OP.,  <  L.^i-  hos])es, 
guest.]  —  hos'pi-ta-bly,  adv. 

hos'pi-tal,  hes'pi-tal,  n.  An  institution  for 
the  care  and  treatment  of  the  sick  or  wounded. 
[OF.,  <  L.^-i-  Jiospitalis,  of  a  guest,  <  hospes, 
guest.]  —  ho8''pi.taPi-ty,  n.  [-tiesS^;;.]  The 
act  of  being  hospitable. 

hosts  host,  n.  A  large  body  of  men;  an  army; 
multitude.     [<  OF.  host,  <  L.  hostis,  enemy.] 

host^,  71.  1.  One  who  entertains  guests  in  pri- 
vate life.  2.  The  landlord  of  a  hotel.  [< 
L.OF  hospes  {hospit-),  entertainer.] 

host3,  n.  In  some  churches,  the  consecrated 
bread  or  wafer  used  at  the  Lord's  Supper.  [  < 
L.^  hostia,  sacrificial  victim.] 

hos'tage,  hes'tfj,  n.  A  person  held  as  a 
pledge,  as  in  war,  for  the  performance  of  some 
stipulation.     [OF.,  <  L.^  obses,  jiledge.] 

hos'tel-ry,  hes'tel-ri,  w.  An  inn.  hos'telit; 
hos'tler-yj. 

host'ess,  hOst'es,  n.    A  female  host. 

hos'til(e,  hes'til.  I.  a.  1.  Having  a  spirit  of 
enmity.  2.  Pertaining  to  an  enemy.  II.  7^. 
An  enemy.     [F.,  <  L.  hostilis,  hostile.]  —  hos- 


fiutiure   (future);   aisle;  au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;   dli  (the);  go;  sing,  iijik;   tli 


in. 


liostler 
humane 


230 


til'i-ty,  n.    [-ties%  pl^    1.  The  state  of  being 
hostile.    2.  pi.  "Warlike  measures. 

hos'tler,  hes'lgr,  71.    A  stableman;  groom. 

hot,  hot,  a.  [hot'ter;  hot'test.]  1.  Being 
heated,  or  having  high  temperature.  2.  Pun- 
gent; acrid.  3.  Slarked  by  passion;  fiery.  [< 
AS.  hat,  hot.]  —  hofbed'',  n.  A  bed  of  rich 
earth,  protected  by  glass,  for  promoting  the 
growth  of  plants.—  liot'sheafr^ed,  a.  Having 
an  Impulsive  temperament. —  hor/Uouse'",  n. 
A  structure  kept  warm  artificially,  as  for  the 
forced  growth  of  flowers,  etc.  — Iiot'ly,  adv.— 
liot/iiess,  n. 

hotch-potch'',  hech'pech",  w.  A  various  mix- 
ture; jumble.  [Ult.  <  OD.  hutsen,  shake,  -\- 
2)ot,  pot.]    hodge'podge'':}:. 

ho-tel',  ho-tel',  n.  1.  A  house  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  travelers  and  others;  an  inn.  2.  In 
Franco'English  usage,  an  official  residence; 
mansion.     [<  F.  hotel,  <  OF.  hostel,  inn.] 

Iiouglit,  V.  &  w.    Same  as  hock. 

hound,  haund.  P.  tt.  To  hunt  with  hounds; 
set  on  the  chase;  trail;  persecute.  II.  n.  1. 
A  hunting'dog.  2.  A  dastardly  fellow.  [< 
AS.  htind,  dog.] 

hour,  aur,  n.  1.  Sixty  minutes.  2.  A  set, 
appointed,  or  definite  time.  [<  Gr.i'+F  hora, 
time,  period.]  —  hour'sglass'',  n.  A  glass  ves- 
sel used  for  measuring  time  by  the  rimning  of 
sand.  — hour'ly.  I.  a.  Happening  every  hour. 
II,  adv.    At  intervals  of  an  hour. 

house,  hauz.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [housed;  hous'- 
ING.]  To  place  under  cover;  take  shelter  or 
lodgmgs.  II.  bans,  n.  1.  A  place  of  abode 
or  shelter.  2.  A  household.  3.  Atribe;  stock; 
line.  4.  One  of  the  divisions  of  a  legislative 
body.  5.  A  mercantile  establishment.  6.  An 
audience  of  people.     [<  AS.  hus,  house.] 

—  house'Dreak'^er,  n.  One  who  breaks 
Into  a  house  to  rob.  — liouse'liold''.  I.  a. 
Domestic.  II.  n.  A  number  of  persons  dwelling 
under  the  same  roof.  —  lioHse'hold^'er,  n. 
The  head  of  a  family. —  liou8e'keep''er,  n. 
A  woman  who  oversees  work  in  a  house.— 
hoHse'keep'^insr,  n.  The  management  of  a 
household.  —  liouHe'maicF',  n.  A  girl  em- 
ployed in  housework.—  house':rooin'',  n.  Ac- 
commodations or  space  In  a  house.— liouse'- 
■warm^'ing:,  n.  A  festivity  on  entering  a  new 
home.  — house' wife'',  n.  The  mistress  of  a 
household.— ho  use' wife"ry,  n.  Housekeep- 
ing.—hoiise'work",  n.  Work  connected  with 
housekeeping. 

hous'in^i,  hauz'ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pro- 
viding with  a  house.    2.  Shelter. 

hous'ing^,  ti.  The  ornamental  trappings  of  a 
horse.     [<  OHG.of  huisa,  shell.] 

hove,  imp.  of  heavk,  v. 

hov'el,  hev'el,  n.  A  wretched  dwelling.  [Dim. 
of  AS.  hof,  house.] 

hov'er,  huv'gr,  ?).  I.  t.  To  cover  with  the 
wings.  II.  i.  1.  To  pause  with  fluttering 
wings.  2.  To  linger  about.  [Ult.  <  AS.  hof, 
house.] 

liow,  adv.  1.  In  what  way  or  manner.  2.  To 
what  degree  or  amount.  3.  In  what  state.  4. 
At  what  price.  5.  To  what  purport.  6.  By 
what  name.  7.  For  what  reason;  why.  [< 
AS.  ha,  how.]  —  how-be'lt,  adv.  &  conj.  Be 
It  asitmay.  —  liow-ev'er.  1,  adv.  In  what- 
ever manner;  by  whatever  means.  II.  cotij. 
Notwithstanding;  yet.  —  how"Bo-ev'er,  adv. 
Nevertheless. 


how'dah,  hau'da,  ti.  A  railed  or  canopied  seat 
on  the  back  of  an  elephant.    [<  Hind,  haudah.] 

how'itz-er,  hau'its-gr,  «.  A  short  light  can- 
non.    [<  Boh.^  havfnice,  howitzer.] 

howl,  haul.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  a  loud  wail ; 
condemn  or  suppress  by  clamor;  roar,  as  a 
tempest.  11.  n.  1.  The  cry  of  a  wolf  or  of  a 
dog  in  distress.  2.  Any  resonant  mournful 
cry.  [Imitative.]  —  howl'ing,  pa.  Abound- 
ing In  howls:  dismal. 

hoy,  interj.    Ho;  hallo.    [<  D.  hui,  come.] 

lioy'den,  n.    Same  as  hoidex. 

hub,  hub,  n.    1.  The  central  part  of  a  wheel. 

2.  Anything  central.     [Cp.  hobi,  hump.] 
hub'huh,  hub'bub,  n.    A  confused  noise;  up- 
roar.     [Cp.  WHOOPI.] 

huck'a-back,  n.  A  coarse,  durable  cloth 
used  for  towels. 

huck'le-ber"ry,  huc'l-ber"i,  n.  [-ries^,  i>/.] 
The  edible  black  or  dark'blue  berry  of  a  spe- 
cies of  heath;  less  correctly,  the  blueberry. 
hur'tle-ber"ry:}: ;  whor'tle-ber"ry|. 

huck'ster,  huc'stgr.  I.  ri.  To  bargain  in  a 
small  way.  II.  n.  One  who  retails  small 
wares;  a  hawker.  [<  MD.  heiikster,  <  huck- 
en,  crouch.] 

hud'dle,  hud'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [hud'dled; 
hud'dling.]  1.  To  collect  confusedly;  put 
in  place  hurriedly.  2.  Gather  in  a  huddle.  II. 
n.  A  confused  crowd  or  collection.  [<  AS. 
h^dan,  hide.] 

hues  hiu.  n.  The  particular  shade  of  a  color. 
[<  AS.  hiw,  form.] 

hue2,  n.  A  vociferous  cry;  shouting.  [<  OF. 
hu  (F.  huee),  cry.] 

huflf,  huf.  I'.  vt.8L,m.  1.  To  puff  up  or  swell ; 
be  puffed  up.  2.  To  bully;  hence,  to  anger. 
II.  n.  Offense  suddenly  taken.  [Imitative; 
cp.  G.  hauchen,  breathe.]  —  huff'ish,  a.  Petu- 
lant: Irascible.— hufPy,  a.    1,  Easily  offended. 

3.  Puffed  up. 

hug,  hug,  V.     [hugged;  hug'ging.]     I.  ^   1. 
To  clasp  tightly  within  the  arras.    2.  To  cher- 
ish.   II.  i.    To  cuddle.     [Scand.] 
—  hug,  n.    A  close  embrace. 

hugre,  hiiij,  a.  Having  great  bulk;  vast.  [< 
OF.  ahuge,  high.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

hulk,  n.  1.  The  body  of  an  old  ship.  2.  Any 
unwieldy  object.  [<  AS.  hulc,  <  Gr.  hdka^, 
a  ship  of  burden.] 

huUi,  hoi.  I.  vt.  To  free  from  the  hull.  II. 
n.  The  outer  covering,  as  of  a  nut;  husk.  [< 
AS.  hidu,  hull,  <  helan,  cover.] 

huU^.  I.  vt.  To  strike  or  pierce  the  hull  of. 
II.  «.    The  body  of  a  vessel.     [<hole,  «.] 

hul-lo',  hul-15',?\,M.,&  interj.    Same  as  halloo. 

hum,  hum,  v.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [hummed;  hum'. 
MING.]  To  sing  in  a  low  tone;  make  a  droning 
sound.  II.  n.  A  low,  monotonous,  or  inar- 
ticulate sound  (as  of  h''m).     [Imitative.] 

hu'man,  hin'man,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
charactS'rizing  man  or  mankind.  2.  Possessed 
by  or  suitable  for  man.  [<  L.  huinamts,  be- 
longing to  a  man.]  —  hii'man-ize,  vt.  &  ri. 
kiZKO;  -I'ziNG.]  To  render  humane  or  human. 
ii'man-iset.— hii'inaii-kind",  n.  The 
human  race.— hu'iiiaii-Iy,  adv. 

hu-mane',  hiu-men',  a.  1.  Having  or  show- 
ing kindness  and  tenderness;  compassionate. 
2.  Tending  to  refine;  polite;  elegant  [<  L. 
humarms;  see  human.]— hii-mane'ly,  ad^\ 


papfi,  gak;  at,  air;  el§mfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  6r; 


231 


humble 
hustle 


American 


—  hu-man'i-ty,  hiu-man'i-ti,  n.    [-ties*,  pl.'\ 

I.  Maakind  collectively,  '■i.  Human  nature.  3. 
The  state  of  being  humane;  a  humane  act.  4. 
pi.  Classical  learning.— hu-inan'''i-ta'ri-an, 
n.    A  philanthropist. 

liuiu'bl(e,  hum'bl,  I.  vt.  [hum'bl(e)d; 
hum'bling.]  To  make  humble;  humiliate; 
lower.  II.  a.  [hum'bler;  hum'blest.] 
Having  or  expressing  a  sense  of  inferiority  or 
unworthiness;  meek;  unpretending;  lowly. 
[F.,  <  L.  humilis,  low,  <  humus,  ground.] 

liuin'ble-'bee''',  hum'bl-bi",  n.   A  bumblebee. 

liuni''bly,  adv.    In  a  humble  manner. 

llUln'l)ug'^  hum'bug".  I.  vt.  &  ri.  [hum'- 
BUGGED";  hum'bug"ging.]  To  impose  upou; 
deceive.  II.  n.  1.  Anything  intended  or 
calculated  to  deceive;  a  sham.  2.  An  impos- 
tor.    [  <  HU3i2  4-  BUG,  specter.] 

hum-'druin'',  hum'drum".  I.  a.  Without 
interest;  tedious.  II.  n.  Monotonous  exist- 
ence; tedious  talk.     [<  hum,  -i?.,  +  drum.] 

hu'inid,  hiii'mid,  a.  Containing  sensible 
moisture;  damp.  [<  1,.^  humidvs,  <  humeo, 
be  moist.]  — hu-mid'i-ty,  n.  Humid  condi- 
tion; moisture;  dampness. 

hu-xniri-ate,  hiu-mil'i-et,  vt.  [-a'ted^;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  offend  the  pride  or  self-respect  of. 
[  <  L.  humilis,  humble.]— hu-iniF'l-a'tlon,  }i. 

hu-miri-ty,  hiu-mil'i-ti,  n.  [-Tiv:s^,pl.]  The 
quality  of  being  humble.  [<  L.  humilitait-)s, 
lowness.] 

hum'mingsbird'',  n. 
bird,  related  to  the 
swifts. 

hum'mock,  hum'gc,  n. 
A  small  elevation. 
[Prob.  dim.  of  hump.] 

hu'inor,  hiu'm§r  or  yu'- 
mgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  yield 
to  the  humor  or  caprices 
of.  2.  To  adapt  oneself 
to.  II.  n.  1.  Disposi- 
tion- characteristic 
mood;  whim.  2.  A  fa- 
cetious turn  of  thought. 
3.  An  animal  fluid.  4. 
A  cutaneous  eruption.  [  <  L.  humor,  <  humeo, 
be  moist.]  —  hu'mor-ist,  ti.  1 .  One  who  dis- 
plays humor.  2.  A  whimsical  person.— hu'- 
mor-ous,  a.  1 .  Adapted  to  excite  merriment; 
amusing.  2.  Moved  by  caprice;  whimsical. 
mly,  adtK  -iiess,  71.— hu'inor-some,  a.  1. 
Full  of  humors  or  whims.  2.  Characterized  by 
humor;  droll,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

hump,  hump,  n.  A  protuberance,  especially 
that  formed  by  a  curved  spine.    [Cp.  D.  homj).] 

—  hulnp'back'^  n.  1.  A  crooked  back.  3. 
A  hunchback.—  hump'backed''^  a. 

hunch,   hunch.     I*,  vt.     To  push  suddenly; 

jostle;  also,  to  crook,  as  the  back.    II.  n.    1. 

A  hump.    2.  A  lump  or  hunk.    3.  A  sudden 

shove    [Form  of  hunk,  n.] —  hunch'back'''',  n. 

A  humpbacked  person.—  huncli'baeked''%  a. 
hun'dred,  hun'drgd.    I.  a.    Ten  times  ten. 

II.  n.  1.  Ten  times  ten;  also,  the  symbol 
representing  it,  C  or  100.  2.  An  ancient  sub- 
division of  a  county.  [AS.]  —  hun'dredth. 
I.  a.  Tenth  in  order  after  the  ninetieth.  II, 
n.    The  last  In  a  series  of  100. 

hung:,  hung,  imp.  &pp.  of  hang,  v. 
hun-'ger,  hup'ggr.    1.  vi.    1.  To  crave  food. 


Humming-bird 


2.  To  have  an  eager  desire.  11.  n.  1.  Cra- 
ving for  food.    2.  Any  strong  desire.     [AS.] 

hun'gry,  hmi'gri,  a.  [hun'gri-er;  hun'gri- 
EST.J  1.  Having  a  keen  appetite;  craving. 
2.  Indicating  hunger.  [<  AS.  hungrig,  < 
hunger,  hunger.] 

hunk,  hunk,  n.  [CoUoq.]  A  large  piece;  lump. 
[Akin  to  HOOK.] 

hunt,  hunt.  I<i.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  pursue,  as 
game;  follow  the  chase.  2.  To  make  a  close 
search.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  hunting  game; 
chase.  2.  A  search.  3.  An  association  of 
huntsmen.  4.  A  district  hunted  over.  [<  AS. 
huntian,  hunt.]  —  hunt'er,  n.  1.  A  hunts- 
man. *J.  A  horse  used  in  hunting.— hunt'ress, 
n.  A  female  hunter.— hiints'inan,  n.  One 
who  practises  hunting;  the  attendant  who  has 
charge  of  the  pack  of  hounds  In  a  hunt. 

hur'dlCe,  hur'dl,  n.  1.  A  movable  frame- 
work wattled  together  and  used  for  making 
fences,  etc.  2.  A  framework  to  be  leaped 
over  in  racing.     [<  AS.  hyrdel,  hurdle.] 

hurl,  hurl,  vt.  &  vi.  To  throw  with  violence; 
utter  with  vehemence.     [Form  of  hurtle,  v.] 

hur-rah',  I  hu-rfl'.    I.  vt.  &vi.    To  utter  hur- 

hur-ra',  ("  rahs  or  cheers.  II.  n.  A  shout  of 
triumph.  III.  interj.  An  exclamation  ex- 
pressing triumph  or  joy.     [<  G.  hurra.'] 

hur'ri-cane,  hur'i-ken,  n.  Originally,  a  cy- 
clone; now,  any  gale  of  unusual  violence.  [< 
CaribbeanSp  hurakan,  hurricane.] 

hur'ry,  hur'i.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [hur'ried,  -rid; 
hur'ry-ing.]  To  cause  to  be  done  rapidly; 
hasten;  act  rapidly;  be  precipitate.  II.  n. 
[hur'ries^,  pi.]    The  act  of  hurrying;  haste. 

hurt,  hurt.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    [hurt;  hurt'ing.] 

1.  To  cause  to  suffer;  pain;  injure.  2.  To 
do  or  cause  pain  or  harm.  II.  n.  Injury,  as 
a  bruise;  hence,  damage.  [<  OF.  hurter,  hit; 
prob.  Celt.]  —  hurt'ful,  a.    Causing  hurt. 

hus'band,  huz'band.  I<i.  vt.  1.  To  save  for 
the  future;  manage  economically.  2.  To  pro- 
vide with  a  husband;  be  a  husband  to.  II.  n. 
A  married  man.  [<  AS.  hus,  house,  -f  honda, 
hunda,  head  of  a  family.]  —  hus^band-inan,  n. 
A  farmer.—  h  n  s'b  an  d-r y ,  n.    1 .  Agriculture. 

2.  Economical  management. 

hush,  hush.  It.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  silent;  to 
restrain;  be  still.  II.  n.  Profound  silence; 
quiet.    III.  interj.    Be  still. 

husk,  husk.  V-.vt.  To  remove  the  husk  of.  II. 
n.  1.  The  outer  covering  of  certain  fruits  or 
seeds;  rind.  2.  Anything  comparatively 
worthless.     [ME.  husk,  <  AS.  hulu,  hull.] 

husk'yi,  husk'i,  a.  [husk'i-er;  husk'i-est.] 
Abounding  in  husks;  like  husks. 

husk''y2,a.  [husk'i-er;  husk'i-est.]  Hoarse: 
said  of  the  voice.     [<  Misk,  var.  of  harsh.] 

hus-sar',  huz-zflr',  w.  A  light^horse  trooper. 
[<  Hung,  huzzdr.] 

hus'sy,  huz'i,  w.  [hus'siess  ^5/.]  A  pert  or 
forward  girl.     [Corr.  of  housewife.] 

hustling,  hust'ing,  n.  1.  A  meeting  for  con- 
ference. 2.  p/.  [Gt.  Brit.]  A  platform  for 
electioneering   speeches.     [<    AS.   husting.] 

hus'tl(e,  hus'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [hus'tl(e)d;  hus'- 
tling.]  1.  To  shake  or  shuffle  together  in 
confusion;  jostle;  shuffle  along.  2.  [Colioq., 
IJ.  S.]  To  show  energy  and  perseverance. 
[<  D.  hutselen,  freq.  of  hutsen,  jostle.] 


flut|flre    (futm-e);   aisle;   au   {out);   ell;    c   (k);    cliat;    dh   {the);   go;  sing,  ipk;   thin. 


hut 

hysteria 


232 


hut,  hut.  I.vt.&vi.  [hut'ted"';  hut'ting.] 
To  shelter  in  a  hut;  live  in  a  hut.  II.  n.  A 
small  rude  dwelling.    [  <  F.  hutte,  <  G.  Mitte.] 

hutch,  huch.  I',  vt.  To  hoard,  as  in  a  chest. 
II.  fi.  A  place  for  storing  anything;  a  small 
or  dark  room;  also,  a  chest,  coop,  etc.  [<  F. 
huche,  <  LL.  hutica,  chest;  cp.  hut,  n.] 

huz-za^,  v.,  n.,  &  interj.  Hurrah.  [<  G.  hussa, 
huzza.] 

hya-cinth,  hai'a-sinth,  n.  A  bulbous  plant 
cultivated  for  its  spike-like  cluster  of  flowers. 
—  Iiy'"a-ciii'thin(e,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
the  hyacinth;  lovely;  beautiful. 

hy-fe'na,  M.    See  hyena. 

hy'brid,  hai'brid  whib'rid.  I.  a.  Produced 
by  interbreeding  or  cross'fertilization;  mixed. 
II.  n.  A  hybrid  animal  or  plant;  a  mongrel. 
[<  J-iJ  hybii-da,  mongrel.] — hy'brid-ism,  n. 

hy'dra,  hai'dra,  n.  [hy'dras*  or  hy'dr^, 
hai'drt  or -dre,  i?;.]  1.  [H-]  Gr.  Myth.  The 
many-headed  water-serpent  slain  by  Hercules. 
2.  Any  evil  of  many  forms.  [<  Gr.  hydra., 
Lernaean  serpent.]  — hy'drashead'^ed,  a. 
Having  many  heads;  hard  to  extirpate. 

hy'drant,  hai'drant,  n.  A  valved  discharge- 
pipe  connected  with  a  water-main.  [<  Gr. 
hydor  {hydr-\  water.] 

hy-drau'lic,  hai-dre'lic,  a.  Pertaining  to 
hydraulics,  involving  the  moving  of  water,  or 
force  exerted  by  water.  [  <  Gr.  hydor.,  water, 
-f  aulos.,  pipe.]  —  hy-drau'lics,  n.  1.  Physics. 
The  science  of  liquids,  especially  water,  in  mo- 
tion.   3.  Hydraulic  engineering. 

hydro-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  hydor., 
water.] — hy'dro-gen,  w.  A  colorless,  odor- 
less, tasteless,  gaseous  element,  the  lightest 
substance  known.— hy'''dro-Kvapli''ic,  a.  Re- 
lating to  hydrography.— hy-drog'ra-phy,  n. 
The  science  of  determining  and  making  known 
the  conditions  of  navigable  waters,  charting 
coasts,  rivers,  etc. —  hy-droin'e-ter,  n.  1. 
An  Instrument  for  determining  the  density  or 
specific  gravity  of  solids  and  liquids,  a.  A  cur- 
rent-gage.  — hy-drop'a-tliy,  n.  The  treat- 
ment of  diseases  by  the  use  of  water.—  hy^'dro- 
patli'ic,  a.— hy^dro-pho'bi-a,  n.  A  dis- 
ease communicated  by  the  bite  of  a  rabid  ani- 
mal, due  to  a  specific  virus  in  the  saliva.—  hy''- 
dro-stat'ic,  n.  Pertaining  to  hydrostatics. 
hy-^dro-stafic-all.—  hy'^dro-stat'ics,  n. 
'ue  science  of  the  pressure  and  equilibrium  ol 
fluids,  as  water.— hy'drous,  a.     Watery;  con 


miii 


hy-e'na,  hai-I'na,  n.  A  cowardly  carnivorous 
mammal  having 
the  fore  le^s  longer 
than  thehmd.  [< 
Gr.  hyaina  (from 
its  hog-like  mane), 
<  Jiys,  hog.] 

hy'gi-ene,  iiai'ji- 
in,  n.   The  branch 

of  medical  science  

that  relates  to  the        c»,.,„,.,,  «,„.„„     i/ 
preservation    of         Striped  Hyena.    V45 
health.   [<  Gr. ^  fn/r/iahid,  be  healthy.]  —  liy"- 
ari-<Mj'ic,  a.    Pertaining  to  hygiene. 

hy-grrom'e-ter,  n.  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
Inliiing  the  humidity. 

Hy'men,  n.  1.  Gr.  Myth.  The  god  of  mar- 
riage. 2.  [h-]  The  wedded  state.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
//y»j?n,goaofmarriage.l— hy"inen-e'al.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  marriage.    II,  »i.  A  wedding-song. 


hymn,  him.  I.  vt.  &  m.  [hymned,  himd; 
hymn'ing,  him'ing  or  him'ning.]  To  sing 
hymns  to;  express  in  hymns;  sing  praises.  II. 
n.  A  song  expressive  of  praise,  adoration,  or 
elevated  emotion.  [<  AS.  hypien,  <  Gr.  hym- 
nos,  hymn.]  —  hymenal,  n.    A  book  of  hymns. 

hyper-,  j^re^cc.  'Over;  above;  above  measure. 
[<  Gr.L  hyper-,  <  hyper,  over.]  —  hy-per'- 
bo-la,  n.  Geom.  A  plane  curve  such  that  the 
difference  of  the  distances  from  any  point  of  the 
curve  to  two  fixed  points,  the  foci,  is  a  constant: 
the  figure  formed  wben  two  cones,  placed  vertex 
to  vertex,  are  cut  by  a  plane  that  passes  through 
them  both.— hy-per'bo-le,  n.  Poetic  or  rhe- 
torical overstatement;  exaggeration.-  hy'^per- 
boric,  hy^per-boFic-al,  a.  Relating  to 
hyperbole;exaggerating.— Hy'^per-bo're-an. 
I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  Hyperboreans.  2. 
[h-]  Occupying  the  extreme  north;  hence,  very 
cold.  II.  w.  Gr.  Myth.  One  of  a  people  supposed 
to  dwell  beyond  the  north  wind.  —  hy'^per- 
crit'ic,  n.  A  very  severe  critic  — by ''per- 
crit'ic-al,  a.  Given  to  strained  or  captious 
criticism. -by'^per-crifi-cisiii,  71.  Unduly 
savere,  minute,  or  captious  criticism.- hy-per'- 
tro-phy,  n.    Undue  or  excessive  growth. 

hyphen,  hai'fen,  n.  A  mark  (-  or  -)  indica- 
ting connection,  placed  between  the  elements 
of  words.     [<  Gr.  hypo,  under,  -\-  hen,  one.] 


k 


—  hy'phen-ate,  »«.  [-A"TED<i; -a'ting.]  Ti 
Insert  a  hyphen  between  the  parts  of.— hy''- 
phen-a'tion,  n. 

hyp'no-tism,  hip'no-tizm,  n.  An  artificially 
induced  somnambulistic  state  in  which  the 
mind  becomes  passive.— hyp-not'ic,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  tending  to  produce  hypnotism. 
a.  Tending  to  produce  sleep.  [<  Gr.  hypnoli- 
kos,  <  hypnos,  sleep.] —  hyp'no-tize,  rt. 
[-TiZED;  -Ti"ziNG.]  Toproduce  hj'puotic  Sleep  In. 

hypo-,  hyp-,  iweflx.  Under;  beneath;  less 
than :  opposed  to  /<2/»er-.— hyp'^o-ehoii'drl-a, 
hlp'o-cen'dri-a  or  harpo-,  n.  A  morbid  melan- 
of  n 


choly  and  anxiety  of  mind. 


'o-chon'- 


[-SIES*, «;.] 
.— byp'^o- 


byp' 
dri-ac.  I.  a.  Subject  to  Imaginary  ailments. 
II.  n.  A  person  who  suffers  from  hypochondria. 
—  hyp''o-der'iiiic,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  area 
under  the  skin  or  cuticle;  introduced  or  found 
under  the  skin.-  by-pot'e-niise,  n.  The  side 
of  a  right-angled  triangle  opposite  the  right 
angle,  hy-potb'e-nuseit.—hy-potb^e-cate. 
vt.  [-OA'TEDd;  -ca'ting.]  To  glvc  (personal 
property)  In  pledge  as  security  for  debt.—  by- 
potb-^e-ra'tion,  n. 

hyp'o-crit(e,  hip'o-crit,  n.  One  who  acts  a 
false  part  or  makes  false  professions.  [F.,  < 
Gr.  hypocritt'S,  one  who  answers  on  the  stage.] 

—  byp-oc'ri-sy,  hlp-ec'rl-si,  ?j. 
The  feigning  to  be  what  one  is  not. 
crit'ic-al,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  hypocrite  or 
hypoerlsy.—  byp''o-crit'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

hy-poth'e-sis,  n.  [-ses,  -stz  w  -ses,  pi.']  A 
supposititious  state  of  things  assumed  as  a  basis 
of  reasoning,  experiment,  or  investigation; 
looselv,  a  guess  or  conjecture.  —  hy'^po- 
thet'ic,  by''po-tb«'t'ic-al,  a.  Having  the 
nature  of  or  based  on  hypothesis;  conjectural. 

hys'sop,  his'up,  71.  A  bushy  medicinal  herb  of 
the  mint  family,  about  2  feet  high,  with  small 
clusters  of  blue  flowers.  [<  Heb.«"'  Izdph^ 
aromatic  plant.] 

h^rs-te'ri-a,  his-tl'rl-a,  n.  A  nervous  affec- 
tion occurring  typically  in  paroxysms  of  laugh- 
ing and  crving  alternately.  [<  Gr.  hystera, 
womb.]  hys-ter'ic8t — hys-ier'lc-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  like  hysterics;  fitfully  emotional. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ce);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rille;  bot,  Or; 


233 


I,  i 
idle 


I,  i,  ai,  n.    [ies,  I'e,  Jb,  aiz,  2)1.1    A  letter:  the 

ninth  iu  the  English  alphabet. 
I,pron.     [my  or  mine,  ms,  sing.;  we,  our  or 

OURS,  us,  2}l-]    The  nominative  case  singular 

of  the  personal  pronoun  of  the  first  person. 

[<  AS.ic] 
i-am'tous,  ai-[or  f-]am'bus,  n.     [-bi,  -bai  07' 

-bi,  pL]    A  foot  of  two  syllables,  a  short  fol- 
lowed by  a  long  or  accented  one.     [L.,  <  Gr. 

iambos.)  —  i-ain'bic,  a. 
i'bex,  ai'bex,  n.    One  of  various  wild  goats, 

especially  the  Alpine.     [L.,  species  of  goat.] 
i1>is,  ai'bis,  n.  A  wading  bird,  with  cylindrical 

bill  bent  downward.     [L.,  <  Gr.  ibis,  ibis.] 
-ibl(e.    A  suffix  of  adjectives:  the  equivalent  of 

-able;  as,  edible,  from  the  Latin  ede-re,  =  eat- 
able.    [<  L.  -ibilis,  form  of  -bilis  (see  -ble)  after 

verb»stems  not  ending  in  -o-.] 
-ic,  suffix.    Used  as  an  adjective  termination  with 

general    sense   of    "  of,"   "  pertaining  to,"    or 

"  like,"  as  In  artist/c,  or  as  a  termination  of  nouns, 

as  In  logic. 
-ical,  suffix.    Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like.     [<  L. 

-icalis,  <  -icus,  -ic,  +  -alis,  of  the  kind  of.] 
ice,  ais,    l.vt.  &  vi.     [iced';  i'cing.]     1.  To 

freeze  or  chill.    2.  To  congeal  into  ice.    3.  To 

frost,  as  cake,  with  icing.   II.  n.  1.  Congealed 

or  frozen  water.     2.  I^rosting;  icing.     [<AS. 

Is.]  —  ice'ber^'',   n.      A    thick  mass    of    ice 

found  floating  In  tlie  sea  In  high  latitudes.— ice's 

boat'',  n.  A  framework  with  skate^llke  runners 

and  sails  for  sailing 

over  Ice.  —  ice: 

cream,  n.    Cream, 

milk,    or    custard 

sweetened,  flavored, 

and  frozen.— ice  = 

house,  n.    A  build 

ing  for  storing  Ice.— 

i'cing:,  ai'sing,  ?i.  A 

frosting,  as  for  cake 
Icli-neu'inoii,   ic 

niu'm§n,w.  A  civet 

like    carnivore,     o' 

somewhat     weasil 

like  aspect.     [L., 

Gr.    ichneumon, 

ichneuo,  hunt.] 
icli"tliy-ol'o-gy . 

n.     The  branch  ot 


American  Ice-boat. 


zoology  that  treats 
of  fishes.  [<  Gr. 
ichthys,  fish,  +  -logy.]— ich"thy-ol'o-gist,  n. 

icli"tiiy-opli'a-gous,  a.  Fish'cating.  [< 
Gr.  ichthys,  fish,  +  phagein,  eat.] 

icli"tli7-o-sau'rus,  n.  [-ri,j9Z.]  A  gigan- 
tic fossil  reptile.  [<  Gr.  ichthys,  fish,  -f  sau- 
ros,  lizard.] 

i'ci-cl(e,  ai'si-cl,  n.  A  pendent  mass  of  ice 
formed  by  the  freezing  of  dripping  water.  [  < 
AS.  Is'gicel,  <  Is,  ice,  -\-  gicel,  icicle.] 

i'ci-ly,  i'ci-ness,  etc.    See  icy. 

i-con'o-clast,  ai-cen'o-clast,  n.  1.  An  image- 
breaker.  2.  One  who  assails  traditional  be- 
liefs.    [<  Gr.  eikon,  image,  -f  Mad,  break.] 


-ics.  A  suffix,  singular  in  sense,  modeled  on  the 
Greek  neuter  plural  -ika,  and  denoting  an  art  or 
a  science;  as,  metaphysics.    [PI-  of  -ic] 

i'cy,  ai'si,  a.  [i'ci-er;  i'ci-est.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  ice;  frigid.  2.  Marked  by  coldness  of 
manner,  aspect,  etc.;  chilling. 

—  i'ci-ly,  «(i».— i'ci-ness,  n. 

-i  d,  S7ifflx.  Formerly  -ide:  used  (1)  in  adjectives  of 
Latin  origin;  (2)  in  chemistry,  to  form  names  of 
compounds.    [<  L. -id«.9.] 

l-de'a,  ai-dl'a,  n.  1.  Any  product  of  mental 
apprehension  or  activity.  2.  A  conception; 
notion.  3.  A  purpose  or  plan.  4.  A  mental 
image.    [L.,  <  Gr.  idea,  form,  <  idein,  see.] 

—  i-de'al.  I.  a.  1 ,  Pertaining  to  or  existing 
In  Ideas;  conceptional.  '^.  Existing  only  In  Imag- 
ination or  notion.  II.  n.  1.  A  model;  type.  *Z. 
That  which  exists  only  in  Imagination,  -ly,  adv. 
—  i-cle'al-ism,  «.  1.  Philos.  Tlie  doctrine 
that  Ideas  are  the  only  objects  immediately 
known.  2.  The  quest  of  Ideal  perfection.  — 
i"de-al'i-ty, «.  [-ties*,  pZ.]  1.  The  condition 
or  character  of  being  ideal,  i-de'al-nesst. 
♦2.  The  power  or  tendency  to  form  Ideals.  — 
i-de'al-ize,  i-de'ai-ise,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ized, 
-ised;  -i'zixg,  -I'siNG.]    To  render  ideal. 

i'dein,  ai'demor  I'dem,  n.  The  same:  abbrevi- 
ated id.    [L.] 

i-den'tic-al,  ai-den'tic-al,  a.  1.  Absolutely 
the  same.  2.  Uniform.  [<  LL.  identicus,  < 
L.  idem,  the  same.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

i-den'ti-fy,  ai-den'ti-fai,  ?;<.  [-fied;  -fy"ing.] 

I.  To  assert  or  prove  to  be  absolutely  the 
same.  2.  To  join  with;  unite.  3.  To  serve 
as  a  mark  for  recognition.  —  i-den"ti-fl-ca'- 

i      tion,  71. 

I  i-den'ti-ty,  ai-den'ti-ti,  n.    [-tiess  pi.]    1. 
i      The  state  of  being  identical  or  absolutely  the 
!      same.    2.  The  distinctive  character  belonging 
to  an  individual  or  a  class. 

ides,  aidz,  n.  pi.  Bom.  Antiq.  The  15th  of 
March,  May,  July,  and  Oct.,  and  the  13th  of  the 
other  months.     [<  L.  idits,  ides.] 

id'i-o-cy,  id'i-o-si,  n.  The  condition  of  being 
an  idiot. 

id'i-om,  id'i-um,  n.  1.  A  use  of  words  pecul- 
iar to  a  particular  language.  2.  A  peculiar 
speech  or  jargon.  [<  Gr.  idioma,  <  idios,  one's 
own.]  —  id"i-o-mat'ic,  a.  1.  Peculiar  to 
idiom.  2.  Peculiar  to  a  certain  language.  id"i- 
o-mat'ic-alt.  — id"i-o-inat'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

id"i-o-syn'cra-sy,  id"i-o-sin'cra-si,  n. 
[-siES^,  jt?^.]  A  constitutional  peculiarity.  [< 
Gr.  idios,  personal,  +  ^y^->  with,  -j-  krasis, 
mingling.] 

id'i-ot,  id'i-§t,  n.  1.  An  imbecile.  2.  A 
foolish  fellow.  [  <  Gr.  idiotes,  a  private,  igno- 
rant person.] — id"i-ot'ie,  a.  Like  an  idiot. 
— id'i-o-tism,  n.  1.  An  individual  peculiarity 
of  expression.    2.  An  idiom.    3§.  Idiocy. 

i'dle,  ai'dl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [i'dled;  i'dltng.] 
To  spend  in  idleness;  lose  time  in  inaction. 

II.  a.  1.  Not  occupied.  2.  Averse  to  labor; 
lazy.  3.  Affording  leisure.  4.  Useless.  [<AS. 
Idel,  empty.]    -ness, «.— i'dler,  «.— i'dly,  adv. 


flutture  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;   dli   (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


idol 
imagine 


234 


l^dol,  ai'dgl,  n.  1.  The  image  of  a  heathen 
god.  2.  That  on  which  the  affections  are 
passionately  set.  3.  A  source  of  error.  [< 
Qr,L+F  eidolon^  <  eidomai,  appear.]  —  i-dol'a- 
ter,  n.  An  adorer  of  Images.— i-dol'a-tress, 
n./em.  — i-dol'a-trou8,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
idolatry.  2.  Extravagant  in  admiration.— i-dol'- 
a-try,  n.  [-teies^,  pi.']  1.  The  worship  of 
idols.  2.  Idolatrous  admiration.  —  i^dol-ize, 
vt,  [-IZED; -I'ziNG.]  To  regard  with  admiration; 
worship  idolatrously.    i^dol-isel:* 

i'dyl,  ai'dil,  n.  A  short  poem;  especially,  a 
short  and  highly  wrought  descriptive  poem. 
[<  Gr.^+^ eidyllion,  <  eidos,  form.]    i'dyll*. 

if,  if,  co/y.  1.  On  the  supposition  that.  2.  Al- 
lowing that.  3.  Although;  because.  4.  When- 
ever.   5.  Whether.     [<  AS.  gif,  if.] 

ig'ne-ous,  ig'ne-us,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling tire.  2.  (reo^.  Formed  by  the  action 
of  a  fusmg  heat.     [<  L.  ig?ieus,  <  ignis,  tire.] 

ig'nis  fat'u-us,  ig'nis  fat'yu-us.  [ig'nes 
fat'u-i,  ig'niz  or  -nes  fat'yu-ai  or  fgt'u-1,  pL] 
A  phosphorescent  light  seen  in  the  air  over 
marshy  places.     [L.,  foolish  fire.] 

ig-nite',  ig-nait,'  v.   [iG-Ni'TEDd;  ig-ni'ting.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  kindle  or  set  on  fire.  2.  To  cause 
to  appear  luminous.    H.  i.  1.  To  take  fire. 

2.  To  glow  with  heat.  [<  1..  ignitus,  TpP-  of 
ignio,  <  ignis,  fire.]  —  ig-nPtion,  n.  The  act 
of  igniting. 

ig-no-TjlCe,  ig-nO'bl,  a.  1.  Unworthy,  or  de- 
graded in  character.  2.  Lowobom.  3.  Of  in- 
ferior kind.  [F.,  <  L.  ignobilis,  unknown.]  — 
ig-no'bly,  adv. 

ig'no-min'^y,  ig'no-min"i,  n.  [-iEs^,pl.]  1. 
Public  disgrace  or  dishonor,  2.  That  which 
causes  disgrace.  [<  L.  ignominia,<  in-,  not, 
-\-nomen{nomin-),  name.]  —  ig''no-inin'i-ou8, 
a.    Entailing  ignominy,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ig''no-ra'mus,  ig"no-re'mu8  or  -rfl'mus,  n. 
An  ignorant  pretender  to  knowledge.  [L.,  lit. 
'we  are  ignorant';  <  ignore;  see  ignore.] 

ig'no-rance,  ig'no-rans,  n.  The  state  of 
being  ignorant;  the  condition  of  not  being  in- 
formed, [F.,  <  L.  ignorantia,  <  ignore,  ig- 
nore.] —  ig'no-rant,  a.  1 .  Destitute  of  ed- 
ucation or  knowledge.  2.  Unacquainted.  3, 
Manifesting  Ignorance,    -ly,  adv. 

ig-liore(,ig-nOr',vt.  [ig-nored';  ig-nor'ing.] 
To  pass  without  notice.  [<  L.  ignero,  <  in-, 
not,  +  gnarus,  knowing.] 

i-gua'na,  i-gwfl'na,  n.    A  large  lizard,  chiefly 
Inhabiting      tropical 
America.    ISp.] 

il-i.  il-2,  praxes.    Forms 
of  iN-i,  iN-2,  before  I. 

iU,  il,  I.  a.  1.  Disor- 
dered in  physical  condi- 
tion; sick.  2.  Baneful; 
harmful.  3.  Of  inferior  ,, 
quality.  4.  Lacking  Common  Iguana,  i/eo 
BKill.  II.  n.  1.  Anything  that  prevents  or 
impairs  what  is  good  or  desirable,  2.  Some- 
thing morally  bad.  III.  adv.  1.  Not  well. 
2.  With  difficulty;  hardly.  [<  Ice.  Ulr,  ill, 
contr.  of  a  form  =  Goth.  vbUs,  =  evil.] 

—  ill'sbved'',  a.  Badly  taught,  reared,  or 
trained.- illsfavored,  a.  Repulsive;  ugly.— 
ill  fame.  Immoral  repute.— ill  nature,  pee- 
vishness; surliness;  sullenness.- ill>iialiired, 
a.  Indicating  surliness;  cross.- llhstarred,  n. 
Unfortunate  or  disastrous.— ill  temper,  Irri- 


tability; moroseness.— illstempered,  a.   Char- 
ill 


acterized  by  bad  temper 
malevolence. 


will,  enmity; 


il-le'gal,  il-lt'gal,  a.  Contrary  to  the  law. 
_[<  L.  i7i-,  not,  -f-  legalis,  legal.]  -ly,  adv. — 
il'^le-gal'i-ty.  n.    il-le'gal-nessf. 

il-leg''i-'bl(e,  il-lcj'i-bl,  a.  Not  legible:  ob- 
scure. —  il-leg-^i-biFi-ty,  n.  il-leg'i-bl(e- 
iiesst.— il-leg'i-bly,  adv. 

il'^le-gifi-mate,  iIi§-jit'i-metor  -met,  a.  1. 
Contrary  to  law;  born  out  of  wedlock.  2.  Il- 
logical; unsound.  —  il'^le-git'i-ma-ey,  n. 

il-lib'er-al,  il-lib'gr-al,  a.  Not  liberal;  parsi- 
monious; narrow-minded.  [<  L.  i«-,  not;  and 
see  liberal.]  — il-lib'''er-al'i.ty,  n. 

il-lic'it,  il-lis'it,  a.  Not  permitted;  unlawful. 
[<  L.  in-,  not,  -4-  licitus,  lawful,  <  licet,  be  per- 
mitted.]   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

il-lim'it-a-'bKe,  il-lim'it-a-bl,  a.  That  can 
not  be  limited.  —  il-Iim'it-a-bly ,  adv. 

il-lit'er-ate,il-lit'gr-et  0?' -gt,  a.  Uneducated; 
manifesting  want  of  culture.  [<L.  in-,  not; 
and  see  literate.]  — il-lit'er-a-cy,  n. 

iirness,  il'nes,  n.  The  state  of  being  out  of 
health;  an  ailment;  sickness. 

il-log'ic-al,  il-lej'ic-al,  a.  Ignorant  of  cor- 
rect thinking;  contrary  to  the  rules  of  logic. 

il-lu'mi-nate,  il-lii'mi-net,  v.  [-na'ted"*; 
-NA"TiNG.]  I.  ^,  1.  To  light  up;  enlighten. 
2.  To  decorate  with  ornamental  colored  fig- 
ures. 11.  i.  To  make  a  display  of  lights.  [<L. 
in,  in,  ^  lumen,  light  J  —  ii-lii''ini-na'tion,«. 
1.  A  lighting  up.  2.  The  volume  of  light 
thrown.  3.  Mental  enlightenment.  4.  Em- 
bellishment, as  of  manuscripts,  ^il-lu'mi-na- 
tiv(e,  a.  —  il-lu'ini-na^'tor,  n. 

il-lu'mine,  il-lu'min,  vt.  [-mined;  -min-ing.] 
To  throw  light  upon;  make  bright;  enlighten. 

il-lU''sion,  il-lu'zhun,  n.  Any  misleading  ap- 
pearance; a  false  show.  [KlL.illnsioin-),  < 
in,  on,  -f  lude,  play.]— il-lu'8iv(e,  il-lu'so-ry, 
a.    Misleading;  deceptive,   -ly,  adv.   -ness,  n. 

il-lus^trate,  il-lus'tret,  vt.  [-tra"ted'';  -tra"- 
ting.]  1.  To  explain  by  means  of  figures, 
examples,  etc.  2.  To  adorn  with  pictures, 
borders,  etc.  [<  L.  illvstro,  light  up.]  —  il"- 
lu8-tra^tion,  n.  1.  That  which  Illustrates; 
an  example  or  a  picture.  2.The  act  or  art  of  Il- 
lustrating.—il-lu8'tra-tiv(e,  a.  — il-lus'- 
tra-tor  or  -ter,  n. 

il-lus'tri-ous,  il-lus'tri-us,  a.  1.  Greatly  dis- 
tinguished. 2.  Conferring  luster.  [k'L.HIhs- 
tris,  <  in,  in,  -|-  *lustrum,  light.]     -ly,  adv. 

im-^,  Im,  prefix.  In;  Into;  on:  euphonic  variant 
of  iN-i  before  6,  m,  and  p. 

Im-^,  prefix.  Not;  un-:  euphonic  variant  of  in-2 
before  b,  to,  and  p.  [Where  pronunciation,  par- 
ticipial forms,  etymology,  etc.,  are  not  given  un- 
der words  beginning  with  im-,  they  will  be  found 
by  referring  to  the  latter  elements  of  the  various 
compounds.] 

im'age,  im'gj,  1.  vt.  [im'aged;im'a-ging.] 
1.  To  form  an  image  of.  2.  To  portray  to  the 
mental  vision,  3.  To  resemble.  II.  n.  1.  A 
visible  representation  of  something;  a  statue, 
picture,  idol,  etc,  2.  A  reflection.  3.  A  nat- 
ural resemblance.  4.  A  mental  picture.  \¥., 
<  L,  image,  likeness.]— Im'age-ry,  im'gj-ri, 
n.  [-KIK8,  ;d/.1  The  act  of  forming  images;  Im- 
ages collectively. 

iin-ag'in(e,  im-aj'in,  v.  [-in(e)d;  -in-ino.] 
I.  /.     1.  To  form  an  image  or  conception  of. 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfmfint,  thfiy,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  bot,  or; 


235 


imbauk 
impalpable 


2.  To  conceive  as  real:  conjecture.  3.  To 
devise.  II.  i.  1.  To  exercise  tlie  imagina- 
tion. 2.  To  have  a  conception.  [<  L.^iwi- 
aginor,  <  imago  (imagin-\  image.]  — im-ag'i- 
na-bl(e,  a.— iiii-ag'i-na-ry,  a.  Existing 
only  in  imagination;  unreal.— ini-ag^'i-na'- 
tion,  n.  1,  The  picturing  power  or  act  of  the 
mind;  the  constructive  or  creative  faculty.  2. 
That  which  Is  imagined;  a  phantasm;  notion.— 
iin-ae:'i-na-tiT(e,  a.  1.  Creative  or  con- 
structh'e.  2.  Characterized  by  imagination. 
-ly,  adv. 

im-bank^  etc.    See  embank,  etc. 

im'bec-ilCe,  im'bes-il.  I.  o.  1.  Having  the 
mental  faculties  feeble.  2.  Mentally  impotent. 
II.  n.  A  person  of  feeble  mind.  [OF.,  <  L. 
imbecilUs,  weals:.]  —  im''bec-il'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*, 
pi.]     Imbecile  condition  or  opinion. 

im-bed'.    See  embed. 

im-bibe%im-baib',v.  [im-bibed^;  im-bi'bing.] 
I.  t.  To  take  up  by  absorption.  II.  i.  [Hu- 
morous.] To  drink,  as  liquors.  [<  L.  im- 
(<  in),  in,  +  bibo,  drink.] 

iiii-bod'y,  im-bos^oin.  See  embody,  embosom. 

im'bri-cate,  im'bri-ket  or  -ket,  a.  Overlap- 
ping; decorated  with  overlapping  scales.  [< 
L.  imbrex,  gutter-tile.]    ira'bri-ca''tecl$. 

—  im^'bri-ca'tion,  n. 
im-bro'gllo,  im-brO'Iyo,  n.     A  troublesome 

complication ;  intricate  plot.  [It.,  <  L.  in,  in, 
-|-  LL.  brolium,  forest.] 

im-brue^,  im-bru',  vt.  [im-bkued';  im-bru'- 
iNG.]  To  wet  or  moisten;  drench;  soak  into. 
r  <  OF.  embrxier,  <  en-,  in,  -f  betre,  drink.] 

im-brute',  im-brut',  tt.  &  xi.  To  render  or 
become  brutal  or  brutish;  brutalize. 

im-bue',  im-biS',  vt.  [im-bued';  im-bu'ing.] 
1.  To  absorb  or  pervade.  2.  To  tinge  or  dye 
deeply.  [<  OF.  imbiier,  <  L.  imbiio,  moisten.] 

im'i-tate,  im'i-tet,  t'^.  [-ta"ted'1;  -ta'ting.] 
To  pattern  after;  to  use  as  a  copy;  make  in 
imitation.  [<  L.  imitatus,  pp.  of  imitor, 
imitate.]  —  Ira'i-ta-bUe,  a.  That  may  be  imi- 
tated.—iin'''i-ta-bil'i-ty,  n— im^'i-ta'tion, 
71.  1.  The  act  of  imitating.  2.  Something  done 
in  resemblance  of  something  else.— im'i-ta- 
tivC*^,    o.— iin'i-ta''tor,  «. 

im-mac'u-late.  im-mac'yu-let  or  -10t,  a. 
Without  spot  or  blemish.  [<  L.  in-,  not,  -|- 
macvlatus,  spotted.] 

ixn'ma-nent,  im'a-ngnt,  a.  Indwelling;  in- 
herent.    [  <  L.  in,  in,  -j-  maneo,  remain.] 

—  iiii'ma-nence,  iin'ma-nen-cy,  n. 
lni'"ina-te'ri-al,   im"a-ti'ri-al,  a.      1.  Not 

material;  incorporeal.  2. Unimportant.— im^'- 
ma-te^'ri-al'i-ty,  im'^ina-te'ri-al-ness, 
7i.— iin'^ma-te'ri-al-ly,  adv. 

Im'^ma-ture',  im"a-tiur',  a.  Not  mature; 
undeveloped;  imperfect.— im'''ma-tur'i-ty,  n. 

iin-ineas''ur-a-bl(e,  im-mezh'ur-a-bl,  a.  In- 
definitely extensive;  measureless. 
-iiess,  ?i.— im-meas'ur-a-bly.  adv. 

Im-zne'di-ate,   im-mi'di-et  or  -gt,   a.      1. 
Without  delay;  instant.    2.  Close.    3.  Acting 
without  the  intervention  of  anything;  direct. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

iin''ine-ino'ri-al,  im"m§-mo'ri-al,  a.  Reach- 
ing back  beyond  memory,    -ly,  adv. 

im-nxense',  im-mens',  a.      i.  Very  great  in 
degree;  vast;  huge.    2.  Incapable  of  measure- 
ment.    [F.,  <  L.  immensus,  immeasurable.] 
-ly,  arf».— im-inen'si-ty,  n.    [-TiEs«,pZ.] 


ixn-merse',  im-mgrs',  vt.  [im-mbrsed'i;  im- 
MERS'iNG.]  1.  To  dip  entirely,  as  underwa- 
ter. 2.  To  involve  deeply.  3.  To  baptize  by 
immersion.     [<  L.  in,  in,  -\-  mergo,  dip.] 

—  im-mer'sion,  n.    The  act  of  immersing, 
or  the  state  of  being  Immersed. 

iin''inetli-od'ic-al,  a.  Lacking  method; 
unsystematic,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

im'mi-g^ate,  im'i-gret,  vi.  [-gra'ted"!; 
-GRA"TiNG.]  To  come  into  a  country  or  region; 
migrate  into.  [<  L.  in,  into,  -f  migro,  re- 
move.]—ini'mi-grant, /?.  One  who  immi- 
grates.—iin'''iiii-gra'tion,  w. 

ixn''ini-nence,  im'i-ngns,  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  imminent.  2.  Impending  evil.  [<  L. 
immineo,  overhang,  <  in,  on,  +  mineo,  pro- 
ject.] —  im'mi-nent,  a.  Dangerous  and  close 
at  hand:  impending. 

im-mo'bile,  im-mo'bil,  a.  TJnmovable. — 
im'^iiio-biri-ts',  n.    Fixedness. 

im-mod'er-ate,  im-med'gr-et  07'  -§t,  a.    Not 
moderate;  exceeding  reasonable  bounds. 
-ly,  adv.    -nes8,  n. 

im-mod'est,  a.  1.  Wanting  in  modesty.  2. 
Impudent.— ini-mod'es-ty,  n. 

im'mo-late,  im'o-let,  vt.  [-la'ted"*;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  To  kill  or  offer,  as  in  sacrifice.  [<  L. 
immolatus,  pp.  of  immolo,  sprinkle  with  sacri- 
ficial meal.]  — Im^'mo-la'tion,  n. 

im-mor'al,  im-mer'al,  a.  1.  Violating  the 
moral  law.  2.  Habitually  licentious.  -ly,acfv. 
—  im''iiio-raPi-ty.  n.  [-ties^,  pi.']  1.  De- 
pravity.   2.  An  Immoral  act. 

Ixn-mor'tal,  im-mer'tal,  a.  1.  Having  un- 
ending existence;  deathless.  2.  Fitted  to 
endure,  -ly,  adv.—  im''mor-tal'i-ty,  n.  Ex- 
emption from  death  or  oblivion;  eternal  life.— 
im-inoi'^tal-ize,  ?'«.  [-ized;  -i'zing.]  To 
render  Immortal;  grant  unending  life  to. 

iin''inor'''telle%  Im'er'tel', 
n.  A  flower  that  presences 
its  form  and  color  for  a  long 
time  after  being  gathered. 
[F.l 

im-mov'a-bKe,  im-muv'- 
a-bl,  a.  That  can  not  be  moved; 
unchangeable;  apathetic. 
— im-mov''a-bi  I'i-ty, 
n.— im-iiiov'a-bly,  adv. 

im-mu'ni-ty,  im-miu'ni- 
ti,  n.    [-TIES*,  pL]    Free- 
dom or  exemption,  as  from 
a  penalty.      [<  L.  immunis, 
exempt.]  —  im-mune',  a.    I. 
Exempt,  as  from  disease.     II. 
n.    One  who  Is  exempt.  _  ^  „ 

inl-IUUre^  im-miur',  vt.     [m-    Immortelles. 
mured';    im-mur'ing.]      To  shut  up  within 
walls.     [<  L.  in,  in,  -\-  miirns,  wall.] 

ixn-inu'ta-bl(e,  im-miu'ta-bl,  a.  Not  muta- 
ble; unchangeable. —  im-mu'ta-bly,  adv. 

imp,  imp,  n.  1.  An  imaginary  evil  spirit  of 
inferior  rank.  2.  [Colloq.]  A  person  of  mis- 
chievous disposition.     [<  AS.  im/)e,  scion.] 

im'pact,  im'pact,  n.  The  act  of  striking;  col- 
lision. 

im-pair',  im-par',  vt.  To  diminish  in  quantity 
or  value.  [  <  L.op  in,  in,  -f  pejoro,  make  worse, 
<  p^or,  worse.]  —  im-pair'ment,  n. 

im-pale^,  -ment,  etc.    Same  as  empale,  etc. 

im-pal'pa-bl(e,im-pal'pa-bl,  a.  1.  Ground 
so  fine  that  no  grit  can  be  felt.    2.  Intangible. 


fiat|fire    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);    oil;   c   (k);    chat;   db  (the);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


impanel 
imply 


236 


im*pan'el,  im-pan'el,  vt.  To  enroll  upon  a 
panel  or  list,  as  for  jury  duty. 

im-part''',  im-pQrt',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  share 
with  another;  hence,  to  make  known.  2.  To 
bestow.  II.  i.  To  make  a  gift.  [<L.  in,  in, 
4-  partio,  share.] 

im-par'tial,  im-pflr'shal,  a.  Not  partial ;  un- 
biased,    -ly,  adv.  —  im-par'^ti-al'i-ty,  n. 

ii]i-pass^a-bl(e,  im-pas'a-bl,  a.  Not  pass- 
able. —  im-pass^a-bil'i-ty,  im-pass'a-ble- 
noHN,  7J.— im-pass'a-bly,  adv. 

im-pas'si-'bl(e,  im-pgs'i-bl,  a.  Not  affected 
by  feelintr:  apathetic— ini-pa8''^8l-bil'i-ty,  n. 

im-pas'sion,  im-pash'un,  vt.  [Poet.]  To 
move  or  affect  with  passion,  im-pas'sion- 
ate:):.— im-pas'sioned,  a.    Fervent;  stirring. 

ixn-pas'si'V(e,  im-pas'iv,  a.  Unaffected  by 
suffering;  impassible;  apathetic,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n. 

ixn-pa^tient,  im-pe'shgnt,  a.  Not  possessed 
of  or  not  exercising  patience;  intolerant.— im- 
pa'tience,  «.  Lack  of  patience.  —  im-pa'- 
tient-ly,  adv. 

Im-peacll",  im-plch',  vt.  1.  To  bring  dis- 
credit upon.  2.  To  accuse;  charge  with  crime 
or  wrong.  [<  L.of  i?i,  in,  +  pedica,  fetter.] 
—  iin-peach'inent,  n.  1.  A  discrediting. 
*J.  The  act  of  Impeaching;  especially,  the  arraign- 
ment of  a  high  civil  officer. 

im-pec'ca-'bl(e,  im-pec'a-bl,  a.  Not  capable 
of  committing  sin  or  wrong.— im-pec'^ca-bll'- 
i-ty,  n. 

ini"pe-cu'ni-ous,  im"p§-kiii'ni-ug,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  money;  habitually  poor.  [<  im-2  -{-  L. 
-im'''pe-< 


•ly,  adv. 


'pe-cu' 


pecunia,  money.] 
iii-os'i-ty,  n. 

im-pede^^  Im-pld',  vt.  To  be  an  obstacle;  ob- 
struct. [  <  L.  in,  in,  -f  pe{d-)s,  foot.]  —  im- 
pcd^i-ment,  n.    A  hindrance;  obstruction. 

Im-peF,  im-pel',  vt.  [im-pelled';  im-pel'- 
LiNCJ.]  To  drive  or  urge  forward.  [<  L.  im- 
pello,  <  in,  on,  -\-pello,  drive.] 

imi-pend'<i,  im-pend',  vi.  To  be  imminent; 
threaten.  [<  L.  impendeo,  <  in,  on,  -f-  pen- 
</eo,  hang.]  —  lin-pend'ence,  n. 

im-pen^e-tra-blCe,  im-pen'§-tra-bl,  a.  Not 
penetrable ;  jjossessing  impenetrability. 

—  iin-peii'e-tra-bly,  adv.  —  im-pen^'c- 
tra-bil'1-ty,  n.  The  quality  of  being  Impene- 
trable;  that  attribute  of  matter  which  prevents 
two  bodies  from  occupying  the  same  space  at 
the  same  time. 

ixn-pen^i-tent,  im-pen'i-tent,  a.  Not  peni- 
tent;   hardened;    obdurate,     -ly,  adv.— im- 

.  peii'i-leiioe,  n.    iin-peii'i«ten-cyt. 

Ixn-per'a-tivCe,  im-per'a-tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
emptory. 2.  Not  to  be  evaded  or  avoided. 
II.  7J.  1.  That  which  is  imperative.  2.  Gram. 
That  mode  of  the  verb  which  expresses  com- 
mand. [  <  L.  itnperativns,  <  imjierattis,  pp., 
commanded.]    -Iv,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ijn''per-oep'ti-bl(e,  im'pgr-sep'ti-bl,  a.  In- 
appreciable. 

— ini''i»«T-cep'il-bl(e-nei*8, «.  iin'^per- 
cep"li-bll'i-ryj.— Im^per-cep'tl-blyta^/tJ. 

im-per'fect.  ini-i)i'r'fect.  I.  a.  1.  Not  per- 
fect; incomplete;  defective.  2.  Gmm.  Indi- 
cating past  action.  II.  n.  The  imperfect 
tense.  -Iv,  adr. — im'^per-fec'tlon,  n.  1. 
Lack  of  p<!rfectl()n.  lin-pcr'fect-ncsst*  ti. 
A  defect. 

Im-pe'ri-al,  Im-pt'rl-o].   I.o.    1.  Pertaining 


to  an  empire,  an  emperor,  or  an  empress.  2. 
Possessing  commanding  power.  3 .  Superior. 
II.  n.  1.  A  pointed  tuft  of  hair  just  under 
the  lower  lip.  2.  Something  superior.  [OF., 
<  L.  imperialis,  <  imperium,  empire.] 

— im-pe'ri-al-ism,  n.  Imperial  state;  the 
system  of  imperial  government.— im-pe'ri-al- 
ist,  n.— im-pe'ri-al-ly,  adv. 

im-per'il,  im-per'il,  vt.    To  endanger. 

im-pe^ri-ous,  im-pi'ri-us,  a.    1.  Domineer- 
ing; arrogant.     2.  Urgent;  imperative.    [<  L. 
impeinos^ts,  <  imperium,  command.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

im-per^isli-a-blCe,  a.    Not  perishable. 

—  im-per^'ish-a-bil'l-ty,  iiii-per'ish- 
a-bKe-ness,  w.— iin-per'ish-a-bly,  adv. 

im-per'me-a-bl(e,  im-pgr'mg-a-bl,  a.  Not 
permeable. —  f rn-per'^me-a-biPi-ty,  n. 

im-per^son-al,  im-pgr'sun-al,  a.  1.  Not 
having  personality.  2.  Not  relating  to  a  par- 
ticular thing,     -ly,  adv. 

im-per^son-ate'i,  im-pgr'sun-et,  vt.  1.  To 
represent  under  the  form  of  a  person.  2.  To 
personate. —  im-per'^son-a'tion,  n. 

im-per^ti-nent,    im-pgr'ti-ngnt,  a.     1.    Of- 
fending propriety;  impudent.    2.  Irrelevant. 
-ly,  arfi;.— iiii-per'ti-nence,  -nen-cy,  n. 

im'''per-turb'a-bl(e,  im"per-turb'a-bi,  a. 
Incapable  of  being  agitated.— iin'^per-turb^a- 
biPi-ty,  ?i.— iin''per-turb'a-bly,  adv. 

im-per'vi-ous,  im-pgr'vi-us,  a.  Permitting 
no  passage;  impermeable,  'ly,  adv.  -ness,;/. 

im-pet^u-ous,  im-pet'yu-us  or  -pech'u-us,  a. 
Characterized  by  impetus  or  by  spontaneous 
impulse.  [<  L.  impetuosity,  <  impetus;  see 
IMPETUS.]  —im-pet''u-o8'i-ty,  im-pet'u-ous- 
ness,  M.— iin-pet'u-ous-lyj  adv. 

Im'pe-tus,  im'pe-tus,  n.  The  energy  with 
which  anything  moves  or  is  driven.  [L.,  < 
impefo,  rush  upon.] 

im-pi'e-ty,  im-pai'§-ti,  n.  1.  Ungodliness; 
wickedness.    2.  An  impious  act. 

ixii-ping*e',  im-pinj',  vi.  [im -pinged';  im- 
pin'ging.I  To  come  into  physical  contact 
with  an  object.  [<  L.  impingo,  <  in,  in,  -f 
panqo,  strike.]— im-pinge'ment,  n. 

im^pi-OUS,  im'pi-us,  a.  1.  Ungotlly;  wicked. 
2.  Characterized  by  irreverence.— iWpi-ous- 
ly,  «r/?j.— iiii'pi-ous-ness,  n. 

im-pla^ca-bl(e,  im-ple'ca-bl,  a.  That  can 
not  be  placated ;  inexorable;  relentless. 

—  im-pla''ca-biPi-ty,  im-pla'ca-bl(e- 
ness,  n.—  ini-pla'ca-bly,  adv. 

Im-plant''',  im-plant',  vt.  To  plant  for  the 
purpose  of  growth;  inculcate.— im^'plan-ta'- 
tlon,  n.  [suit  at  law. 

im-plead^'i,  im-pltd',  vt.  &  vi.    To  bring  a 

im^ple-ment,  im'pl§-mgnt,  n.  A  thing  used 
in  work,  especially  m  manual  work;  a  utensil. 
[<  L.  impleo,  fill  up,  <  in,  in,  -\-pleo,  fill.] 

im^pli-cate,  im'pli-ket,  vt.  [-ca"ted<»;  -ca'- 
TiNG.]  To  involve;  infold:  entangle.  [<  L. 
in,  in,  -f  ptico,  fold.]  —  Im^'pll-ea'tlon,  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  Implying;  deduction;  something  Im- 
plied.   *i.  An  sntanglenient. 

Im-plic'it,  im-plis'it,  a.  1.  Implied.  2.  Un- 
questioning,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

im•plore^  im-p'lor',  vt.  &  vi.  [im-plorkd'; 
im-plor'ino.]  To  call  for  urgently;  entreat; 
supplicate.     [<  L.  tw,  upon,  -f  plow,  cry  out.] 

im-ply',   im-plai',   vt.    [im-plied';   im-plt'- 


popfl,  98k;  at,  &ir;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  asfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rflle;  but,  ur; 


237 


impolicy 
improvident 


iNG.]     1.  To  involve  or  intimate  (a  meaning 
not  expressed).  2.  To  entangle.  3.  To  ascribe. 
[<  L.^^  ir/iplico,  <  in^  in,  -\-plico,  fold.] 
im-poFi-cy,  im-pel'i-ei,  n.     Unsuitableness 


-ly, 


to  the  end  proposed;  inexpediency. 

im'^po-lite',  a.    Lacking  in  politeness 
adr.    -iiesM,  n. 

im-pori-tic,  im-pel'i-tic,  a.  1.  Pursuing 
unwise  measures.    2.  Inexpedient. 

im-pon'der-a-bl(e,  a.    Without  weight. 
-iiess,  ?*.— iiii-pon'"der-a-bil'i-ty,  n. 

im-port'd,  im-pOrt',  i).  l.t.  1.  To  introduce 
from  abroad,  especially  commercially.  2.  To 
mean;  signify.  3.  To  aflfect  seriously.  4. 
To  introduce  generally.  II.  i.  To  be  of  mo- 
ment. [<  L.  itnpo?'to,  <  in,  in,  -f  porto,  car- 
ry.] —  im-port'a-ble,  w.— im'^por-ta'tion,  7i. 
—  iin-port'er,  n.    One  who  Imports. 

im'port,  im'pOrt,  n.  1.  Meaning.  2.  That 
which  is  imported.    3.  Importance. 

im-por'tant,  a.  1.  Of  great  import,  conse- 
quence, or  value.  2.  Pompous.  [<  L.*"  im- 
porto;  see  import.]  — Im-por'tance,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  Important. 

im'^por-tune',  im"per-tiiin',  vt.  &  vi. 
[-tuned';  -tu'ning.]  To  urge  witli  frequent 
solicitation;  be  pertinaciously  solicitous.  [<L. 
hnportunus,  troublesome.]  — iin  -  por'tii-nate, 
a.  Urgent  In  character,  request,  or  demand;  In- 
sistent; pertinacious,  -ly,  a<^/?;.— iiii''''por-tu'- 
iii-ty,  n.    [-TiEs^,i9?.] 

im-pose',  im-poz',  v.  [im-posed';  im-po'- 
siNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  levy  or  exact.  2.  To 
place  by  influence  or  force.  3.  To  palm  off. 
4.  Print.  To  arrange,  as  pages  of  type.  II.  i. 
To  place  a  burden  or  deception  (upon),  as  by 
taking  advantage  of  amiable  concession.  [< 
F.  impose?',  <  im-,  -\- poser;  see  pose*,  v.] 

—  im-po'sinjr,  pa.  Adapted  to  make  an  im- 
pression.— iin-po'sin^sstone,  n.  A  flat,  level 
slab,  on  which  printers  nnpose  forms  of  type. 

im^'po-si'tion,  n.  The  act  of  imposing  or 
something  imposed;  an  imposture;  a  tax  or 
burden.     [F.,  <  L.  in,  on,  +  pono,  place.] 

im-pos'si-bl(e,  im-pes'i-bl,  a.  1.  Not  pos- 
sible. 2.  Impracticable;  hopelessly  objection- 
able.—  im-pos''gi-bil'i-ty ,  n. —  im-pos'si-bly , 
adv. 

im^post,  im'post,  n.  1.  That  which  is  im- 
posed; especially  a  customs  duty.  2.  The 
plane  of  an  arch.     [OF.,  the  tax,  <  L.  impono, 

<  in,  on,  -\-  pono,  place.] 
'  n-pes'tgr,  7j.    One  who  deceives 

uses.     [<  L.F  impositor,  <  im- 
)ST.]  —  im-pos'ture,  n.    Decep- 
tion by  means  of  false  pretenses. 
im'po-teut,  im'po-tgnt,  a.   Destitute  of  power 
or  strength;  not  potent.  \¥.,<'L.imjX)ten{t-)8, 

<  in-,  not,  -\-  potens,  powerful.]    -ly,  adv. — 
iin'po-tence,  n.    iin'po-ten-cyt. 

im-pound'<',  im-paund',  vt.  To  shut  up,  as 
in  a  pound. 

im-pov'er-isliS  im-pev'er-ish,  vt.  1.  To  re- 
duce to  poverty.  2.  To  deteriorate.  [<  L.^f 
in,  in,-f  pauper,  poor.]     -ment,  n. 

im-prac'ti-ca-l)l(e,  im-prac'ti-ca-bl,  a.  1. 
Impossible  of  performance.  2.  Unservicea- 
ble; intractable.— iin-prac''ti-ca-bil'i-ty,  ini- 
prac'ti  -  ca  -  ble(e-iies8«  n.—  ini-prac'ti- 
ca-bly,  adv. 

im^'pre-cate,  im'pre-ket,  vt.  [-ca'ted*';  -ca"- 


TiNG.]  To  invoke  or  call  down,  as  a  judg- 
ment. [ <  L.  in,  upon,  4-  precor,  pray.]  —  im^- 
pre-ca'tion,  n.    A  malediction. 

im-preg:'na-bl(e,  im-preg'na-bl,  a.  1.  Proof 
against  attack.  2.  Not  to  be  overcome  by 
temptation.  [<  F.  imprenaUe,  <  in  (<  L. 
in),  not,  -\-prenable,  <  L.  prehendo,  seize.] 

— iin-preg''na-bil'i-ty,  n.— im-preg'na- 
bly,  adv. 

im-preg'nate,  im-preg'net.  I.  vt.  [-na"- 
TED<»;  -na'ting  ]  1.  To  make  pregnant.  2. 
To  saturate  or  permeate  with  another  sub- 
stance. 3.  To  imbue  with  an  active  principle. 
II.  a.  Made  pregnant.  [<  L.^^  in,  in,  -j- 
prsegnan(t-)s;  see  pregnant.]  —  im^'preg- 
iia''tion,  n. 

im.-press'i,  im-pres'.  IK  vt.  To  form  or  fix 
by  pressure;  mark  by  pressure;  indent.  II. 
im'pres,  n.  1.  A  mark  or  indentation  pro- 
duced by  pressure.  2.  The  effect  of  a  force. 
[<  L.  in,  in,  -{- premo,  press.] 

im-press'^.  I',  vt.  1.  To  compel  to  enter 
the  public  service.  2.  To  seize  (property)  for 
public  use.  II.  im'pres,  n.  Impressment.  [  < 
iM-i  +  OF.  prester,  lend.]— Im-pre§s'nient,  n. 
The  act  of  Impressing  Into  the  public  service  or 
of  seizing  property  for  public  use. 

im-press^i-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  im- 
pressed.—  im-press^'i-bil'i-ty,  n. 

im-pres'sion,  im-presh'un,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  impressing.  2.  Any  mark,  print,  etc.,  made 
by  pressure.  3.  A  material  effect  produced  by 
any  agencv.  4.  A  slight  or  indistinct  remem- 
brance.—  iin-pre8'8ion-a-bl(e,  a.  Suscepti- 
ble of  impression.—  im-pressMvCe,  a.  Produ- 
cing an  Impression.    -Ij^  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

im-print',  im-print'.  \^.  vt.  1.  To  print  (a 
substance)  by  stamping  or  pressure.  2.  To 
print.  3.  To  impress  permanently  on  the  heart 
or  mind.  II.  im'print,  w.  1 .  A  mark  or  char- 
acter made  by  printing,  stamping,  or  pressing. 
2.  The  effect  left  by  impression.  3.  A  pub- 
lisher's or  printer's  name,  etc.,  printed  in  a 
book  or  other  publication.  [<  L.o^  imprimo; 
see  impress^,  v."] 

im-pris'on,  im-priz'n,  vt.  To  put  into  a  pris- 
on; deprive  of  liberty. —  im-pris'on-ment,  n. 

im-prob'a-'bl(e,  im-preb'a-bl,  a.  Not  likely 
to  be  true;  not  reasonably  to  be  expected. 

—  iin-prob'^a-bil'i-ty,  n.  —  iin-prob'a- 
bly,  adv. 

im-promp'tu,  im-premp'tiu  or  -tu.  I.  a. 
Extempore;  offhand.  II.  n.  Anything  done 
on  the  impulse  of  the  moment.  III.  adv. 
Without  preparation.  [F.,  <  L.  in  irrornptu, 
in  readiness.] 

im-prop'er,  a.  1.  Not  proper.  2.  Not  con- 
formed to  good  usage. —  im-prop'er-ly,  adv. 
—  iin''pro-pri'e-ty,  n.  The  state  or  being 
Improper;  anything  that  is  improper. 

im -prove',  im-pruv',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make 
better.  2.  To  use  to  good  purpose.  II.  i.  To 
make  progress  in  knowledge,  usefulness,  value, 
etc.  [Ult.  <  OF.  approuer,  profit,  by  chan- 
ging ap-1  to  iM-i  in  Eng.  word.] 

—  im-prove'ment,  n.  1.  The  act  of  Im- 
proving. 2.  The  practical  application  of  a 
teaching.  3.  A  valuable  addition  to  or  modifi- 
cation of  something. 

im-prov'i-dent,  a.  Lacking  foresight  or 
thrift,    -ly,  adv.—  im-prov'i-dence,  n. 


fiutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   {mii);   ©11;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  {the);   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


Improvise 
incandescent 


238 


im'^pro-vise',  im"pro-vaiz',  vt.  &  vi. 
[-vised';  -vi'sing.]  To  compose,  sing,  play, 
etc.,  without  preparation;  to  do  anything  off- 
hand.    [<  L.  improvisus,  unforeseen.] 

—  im-proT'^i-sa'tion,  n. 
im-pru'dent,  a.  Not  prudent;  lacking  discre- 
tion,   -ly,  adv. —  im-pru'dence,  n. 

im^pu-dent,  im'piu-dgnt,  a.  1.  Offensively 
bold.  2.  Immodest;  shameless.  [<  L.  in, 
not, -{-pudenit-)s,  ppr.  of  pudeo,  be  ashamed.] 

—  iin'pu-dencej  n.     Effrontery;  shameless- 
ness;  immodesty.— im'pu-dent-ly,  adv. 

im-pugn',  im-piQn',  vt.    To  call  m  question; 

gainsay.     [<  L.^  in,  against,  -\- pngno,  fight.] 
im'pulse,  im'puls,  «.     1.  An  impetus.    2.  A 

sudden  or  transient  mental  motive  or  feeling. 

3.   Any  impelling  force  or  act.     [<  L.  im- 

pulms,  pp.  of  impello;  see  impel.]  —  im-pul'- 

sion,  w.— im-pul'8iv(e,  a.    1.  Actuated  by 

Impulse.    »J.  Having  the  power  of  impelling. 
im-pu'ni-ty,   im-|)iii'ni-ti,   n.    [-tiess  pi."] 

Freedom  from  punishment  or  from  injurious 

consequences.   [<  L.  im,punita(t-)s,  <  in-,  not, 

-\-p<x.na,  punishment.] 
im-pure',  im-piiir',  a.     1.  Containing  some 

foreign  substance;  adulterated.    2.  Unchaste. 

3 .  Unhallowed.    [  <  L.  in-,  not,  -\-purus,  pure.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  to.— im-pu'ri-ty,  n. 
ixn-pute',  im-piat',  nt.     [im-pu'tec*;  im-pu'- 

TiNG.]     To  set  to  the  account  of  a  person; 

charge.     [<  L.*"  in,  in,  -\-  puto,  reckon.] 

—  im^'pu-ta'tion,  n.    The  act  of  imputing; 
a  censure  or  reproach. 

in.  I.  w.  A  nook  or  corner;  one  who  or  that 
which  is  in,  as  in  office.  II.  adv.  1.  Enclosed 
in  a  place  or  state.  2.  Into  a  place  or  state. 
3.  Close  by.  4.  Within.  III.  prep.  Deno- 
ting the  object;  surrounded  by;  among;  to- 
ward; by  means  of.     [<  AS.  in.] 

in-i,  prefix.  In;  Into:  on.  [1,  <  AS.  in-,  <  in.  In. 
2,  <  OF.  in-,  en-,  <  L.  m-,  <  in,  In.] 


in^,,  prefix.    Not;  without;  un 
The  n     '  ' 


[<  L.  in-,  not.] 
of  both  Mi-i  arid  in-^  changes  to  m 
before  6  and  p,  or  into  any  liquid  that  Immedi- 
ately follows  it,  as  il,  im,  ir,  as  In  inumlne,  mh- 
bue,  immersQ,  i??iperll,  irrational.  [For  the 
significations  of  the  listed  words  and  for  pro- 
nunciation, participial  forms,  etymology,  etc.,  of 
words  beginning  with  in-,  see  the  latter  elements 
of  the  various  compounds.] 

The  following  Is  a  list  of  unimportant  or  self- 
deflnlng  words  with  this  prefix,  most  of  them 
being  variants  of  words  beginning  with  un-.  In 
all  cases,  in-  as  here  used  has  the  meaning  of 
"  want  or  lack  of,"  "  not "  (as  /^coalescence,  lack 
of  coalescence;  fndevout,  not  devout). 
ln"a-bll'I-ty  ln-cal'cu-la-bl(e,    -bly 

In'ac-ces'sl-bUe,   -ness    in-ca'pa-bll'I-ty 
ln'ac-cc8"8i-biri-ty  In-ca'pa-bhe,    -bly 

In-ac'cu-ra-cy  In-cau'tlous,    -ly,    -ness 

In-ac'cu-rate,    -ly  In"cl-viri-ty     (cp.     un- 

in-ad'e-qua-cy  civil) 

in-ad'e-quate,    -ly  In"com-bu8'tI-bl(e,  -ness 

In-ad-mls'sl-ble,    -bly       Iu"com-men'8u-ra-bl(e 
In-an '  1-inate  In'com  -m  en '  su-rate 

ln"ap-pre'cl-a-bl(e  ln-com-mu'nl-ca-bl(e 

In'ap-pro'prl-ate,    -ly,      ln-com-mu'nl-ca-tIv(e 

-ness  ln"con-8ld'er-a-bl(e,-bly. 

In-apt',    -ly,    -ness  -ness 

In-apt'I-tude  in"con-8o'la-l)l(e,    -bly, 

In'ar-tlc'u-late,  -ly,  -ness     -ness 
In'at-ten'tlon  In-con"tro-vert'I-bl(e, 

In'at-ten'tlvCe,  -ly,  -ness     -bly,    -ness 
ln-au'dl-bl(e,    -bly  in'cor-rect' ,     -ly,    -ness 

In'aus-pI'cIouB,  -ly,  -ness  ln-cred'l-bl(e,  -bly,  -ness 


ln-cur'a-bl(e,  -bly,  -ness  In-fre'quence,    -quen-cy 
in"de-cli'na-bl(e,    -bly     in-fre'quent,    -ly 
In'de-co'rous,  -ly,  -ness  In'ob-serv'ance,    -ant 
In'de-co'rum  In-o'dor-ous 

In'de-fen'si-bKe,    -bly,    in"of-fen'sIv(e,  -ly,  -ness 

-ness  In-op'er-a-tIv(e 

in'de-scrl'ba-bKe,    -bly   in-op"por-tune',    -ly, 
In'dls-tlnct',    -ly,    -ness     -ness 
In"dl-vi8'I-bl(e  In'se-cure',   -ly,    -ness 

In"ef-fect'lv(e,  -ly,  -ness  in-sep"a-ra-biri-ty 
In"ef-fec'tu-al,  -ly,  -ness  in-sep'a-ra-bl(e,    -ness 
in-ef"fi-ca' clous,    -ly,       In-sep'a-ra-bly 

-ness  ln"8in-cere',    -ly 

in-ef'fi-ca-cy  ln"sln-cer'l-ty 

in"ef-fi'cien-cy  In-soru-bil'I-ty 

iu'ef-A'cient,    -ly  In-sol'u-bKe,    -ness 

In"el'e-gant,    -gance        In"sub-or'dI-nate,    -ly, 
In'ex-cu'sa-bUe,    -bly      in"sub-or"di-na'tlon 
in'ex-haust'I-ble,    -bly     In'suf-fi'clence,  -cien-ey 
in"ex-pe'di-ence,    -en-cy  In"suf-flcient,   -ly 
In"ex-pe'di-ent  In"sup-port'a-bl(e,  -ness 

In"ex-pen'slv(e,-ly,  -ness  In'sup-port'a-bly 
in"ex-pe'ri-ence  In'u-til'I-ty 

ln-ex'pll-ca-bl(e,    -bly      In-vul'ner-a-bKe,   -ness 
in-ex-press'i-bUe,    -bly    in-vul"ner-a-biri-ty 
in-fer'tile,  -tll'I-ty  in-wrap't 

[Pronunciations,  etymologies,  etc.,  of  words 
compounded  with  in-,  when  not  given  under  the 
prefix,  will  be  found  under  the  second  element 
in  vocabulary  place;  as,  march  (secAECH);  in- 
breed  (see  breed),  etc.] 

-ini,  sxtjgfix.  Used  (1)  in  adjectives  of  Greek  or 
Latin  origin,  meaning  "  pertaining  to,"  and  (2)  In 
nouns  of  Latin  origin.  [(1)  <  F.  -in,  -ine,  <  L. 
-inus,  -ina,  -inum,  or  <  Gr.  -inos,  -ine,  -inon,  an 
adj.  termination.  (2)  <  L.  -iJia,  termination  of 
fern,  abstract  nouns.]    -iiiet. 

-ina,  si(fflx.  Used  (1)  as  a  termination  of  feminine 
nouns,  and  (2)  In  chemistry  and  mineralogy, 
forming  names  of  derlva';lve8  and  of  some 
elements.  [<  L.  -ina,  or  Gr.  -ine,  prop.  fern,  of 
L.  -imis,  Gr.  -inos;  see  -ini.]    -inet< 

in-ac^tion,  n.  A  state  of  inactivity.— in- 
act'iv(e,  a.  Not  active;  indolent;  inert.— 
in''ac-tiv'i-ty,  n.  The  state  of  being  Inactive. 

in^'ad-vert'ent,  in'ad-vert'gnt,  a.  1.  Done 
without  consideration.  2.  Habitually  heed- 
less.—  in^'ad-vert'ence,  n.  in'^ad-vert'en- 
cyt.— in''ad-vert'ent-ly,  adv. 

in-a'lien-a-bl(e,  in-e'lien-a-bl,  a.  Not  trans- 
ferable; that  can  not  be  rightfully  taken  away. 

in-ane',  in-en',  a.  1.  Wanting  in  understand- 
ing; silly.  2.  Having  no  substance  or  contents; 
vacant.  [<  L.  inani*,  empty.]  —  in'^a-iii'tion, 
n.  The  state  of  being  void  or  empty;  exhaus- 
tion from  lack  of  nourishment.  — in-an 'i-ty, 
In-an'I-tl,  n.  [-tiesi,  pl.^  The  condition  of  being 
Inane  or  empty;  Inanition;  lack  of  sense. 

in^'as-much',  adv.  1.  Considering  the  fact; 
seeing  that.    2.  In  like  degree;  in  so  far. 

in-au'gu-rate,  in-S'giu-ret,  vt.  [-ba'ted*'; 
-RA'TiNG.]  1.  To  invest  with  an  office  in  a 
formal  manner.  2.  To  begin:  originate.  3. 
To  celebrate  the  completion  of.  [<  L.  in.  in, 
-4-  anmir,  diviner.]  —  In-au'jtu-ral,  in-S'giu- 
ral.  I.  o.  Pertaining  to  an  Inauguration.  II. 
n.  An  address  by  a  person  on  his  Induction  Into 
office.- in-au'^jfu-ra'tion,  71.  The  ceremony 
of  Inaugurating. 

in1>orn",  a.    Implanted  by  nature;  innate. 

ln'bred'',a.  1.  Bred  within;  innate.  2.  Bred 
from  closely  related  parents. 

in'ca,  i??'ca,  n.  1.  An  ancient  native  Peruvian 
chief.  2.  [I-]  One  of  the  race  formerly  domi- 
nant in  Peru.     fSp.,  <  Peru,  inca.^ 

in"caii-des'cent,  in'can-des'ent,  a.    Made 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  it,  j,  t  (ee^;  o,  6h^  ©rat^r,  Sr;  full,  rQle;  but,  Or; 


239 


incantation 
incolierent 


jy  hea 
.]— ii 


[  <  L.  m,  in,  +  candesco, 
'can-des'- 


Incandescent 
Electric  Lamp. 


grow    hot 
cence,  -cen-cy,  n. 

in'^can-ta'tion,  in"can-te'- 
shun,  n.  The  utterance  of 
magical  words  for  enchant- 
ment. [<  L.i-^  incanto,  <  in, 
in,  +  canto,  sing.] 

in''ca-pac'i-tate'',  in'ca- 
pas'i-tet,  vt.  1.  To  deprive  of 
capacity.  2.  To  disqualify.— 
in'^ca-pac'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*, 
pi.]  1.  Lack  of  capacity;  Inca- 
pability, ti.  Want  of  compe- 
tency. 

in-car'cer-ate,  in-cflr'sgr-et, 

vt.        [-A"TEDd;     -A"TING.]        To 

shut  up  in  a  prison.     [<  L.  in, 
in,  +  career,  jail.] 
—  in-car''cer-a'tion,  n. 

ln-car'na-din(e,     in-car'na- 
din,  vt.     r-DiN(,E)D;  -din-ing.] 
To  dye  red  or  flesh'color.     [<  F.  incarnadin, 
<  incarnat,  flesli^colored.] 

in-car^nate,  in-car'net.  I.  vt.  [-na'ted*'; 
-na'tixg.]  To  embody  in  flesh;  cause  to  as- 
sume a  living  bodily  form.  II.  a.  Invested 
with  flesh.  [  <  L.^^  i;^^  in,  -]_  caro,  flesh.]  — 
in'^car-ua'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  becoming  in- 
carnate; especially,  the  assumption  of  the  human 
nature  by  Jesus  Christ.    2.  Personification. 

in-case'S  /  in-kes',  en-ices',  vt.    To  enclose  in 

en-case's  f  acase;  enclose  in  or  surround  with 
anything. 

In-cen'dl-a-ry,  in-sen'di-e-ri.  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  malicious  setting  on  fire.  2. 
Tending  to  inflame  passion.  II.  n.  [-ries^, 
pl.'\  One  who  commits  arson.  [<  L.  incen- 
diariiis,  <  incendo,  set  on  fire.]  —  In-cen'di- 
a-rism,  n.    An  Incendiary  act. 

in-cense'i,  in-sens',  vt.  [in-censed'*;  in- 
cen'sing.]  To  inflame  or  incite  to  anger.  [< 
L.  incensus,  pp.  of  incendo,  set  on  fire.] 

in''cense2,  m'sens,  vt.  &  vi.  [in'censed'; 
in'cens-ing.]  To  perfume  with  incense;  burn 
incense. 

in'cense,  n.  An  aromatic  substance  that  ex- 
hales perfume  during  combustion.  [<  LL.^ 
incensum,  lit.  neut.  pp.  of  L.  incendo;  see  in- 
censei,  v.] 

in-cen'tiv(e,  in-sen'tiv.  I.  a.  Encouraging 
or  impelling.  II.  ?i.  That  which  incites.  [  < 
L.  i?)centus,  pp.,  <  in-  intens.  -(-  cano,  sing.] 

in-cep'tion,  in-sep'shun,  n.  The  act  of  be- 
ginning; also,  the  initial  period.  [<  h.incep- 
tioin-),  <  inceptus,  <  incipio,  begin.] — in- 
cep'tivfe,  a.    Noting  the  beginning. 

in-cer'ti-tude,  in-sgr'ti-tiud,  n.  Uncertain- 
ty; obscurity.     [F.,  <  L.  ince.rtus,  uncertain.] 

in-ces'sant,  in-ses'ant,  a.  Continued  or  re- 
peated without  cessation.  [<  L.  in-,  not,  -|- 
cessan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  cesso,  cease.]    -ly,  adv. 

in'cest,  in'sest,  n.  Sexual  intercourse  be- 
tween persons  too  nearly  related  for  legal  mar- 
riage. [  <  L.  incestum,  <  in-,  not,  +  castus, 
pure.]  —  in-ces'tu-ous,  a. 

inch,  inch,  n.  A  lineal  measure,  the  twelfth 
part  of  a  foot.  [<  AS.  ynce,  <  L.  uncia, 
twelfth  part.] 

in''ch.o-ate,  in'co-et  or  -gt,  a.  Incipient.  [< 
L.  inchoatus,  pp.  of  inchoo,  begin.] 


in'ci-dence,  in'si-dgns,  n.  A  falling,  or  the 
direction  of  fall.  [<  L.*"  inciden{t-)s,  <  in, 
upon,  -f-  cado,  fall.] 

in'ci-dent,  in'si-dgnt.  1.  a.  1.  Falling  up- 
on; likely  to  befall.  2.  Of  the  nature  of  an 
incident;  incidental.  II.  n.  1.  A  subordi- 
nate event  or  act.  2.  A  happening  of  little 
importance.  [F.,  <  L.  inciden{t-)s;  see  inci- 
dence.]—  in"cl-den'tal.  I.  a.  1.  Occur- 
ring in  the  course  of  something  else;  contingent. 
•■Z.  Happening  without  regularity  or  design;  cas- 
ual.   II.??.    Something  incidental,    -ly,  adw. 

in-cin'er-ate,  in-sin'gr-et,  rt.  [-a'ted**;  -a'- 
TiNG.]  To  consume  with  fire.  [<  L.  e«,  to, 
-j-  cinis  (ciner-),  ashes.] — in-cin'^er-a'tion, 
71.    Cremation. 

in-cip'i-ent,  in-sip'i-gnt,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
first  stages.  [<  L.  incipien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  incip- 
io,  begin.] —in-cip'i-ence,w.  Inception,  in- 
cip'i-eu-cyt. 

in-cise',  in-saiz',  t)i.  [in-cised';  in-ci'sing.] 
1.  To  cut  into;  carve  in  intaglio.  2.  To  gash. 
[<  L.  in,  into,  -f  csedo,  cut.]— in-ci'sion,  n. 
The  act  of  incising;  also,  a  cut;  gash.— in-ci'- 
siv(e,  a.  1.  Having  the  power  of  incising; 
cutting;  acute.  3.  Pertaining  to  an  Incisor,  in- 
ci'so-ryt.— iii-ci'sor.  I.  a.  Adapted  for 
cutting.    II.  71.    A  front  or  cutting  tooth. 

in-cite',  in-sait',  vt.  [in-ci'ted<';  in-ci'ting.] 
To  impel  to  a  particular  action;  instigate.  [< 
L.  incito,  <  in,  in,  -\-cito:  see  cite.] — In-ci'- 
tant.  I.  a.  Inciting;  instigating.  IT.  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  Incites.— in "ci-ta'tion,  n. 
1.  Incitement,  '■i.  An  Incentive.— in-eite'- 
ineiit,  n.  1.  The  act  of  Inciting.  2.  That 
which  incites. 

in-clenx'ent,  in-clem'gnt,  a.  Not  clement; 
harsh;  severe.  (1)  Kigorous,  as  weather.  (2) 
Unpropitious  or  untoward. —  in-clein'en-cy, 
n.    1 .  Severity,  as  of  weather.    2.  Harshness. 

in-cllne',  in-clain',  v.  [in-clined';  in-cli'- 
NiNG.]  I.  ^  1.  To  cause  to  bend,  stoop, 
lean,  or  slope.  2.  To  give  an  inclination  or 
propensity  to.  II.  i.  1.  To  bend.  2.  To 
approximate  or  tend.  3.  To  be  disposed.  [< 
F.  indiner,  <  L.  inclino,  <  in,  upon,  -f  clino, 
lean.]  —  in-cli'na-bl(e,  a. —  in-'^cli-na'tion,  n. 
1.  Deviation  from  a  given  direction,  especially 
from  the  vertical  or  horizontal.  2.  A  slope.  3. 
A  mental  bent;  predilection.  4.  The  angle  be- 
tween two  lines,  planes,  etc.— inclined  plane, 
a  plane  forming  any  angle 
but  a  right  angle  with  a  hori- 
zontal plane. 

A  gradient; 


in-cline^ 

slope. 
in-close',  etc. 

CLOSE,  etc. 
in-clude'. 


Same  as  en- 


Inclined  Plane. 

ab,  base;  he,  height; 

ac,  inclined  plane. 


In-cliid'  or 
-cliud',  vt.  [in-clu'ded'';  in-clu'ding.]  To 
comprise;  enclose  within;  contain.  [<  L.  in- 
cludo,  <  in,  in,  -{-claudo,  close.]- in-clu'sion, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  Including;  restriction.  2.  That 
which  is  included.— in-clu'siv(e,  a.  Including 
the  things  mentioned;  embracing;  comprising. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in-cog'ni-to,  in-ceg'ni-to.  I.  a.  &  adv.  Un- 
known; under  an  assumed  name.  II.  n.  The 
assumption  of  a  fictitious  name  or  character. 
[It.,  <  L.  incorfnitus,  unknown.] 

in'"co-lier'ent,  in"co-htr'gnt,  a.    Having  lit- 
tle or  no  coherence;  incongruous;  unconnected. 
-ly,  ad».— in^'co-her'ance,  in''co-her'- 


flutgare  (future);    aisle;   an   (cwt);    ell;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,   ii;ik;  thin. 


income 
indecent 


240 


en-cy,  n.  1,  Want  of  coherence.  2.  Loose- 
ness or  separateness  of  material  particles.  3. 
That  which  is  incoherent. 

in''conie,  in'cum,  n.  The  amount  of  money 
coming  in;  gain  derived;  revenue. 

in''coni.inode'<',  in"c§m-mod',  vt.  To  cause 
inconvenience  to;  disturb.  [<  L.^  in-,  not,  + 
commodus,  fit,  suitable.]—  in'^cora-mo'di-ous, 
a.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in-com'pa-ra-bl(e,  in-cem'pa-ra-bl,  a.  Not 
admitting  of  comparison;  peerless.  [F.,  <  L. 
in-,  not,  -f-  comparo,  compare.]  -ness,  n.~ 
in-coin'pa-ra-bly,  adv. 

in"coni-pat'i-tol(e,  in"c§m-pat'i-bl,  a.  Not 
compatible;  discordant. —  in''coin-pat'''i-biI'i- 
ty,  71.  — iii-com-pat'i-bly,  adv. 

in-com'pe-tent,  in-cem'p§-tgnt,  a.  Not 
competent;  unable  to  do  what  is  required,  -ly, 
adv.—  in-coin'pe-tence«  in-coin'pe-ten- 
cy,  n.    General  lack  of  capacity;  Inability. 

in^'com-plete',  in"c§m-pltt',  a.  Not  com- 
plete; imperfect.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  w. 

in-coin''pre-lien'si-bl(e,  in-cem"pr§-hen'- 
si-bl,  a.    Not  comprehensible-  inconceivable. 
—  iii-coin''pre-lien''si-bil'i-ty,   n.—  in- 
com'^pre-hen'si-bly,  adv. 

in'^con-ceiv^a-blie,  in"cen-slv'a-bl,  a.  That 
can  not  be  conceived;  incomprehensible. 
-ness,  TC.— in'''con-ceiv'a-bly,  adv. 

l]l-Con''gru-ou8,  in-cen'gru-us,  a.  1.  Not 
congruous.  2.  Composed  of  inharmonious 
elements.  [<  L.  incongruus,  <  in-.,  not;  and 
see  CONGRUOUS.]  -ly,  adv. —  in''con-gru'i-ty , 
n.  1 .  The  state  of  being  incongruous.  3.  That 
which  Is  Incongruous. 

in-con^se-quent,  in-cen's§-cvvent,  a.  1. 
Contrary  to  reasonable  inference;  illogical. 
2.  Not  according  to  sequence.— in-con^'se- 
quen^tial,  a.    Of  little  consequence. 

in''con-sid'er-ate,  in'cgn-sid'gr-et  or  -gt,  a. 

I.  Not  considerate;  thoughtless.  2.  Showing 
want  of  consideration.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in'^con-sist'ent,  in"c9n-si8t'gnt,  a.  1.  Log- 
ically incompatible.  2.  Self«contradictory.  3. 
Not  consistent;  capricious,  -ly,  adv.—ln^'- 
con-sist'en-cy,  n.    in^'con-sist^ence}:. 

in-Con^8tant,  a.  Not  constant;  fickle;  vari- 
able,   -ly,  adv.—  In-con'stan-cy,  a. 

in"con-test'a-"bl(e,  a.  Not  admitting  of 
controversy. —  In'^con-test'a-bly,  adv. 

in-con'ti-nent,  a.  Not  continent;  unchaste. 
— in-con'ti-nence,  n.  Lack  of  continence; 
imcliastlty.  — in-con'ti-nent-ly,  adv.  1. 
Without  due  restraint,    ti.  Immediately. 

in''con-ve'nient,  in'c^n-vt'nignt,  a.  Not 
convenient;  incommodious;  inexpedient;  un- 
suitable, -ly,  ar^i?.— ln''con-ve'nlence.  I'. 
vt.  To  put  to  Inconvenience.  \1,  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  Inconvenient.   »4.  A  disadvantage. 

In-cor'po-rate,  in-cSr'po-rct,  ■?;.  [-ua"tkd<'; 
-RA"TiNO.]  I.  t.  1.  To  combine  together  so 
as  to  form  one  harmonious  whole.  2.  To  em- 
body.   3.  To  form  into  a  legal  corporation. 

II.  i.    To  become  incorporated. 
in-cor'po-ratei,  a.    1.   Not  consisting  of 

matter.  2.  Not  formed  into  a  corporation. 
in-cor'po-rate^,  a.  Joined,  or  intimately 
associated;  incorporated.  [<  L.incorporaius, 
pp.  of  incorporo,  <!mbody,  <  in,  in;  and  see 
coupouATE.j —In-cor'^uo-ra'tlon,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  Incorporating,  3.  A  corporation.  3. 
The  combining  of  elements. 


in''cor-po're-al,  in"cer-po'rg-al,  a.  1.  Not 
consisting  of  matter;  immaterial.  2.  Intangible. 

in-cor-'ri-gi-blfe,  in-cer'i-ji-bl,  a.  1.  That 
can  not  be  corrected.  2.  Depraved  beyond 
reform,     -ness,  n.—  in-cor'rl-gi-bly,  adv. 

in''cor-rupt'i-bl(e,  a.  Incapable  of  cor- 
ruption. —  in''cor-rupt'"i-bil'i-ty,  in  '^  cor- 
rupt'i-bl(e-ness,  n.—  in''cor-rupt'i-bly, 
acZiJ.  —  in'^cor-rup'tion,  n.  Freedom  from 
corruption. 

in-crease^  in-crfs'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [in- 
creased''; iN-cREAs'iNG.]  To  augment  or 
make  greater;  enlarge;  become  greater;  grow; 
multiply.  II.  in'cris,  n.  A  growing  larger  or 
greater;  augmentation;  increment;  produce. 
[<  L.  in,  in,  -\-  cresco,  grow.] 

in-cred'u-lous,  in-cred'yu-lus,  a.  1.  Refu- 
sing belief;  skeptical.  2.  Characterized  by 
doubt,  -ly,  a(^?7.— in''cre-du'li-tv,  n.  Indis- 
position to  believe.     in-cred'u-lbus-ness:t. 

in'cre-ment,  in'crg-ment,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
increasing;  enlargement.  2.  Increase.  [<L. 
incrementum,  <  incresco,  increase.] 

in-crust'"*,  in-crust',  vt.  To  cover  with  a  crust 
or  hard  coat,  as  in  decorative  processes.—  in''- 
crus-ta'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  incrusting,  or 
the  object  Incrusted.    2.  A  crust. 

in^cu-bate,  in'kiu-bet,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ba"ted''; 
-BA'TiNG.]  1.  To  sit  upon  in  order  to  hatch; 
also,  to  hatch  by  sitting.  2.  To  plan.  [<  L. 
in,  on,  -|-  cvbo,  lie.]  —  in^'cH-ba'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  hatching;  figuratively,  a  planning  or  pro- 
ducing.—in'cu-ba''tor,  n.  That  which  Incu- 
bates, especially  an  apparatus  artificially  warmed. 

In'cu-bus,  in'kiu-bus,  n.  [in'ou-bus-es  or 
in'cu-bi,  -Dai  (yr  -\n,pl.']  1.  Anything  that 
tends  to  weigh  down  or  discourage.  2.  The 
nightmare.     [<   L.^^  mtrw^;  see  incubate.] 

in-cuFcate,  in-cul'ket,  vt.  [-ca'ted'';  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  To  impress  upon  the  mind  by  repeated 
admonition;  teach.  [<  L.  in,  on,  +  calco, 
tread.]  —  in^'cuUca'tion,  n. 

in-cuFpate,  in-cul'pet,  vt.  [-pa"ted<>;  -par- 
ting.] To  charge  with  wrong-doing:  impli- 
cate. [<  L.  in,  m,  +  culpa,  fault.]  —  in'^cul- 
pa'tion,  n. —  in-cul'pa-to-ry,  a. 

in-cum^ent,  in-cum'bgnt.  I.  a.  1.  Re- 
quired or  demanded;  obligatory.  2.  Resting 
upon  something.  II.  n.  One  who  holds  an 
office.  [<  L.  in,  on,  -f  cvbo,  lie.]  —  in-ouni'- 
ben-cy,  n.  [-cies«,  pl.\ '  The  state  or  period  of 
holding  an  oflSce. 

in-cum'ber,  in-cuni'brance«  etc.  See  en- 
cumber, etc. 

in-cur',  in-cur',  vt.  [in-curreu';  in-cur'- 
RiNG.]  To  bring  upon  oneself,  as  an  injury. 
[<  1>.^  inciirro,  <  m,  against,  -f-  cidto,  run.] 

in-cur'sion,  in-cur'shun,  n.  A  hostile  en- 
trance into  a  territory;  raid.  [<  L.  incur- 
8io{n-),  <  incurro;  see  incur.] 

in-curve',  in-curv',  vt.  &  vi.  To  curve,  or 
cause  to  curve,  inward.  [<  L.  incurvo,  <  in, 
in,  4-  currus,  bent.]  —  in-eurv'ate,  in-curv'et. 
J.vt.  [-A'TEDti; -a'ting.]  To  cuyve;  bend.  II. 
a.    Curved.— in'^cur-va'tion,  n. 

in-debt'ed,  in-det'gd,  pa.  1.  Having  con- 
tracted a  debt.  2.  Owing  gratitude;  beholden. 
—  in-debt'e<l-neM«,  n. 

in-de'cent,  in-dl'sgnt,  a.  1.  Offensive  to  de- 
cency; immodest.  2.  Contrary  to  what  is 
proper.— In-de'cen-cy,  n.     [-cies»,   j)l.]     1. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  th#y,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


241 


Indeed 
indoctrinate 


The  condition  of  being  indecent.  2.  An  indecent 
act.— in-de'cent-ly,  adv. 

in-deed',  in-did',  adv.    In  fact;  in  truth. 

in'^de-faVi-ga-tolCe,  in"d§-fat'i-ga-bl,  a. 
Not  exhausted  by  labor  or  exertion;  unflagging. 
[<  L.  iji;  not,  4-  defatigo,  tire  out.] 

in^de-fea'si-tJlCe,  in''d§-fi'zi-bl,  a.  Incapa- 
ble of  being  defeated,  set  aside,  or  made  void. 

in''de-fl'na-'bl(e,  in"d§-fai'na-bl,  a.  That 
can  not  be  defined  or  described;  evanescent; 
subtile.— in'Me-fl-'na-bly,  adv. 

in-defi-nitCe,  a.  1.  Not  definite  or  precise. 
2.  Indeterminate.     -\y,adv.    -ness,  ?^. 

in-del'i-bKe,  in-del'i-bl,  a.  That  can  not  be 
blotted  out;  ineffaceable.  [<  L.  z/?-,  not,  + 
deleo,  destroy,  efface.]  —  in-del^'i-biPi-ty,  n. 
in-del'i-bl (e-nesst.—  in-del'i-bly,  adv. 

in-deri-cate,  a.  Not  delicate;  offensive  to 
propriety  or  refinement. —  in-del'i-ca-ey,  n. 

in-dem'ni-fy,  in-dem'ni-fai,  vt.  [-fied, 
-faid;  -fy"ing.]  1.  To  compensate  for  loss. 
2.  To  give  immunity  to  from  punishment. 
[<  L.  indemms  (<««-, not,  -{-damnum,  harm) 
4-  -FY.]  —  in-dem'^ni-fl-ca'tlon,  n,  —  in- 
dein'ni-ty,  in-dem'ni-tl,  ?i.  [-ties«,p?.J  •  That 
which  is  given  as  compensation  for  a  loss. 

in-dent'"*,  in-dent',  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  make  dents 
in.  2.  To  indenture.  3.  To  set  in  (a  line) 
by  a  blank  space  at  the  left  hand,  II.  i.  To 
be  dented.  [  <  L.^l+f  in,  in,  +  den{t-)s,  tooth.] 
—  in^'den-ta'tion,  «.  1.  The  act  of  dent- 
ing. •^.  Acut  or  notch.— in-den'tion,  «.  1. 
A  dent.  2.  The  Indenting  of  a  line  in  print.— 
in-deu'ture.  I.  vt.  [-tured;  -tur-ing.]  To 
bind  by  indenture,  as  an  apprentice.  II.  n.  1 . 
Law.  An  instrument  of  contract  under  seal.  "i. 
The  act  of  indenting. 

In'^de-pend'ent,  in"d§-pend'gnt.  I.  a.  1. 
Not  subordinate  to  nor  dependent  for  support 
upon  another.  2.  Affording  means  of  inde- 
pendence. 3.  Self-reliant,  4.  Separate.  II. 
n.  One  who  exercises  his  own  judgment,  as 
in  religion.— in^'de-pend'ent-ly,  adv.~\n''- 
de-pend'ence,  n.  1,  Freedom  from  depend- 
ence, 'i,  A  competency.  3.  A  spirit  of  self- 
reliance,    in^'^de-peud'en-cyi. 

in'dex,  in'dex.  I',  rt.  To  provide  with  or 
enter  in  an  index.  II.  n.  [in'dex-es  or  in'- 
ni-CES,  pZ.]  1.  An  indicator,  pointer,  etc.  2. 
Anything  that  manifests  or  denotes.  3.  An 
alphabetic  list  of  matters,  as  in  a  book.     [F^.] 

In''di-a,  in'di-a,  n.  A  country  of  southern 
Asia.^  India  ink,  a  deeply  black  pigment.^ 
In'di-n-inan,  n.  A  large  merchant  ship  In  the 
East»Indian  trade.  —  iu'di-nsrub-'ber,  n.  A 
soft  and  very  elastic  substance  derived  from  the 
sap  of  various  tropical  plants. 

In'di-an,  in'di-an.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
India.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  American  native 
races  or  to  the  West  Indies.  3.  [U.S.]  Made 
from  maize.  II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  India  or 
of  the  West  Indies.  2.  A  member  of  one  of 
the  aboriginal  races  of  America.  3.  The 
language  of  the  American  Indians.  —  Indian 
corn ,  maize.— I.  meal,  meal  made  from  maize. 

in'di-cate,  in'di-ket,  vt.  [-ca"ted<1;  -ca"- 
TiNG.]     1.  To  give  a  suggestion  of.    2.  To 


point  out;  show;  represent.     iKli-indicalvs, 

pp.  of  indico.]  —  in'di-cant.    I.  a. 

II.  n.    An  indicator.— in^'di-ca'tion,  n.    A 


Indicating. 


manifestation;  token.—  iu'di-ca"'tor,  n.   That 
which   indicates,   as   an   Instrument  or   Index. 


—  in-dic'a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Giving  intimation. 
II.  n.  Gram.  The  Indicative  mode,  which  as- 
serts or  questions  directly,    -ly,  adv. 

in'di-ces,  In'di-slz,  n.    A  plural  of  index. 

in-diet''*,  in-dait',  vt.  To  prefer  an  indictment 
against.  [<  L.of  indicto,  <  in,  m, -[- dico, 
say.]  —  in.dict'a.bl(e,  a.  —  in-dict'nient,  n. 
The  act  of  Indicting;  a  formal  charge  of  crime. 

in-dif'fer-ent,   in-dif'sr-gnt,  a.    1.  Having 

no  inclination  or  interest;  apathetic.     2.  Only 

passably  good.  3.  Unimportant;  unprejudiced. 

-ly,  adw.— in-differ-ence,  n.    The  state 

of  being  Indifferent;  apathy;  Insensibility. 

in-dig'e-nous,  in-dij'g-nus,  a.  Originating 
in;  native;  hence,  inherent.  [<  L.i^  indu, 
within,  -\-  gigno,  beget.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in'di-gent,  in'di-jgnt,  a.  Destitute  of  prop- 
erty; poor.  [<  L.  indu  (<  in),  in, -f-  egeo, 
want.]  —  in'di-sence,  n.    Poverty. 

in^'di-ges'tion,  in"di-jes'chun,  n.  Defective 
digestion;  dyspepsia.  —  in'Mi-fjest'i-bl(e,  a. 
Not  digestible,  or  difficult  to  digest.  — in'di- 
gt'st''i-bil''i -ty,  n.  in'Mi -gest'i-blCe- 
nesst.— in^'di-sresfi-bly,  adv. 

in-dig'nant,  in-dig'nant,  «.  1.  Having  just 
anger  and  scorn.  2.  Manifesting  such  a  feel- 
ing. [<  L.  in-,  not,  -f-  digmis,  worthy.]  -ly, 
rtf/r.— in'Mig-na'tion,  n.    Just  resentment. 

in-dig'ni-ty,  in-dig'ni-ti,  n.  [-ties%  pL]  An 
act  tending  to  degrade  or  mortify;  insult;  af- 
front.    [<  L.  in-,  not,  -4-  digmis,  worthy.] 

in'di-go,  in'di-gO,  n.  1.  A  blue  coloring'sub- 
stance  obtained  from  the  indigo»plant.  2.  A 
deep  violet-blue.     [Sp.] 

in'^di-rect',  in"di-rect',  a.  1.  Deviating  from 
a  direct  line.  2.  Not  direct;  inferential;  equiv- 
ocal,   -ly,  adv. —  in'^di-rec'tion,  n. 

in'"dis-creet',  in"dis-crlt',  a.  Lacking  dis- 
cretion; imprudent,  -ly,  adv.  —  in'''dis-ore'- 
tion,  In'dis-cresh'un,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
discreet; an  indiscreet  act. 

in''dis-crini'i-nate,  in"dis-crim'i-net  or 
-ngt,  a.  1.  Showing  no  discrimination.  2. 
Mingled  in  confusion,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in''dis-pen'sa-l)l(e,  in"dis-pen'6a-bl,  a.  Not 
to  be  dispensed  with. 

in^'dis-pose',  in"dis-pOz',  vt.  To  disincline; 
render  unfit;  make  ul. —  in^'dis-posed'',  pa. 
1.  Ill;  unwell.  3.  Disinclined.- in -dis'^po- 
si'tion,  n.  1.  Shght  illness.  3.  The  state  of 
being  mentally  disinclined. 

in-dis'pu-ta-bl(e,   in-dis'piu-ta-bl,  a.     In- 
capable of  being  disputed;  unquestionable. 
—  in-dis'pn-ta-bly,  adv. 

in-dis''so-lu-'bl(e,  a.  1.  That  can  not  be 
dissolved,  liquefied,  or  melted.  2.  Perpetually 
binding. —  in-dis'^so-lu-biPi-ty,  n.  in-dis'so- 
lu-bl(e-uess1:.— in-dis'so-lii-bly,  adv. 

in-dite',  in-dait',  vt.  &  vi.  [in-m'ted"*;  in- 
di'ting.]  To  put  into  words  or  writing;  frame 
an  expression  or  composition.  [  <  L.of  indicto; 
see  INDICT.]     -ment,  n. —  in-di'ter,  n. 

in''di-vid'u-al,  in"di-vij'u-al  or  -vid'yu-al. 
I.  a.  1.  Existing  as  an  entity;  single.  2. 
Pertaining  to  one  thing.  II.  n.  A  single  per- 
son, animal,  or  thing.  [<  L.  individtius,  in- 
divisible.]—in^'di- vid''u-aH-ty,  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  individual.  2.  Personality.— in "- 
di-vid'n-al-ly,  adv. 

in-doc'tri-nate,  in-dec'tri-net,  vt.  [-na"- 
TED**; -na"ting.]  To  instruct  in  doctrines  or 
principles.—  in-doc''tri-na'tion,  n. 


fiutiure  (future);    aisle;   au   (mi);    oil;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  {tho);    go;  sing,   ink;  thin, 
16 


Indolence 
infect 


242 


in'do-lence,  in'do-lgns,  n.  Habitual  idleness; 
laziness.  [  <  L.  indolentia,  freedom  from  pain.] 
— in'do-Ieiit,  «.   Averse  to  exertion.    -Iy,ad». 

in-doni''i-ta-'bl(e,  in-dem'i-ta-bl,  a.  Not  to 
be  subdued.     [<  L.  in-,  not,  +  domito,  tame. 

in-door'',  in'dor",  a.    Being  or  done  within 

doors.— in'^doors',  adv.    Witliin  a  building. 

in-dorse',  in-ders',  vt.  [in-dorsed";  in- 
DORs'iNG.]  1.  To  write  upon  the  back  of; 
especially,  to  write  one's  name  on  the  back  of. 
2.  To  give  sanction  to.  [<  L.^i'  in,  on,  + 
dorsum,  back.]  en-dorse'f.— in^'dor-see', 
n.  One  to  whom  transference  by  indorsement 
Is  made.  — in-dorse'inent,  n.  1.  The  writing 
of  one's  name  on  the  back  of  a  note,  check, 
etc.  2.  The  act  of  ratification;  approval,  en- 
dorse'inentt.  —  in-dors'er,  n.  One  who 
Indorses,    iii-dors'ort. 

in-du1>i-ta-l)l(e,  in-diu'bi-ta-bl,  a.  Not  open 
to  doubt  or  question ;  unquestionable;  certain. 
-ness,  ?2.— in-dii'bi-ta-bly,  adv. 

in-duce',  in-dius',  vt.  [induced'';  in-du'- 
ciNG.]     1.  To  influence  to  an  act;  prevail  on. 

2.  To  lead  to  or  produce.  [<  L.  in,  in,  + 
duco,  lead.]  —  in-duce'ment,  n.  1 .  An  in- 
centive; motive.    «J.  The  act  of  inducing. 

in-duc^tion,  in-duc'shun,  n.  1.  The  process 
of  inferring  general  conclusions  from  particu- 
lar cases.  2.  Any  conclusion  reached  by  in- 
ductive reasoning.  3.  Electrification  by  mere 
proximity.  [F.,  <  'L.indvctio(n-),<  in,  in, -f 
duco,  lead.]  —  in-duct'd,  ^^.     i .   To  put  in 

ftossesslon;  Introduce;  Install.  2.  To  obtain  by 
nductlon.  —  iii-duc'tiv(e,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  proceeding  by  Induction.  2.  Produced  by 
Induction.    3.  Introductory,    -ly,  acli\ 

in-due',  in-diu',  t;<.  [in-dued';  in-du'ing.]  To 
endow.     [=enduei.] 

in-dulge',  in-dulj',  vt.  &  m.  [in-dulged'; 
in-dul'oing.]  1.  To  yield  (to  a  desire),  usu- 
ally unduly  or  unwisely.  2.  To  forbear  from 
controlling;  grant  indulgence.  [<  L.  indulgeo, 
<  in,  in,  -f-  -dulgeo;  cp.  didcis,  sweet.]  —  in- 
dul'irence,  n.  1.  The  act  of  Indulging;  henco, 
excess.  3.  That  with  which  a  person  Is  Indulged. 

3.  R.  C.  Ch.  Remission  of  temporal  punishment. 
—  in-dul'gent,  a.    Prone  to  Indulge;  lenient. 

in'du-rate,  in'diu-ret,  vt.  &  vi.  [-RA"TEDd; 
-RA"TiNG.]  To  make  hard;  grow  or  become 
hard  or  tough.      [<  L.  in,  in,  +  dv?'us,  hard.] 

—  in'du-rate,  a.  Hard  cr  hardened;  ^Indu- 
rated.— iii^'dii-ra'tion,  n. 

in-dus'tri-al,  in-dus'tri-al.  I.  a.  Denoting 
the  processes  or  products  of  manufacture.  II. 
n.  1.  One  engaged  in  industrj^.  2.  A  stock 
or  security  based  upon  an  established  manufac- 
ture.—  In-diin'tri-al-ly,  adv. 

in'dus-try,  in'dus-tri,  n.  [-tries*,  pi.]  1. 
Earnest  or  constant  application  to  work  or 
business.  2.  Useful  labor  in  general;  a  special 
branch  of  productive  work,  or  the  capital  or 
workers  employed  in  it.  \<  Jj.  industna,  < 
industii-iis,  diligent.]  — in-diis'lri-ous,  a.  Dili- 
gent; laborious,    -ly,  odv. 

in-e'bri-ate,  in-i'bri-et.  I.  vt.  [-a"ted<';  -a"- 
TiN(j.J  To  make  drunk;  intoxicate.  II.  a. 
Inebriated.  III.  w.  A  habitual  drunkard. 
[<  L.  i/iihrhi/us,  pp.  of  i/iehrio,  nudvc  drunk.] 

—  Iii-<>'lM*i-iint.  l.a.  Into.xlcatlug.  IT.  n. 
Anythlii^rtliat  iiito.vlcntes.— iu-e"bri-n'lioii, 
in'^e-bri'e-ty,  n.    Drunkenness;  habitual  In- 


in-ef'fa-ljl^e,  in-ef'a-bl,  a.  That  can  not  or 
must  not  be  expressed  in  speech;  too  lofty  or 
sacred  for  expression.  [<  L.  ineffabilis,  <  in-, 
not,  -f  effabilis,  utterable.]  -ness,  n. —  in-ef'- 
fa-bly,  adv. 

in-eFi-^i-ble,  in-el'i-ji-bl,  a.  Not  eligible: 
disqualified;  unsuitable;  inexpedient. — in-el''- 
i-gi-bil'i-ty.  n.— in-el'i-gi-bly,  adv. 

in^'e-quaFi-ty,  in"g-cwel'i-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  j9^.] 

1.  The  condition  of  being  unequal.    2.  Lack 
of  proportion.    3.  Inadequacy. 

in-er'rant,  in-er'ant,  a.  Exempt  from  error; 
unerring.  —  in-er'ran-cy,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing free  from  error;  as  applied  to  Scripture, 
plenary  Inspiration. 

in-ert',  in-ert',  a.  1.  Destitute  of  inherent 
power  to  move;  possessing  inertia.  2.  Slug- 
gish. [<  L.  iner{t-)s,  <  in-,  not,  _-f  ar{t-)s, 
art.]  -lY,adv.  -ness,  w.  —  in-er'tia,  in  gr'- 
shla,«.  1.  The  state  of  being  inert.  2.  That 
property  of  matter  by  virtue  of  which  it  persists 
in  its  state  of  rest  or  of  uniform  motion  uhless 
some  force  changes  that  state.  [uable. 

in-es'ti-nia-bl(e,  a.    Above  price;  very  val- 

in-ev'i-ta-bKe,  a.  1.  That  can  not  be  pre- 
vented; unavoidable.  2.  Customary;  usual.  [< 
L.  in-,  not,  -f-  e,  out,  -f  vito,  shun.]  —  in-ev'- 
i-ta-bKe-ness,  in-ev''i-ta-bil'i-ty,  «.— 
in-ev'i-ra-bly,  adv. 

in-ex'o-ra-'blie,  in-ex'o-ra-bl,  a.  Not  to  be 
moved  by  entreaty;  unyielding.  [<  L.  in-,  not, 
+  ex,  out,  4-o?o,  pray.]  — in-ex'o-ra-bly,  adv. 

in-ex'tri-ca-bl(e,  in-ex'tri-ca-bl,  a.  So  in- 
volved that  extrication  is  impossible.  [<  L. 
in-,  not,  -4-  extnco,  extricate.] 

-ness,  M.— in-ex'tri-ca*bly,  adv. 

in-fani-bl(e,  in  fal'i-bl,  a.  1.  Exempt  from 
fallacy  or  error  of  judgment.  2.  Exempt  from 
uncertainty.  —  in-fal'li-bly,  adv.  —  in-faP'Ii- 
bil'i-ty,  n.  The  state  of' being  infallible.  (1) 
Incapability  of  error.   (2)  Certainty  of  operation. 

in'fa-mous,  in'fa-mus,  a.  1.  Having  an 
odious  reputation;  notorious.  2.  Involving 
infamy.  [<  L.  infamis,  <  in-,  not,  -\-fama, 
FAME.]  -ly,  adv.  —  in'fa-my,  in'fa-mi,  n. 
-MIES2.  pi.']  1,  Total  lack  of  honor  or  reputation. 

2.  That  which  Is  odious. 

in'fant,  in'fant.  I.  a.  1.  Infantile.  2.  Being 
in  the  early  stage  of  growth.  S.  Law.  Minor. 
II.  n.  1.  A  babe.  2.  Laiv.  A  minor.  [<  L. 
infan{t-)s,  <  in-,  not,  +  fan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  foi', 
speak.]  —  In'fan-cy ,  n.  1 .  The  state  of" being 
an  Infant.  2.  Law.  The  period  of  minority.  3. 
The  earliest  period  In  the  history  of  a  thing.— 
in-fan'ti-cide,  ».  1.  Child  murder,  ti.  One 
who  commits  such  a  crime.  — in'fan-til(e,  a. 
Portaining  to  Infants.    iu'fan«tin(et. 

in'fan-try,  in'fan-tri,  n.  Foot-soldiery 
equipped  with  small  arms.  [<  F.  infanterie, 
<  It.  infanteria,  <  infante,  page.] 

in-fat'u-ate,  in-fach'u-et    or   -fat'yu-gt, 


[-A"TED<';  -A'TiNG.]  To  inspire  with  ardent 
passion  so  as  to  deprive  of  ordinary  judgment. 
t<  L.  in,  in,  -^fatvns,  silly.] 


in-fat'''u-a'tion,  n. 

in-fect'**,  infect',  r^.  1.  To  affect  or  imbue, 
especially  with  a  noxious  quality;  corrupt.  2. 
To  contaminate.     [<  L.  infectvs,  <  in,  in,  -f 

facio,  make.]  —  In-feot'er,  «.— in-feo'llon,  n. 

*1.  Conimunicationof  disease,  as  by  contact.  2. 
Laio.  Taint  of  Illegality.  3.  That  which  Infects, 
as  miasma.  — in-fec'tious,  a.    1.  That  may  be 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  they,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  riile;  but,  *r; 


243 


infelicity 
infuriate 


communicated  by  Infection.  3.  Able  to  com- 
municate Infection.  3.  Law.  Tainting  with  11- 
legalltv.    -\y,aclc.    -ness,  «. 

in"fe-iic'i-ty,  in'fe-lis'i-ti,  ?<.  1,  The  state 
of  being  infelicitous;  unhappines<s.  2.  That 
which  is  infelicitous.  —  m'^fe-lic'i-tous,  a. 
Xot  felicitous  or  happy,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in-fer',  in-fgr',  v.    [in-ferred';  in-fer'ring.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  deduce  or  accept  on  the  basis  of 
evidence;  conclude.  2.  To  furnish  evidence  of . 
II.  i.  To  draw  inferences.  [<  L.  in,  in,  -(- 
"e/o,  bear.]  —  in-fer'a-blCe,  in.fer'ri-bl(e,  a. 

—  iii-fer'ence,  n.  1.  The  act  of  inferring. 
'i.  A  deduction.  3.  Loosely,  a  conjecture.— 
iii'Ter-eii'tial,  a.    Deducible  by  inference. 

in-fe'ri-or,  in-fi'ri-gr.  I.  a.  1.  Lower  in 
quality  or  rank.  2.  Situated  or  placed  lower. 
II. ;/.  One  who  is  classed  lower  than  others; 
a  subordinate.     [L.,  compar.  of  inferus,  low.] 

—  in-fe''ri-or''i-ty,  n.    The  state  of  being 
inferior;  low  condition. 

in-fer'nal,  in-fgr'nal,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  hell; 
diabolical.  2.  Pertaining  to  Tartarus.  [F.,  < 
L.  infernus.,  underground.]     -ly,  adv. 

in-fest'd,  in-fest',  xt.  To  be  present  so  num- 
erously as  to  annoy  or  endanger.  [<  L.^  ^;^- 
festo,  <  in,  in,  +fe?iclo,  strike.] 

in-'fi-del,  in'fi-del.  I.  a.  1.  Lacking  the  true 
faith;  especially,  rejecting  the  Christian  relig- 
ion. 2.  Faithless;  recreant.  II.  n.  1.  One 
who  denies  the  existence  of  God;  a  disbeliever 
in  the  Bible.  2.  Any  unbeliever.  [<  L.  in-, 
not,  +  fidelis,  faithful,  <  fides,  faith.]  —  in^'- 
fi-clel'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  pl.'\  1.  The  state  of 
being  an  infidel.    2.  Lack  of  fidelity. 

in-flrtrate,  in-fil'tret,  vi.  &  vi.  [-tra"ted<'; 
-TRA"TiNG.]  To  cause  (a  liquid  or  gas)  to  pass 
into  or  through  interstices;  also,  to  percolate. 

—  in'^fil-tra'tion,  n. 

in'fi.-nit(e,  in'fi-nit.  I.  a.  1.  So  great  as  to 
be  immeasurable  and  unbounded;    limitless. 

2.  All=embracing;  perfect.  3.  Very  numer- 
ous. II.  n.  That  which  is  infinite;  [I-]  the 
Deity;  the  Absolute.  [<  L.  infinitus,  <  in-, 
not, -|-/;ns,  limit.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,  n.  — in- 
fin'^i-tes't-inal.  I.  a.  Infinitely  small;  de- 
noting a  quantity  conceived  as  continually 
diminishing.    II.  n.    An  infinitesimal  quantity. 

—  iii-fiii'i-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Without  limitation  of 
person  or  number.  11.  n.  G^raw.  The  infinitive 
mode;  as,  to  /owe.— iii-fin'i-tude,  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  Infinite.  2.  An  infinite  quan- 
tity.—in-fin-'i-ty,  n.  [-TiEsz,jo/.l  Boundless- 
ness, or  something  regarded  as  boundless;  infi- 
nitely distant  space;  also,  absolute  completeness; 
perfection. 

in-flrm',  in-f§rm'.  a.  1.  Feeble  or  relaxed,  as 
from  age.  2.  Lacking  soundness,  stability,  or 
firmness.  [<  L.o*"  in-,  not,  -\-fir7nus,  strong.] 
-ly,  adi\  -nesH,  «.- in-fir'ma-ry,  n. 
[-RIESI,  pi.]  A  small  hospital.— in-fir'iiii-ty, 
n.  [-TiES»,pZ.l  1.  A  physical,  mental,  or  moral 
weakness  or  flaw.    2.  Infirm  condition. 

in-fix'S  in-fix',  vt.  To  fix  in,  as  by  piercing; 
implant  firmly.  [<  L.  in,  m,-\-  figo,  fix.] 

in-flame',  in-flem',  v.  [in-flamed';  in-fla'- 
MiNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  stimulate  or  rouse  to  un- 
natural activity.   2.  To  cause  inflammation  in. 

3.  To  cause  to  burst  into  flame.  II.  i.  To 
break  into  flame;  become  affected  with  inflam- 
mation.    [<  L.F  in,  in,  -\-fiamma,  flame.] 

—  in-flain'ma-bKe,  a.     Readily  Inflamed; 
easily  excited.  —  in- flam^'ma-biFi -ty,  n. 


in-flani'ma-bl(e-ness1:.  —  in-flam'ma- 
bly,  ari».— iu'^flain-ina'tioii,  n.  1.  A  mor- 
bid process  in  some  part  of  the  body  characterized 
by  heat,  redness,  swelling,  and  pain.  2.  The  act 
of  inflaming. —  in-flaiii'ina-to-ry,  a.  1. 
Tending  to  produce  heat  or  excitement.  2.  Per- 
taining to  inflammation. 

in-flate',  in-flet',  x.t.  &  vi.  [in-fl a'ted'' ;  in- 
fla'ting.]  To  cause  to  expand  by  filling,  as 
with  gas;  pnffup;  elate;  expand.  [<  L.  i«- 
flatiis,  <  in,  in,  -f-/o,  blow.]  —  in-fla'tion,  w. 
1.  The  act  of  inflating;  figuratively,  bombast. 
'Z,  Overissue,  as  of  currency. 

in-flect'd,  in-fleet',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  take  gram- 
matical inflection;  decline  or  conjugate.  2. 
To  deflect.     [<  L.  in,  in,  -{-flecfo,  bend.] 

— in-flec'tion,  in-flex'ion,  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  inflected.  3.  Gram.  The  changes 
undergone  by  words  to  express  case,  gender,  per- 
son, tense,  etc.    3.  Modulation  of  the  voice. 

in-flex'i-'bl(e,  in-flex'i-bl,  a.  Not  to  be  bent, 
altered,  or  turned  from  a  purpose;  rigid;  firm; 
stubborn.— in-flex'i-bl(e-nes8,  n.  tn-llex'^i- 
bil'i-tyi.— iu-flex'i-bly,  adv. 

in-flict'<',  in-flict',  vt.  To  cause  another  to 
suffer;  lay  on;  impose.  [<lj.inflictt(s,'m.oi 
i7}fligo,  <  in,  on,  +  ^ij/o,  strike.] —in-flic'- 
tioii,  n.    A  punishment;  imposition. 

in^'flo-res'cence,  in'flo-res'gns,  n.  1.  Bot. 
(1)  A  stem,  the  buds  of  which  are  all  flower* 
buds;  a  flower  =•  cluster.  (2)  The  arrangement 
of  flowers  on  the  stem.  2.  The  act  of  flower- 
ing; flowers  collectively. 

in'flu-ence,  in'flu-gns.  I.vt.  [-enceb';_-en- 
ciNG.]  To  act  upon;  exert  or  maintain  a 
mental  or  moral  power  upon  or  over.  II.  n. 
1.  The  gradual  or  unseen  operation  of  some 
cause.  2.  Ability  to  sway  the  will  of  another. 
[F.,  <  L.  inflven{t-)s,  flowing  in.]— in^'flu- 
eu'tial,  a.    -ly,  adv. 

in''flu-en'za,  in"flu-en'za,  n.  An  epidemic 
disease  exhibiting  catarrh  of  the  upper  air== 
passages,  attended  by  fever.  [It.,  influence.] 

in^'flux,  in'flux,  n.  1.  The  act  of  flowing  in; 
a  continuous  flowing  in.  2.  A  pouring  in  or 
instilling.      [<  L.  injluxus,  <  injluo,  Qow  in.] 

in-fold'^  in-fold',  vt.  1.  To  wrap  up  in  folds; 
enclose.    2.  To  embrace  in  or  as  in  the  arms. 

in-form',  in-ferm',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  impart  in- 
formation to.  2.  To  give  form,  shape,  or 
vitality  to.  II.  i.  To  communicate  a  knowl- 
edge of  facts,  as  by  way  of  accusation.  [  <  L.^^ 
in,  in,  -\-fo7'ma,  form.]  —  in-form'ant,  n.  One 
who  imparts  infotmatlon.— in-for-ma'tion, 
71.  1.  Knowledge  acquired  or  derived.  2. 
Timely  or  specific  knowledge.— in -forin'er, 
n.  1,  One  who  informs  against  others.  2.  One 
who  imparts  information.    3.  A  telltale. 

in-form^al,  a.  1.  Not  in  the  usual  form.  2. 
Without  ceremony.  -\x,  adv. —in'^for-maVi' 
ty,  71.    [-TIES*,  j9?.]    Absence  of  regular  form. 

intra-,  prefix.  Below;  beneath;  on  the  lower 
part.  [<  L.  i7ifra,  below,  contr.  of  ««/era,  abl. 
s.  fem.  of  inferus,  low.] 

in-frac'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  breaking  or 
violating.  2.  A  fracture.  l<lj.infractus,W- 
of  inf7'ingo,  break.] 

in-fringe',  in-frinj',  v.  [in- fringed';  in- 
frin'ging.]  I.;;.  To  encroach  upon.  11./. 
To  transgress  or  trespass  on  rights  or  privi- 
leges. [<  L.  infringo,  <  in,'m,  -\- frango, 
break.]  —  in-fringe'ment,  71. ~  in-frin'ger,  n. 

in-fu'ri-ate,  in-fiu'ri-et.     I.  vt.     [-a"ted''; 


flut|flre  (future);    aisle;   au   (o«t);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


iufuse 
injudicious 


244 


-a'ting.]  To  make  furious.  II.  a.  Infuriated; 
enraged;  mad.   [<  h.in,  in,  -\-furia,  fury.] 

in-fuse',  in-fiuz',  vi.  [in-fused';  in-fu'sing.] 
1.  To  instil  or  inculcate.  2.  To  inspire  or 
affect  by  infusion.  3.  To  steep.  4.  To  pour 
in.  [<  L.  irifusvs,  pp.,  <  in,  into,  +fundo, 
pour.]  —  in-fu'sion,  n.  1.  Instillation.  3. 
That  which  Is  Infused.  3.  The  process  of  steep- 
ing any  substance  in  a  liquid  for  the  purpose  of 
extracting  Its  medicinal  properties ;  also,  the 
liquid  extract  so  obtained. 

in-fu'si-ljlCe,  in-fiu'zi-bl,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  fused  or  melted. 

In''fu-so'ri-a,  in"fiu-sO'ri-a,  n.  pi.  A  divi- 
sion of  the  animal  kingdom,  comprising  nu- 
merous animalcules  that  occur  in  infusions  of 
decaying  substances.  [PI.  of  L.  irifuswium,  < 
infusits:  see  infuse.] 

in-gen^ious,  in-jin'yus,  a.  Possessed  of  or 
manifesting  inventive  facultv.  [<  L.  ingenio- 
svs,  <  ingenwin,  innate  quality.]  -ly,  adv. — 
—  iii'"Ke-nu'i-ty,  n. 

in-gen'u-ous,  m-jen'yu-us,  a.  1.  Free  from 
disguise  or  dissimulation.  2.  High-minded; 
sincere.  [<  L.  ingenuns,  <  in.,  in,  -{-  gigno, 
produce.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in-glo'ri-ous,  a.  1.  Characterized  by  failure 
or  disgrace.     2.  Without  glory,    -ly,  adv. 

in'got,  in'get,  n.    A  mass  of  cast  metal  from 
the  crucible,  as 
a  bar  of  gold. 
[<  AS.iw.,  in,-f- 
geotan,  pour  ] 

ih-graft'd,  in 
grgft',  vf  1. 
To  graft  (a 
scionj  for  prop- 
agation ;  in- 
corporate so  <!- 
to  form  a  p<ii 
of.  2.  To  grail 
i/     111 


in-graln',   m 

ren',  vt.  1 
^o  dye  before 
weaving 


gren',    vt.      1.  Ingot  of  Steel 

To   dye   before     t,  mgot;  o,  oven;  oft,  oven-bottom 
(lye  arranged  to  mm  on  tracks;  t,  t,  tongs. 

with  scarlet  or  with  any  lasting  color.    2.  To 

fix  deeply. 
in^ grain,  in'gren,  a.     Dyed  in  the  yarn  before 

niamifacture;  thoroughly  inwrought. 
in^g^ain,  n.     A  carnet  made  of  worsted  or 

cotton  warps  and  wool  or  other  filling. 
in'grate'',  in'gret".    I.  a.    Ungrateful.    II. 

n.     One  who  is  ungrateful.    [<  L.i'' i/?-,  not,-f 

grains,  thankful.] 
in-g^i-a'ti-ate,  in-gre'shi-et,   vt.      [-a'tvid^; 

-A'TiNo.]     1.  To  win  confidence  for  (oneself). 

2.  To  secure  favorable  reception  for.     [  <  iN-i 

-4-  L.  g7uitla;  see  grace.] 
in-grat'i-tude,  n.    Lack  of  gratitude. 
in-gre'di-ent,  in-grT'di-i;nt,  //.    That  which 

enters  into  I  lie  constitution  of  a  mixture.     [< 

L.  iiigre<l\eii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  ingredior,  enter.] 
in'gress,  in'gres,  71.     1.  Means  of  effecting 

entrance;  also,  place  of  entrance.    2.  The  act 

of  entering.  [  <  L.  ingresms,  pp.  of  ingredior, 

enter.] 
in-ffiilPS  in-gulf,  vt.     To  engulf.— tn-ffiilP- 

ineiir,  n. 
in-hab'lt'',  in-hab'it,  r.  1. 1.   To  live  or  dwell 

In;  occupy  as  a  home.     II.  i.     To  dwell  con- 


tinuously; live;  stay  at  home.  [<  L.  in,  in, 
+  habito,  dwell.]  —  in-hab'it-a-bl(e,  a.  Hab- 
itable.—in-hab'it-ant,  n.    A  resident. 

in-liale'',  in-hel',  ^■^.  [in-haled';  in-ha'ling.] 
To  inspire  or  draw  in  with  or  as  a  breath. 
[<  L.  in,  in, -\- halo,  breathe.]  — in'^ha-Ia'tion, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  inhaling.  3.  That  which  is 
Inhaled.— in-lia'ler,  «.  1.  One  who  inhales. 
5i,  Something  from  or  through  which  one  in- 
hales. 

in'^liar-mo'ni-ous,  in"har-mO'ni-us,  a. 
Lacking  in  harmony;  discordant,  in'^liar- 
mon-'ic:;:.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

in-liere',  in-hir',  xi.  [in-hered';  in-hek'- 
ING.]  To  be  a  permanent  or  essential  part. 
[<  L.  in,  in,  +  hsereo,  stick.]  —  in-her''ence, 
n.  in-her'en-cy  t.— iii-her'ent,  a.  1. 
Permanently  united;  Innate;  essential.  2.  Per- 
taining as  a  property  or  attribute. 

in-lier'it'',  in-her'it,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  receive 
by  nature  from  one's  ancestors.  2.  To  take 
by  descent.  3.  To  be  endowed  with.  II.  i. 
To  come  into  possession  of  property  by  inher- 
itance.    [<  L.*"  in,  in,  +  he?'es  {hered-).  heir.] 

—  in-lier'it-a-bly,  ad».  —  in-lier'it-or, 
?i.— in-lier'it-rix,  «./eTO.— in-lier'it-ance, 
n.    1 .  A  heritage.    2.  The  act  of  Inheriting. 

in-liil>'it<J,  in-hib'it,  vt.  To  hold  back  or  in; 
prohibit.  [<  L.  inhibitns,  pp.,  <  in,  in,  + 
habeo,  have,  hold.]  —  in^'hi-bPtion,  n. 

in-lios'pi-ta-bl(e,  in-hes'pi-ta-bl,  a.  1. 
Not  hospitable.    2.  Barren;  wild;  cheerless. 

in-hu^man,  in-hiu'man,  a.  1.  Not  possessed 
of  human  qualities;  cruel.  2.  Barbarous.— 
in''hu-man'i-ty,  n.     [-ties^  ^^.] 

in-im^i-cal,  in-im'i-cal,  a.  1.  Of  a  character 
regarded  as  hurtful  in  tendency  or  opposed  in 
influence;  antagonistic.  2.  Unfriendly.  [< 
\j.  irdmievs,  <  in-,  not,  +  amicus,  friendly.] 

In-im'i-ta-bKe,  a.  That  can  not  be  imitated. 

—  in-im'i-ta-bly,  adv. 
in-iq'ui-ty,    in-ic'wi-ti,  n.    [-ties^,  j)l.']    1. 

Deviation  from  right;  wickedness.  2.  A 
wrongful  act.  [<  L.*"  inimnfaif-^s,  <  iti-,  not, 
+  sequus,  equal.]  — In-iqAii-tous,  a. 

in-i'tial,  in-ish'al.  I.  a.  1.  Standing  at  the 
beginning  or  head.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  first 
stage.  II.  n.  Thefirstletter  of  aword,  name, 
etc.   [F.,  <  L.  initinlis,  <  ineo,  enter.]  -ly,  adr. 

in-i'ti-ate,  in-ish'i-et.  I.  vt.  [-a"ted<';  -a'- 
ting.] 1.  To  instruct  in  rudiments;  introduce, 
as  into  a  society.  2.  To  be  the  first  mover  in. 
II.  a.  Newly  admitted.  III.  n.  One  who 
has  been  initiated.  [<  L.  initiatvs,v>v>.  of  ini- 
tio, begin.]  —  in-P'tl-a'llon,  n.  1 .  The  act  of 
Initiating.  'Z.  Ceremonial  admission,  as  into  a 
society.— in-i'ti-a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Pertahiing 
to  Initiation;  servhig  to  initiate.  IT.  //.  1.  A 
first  move.  ri.  The  jiower  of  Initiating.  3.  Tlie 
right  of  the  peonle  to  demand  legislation  from 
their  representative  asseuil)ly.—  iii-i'ti-n-lo^'- 
ry,  a.    1.  Introductory.    '1.  Serving  to  Initiate. 

in-Ject''',  in-ject',  ?;^  1.  To  throw  or  out  in 
by  force;  especially,  to  introduce  a  fluid.  2. 
To  interject.  [<  L.  injecto,  <  in,  into,  -\-ja- 
no,  throw.]  —  In-jec'tl'on.  n.  The  act  of  in- 
lectlng,  the  state  or  being  Injected,  or  that  which 
Is  injected.-  in-jpct'or,  n. 

in-joiii,  r.    Same  as  enjoin. 

in"Ju-di^cious,  in'ju-dish'us,  a.  1.  Not  ju- 
dicious; indiscreet;  ill-advised.  2.  Wanting 
in  judgment. 


papA,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  thSy,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  riile;  but,  Or; 


245 


injunction 
insect 


in-junc'tion,  in-junc'shun,  71.    1.  The  act  of 

enjoining.  2.  Urgent  admonition.  3.  A  ju- 
dicial order  requiring  refrainment  from  some- 
thing.    [  <  L  I'l'  in^  in,  -\-ju7igo,  jom.] 

in'jure,  in'jur  or  in'j^r,  vt.  [in'jured;  in'- 
.TUR-iNG.]  To  inflict  harm  or  injury  upon. — 
in'jur-er,  n.  — in-ju'ri-oiis,  a.  Hurtful; 
detrimental.— iii'ju-ry,?i.  L-ries^,  p^.J  l.Any 
wrong,  damage,  or  mischief.  j2.  A  source  of 
harm. 

in-jus'tice,  in-jus'tis,  n.  The  violation  or 
denial  of  justice;  an  unjust  act;  a  wrong. 

ink,  ink.  V-.  vt.  To  spread  ink  ujjon;  discolor 
with  ink.  II.  n.  A  colored  liquid  or  viscous 
substance,  used  in  writing,  printing,  etc.  [< 
Gr.o*"  enkaustoT),  orig.  neut.  of  enkaustos,  burnt 
in. J  —  ink'stand'',  71.  A  vessel  to  hold  ink  for 
writing.—  ink'j',  a.  Consisting  of,  stained  with, 
or  containing  ink;  black. 

ink'ling,  ink'ling,  n.    An  intimation;  hint. 

in^land,  in'land.'  I.  a.  1.  Remote  from  the 
sea.  2.  Not  foreign.  II.  n.  The  interior  of 
a  country.  HI.  adv.  Toward  the  interior  of 
a  land. 

in-lay',  in-le'.  I.  ri.  [in-laid';  in-lay'ing.] 
To  lay  or  insert  in  something,  as  in  cabinet 
work.  II.  «.  1.  That  which  is  inlaid.  2.  A 
pattern  or  design  so  produced. 

in'lef,  in'let",  n.  1.  A  small  body  of  water 
leading  into  a  larger:  (1)  A  small  bay  or  creek. 
(2)  A  tributary  of  a  lake.    2.  An  entrance. 

in'ly,  in'li,  adv.    In  the  inner  parts;  inwardly. 

in'mate,  in'met,  ??.  One  who  occupies  or 
lodges  in  a  place  with  others;  any  occupant. 

in'mosf ,  in'most",  a.  Farthest  from  the  ex- 
terior.    [<  AS.  i7i77€rnest,  <  itwe,  in.] 

inn,  in,  n.  A  public  house;  hostelry;  tavern. 
[<  AS.  inn,  <  i>i,  in.]  —  inn'lieep''er,  n.  The 
proprietor  or  keeper  of  an  inn.  iiin'Uo  Wert, 

in'nate'',  in'net",  a.  Inborn;  natural.  [<  L. 
i/t,  in,  4-  imscoi\  be  born.] 

in'ner,  in'er,  a.  1.  At  a  point  farther  in  or 
inward.  2.  Pertaining  to  that  which  is  interi- 
or; esoteric;  hidden.  [<  AS.  i«??era,  compar. 
of  «/;»e,  in.]  —  in'ner-most'',  a.    Innjost. 

in'ning,  in'ing,  n.  In  baseball,  cricket,  etc., 
a  turn  at  the  bat;  hence,  the  period  during 
which  a  party  is  in  control  or  action. 

in'no-cent,  in'o-sgnt.  I.  a.  1.  Not  tainted 
with  sin;  pure;  blameless.  2.  Innocuous; 
harmless.  3.  Guileless.  4.  Pretty  and  low- 
ly. 5.  Lawful.  6.  Artless;  imbecile.  7.  En- 
tirely free  or  clear  from;  with  of;  as,  innoce7it 
of  wrong.  II.  n.  1.  One  unstained  by  sin. 
2.  One  who  is  weak=minded.  [F.,  <  L.  i7i-, 
not,  4-  itoceo,  injure.]  -ly,  a6?r.— in'no-cence, 
n.  1.  The  state  of  being  innocent,  ij.  Freedom 
from  guilt.  3.  Harmlessness.  4.  Artlessness; 
weak=mindednes8.    in'110-cen-cyt. 

in-noc'u-ous,  in-nec'yu-us,  a.  Having  no 
harmful  qualities.  [<  L.  innoctius,  <  in-,  not, 
-+■  7)oeKUS\  harmful.] 

in'no-vate,  in'o-vet,  vi.  [-va"ted<':  -va"- 
TiNG.J  To  make  innovations;  introduce  new 
things.  [<  L.  in,  in,  -f  novus,  new.] — in''- 
no-va'tion,  11.  1 .  The  making  of  a  change  in 
something  established.  3.  A  novelty.  —  iii'no- 
va'^toi',  71. 

in''nu-en'do,  iu"yu-en'dO,  n.  [-dos^,  -does'', 
pl.'\  An  indirect  aspersion;  insinuation.  [L., 
abl.  gerund  of  i7iniio,  nod.] 


in-nu'mer-a-bl(e,  a.  So  numerous  as  not 
to  be  counted;  very  numerous,  -ness,  w. —  in- 
nii'iner-a-bly,  adv. 

in-oc'u-late,  in-ec'yu-let,  vt.  [-la"ted<i;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  communicate  (disease)  by  in- 
fection, as  through  the  skin.  2.  To  insert  a 
bud  in,  as  a  tree,  for  propagation.  [<  L. 
i/ioculatus,  pp.  of  inoculo,  <  in,  in,  -j-  ocidns, 
eye.]  —  in-oc^'ii-la'tion,  n. 

in-or'di-nate,  in-er'di-net  or  -n§t,  a.  Not 
restrained  by  prescribed  rules;  excessive.  [< 
L.  in-,  not,  -4-  ordo,  order.]    -ly,  adv. 

in''or-gan'ic,  a.  1.  Devoid  of  organized 
physical  structure;  not  organic.  2.  Not  the 
result  of  living  or  organic  processes. 

in'q.uest,  in'cwest,  n.  1.  A  judicial  inquiry 
into  a  special  matter,  as  a  sudden  death.  2. 
The  body  making  such  inquiry.  [<  L.^^  in- 
quisita,  <  i7iqxdro,  inquire.] 

in-qui'e-tude,  in-cwai'§-tiud,  n.  A  state  of 
restlessness;  disquietude. 

in-q.uire',  in-cwair',  ?;.  [in-quired';  in-quir'- 
ing.]  I.  ^.  To  ask  information  about.  II.  i.  1. 
To  seek  by  asking  questions.  2.  To  make  inves- 
tigation. [<  L.*'  i7iquiro,  <  i/i,  into,  +  qxisero, 
seek.] — in-quir'er,  n. —  in-quir'v,  in-cwQir'i, 
71.  [-iES«,pZ.]  1.  The  act  Of  inquiring.  3,  In- 
vestigation into  causes,  etc.  3.  A  query.— in'''- 
qui-si'tion,  71.  1.  [I-]  R.  C.  Ch.  Hist.  A 
court  or  tribunal  for  examination  and  punish- 
ment of  heretics.  2.  The  proceedings  and  find- 
ings of  a  jury  of  inquest.  3.  Investigation.— 
in-^qiii-si'tion-al,  «.- in-qiiis'i-tivCe.  a. 

1.  Given  to  questioning;  curious.  3.  Inclined 
to  the  pursuit  of  knowledge.— in-quis'i-tor, 
71.    1,  One  who  makes  inquiry  or  investigation. 

2.  [I-]  A  member  of  the  court  of  the  Inquisition. 

3.  A  curious  person.— in-qiii8''i-to'ri-al,  a. 
in'road,  in'rod,  n.    A  hostile  entrance  into  a 

country;  raid;  any  forcible  encroachment. 

in -sane',  in-sen',  a.  1.  Not  sane;  crazy; 
irrational.  2.  Set  apart  for  the  insane.  [< 
L.  in-,  not,  +  sarins,  sound.]  —in-san'i-ty,  71. 
A  morbid  condition  of  mind  due  to  brain  disease; 
derangement;  lunacy. 

in-sa'tia-bKe,  in-se't^hia-bl,  a.  Not  satiable; 
unappeasable,  in-sa'ti-ate:^-  —  in-sa'^tia- 
bil'i-ty,  in-sa''tia-l)l(e-iiess,  «.— in-sa'- 
tia-bly,  f/r/r.— iii"sa-ti'e-ty,  n.  Unsatisfied 
wish  or  appetite. 

in-scribe',  in-scraib',  tY.  [in-scribed';  in- 
sori'bing.]  1 .  To  carve,  as 
characters,  upon  the  surface 
of;  write  in  any  way.  2. 
To  address  in  a  formal  dedi- 
cation. [<  L.  in,  in,  -f- 
scribo,  write.]  -—  in-scrip'- 
tion,  71.  1.  The  act  of  in- 
scribing, or  that  which  is  in- 
scribed. 2.  Entry  in  a  roll  or 
the  like. 

in-scru'ta-bKe,  in-scru'- 
ta-bl,  a.  That  can  not  be 
searched  into.  [<  L.  in,  in, 
-f  scrvtabilis,  discoverable.] 

in'sect,  in'sect,  n.  1.  A 
minute  animal;  a  six^legged  folding  {g)  under 
arthropod.  2.  Loosely,  any  the  elytron  (ft);  /, 
small  invertebrate.  [  <  L.  abdomen  and  spir- 
insecttiTTi,  orig.  neut.  of  in-  '''"'• 
sectus,  pp.  of  inseco,  cut  into.]  —  in"8ec-tiv'o- 
rons,  a.    Feeding  or  subsisting  upon  insects. 


Insect. 
a,  head;  6,  protho- 
rax  with  forelegs; 
c,  scntelhnn;  cl, 
mesothorax  snow- 
ing the  under  wings 
(e)  and  manner  of 


flut|ure   (future);    aisle;   au    (out);   ell;    o   (k);    cliat;    dli   (the);   go;    sing,   iijik;   tliin. 


insensate 
instruct 


246 


in-sen'sate,  in-sen'eet  or  -8§t,  a.  1.  Mani- 
festing or  marked  by  a  lack  of  sense.  2.  Des- 
titute of  sensibility. 

in-sen''si-'bl(e,  a.  1.  That  can  not  be  felt  or 
perceived  by  the  senses.  2.  Destitute  of  sen- 
sation or  perception.  —  in-sen^'si-bil'l-ty,  n. 

—  in-sen^si-bly,  adv. 

in-sert^'i,  in-sgrt',  vt.  To  put  or  place  in 
something  or  between  or  among  other  things. 
[<  L.  in,  in,  +  sero,  join.]  —  in-ser'tion,  n. 

1,  The  act  of  inserting,  or  the  state  of  being  In- 
serted. 2.  Something  placed  between  pieces. 
3.  Place  or  mode  of  attachment. 

in'side'',  in'sald".  I.  a.  Situated  or  occur- 
ring within.  II.  7L.  1.  The  side  or  part  that 
is  within.  2.  Contents.  111.,  adv.  1.  Inor 
into  the  interior;  within.  2.  [U.S.]  In  less 
time.     IV.  prep.    In  or  into  the  interior  of. 

in-sid^i-ous,  in-sid'i-us,  a.  Doing  or  contri- 
ving harm,  as  if  by  lying  in  wait.  [  <  L.  insid- 
iosns,  <  insidise,  ambush.] 

in'sigh.t''',  in'sait",  n.  1.  Intellectual  discern- 
ment. 2.  A  perception  of  the  inner  nature  of 
a  thing. 

in-sig^ni-a,  in-sig'ni-a,  n.  pi.  Badges,  etc., 
used  as  marks  of  office  or  distinction;  hence, 
things  significant  of  a  calling.  [L.,  pi.  of  in- 
si(/ne,  mark  of  honor.] 

in^'sig-nif'i-cant,  a.  Not  significant.  (1) 
Without  import.  (2)  Without  importance; 
trivial.—  in'^sig-niPi-cance,  n. 

in-sin'u-ate,  in-sin'yu-et,  v.  [-a"ted^\  -x"- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  indicate  or  suggest  indi- 
rectly; intimate.  2.  To  introduce  by  tortuous 
means.    II.  i.     1.  To  make  indirect  allusions. 

2.  To  work  oneself  into  favor,  etc.  [<  h.in- 
sinuo,  wind  in,  <  in,  in,  -|-  sinus,  winding.] 

—  in-sin^'u-a'tioii,  7i.  Insidious  suggestion 
or  Implication;  something  insinuated;  a  hint. 

in-sip'id,  in-sip'id,  a.  Without  flavor;  un- 
savory; uninteresting.  [<  L.^-^  in-,  not,  -|- 
sapidus,  savory.]  -ly,  at/v.  —  in^si-pld'i-ty, 
n.    in-Hip'id-ne88t. 

in-sist'"!,  in-sist',  vi.  To  make  an  assertion, 
or  demand,  with  emphasis  and  persistence.  [  < 
L.*"  in,  in,  on,  +  sisto,  stand.] 

in-siiar«'',  etc.    Same  as  ensnare,  etc. 

in'so-lent,  in'so-lgnt,  a.  1.  Presumptuously 
or  defiantly  offensive;  impudent.  2.  Grossly 
disrespectful.  [F.,  <  L.  in-,  not,  -(-  soleo,  be 
accustomed.]    -ly,  arfr. —  iii'so-leiice,  n. 

in-solv'ent,  in-selv'ent.  I.  a.  l.Notsolvent; 
bankrupt.  2.  Inadequate  for  the  })ayment  of 
debts.  II.  «.  A  bankrupt. —  in-80lv'en-cy, 
n.    1-ciEs*,  pZ.]    Bankruptcy. 

in-som'ni-a,  in-sem'ni-a,  n.  Chronic  ina- 
l)ility  to  sleep.  [L.,  <  in-,  not,  -+-  sonmus, 
sleep.]  [degree. 

in^'so-mucli',  adv.    In  such  wise;  to  such  a 

in-spect'**,  in-spect',  vt.  To  examine  care- 
fully and  critically.  [<  "L.  inspecto,  <  in,  in. 
-(-  spedo,  look.]  —  !n-»pec'lloii,  n.  Critical 
Investigation;  e8i)eclally,  an  ofHclal  examination. 

—  in-si>ect'<»r,  n.  1.  A  supervisor;  overseer. 
'2.  An  olUcer  of  police.— iii-HiMM-'tor-n Us 
in-Hi>ee'toi'-8hip,  n.  The  olUce  or  district  of 
an  inspector. 

In-spire',  in-spair',  ?>.  [in-spired';  in-spiu'- 
ING.]  \.  t.  1.  To  breathe  into  the  lungs.  2. 
To  animate  or  kindle;  stimulate;  Ineitil.  II.  i. 
To  inhale  air  or  any  influence;  draw  In  the 


breath.  [<  L.  inspiro,  <  in,  in,  -|-  spiro. 
breathe.] —-in'^spi-ra' tion,  n.  1.  Inhalation. 
3.  The  inbreathing  or  imparting  of  an  idea,  emo- 
tion, etc.;  hence,  lofty  thought.  3.  Divine  in- 
fluence upon  sacred  writers. 

in-spir'it<i,  vt.    To  fill  with  spirit;  animate. 

in-spis^sate,  in-spis'et.  I.  vt.  [-sa'ted^; 
-SA'TiNG.]  To  give  greater  consistency  to,  as 
by  boiling.  II.  a.  Thickened;  inspissated. 
[<  L.  in,  in,  -{-  spissus,  thick.] 

in'''sta-bil'i-ty,  in"sta-bil'i-ti,  n.  [-TIEs^  pi.] 
Unstable  condition;  changeableness;  flimsi- 
ness;  inconstancy. 

in-stall%  in-stel'',  vt.  1.  To  invest  with  oflice 
by  formal  ceremony.  2.  To  establish.  [<  LL. 
installo,  <  L.  in,  in,  +  LL.  stallum,  seat.] 

—  in ''stal-l action,  n.  Ceremonial  introduc- 
tion; institution.— in-stal'ment,  in-stalP- 
nient,  n.  1.  A  partial  payment.  *J.  One  of  a 
nmnber  of  parts  of  anything  furnished  at  differ- 
ent times.    3.  The  act  of  installing. 

in^stance,  in'stans.  I.  vt.  [in'stanced'; 
iN'STAN-ciNG.]  To  refer  to  as  an  illustration. 
II.  n.  1.  A  case  occurring  as  an  exemplifica- 
tion. 2.  Solicitation.  [F.,  <  L.  instantia,  < 
instan{t-)s;  see  instant.] 

in^stant,  in'stant.  I.  a.  1.  Immediately  im- 
pending. 2.  Now  passing;  current.  II.  h.  1. 
A  particular  point  of  time.  2.  A  moment; 
second.  [F.,  <  L.  instan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  insto, 
stand  upon.] 

—  in^'stan-ta'ne-oiis,  a.  Acting  Instantly. 
-ly,  adv.  -uess,  n.— in'stant-ly.  adv.  On 
the  instant;  Immediately.— in-stan'ter,  adv. 
Without  an  instant  of  delay. 

in-state',  in-stet',  vt.  [in-sta'ted<';  in-sta'- 
TiNG.]  To  place  or  establish  in  an  office  or  rank. 

in-stead',  in-sted',  adv.    In  place  or  room. 

in' step,  in'step,  n.  1.  The  arched  upper  part 
of  the  human  foot.  2.  The  front  part  of  the 
hind  leg  of  a  horse. 

in-'sti-gate,  in'sti-get,  vt.  [-ga"ted<i;  -ga"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  bring  about  by  inciting.  2.  To 
stimulate  to  a  bad  action.  [<  L.  instigo,  <  in, 
on,  -\-*sti(jo,  goad.] — in"8ti-ga'tion,  n.— iii'- 
8ti-8:a"tor,  n. 

in-stil',  in-stil',  vt.  [in-stilled';  in-stil'- 
LiNG.]  1.  To  inculcate  gradually.  2.  To  pour 
in  by  drops.  [<  L.*'  in,  in,  -f  stilla,  drop.] 
in-still'|.— In-stli-Ia'tion,  iii-stiFment,  n. 

in-stinct',in-stiijct',  a.  Animated  from  with- 
in.   [<  L.  in,  in,  +  stingvo,  prick.] 

In'stinct,  n.  1.  A  natural  impulse  or  propen- 
sity that  incites  animals  to  the  actions  that 
are  essential  to  their  existence  and  develop- 
ment; animal  sagacity.  2.  A  natural  or  ac- 
quired aptitude.— in-8tine'tiv(e,  a.  Spontane- 
ous,   -ly,  adv. 

in'sti-tute,  in'sti-tiot.  I.  vt.  [-tu'ted"*;  -tu"- 
tino.]  1.  To  establish  or  found.  2.  To  set  in 
operation.  3.  To  appoint  to  office.  II.  n.  l.An 
institution,  as  of  learning.  2.])l.  Fundamen- 
tal principles,  as  of  law.  3.  An  established 
principle  or  order.  [<  L.  in,  in,  -\-  statvo,  set 
up.]— lii"8tl-tii'llon,  n.  1.  That  which  is 
Instituted;  an  established  order.  2.  A  corporate 
bodv.  or  the  building  occupied  by  It.  3.  The  act 
of  iiistltiillng.  — iii'Hti-Hi"tor,  n. 

in-struct''',  in-struct',  vt.  1.  To  impart  knowl- 
edge or  skill  to;  educate.  2.  To  give  orders  of 
directions  to.    [<  L.  in,  in,  -f  striw,  build.] 


papli,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


247 


instrument 
intercede 


—  in-striic'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  instruct- 
ing; teaching.  2.  Imparted  knowledge.  3.  The 
act  of  giving  directions;  a  direction  or  order.— 
iii-sti'uct'iv(e,  rt.  Fitted  to  instruct;  convey- 
ing knowledge. —  in-struct'or,  n.  One  who 
instructs;  a  teacher,  iu-struct'er^:.  —  in- 
struct'ress,  n.  fern. 

in'stru-ment,  iu'stru-ment,  v.  1.  A  means 
by  which  work  is  done;  a  tool;  a  mechanism 
for  ecientiiic  or  professional  purposes  or  for  the 
production  of  musical  sounds.  2.  A  person 
doing  the  will  of  another.  3.  A  legal  writing. 
[F.,  <  L.  instrnmentum,  <  instruo;  see  in- 
struct.]—in'^stru-men'tal,  a.  1.  Helpful. 
ii.  Fitted  for  musical  instruments.— in ''strii- 
men-taPi-ty,  M.  [-tiess  i^/.l  1.  The  condi- 
tion of  being  instrumental.  iJ.  That  which  is 
instrumental. 

in-suf'fer-a-l)l(e,  a.  Not  to  be  endured; 
intolerable.—  in-siiPfer-a-bly,  adv. 

in'su-lar,  in'siu-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  island; 
hence,  isolated;  narrow;  contracted.  [<  L.  in- 
sula, island.]  — in'"su-lar'i-ty,  n.  Narrowness 
or  Illiberality.— in'su-late,  vt.  [  la'tediI;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  l.Toplaceina  detached  state;  isolate. 
3.  Elec.  To  separate  from  other  conducting 
bodies,  as  by  a  non=conducting  substance.— in''- 
su-la'tion,  n.  The  act  of  insulating;  Isolation. 
—  iii'sH-Ia^'tor,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
insulates,  as  a  non=conductor  of  electricity. 

in-sult',  in-sult'.  1^.  vt.  To  treat  with  gross  in- 
dignity; affront.  II.  in'sult,  7i.  Something 
offensive  said  or  done;  an  indignity  or  affront. 
[<  L.  insulto,  <  in,  in,  on,-\-salio,  leap.] 

in-su'per-a-blCe,  in-sii\'per-a-bl,  a.  Not  to 
be  surmounted  or  overcome;  insurmountable. 
[<  L.*^*"  in-,  not,  -j-  snperabilis,  that  may  be 
surmounted  or  overcome.] 

in-sure',  in-shur',  v.  [in-sureb';  in-sur'ing.] 
I.  ^.  1.  To  contract,  for  a  consideration,  to 
pay  a  specified  sum  in  case  of  loss,  accident,  or 
death.  2.  To  guarantee.  II.  i.  To  undertake  or 
effect  insurance.  [<  OF.  enseurer,  <  en-,  in,  + 
seur,  sure.] — in-sur'ance,  n.  An  act  or  system 
of  guaranteeing  pecuniary  indemnity;  any  guar- 
anty or  pledge. 

in-sur'gent,  in-sur'jgnt.  I.  a.  Uprising 
against  an  existing  government.  II.  n.  One 
who  joins  in  an  msurrection.  [F.,  <  L.  in, 
against,  -|-  surgo,  rise.] 

in'''sur-mount'a-bl(e,in"sur-maunt'a-bl,a. 
Such  as  can  not  be  surmounted,  passed  over, 
or  overcome;  insuperable. 

in'^sur-rec'tion,  in"snr-rec'shun,  n.  An 
organized  resistance  to  established  govern- 
ment. [<  LL.  insvrrec(ioin-),  <1^.  insnrgo; 
see  INSURGENT.]  —  in'^sur  -  ret/tion  -  al,  in^'- 
siir-rec'tion-a-ry,  a. 

in-tact',  in-tact',  a.  Left  complete  or  unim- 
paired. [<  L.  in-,  not,  -\-  tactus,  pp.  of  tango, 
touch.]  —  in-tact'ness,  n. 

in-ta'glio,  in-ta'lyO,  n.  Incised  or  counter- 
sunk work;  a  gem  or  a  die  so  cut.     [It.] 

in-tan'gi-tolfe,  in-tan'ji-bl,  a.  Not  tangible; 
impalpable;  not  directly  appreciable  by  the 
mind.  —  in  -  tan^gi  -  bil-'i  -  ty ,  in-tan'gi-b!(e- 
ness,  «.— in-tan'gi-bly,  adv. 

in'te-ger,  in'te-jgr,  n.  1.  A  whole.  2.  A 
number  that  is  not  a  fraction.  [L.,  <  in-,  not, 
+  tango,  touch.]  —  in'te-gral.  I.  a.  1.  Con- 
stituting a  completed  whole.    2.  Intrinsic.    3. 


Pertaining  to  an  integer.  II.  n.  An  entire 
thing;  a  whole.— in'te-gfrate,  v.  [-gra'tei)<1; 
-gka'ting.]  I.  t.  To  make  into  a  whole;  give 
the  sum  total  of.  II,  i.  To  become  whole  or 
complete. 
in-teg'ri-ty,  n.  1.  Uprightness  of  character; 
probity.  2.  Unimpaired  state;  completeness; 
soundness.     [<  L.  integrita{t-)s,  <  integer; 

see  INTEGER.] 

in-teg'u-ment,  in-teg'yu-mgnt,  71.  Any 
natural  outer  covering,  as  the  skin  of  an  ani- 
mal.    [<  L.  i?i,  upon,  4-  tego,  cover.] 

in'tel-lect,  in'tel-lect,  n.  1.  The  faculty  of 
perception  or  thought;  mind.  2.  Intelligent 
people  collectively.  [<  L.  intellectns,  percep- 
tion, <intelUgo;  see  intelligent.] —in'^tei- 
lec'tu-al,  a.  1,  Pertaining  to  the  Intellect; 
mental.  "Z.  Possessing  intellect  or  intelligence. 
—  in'"tel-lec'''tu-al'i-ty,  n. 

in-teFli-gent,  in-tel'i-jsnt,  a.  1.  Distin- 
guished lor  or  marked  by  intelligence;  dis- 
cerning. 2.  Endowed  with  intellect.  [F.,  < 
L.  intelligen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  intelligo,  perceive.] 

-ly,  arfo.  — in-tel'li-grence,  n.  1.  Readi- 
ness of  comprehension;  mental  ability,  ii.  News. 
3.  Mutual  understanding.— in-tel'Ii-gi-bl(e, 
a.    Capable  of  being  understood. 

in-tem'per-ate,    in-tem'pgr-et    or  -et,   a. 
Characterized  by  lack  of  moderation;  exces- 
sive, especially  in  the  use  of  alcoholic  drinks. 
-ly,  adv.  -uess,  71.— in-tein'per-ance,  n. 
Lack  of  temperance;  excess. 

in-tend''',  In-tend',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  set  the 
mind  upon  as  something  to  be  done;  purpose; 
design.  2.  To  signify.  II.  i.  To  have  an  in- 
tention; mean.  [<  L.  intendo,  <  in,  toward, 
-I-  tendo,  stretch.]  — in-tend'ant,  w.  A  super- 
intendent; provincial  administrator. 

in-tense',  in-tens',  a.  Strained  or  exerted  to 
a  high  degree;  putting  forth  strenuous  effort; 
extreme.  [F.,  <  L.  intensus,  pp.  of  intendo, 
INTEND.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. —  in-ten'si-fy, 
vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  Intense;  increase 
In  Intensity.— in-ten'sion,  ».  The  act  of 
straining  or  stretching;  intensity.— in-ten'- 
si-ty,  n.  The  state  of  being  intense;  amount  or 
degree  of  force  or  energy.— in-ten'siv(e,  a. 
Serving  to  intensify;  thorough. 

in-tent',  in-tent'.  I.  a.  Having  the  mind 
earnestly  fixed;  eager;  earnest.  II.  n.  Inten- 
tion; meaning;  aim;  purpose.  [<  L.  intentvs, 
pp.  of  intendo;  see  intend.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
M.— in-ten'tion,  «.  1.  A  settled  direction  of 
the  mind  toward  the  doing  of  a  certain  act.  ii. 
A  purpose  conceived.  — in -ten' tion-al,  a. 
Designed. 

in-ter',  in-tgr',  vt.  [in-terred';  in-ter'ring.] 
To  place  in  a  grave  or  tomb;  bury.  [<  F.  en- 
terrer,  <  L.  in,  into,  +  terra,  earth.] 

inter-,  prefix.  Between:  together;  among.  [< 
L.  inter,  between,  <  in,  In,  +  compar.  suffix  -ter.^ 
A  very  large  number  of  words  beginning  with 
mter-  are  self=explaining  or  readily  understood 
by  combining  the  meaning  of  inter-  with  that  of 
the  second  element  of  the  compound.  Those 
that  require  to  be  specially  noted  will  be  found 
below  in  vocabulary  place. 

in-ter'ca-iate,  in-tgr'ca-let,  'vt.  [-la'ted"*; 
-la'ting.]  1.  To  insert  or  interpolate.  2.  To 
introduce  into  the  calendar.  [<  L.  i«^er  (see 
inter-)  +  calo,  call.]  —  in-ter^ca-la'tion,  n.. 

in"ter-cede',  in'tgr-sid',  vi.  [-ce'ded^;  -ce'- 
DiNG.]  To  mediate  between  persons;  make  in- 


flutjfire    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);    oil;    c   (k):    cliat;    dh   (th€);   go;  sing,  ii.ik;   thin. 


intercept 
interpret 


248 


tercession;  plead.  [<  L.  inter  (see  inter-)  -f- 
eedo,  go.]  —  iii^'ter-ces'sion,?!.  Entreaty  in 
behalf  of  otters.  — in-'^'ter-ces'sor,  n.  One 
who  intercedes;  a  mediator. 

in'^ter-cept''',  in"tsr-sept',  tt.  To  prevent 
from  reaching  a  destination;  interrupt  the 
course  of;  sto^.  [<  L.  intej\  between,  + 
capio,  talvc]  — in'^ter-cep'tion,  «. 

in'^ter-change',  in"tgr-chenj',  vt.  &  vi.  To 
put  each  of  two  things  in  the  place  of  the 
other;  receive  and  return  reciprocally;  alter- 
nate.— in'ter-change^',  n.  1.  Exchange.  2. 
Alternation— iii''tei'-chaii8re'a-bl(e,  a. 

in'^tet-cos'tal,  in'tgr-ces'tal.  I.  a.  Being 
or  occurring  between  the  ribs.  II.  An  inter- 
costal muscle. 

in'ter-course,  in'tgr-cOrs,  n.  Mutual  ex- 
change; commerce;  communication.  [<L.oi' 
infer,  between,  -[-cu?to,  run.] 

in'^ter-dict'.  I<».  in'tgr-dict'.  rf.  To  prohib- 
it or  restrain  authoritatively.  II.  in'tgr-dict, 
?i.  A  prohibitive  order;  ban.  [<  L.  inter 
(see  INTER-)  4-  dico,  say.] 

—  in'''ter-dic'tioii,  n.    Official  prohibition. 
in'ter-est,  in'tgr-est.    F.  vt.    1.  To  awaken 

the  interest  of .  2.  To  induce  to  participate  in. 
II.  n.    1.  Attention  with  a  sense  of  concern. 

2.  Profit;  benefit.  3.  Payment  for  the  use  of 
money;  something  added  in  making  a  return. 
4.  Influence.    [OP.,  <  L.  interest,  it  concerns.] 

—  in'ter-est-ed,  jO«.     1.  Having  the  atten- 
tion attracted  or  the  feelings  engaged.  3.  Biased. 

3.  Being  a  part-owner.  — in'ter-est-injr,  pa. 
Possessing  or  exciting  Interest;  attractive;  en- 
gaging. 

in-^ter-fere',  in"tgr-ftr',  vi.  [-fered';  -fer'- 
iNG.]  To  enter  into  or  take  part  in  the  con- 
cerns of  others;  intervene;  also,  to  conflict; 
clash.  [<  Jj.^  inter,  between, -|-/mo,  strike.] 
—  iii''ter-fer'eiice,  «.  The  act  of  Interfering; 
conflict  or  collision. 

in^ter-im,  in'tgr-im,  n.  An  intermediate  sea- 
son; time  between  periods.    [LJ 

in-te'ri-or,  in-ti'ri-gr.  I.  a.  1.  Existing  or 
occurring  within;  internal.  2.  Pertaining  to 
something  within.  3.  Inland.  II.  n.  1. 
The  internal  part;  inside.  2.  The  inland  or 
central  region  of  a  country.  [OF.,  <  L.  ifite- 
rior,  compar.  of  inter;  see  inter-.] 

in'^ter-ject''',  in-tgr-ject',  vt.  &  vi.  To  throw 
between  other  things.  [<  L.  intei;  between, 
4-  judo,  throw.]  —  In^'ter-jec'tlon,  n.  1. 
The  part  of  speech  that  expresses  sudden  emo- 
tion, etc.,  as  oh!  alas!    2.  The  act  of  ejaculating. 

in^'ter-Iace'S  in'tgr-les', 
vt.  &  vi.  To  weave  or  twine 
together:  entwine. 

in''ter-lard''',  in"tgr-iard', 
vt.  To  diversify;  make 
fre(|U(!nt  interpolations  in. 

in''ter-line',  vt.  To  write 
or  i)rint  between  the  lines 
of;  insert  between  lines. 
Situated  between  lines;  liav-  l»tt^"actU  Au.adi. 
Ing  matter  Inserted  between  the  lines.  In'^ter- 
liii'c'-nlt.— iii''ter-liii''e-a'tioii,  «. 

in''ter-lo-cu'tion.  in'tgr-lo-klO'sliun,  ;;.  In- 
terchange of  speech;  conference;  dialogue. 
[  <  L.  infer,  between,  -f  loqvor,  8i)eak.]  —  lii"- 
ter-loc'ii-tor,  n.  One  who  takes  i>art  iu  a 
conversation. 


in'ter-lo'-'per,  w.  One  who  intrudes;  an  in- 
truder. [<  D.  enterlooper,  <  F.  entre,  be- 
tween, +  D-  looper,  runner.] 

in'ter-lude,  in'tgr-lud  or  -liud,  n.  An  action 
considered  as  coming  between  others  of  greater 
importance;  an  entertainment  between  acts, 
or  a  short  passage  of  music  between  stanzas, 
etc.     [<  L.oF  inter,  \>(ii\\eeTi, -\- Indus,  play.] 

in'^ter-mar-'riage,  in"tgr-mar'ij,  n.  1. 
Marriage  between  persons  of  different  families, 
races,  etc.  2.  Marriage  between  blood»kin- 
dred.— in'''ter-inar'ry,  vi. 

in'^ter-med^dle,  in'tgr-med'l,  vi.  To  inter- 
fere unduly  in  the  affairs  of  others.— in'^ter- 
iiied'dler,  n. 

inner-me'di-ate,  in"tgr-mi'di-et.  I-",  vi. 
To  act  as  an  intermediary.  II.  a.  Being  in  a 
middle  place  or  degree.  '[<  L.  inter,  between, 
-\- medins,  middle.]  — in^^'ter-me'di-a-ry.  I. 
a.  Situated  or  occurring  between.  II.  «.  An 
intermediate  agent.  [terring;  burial. 

in-ter'ment,  in-tgr'mgnt,  n.    The  act  of  in- 

in-ter'mi-na-'blie,  in-tgr'mi-na-bl,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  end;  continuing  forever  or  for  a  very 
long  time.  —  in-ter'ini-na-bly,  adv. 

in''ter-niin'gl(e,  vt.  &  vi.  To  mingle  togeth- 
er; mix. 

in'^ter-mit',  in"tgr-mit',  t-^.  &  vi.  [-MiT'TEDd; 
-mit'ting.]  To  cease  temporarily;  interrupt; 
suspend.  [<  L.  i7ife7',  between,  -f  mitto, 
send.]  —  in'^ter-inis'sion,  in"tgr-nush'un.  7k 
1,  Temporary  cessation;  Interruption.  »2,  A 
recess;  interval.— in'^ter-mit'teut,  or.  Hav- 
ing periods  of  intermission. 

in'^ter-mix'S  vt.  &  vi.  To  mingle  with;  be- 
come mixed.— in'^ter-mix'ture,  «. 

in-ter'nal,  in-tgr'nal,  a.  1.  Situated  in  the 
inside;  interior.  2.  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  the  inside;  based  on  the  thing  itself.  3. 
Pertaining  to  the  mind,    -ly,  adv. 

in'^ter-na'tion-al,  in'tgr-nash'un-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  two  or  more  nations;  affecting  na- 
tions generally. 

in''ter-ne'cin(e,  in"tgr-nr'sin,  a.  Involving 
mutual  slaughter;  sanguinary.  [<  L.  inter, 
among,  +  ^teco,  slay.] 

in-ter^po-late,  in-tgr'po-let,  vt.  [-la'ted^; 
-LA'TiNG.]  1.  To  insert,  as  new  or  unauthor- 
ized matter,  in  a  writing,  2.  To  interpose. 
[<  h.infei'.hetween, -i-  2>olio,  polish.]  — In- 
ter^'po-Ia'don,  n.—  ln-ter'po-la''tor,  n. 

in'^ter-pose',  in"tgr-poz',  v.  [-posed';  -po'- 
siNc]  I.  f.  To  place  between  or  in  the  midst 
of,  especially  as  a  means  of  obstruction  or 
mediation.  '  II.  i.  To  intervene;  interrupt. 
[<  F.  infer}X)ser,  <  inter  (see  inter-) -\- j)oser; 
see  pose',  v.] 

in''ter-po-si'tion,  in'tgr-po-zish'un,  «.  1. 
The  act  of  interposing.  2.  That  which  is  in- 
terpo.'jed.  (  <  L.  inter}X>sUio{n-\  <  infer,  be- 
tween, -|-  j)ono,  place.] 

in-ter'pret',  in-tgr'pret,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  give 
the  meaning  of ;  translate  orally;  explain.  2. 
To  give  illustrative  representjition  of.  3.  To 
construe.  II.  i.  To  exjjlain  the  meaning  of 
something;  act  as  an  interpreter.  ]  <  L.o''  in- 
fertrrefar,  <  inferpns,  agent.]  —  iii-ler"pre- 
t n't  ion.  n.  1.  The  net  of  Interpreting,  tj, 
Tlif  stiisc  given  by  an  Interpreter.— in-ter'- 
prct-cr,  //.    One  who  Interprets. 


p«pa,  98k;  at,  air;  el^rafint,  th6y,  nsfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


249 


interr  e  gnum 
introduce 


in"ter-reg:''nuin,  in"ter-reg'num,  n.  1.  The 
time  during  which  a  throne  is  vacant.  2.  Any 
period  of  abeyance  or  derangement.  [L.,  < 
inter,  between,  -f  regnum^  reign.] 

in-ter'ro-gate,  in-ter'o-get,  v.  [-GA"TEDd; 
-ga"ting.]  I.  ^.  To  pnt  questions  to;  ques- 
tion. II.  i.  To  ask  questions.  [<  L.  iniei\ 
between,  among,  -|-  rogo,  ask.]  —  in-ter'^ro- 
gra'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  interrogating.  2, 
A  query.  3.  An  Interrogation^point  (?).— in''- 
ter-rog'a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Denoting  inquiry; 
questioning.  II.  n.  Gram.  A  word  used  to 
ask  a  question,  as  who?  -ly,  offp.—  in-ter''- 
ro-ga''''tor,  «.  One  who  interrogates.— in'^- 
ter-rotr'a-to-ry.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ques- 
tion.   II .  71.    A  question. 

in'^ter-rupt''',  inngr-rupt',  tt.  To  break  in 
upon;  stop  while  in  progress;  check;  hinder; 
break  up.  [<  L.  intemiptus,  pp.  of  bitfiv- 
rvm])o,  <  inter  (see  inter-)  4-  ru?npo,  break.] 
— in'''ter-rup'tiou,  n.  1.  The  act  of  in- 
terrui)ting.  '^.  A  breach  In  continuity;  hin- 
dra'-ee;  stop;  check. 

in^'ter-sect''*,  in't^-r-sect',  vt.  &  vi.  To  pass 
across;  cut  through  or  into.  [<  L.  inter.,  be- 
tween, -f  seco,  cut.]  — in^'ter-sec'tion,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  intersecting.    '2.  A  place  of  crossing. 

in'^ter-sperse',  in'tgr-spgrs',  vt.  [-spersed"; 
-SPERS'ING.]  To  distribute  scatteringly  among 
other  things.  [<  L.  inter,  between,  -|-  spargo, 
scatter.]  —in^'ter-sper'sion,  n. 

in'ter-state'",  a.  Pertaining  to  the  relations 
and  intercourse  between  different  states  or  their 
citizens;  as,  interstate  commerce. 

in'ter-stice,  in'tgr-stis  or  in-tgr'stis,  n.      A 
slight  opening;  crack;  crevice;  interval.     [P., 
<  L.  inter,  between,  -f  sisto,  stand.] 
—  in'^ter-sti'tial,  a. 

in'ter-val,  in'tgr-val,  n.  1.  An  open  space 
between  two  objects;  distance  between  points; 
intervening  room.  2.  The  degree  of  difference 
between  objects.  3.  Intervening  time.  [<  L. 
inter,  between,  -f  vallum,  wall.] 

in^'ter-vene',  in"tgr-vin',  vi.  [-vened'; 
-ve'ning.]  1.  To  come  or  be  between  things; 
interfere;  interpose.  2.  To  happen' in  away 
to  cause  interruption.  [<  L.  inter,  between, 
-|-  venio,  come.]  —  in^'ter-ven'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  intervening  or  coming  between. 

in'ter-view,  in'ter-viii.  I.  vt.  To  have  an 
interview  with;  visit  and  question,  as  to  obtain 
opinions.  II.  w.  A  meeting  of  two  persons; 
colloquy;  conference  sought  for  publication. 
[  <  F.  entre,  between,  -]-  voir,  see.] 

in'^ter-weave',  in"tgr-wiv',  vt.  &  vi. 
[-wove', -wdv';  -wo'vEN, -wo'vn.]  To  weave 
in;  become  interlaced  or  intermingled. 

in-tes''tate,  in-tes'tet  or -tet.  I.  a.  1.  Not 
having  made  a  valid  will.  2.  Not  legally  de- 
vised. II.  n.  A  person  who  dies  intestate. 
[<  L.  in-,  not,  -(-  testor,  make  a  will.] 

iii-tes'tin(e,  in-tes'tin.  I.  a.  1.  Internal 
with  regard  to  state  or  community;  domestic. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  interior.  II.  n.  The 
alimentary  canal;  bowel:  usually  in  the  plural. 
[<  L.  intestinus,  inward,  <  intus,  within.] 

— in-tes'ti-iial,  a.    1,  Pertaining  to  the  in- 
testines,    ii.  Intestine. 

iii-tlirall',  in-throne',  etc.  Same  as  en- 
thrall, etc. 

in^ti-mate,  in'ti-met.  I.  vt.  [-ma'ted'J;  -ma"- 


TiNG.]  To  make  known,  especially  by  indirect 
means;  hint.  II.  a.  1.  Closely  connected,  as 
by  friendship.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  inmost 
being.  III.  7i.  A  confidential  friend.  [<  L. 
intimus,  superl,  of  intus,  within.]  -ly,  adv. 
—  iii'ti-ma-cy,  71.  [-cies»,  jaZ.]  Close  or  con- 
fidential friendship.— in'^ti-ma'tion,  n.  In- 
formation communicated  Indirectly;  a  hint. 
in-tiin''i-date,  in-tim'i-det,  vt.  [-da'ted''; 
-DA'TiNG.]  To  cause  to  become  frightened- 
put  in  fear.  [  <  L.^-^  in,  in,  -f  timidus,  timid.] 

—  iii-tim'^i-ila'tion,  n.  The  use  of  violence 
or  threats  to  influence  the  conduct  of  another. 

in'to,  in'tu,  j)rep.    To  and  in;  to  the  iliside  of. 

in-toFer-ant,  in-tel'gr-ant,  a.  1.  Not  dis- 
posed to  tolerate  contrary  beliefs  or  ojiinions; 
bigoted.  2.  Unable  or  nnwilUng  to  bear  or 
endure.  [<  L.  in-,  not,  -f  tolero,  bear.]  —  in- 
toFer-a-bKe,  a.  That  can  not  be  borne  or 
endured;  insufferable.— in-tol'er-aiice,  n. 
Refusal  to  tolerate  opposing  beliefs;  bigotry. 

iii-toiiib'',  -meiit.     Same  as  entomb,  etc. 

in-tone',  in-ton',  vt.  &  vi.  [in-toned';  in- 
to'ning.J  To  recite  in  or  to  utter  a  musical 
monotone,  in'to-natei.—  iii'^to-na'tion, 
n.  The  act  of  intoning;  modulation  of  the  voice 
In  speaking  or  singing. 

in-tox''i-cate,  in-tex'i-ket,  v.  [-CA"TED<i;  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  make  drunk;  inebriate. 
2.  To  elate  or  excite  to  a  degree  of  frenzy. 
II.  i.  To  possess  intoxicating  properties.  [< 
LL.  intoxico,  poison.]  —  in-tox-'^i.ca'lioii,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  making  drunk;  inebriation.  3. 
(Jreat  mental  excitement. 

intra-,  prefix.  Within.  [<  L.  intra-,  <  intra, 
within,  ult.  <  in,  in;  cp.  inter-.] 

in-trac'ta-'bl(e,  a.  1.  Not  tractable;  refrac- 
tory; unruly.  2.  Lacking  plastic  quality;  dif- 
ficult to  treat  or  work. 

in-tran''si-tiv(e,  in-tran'si-tiv.  I.  a.  Gram. 
Not  taking  or  requiring  an  object,  as  certain 
verbs.   II.  n.   An  intransitive  verb.   -ly,  adv. 

in-treiich't,  -incnt.    Same  as  entrench,  etc. 

in-trep'id,  in-trep'id,  a.  Unshaken  in  the 
jjresence  of  danger ;  dauntless.  [  <  L.  in-,  not,-|- 
trepidus,  restless,  alarmed.]  — iii''tre-pid'i-ty, 
n.    Undaunted  courage.  —  in-trey'id-ly,  adv. 

in'tri-cate,  in'tri-ket  or-ket,  a.  Exceedingly 
or  perplexingly  entangled,  complicated,  or  in- 
volved. [<  L.  intrico,  perplex.]  -ly,  adv. 
-iiess,  ?i.— in'tri-ca-cy,  ii. 

in-trigue', in-trig',  l.vt.&vi.  [in-trigued'; 
in-trigu'ing.]  To  accomplish  by  intrigue; 
plot  or  scheme.  U.n.  1.  The  working  for 
an  end  by  secret  or  underhand  means.  2.  A 
clandestine  love*affair.  3.  A  plot.  [<  F.  in- 
triguer, <  L.  intrico;  see  intricate,  «.] 

in-trin-'sic,  in-trin'sic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  nature  of  a  thing  or  person;  inherent.  2. 
Contained  or  being  within.  [<  L.  intrinseais, 
<  inter  (see  inter-)  +  secus,  by.] 

—  in-trin'sic-al-ly,  adv. 

iiitro-,  prefix.    In;  into;  within.    [<  L.  intro-,  < 

intro,  inwardly,  ult.  <  in,  in.] 
in'^tro-duce',    in"tro-diiis',    vt.      [-duced"; 

-Du'ciNG.]    1.  To  cause  to  become  acquainted. 

2.  To  put  in;  insert.  3.  To  bring  into  use  or 
practise.  4.  To  usher  in.  [<  L.  intro  (see 
INTRO-)  4-  dvco,  lead.]  —  in'^tro-duVer,  n.-- 
in^'tro-duc'tioii,  n.  1.  The  act  of  Introdu- 
cing, in  any  sense.  2.  Something  that  leads  up 
to  and  explains  something  else.     3.  An  elemen- 


fiutifire    (future);    aisle;    au    (put);    oil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli    (^^e);    go;   sing,  ink;    tiiin. 


Intro  sp  e  c  tion 
invoice 


250 


tary  treatise.— in''tro-diic'tiv(ej «.— in-^tro- 
duc'to-ry,  a.    Prefatory;  preliminary. 

in^'tro-spec'tion,  n.  The  act  or  looking 
within;  self=examination.  [<  L. iw^ro,  withhi, 
-\-spicio,  look.]  —  in'''tro-spec'tiv(e,  a.  Look- 
ing within. 

in'^tro-vert''',  in"tro-VQrt',  vt.  1.  To  turn 
within.  2.  To  turn  in,  as  one  part  within 
another.     [<  intro-  +  L.  verto,  turn.] 

—  in'^tro-ver'sion,  n. 

in-trude',  in-trud',  vt.  &  vi.  [iN-TRu'DEod; 
in-tru'ding.]  To  thrust  or  force  in,  or  come 
in,  without  warrant  or  invitation.  [<  L.  in, 
in,  -4-  irudo,  thrust.]  —  in-tru'der,  n. —  in- 
trii'ding-ly,  adv.—  iii>tru'sion,  n.  The  act 
of  intruding.—  in-trii'si  v(e,  a.  Comlngwith- 
out  warrant;  prone  to  intrude. 

iii-triist'd,  vt.    Same  as  entrust. 

in^'tu-i'tion,  in"tiu-ish'un,  n.  1.  Immediate 
perception  of  truth  without  conscious  reason- 
ing. 2.  That  which  is  known  intuitively.  [< 
L.i^  intueor,  <  in,  in,  on,  -{-  tueor,  look.] 

—  in^'tu-i'tioii-al,  «.— iii-tu'i-tiv(e,  a. 
Perceived  or  perceiving  by  intuition,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n. 

in-twine',  in-twist''!,  etc.   See  entwine,  etc. 

in-un^date,  in-un'det,  vt.  [-da'tec*;  -da"- 
TiNG.]  To  cover  by  overflowing;  flood;  fill  to 
overflowing.  [<  1,.  inundo,  overflow,  <  in,  in, 
on,  -]-  unda,  wave.]  —  in^'un-da'tion,  n.  1. 
A  flood.    2.  A  condition  of  superabundance. 

in-ure',  in-yur',  v.      [in-ured';    in-ur'ing.] 


I.  t.   To  harden  or  toughen  by  use.    II.  i.   To 

applied. 
eure,  <  L.  opera,  work.] 


take  or  have  effect;  be  applied.  [<  in-i  +  OF. 


in-vade',  in-ved',  vt.  [in-va'ded^;  in-va'- 
DiNG.]  1.  To  enter  with  an  armed  force  with 
hostile  intent.  2.  To  encroach  upon.  [<  L. 
in,  into,  -f  vado,  go.] 

in-val'idi,  in-vaPid,  a.  Having  no  force, 
weight,  or  cogency;  null.  1^<  L.invalidus,  < 
in-,  not;  and  see  valid.] —in-val'i-date<',  vt. 
To  weaken  or  destroy  the  force  or  validity  of .— 
in-val"i-da'tioii,  n.— in''''va-lid'i-ty,  n. 

in'va-lid^,  in'va-lid.  I.  a.  Enfeebled  by  ill 
health;  8icklj\  II.  n.  A  sickly  or  disabled 
person.  [<  L.*'  invalidus;  see  invalid^,  a.]  — 
in'va-lid-ism,  n.  The  condition  of  being  an 
invalid- 

in-val'u-a-bKe,  a.  So  valuable  as  to  be 
above  estimation;  exceedingly  precious. 

ln-va'ri-a-bl(e,  a.   That  docs  not  or  can  not 
vary  or  be  varied;  always  uniform. 
—  in-va'ri-a-bly,  adv. 

in-va'sion,  in-ve'zhun,  7i.  The  act  of  inva- 
ding; any  hostile  attack;  encroachment. 

in-vec'tiv(e,  in-vec'tiv,  n.  Railing  accusa- 
tion; vituperation.  [<  1,.^  invectivus,  scolding.] 

in-veigh',  in-ve',  vi.  To  utter  vehement  cen- 
sure or  invective.  [<  OF.  enveir,  prob.  <  L. 
inveho;  see  invective.] 

in-vei'gle,  in-vt'gl  or  -ve'gl,  vt.  [-gled; 
-oLiN(»r|  To  lead  astray,  as  by  deception; 
wheedle.    [<  F.  aveugler,  blind.] 

in- vent'*',  in-vent',  vt.  1.  To  And  out;  con- 
trive by  ingenuity;  originate.  2.  To  fabricate 
in  the  mind.  [<  L.  inventus,  pp.  of  invenio, 
discover,  <  in,  on,  -f-  venio,  come.]  — in-veii'- 
tion,  n.  1 .  The  act  or  process  of  inventing. 
a.  That  wlilch  Is  Invented.  ;|.  Skill  or  ingenuity 
In  conirivlng.— In-vent'iv(«,  n.  Able  to  In- 
vent; quick  at  contrivance.- in-veiit'or,  n. 


in'ven-to'^ry,  in'ven-to'ri.  I.  vt.  [ried; 
-RY-iNG.]  To  make  an  inventory  of.  II.  7i. 
[riess  pi.]  A  detailed  account  or  schedule, 
as  of  the  property  of  a  deceased  person. 

in-vert''',  iu-vgrt',  v.  I.  t.  To  turn  inside  out 
or  upside  down,  II.  i.  Chein.  To  undergo 
inversion.  [<  L.  inverto,  <  in,  in,  -f  verio, 
turn.]  —  ill-verse',  a.  Opposite  in  order  or 
effect;  inverted;  reciprocal,  -ly,  adv.  —  in- 
ver'sion,  n.  The  act  of  inverting;  a  reversal 
of  the  natural  order  of  things. 

In- ver^te-br  a'ta,  in-vgr"te-bre'ta  or  -brg'ta, 
n.  pi.  Zool.  A  section  of  the  animal  kingdom 
including  all  animals  without  a  vertebral 
column:  opposed  to  Vertebrata.  [<  in-^, -f 
L.  vertebratus;  see  vertebrate.]— in-ver'- 
te-brate,  a.  I.  Destitute  of  a  backbone,  II. 
11.    An  invertebrate  animal. 

in-vest'"*,  in-vest',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  lay  out 
(money)  in  purchase  for  permanent  use.  2. 
To  clothe;  dress.  3.  To  endow,  as  with  office. 
4.  To  beleaguer.  II.  i.  To  make  an  invest- 
ment. [<  L.  in,  in,  -\-  vestio,  clothe.]  —  in- 
ves'ti-tiire,  n.  1.  The  act  or  ceremony  of 
investing  with  something,  as  robes  of  office.  2. 
That  which  Invests  or  clothes.—  i  n  - vest'men  t , 
n.  1.  The  act  of  Investing  capital;  also,  the 
money  so  Invested,  or  the  property  so  procured. 
2,  The  act  of  blockading,  beleaguering,  etc.  3. 
Investiture.    4.  A  covering.  — in-vest'or,  n. 

in-ves'ti-gate,  in-ves'ti-get,  vt.  [-ga"ted<i; 
-GA"TiNG.]  To  inquire  into  systematically.  [< 
L.  in,  in,  -j-  vestigo,  follow  a  track.]  —  In-ves"- 
ti-ga'tion,  ?i.— in-ves"ti-{fa'tor,  n. 

in-vet'er-ate,  in-vet'gr-et  or  -§t,  a.  1. 
Firmly  established  by  long  continuance;  deep» 
rooted.  2.  Confirmed  in  a  particular  charac- 
ter or  habit.  [<  L.  in,  in,  -J-  vetus  (veter-), 
old.]  —  in-vet'er-a-cy,  in-vet'er-a-si,  n.  Per- 
sistence from  habit;  confirmed  character. 

in-vid'i-ous,  in-vid'i-us,  a.  1.  Unjustly  dis- 
criminating; provoking.  2.  Showing  envy. 
[<  L.  invidiosvs,  envious,  <  invidia,  envy.] 

in-vig'or-ate,  in-vig'§r-et,  vt.  [-a'ted*!; 
-A"TiNG.]  To  give  vigor  and  energy  to;  ani- 
mate.   [<  L.  in,  in,  -4-  vigor;  see  vigor.] 

—  in-visr^or-a'tiou.  n. 
in-Vin'oi-blCe,  a.    Not  to  be  overcome;  un- 
conquerable.    [F.,  <  L.  in,  not,  -f  vinco,  con- 
quer.] —  in-vin"ci-bil'|.ty,  n. 
in-vi'o-late,  iu-voi'o-let  or  -10t,  a.    1.  Not 

violated;  unprofaned;  unbroken.  2.  Invio- 
lable.— lii-vKo-la-bl(e,  a.  That  must  not  or 
can  not  be  violated.— iii-vi"o-la-bil'i-ry,  n. 
—  in-vi'o-la-bly,  adv. 

in-vis'i-bl(e,  in-viz'i-bl,  a.  1.  Not  visible; 
not  capable  of  being  seen.  2.  Not  in  sight; 
concealed,    -biy,  ody.— iii-vis"l-bil'l-ty,  n. 

in-vite',  in-vait',  v.  [in-vi'ted"*;  in-vi'tino.] 
1. 1.  1.  To  ask  to  do  some  act  or  go  to  some 
place.  2.  To  allure;  entice.  II.  t.  To  give 
invitjvtion;  allure.     [<  L.^  i/iwVo,  ask,  bid.] 

—  in"v  I -taction,  n.  1.  The  act  of  Inviting 
or  alluring.  *J.  The  means  of  inviting.—  in- 
■vi'ter,  n.  One  who  Invites.—  in-vi'tiufft  pa. 
That  Invites  or  allures. 

in"vo-ca'tion,  in'vo-kfi'shun,  «.  1.  The  act 
of  invoking.  2.  A  judicial  order.  3.  A  form 
of  i)rav('r,  as  at  the  opening  of  a  service. 

in'voice",  in'veis".  I.  vt.  [in'voiced"*;  in'- 
voi'ciNG.]  To  make  an  invoice  of .  II.  «.  1. 
A  list  sent  to  a  purchaser,  etc.,  containing  the 


papfl,  gsk-;  at,  air;  cl©mgnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  dr;  full,  riile;  but,  Or; 


251 


Invoke 
irrevocable 


items    and  charges  of  merchandise.    2.  The 
goods  so  listed.  [<  F.  envois,  <  envoyer,  send.] 

in-voke',  in-vok',  vt.  [in-voked";  in-vo'- 
KiXG.]  1.  To  address,  asm  prayer.  2.  To  call 
for,  as  in  supplication.  [<  L.^  in,  on,  -f-  voco, 
call.] 

in-vol'un-ta-ry,  in-vel'un-tg-ri,  a.  1.  Con- 
trary to  one's  will  or  wish.  2.  Not  under  the 
control  of  the  will. 

in''vo-lute,  in'vo-lut  or  -liut.  I.  a.  Having 
the  edges  rolled  inward;  coiled  spirally,  in'- 
vo-lu'^ted:):.  II.  n.  Geom.  A  ciirve  (as 
APB)  generated  by  a  point  (as 
P)  on  a  straight  line  (as  CP) 
that  rolls  upon  another  curve 
(as  the  circle  D)  without  sliding. 
[<  L.  involutus,^^.  of  involvo; 
see  INVOLVE.]  —  in''vo-lu'tion, 
n.  1,  The  act  of  involving.  2. 
Something  involved.  3.  Arit/i.  ff^ 
The  multiplication  of  a  quantity 
by  Itself  any  number  of  tunes. 

in-volV(e',   in-velv',   rf.     [in-   involute  of  a 
voLv(E)D';    INVOLV'IXG.]       1.     ^Circle 
To   draw   into    entanglement; 
embroil;  complicate.    2.  To  include j  inwrap. 
3.  3fat/i.  Tomultiply  (a  quantity)  by  itself  any 
number  of  times.     [<  L.  in,  in,  -\-  tolvo,  roll.] 

in'ward,  in'ward.  l.a.  1.  Situated  within; 
inner.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  inner  nature.  II. 
n.  The  inside;  in  the  plural,  the  viscera.  [< 
AS. inneweard,  <it7ne,  in.] 

in'ward,    ladv.    1.  Toward  the  inside  or  in- 

in'wards,  i  terior.  2.  Into  the  spirit  or  mind. 
[<  AS.  inweard,  <  in,  in.]  —  in'ward-Iy,  adv. 
—  in'ward-ness,  n. 

in-Tveave',  t;^  [-wove'; -wo'ven.]  To  weave 
together;  introduce  into  a  fabric  as  a  compo- 
nent part. 

in-wrou^lit',  in-ret',  2M.  Worked  into,  as  a 
fabric  or  metal,  so  as  to  form  a  part  of  it. 

i'o-did,     I  ai'o-did,  -did  or  -daid,  n.    Acom- 

i'o-dide,  T  pound  of  iodin. 

i'o-din,     I  ai'o-din,  -din,  n.    CJiem.   A  bluish- 

i'o-dine,  j  black  crystalline  element:  used  me- 
dicinally.    [<  Gr.  iodes,  violet^like.] 

i-o'ta,  ai-[or  I-]o'ta,  n.  1.  The  ninth  letter  (x,  i) 
in  the  Greek  alphabet,  corresponding  to  Eng- 
lish I,  i.  2.  A  small  or  insignificant  mark  or 
part.    [L.,  <  Gr.  iota,  <  Phen.  yodh.] 

ip'e-cac,  ip'§-cac,  n.  A  South  American  plant 
of  the  madder  family,  used  as  an  emetic.  [< 
Pg.  ipecacuanha,  <  Braz.  ipecaaguen.] 

ir-,  prefix.    Assimilated  form  of  in-  before  r.    In 
the  following  list  ir-  has  the  meaning  of  not,  and 
is  equivalent  to  m-2  or  un-. 
ir"re-clalm'a-bl(e,  -bly       lr"re-du'ci-bl(e,  -bly 
lr-rec'on-cI"la-bl(e,  -bly     ir"re-fu'ta-bl(e,  -bly 
ir're-cov'er-a-b](e,  -bly      ir're-me'dl-a-bl(e,  -bly 
ir're-deera'a-bl(e,  -bly       Ir"re-sist'i-bl(e,  -bly 

i-ras'ci-bl(e,  ai-ras'i-bl,  a.  1.  Prone  to  anger; 
choleric.  2.  Caused  by  anger.  [F.,<L.irascor, 
be  angry.] 

i-rate',  ai-ret',  a.  Moved  to  anger;  wrathful. 
[<  L.  i)'atns,<  irascor,  be  angry.] 

ire,  air,  ??.  Strong  resentment;  wrath;  anger. 
[OF.  (<  L.  ira),  anger.]  —  ire'ful,  a. 

ir'^i-des'cent,  ir'i-des'gnt,  a.  Exhibiting 
changing  rainbow  colors.  [<  iris,  2.]  — ir^'i- 
des'cence,  n.    A  many»colored  appearance. 


i-rid^i-um,  ai-rid'i-um,  n.  A  silver-white, 
metallic  element.     [<  Gr.  iris,  rainbow.] 

i'ris,  ai'ris  or  I'ris,  n.  [i'ris-es  or  i'ri-des, 
jtl.]  1.  The  colored  circle  that  surrounds  the 
pupil  of  the  eye.  2.  The  rainbow;  any  similar 
iridescent  appearance.  3.  A  plant  having 
sword'shaped  leaves  and  large,  handsome  flow- 
ers.   [L.,  <  Gr.  ins,  lit.  rainbow.] 

Frish,  ai'rish.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Ireland  or 
its  people.  II.  n.  pi.  The  people  of  Ireland 
or  their  language.  [<  AS.  insc,  <  Iras,  the 
Irish,  <  Ir.  Eii^e,  Ireland.] 

irk',  grk,  vt.  To  afflict  with  vexation  or  fatigue. 
[<  Sw.  yrka,  press.]  —irk'some,  a.  Trouble- 
some or  tiresome;  tedious. 

i'ron,  ai'um.  I.  vt.  1.  To  smooth  with  an  iron 
implement,  especially  a  flat»iron.  2.  To  fetter. 
3.  To  furnish  or  arm  with  iron.  II.  a.  1. 
Made  of  iron.  2.  Resembling  iron;  hard;  rude; 
unyielding;  heavy.  III.  n.  1.  The  most  im- 
portant of  the  metallic  elements,  very  tena- 
cious, malleable,  and  ductile^  2.  Something 
composed  of  iron.  [  <  AS.  %ren,  Isen,  perhaps  < 
45,  ice.] — i'ron-cIad,''/i.  A  war-vessel  sheathed 
with  armor.— i'roii-inon''ger,  n.  A  dealer  in 
iron  articles.— i'ron-ware'^,  n.   Iron  utensils. 

i'ro-ny,  ai'ro-ni,  n.  Ridicule  under  cover  of 
praise  or  compliment;  covert  sarcasm  or  satire. 
[<  Gr.L+F  eii'oneia,  <  eiron,  dissembler.] 

—  i-ron'ic-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  Irouyj  covertly  sarcastic.    i-roii'Ict. 

ir-ra'di-ate,  ir-re'di-et,  vt.  &  vi.    [-a'ted^; 

-a"ting.]  To  make  luminous;  illuminate;  shine. 
ir-ra'tion-al,  ir-rash'un-al,  a.    1.  Not  pos- 
sessed of  or  not  exercising  reasoning  powers. 

2.  Contrary  to  reason;  absurd. 
ir-ref'ra-ga-"bl(e,    ir-ref'ra-ga-bl,  a.   That 

can  not  be  refuted  or  disproved.   [<  L.  in-,  not, 

4-  refrar/or,  oppose.] 
ir-reg'ii-lar,  ir-reg'yu-lar,  a.  1.  Not  regular; 

being  out  of  the  usual  or  proper  form,  order, 

etc.   2.  Not  conforming  to  rule;  uncontrolled; 

lawless,    -ly,  adv.  —  ir-reg'^u- lar'i- ty,  n. 

[-TiEs«,  pi.}  The  condition  of  being  irregular;  an 

imperfection,  Inconsistency,  etc. 
ir-rel'e-vant,  ir-rel'§-vant,  a.    Not  relevant 

or  apposite;  impertinent.— ir-rel'e-van-cy,/?. 
ir'^re-lig'ion,  ir"r§-lij'un,   n.    The  state  of 

being  witliout  or  opposed  to  religion. 

—  ir'^re-lier'ious,  a. 
ir-rep'a-ra-bl(e,  ir-rep'a-ra-bl,  a.   That  can 

not  be  repaired,  rectified,  or  made  amends  for. 

ir"re-press'i-bl(e,  ir"rg-pre8'i-bl,  a.  Not 
repressible;  that  can  not  be  restrained. 

ir"re-proacli''a-bl(e,  ir"rg-pr6ch'a-bl,  a. 
Not  reproachable;  blameless. 

ir-res^o-lute,  ir-rez'o-liit  or -liut,  a.  Not  res- 
olute or  resolved;  wavering;  hesitating. 
— ir-res'^o-lu'tion,  7i. 

ir"re-spec'tiv(e,  ir'rg-spec'tiv,  a.  Lacking 
respect  or  relation;  regardless,    -ly,  adv. 

ir"re-spon'si-bl(e,  ir'rg-spen'si-bl,  a.  1. 
Not  accountable  or  amenable;  not  of  sonnd 
mind.  2.  Careless  of  responsibilities;  unreliable. 

ir"re-triev'a-bl(e,  a.  Not  retrievable;  ir- 
reparable. —  ir''re-triev'a-bly ,  adv. 

ir-rev'er-ent,  ir-rev'gr-gnt,  a.  Lacking  in 
proper  reverence.  —  ir-rev'er-ence,  n. 

ir-rev'o-ca-bl(e,  ir-rev'o-ca-bl,  a.  Incapa- 
ble of  being  revoked  or  repealed;  unalterable. 


flutlfire  (future);    aisle;   au  (out);    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;   dli  {the)',   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


irrigate 
izzard. 


252 


ir'ri-gate,  ir'i-get,  vt.    [-ga'ted"!;  -ga'ting.] 

1.  To  water,  as  land,  by  artificial  ditches,  etc. 

2.  To  wet;  soak;  bedew.  [<  L.  in^iffatus^m. 
of  irrigo,  <  in,  upon,  -f-  rigo,  water.J  —  ir^'ri- 
ga'tion,  n.    Artificial  watering  of  land. 

ir'ri-tate,  ir'ri-tet,  vt.    [-ta"ted'1;  -ta'ting.] 

I.  To  excite  ill  temper  or  impatience  in.  2.  To 
excite  physically;  infiame.  [<  L.  irntatus,  pp. 
of  irrito,  excite.]  —  ir'ri-ta-bl(e,  ir'i-ta-bl,  a. 
Showing  Impatience  or  ill  temper  on  little  provo- 
cation.—ir''ri-ta-bil'i-ty,?i.—ir'ri-ta-bly, 
ad».  —  ir'ri-tant.    I.   a.    Causing    irritation. 

II.  n.  1.  A  pathological  or  other  agent  of  in- 
flammation, pain,  or  tension.  3.  A  provocative; 
spur.— ir^'ri-ta'tioii,  n. 

ir-rup'tion,  ir-rup'shun,  n.  A  breaking  or 
rushing  in;  violent  incursion.  [<  L.  in,  in,  -|- 
rumpo,  break.]  — ir-rup'tiv(e,  a. 

is,  iz,  3d  per.  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  be,  v.    [AS.] 

-ise,  suffix.  1,  Used  to  denote  "  condition,  quality 
of  being";  as,  franchise.  [<  OF.  -ise,  <  L.  -itia.] 
-icet;  -izet.    !i.  Same  as  -ish2. 

•imhi,  suffix.  Somewhat;  of  the  nature  of:  used 
also  to  form  adjectives  of  place  or  country;  as, 
YoUsh.    [<  AS.  -isc,  an  adj.  formative.] 

-ishs,  SMi??a:.  To  make;  give.  L  <  OF. -iss-,  <  L. 
-esco,  -Isco,  term,  of  inceptive  verbs.] 

i'sin-glass,  ai'zip-glgs,  n.  1.  A  preparation 
of  nearly  pure  gelatin  made  from  the  viscera  of 
fish.  2.  Mica.  [<  MD.  huysenUas,  <  Miysen, 
sturgeon,  +  MLG.  blase,  bladder.] 

Is^lam,  is'lam,  n.  The  Mohammedan  religion; 
also,  the  body  of  Mohammedan  believers,  or 
the  countries  under  Mohammedan  rule.  [<: 
AS.  islam,  submission.]  —  Is'Iain-isin,  71. 

is^land,  ai'land,  n.    A  tract  of  land,  usually 
of  moderate  extent,  surrounded  by  water.    [< 
AS.  igland,  island.] 
—  is'land-er,  n.    An  Inhabitant  of  an  Island. 

isle,  ail,  n.    An  island:  chiefly  poetical. 

is'let,  ai'let,  n.    A  little  island. 

ism,  izm,  n.  A  doctrine  or  system:  often  ap- 
plied satirically  or  with  derogatory  force. 

■ism,  suffix.  Used  to  denote  condition,  act,  idiom, 
or  doctrine.  [<  L.  -ismus,  <  Gr. -is7nos,tenaU 
nation  of  nouns,  from  verbs  In  -izo;  see  -ize.] 

is'o-late,  is'o-let  or  ai'so-,  vt.  [-la'ted"!; 
-LA"TiNG.]  1.  To  place  in  a  detached  or  in- 
sulated situation.  2.  To  insulate.  3.  Chem. 
To  obtain  in  a  free  or  uncoinbined  state.  [< 
It.  isolato,  <  isola,  island.] — is'^o-Ia'tion,  ?^ 

i-sos^ce-les,  ai-[o/' t-]ses'g-lTz,  a.  Geom. 
Having  two  sides  that  are  equah  as  a  triangle. 
[L.,  <  Ur.  isos,  equal,  +  skelos,  leg.] 

i'so-thenn,  ai'[or  i'Jso-therm,  n.  Meteor.  A 
line  passing  through  points  on  the  earth's  sur- 
face that  have  the  same  temperature.  [<  Ur. 
i80S,iii\\\ii\,-\-  therml,  heat.]— V'»o-ther'maI,a. 

iB^ra-el-ite,  iz'ra-el-ait,  n.  A  descendant  of 
Israel  (or  Jacob);  Hebrew;  Jew. —  Is^ra-el- 
i'tish,  a.    Jewish.    Is'^ra-el-it'lcJ. 

is'sue,  ish'Q,  v.  J^is'sued;  is'su-ino.]  I.  t. 
To  send  forth  or  give  out.  II.  i.  1.  To  flow 
out;  go  out  or  forth.    2.  To  proceed;  result. 

is'sue,  n.  1.  The  act  of  issuing.  2.  That 
which  is  produced  or  sent  forth;  an  edition: 
progeny;  u  matter  of  discussion;  profits;  flnal 
outcome.    [P.] 

"Ist,  8vffix.  Used  to  denote  an  agent.  [<  L.  -ista, 
-iHtes,  <  Gr.  -istSs,  term,  of  nouns  of  agent  from 
verbs  In  -izd;  see  -izk.] 

isth'mus,  is'muB  or  ist'muB,  n.    A  narrow 


body  of  land  connecting  two  larger  bodies.  [L., 

<  Gr.  isthmos,  narrow  passage.] 

it,  it,  2)?'on.  [they,  dhe,  pL]  The  personal  pro- 
noun of  the  third  person,  singular  number,  and 
neuter  gender:  that  one.     [<  AS.  hit.] 

I-tal'ian,  i-tal'yan.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Italy, 
its  people,  or  language.  II.  n.  The  people  or 
language  of  Italy.     [<  L.  Italia,  Italy.] 

I-tal'ic,  i-tal'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Eclating  to  the 
races  or  languages  of  Italy.  2.  Pi  int.  Des- 
ignating or  printed  in  italics.  II.  n.  [i-  or  I-] 
Print.  A  style  of  type  in  which  the  letters 
slope,  as  these.— \-tB.V\-fi2,e,  i-tal'i-saiz,  vt. 
[-CIZED;  -ci'ziNG.]  To  distinguish  by  Italics;  tc 
emphasize,    i-tal'i-cisel:. 

itch.,  ich.  I',  vi.  1.  To  feel  an  irritation  of 
the  skin  with  inclination  to  scratch  the  part. 
2.  To  have  a  teasing  inclination  to  do  a  thing. 
II.  n.  1.  A  contagious  skin^disease;  an  itch- 
ing of  the  skin.  2.  A  teasing  desire  or  pro- 
pensity.    [<  AS.  giccan,  itch.]  — itch'y,  a. 

-ite^,  suffix.  Used  like -ATE^, -ate2.  [<Ij.-itus, 
-ita,  -tiMm„pp.  suffixes  of  verbs  of  the  2d,  3d,  and 
4th  conjugations.]    -itt. 

-ite2,  suffix,  Of  the  nature  of;  like:  used  to  de- 
note a  native,  an  adherent,  or  a  descendant  of; 
also,  in  chemistry,  to  denote  salts  of  an  acid 
whose  name  endsIn-o?^.s.  Also  used  In  mineral- 
ogy, anatomy,  etc.  [<  F.  -ite,  <  L.  -ita,  -ites,  < 
Gr.  -ites,  -Ms,  an  adj.  suffix.] 

i'tem,  ai'tem.  I.  n.  1.  A  separate  article  or 
entry  in  an  account,  etc.  2.  [Colloq.]  A 
newspaper  paragraph.  III.  adv.  Likewise. 
[<  L.  itefn,  likewise,  <  is,  he.] — i'tem-ize, 
vt.    [-IZED;  -I'ziNG.]    To  set  do\<in  by  Items. 

it'er-ate,  it'gr-et,  vt.  [-a'ted*!;  -a'ting.]  To 
utter  or  do  again ;  repeat.     [  <  L.  iterum,  again, 

<  is.  he.]  —  ifer-a'tioii,  n. 
i-tin'er-ant,  ai-tin'gr-ant.    I.  a.  Going  from 

place  to  place.  II.  n.  One  who  travels  from 
place  to  place.  [  <  L.^^  iter  {itiner-),  journey.] 
—  i-tiii'er-a-cy,  i-tiii'er-an-cy,  n.  A 
passing  from  place  to  place  in  circuit,  as  In  the 
discharge  of  ministerial  duties.- i-tin'er-a- 
ry.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  done  on  a  journey; 
itinerant.  II.  11.  [-ries^,  jo/.]  A  detailed  ac- 
count of  u  journey;  exploring  tour;  gulde«book.  — 
i-tiii'er-ate,  vi.  To  journey  from  place  to 
place  In  circuit. 

-itis,  suffix.  Used  to  denote  Inflammation;  as,  perl- 
tonitis.    [<  L.  -itis,  <  Gr.  -itis,  -like.] 

its,  its,  2)ron.  Possessive  case  of  it.  —  it-selP, 
It-self ',«ro;i.    Its  self:  enii)liatic  or  reflexive. 

-i\v^  sufflx.  Doing;  serving  to  do.  L<L. -'>"'*. 
-iva,  -ivum,  termination  of  verbal  adjectives.] 

i'vo-ry,  ai'vo-ri.  I.  a.  Made 
of  or  resembling  ivory.  II.  n. 
[-riesS  pi.]  The  hard, 
white,  elastic  substance 
that  ccmstitutes  the  greater 
part  of  the  tusks  of  certain 
animals,  as  the  elephant, 
[<  L.i'''+^*'  eboreus,  of  ivo- 
ry, <  ebiir,  ivory.] 

i'vy,  ai'vi,  n.  A  EurojHjan 
evergreen  climbing  shrub 
of  the  ginseng  or  ivy  fami- 
ly, or  one  of  various  other 
climbing  plants.  [<  AS.  ifig.]  —  V\\vA,  a. 
Overgrown  with  Ivy. 

•ize,  -ise,  suffix.  Used  to  form  verbs  denoting 
"  to  make,  give,  practise."  [  <  LL.  -izo,  <  Gr.  -izo7\ 

iz'zard,  iz'ard,  n.    The  letter  Z:  an  old  name. 


True  Ivy. 


papa,  cjsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  UB§ge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  arat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but.  Or 


253 


J    J 
jaw 


Common  Jackal. 

V54 


J,  j .  je,  V.  [jays,  J'p,  or  Js,  jez,  j»Z.]  A  letter: 
iJie  tenth  in  the  English  alphabet. 

jab'ber,  .iab'gr.  l.Dt.&vi.  To  chatter.  II. 
II.    Rjipid  or  unintelligible  talk;  chatter. 

jack,  jac,  n.  1.  [J-]  A  nickname  for  John, 
James,  or  Jacob;  hence,  a  man:  fellow.  2. 
One  of  various  handy  tools  or  devices.  3 .  The 
male  of  certain  animals.  4.  In  playing-cards, 
a  knave.  [<  Gr.LL+OF  Jakobos,  <  Heb. 
Ya'aqob,  lit.  supplanter.]  —  jack'a-napes'', 
71.  An  impertinent  fellow;  an  upstart.— jac k'- 
a.ss^%  n.  1.  The  male  ass;  a  donkey,  'i.  A 
foolish  fellow;  blockhead.  — jack'sboots^',  n. 
pi.  Heavy  top»boots  reaching  above  the  knee. 
— jack'daw^',  n.  A  small  European  glossy= 
black,  crow=likebird,  often  tamed.— j.sknife,  ». 
A  large  clasp-knife  for  the  pocket.  — J. so's 
lantern,  n.  A  will=o'=the=wisp;  ignis  fatuus. 
— j.=plane,  n.    A  carpenter's  roughing  plane. 

j  ack'al'',  jack'el",  n.    One  of  various  dog'like 
carnivorous  mammals,  smaller  than 
the  wolf.     [OF.,  <  Ar.  jaqal,  <  Per. 
shaghdl,  jackal.] 

jack'et,  jak'§t.  l^.vt.  To 
clothe  or  enclose  in  a  jack- 
et.   II.  n.    A  short  coat. 

jade,  jed,  tt.  &  vi.  [ja'- 
DED'';  ja'ding.]  To  weary, 
or  become  weary,  by  hard 
service;  tire. 

jade^,  n.  An  old,  worn-out  horse;  a  worth- 
less person;  hussy.      [<  Ice.  j'o/'/rt,  mare.] 

jade2,  71.  A  hard,  tough,  greenish  silicate  used 
for  making  ornaments,  etc.     [F.] 

jag,  •?;<.     [jAG'GEDrt;  jag'ging.]    To  notch. 

jagi,  n.  A  projecting  point;  notch;  tooth.  [< 
Gael,  f/aff,  notch.]  —  jag'ged,  a.  Having  jags 
or  notches,   jag'gyt. 

jag2,  n.  1.  [Local.]  A  load  for  one  horse.  3. 
[Slang.l    Enough  liquor  to  intoxicate.. 

ja-guar',  ja-gwflr',  71.  A  large  leopard»like 
mammal  of  wooded 
regions  from  Texas 
to  Patagonia.  [< 
Braz.  jagnartty  ja- 
guar.] 

jail,  j  el,  w.  A  prison. 
[<  OF.  jaiole,  gaiole, 
jail]  gaoli.— jail'- 
hiviV\n.  A  convict. 
-j  ai  Per ,  rt.   The  of-  Jaguar.    1/55 

fleer  m  charge  of  ajail. 

jaFap,  jal'ap,  «.  The  dried  root  of  a  Mexican 
plant  useful  as  a  purgative.  [<  Jalapa  (town 
in  Mexico).] 

jam,  jam,  v.  [jammed;  jam'ming.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  press  into  a  tight  place;  crush.  2.  To 
fill  by  crowding.  II.  i.  To  become  immov- 
able from  being  crowded. 

jami,  n.  A  number  of  people  or  objects 
crowded  closely  together,  or  the  pressure  from 
such  crowding. 

jam^,  ri.    A  pulpy,  sweet  conserve  of  fruit. 

jam!),  jam,  n.  A  side^post  or  side  of  a  door- 
way, window,  etc.    [<  OF.jambe,  leg.] 


jan'gle,  ja^i'gl.  I.  vt.  &  vi,  [jan'gled; 
JAN'GLiNG.]  To  make  or  utter  with  harsh, 
broken  sounds;  wrangle;  bicker.  II.  n.  Dis- 
cordant sound ;  wrangling.     [Prob.  imitative.] 

jan'i-tor,  jan'i-t§r,  n.  One  who  has  the  care 
of  a  building.     [L.,  <  janua,  door.] 

jan'i-za-ry,  jan'i-zs-ri,  71.  [-ries^,  ^?;.]  One 
of  the  former  bodyguard  of  the  Turkish  sid- 
tans.    [<  F.Janissaire.']    jan'is-sa-ryt. 

Jan'u-a-ry,  jan'yu-e-ri,  n.  The  first  month 
of  the  year.  [<  L.  Januarius,  <  Janus,  door- 
keeper of  heaven.] 

ja-pan%  ja-pan'.  I.  vt.  [ja-panned';  ja- 
pan'ning.]     To  lacquer  with  jr.pan.      II.  n. 

1.  Lacquered    Japanese  work.      2.    A  hard 
black  varnish.     [<  Chin.  Jih-pun,  sunrise.] 

Jap''a-nese',  jap"a-ni8'  or  -niz'.  I.  a.  Be- 
longing to  Japan  or  its  people.  II.  «.  A  na- 
tive of  Japan  or  the  language  of  Japan. 

jar,  jar,  v.  [jarred;  jar'ring.]  I.  t.  To 
cause  to  tremble  or  shake;  agitate.  II.  i.  1. 
To  rattle.  2.  To  clash;  conflict.  3.  To  shake 
or  tremble.     [<  AS.  ceoHan,  murmur.] 

j  ar  1 ,  «•    1 .  A  shaking,  as  from  a  sudden  shock. 

2.  A  discordant  sound;  discord;  strife. 
jar^,  n.    A  deep,  wide^mouthed  vessel  of  earth- 
enware or  glass.     [<  Per.  OY.jarrah,  jar.] 

jar'gon,  jflr'gen.    I.  vi.    To  talk  in  jargon; 

gabble.      II.  n.     1.  Confused,  unintelligible 

speech.    2.  Cant.     [OF.,  gibberish.] 
jas^iuin(e,  jas'min,  71.    An  ornamental  plant 

with   fragrant,  generally 

white,  flowers.    [<  Per.^ 

yasm'in.]     jas'mine:;:. 
jas'per,  (^jas'pgr, 

jas'per-ite, )  -ait,  ?^  An 

impure,  opaque,  colored 

variety   of   quartz.      [< 

Gr.o^'  "^iaspis,  <  Ar.  7jasb, 

jasper.] 
jaun'dice,  jfln'dis.     I. 

vt.    [.TAUN'DICEDt;  JAUN'- 

Di-ciNG.]     To  affect  with 

jaundice;  fill  with  preju- 
dice or  envy.    TL.  n.    1. 

A   disease    characterized  jasmine 

by  yellowness  of  the  skin, 

and  of  the  fluids  and  tissues.    2.   A  mental 

condition  in  which  the  judgment  is  warped. 

[<  OY.janmsse,  <jaune,  yellow.] 
jaunt,  jant.    I'',  vi.  To  ramble  or  rove  about. 

II.    71.    A    short   journey;    a    pleasure»trip. 

[Cp.  Sw.  dial,  ganta,  be  foolish.] 
jaun'ty,  jan'ti,  a.   [jaun'ti-er;  jaun'ti-est.] 

Affecting  a  careless  ease  or  self »satisf action; 

sprightly.     [<  F.  gentil;  see  gentle.] 
jave'lin,  jav'lin,  n.    A  short,  light  spear,  used 

as  a  missile  weapon.     [OF.,  <  Celt.] 
jaw,   je.      I.    vt.   &  vi.     [Slang.]      To  scold. 

II.  n.     1.  One  of  the  two  structures  forming 

the  framework  of  the  mouth.    2.  One  of  the 

bones  forming  the  framework  of  these  organs. 

jaw'=bone''t.    3.  Anything  like  or  suggest- 


fiutiiire  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;  c  (k);   cliat;   dli  {the)\    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


ay 
lockey 


254 


American  Blue  Jay. 

Vio 


ing  such  an  organ,  as  one  of  the  gripping 
parts  of  a  vice:  often  used  figuratively;  as, 
the^'aw*  of  death.  4.  [Slang.]  Scolding.  [ME. 
jawe^  <  cheowen  (<  AS.  ceowan),  chew.] 

jay,  je,  n.  A  small  crowlike  bird  of  brilliant 
coloring.  [0F.,<  (7ai,'seeGAY,a.] 

JeaFous,  jel'us,  a.    1.  Apprehen- 
sive of  being  displaced  by  a  rival, 
2.  Anxiously  watchful.      [< 
OF. jakms,  <  LL. zelo8us.,<'L. 
zelus.,  ZEAL.]    -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
w.— jeal'oiis-y^  n.    [-lESi.jai.] 

jean,  jen,7?.  A  twilled  un- 
dressed cloth  of  cotton 
and  wool.  [<  L.o^  Genua, 
Genoa  (Italian  city).] 
jeanst. 

jeer,  jTr.  l.tt.&vi.  To 
scoff  at;  ridicule;  mock. 
TL.  n.  A  derisive  and 
flouting  word  or  speech. 
[<  MD.  scheeren,  jest.] 

Je-ho'vali,  j§-ho'va,  n. 
Lord;  specifically,  the 
covenant  God  of  the  Hebrew  people.  [<  Heb. 
Yhwh.,  usually  written  Yahowdh,  with  the 
vowel'points  of  Adonai,  Lord.] 

je-june',  je-jun',  a.  Lifeless;  dry;  dull.  [< 
L.  jeju?ius,  hungry.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  «. 

jel'ly,  jel'i.  I.  vi.  Fjel'likd,  jel'id;  jel'ly- 
ING.]  To  turn  to  jelly.  II.  «.  [jel^lies^, 
pi.]  Any  semisolid  glutinous  substance,  as 
fruit'juice  boiled  down  with  sugar.  [<  OF. 
gelee,  fem.  pp.  of  gele7\  freeze.] 

jen'net,  jen'et,  n.    A  small  Spanish  horse. 

jen'ny,  jen'i, /i.  [jen'niesS  p/.]  1.  A  spin- 
ning-machine. 2.  A  female  ass.  [<  F. 
Jeanne,  fem.  of  Jean,  John.] 

jeop'ard'i,  jep'ard,  vt.  To  exi>ose  to  loss  or 
injury  ;  imperil,  jeop'ard-izet.— jeop'- 
ard-y,  n.  Exposure  to  danger;  peril.  [<  OF. 
jeu  parti,  divided  game,  even  chance.] 

jerki,  jerk.  iKvt.&vi.  To  give  a  jerk  to; 
move  with  jerks;  utter  in  a  convulsive  man- 
ner. II.  n.  A  short,  sharp  pull,  twitch,  or 
fling.— jerk'y,  a.    Spasmodic. 

jerlt^,  1,7.  To  cure  (meat)  by  cutting  into  strips 
and  drying.     [<  Chilean  charqui,  dried  beef.] 

jer'kin,  jgr'kin,  n.  A  waistcoat ;  jacket. 
[Dim.  of  OJi.jurk,  frock.] 

jer'sey,  jpr'zg,  n.  1.  One  of  a  breed  of  cattle 
from  the  island  of  Jersey.  2.  A  thick,  seam- 
less, knit  upper  garment.      [<  Isle  of  Jersey.] 

jes'sa*zain(e,  jes'a-min,  n.     The  jasmine. 

jest,  jest,  l^.vt.&vi.  To  joke.  II.  n.  1.  A 
joke;  raillery.  2.  The  object  of  raillery.  [< 
<  L.oF  gesius,  pp.  of  qero,  perform.] 

Jes'u-it,  jez'yu-it  or  jezh'u-it,  n.  1.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  a  Roman  Catholic 
religious  order.  2.  A  subtle  casuist.  [<  F. 
Jesuite,  <  L.  Jesus.]  -^  Jes'^u-lfic,  a.  Jes^u- 
it'lcaU. 

jet,  jet,  vt.  &  vi.  [jet'ted'';  jet'ting.]  To 
emit  in  a  jet:  shoot  out  in  a  jet  or  jets. 

jet',n.  1.  That  which  spurts  out;  a  gushing 
flow.    2.  A  spont  or  nozle.     [F.] 

jef*,  n.  1.  A  rich  black  variety  of  mineral 
coal,  used  for  ornaments.  2.  The  color  of 
jet.    jet  blackt.    [OF.]  [jet. 

jet'ty,  jet'i,  a.    Like  or  made  of  jet;  black  as 


jet'ty,  n.  [jet'ties^,  p/.]  A  structure  in  a 
body  of  water  serving  to  control  or  divert  a 
current,  protect  a  harbor,  or  the  like.  [<  OF. 
jetee,  prop.  fem.  pp.  of  Jetter,  throw.] 

Jew,  jii,  n.  A  Hebrew;  an  Israelite.  [Ult.  < 
Heb.  Yehuddh,  Judah,  son  of  Jacob.]  —  Jew'- 
ess,  n.    A  female  Jew.— Jew'ish,  a. 

jew'el,  jii'el.  I.  vt.  [jew'eled  or  jew'- 
ELLED ;  jew'el-ing  or  jew'el-ling.]  To 
adorn  with  jewels;  set  jewels  in.  II.  n.  1. 
A  precious  stone;  gem.  2.  Anything  of  rare 
excellence.  [<  OF.  jouel,  dim.  of  joie;  see 
JOY,  n.]  — jew'el-er,  n.  A  dealer  in  or 
maker  of  Jewelry,  je  w'el-lert.—  je  w'el-ry, 
n.  1 .  Jewels  taken  collectively.  '2.  The  trade 
of  a  jeweler,    jew'el-ler-yj. 

jew's'sharp",  jiiz'^hCirp",  n.  A  small  music- 
al instrument  with  a  lyre=shaped  metal  frame 
and  a  bent  metaUic  tongue. 

jib,  jib,  vi.  [jibbed;  jib'bing.]  To  move 
restively  sidewise  or  backward,  as  a  horse. 
[  <  OF.  giber,  struggle.] 

jilji,  n.  A  triangular  sail,  set  on  a  stay  and 
extending  from  the  foretopmast^head  to  the 
jib'boom  or  the  bowsprit.     [<  jibe.] 

— jib'^boom'',  n.   A  spar  forming  a  continu- 
ation of  the  bowsprit. 

jib2,  n.    Mech.  The  swinging  boom  of  a  crane. 

jibe,  jaib,  vt.  &  vi.  Naut.  [jibed;  ji'bing.] 
To  swing  or  shift  from  one  side  to  the  other, 
as  a  sail;  tack;  shift.     [<  Dn.  gibbe.] 

jiffy,  jif'i.w.  [Colloq.]  An  instant;  moment.  MffX, 

ji^»  jigi  ^-  [jigged;  jig'ging.]  I  t.  1.  To 
sing  or  play  in  ^/g  time.  2.  To  jolt.  (1)  To 
separate  (ore)  by  jolting.  (2)  To  drill,  as  a 
well,  with  a  spring»pole.  3.  Much.  To  form 
with  the  aid  of  jigs.  4.  To  play  a  joke  on. 
II.  i.    To  dance  a  jig. 

jig,  n.  1.  A  light,  gay  dance  to  a  rapid  tune. 
2.  A  practical  joke.  3.  Mach.  (1)  A  tool  or 
fixture  used  to  guide  cutting'tools.  (2)  A  jolt- 
ing mechanism.  [<  OF.  gigne,  <  MD.  ghighe, 
fiddle.] 

jig'geri,  jig'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
jigs.    2.  One  of  various  jolting  mechanisms. 

jig'ger^,  n.    A  flea,  tick,  or  the  like. 

jilt,  jilt.  I"i.  vt.  &  vi.  To  discard,  as  a  lover; 
be  deceitful  in  love.  II.  n.  One  who  capri- 
ciously discards  a  lover.     [  <  JUle,  fem.  name.] 

jim'my,  ^im'i,  n.  A  burglars'  crowbar.  [< 
Jimmy,  dim.  of  James.] 

jin'gKe,  jiv'gl-  Ljin'gl(e)d  ;  jin'glino.] 
I.  vt.  &  ri.  To  make  a  slight,  tinkling,  ring- 
ing sound.  II.  n.  1.  A  tinkling  or  clinking 
sound;  also,  that  which  produces  it.     2.  Any 

fileasing  succession  of  rhythmical  sounds. 
Freq.  of  chink',  v.] 

Jin'tro,  jin'go,  «.  [Colloq. J  Polit.  One  fn  favor 
of  a  spirited  and  aggressive  foreign  policy. 

job,  ieb.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [jobbed;  job'bino.]  1. 
To  buv  in  bulk  and  resell  in  lots.  2.  To  do  by 
the  job.  3.  To  engage  in  jobbery.  II.  v.  1. 
A  piece  of  work  done  as  a  whole.  2.  Anv 
scheme  for  making  money  unfairly.  3.  [Col- 
loy.l  Employment.  [<  <7o6,  lump:  of  Celtic 
origin.]  -jolv'ber,  «.  1.  A  middleman.  2. 
An  Intriguer.  ,3.  One  who  works  by  the  job. 
— job'ber-y,  «.  f-iKSi.p/.1  The  act  or  practise 
of  jobbing:  In  a  bad  sense;  low  Intriguing. 

jook'ey,  jek'g.     [jock'eyed;  jock'et-ing.] 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  Sir;  el§ment,  th6y,  usfge;  tt,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  5r;  full,  rOle;  but,  Or; 


255 


jocose 
judicial 


1.  vt.  &  vi.  To  play  the  jockey  with;  be 
tricky;  cheat.  II.  fi.  1.  One  employed  to 
ride  horses,  especially  at  races.  2.  One  who 
takes  undue  advantage  in  trade.  3.  A  horse* 
dealer.    [<  Jacky,  dim.  of  Jack.] 

jo-cose',  jo-cos',  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  joke; 
jocular.  l<  Ij.  jocos,  <  jocusus,  iok.^.^  -ly, 
adv.  -ness,  «.  —  jo-cos-'i-ty,  n.  —  joc'u-lar, 
a.    1.  Being  In  a  joking  mood;  making  jokes. 

2.  Jocose.— joc'''u-lar'i-ty,  w.— joc'u-lar- 
ly,  «di;.— joc'iind,  a.    Jovial;  sportive. 

jog,  jeg.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [jogged;  jog'ging.] 
To  push  or  move  with  a  jog;  nudge.    II.  n. 

I.  A  slight  push,  as  with  the  elbow;  any  slight 
incentive.  2.  A  slow,  jolting  motion.  3.  A 
notch.     [<  W.  gogi,  shake.] — jog'ger,  n. 

jog'gKe,  jeg'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [.tog'gl(e)d; 
joG'GLiNG.]     To   shake    slightly;  jog;    jolt. 

II.  n.   A  jolt.    [Freq.  of  JOG^ 

join,  join,  v.  l.t.  1.  To  set  or  bring  together; 
connect;  combine.  2.  To  associate  with;  ef- 
fect a  junction  with.    3.  To  engage  in  (bat- 

,  tie,  etc.)  together.  4.  [Colloq.]  To  adjoin. 
II.  i.  1.  To  lie  in  contact.  2.  To  become 
associated.  [<  1,.*^^  jungo.,  join.]  — join'er,  ?}. 
One  who  or  that  which  joins;  specifically,  an  arti- 
san vi^ho  finishes  the  woodwork  of  houses.— 
join'er-y,  w.    The  art  of  a  joiner. 

joint<>,  joint,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  form  with  or  di- 
vide into  joints.  2.  To  make  for  joining.  3. 
To  join.    II.  i.    To  unite  as  by  joints. 

joint,  a.  1.  Produced  by  combined  action.  2. 
Sharing  together.    3.  Joined,  —jointly,  adv. 

joint,  n.  1.  A  junction  or  mode  of  junction; 
articulation;  hin^e.  2.  A  place  of  union  of 
two  bones,  especially  when  movable  one  upon 
the  other.  3.  One  of  the  pieces  into  which  a 
carcass  is  divided  by  the  butcher.  [OF.,  <  L. 
junctus.,  <jungo.,  join.] 

j  oist,  joist,  n.  A  horizontal  timber  in  a  floor  or 
ceiling,    [<  OF.  giste,  <  L.jaceo,  lie.] 

joke,  jok.  [joKEDt;  jo'king.]  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
To  banter;  make  jokes;  jest.  II.  n.  1.  Some- 
thing said  or  done  for  the  purpose  of  creating 
amusement;  a  jest.  2.  A  subject  pf  merri- 
ment.   [<  L.jocus,  joke.] 

jol'ly,  jel'i,  a.  [jol'li-er;  jol'li-est.]  1. 
Full  of  life  and  mirth;  jo- 
vial. 2.  Expressing  mirth; 
exciting  gaiety.  T<  OF. 
joli,  jolly.]— joP'li-fi-caf- 
tioii,?2.  LColloq.]  A  mer- 
rymaking.—joFli-ty,  n. 

jol'ly  5■boat'^  jel'i=bot", 
n.  A  small  boat  belonging 
to  a  ship.  [<  Dn.  jolle, 
yawl,  4-  BOAT.] 

jolt,  jolt.  I<i.vf.&vi.  To 
shake  or  move  up  and 
down  with  a  jarring  move- 
ment. II.  n.  A  sudden 
slight  shock.  [<  joavl.] 
jounce  J. 

jon'quil,  jen'cwil,  n.  An 
ornamental  bulbous  plant 
related  to  the  daffodil. 
[<  F.  jongville.]  jon''- 
quille'1:. 

joss,  jes,  n.     A  Chinese  god  or  idol. 
E.  for  Pg.  deos,  God.] 


Common  Jonquil. 
[Pidgin» 


jos'tl(e,  jos'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [jos'tl(e)d;  jos'- 
TLiNG.]  To  push  or  crowd  against.  [Freq.  of 
JTTst,  v.]  —  jos'tl(e,  p.  A  bumping  against,  or 
slight  shaking. 

jot,  jet.  I.  vt.  [jot'ted"!;  jot'ting.]  To 
write  down  or  sketch  offhand.  II.  n.  The 
least  bit;  an  iota.    [<  L.  iota;  see  iota.] 

jounce,  V.  &  n.    Same  as  jolt. 

jour'nal,  jur'nal,  n.  1.  A  daily  record  or 
register;  diary.  2.  A  newspaper.  3.  That 
part  of  a  shaft  or  axle  which  rotates  in  or 
against  a  bearing.  [F.,  <  L.  diiirnalis;  see 
diurnal.] —jour'nal-isni,  n.  The  occupation 
of  a  journalist.— jour'iial-ist,  n.  One  who 
manages,  edits,  or  writes  for  a  journal  or  news- 
paper.—joiir'iial-ize  or  -ise,  vi. 

jour'ney,  jur'uQ.  I.  vi.  To  travel;  go  upon 
a  journey.  II,  n.  Passage  from  one  place  to 
another,  especially  by  land.  [<  V.jonrnee.,  < 
L.  diurnvs,  daily.] — joiir'ney-man,  n.  [-men, 
pi.]    A  mechanic  who  has  learned  his  trade. 

joust,  just,  V.  &  n.    Same  as  just. 

jo'vi-al,  jO'vi-al,  a.    Possessing  or  expressive 
of  good-natured  mirth  or  gaiety;  jolly.     [F., 
<  LL.  Jovialis,  <  Old  L.  Jovis.,  Jove.] 
—  jo''vi-aI'i-ty,  n. 

jowl,  jol  or  jaul,  ».  The  cheek  or  jaw.  [< 
AS,  ceajl.,  jaw,  <  ceowan,  chew.]    jole$. 

joy,j©i.  I.  vi.  [Poet.]  To  be  glad;  rejoice. 
II.  n.  1.  A  lively  emotion  of  happiness; 
gladness.  2.  That  which  causes  delight.  [< 
F,  joie,  <  L."'^  gaudeo,  rejoice.] —joy'ful, 
a.  1.  Full  of  joy.  tJ.  Manifesting  joy.— joy'- 
less,  «.  Destituteof  joy.— joy'ous,  a.  Joyful. 

ju'bi-lant,  ju'bi-lant,  a.  1.  Manifesting  great 
joy;  exultinglyglad.  2.  Expressing  triumph. 
[<  L.  juhilo^  shout  for  joy.]  — ju^'Bi-la'tion, 
n.  Rejoicing;  exultation. —ju'bi-Iee,  n.  1. 
The  fiftieth  anniversary  of  an  event.  '2.  Any 
season  of  rejoicing  or  festivity.  [<  Heb.  yohel, 
blast  of  a  trumpet.] 

Ju-da'ic,  ju-de'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews. 
[<  Gr.  loiidalkos,  <  loiidaia,  <  Heb.  Yehuddh; 
see  Jew.]  Ju-da'ic-alt'  —  Ju'da-ism,  n. 
Jewish  beliefs  or  practises. 

judge,  juj,?7.  [judged;  judg'ing.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  come  to  a  conclusion  regarding.  2.  To  de- 
cide authoritatively.  3.  To  try  judicially.  II. 
i.  1.  To  form  a  judgment.  2.  To  sit  in  judg- 
ment. 3.  To  consider.  4.  To  express  judg- 
ment.    [<  Y.juger.,  <  L.  72/ c?ico,  judge.] 

judge,  n.  1.  An  officer  invested  with  author- 
ity to  administer  justice.  2.  One  who  decides 
upon  the  merits  of  things,  as  in  contests.  3. 
A  connoisseur.  [<  Ij.^' judex  (jndic-),  <  jus, 
law,  +  dico,  sav.l  —judgement,  judge'ment, 
11.  1.  The  act 'of  judging.  3.  The  faculty  of 
deciding  correctly.  3.  The  decision  reached. 
4.  The  sentence  of  a  court.  5.  A  disaster  or 
aflaiction  regarded  as  a  punishment  for  sin. 

ju'di-ca-ture,  ju'di-ca-chur  or  -tiQr,  n.  1, 
The  power  of  administering  justice.  2.  The 
jurisdiction  of  a  court.  3.  A  court  of  justice. 
— ju'di-ca-tiv(e,  a.  Competent  to  judge.— 
ju'di-ca-to-ry.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  II.  W.  [-RIES^,  i?Z.]  1, 
A  tribunal.    '2.  The  judiciary. 

ju-di'cial,  ju-dish'al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
administration  of  justice.  2,  Pertaining  to  a 
court.  3.  Discriminating;  impartial.  4.  Serv- 
ing to  decide,  -ly,  «rfi7.— JH-di'ci-a-ry,  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  courts  of  justice.    II.  n.    1.  That 


fiutgare  (future);   aisle;   au   (fmt)\    ©il;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  {the);   go;  sing,  iigik;  thin. 


judicious 
justify 


256 


French  Earth- 
enware Jug. 


department  of  government  which  administers 

the  law.    »i.  The  judges  collectively. 
ju-di'cious,  a.     1.  Manifesting  forethonght 

and  sense;  prudent.  2.  Done  with  sound  judg- 
ment.    [<  lAu.judiciosus,  <  1,.  judicium;  see 

JUDICIAL.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
jug,  jug,  n.     i.    [U.   S.]     A  narrownecked, 

stout,  bulging   vessel  with    a 

cork,  for  keeping  or  carrying 

liquids.    2.  A  pitcher.    [Prob. 

<    Jug.,    form    of   Judith.,    a 

woman's  name.] 
jug'gKe,  jug'l.    I.  vt.  &  vi. 

[jug'gl(e)d;  jug'gling]    To 

deceive    by  trick   or   artifice; 

practise  sleight  of  hand.    II. 

n.  A  feat  of  legerdemain ;  trick 

or  deception .     [  <  L .  of  jocnlor., 

jest.]  —  jug'gler,     n.  —  jug'- 
,  gler-y,  n. 
ju'gu-lar,   jii'giu-lar.     I.   a. 

Pertaining  to  the  throat  or  to  the  jugular  vein. 

II.  n.    One  of  the  large  veins  of  the  neck,   ju- 
gular veinf.    [<  li.  jugulum.,  collar-bone.] 
jliice,  jus,  «.     The  fluid  part  of  vegetable  or 

animal  matter.     [<  L.^  jtis,  juice.] —juice'- 

less,  rt.— jui'cy,  a.    Abounding  with  juice. 
ju'jube,  jti'jiib,  n.   1.  Any  one  of  several  Old 

World  spiny  shrubs  of  the  buckthorn  family; 

also,  the  edible  fruit  of  such  a  plant.    2.  A 

sweetmeat,    ju'jube  paste''$.    [Ult.<Ar. 

ziziif,  jujubc'tree.] 
ju'lep,  jii'lep,  n.    A  drink  composed  of  sweet- 
ened liquor  and  mint.     [F.] 
Ju-ly',  ju-lai',  n.    The  seventh  month  of  the 

Gregorian  year,      [<  L.of  Jidius,    <  Julius 

Cajsar.] 
jum'toKe,  jtrai'bl.    I.vt.&vi.    [jum'bl(e)i); 

jum'bling.]     To  mix  in  a  confused  mass.  II. 

n.    1.  A  confused  mixture  or  collection.    2. 

A  thin  sweet  cake.     [ME.  jumbiileriy  freq.  of 
jumpen.,  jump.] 
jumps  jump,  ?;.    l.t.   1.  Toleapover,    2.  To 

cause  to  leap.     3.  To  pass  over;  omit.     II.  i. 

To  impel  oneself  through  the  air  by  a  spring; 

move  by  bounds.     [<  S\v.  qurnpa.,  jump.] 
jump,  n.    The  act  of  jumping;  a  leap;  spring. 
j  ump'er  1 ,  «.  1 .  One  who  or  tbat  which  jumps. 

2.  The  larva  of  a  cheese*fly. 
jump''er2,  «,    [U.  S.].  A  loose  outer  jacket. 

[<  JUMP,  V.'] 

junc'tion,  jupc'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  join- 
ing, or  condition  of  being  joined.  2.  A  place  of 
imlon  or  meeting.  [  <  L.  junctioin-),  <  iungo, 
join.]  —  junc'ture,  n.  1 .  A  point  or  line  of 
Junction;  joint.  *Z»  An  occasion  when  circum- 
stances meet.    [<  h.jmictura,  Kjungo,  joln.l 

June,  jun,  n.  The  sixth  month  of  the  (Grego- 
rian year.  [  <  F.  Juin.,  <  L.  Junius,  Roman 
gentile  name.] 

jun'gl(e,  juri'gl,  n.  A  dense  thicket;  a  forest 
choked  with  undergrowth.  [<  Hind,  jangal, 
<  Snm.jangala,  dry.] 

jun'ior,  pQn'yer.  I.  a.  1.  Younger  in  years 
or  lower  in  ran K.  2.  Belonging  to  youth.  II. 
n.  The  younger  of  two;  a  younger  person. 
[L.,  </Mi'^;«/.','young.]— Ju''ni-or'l-ty,  n. 

ju^ni-per,  jQ'ni-psr,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub 
or  low  tree,  with  prickly  pointed  leaves  and 
dark' blue  berries. 


junkS  junk,  n.  1.  Naut.  (1)  Old  cable  or.  cord- 
age cut  up  in  pieces.    (2)  Salt  meat.    2.  Cast» 

off  material  of  any  sort.     [<   F.  Jonc,  <  L. 

junciis,  rush.] 
junk2,  n.  A  large  Chinese  vessel  with  lug»sails. 

[<    Malay^'p    ajong,  or 

Jd-p.jiing,  large  boat.] 
jun'ket,    jun'ket.     F. 

vt.  &  xi.   To  take  part  in 

a  convivial   excursion; 

feast  in  company ;  revel. 

II.  n.    A  feast;  picnic. 

jun'ket-ing:;:.       [< 

It.  giuncata,  <  giuncoa 

(<  L.juncus),  rush.] 
jun'ta,  jun'ta,  n.    A  Cen- 

tral=  or  South=Amerlcan 

legislative  council.    [Sp., 

<  L.  juncta,  fem.  pp.  of         /^>.,-„„„„  T„r,i. 
ju7xgo,  join.]  Chinese  Junk. 

jiin'to,  jun'to,  n.  A  faction;  a  cabal.  [<  junta.] 

ju-rid'ic-al,  ju-rid'ic-al,  a.  1.  Relating  to 
law  and  judicial  proceedings.  2.  Assumed  by 
law  to  exist.  [  <  L.  jtiridicus,  <  jus  W^'r-)-, 
law,  +  dico.  declare.]    ju-rid'icj. 

ju^'ris-dic'tion,  ju"ris-dic'shun,  w.  1.  Law- 
ful right  to  exercise  olficial  authority.  2.  The 
limit  over  which  such  authority  may  be  exer- 
cised. [OF.,  <  Jj.  junsdictioin-),  <  jus,  law, 
4-  dico,  say.] 

ju^'ris-pru'dence,  ju'ris-pru'dgns,  n.  1. 
The  science  of  law.  2.  A  system  of  laws.  [< 
L.  jurispruderitia,  <  jus,  law,  -j-  prudentia; 

see  PRUDENCE.] 

ju'rist,  ju'rist,  n.    One  versed  in  the  science 

of  law.     [<  'L.jvs{jiir-),\&v{.'] 
ju'ror,  ja'rer,  w.    A  member  of  a  jury.     [< 

IjOVjurator,  swearer.] 
ju'ry,  ju'ri,  n.     [ju'riess  pi."]     1.  A  body  of 

men  forming  a  judicial  tribunal,  and  sworn  to 

give  a  true  verdict  according  to  the  evidence. 

2.  A  committee  of  award  in  a  competition. 

[<  Ij.'^^^^^  jurata,  fem.  pp.  of  juro,  swear.] 
jurys,  pr^x.   Rigged  up  temporarily;  makeshift: 

used    in    nautical  compounds;   as,  jwrj/.mast. 

[Perhaps  <  jury,  n.,  as  a  bit  of  nautical  liumor.J 
just,  (just.  I'l.  xi.  To  engage  in  a  just. 
joust,  (  II.    n.      A    tilting    match    between 

mounted  knights,  usually  with  blunt  lances 

and  in  single  combat.     [<  OF.  jouster,  <  LL. 

juxto,  <  h.juiigo,  join.] 
just,  just.    I.  a.    1.  Righteous;    honest.    2. 

Conforming  to  the  principles  of  justice;  equita- 
ble,    3.  Agreeing  with  a  required  standard. 

II.  adv.    1.  Exactly;  precisely.    2.  But  now; 

this  moment,    3.  By  very  little;  barely;  only, 

[<  L.Justus,  <jus,  law,] 
jus'tice,   jus'tis,  n.      1.  Conformity  to  the 

principles  of  right;  honesty;  impartiality.    2. 

Just  requital  or  consideration,    3.  The  quality 

of  being  just,    4.  A  judge.  [F,,  <  L,  justitia, 

<  Justus;  see  just,  a.J  — jus-tl'cl-n-rv.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  law  or  the  administration  of 
justice,    II.  n.     [-RiESi.jo/.]    A  judge. 

jus'ti-fy,  jus'ti-fai,  t'/!,  [-pied;  -py"ing,]  1. 
To  show  to  be  just;  vindicate,  2.  To  declare 
blameless;  exonerate.  3.  To  adjust  or  fit.  [< 
h.*'jiisfu,'<,  just,  4-  facio,  do,  make.] 

—  jiis'ti-fi"a-b'I(e,  a.  Capable  of  being 
justiflod.— jii8m-fl-ca'tion,  «.  The  state  of 
being  Justified, 


pop«,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfuifint,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


257 


r 


ennel 


jut,  jut.  I.  vi.  [jut'ted'I  ;  jut'ting.]  To 
extend- project.  II.  n.  Anything  that  juts;  a 
projection.    [Var.  of  jet.] 

jute,  jnt,  n.  1.  Either  of  two  tall  annual 
Asiatic  herbs  of  the  linden  family.  2.  The 
fiber  obtained  from  this  plant,  used  for  bags, 
etc.    [<  Beng.^'M^,  <  Sans,  ^'a^a,  matted  hair.] 


ju've-nilCe,  ju've-nil.  I.  a.  1.  Characteristic 
of  youth;  young.  2.  Adapted  to  youth.  II.  n. 
A  young  person.  [<  L.  juvenilis,  <  juvenis, 
young.]  — ju'"ve-nil'i.ty,  n.    Youthfulness. 

jux''ta-po-si'tion,  jux"ta-po-zish'nn,  n.  A 
placing  close  together;  contiguity.  [<  L.juxta, 
near,  -f-  position.] 


Kaiak. 


K,  k,  ke,  n.  [kays,  K's,  or  Ks,  kez,  pi.]  The 
eleventh  letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 

kai'ak,  kai'ak  or  ke'yak,  n.    A  sealskin  hunt- 
ing canoe  of  aictic 
America.     [Green- 
land.] 

kail,  n.  Same  as  kale. 

kai'ser.  kai'zgr,  n. 
[K-]  Caesar:  the  ac- 
cepted title  of  the 
German  emperors 
since  1871.  [<  AS. 
cdsere,  <  L.  Caesar, 
Caesar.] 

kale,  kel,  n.     A  variety  of  headless  cabbage. 

ka-lei'do-scope,  ka-lai'do-scop,  n.  An  m- 
strument  which,  by  means  of  mirrors,  presents 
objects  viewed  through  it  in  symmetrical  pat- 
terns. [  <  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  -f  eiodos,  form, 
+  -SCOPE.]  —  ka-lei'Mo-scop'ic,  a. 

kal'en-dar,  n.    Same  as  calendar. 

Ka-na^ka,  ka-na'ka,  n.  A  SandwIch^Islander. 
[Hawaiian,  man.]    Ka-na^kei*;. 

kan'^ga-roo',  ka^"ga-ru',  n.    A  herbivorous 
marsupial     mam- 
mal,   mostly    of  V.^^    Gray  Kangaroo. 
Australia  and  Tas-  fl^T  ^/72 
nvaniai,      having 
powerful      hind 
limbs,  and  pro- 
gressing by  flying 
bounds.  [Austral.] 

ka'o-lin,  ke'o-lin, 
n.  A  variety  of 
clay,  perfectly 
white  when  pure: 
a  chief  ingredient 
of  porcelain.  [< 
Chin.  Kao  Ling, 
High  Ridge.] 

ka'ty-did'',  ke'ti-did',  n.  An  arboreal,  green, 
long'horned  insect.  See  illus.  in  next  column. 
[Imitative:  from  its  note.] 

ka'yack,  kay^ak,  n.    Same  as  kaiak. 

kedge,  kej,  n.  A  light  anchor.  [<  Sw.  keka, 
tug.  J 

keel,  kil.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  provide  with  a  keel, 
as  a  vessel;  to  turn  up  the  keel;  show  the  bot- 
tom. II.  n.  1.  The  lowest  lengthwise  mem- 
ber of  the  framework  of  a  vessel.  See  illus.  in 
next  column.  2.  Figuratively,  a  ship.  3. 
Any  keel'shaped  part  or  object.  [Of  AS.  & 
Ice.  origin.] —to  keel  over  [Colloq.,  U.  S.], 
to  turn  bottom  up;  upset. 


keel'son,  kel'sun,  n.  Natd.    A  beam  running 

lengthwise  above  the  keel  of  a  ship. 
keen,  kin,  a.  Very  sharp  and  cutting;  acute; 

shrewd.    [<  AS.  cene,  bold,  able,  <  cunnan,  be 

able.]      -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
keep,  kip,  *■??.  [kept;  keep'ing.]    I.  t.    1.  To 

have  and  retain  in  posses- 1^^ 


sion,  employment,  or  use; 
manage,  conduct,  or  attend 
to.  2.  To  have  the  care 
of;  protect;  guard;  defend. 

3.  To  support;  maintain. 

4.  To  perform  or  be  faith- 
ful to,  as  a  pledge.  II.  i. 
To  continue  unchanged ; 
remain;  stay;  continue 
sound,  sweet,  fresh,  or 
the  like;  endure.  [<  AS. 
cepan,  keep.]— keep'er,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which 
keeps;  a  device  for  keeping 
something  In  place,  as  the 
socket  Into  which  a  door- 
bolt  shoots.—  keep'ing,  n.  1 .  Custody,  charge, 
or  possession.  *i.  Right  relation  or  proportion; 
congruity.  3.  Maintenance;  support.- keep'- 
sake'',  n.  Anything  kept,  or  given  to  be  kept, 
for  the  sake  of  the  giver;  a  memento. 

keep,  w.    1.  Means  of  subsistence;  livelihood. 

2.  The  donjon  of  a  medieval  castle;  hence,  a 

castle;  fortress.    3.  That  in  which  something 

is  kept. 
keg,  keg,  n.    A  small,  strong  barrel,  usually  of 

5=  to  lO'gallon  capacity.    [<  Ice.  kaggi,  keg.] 
kelp,  kelp,  n.    Large  coarse  seaweeds,  or  their 

ashes:  formerly  the  source  of  soda. 
Kelt,  Kelt'ic.  Same  as  Celt,  etc. 
ken,  ken.    1.  vi.    [kenned   or  kent;    ken'- 

NiNG.]  [Archaic  or  Scot.]  To  be  cognizant  of; 

know;  descry;  see.    II.  n.    Reach  of  sight  or 

knowledge;  cognizance.    \^<K^.cennan,  cause 

to  know,  and  partly  <  Ice.  kenna,  know.] 
ken'neli,  ken'el,  n.    1.  A  house  for  a  dog  or 

for  a  pack  of  hounds;   also,   the  pack.    2.  A 


rin»shaped  Keel. 

lair;  vile  lodging.     [<  L.^^+op  cams,  dog.] 
ken'nel2,  n.  The  gutter  of  a  street;  channel;  pud- 
dle.   [<  OF.  canel,  <  L.  canalis,  canal.] 


flfit|fire   (future);    aisle; 
17 


ad   (mil);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);  go;   sing,   i^^k;  tliin. 


kept 
king 


258 


kept,  kept,  imp.  &  pp.  of  keep,  v.  [etc. 

ker-aiii'ic,    ker-ani'ics.    Same  as  cekamic, 

ker'chiief ,  ksr'chif .  I',  vt.  To  cover  or  dress 
with  a  kerchief.  II.  n.  A  square,  as  of  linen 
or  silk,  used  as  a  covering  for  the  head  or  neck, 
or  as  a  handkerchief.  [<  OF.  covrechef,  < 
covrir,  cover,  -j-  chef,  head.] 

ker'nel,  kgr'nel,  n.  A  grain  or  seed;  especial- 
ly, the  edime  part  of  a  nut;  nucleus;  gist.  [< 
AS.  C7/)mel,  dim.  of  corn^  grain.] 

ker'o-sene,  ker'o-sin,  n.  Illuminating  oil  dis- 
tilled from  crude  petroleum.  [  <  Gr.  k^ro.%  wax.] 

ker'sey,  kfir'z§,  n.  A  smooth,  light=weight 
beaver  cloth.     [<  Kerseij,  in  England.] 

—  ker'sey-mere,  ker'zg-mlr,  n.  Cassimere. 
ketcli'iip,  71.    Same  as  catchup. 

ket'tle,  ket'l,  n.  A  metallic  vessel  for  stewing 
or  boiling.    [<  AS.  cetel.]  —  ket'tlesdriim'',  n. 
A  drum  having  a  brass  hemi- 
spherical shell  and  parchment 
head,  and  sounded   by  soft* 
headed  elastic  drumsticks. 

key,  ki,  vt.  To  fasten  with 
or  provide  with  a  key;  tune, 
as  a  musical  instrument. 

keyi,/i.  1.  A  detachable  in- 
strument for  moving  the  bolt 
in  a  lock. 
2.  Any- 
thing that 
discloses 
or  opens 
8  o  m  e  - 
thing.  3. 
One  of 
V  a  r  i  o  u 
i  m  p  1  e  - 
ments,  as 
the  lever 
to  be 
pressed 
by  the  lin- 
ger in  a 
musical 

instrument  or  a  typewriter.  4.  A  system  of 
tones;  a  key-note.  5.  Quality,  intensity,  or 
pitch  of  tone  in  speaking.     [<  AS.  cxg,  key.] 

—  key'board''^  n.  A  range  of  keys,  as  In  a 
piano  or  typewriter.— key'hole'%  n.  A  hole 
for  a  key,  as  In  a  door  or  lock.—  key'snote",  n. 

I.  Mus.  The  tonic  of  a  key,  from  which  It  Is 
named,  key'stone'^t.  3.  A  ruling  principle 
or  sentiment.-  key^stone''.  7i.  The  uppermost 
and  completing  stone  of  an  arch. 

key^,  71.    A  low  island,  especially  one  of  coral, 

along  a  coast.     [  <  Sp.  cayo.]  [closure.] 

key3,  n.    A  quay;  wharf.     [<  Bret. op  A:ai,  en- 
kha'lif,  71.    Same  as  calif. 
kliani,  kfln,  n.    An  Eastern  title  of  respect,  as 

for  a  sovereign  or  for  any  gentleman.    [<  Per. 

Man,  prince.] 
khan^,  «.     An  Oriental   inn  surrounding   a 

courtyard.     [Ult.  <  Per.  khdna,  house.] 
khed-ive',  ked-Iv',  n.   The  viceroy  of  Egypt. 

[  <  Turk,  khidlv,  <  Per.  khicTmu  king.] 
kick,  kic.    I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  a  blow  to  with 

the  foot;  excite;   stir  up;  recoil,  as  a  firearm. 

II.  n.  1.  A  blow  with  the  foot.  2.  The  recoil 
of  a  firearm.  3.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  An  act  of  vio- 
lent opposition.  [  <  W.  cicio,  kick.]  —  klok'er, 
n.    One  who  or  that  which  kicks;  an  objector. 


Kettle-drums. 


kid,  n.  1.  A  young  goat.  2.  Leather,  or,  in 
the  plural,  gloves  or  shoes  made  from  goat- 
skin.    [<  Ice.  kidh,  kid.] 

kid'nap",  vt.  [-naped"'  or -napped"';  -nap"- 
ING  or  -NAP'PiNG.]  To  Carry  off  (a  person) 
from  home  or  country. —  kid'nap^'er,  n.  kid'- 
nap'^pert. 

kid'ney,  kid'n§,  n.  1.  A  glandular  organ  that 
secretes  urine,  or  something  resembling  such 
an  organ.  2 II.  The  affections  or  passions.  3. 
Temperament.  [ME.,  <  AS.  cwith,  womb,  + 
Ice.  npra,  kidney.] 

kill,  kil,  vt.  1.  To  deprive  of  life  or  of  vi^or, 
efficiency,  or  usefulness;  neutralize;  deaden. 
2.  To  discard  or  suppress;  cancel,  as  matter 
set  up  in  type.  [<  Ice.  kolla,  hit  on  the  head, 
<  koUr,  head.]  —  kilPer,  w. 

kiln,  kil,  n.  An  oven  or  furnace  for  baking, 
burning,  or  drying  industrial  products,  as 
burning  bricks.  [<  AS.  cyln,  <  L.  cvliTia, 
kitchen.]  —  kiln'sdry'',  vt.     To  dry  in  a  kiln. 

kil^o-^ram,  kiFo-li''ter,  kil'o-me^'ter, 
kil'o-stere''.'     See  metric   system,   under 

METRIC. 

kilt,  kilt,  71.  A  short  skirt,  as  of  the  Scotch 
Highlanders.     [<  Dn.  kitte,  tuck  up.] 

kin,  kin,  TC.  1.  Relation;  consanguinity.  2. 
Collectively,  relatives  by  blood.     [<  AS.  cyTi.] 

kind,  kaind,  a.  X-  Having  gentleness,  tender- 
ness, or  goodness  of  heart;  humane;  kindly. 
2.  Gentle  or  tractable,  as  an  animal.  [<  AS. 
(/ecj/Tide.]— Kindts  liearf'ed,  a.— kind'ness,  n. 

kind,n.  1.  Essential  or  distinguishing  quality; 
sort.  2.  A  class;  species.  [<  AS.  gecynd,  < 
qe-  (generalizing)  +  ce«nan,  bring  forth.] 

kin'der-gar'^ten,  kin'dsr-gflr'tn,  n.  A 
school  for  little  children  in  w-nich  instructive 
diversions,  object'lessons,  and  healthful  games 
are  prominent  features.  [G.,  <  kinder,  gen. 
pi.  of  kind,  child,  -f-  garten,  garden.]  — kln'- 
der-irarf  ner,  n.  A  kindergarten  teacher.  [G.l 

kin'dl(e,  kin'dl,  v.   [kin'dl(e)d;  kin'dling.] 

1.  t.  To  set  fire  to;  ignite;  light;  excite; 
inflame;  brighten;  illuminate.  II.  i.  1.  To 
take  fire.  2.  To  become  excited,  roused,  or 
illumined.  [  <  Ice.  kyndill,  candle,  <  L.  can- 
dela,  CANDLE.]  — kin'dler,  n. 

kind'ly,  kaind'li.  I.  a.  [kind'li-er;  kind'- 
Li-EST.]     1.  Having  or  manifesting  kmdness. 

2.  Having  a  favorable  or  grateful  effect; 
beneficial.  TL.adv.  In  a  kind  manner  or  spirit; 
good-naturedly ;  congenially. 

—  kind'li-ness,  n. 

kin'dred,  kin'dred.  I.  a.  Of  a  like  nature  or 
character;  related;  congenial;  akin.  II.  n. 
1.  Relationship;  consanguinity.  2.  Collect- 
ively, relatives  by  blood;  kin.  [<  AS.  cynn^ 
kin,  -J-  rseden,  state.] 

kincll,  kaln,  n.    Plural  of  cow. 

king,  king,  n.  1.  The  sovereign  male  ruler  of 
a  kingdom;  a  leader;  chief;  head.  2.  A  play- 
ing-card bearing  the  semblance  of  a  king.  3. 
In  chess,  the  principal  piece;  in  checkers,  a 
piece  that  has  readied  the  adversary's  king- 
row.  [<  AS.  cvng,  contr.  of  cytdng,  <  cynn, 
tribe.]  —  klng'»Dolt",  n.  A  vertical  central 
bolt  attaching  the  body  of  a  vohlolo  to  the  forr- 
axle  and  serving  as  a  pivot  In  turning,  kiiit;'- 
craft/%  71.  The  craft  or  culling  of  kings;  kingly 
Btateflmanshlp.- kiiig'doin,  king'dimi,  «.  1. 
The  territory,  people,  or  realm  ruled  by  a  king  or 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  cl^mgnt,  thfey,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat$r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


259 


kink 
knock 


I 


queen.  3.  Any  separate  field  of  Independent 
authority  or  Influence.  3.  Nat.  Hist.  A  primary 
division  of  natural  objects;  as,  the  animal,  vege- 
table, and  mineral  ki?igdoms.—  king'fish^'er, 
n.  A  bird  having  a 
straight,  deeply  cleft  bill 
with  smooth  edges,  com- 
monly feeding  on  fish, 
which  it  obtains  by  di- 
ving.—kinar'ly,  king'll, 
a.  [king'li-er;  king'li- 
KST.l  Pertaining  to  or 
worthy  of  a  king;  regal. 
king  '  likej, —  King' - 
li-ness,  n.— king'; 
row'',  n.  In  checkers, 
the  row  of  squares  nearest 
to  either  of  the  players.     „  ,,    ,  ^. 

kink,  kink.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  Belted  Kingfisher.  Vio 
To  form  kinks;  to  be  or  become  twisted  or 
entangled.  II.  n.  An  abrupt  bend,  twist, 
loop,  or  tangle,  as  in  a  wire  or  rope.  [<  Sw. 
kink,  twist  in  a  rope.]  —  kink'v,  a. 

kins'folk",  kinz'folk"  or  -fOk%  n.  pi.  Rela- 
tives collectively;  kindred;  kin. —  kin'ship,  n. 
Relationship;  consanguinity. —kins'man,  n. 
[kins'men,  joZ.]  A  blood  relation;  relative.— 
kin9'vi'oni"an,  n.  fern. 

kip,  kip,  n.   Untanned  calfskin. 

kirk,  kerk,  n.    [Scot.]    Church.    [<  AS.  drce.^^ 

kissS  kis,  V.  I.  t.  To  touch  with  the  lips  in 
salutation;  graze  or  touch  slightly.  II.  i.  To 
salute  mutually  with  the  lips;  touch  gently; 
meet.     [<  AS.  cy*«an,  kiss.] 

kiss,  n.  An  affectionate  salutation  by  contact 
of  the  lips;  a  gentle  touch.    [<  AS.  coss,  kiss.] 

kits  kit,  n.  A  tub,  pail,  or  box  for  packing;  a 
small  pail;  an  outfit,  as  of  tools.  [D.,  beaker.] 

kit2,n.  1.  A  small  violin.  2.  A  guitar.  [Abbr. 
of  AS.  cyiere^  <  L.  cithara;  see  guitar.] 

kit3,n.    A  kitten. 

kitch'en,  kicYi'en,  n.  A  room  or  establish- 
ment for  cooking  food.  [<  H,.^^  coquina,  < 
coquo,  cook.] — kitch'en;gar"den,  n.  A 
vegetablesgarden. 

kite,  kait,  n.  1.  A  hawk^like  bird  having  long 
pointed  wings  and  a 
forked  tail.  2.  A 
slenderwooden  frame 
covered  with  light 
fabric,  to  be  flown  in 
the  air.  [<AS.c^^a, 
the  bird  kite.]  „     ,,       ..,,,--.     ,, 

kitH,  kith,  n.  One's  Swallow.tailed  Kite.  1/23 
friends:  in  the  phrase  kith  and  kin.  [<  AS. 
c/Dth^  <  cunnan.,  know.] 

kit^ten,  kit'n,  n.  A  young  cat  or  other  feline 
animal.     [ME.  kiton,  dim.  of  cat,  n.'] 

klep"to-ma'ni-a,  n.  Same  as  cleptomania. 

knack,  nac,  n.  1.  The  trick  of  doing  a  thing 
readily  and  well;  cleverness;  adroitness.  3.  A 
clever  device. 

knag,  nag,  n.    [Dial,  or  Obs.]    A  knot  or  knob. 

knap'sack'^,  nap'sac",  n.  A  case  of  leather 
or  canvas  worn  strapped  across  the  shoulders, 
for  carrying  light  luggage.  [<  D.  knappen, 
eat,  +  zak,  sack.] 

knarled,  knar'ly,  a.    Same  as  gnakled,  etc. 

knave,  nev,  n.  1.  A  dishonest  person;  rogue. 
2.  A  playing'card.  3.  A  familiar  friend; 
chum.  4t.  A  boy;  servant.  [<  AS.  c«a/a, 
servant  boy  (G.  A;«a6e).]  —  kna'ver-y,  n. 
l-VEK-iEs«,     pi.]      Deceitfulness     Ih      dealing; 


roguery.— kna'vish,  a.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  n. 

knead*',  ntd,  vt.  1.  To  mix  and  work  into  a 
homogeneous  mass.  2.  To  operate  upon, 
fashion,  mold,  or  make  by  or  as  by  kneading. 
[<  AS.  cnedan,  knead.]  —  knead'er,  n. 
I  knee,  ni,  n.  The  joint  between  the  thigh  and 
the  leg  in  man;  the  carpal  joint  in  quadrupeds, 
as  the  horse  or  cow;  something  like  a  bent 
human  knee.  [<  AS.  cneow.,  knee.]  —  knee'- 
cap",  OT.    Anat.    The  patella.    knee'pan"t. 

kneel,  nil,  vi.  [knelt,  nelt,  or  kneeled; 
kneel'ing.]  To  make  obeisance;  support  the 
body  on  the  bent  knee  or  knees.  [<  AS. 
cneow,  knee.]  —  kneel'er,  n. 

knel(l,  nel.  I.  vt.  &  ti.  [Poet.]  To  summon 
by  a  knell ;  sound  a  knell ;  give  a  sad  or  warn- 
ing sound.  II.  n.  The  tolling  of  a  bell  to 
announce  a  death;  an  evil  omen.  [<  AS.  cnyll^ 
<  cmjllan,  knock.] 

knelt,  imp.  &  pp.  of  kneel,  v. 

kne>v,  imp.  of  know,  v. 

Knick'er-l)ock"ers,  nik'sr-bek"grz,  n.  pi. 
Wide  knee-breeches  gathered  below  the  knee. 

knick'knack^',  nic'nac",  n.  A  trifling  arti- 
cle; trinket;  trifle.    [Redup.  of  knack,  n.] 

knife,  naif,  n.  [knives,  naivz,  jsZ.]  A  blade, 
common- 
ly set  in  a 
handle, 
for  cut- 
ting. [< 
AS.  cnif, 
knife.] 

knigbt,  nait.    I<>. 
vt.    To  confer  the 
honor   of  knight- 
hood upon.     II. 
In  medieval  times,  a  gen- 
tleman bred  to  the  pro- 
fession of  arms.    2.  [Gt. 
Brit.]    The  holder  of  a 
title  next  below  that  of 
baronet.  3.  A  champion. 
4.  A   chessman    bearing    interior  brass  partitions 

a  horse's  head.     [<  AS.   ?"'*±.*!.  *^!  u^H"'   l' 

„„-.j    1 ^         ■- ^  A.  sugar»cane  knife.    3. 

Cmht,   boy,  <  cyn,  km.]  Two.landed  knife  used 

—  knigllt    errant,    a  by   natives   in   Central 
medieval  knight  who  went  Africa. 

forth   to   redress  wrongs 

or  seek  adventures.—  knight'liood,  n.  1.  The 
character  or  dignity  of  a  knight.  3.  Knights 
collectively.-  knight'ly,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
knight;  chivalrous.- knigiit'li-ness,  n.— 
knight'ly,  art?;. 
knit,  nit,  vt.  &  Vi.    [knit  OrKNIT'TED^;  knit'- 

TiNG.]  1.  To  form  (a  fabric  or  garment)  by  a 
series  of  interlocked  loops  of  yarn  or  thread. 
2.  Hence,  to  join  or  unite  closely;  draw  to- 
gether; contract;  grow  together.  [<  AS. 
cnittan,  <  cnotta.,  knot.]  —  knit'ter,  n.  — 
kuit'ting,  nit'ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  knitting. 
2.  The  fabric  produced  by  knitting,  knit'- 
tingswork"t.  — knit'tingsnee"ttle,  n.  A 
long,  blunt  needle,  used  in  knitting. 

knives,  n.    Plural  of  knife. 

knob,  neb,  n.  A  rounded  protuberance,  bunch, 
or  boss;  a  rounded  handle,  as  of  a  door. 

—  knobbed,  a.     Having  knobs;   knobby.— 
knob'by,  a.    Full  of  knobs;  also,  hilly. 

knock,  nee.  I«.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  a  blow  to; 
strike  a  blow  with;  strike;  rap,  as  on  a  door, 
for  admittance;  collide  or  cause  to  collide. 
II.  w.    A  stroke  with  something;  a  blow;  rap. 


Knives. 
1.  Pocket==knife:   6,  6, 
bolsters;  h,  heel;  k,  kick; 
plate;  r,  rivet.    The 


flut|fire    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;    dh    (the);   go;  sing,  ii^k;  thin. 


knoU 
lace 


260 


[<  AS.  cnucian,  knock;  imitative.]  —  knock'- 
er.  n.  1.  One  who  knocks.  2.  Formerly,  a 
hinged  metal  hammer  fastened  to  a  door  as  a 
means  of  signaling  for  admittance.— knock's 
kneed'',  a.  Having  the  legs  bent  inward  at  the 
knees.  [hilltop.    [<AS.  cno«.] 

knoll,  nOl,  n.    A  small  round  hill;  a  mound; 

knoll,  ».&w.    Same  as  KNELL. 

knot,  net,  vt.  &  m.  [knot'ted'';  knot'ting.] 
To  tie  in  a  knot;  form  a  knot  in ;  secure  as  witli 
a  knot;  form  knots  or  joints,  as  in  plants; 
gather  in  a  knot. 

knot,  n.    1.  An  intertwining  of  the  parts  of 

TO 

Knots. 
1.  Bight,  or  simple  loop.  2.  Simple,  single,  or  over- 
hand knot.  3.  Figure*of=eight  or  German  knot.  4. 
Grannyknot.  5.  Square  knot,  or  reef  =  knot.  6.  Boat» 
knot.  7.  Double  knot.  8.  Sheepsshank  knot,  for 
shortening  a  rope.  9.  Bowline*knot.  10.  Sheet=bend. 
11.  Sheetebend  with  toggle.  12.  Single  carrick=bend. 
13.  St«vedore*knot.  14.  Stevedore*knot  before  drawing 
tight.    15.  Single  bow=knot.    16.  Double  Flemish  loop. 

one  or  more  ropes,  cords,  etc.,  so  that  they  will 
not  slip.  2.  An  ornamental  bow.  3.  A  hard, 
gnarled  portion  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree;  a  joint 
in  a  stem,  as  of  grasses.  4.  JVaut.  A  division 
of  alog»]lne;  a  nautical  mile.  5.  A  cluster; 
group.  6.  A  bond  of  union.  7.  A  difficulty; 
problem.  [<  AS.  cnotta,  knot.]  —  knot'te'd, 
o.  1.  Having  knots;  knotty,  a.  Ornamented 
with  knotwork.— knot'ty,  a.     [kkot'ti-eb; 


KNOT'Ti-EST.]  Marked  by  knots;  like  a  knot; 
difficult;  intricate.— knot'ti-ness,  n. 

knout,  naut,  n.  The  official  whip  used  for- 
merly for  punishment  in  Russia.  [F.,  <  Rus. 
knuiu.,  knot.] 

know,  no,  2?.  [knew,  niii;  known;  know'- 
ING.]  I.  t.  To  be  certain  of  or  acquainted 
with;  have  information  of ;  recognize;  under- 
stand. II.  i.  To  have  or  get  knowledge; 
acquire  experience  or  information.  [<  AS. 
cndwan,  know.]  —  know'a-bl(e,  a. 

know'ing;,  no'ing,  pa.  Shrewd;  cute;  cun- 
ning; having  perception  or  knowledge;  done 
consciously  or  on  purpose.  — know'ing-Iy, 
adv.    1.  With  knowledge.    '2.  Shrewdly;  slyly. 

knowledge,  nel'ej,  n.  1.  That  which  is 
known;  any  object  of  knowing;  information; 
learning;  scholarship.  2.  Practical  under- 
standing or  skill  in  anything.  3.  The  act  of 
knowing;  cognition. 

knuck'lCe,  nuc'l,  n.  1.  One  of  the  joints  of 
the  Angers.  2.  The  tarsal  joint,  as  of  a  calf. 
[<  AS.  cuncel.] 

knurl,  nurl,  n.    A  knot.— knurled,  a. 

kn'balt,  n.    Same  as  cobalt. 

ko'dak,  ko'dak.  I',  tt.  To  take  an  instan- 
taneous picture  of.  II.  n.  A  portable  photo- 
graphic camera  with  which  successive  instan- 
taneous negatives  are  made.     [Invented.] 

Ko-ran',  ko-rfln'  or  ko'ran,  n.  The  Moham- 
medan sacred  scripture.     [<  Ar.  qm'dn.,  book.] 

koo'miss,  n.    Kumiss,    kou'niiss  or  -niyst. 

kraal,  krfll,  n.  1 .  A  village,  or  group  of  native 
huts.  2.  A  sheepfold,  or  enclosure  for  cattle. 
[S.'Afr.  D.] 

ku'nxiss,  ku'mis,  n.  Fermented  mare's  milk, 
used  by  the  Tatar  tribes  of  central  Asia,  or  a 
drink  made  in  imitation  of  it.  [  <  Tatar  kumiz, 
fermented  mare's  milk.]    ku'nxys:(. 


L,  1,  el,  w.    [els,  L's,  or  is,  elz,  pi]    The 

twelfth  letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 
la,  Ifl,  /I.  Mu8.  The  sixth  tone  of  the  scale.    [It.] 

la'bel,  le'bel.   l.Vt.     [LA'BELEDOrLA'BELLED; 

la'bel-ing  or  la'bel-ling.]^  To  mark  with  a 
label;  classify;  designate.  II.  n.  A  slip,  as  of 
pai^er,  affixed  to  somethint?  and  bearing  an  in- 
scription to  indicate  its  character,  ownership, 
etc.    [OP.,  <  OIIG.  lappa,  rag.] 

la'bi-al,  le'bi-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to,  formed, 
articulated,  or  modified  by  the  Tips.  II.  n. 
One  of  the  letters  »,  6,  m,  /,  v,  or  w,  formed 
by  the  lips.  [<  L.  labium.,  hp.] 

la'bor,  Id'ber.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  cause  to  toil; 
fashion  with  toil;  engage  in  manual  labor; 
work:  roll  or  pitch,  as  a  ship  at  sea.  II.  ». 
Physical  or  mental  exertion  for  some  end; 
toil;  work;  a  task.  [OF.,  <  L.  labo7\  labor.] 
la^bourt. —  la'bor-er,  n. —  ia-bo'ri-oiw,  la- 
b0'rl-u8,  a.  Requiring  much  labor;  toilsome;  In- 
dustrious,   -ly,  adv.    -ncBS,  n. 


lab'o-ra-to"ry,  lab'o-rfl-to"ri,  w.  [-ries*,^.] 
A  building  or  room  fitted  up  for  conducting 
scientific  experiments,  analyses,  or  similar 
work,  r <  LL.  laborataiium,  <  L.  labor,  work.] 

lab'y-rintll,  lab'i-rinth,  d.  A  confusing  net- 
work of  paths  or  passages;  maze;  any  perplex- 
ing combination.  [ <  Or.*'  labyrinthoti,  <  laura, 
lane.]  —  lob"y-rin'thlc,  a.    Complicated. 

lac^,  lac,  n.  A  resinous  substance  exuded  from 
scale-insects  and  used  in  making  varnishes, 
etc.     [<  Per.  lak,  <  Sans.  Idks/id,  lac-insect.] 

lac",  n.  The  sum  of  1(K),00():  100.000  rupees;  a 
great  number.  [<  Hind,  lak,  <  Sans,  laksha, 
hundred  thousand.]    laklx^. 

lace,  les.  I.  vt.  &  r?.  [laced';  la'cing.] 
To  fasten  with  a  lace  or  laces;  trim  with  lace; 
interlace.  II.  n.  1.  A  delicate  network  of 
threads  of  linen,  silk,  cotton,  etc.,  ornamented 
with  figures  or  nattems;  also,  any  ornamental 
cord  or  braid.  2.  A  cord  or  string  for  fastening 
together  the  parts  of  ^^a  shoe,  etc.;  any  string. 


popa,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfmfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orat^jr,  *r;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


261 


lacerate 
lament 


Laccwing. 
a,  adult  insect;  b,  its  eg 
glued  upon  standards. 


[<  L.OF  lagyeus,  <  lacio,  entice.]  —  lace'- 
witig:'',  les'wing',  n.  An  insect  with  gauzy,  lace* 
like  wings.  The  larvae 
are  known  as  aphiS' 
lions. 
lac'er-ate,  las'er-et, 

ft.         [-A"TED'';      -A"- 

TiNG.]  Tc  tear  rag- 
gedly; afflict  with 
grief;  rend;  harrow, 
as  the  feelings.  [  <  L.  lacero,  <  lacer,  mangled.] 

—  lac'er-a-bl(e,  or.  —  lac'^er-a'tion,  n. 
The  act  of  rending  or  tearing;  a  jagged  wound;  a 
harrowing,  as  of  the  feelings. 

lach'ry-inal,  >ni08e«  etc.    See  lacrimal,  etc. 

lack,  lac.  V.vt.&ri.  To  be  destitute  of;  be 
in  want  or  need;  be  deficient;  fail.  II.  ?i.  The 
state  of  being  in  need;  want;  destitution;  de- 
ficiency; failure.     [Cp.  D. /aA;,  stain.] 

lack'a-day",  lac'a-de",  ititerj.  An  excla- 
mation of  grief,  regret,  or  surprise.  [Abbr.  of 
ALACK  A  DAY.]  —  lack^'a-dal'si-cal,  lac'a- 
dS'zi-cal,  a.    Affectedly  pensive  or  sentimental. 

lack'er,  v.  &  n.    Same  as  lacquer. 

lack'ey,  lak'g.  I.  rt.  &  ri.  To  wait  on;  at- 
tend or  act  as  a  lackey.  II.  n.  An  attending 
male  servant;  a  footman;  menial.  [<  F.  lagu- 
ai,%  <  Sp.  lacayo,  prob.  <  Ar.  luka,  worthless.] 

la-con^ic,  la-cen'ic,  a.  Using  or  consisting  of 
few  words;  short  and  forceful;  concise;  pithy. 
[<  Gr.  Lakonikos,  <  Lakon,  an  inhabitant  of 
Lacedemon  in  Greece.]    la-con^ic-al:|;. 

—  la-con'ic-al-Iy,  adv. 

lac'q.uer,  lak'er.  I.  vt.  To  coat  or  varnish 
with  lacquer.  TL.n.  1 .  A  varnish  of  shellac 
dissolved  in  alcohol.  2.  Lacquered  woodwork, 
often  inlaid.     [Ult.  <  Per.  lak;  see  lac^,  n.] 

lac'ri-mal,  lac'ri-mal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  se- 
creting, or  conveying  tears.  [<  L.  lacrima^ 
tear.]  —  lac'ri-mose''',  lac'ri-mOs",  a.  Shed- 
ding, or  given  to  shedding,  tears;  tearful. 

la-crosse',  la-cres',  n.  A  game  of  ball  of 
Indian  origin, 
played  by  two 
sides,  in  which  the 
object  of  each  side 
is  to  force  or  carry 
the  ball  with  a 
lon^,  racket'like 
implement,  called 
a  crosse.,  between 
and  past  two  goal* 
posts,  [<  F.  la 
crosse,  the  crutch.] 

lac-ta'tion,  lac-te'shun,  n.  The  act  or  period 
of  suckling.— lac'te-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  like  milk;  conveying  a  milk=llke  liquid,  lac'- 
te-antrlac'te-ousi.  II.  w.  Anat.  One  of 
the  lymphatic  vessels  that  take  up  and  convey 
the  chyle.—  lac-toin'e-ter,  n.  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  density  of  milk. 

lad,  lad,  n.  A  boy  or  youth;  companion;  fel- 
low.    [<  Ir.  Za^A,  stripling.] 

lad^der,  lad'gr,  n.  A  device  of  wood,  rope, 
etc.,  for  climbing  and  descending:  usually  a 
series  of  rounds,  supported  at  their  ends  by  long 
side-pieces;  any  means  of  ascending.  [<  AS. 
hlieder,  ladder.] 

lade,  led,  vt.  fLA'DED<»;  la'ded"!  or  la'den; 
la'ding.]  1.  To  put  a  burden  on  or  in;  load; 
oppress.   2 .  To  dip  up  or  out  with  a  ladle  or  dip- 


Lacrosse. 


per.    [<  AS.  hladan,  load.]— la'ding,  le'ding, 
n.    The  act  of  loading;  a  load  or  cargo;  freight. 

la'dle,  le'dl.  I.  vt.  [la'dleu;  la'dling.] 
To  dip  up  and  pour  with  a  ladle.  II.  n.  A 
cup«shaped  vessel,  with  a  long  handle,  for  serv- 
ing liquids.     [<  AS.  hlsedel,  <  Madan,  load.] 

la'dy,  le'di,  n.  [LA'DIEs^  ■pl^^  1.  A  woman  of 
good  breeding  or  family;  gentlewoman.  2. 
[L-]  [Eng.]  The  title  of  the  wife  of  any  man 
above  the  rank  of  knight,  and  below  that  of 
a  duke.  3.  The  mistress  of  a  household. 
[<  AS.  hlsefdie,  for  *hlaf(yrdie,  fem.  of  hla- 
ford,  lord;  see  lord,  «.]  —  la'dy-bird'",  7i.  A 
small  black  or  reddish  beetle, 
spotted  with  red,  yellow,  or  black. 
la'dy-bue^'t.  —  Liady  day, 
the  feast  of  the  Annunciation.— 
la'dy-like'',  a.  Like  or  suit- 
able to  a  lady;  gentle;  delicate.— 
lady'slove'',  n.  A  woman  who 
is  beloved;  sweetheart.— la'dy- 
sbip,  n.  The  rank  or  condition 
of  a  lady:  used  as  a  title,  with  her  t  arivhird  3 ' 
or  your.  AuaujL-iiu.     /I 

lag,  lag.  I.  vi.  [lagged;  lag'ging.]  To 
move  slowly;  loiter.  II.  a.  Long=delayed ; 
last.  III.  71.  1.  A  laggard.  2.  Mech.  Re- 
tardation of  movement  for  any  cause. 

larger,  Ifl'ggr,  n.  Beer  containing  few  hops, 
formerly  kept  for  some  months  before  use. 
[G.,  orig.  a  store.]    la'gersbeer^'t. 

lag'gard,  lag'ard.  I.  a.  Falling  behind; 
slow;  tardy.  II.  «.  One  who  lags;  a  loiterer. 
[<LAG,  a.]    lag'gert. 

la-goon',  la-giin',  n.  A  body  of  shallow  or 
still  water;  pool;  lake.     [<  It.  lagone,  laguna, 

<  L.  lacus,  lake.]    la-gune':|:. 

la'ic,  WIc.    I.  a.   Same  as  lay,  a.    la'tc-alt. 

II.  n.    A  layman. 
laid,  pp  of  lay,  v. 
\a.\n,pp.  of  LiE,». 
lair,  igr,  n.    The  couch  or  den  of  a  wild  animal. 

\<  AS.  leger,  <  ligan.,  lie.] 
laird,  lard,  n.    [Scot.]    A  lord;  land=owner. 
la'i-ty,  le'i-ti,  n.    The  people  as  distinguished 

from  the  clergy.    [<  lay,  a.] 
lake^  lek,  n.    An  inland  body  of  water.     [< 

AS.  lacu.,  <  L.  lacus,  lake.] 
lake^,  n.    A  deep  red  pigment.     [<  Per.F  Idk, 

<  lak;  see  lac^.] 
lakb,  n.    Same  as  lac2. 

la'ma,  la'ma,  n.  A  priest  of  the  branch  of  Bud- 
dhism called  Lamaism.    [Tibetan.] 

lamb,  lam,  n.  1.  A  young  sheep;  also,  its 
flesh.  2.  Any  gentle  or  innocent  person.  [< 
AS.  lamb.]  —  lamb'kin,  n.    A  little  lamb. 

Iam1>ent,  lam'bgnt,«.  Playing,  with  a  soft,  un- 
dulatory  movement;  gliding;  flickering;  gleam- 
ing.   [<  L.  lamben{t-)s,  ppr.  of  lambo,  lick.] 

lam'bre-quin,  lam'ber-kin,  n.  A  draped  strip, 
as  of  cloth  or  leather,  hanging  from  a  window, 
doorway,  etc.    [F.] 

lame,  lem.  I.  vt.  [lamed;  la'ming.]  To 
make  lame;  cripple  or  disable.    II.  a.    Crip- 

Eled  or  disabled  in  a  leg;  halt.  [<  AS.  lama, 
ime.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 
la-ment',*la-ment'.  F.  vt.  &  vi.  To  feel  or 
express  sorrow  for;  mourn;  bewail.  II.  «. 
The  expression  of  grief;  lamentation.  [<  L.^ 
lamented,  <  lamentvm,  wailing.] —lam'en-ta- 
blCe,  a.  To  be  lamented;  mournful.— lam'-'en- 
ta'tion,  n.  The  act  of  lamenting  or  bewailing; 
a  wailing  cry.—  la-ment'er,  n. 


flutgare  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    ell;  c  (k);  cliat;   dh  {the);   go;  sing,  i^k;  thin. 


lamina 
lapse 


262 


Lanceolate    Leaf    of    the 
Peach. 


lain'i-na,Iain'l-na,n.  [-n^, -nl  or -n6, jt>;.]  A  thin 
scale  or  sheet.  [L.]  —  lain'i-iia''tecl,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  thin  layers. 

lamp,  lamp,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  oil  is  burnt 
through  a  wick;  any  similar  device  for  furnish- 
ing artificial  light  or  heat.  [<  Gr.i'+^  lampas, 
<  lampo,  shine.]  —  lamp'black''',  n.  Fine  car- 
bon deposited  from  smoke. 

lam-poon',  lam-pun'.    I.vt.  To  abuse  or  sat- 
irize in  a  lampoon.    II.  n.    A  personal  satire 
in  writing.     [<  F.  lampon,  <  lamper,  drink.] 
—  lam-poon'er,  n. 

lam'prey ,  lam'pr§,  n.  An  eel-like  parasitical 
flsh.    [  <  LJ  lambo,  lick,  +  iJeira,  rock.] 

lance,  Iqns.  I.  vt.  [lancedi;  lan'cing.]  To 
pierce  with  a  lance;  cut  or  prick  with  a  lancet. 
II.  n.  A  8pear*like  weapon  with  a  long  shaft; 
lancer.  [F.,  <  L.  lancea,  light  spear.]—  Ian'- 
ce-o-late,  lan'sg- 
o-Iet  or  -I6t,  a. 
Shaped  like  the  head 
of  a  lance  or  spear; 
tapering,  as  some 
leaves,  lan'ce-o- 
la  ''tedt.  —  Ian  '- 
cer,  Ign'sgr,  n.  One 
who  lances;  a  cavalry  soldier  armed  with  a  lance. 

lan'cet,  Ign'set,  n.  1.  A  surgeons'  two-edged 
cutting  or  blood=letting  instrument  having  one 
or  more  small,  keen  blades.  2.  An  acutely 
pointed  window  or  arch.  [  <  F.  lancette,  dim. 
of  lance,  lance.] 

lanch,  v.&n.    Same  as  launch. 

land,  land.  I<i.  vt.  &  vi.  To  bring  from  water 
to  the  land;  debark;  go  or  come  ashore,  as  from 
a  vessel.  II.  n.  The  solid  surface  of  the 
earth  as  opposed  to  the  oceans  and  seas;  a 
continent;  ground  or  soil;  real  estate.  [< 
AS.  /anc?.]— land'ed,  land'§d,  a.  Having  an  es- 
tate In  land;  consisting  In  land.—  land'hold''''- 
er,  n.   A  landowner.— land'injjr,n.  The  act  or 

Slace  of  going  or  putting  ashore;  a  platform  divl- 
ingafllght  of  stairs.— land'la'"dy,  n.  [-dies», 
pl.'\  A  woman  who  keeps  an  inn  or  boarding* 
nouse,  or  lets  her  property;  wife  of  a  landlord.— 
land-locked'^  a.  Surrounded  and  protected 
by  land.— Ian d'lord",  n.  A  man  who  keeps 
an  Inn  or  hotel,  or  owns  and  lets  real  estate. 
—  land'mark''',  n.  A  fixed  object  serving  as 
a  boundary-mark  to  a  tract  of  land,  or  as  a 
guide  to  seamen.—  land'own-'er,  n.  One  who 
owns  real  estate.— land-slide'',  n.    The  sllp- 

f>lng  of  a  mass  of  land  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
evel;  the  land  that  has  slipped  down,    land'- 

sllp":^.— landH'man,  n.     One  who  lives  on 

the  land:   opposed  to  se«wa??.— land'ward, 

adv.    Toward  the  land,    land'warclst. 
ian'dau,    lan'dS,   n.     A    two-seated,    four- 
wheeled   carriage  with  a 

double  top,  which  can  be 

removed  or  folded  back. 

[ <  Landau  (German 

town).]  —  Ian  "  dau  -  let ', 

n.    A  small   or  one-seated 

landau. 
land'scape,  land'skSp, 

n.    A  stretch  of  country  as 

seen  from  a  single  point; 

also,  a  picture  representing  1 

natural  scenery. 
lane,  16n,  n.     A  narrow 

way,  path,  or  street.     [<  AS.  lane."] 
lan'guage,  lap'gw0j,  n.    1.  The  expression 

of  ideas  bywords;  human  speech;  expression. 


.  A  Landau  with 
Lowered  Top.  2. 
A  Landau  Closed. 


2.  The  words  forming  the  means  of  communi- 
cation among  members  of  a  single  nation; 
tongue.     [<  F.  langage,  <  L.  lingua,  tongue.] 

lan'guid,  la^'gwid,  a.  Wanting  in  energy ; 
feeble;  weak;  listless;  languishing.  [<  L. 
languidus,  faint.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

lan'guislis  la^'gwish,  xi.  To  become  weak; 
pine;  fail;  fade.  [<  F.  languissant,  ppr.  of 
languir,  <  L.  langueo,  be  weak.]    -ment,  n. 

lan'guor,  la^'g9r  w  -gwer,  n.  Lassitude  of 
body  or  depression  of  mind,  as  from  exertion ; 
weakness.  [<  F.  langvenr,  <  L.  languor,  < 
langueo,  be  faint.]  —  lan'guor-ous,  a. 

la-nit^er-ons§,  la-nlf'er-us,a.  Bearlngwool.  [< 
L.  lana,  wool,  -\-fero,  bear.]    la-nis:'er-oust. 

lank,  lank,  a.  Lean;  shrunken;  long,  straight, 
and  thin;  languid.  [<  AS.  A^anc,  lank.]  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n.— lank'y,  a.    Thin;  shrunken. 

lan'tem,  lan'tgrn,  n.  1.  A  transparent  case, 
either  fixed  or  portable,  for  enclosing  a  light. 
2.  A  tower  or  the  like,  as  on  a  roof  or  dome, 
to  give  light.  [  <  L.^  lanterna,  <  Gr.  latnpter, 
<  lampo,  shine.] 

lan'yard,  lan'yard,  n.  A  small  rope  for  use 
on  ship'board,  or  a  cord  for  discharging  can- 
nons.    [<  F.  laniere,  thong.] 

lap',  lap,  V.  [lapped'  or  lapt;' lap'ping.] 
I.  ^.  To  lay  over,  as  one  fold  upon  another; 
wrap  around;  infold;  involve.  II.  i.  To  lie 
partly  over  or  by  the  side  of  something  else. 

Iap2,  V.  [lapped';  lap'ping.]  I.  t.  To  lick 
up  or  ripple  against.  II.  i.  1.  To  take  up 
liquid  with  the  tongue.  2.  To  make  a  licking 
sound,  as  waves.    [<  AS.  laptan,  lap.] 

lap^ /2.  That  part  of  a  substance  which  ex- 
tends over  another. 

Iap2,  n.  The  upper  part  of  the  thighs  or  knees, 
when  one  is  in  a  sitting  posture;  the  clothing 
that  covers  this  part.  [<  AS.  IsBppa.]  —  lap's 
dog",  n.  A  small  dog  fondled  In  the  lap.  — 
lap'ful,  «.— lapsstone,  n.  A  stone,  held  In 
the  lap,  on  which  a  shoemaker  hammers  leather. 

la-pel',  la-pel'  or  lap-el',  n.  The  part  of  the 
front  of  a  coat  which  is  folded  back. 

lap'i-da-ry,  lap'i-dg-ri.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
stones  or  the  art  of 
working  in  precious  ^  Lapwing, 
stones.  II.  n  . 
[-mKS^,pl.]  One  who 
cuts,  engraves,  and 
sets  precious  stones. 
[<  L.  lapidarius,  < 
lapi{d-)s,  stone.] 

Lapp,  { lap,  n.    A  na- 

Lap,  (tive  of  Lap- 
land, a  country  in 
Northern  Europe. 
[Sw.]  Lap'land- 
ert. 

lap'pet,  lap'gt, «.  A 
small  lap  or  flap  used 
for  ornamenting  a 
garment,  etc. 

lapse,  laps.  I.  vi. 
[lapsed";  laps'ino.] 

1.  To  pass  slowly  or  by  degrees;  glide;  slip. 

2.  LaiD.  To  become  the  property  of  another, 
as  by  negligence;  become  void.  II.  v.  A 
slipping  or  passing  away;  failure;  miscarriage; 
error.     [<  L.  lapsus,  <  labor,  slip.] 


popll,  9Bk;  at,  air;  ©l^mfint,  they,  UB§ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rfile;  but,  0r; 


263 


lap  streak 
laud 


lap^streak'^,  a.  Built  with  planks  overlap- 
ping and  riveted  together,  as  a  boat. 

lap-'wing'',  n.  A  plover-like  wading  bird. 
See  illus.  on  preceding  page.  [<  AS.  lUedpan^ 
leap,  +  *wincan,  wink.] 

lar'board",  iGr'bord".  I.  a.  Being  on  or  to- 
ward the  left  (now  called  the  port)  side  of  a 
ship  as  one  faces  the  bow.  11.  n.  The  left= 
hand  side  of  a  ship.  [<  AS.  hladan,  lade,  + 
bord,  board.] 

lar'ce-ny,  Iflr'se-ni,  n.  [-niess  pi.]  Theft. 
[  <  L.I'  latrocinium,  f reebooting.] 

larch,  Iflrch,  n.  A  concbearing,  deciduous 
tree  of  the  pine  family.    [<  Or fi^larix,  larch.] 

lard,  IQrd.  I'',  vt.  To  stuff  or  smear  with 
lard;  garnish;  interlard.  H.  n.  The  semisolid 
oil  of  hogs'  fat  after  rendering.  [<  LJ  lardum, 
lard.]  —  lar'der,  IQr'dgr,  n.  A  pantry;  the 
provisions  of  a  household.—  lard'y,  a.  Of  the 
nature  of  or  containing  lard. 

large ,  Iflrj ,  a .  Great  as  regards  size,  quantity, 
extent,  capacity,  etc.;  big;  broad.  [F.,  <  L. 
largus,  abundant.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

lar'gess,  IQr'jes,  n.  A  gift;  gratuity;  bounty. 
[<  F.  largesse.]    lar'gesset. 

lar'i-at,  lar'l-at,  n.  1.  A  rope  of  horsehair  for 
tethering  animals,  a.  A  lasso.  [<  Sp.  la,  the; 
reata,  <  reatar,  tie.] 

lark,  lark,  vi.    [Colloq.]    To  frolic. 

lark',  n.  A  small  singing  bird.  [<  AS. 
I  fercey  lark.]  [play.] 

Iark2,  n.    A  hilarious  time;  frolic.    [<  AS.  lac, 

lark'spur,  iQrk'spur,  n.  A  showy  herb,  with 
clusters  of  usually  blue  flowers. 

lar'va,  Iflr'va,  n.  [lar'v^,  Iflr'vi  or  -vg,  or 
lar'vas'',  pi.]  A  caterpillar  or  grub ;  the  first 
stage  of  an  insect  after  leaving  the  egg.   [L.] 


lar'ynx,  lar'iijx,  n.  [la-kyn'ges,  Ta-rin'jiz 
or  -ges,  pi.]  The  upper  part  of  the  windpipe. 
[<  Gr.  larynx,  gullet.] — lar'^yn-ge'al,  lar"- 
In-jl'al,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  larynx,    lar^'yn- 


irynx,  gullet.] 

ifnlng  to  the  laryn 
gre'anj.—  iar^'yu-gi'tis,  lar'ln-jal'tis  or  -gl'- 


tls,  n.    Inflammation  of  the  larynx. 
las-civ'i-ous,  las-siv'i-us,  a.      Tending  to 

produce  wanton  desires;  lustful.     [Corr.  <  L. 

lascivus,  wanton.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
lasliS  lash,  vt.  &  vi.    To  strike  with  a  lash; 

whip;  tie  with  a  lashing;  ply  the  whip;  satirize. 
lasli,  n.  1.  A  thong  on  awhip»handle;  a  whip; 

stroke  with  or  as  with  a  whip.    2 .  A  stroke  of 

sarcasm.  3.  An  eyelash.  [Perhaps  <  L.  laxus, 

loose.]  [lad.] 

lass,  Igs,  n.    A  young  woman;  girl.     [Fern,  of 
las'si-tude,  las'i-tiud,  n.    Disinclination  to 

exertion-   languor;  debility.      [F.,  <  L.  lassi- 

tudo,  <  lassns,  faint.] 
las'so,  las'O.    1.  vt.    To  capture  with  a  lasso. 

II.  n.    A  long  line,  as  of  hide,  with  a  noose, 

for  catching  horses  and  cattle.     [<  Pg.  la(o, 

<  L.  laqueus,  snare.] 
last<i,  Igst,  vi.   To  remain  in  existence;  endure. 
—  last'ine.    I.  pa.   That  continues;  durable; 

permanent.    II.  «.    A  fabric  used  for  the  uppers 

of  women's  shoes,  etc. 
last,  a.    Being  at  the  end;  latest;  hindmost; 

final.     [Contr.  of  latest.] 
last,  adv.  After  all  others  in  time  or  order ;  final- 
ly. [<  AS. l£estan,<  last,  footprint.]  lastly:}:, 
last^,  n.    A  wooden  form  on  which  to  make  a 

boot  or  shoe.     [<  AS.  last,  footprint.] 
last^,  n.    The  end;  conclusion. 


latch,  lach.    I',  vt.    To  fasten  with  or  as  with 

a  latch.    II.  n.    A  catch  for  fastening  a  door, 

lid,  shutter,  etc.    [<  AS.  laec- 

can,  seize.] 
latch^et,  lach'§t,  n.    A  lace 

or  string  that  fastens  a  shoe  or 

sandal.    [<  OF.  lacet,  dim  of 

las,  noose;  see  lace,  n.] 
late,  let.    I.  a.    [la'ter  or 

lat'ter;  la'test  or  last.] 

Coming  after  the  appointed 

time;  tardy;  recent;  deceased.  .^       ,  ^  ^ 

II.  a^^..    After orbeyondthe  Doo^ctstr^ 
passing  through 


usual  time;  not  long  ago: 
cently.     [<  AS.  Ixt,  late.] 
—  late'ly,  adv.    Not  long 


to  the  outside. 


sup- 

AS. 


ago.— late'ness,  «.— la'ter,  adv.    At  a  sub- 
sequent time;  hereafter. 

la'tent,  le'tgnt,  a.  Not  visible  or  apparent; 
hidden;  dormant.  [<  L.  laten(t-)s,  ppr.  of 
lateo,  lie  hidden.]  —  la'ten-cy,  ti. 

lat'er-al,  lat'er-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  proceed- 
ing from,  or  directed  toward  the  side.  [<  L. 
lateralis,  <  latus,  side.]  —  lat'er-al-ly,  adv. 

la'test,  le'test,  a.  &  adv.,  snperl.  of  late. 

lath,  Igth.    I.  vt.   To  cover  or  line  with  laths. 
II.  n.    A  thin  strip  of  wood  serving  to  suj 
port  a  coat  of  plaster,  etc.      [Perhaps  < 
laett,  lath.] 

lathe,  ledh,  n.  A  machine  for  shaping  articles 
by  turning.     [<  Ice.  lodh.] 

lath'er ,  ladh'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  spread  over 
with  or  form  lather;  become  covered  with 
lather.  II.  n.  Foam  or  froth  from  soapsuds. 
[<  AS.  ledthor,  lather.]  — lath'er-y,  a. 

Lat'in,  lat'in.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  ancient 
Latium  or  ancient  Rome,  or  their  peoples.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  modern  nations  derived  from 
the  ancient  Romans.  II.  n.  1.  The  language 
of  ancient  Rome.  2.  One  of  the  people  of 
ancient  Latium  or  Rome.  [F. ,  <  L.  Lalinus, 
<  Latium  (a  country  of  Italy).]  —  Lat'in-ism, 
n.  A  Latin  Idiom.- liat'in-ist,  n.  One  versed 
in  Latin.—  La-tin'i-ty,  n.  Latin  style  or  idiom. 

lat'i-tude,  lat'i-tiud,  n.    Distance  northward 
or    southward     from    the 
equator ;  extent  from  side  to 
side;  range;  scope.    [<  L.*" 
latitudo,  <  latus,  broad.] 
—  lat'^i-tu'di-nal,  a. 

laf  i-tu''di-na'ri-an, 
lat"i-tiu"di-ne'ri-an.  I.  a. 
Broad,  tolerant,  or  lax  in 
religious  principles.  II.  n. 
One  who  is  extremely  tol- 
erant or  lax  in  religious 
principles;  a  freethinker; 
heretic. 

laVter,  lat'gr,  a.  Of  more 
recent  date;  modern;  sec- 
ond of  two  things.  [Var, 
of  LATER.]    -ly,  adv. 

lat'tice,    lat'is.     I.  vt. 
[lat'ticed';  lat'ti-cing.] 
To  furnish  with  §,  lattice; 
interlace  like  lattice  bars.   ,   ^^.     .^.  ^ 
II.  n.  Openwork  of  crossed   Lattice  Wmdow. 
bars;  a  screen.    [<  F.lattis,<  G.latfe,  lath.] 

laud,  led.  Id.  vt.  To  praise;  extol.  II.  n. 
Praise  in  divine  worship;  a  song  of  praise.  [< 


fiutjflre  (future);    aisle; 


(out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thu 


laudanum 
lead 


264 


L.  laus  {laud-),  praise.]  —  Iaud'a-bl(e,  a. 
Worthy  of  approval;  praiseworthy.— lau-da'- 
tiou,  M.— laud'a-to-ry.  I,  a.  Eulogizing. 
laud'a-tivei.  II.  n.  [-eies»,  pi.}  A  pan- 
egyric; eulogy. 

lau'da-num,  le'da-num,  n.  Tincture  of 
opium :  a  poisonous  drug.  [  <  L.  ladanum, 
a  resinous  juice  or  resin.] 

laughs  laf,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  move  by  laughter 
or  ridicule.  2.  To  express  with  laughter.  II. 
i.  1.  To  give  vent  to  laughter;  be  glad.  2. 
To  be  gay  or  lively.  3.  To  scoflf;  jeer:  fol- 
lowed by  a^.     [<  AS.  hlehhan,  laugh.] 

—  laugh'a-bl(e,  a.    Provoking  laughter. 
laugh,  n.    An  act  or  explosion  of  laughter; 

merriment;  also,  ridicule.  —  laugh^ing'Sas'', 
n.  Nitrous  oxld:  an  anesthetic  with  exhilarating 
effect  when  Inhaled.— l.sstock,  n.  A  butt  for 
ridicule. 

laugli'ter,  laf'tgr,  n.  A  series  of  spasmodic 
expulsions  of  breath,  with  jerky  sounds,  ac- 
companied by  a  movement  of  the  facial  mus- 
cles, provoked  by  mirthful  feelings. 

launch,  ISnch.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  slide  or 
move  from  the  land  into  the  water,  as  a  boat; 
start,  as  on  a  career;  set  out;  throw,  as  a  dart. 
II.  n.  The  act  of  launching;  sliding  of  a  ship 
from  the  stocks  into  the  water;  also,  a  large 
open  boat.    [<  F.  lancer,  <  lance,  lance.] 

laun'der,  iQn'dgr,  vt.  To  wash  and  iron,  as 
articles  of  clothing.     [Ult.  <  L.  lavo,  wash.] 

—  laun'der-er,  n.— lauii'dress,  Ifln'dres, 
w.  A  washerwoman.  — laun'dry,  lan'dri,  ii. 
[laun'dries*,  pL]  A  place  for  washing  and 
Ironing  clothes. 

lau're-ate,  le're-et  or  -et.  I.  a.  Crowned 
with  laurel.  II.  n.  [En^.]  The  poet  offi- 
cially invested  with  the  title  of  laureate  by  the 
crown.     [<  L.  laureatus,  <  laurvs,  laurel.] 

lau'rel,  le'rel,  n.    An  evergreen  shrub  with 
fragrant  leaves,  used,  for- 
merly, for  making  crowns 
or  wreaths. 

la'va,  la'va  or  Ig'va,  n. 
Melted  rock,  as  from  a  vol- 
canic crater.    [It.,  stream.] 

lav-'a-to'^ry,  lav'a-to'ri. 
I.  a.  Washing.  II.  n. 
[-RiES^,  pL]  1 .  A  place  for 
washing.  2.  Med.  Awash; 
lotion.  [<LL.  Iavatariu7n,   ,,  ,    ,       , 

<  L.  lavo,  wash.]  Mountaln-laurel. 

lave,  16v,  vt.  &  vi.  [laved  ;  la'ving.]  To 
wash;  bathe  oneself.  [<  F.  laver,  <  L.  lavo, 
wash.]  — la'ver,  Ig'vgr  w  Ig'vgr,  n.  A  large 
basin  to  wash  In. 

lav'en-der,  lav'en-dgr,  n.  1.  An  aromatic 
shrub  cultivated  for  its  perfume  and  oil.  2. 
The  color  of  lavendor'flowers,  a  pale  lilac.  [  < 
't.  lavanda,  a  washing.] 

lav'ish,  lav'ish.  V^.vt.  To  give  out  profusely; 
squander.  II.  a.  Si^ending  extravagantly; 
prodigal;  suix-'rabundant.     [<lave*,  r.] 

la'W,  n.  1.  A  rule  of  action  or  conduct  pre- 
scribed by  authority;  legislative  enactment; 
rules  enforced  in  law-courts.  2.  Divine  will. 
3.  Legal  science;  jurisprudence.  {<  kS.lagu, 
law,  <  licgan,  lie.]  — law'ful,  a.  Permitted 
by  law;  legitimate;  rightful;  Just,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.— law'Iess,  a.  Unrestrained  by  law; 
unruly;  rebellious;  Illegal;  Irregular;  outlawed. 


To  propagate  by 


lawn^ ,  len,  n.  A  piece  of  ground  covered  with 
grass  kept  closely  mown;  glade  between  woods. 
[<  F.  lande,  heath.]  —  lawn'^mow'^er,  n.  A 
machine  for  clipping  the  grass  of  lawns.— l.s 
teniii.^,  n.    See  teknis. 

Iawn2,  71.  Fine  thin  linen  cambric.  [Perhaps 
<  F.  Laon  (town  near  Rheims).] 

law'suif,  le'sut",  n.  An  action  in  a  court  of 
law  for  the  redress  of  wrongs. 

law'yer,  le'ygr,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  law 
or  who  practises  law. 

lax,  lax,  a.  Lacking  tenseness  or  firmness  ; 
slack;  flabby;  yielding;  loose;  negligent.  [< 
L.  laxus,  loose.]  — lax'a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Med. 
Gently  purgative.  II.  ?;.  A  purgative.— lax'- 
i-ty,  n.    lax'nessi.- lax'ly,  arfr. 

lay,le,  ??.  [laid,  led;  lay'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
place,  put,  or  set:  deposit;  cover.  2.  To  dis- 
pose methodically.  3.  To  impose,  as  a  task. 
4.  To  spread  over  a  surface.  5.  To  extrude 
and  drop,  as  an  egg.  6.  To  attribute  or  as- 
cribe; impute.  7.  To  bring  forward;  present. 
8.  To  make  ready,  as  a  table  for  a  meal.  9. 
To  bet;  stake.  II.  i.  To  extrude  and  drop 
eggs,  as  fowls.     [<  AS.  lecgan,  <  licgan,  lie.] 

lay,  le,  imp.  of  lie^,  v. 

lay,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  laity;  non -profession- 
al.    [<  Gr.LL+F  laikos,  <  laos,  people.] 

layi,  n.  The  manner  in  which  something  lies 
or  is  placed;  aline  of  work;  a  layer;  abet. 

Iay2,  n.  A  song,  ballad,  or  narrative  poem. 
[  <  F.  lai,  song.] 

lay'er,  16'er.    I.  vt.    Hort. 
bending   a   living   shoot 
down  under  the  ground 
so  that  it  may  strike  root 
and   become   a  separate 
plant.     II.  n.      1.  One 
who  or  that  which  lays. 
2..  A    single    horizontal  Method  of  Layering, 
thickness    of    a   course, 
stratum,  or  coat.    3.  A  shoot  or  twig  laid  in 
the  ground  to  take  root.    See  layer,  v. 

lay^nxan,  le'man,  n.  [lay'men,  pi:\  One  of 
the  laity. 

la'zar,  le'zar,  n.  One  afflicted  with  a  loath- 
some disease;  a  leper.  [<  Gr.  X'zzarcw  (Luke 
xvi,  20).]  —  laz'^a-ret'to,  laz'a-ret'O,  n.  A 
pest-house  or  pest^shlp  for  diseased  persons. 

la'zy,  le'zi,  a.    [la'zi-er;  la'zi-est.]    ludis- 

Eosed  to  exertion ;  indolent;  slothful;  slow.  [< 
.^^  lax}m,  loose.]  —  la'zi-ly,  arfr.  —  la'zi- 
iiess,  n.  [meadow.] 

lea,  It,  n.    A  grassy  field  or  plain.  [  <  AS.  ledh, 

leach,  Itch.  I«.  vt.  &,  ti.  To  wash  by  drain- 
ing, as  wood-ashes;  come  away  by  draining. 
II.  n.  Wood-ashes,  through "  wlbich  water 
passes,  carrying  away  the  soluble  portions; 
also,  the  vessel  in  which  ashes,  etc.,  are  leachetl. 
[<  AS.  leccan,  wet.] 

lead',  ltd,  v.  [led;  lead'ing.]  I.  t.  To 
guide  or  indicate  by  going  before;  precede; 
conduct;  induce.  It.  i.  To  act  as  guide;  ex- 
tend or  reach.  [<  AS.  IsSdan,  lead,  <  tldhait, 
go.]  —  lead'er,  «.  One  who  leads;  a  guide; 
chief;  commander.  — lead'er-ship,  n. 

lead^,  led,  v.  I.  t.  [lbad'ed**;  lkad'ing.] 
To  cover,  fasten,  fit,  etc.,  with  lead;  separate, 
as  lines  of  type,  with  thin  lead.  II.  i.  To  clog 
or  fill  up  with  lead. 


popfi,  98k:  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  thSy,  usfge;  it,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rille;  but,  Or; 


265 


lead 
leech 


lead',  lid,  ;/.  l.  Position  in  advance  or  at  the 
head;  priority.  2.  The  act  of  leading  or  con- 
ducting; guidance. 

lead^,  led,  n.  1.  A  soft,  heavy,  bluish'gray 
metallic  element;  also,  something  made  of  this 
metal.  2.  Graphite,  black  leadt-  [< 
AS.  lead,  lead.] 

lead^en,  led'n,  a.  1.  Made  of  lead;  of  the 
color  of  lead.    2.  Heavy;  dull;  oppressive. 

leaf,  lif,  vi.    To  put  forth  or  produce  leaves. 

leaf, /?.  [leaves,  livz,»;.]  A  lateral  append- 
age of  the  stem  of  a  plant,  commonly  broad, 
flat,  and  thin,  and  of  a  green  color;  also,  some- 
thing resembling  this,  as  one  of  the  folds  form- 
ing a  book,  a  hinged  or  sliding  part  of  a  table  or 
door,  or  a  thin  sheet  of  metal.  [<  AS.  leaf.] 
—  leafage,  n.  Leaves  collectively;  foliagre.— 
leafless,  a.  Having  no  leafage.— leaflet, 
11.  A  little  leaf;  also,  a  tract.—  leafy,  a.  [leaf'- 
i-ER;  LEAF'i-EST.]    Abounding  in  leaves. 

league,  lig,  vt.  &  vi.  [leagued;  lea'guing.] 
To  join  in  a  league;  combine. 

league!,  n.  An  alliance,  as  of  persons  or 
states,  for  mutual  support  in  a  common  cause. 
[<  F.  ligue,  <  L.  ligo,  bind.] 

league^',  n.  A  measure  of  distance,  varying 
from  about  2.42  to  4.6  English  statute  miles. 
The  marine  league  is  equal  to  three  geographic 
miles.    [  <  LL.OF  lega,  leuca,  a  Gallic  mile.] 

lea'gueri,  li'ggr,  n.  1§.  A  siege.  2|!.  A 
military  camp.  3||.  An  old  campaigner.  [< 
D.  leffer,  camp.] 

lea'guer^,  n.   A  member  of  a  league. 

leak.  Ilk.  I',  vt.  &  zi.  To  let  a  liquid,  etc., 
enter  or  escape  undesignedly;  pass  in  or  out 
accidentally,  as  a  liquid.  II.  n.  l.Anopening 
that  permits  the  unintentional  entrance  or  es- 
cape of  a  fluid,  etc.  2.  Leakage.  [Cp.  D.  lek,  G. 
leek,  Ice.  leki.]  —  \eah'a^e,  n.  The  act  of 
leaking,  the  quantity  that  leaks,  or  an  allowance 
for  loss  by  leaking.— leak'y,  a.  [leak'i-er; 
leak'i-est.]  Having  a  leak  or  leaks.— leak'i- 
ness,  n. 

lean,  lin,  vt.  &  vi.  [leaned,  llnd,  or  leant, 
lent;  lean'ing.]  To  bend  or  incline  from  an 
erect  position;  rest  for  support;  depend;  rely: 
with  on  or  7/;;on.     [<  AS.  hlinian.] 

lean,  Itn.  I.  a.  Wanting  flesh;  not  fat;  lank; 
thin;  slender.  II.  n.  Fiesh  or  muscle  without 
fat;  lean  meat.  [<  AS.  hlSne,\ean.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n. 

leap,  lip.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [leaped,  Itpt,  or 
LEAPT,  lept;  leap'ing.]  To  spring  over  or 
off  the  ground;  jump;  bound.  II.  n.  The 
act  of  leaping;  a  bound;  the  space  passed  over 
in  leaping.     [<  AS.  hlpp,  <  hleapan,  leap.] 

—  leap'sfrog'",  n.  A  boys'  game  in  which 
one  puts  his  hands  on  the  back  of  another  and 
leapsover  him.  — I.syear,  n.  In  the  calendar, 
a  year  of  366  days;  every  fourth  year,  In  which 
February  has  29  days.  —  leap'er,  n. 

learn,  Igm,  vt.  &  vi.  [learned,  lernd,  or 
learnt,  Igrnt;  learn'ing.]  To  gain  knowl- 
edge of  or  skill  in;  acquire  knowledge  or  skill. 
[<  AS.  leornian,  learn.] — learn'ed,  Igrn'gd, 
pa.  Possessed  of  learning;  erudite.— learii'- 
ing,  n.  Knowledge  obtained  by  study  or  from 
Instruction;  scholarship. 

lease,  lis.  I.  vt.  [leased*;  leas'ing.]  1. 
To  grant  the  possession  and  profits  of  (lands 
or  tenements)  for  a  period;  let.    2.  To  take 


possession  of  or  hold  under  a  lease.  II.  ?i. 
A  contract  for  the  letting  of  land,  etc.,  for  rent; 
also,  such  letting.  [<  F.  laisser,  leave,  <  L. 
laxo,  loosen.]  —  lease'hoW,  lis'hold ",  n.  A 
tenure  held  by  a  lease. 

leash,  lish.  It.  vt.  To  bind  or  hold  by  a  leash. 
II.  n.  A  line  or  thong  for  holding  a  hunting- 
dog,  etc.;  a  brace  and  a  half;  three  creatures 
of  the  same  kind,  as  greyhounds;  three  in  gen- 
eral.    [  <  L.F  laxa,  laxus,  loose.] 

leas^ingll,  lis'ing  or  Itz'lng,  n.  Lying,  or  a  lie; 
falsehood.    [<  AS.  leasung,  <  leas,  false.] 

least,  list.  I.  a.  superl.  Smallest  in  size, 
value,  etc.  II.  adv.  superL  In  the  lowest  or 
smallest  degree.     [<  AS.  Isest,  ult.  <  Ises,  less.] 

leath'er,  ledh'gr,  n.  The  skin  or  hide  of  an 
animal,  when  tanned  or  dressed  for  use.  [< 
AS.  lether,  leather.]  —  leath'ern,  a.  Made  of 
leather.— 1  eat h'er-y,  a.  Resembling  leather; 
tough. 

leav(e>,  liv,  r.  [left,  left;  leav'ing.]     I.  ^ 

1 .  To  withdraw  or  depart  from ;  quit ;  abandon ; 
refer.  2.  To  part  from  at  death;  bequeath.  3. 
To  desist  from.  II.  i.To  go  away;  depart; 
discontinue.     [<  AS.  ^«/an,  leave.] 

leave^,  vt.  To  grant  leave  to;  permit.  [  <  AS. 
lefaiu  <  leaf,  license.]  [leaves. 

leave^, -iji.  [leaved;  leav'ing.]   To  put  forth 

leave,  n.  Permission  or  liberty  to  go  or  to  be 
absent;  a  departure;  parting.  [<  AS.  leaf, 
license.] 

leav'en,  lev'n.  I.vt.  1.  To  make  light  by 
fermentation.  2.  To  affect  in  character;  im- 
bue. II.  n.  Fermenting  dough,  or  anything 
that  causes  fermentation  ;  any  influence  that 
causes  general  change.     [<  L.*"  levo,  raise.] 

leaves,  Hvz,  n.    Plural  of  leaf. 

leav'ing,  Itv'ing,  n.    1.  The  act  of  departure. 

2.  pi.    Things  left;  scraps;  refuse;  offal. 
lec'ture,  lec'chur  or  -tiyr.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    [lec'- 

tured;  lec'tur-ing.]  To  deliver  lectures  to; 
reprimand;  deUver  a  formal  discourse.  II.  n. 
A  discourse  read  or  pronounced,  as  for  instruc- 
tion ;  formal  reproof.  [F.,  <  L.  lego,  read.] 
—  lec'tur-er,  n. 

led,  imj9.  &pio.  of  lead,  V. 

ledge,  lej,  n.  A  shelf,  or  a  projecting  part,  as 
of  rock,  etc.     [<  ^  of  lie,  v.,  recline.] 

ledg'er,  n.  The  chief  book  of  accounts  among 
merchants,  which  shows  the  condition  of  eaeh 
account.     [<  y  of  lie,  recline.] 

lee,  11.  I.  a.  Naut.  Pertaining  to  the  side  op- 
posite to  that  from  which  the  wind  blows;  ap. 
a  lee  shore.  II.  n.  The  direction  opposite  that 
from  which  the  wind  comes;  the  side  sheltered, 
or  that  gives  shelter,  from  wind.  [<  AS.  hleo. 
shelter.]  —  lee  shore,  the  shore  on  the  lee  side 
of  a  ship.—  lee  tide,  a  tide  running  with  the 
wind. 

leechS  lich,  r<.  To 
bleed  with  leeches ; 
treat  with  medi- 
cijie;heal.  [<AS. 
Isecnan,  <  Isece; 
see  LEECH^,  n.l 

leech.! ,  n.  A  phy- 
sician; doctor.  [< 
AS.  laece,  perhaps  <  lac,  medicine.] 

leech^,  n.  An  aquatic  worm  used  for  drawiiij. 
blood;  bloodsucker.     [<  AS.  Isece.l 


Common  Leech. 


fiutiure  (future);   aisle;  au  {ouiy,    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  (tho);   go;  sing,  iiik;  thin. 


leech 
lenient 


266 


leecll3,  Itch,  n.  Naut.  The  edge  of  a  square  sail ; 
after  edge  of  a  fore»and=aft  sail.     [  <  Ice.  tlkJ\ 

leek,  Ilk,  n.  A  culinary  herb  allied  to  the  onion. 
[<  AS.  ledc,  leek.] 

leer,  lir.  I.  vt.  &vi.  To  look  ohliquely,  slyly, 
or  with  a  leer;  allure.  II,  n.  A  sly  oblique, 
malicious  or  amorous  glance.  [<  AS.  hleor, 
face.] 

lees,  Itz,  n.  pi.  The  settlings  of  liquor;  sedi- 
ment; dregs.     [<  F.  lie,  <  LL.  Ha.] 

lee'ward,  li'ward  (lu'ard,  Naut.).  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  direction  in  which  the  wind 
blows.  II.  n.  The  direction  toward  which  the 
wind  blows.    III.  adv.    Toward  the  lee. 

lee-'way",  n.  The  drift  of  a  vessel  to  leeward. 

left,  left,  imp.  &  )pp.  of  leave,  v. 

left,  a.  Pertaining  to  that  side  of  the  human 
bodjr  which  is  toward  the  north  when  facing 
sunrise:  opposite  to  7'i(/kt.  [<  AS.  left,  weak.] 

left,  n.  The  left  side  or  half  of  the  body. 

left'=liand'%  left'»hand",  a.  Situated  on  the 
left  side.  —  left'=hand''ed,  a.  1 .  Having  the 
left  hand  or  arm  stronger  or  more  dexterous  than 
the  right.    2.  In  general,  clumsy;  awkward. 

leg,  leg,  n.  A  limb  of  an  animal  used  for  sup- 
porting the  body  and  for  walking;  something 
that  encases  or  resembles  such  a  limb;  as,  the 
leg  of  a  stocking;  the  leg  of  a  table;  a  support. 
[<  Ice.  leggr,  leg.] 

leg'a-cy,  leg'a-si,  n.  Something  left  by  will; 
a  bequest.     [<  L.  legatum,  <  lego,  bequeath.] 

le^gal,  li'gal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  according  to 
law;  lawful.  [<  F.  legal,  <  L.  legalis,  <  lex 
{leg-),  law.]  —  le-gal'i-ty,  l§-gal'i-ti,  n.  [-ties*, 

fn.\  The  condition  of  being  legal;  conformity  to 
aw.—  le'sral-ize  or  -ise,  vt.  [-ized;  -i'zing.] 
To  give  the  authority  of  law  to.— le'jfal-ly, 
adv.    According  to  law;  lawfully. 

leg'ate,  leg'et,  n.  An  ambassador ;  envoy. 
[  <  L.  legatus,  <  lego,  send.  ]  [legacy. 

leg'^a-tee',  leg'a-'tt',  n.    The  recipient  of  a 

le-ga'tion,  Ig-ge'shun,  w.  1.  The  act  of  de- 
puting or  delegating.  2.  A  diplomatic  mis- 
sion, or  the  persons  composing  it ;  also,  the 
official  residence  of  the  chief  of  a  diplomatic 
mission.     [<  L.  legatioin-),  <  lego,  send.] 

le-ga'tor,  l§-ge't§r,  n.  One  who  bequeaths  a 
legacy;  a  testator. 

leg'end,  lej'end,  n.  A  narrative  based  chiefly 
on  tradition;  fable;  myth;  also,  a  motto  or  in- 
scription, asunder  a  picture.  [<  F.  legende, 
<  L.  lego,  read.]  —  lep;'end-a-ry,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  legends;  fabulous. 

leg'er,  lej'gr,  a.  Light  and  fine,  as  a  line. 
[<  F.  leger,  <  L.  levis,  light.] 

leg'er-de-nxain'^,  lej'gr-dg-men',  n.  A  de- 
ceptive performance  that  depends  upon  dex- 
terity; sleight  of  hand.  [<  F.  leget',  light,  -f 
de,  of,  +  main,  hand.] 

leg'ging,  leg'inp,  n.  A  covering  for  the  leg; 
long  gaiter,    leg'gint. 

leg'i-bl(e,  lej'i-bl,  a.  That  may  be  read  with 
ease,  or  discovered  or  discerned  from  evident 
indications.  [<  L.  lego,  read.]— Ieg''l-bil'i-ty, 
n.    letr'i-bKe-nessit.— lev^i-bly,  adv. 

le'gion,  It'jun,  n.  A  body  of  Roman  soldiers, 
or4,r)00  to  6,000  men;  a  military  force;  multi- 
tude.   [OF.,  <  L.  legio(n-),  <  lego,  gather.] 

leg'is-late,  lej'is-iet,  vt.  &  vi.  r-LA'TED-i; 
-LA'TiNG.]     [U.S.]  To  bring  about  Dy  legisla- 


tion; make  or  enact  laws.  —  leg'^is-la'tion,  n. 
Enactment  of  laws.- leg-'is-la-tiv(e,  le.i'is-le- 
tiv,  a.  Pertaining  to  legislation  or  to  a  legisla- 
ture; having  power  to  legislate.  — leg'is-Ia''- 
tor,  n.    A  lawgiver;  member  of  a  legislature. 

leg'is-la'^ture,  lej'is-le'chur  or  -tiyr,  n.  A 
body  of  men  empowered  to  make  laws  for  a 
state.  [<  L.  lex  (gen.  legif)),  law,  +  LL.  latura, 
a  bearing.l 

le-git^i-mate,  le-jit'i-met.  I.  tt.  [-ma'- 
TED'i;  -MA" TING.]  To  make  legitimate.  II. 
l§-jit'i-met  or  -met,  a.  Having  the  sanction  of 
law  or  custom;  bom  in  wedlock;  genuine.  [< 
L.  leqitirmis,  lawful.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— 
le-git^i-nia-cy,  Ig-jlt'i-ma-si,  n.  The  con- 
dition or  quality  of  being  legitimate.  —  le-grif- 
i-ma'tion,  n.    The  act  of  making  legitimate. 

leg'ume,  leg' yum  w  le- 
gium',  n.  A  2«valved 
seed'vesselorpod.  [<  F. 
legume,  <  L.  legumen,  < 
lego,  gather.]  —  le-gu'mi-  Legume  of  the  Pea. 
lions,  le-giu'ml-nu8,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  bean 
family;  producing  legumes.    le-gu^mi-noset. 

lei'sure,  It'zhur.  I.  a.  Free  from  occupa- 
tion; spare;  unoccupied.  II.  n.  Freedom 
from  necessary  occupation;  spare  time;  oppor- 
tunity.   [<  F.  loisir,  <  OF.  leisir,he  permitted. 

<  L.  licet,  it  is  lawful.]  —  lei'sure-Iy.  I.  a. 
Done  at  leisure;  deliberate;  slow.  11, 'adv.  At 
leisure;  deliberately.— lei'sure-li-ness,  n. 

lem'on,  n.  An  oval  orangclike  fruit,  with  a 
bright-=yellow  thick  skin  and  very  acid  pulp 
and  juice;  also,  the  tree  that  prodnces  this  fruit. 
[<  Fer.^*^  Hmun,  lemon.]— lem''on-ade',  n. 
A  drink  of  lemon-juice  and  water  with  sugar. 

le^mur,  li'mur,  n.    A  small  noctural  mammal 
related  to  the 
monkeys.   [< 
L.      lernures, 
ghosts.] 

lend,  lend,  vt. 
&  vi.  [lent, 
lent;  lend'- 
INO.]  To  grant 
the  temporary 
use  of,  with 
or  without 
compensa- 
tion ;  accom- 
modate. [  < 
AS.  IsSnan,  < 
l^n,  loan.]  — 
lend'er,  n.  Lemur.    Vie 

length,  length,  «.  1.  Extension  from  end  to 
end;  the  greatest  dimension  of  a  body  ;  reach  ; 
extent.  2.  Gram.  &  Pros.  Quantity;  the  qual- 
ity of  a  vowel  as  being  long  or  short,  accented 
or  unaccented.  [  <  AS.  length,  <  long,  long.]  — 
lenarth'^viHe,  -waiz,  adv.  In  a  longitudinal 
direction.— lenartli'y,  length'l,  «.  [lkngth'i- 
kb;  lkngtii'i-kst.]  Having  length;  unduly  long. 

length'en.  length'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make 
or  grow  longer  ;  draw  out,  as  in  pronuncia- 
tion; extend  the  duration  of ;  protract. 

le'nient,  It'nicnt,  a.  Not  severe;  inclined  to 
clemency;  merciful;  mild.  [<  h.lenio,  soothe, 

<  lenis,  soft.]  —  le'nien-cy,  n.  Mildness. 
le'niencet.— len'l-tiv(e,  len'l-tlv,a.  Having 
the  power  of  sootlilng.— Imi'l-ty,  lon'l-tl,n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  lenient;  forbearance. 


papa,  98k;  at,  &Ir;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  U8|ge;  It,  %,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  bot,  ©r; 


267 


lend 
levy 


am 


Cross^sections  of 
Common  Forms 
of  Lenses. 
1.  Achromatic  lens. 
2.  Various  types  of 
lenses:    a,  convexo^ 


lens,  lenz,  n.  A  piece  of  some  transparent  sub- 
stance, bounded  by        j 
two    spherical     sur- 
faces,   or     by     one 
spherical     and    one 
plane     surface,     by 
which  rays  of  light  may  be 
made  to  converge  or  to  di- 
verge.    [<  L.  lens,  lentil.] 

lent,  lent,  i7np.  &  pp.  of  lend. 

Lent,  n.  An  annual  fast  of 
forty  days,  immediately 
preceding  Easter,  observed 
by  various  churches.  [< 
LENTEN.]  — lent'en,  lent'en 
or  lent'n,  a.  [1-  or  L-]  Per- 
taining to  Lent;  plain;  spare; 
meager.  [<  AS.  lencten,  < 
lang,  long.l 

len-tic'u-lar,  len-tic'yu-  Xn^o''c"n vex  •'' c' 
lar,  a.  Resembling  a  double*  double  «  convex  •  d\ 
convex  lens;  shaped  like  a  double  -  concave';   e, 

lentil.      [<    L.  lenticula.    <    piano  =  concave ;    /, 

lens,   lentil.]     len'ti- 

len'til,  len'til,  n.  A  leguminous  plant  with 
pods  containing  edible  seeds;  the  seed  itself . 
[<  F.  lentUle,  <  L.  lenticula,  <  lens,  lentil.] 

le'o-nin(e,  ll'o-nin  or  -nain,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  like  a  lion;  fierce;  powerful;  majestic.  [< 
F.  leonin,  <  L.  leoninvs,  <  leo,  lion.] 

leop'ard,  lep'ard,  n.  1.  A  ferocious  carniv- 
orous, cat'like  mammal,  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
of  a  pale»fawn  color,  spotted  with  dark  brown 
or  black.  2.  Some  similar  animal,  as  the 
American  jaguar.  [<  Gr.i'+OF  i^qj^^  Won,  -\- 
pardos,  pard.j 

lep'er,  lep'gr,  71.  One  afflicted  with  leprosy. 
[<  Gr.  lepra,  <  lepo,  peel.]  —  lep'ro-sy,  lep'- 
ro-sl,  n.  A  chronic  skm=dl8ease  with  ulcerous 
spots  and  scaling  off  of  dead  tissue.— lep'rous, 
a.    Pathol.    Affected  with  leprosy;  unclean. 

le'sion,  li'zhun,  w.  A  hurt;  loss;  injury.  [< 
L.*"  laesioin-),  <  Isedo,  hurt.] 

Iess,le8.  I.  a.  [least,  list,  ^?/^«?7.]  , Smaller, 
as  in.  capacity;  not  so  large  or  much;  'inferior. 
II.  adv.  In  inferior  or  smaller  degree;  not 
so  much.     [  <  AS.  laes,  Isessa,  less.] 

'lesH^svffix.  A  termination  expressing  deprivation 
or  destitution,  often  equivalent  to  "without"; 
as,  h&vmless.    [<  AS.  -leas,  <  leas,  loose.] 

less-ee^,  les-t',  n.  One  to  whom  a  lease  is 
granted;  one  holding  property  by  lease.  [< 
OF.  lesse,  pp.  of  lesse)\  let.] 

less'en,  les'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  less;  dimin- 
ish; lower;  shrink. 

less'er!,  les'gr,  a.    Less:  smaller;  inferior. 

les'son,  les'n,  n.  An  exercise  or  task  to  be 
learned  by  a  pupil;  instruction;  lecture;  re- 
proof; portion  of  Scripture.  [<  F.  le^a?i,  < 
L.  leetioin-),  a  reading,  <  lego,  read.] 

les'sor,  les'gr,  n.  One  who  grants  a  lease. 
[OF.,  <  lesser;  see  lessee.] 

lest,  conj.  In  orderthat  .  .  .  not;  for  fear 
that.     [<  AS.  thp  IsBS  the,  the  less  that.] 

let^,  \ei,  vt.  Scvi.  [let;  let'ting.]  1.  To  suf- 
fer; permit;  give  leave  to.  2.  To  hire;  rent; 
be  leased  or  hired.    [<  AS.  Isetan,  let.] 

let^p,  vt.  [_LET  or  let'ted<i;  let'ting.]  To 
hinder  or  impede  in  doing;  obstruct;  oppose; 
retard.    [<  AS.  lettan,  <  leet,  slow.] 


let,  n.    That  which  hinders;  an  obstacle. 

-let,  svffix.  A  termination  forming  diminutives 
from  French  and  English  nouns;  as,  gXmlet,  tab- 
let.   [ <  OF.  let,  -lette,  <  dim.  -el«l,.  -ellus)  +  -et. ] 

letlx'ar-gy,  leth'ar-ji,  n.  [-giess  pi.]  A  state 
of  prolonged  sleep;  stupor  or  dulness;  apathy. 
[<  Gv.  lethargia,  drowsiness.]  — le-thar'gic, 
a.    Pertaining  to  lethargy ;  drowsy;  stupefying. 

let'ter,  let'gr.  I.  vt.  To  inscribe  letters  upon. 
II.  n.  1.  A  mark  or  character  used  to  repre- 
sent a  sound  in  speech,  writing,  or  printing; 
a  written  or  printed  communication;  a  charac- 
ter of  the  alphabet;  epistle;  certificate.  2.  pi. 
Literary  culture;  learning.  {kIj.^  littera.'] 
—  let'ter-ing,  n.    Letters  collectively. 

let'tuce,  let'is,  n.  A  kitchen  herb  used  as  a 
salad.    [  <  L.o^  lactuca,  <  lac,  milk.] 

Le-vant',  le-vgnt'  or  -vant',  n.  The  eastern 
Mediterranean  and  the  coasts  of  Syria,  Asia 
Minor,  and  Egypt.     [F.]  —  Ie-vant'in(e,  a. 

lev-ee'i,  lev-1',  n.  [U.  S.]  An  embankment 
beside  a  stream,  to  prevent  overflow;  wharf. 
[<  F.  levee;  see  levt,  w.] 

lev-ee'2^  n,  a  morning  reception;  also,  a  gen- 
eral reception  at  any  hour.  [<  F.  lever,  a 
rising,  <  lever,  <  L.  levo,  raise.] 

lev'el,  lev'el.  l.vt.&vi.  [lev'eled  or  lev'- 
elled;  lev'el-ing  or  lev'el-ling.]  1.  To 
make  level.  2.  To  aim  or  take  aim  at  an  ob- 
ject; point.  II.  «.  Having  a  flat,  even  surface; 
horizontal.  111.  n.  A  horizontal  line,  surface, 
plane,  or  position;  a  device  or  instrument  for 
ascertaining  a  horizontal  line  or  plane.  IV. 
adv.  In  a  level  line;  direct;  straight;  steadily. 
[<  L.o*"  libella,  dim.  of  libra,  balance.]  -ness, 
n.  —  lev'el-er,  IcT'el-ler,  n.  —  lev^el-ine, 
lev'el-ling:,  n. 

lev'er,  lev'gr  or  It'vgr,  n. 
vice,  consisting  often  of  a 
straight  bar,  turning  freely 
on  a  fixed  point  or  fulcrum, 
and  serving  to  impart  pres- 
sure or  motion  from  a 
source  of  power  to  a  resist- 
ance. [<  L.F  levator,  lift- 
er.]— lev'er-age,  n.  The 
mechanical  advantage 
gained  by  use  of  a  lever. 

lev'er-et,  lev'gr-et,  n.  A 
young  or  half^grown  hare. 
[  <  OF.  levret,  <  L.  lepvs, 
hare.] 

le-vi^a-than,     Ig-vai'a- 
than,  n.    A  large  aquatic 
but  unidentified  animal  mentioned  in  the  Scrip- 
tures.  [  <  Heb.  livydthan,  an  aquatic  monster.] 

Le'vite,  li'vait,  n.  Bib.  Hist.  One  of  the  tribe 
of  Levi,  the  assistants  of  the  priests.  [<  Gr."- 
Leuites,  <  Heb.  Levi,  Levi.] 

Le-vit'ic-al,  l§-vit'ic-al,  a.  ScHpt.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Levites  or  to  the  book  of  Leviticus, 
the  third  book  of  the  Bible. 

lev'i-ty,  lev'i-ti,  n.  Lightness  of  humor  or 
temperament;  frivolity;  flippancy.  [<  L. 
levita(t-)s,  <  levis,  light.] 

lev'y,  lev'i,  ^'/?.    [lev'ied;  lev'y-ing.]  To  ex- 


A  mechanical  de- 


Levers. 

Three  classes  of  lev- 
ers, showing  different 
positions  of/,  fulcrum  • 
p,  power;  and  u\ 
weight  or  resistance. 
1.  Bell^crank.  2. 
Pump=handle.  3.  Tilt* 
hammer. 


act  by  compulsion;  collect  by  legal  authority; 
y.    [<  F.  lever,  raise.] 
lev'y,  n.     [lev'iess  ;?;.]     1.  The  act  of  levy- 


make  a  levy.     [  <  F.  lever,  raise. 
y'iES^,pl.]     1.  Tl 
ing'or  collecting  compulsorily.    2.  That  which 


fint|are  (future);   aisle;   au  {out);    eil;  c  (k);  chat;  dli  (^^e);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


lewd 
lift 


268 


is  levied,  as  money  or  troops.  [  <  F.  levte^  < 
LL.  levata,  tax,  <  L.  levo.  raise.] 

lewd,  lud or  liud,  a.  Lustful;  carnal;  licentious. 
[<  AS.  Isewed,  lay.] 

lex'^i-cog'ra-pliy,  lex"i-ceg'ra-fi,  n.  The  art 
or  process  of  compiling  dictionaries.  [  <  lex- 
icon +  -GRAPH.]  —  lex^'i-cog'ra-pher,  n.— 
lex'"i-co-grrapli''ic,  a. 

lex^i-con,  lex'i-cgn,  n.  A  dictionary,  as  of 
Latin,  Greek,  or  Hebrew.  [<  Gr.  lexikon,  neut. 
of  lexikos,  of  words.] 

ll'a-bl(e,  lai'a-ble,  a.  Justly  or  legally  re- 
sponsible; answerable;  exposed.  [<  F.  Her, 
<  L.  ligo,  bind.]  —  Ii''a.bil'i-ty,  «.  The  state 
of  being  liable  or  responsible,  or  of  being  ex- 
posed to  danger,  accident,  or  injury. 

ll^ar,  lai'ar,  n.  One  who  utters  falsehood,  or 
is  given  to  lying. 

li-ba^tion,  lai-og'shun,  n.  Liquid  poured  out, 
as  in  honor  of  a  deity;  also,  the  act  of  so  pour- 
ing liquid.    [F.,  <  L.  libatioin-),  <  libo,  pour.] 

li'toel,  lai'bel.  l,vL  [li'beled  or  li'belled  ; 
li'bel-ing  orLi'BEL-LiNG.]  To  publish  a  libel 
concerning;  defame;  bring  suit  against  (a  ship 
or  cargo).    II.  n.    1.  Anything  tending  to  as- 

Serse  or  defame  character  or  reputation ;  slan- 
er.  2.  A  plaintiff's  written  statement,  as  in 
a  court  of  admiralty.  [OF.,  <  L.  libellns, 
dim.  of  liber,  book.]—  li'bel-ous,  a. 

llb^er-al,  lib'gr-al.  I.  a.  Possessing  a  free 
and  generous  heart;  bountiful;  not  bigoted; 
broad.  II.  n.  A  member  of  a  party  which 
advocates  liberty  of  thought,  speech,  or  action. 
[OF.,  <  L.liberalis,  <  liber,  free.]-- lib"er- 
al'i-ty, llb"er-ari-tl,«.  [-TiF.s',pl.]  Thequallty 
of  being  liberal  or  generous;  donation. 

lib'er-ate,  lib'er-et,  vt.  [-a"ted'1;  -a"ting.] 
To  set  free;  release  from  bondage.  [<  L. 
liberatus,  pp.  of  libero,  <  liber,  free.] 

—  lib^'er-a'tion,  n.    The  act  of  liberating. 
—  lib'er-a'^tor,  n. 

lib'er.tm(e,  lib'gr-tin.  I.  a.  1.  Dissolute; 
licentious.  2\\.  Unrestrained.  II,  ?i.  One 
.who  does  not  restrain  his  desires  or  appetites; 
ajeduc^r.  [<  L.  libertinus,  freedman,  <  liber, 
free.]  —  Ub-'er-tin-IsiTi,  n.  Unrestrained  in- 
dulgence In  licentious  practises. 

lib'er-ty,  lib'gr-ti, /?.  [-TiEs»,p/.]  1.  The  state 
of  being  free  from  the  control  of  others;  free- 
dom; ii»  a  bad  sense,  undue  freedom;  license, 
2.  Franchise;  privilege.  [<  F.  libe?'te,  <  L. 
liherfaif-)s,  <  hber,  free.] 

li-bid'i-nous,  li-bid'i-nus,  a.  Lustful;  lewd. 
r^<  L.  libidinot<i(s,  full  of  passion.] 

U'bra-ry,  lai'brg-ri  or  lal'brer-i,  n.  [-ries», 
/>/.]  A  coU^ction  of  books,  pamphlets,  etc., 
for  reading  or  consultation;  also,  the  place  con- 
taining such  a  collection.  [  <  L.  libratia,  < 
lil/i-mtUH,  belonging  to  books.  ]  —  li-bra'rt-aii, 
lal-brfi'rl-un,n.  One  who  has  charge  of  a  library. 

lice,  luls,  n.    Plural  of  louse. 

ll'cense,  lui'egns.  I.  tt.  [li'censed';  li'- 
CENs-iNG.]  To  grant  a  right  or  privilege  to  do; 
Ruthorize;  permit.  II.  n.  Authority  or  liberty 
granted  to  do  or  omit  an  act;  unrcHtniined 
liberty  of  action.  [<  L.  licentia,  <  licet,  it  is 
allowed.]  —  il-cen'tioii8,  lai-sen'shus,  a.  Ex- 
ceeding the  limits  of  propriety;  wanton;  lewd; 
loose;  (lisKolute,    -ly,  adv.    •nesSt  ». 

U'Cen'ti-ate,  lai-sen'shi-dt,  n.  A  person 
licensed  to  exercise  a  profession. 


li'clien,  lai'ken,  n.     Bot.    A  flowerless  plant 

composed  chiefly  of  loose  cellular  tissue,  and 

commonly  growing  flat  upon  a  surface,  as  of 

a  rock.     [L.,  <  Gr.  leichen,  <  leicho,  lick.] 
licli'sgate",  lich'^get",  n.    A  churchyard  gate 

covered  with  a  porch. 
lick,  lie.    I',  ft.  &  vi.    To 

pass  the  tongue  over  the 

surface  of;  lap,  or  make  a 

lapping    movement,    as   a 

flame.    11.  n.    1.  A  stroke 

of  the  tongue  in  licking  or 

the  like;  lap.    2.  [U.  S.] 

A  deposit  of  salt  frequented 

by  animals  that  lick  it.    [  < 

AS.  liccian,  lick.] 
lic'o-rice,  lic'o-ris,  n.    An  annual  herb  or  its 

root,  used  in  medicine  and  confection;  also, 

the  inspissated  juice  of  the  root.     [<  Gr.^*' 

glykys,  sweet,  +  rhiza,  root.] 
lid,  n.     A  movable  cover,  closing  an  aperture, 

as  of  a  receptacle;  eyelid.     [<  AS.  hlicl.\ 
liei,lai,  ^'^.   [lay,  le;  lain!!,  len;  ly'ing.J    To 

rest  or  remain  in  a  prone  position;  lay  oneself 

down  at  full  length;  sleep;  lodge;  abide.     [< 

AS.  licgan,  lie.] 
lie^,  vi.'   [lied;  ly'ing.]    To  utter  falsehood 

with  intention   to  deceive;    give  a  deceitful 

impression.     [<  AS.  leogan,  he.] 
lie,  7i.    An  untruth;  falsehood;  something  that 

creates  a  false  impression.     [<  AS.  lige,   < 

leogan,  lie.]  [dear.] 

lief,  lif,  arftJ.    Willingly;  freely.     [<  AS.  leaf, 
liege,   lij.      I.   a.     Bound  by  feudal  tenure; 

sovereign.    II.  n.    A  vassal;  a  citizen;  also, 


liege 
—  Ii< 


esre'inan,  n.    A  vassal. 

li^en,  lai'en  or  ll'en  [often  lin  in  U.  S.],  «.  A 
legal  claim  on  property,  as  securitv  for  a  debt 
or  charge.     [F.,  band.]  '    [of.     [F.] 

lieu,liu,  w.    Place;  stead;  in  the  phrase  in /i<^ 

lieu-ten' ant,  liu-ten'ant,  n.  1.  An  officer 
who  fills  the  place  of  a  superior  in  his  absence 
or  acts  for  him  under  his  direction;  deputy. 
2.  A  commissioned  army  officer  next  below' a 
captain,  or  commissioned  naval  officer  next 
below  a  commander,  [F.,  <  LL.  lo^nni' 
tener>{t-)s,  <  L.  locuf:,  place,  +  teneo,  hold.] 

lieve,  llv,  adv.    Same  as  lief. 

life,  laif,  «,.  [lives,  laivz,  ^;/.]  1.  The  state 
of  being  alive;  vital  principle;  vitality.  2. 
Animate  existence.  3.  Human  affairs.  4. 
The  means  of  sustaniing  life;  the  period  of 
energy,  [<  AS.  Hf,  life.]  —  Hfe'sboat'',  n.  A 
boat  having  air-chambers  or  the  like,  by  which 
It  Is  rendered  snedallv  buoyant,  and  isoinetinies 
self-rlghtlug.— lite'less,  a.  Destitute  of  lilV; 
dead;  listless;  dull;  Insensible.— lilV'like",  a. 
Kcsembllng  that  whldi  Is  living.— llfWloiiff''', 
a.  Lasting  or  continuing  through  life.— life'- 
tiine'',  n.    The  whole  period  of  a  life. 

lift'',  lift,  V.  I.  /.  1.  To  raise  or  move  to  a 
higher  point;  elevate.  2.  To  raise  to  a  higher 
state;  exalt.  3.  [Colloq.]  To  steal,  as  cattle. 
II.  i.  To  rise,  or  appear  to  rise,  as  mist.  [< 
Ice.  lypta,  <  lopf,  air.] 

lift,  n.  1.  The  act  of  lifting  or  raising;  that 
which  is  raised  or  hoisted.  2.  That  which 
lifts  or  assists  in  lifting  or  raising;  an  elevator, 
a  hook  for  raising  a  windowsasTi,  etc. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  *lr;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


269 


lisament 
limit 


li^^a-ment,  lig'a-mgnt,  n.  A  band  which 
binds  related  structures  (as  bones,  etc.)  to- 
gether; a  bond  of  union.  [F.,  <  L.  liga- 
mentum^  <  ligo,  bind.] 

lig'a-ture,  iig'a-chur  or  -ti^r,  n.  Anything 
that  serves  for  binding,  tying,  or  connecting. 
[F.,  <  L.  ligo,  bind.] 

ligb-tS  lait,  vt.  &  vi.  [light'ed''  or  lit; 
ught'ing.]  To  set  fire  to  or  take  fire;  inflame; 
kindle;  furnish  with  a  light;  illuminatfe.  [< 
AS.  Whtan,  <  leohf,  light.] 

lights  ^«-  [light'ed''  or  lit;  light'ing.]  1. 
To  descend  and  settle  down,  as  a  bird,  after 
flight.  2.  To  happen  or  stumble,  as  by 
chance;  alight.    [<  AS.  lT/hta7i,  <  leohU  light.] 

lighti,o.  1.  Full  of  light;  bright.  2.  Of  a 
faint  or  pale  shade  of  color.     J<  AS.  ltht.^^ 

light-,  a.  1.  Having  little  weight;  easy  to 
carry,  handle,  move,  digest,  etc.  2.  Not"  im- 
portant; trivial.  3.  Free  from  burden;  cheer- 
ful; frivolous;  gay.  4.  Short  in  weight.  5. 
Characterized  by  levity  or  by  looseness ; 
equipped;  as,  light  infantry.  6.  Easy  or 
graceful,  as  in  movement,  f  <  AS.  leoht,  light.] 
—  Iiglit':foot"ed,  a.  Nimble  in  running  or 
dancing.— l.sheadedj  a.  1.  Silly;  frivolous. 
'^.  Dizzy;  flighty.— l.jlieartecl,  a.  Free  from 
care;  gay.— l.sininded,  a.   Unsteady;  foolish. 

light,  lait,  n.  That  which  renders  objects 
visible,  or  produces  the  sense  of  seeing;  any 
source  of  light,  as  a  candle,  window,  etc.;  as- 
pect; perception.     [<  AS.  leoht,  light.] 

light,  ac?v.  Lightly;  cheaply.  \_<  h.^.l€dhte, 
<  leohU  light.] 

light'en' ,  Iciit'n,  v<.  To  make  light  or  lighter; 
illuminate;  enlighten;  emit  or  radiate,  as  a 
flash  of  lightning. 

light'en^,  vi.  &  vi.  To  relieve  of  weight  or 
distrei?8;  gladden;  become  less  weighty. 

light'eri,  lait'gr,  n.  A  barge*like  vessel  used 
in  loading  ships.  [illuminates. 

light'er^,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  lights  or 

light'house'',  lait'haus",  n.    A  tower  bear- 
ing  lamps,    erected 
to  guide  seamen  by 
night. 

light'ly ,  a^y.  With 
little  weight,  pres- 
sure, or  effect;  easi- 
ly; with  levity. 

light'ness,  lait'- 
nes,  ?).  The  quality 
of  being  light,  in  any 
sense. 

lightening,  lait'ning,  n.  Light  caused  by  the 
discharge  of  electricity  from  a  cloud. —  light'- 
ningJi-od'',  n.  A  metallic  conductor  used  to 
protect  buildings  from  lightning. 

lig'ne-ous,  lig'n§-us,  a.  Composed  of  or  like 
wood.     [<  L.  ligneus,  <  lignum,  wood.] 

lig'nite,  lig'nalt,  n.  A  compact  carbonized 
vegetable  substance  used  as  coal. 

lig'num5Vi''tae,  lig'num=vai"ti  or  'vi"te,  ?i. 
A  small  tropical  American  tree,  with  hard, 
heavy  wood.  [<  L.  lignum,  wood,  +  vita,  life.] 

lig'ule,  lig'yul.  n.  Bot.  A  strap^shaped  organ 
or  part.    See  illus.  in  next  column. 

like,  laik,  vt.  [liked';  li'king.]  To  incline 
favorably  toward;  please,  or  be  pleased;  enjoy; 
choose.     [<  AS.  I'lcan,  perhaps  <  Uc,  form.] 


1.  Lighthouse.  2.  Flash, 
light  Lantern,  showing 
arrangement  of  Prisms, 
and  Revolving»gear. 


like,  a.    Having  resemblance;  similar;  equal, 

or  nearly  equal ;  virtually  equivalent.     [<  AS. 

gellc,  <  ge-,  together,  -[-  lie,  body.] 
like,   adv.    In   the   manner   of; 

similarly  to. 
like,  n.    A  like  person  or  thing; 

counterpart;  liking;   inclination. 
like''li-hood,laik'Ii-hud,«.  The 

character  of  being  likely ;  a  proba- 
bility,   like^li-nessit- 
like'ly,  laik'li.    I.  a.    [like'li- 

er;    like'li-est.]       Apparently 

true  or  real;  plausible;  probable; 

promising.    II.  adv.    Probably.   _ ,     ,    ^.^    . 
li'ken,  lai'kn,  vt.    To  represent  ^^f^^Sv 

as  similar.  *  ^'^'*^^- 

like'ness,  laik'nes,  n.    Resemblance;    por- 
trait; guise. 
like'wise'",  laik'waiz",  adv.  &  conj.    In  like 

manner;  moreover.  [ing;  preference. 

li'king,  lai'king,  n.    Inclination;  kindly  fee^l- 
li'lac,  lai'lac.  An  ornamental  flowering  shrub 

having  fragrant  purplish  flowers.     [Sp.] 
lil'y,  lil'i,  n.    An  ornamental  plant  having  a 

bulbous  root  and  erect  stem,  with  large,  showy, 

erect  or  nodding   flowers. 

[<  (jT.^'^^^leirion,  lily.] 

—  lil^i-a'ceous,  lil'i-e'- 
shius,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  lily. 

limhS  lim,  n.  One  of  the 
jointed  parts  of  the  animal 
body,  as  a  leg,  arm,  or  wing; 
also,  a  branch  of  a  tree.  [  < 
AS.  lim,  limb.] 

limb^,  n.  An  edge  or  part,  as  of 
a  disk  or  surface.  [<  L.^  limbus, 
edge.] 

lim'beri,  lim'bgr,  vt.  &  vi.    To  at- 
tach or  fasten  the  limber  to,  as  a     »   -^ 
cannon :  commonly  with  up.  |  ^^ 

lim'her^,  vt.    To  make  limber  or     ■ 
pliant. 

lim'taer,  a.     Easily  bent;  pliant; 

lim'ber,/i.   The  fore  part      a,  flower;  6,  fruit. 

of  a  guu'carriage,  having  two  wheels  and  a 

pole  to  which  horses  are  attached.    |,<  Ice. 

limar,  limbs.] 
lime,  laim,  vt.    [limed;  li'ming.]    To  apply 

lime  to;   catch  with   birdlime;  ensnare.      [< 

AS.  Umian,  <  Urn,  glue.] 
lime^,  n.     A  white  earth»like  calcium  oxid 

produced  by  calcining  limestone,  sea»shells, 

etc.,  and  used  in  building.     [<  AS.  tim,  glue.] 

—  lime'skiln'',  ?*.  A  kiln  for  burning  lime 
from  limestone  or  shells.—  lime'stone'',  lalm'- 
ston",  n.  A  rock  composed  of  calcium  carbonate. 
— 1.5  water,  n.  A  saturated  solution  of  lime  In 
water:  used  in  medicine. 

lime^,  n.  A  small  tree  of  the  orange  family, 
or  its  sour,  lemon»like  fruit.  [F.,  <  Per.  Hmtl.] 
lime^,  n.  The  linden.  [Corr.  of  linden.] 
lim'it,  lim'it.  1^.  vt.  To  set  bounds  to;  con- 
flne;  restrict.  II.  «.  That  which  limits,  oris 
limited,  or  has  bounds ;  a  check ;  district ;  period. 
[<  L.P  limes  (limit-),  cross^-path.]  —  lim'^i-ta'- 
tion,  lim'l-te'shun,  n.  The  act  of  limiting;  re- 
striction; circumscription.  — liin'it-ed,  lim'it- 


fiutjilre    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;    dh   (the);  go;  sLng,  ii^k;   tliin. 


limn 
liquefy 


270 


American  Linden. 

a,  the  leaf;  b,  a  bract 
bearing  flowers;  c,  a 
bract  in  fruit. 


gd,  pa.      Confined   to   certain  limits;  circum- 
scribed,   -less,  a. 

limn,  Hm,  vt.  To  draw  or  paint,  as  a  picture;  de- 
lineate. [ME.  limnen,  for  eiiluminen,  <  OF.  en- 
Imniner,  <  L.  illtimino,  illuminate,  v.'] 

limp',  limp,  ti.  To  walk  lamely.  [<  AS.  lemp.'\ 

limp,  a.  Lacking  stiffness;  limber;  flimsy. 
[Cp.  Ice.  limpa,  weakness.] 

limp,  n.    The  step  of  a  lame  person;  a  halt. 

lim'pet,  lim'pgt,  n.  A  small  edible  shell'fish, 
found  clinging  to  rocks.  [<  LL.of  lampreda, 
lampetra,  lamprey.] 

lim'pid,  lim'pid,  a.  Transparent;  lucid;  clear. 
r<  L.  limpidus,  clear.]  —  lim-pid'i-ty,  n. 
liin'pid-nesst:.— lim^pid-ly,  adv. 

lincll'piil",  linch'pin",  n.  A  pin  through  the 
end  of  an  axle,  to  Keep  a  wheel  in  place.  [< 
AS.  lynis,  axle,  +  pin.] 

lin'den,  lin'den,  n.  A  tree  of  soft  white  wood, 
with    heart'shaped  leaves 
and  cream»colored  flowers. 
[<    AS.   linden,    <   lind, 
linden.] 

line',  lain,  1?.  [lined;  li'- 
NiNG.]  I.  t.  To  make 
lines  upon:  read  out,  line 
by  line.  II.  i.  To  form 
in  line,  as  for  playing  foot- 
ball; be  in  line.  [<  L.^ 
lineo,  <  linea,  line.] 

line^,  vt.  [lined;  li'ning.] 
To  put  a  covering  on  the 
inside  surface  of;  cover  the 
inside  of.  [Prob.  orig.  < 
line,  LINEN.] 

line,  n.  1.  A  string  or  cord;  mark  drawn  by 
a  pen  or  pencil;  outline;  lineament.  2.  Bound- 
ary; limit;  the  outer  defenses,  pickets,  or  sen- 
tries of  an  army.  3.  A  course  in  which  any- 
thing proceeds;  a  route,  or  a  series  of  convey- 
ances following  a  route;  a  course  or  train  of 
thought.  4.  Kinship  in  direct  descent;  per- 
sons related.  5.  A  row,  as  of  articles  or 
words.  6.  A  stock  of  goods  or  a  business  of 
a  particular  kind.  7.  Math.  That  which  is  con- 
ceived to  have  length  without  breadth  or  thick- 
ness. 8.  A  measure  of  length,  one«=twelfth 
inch.  [<  P.  ligne,  <  L.  linea,  linen  thread, 
<  linnm,  flax.]  —  the  line,  the  equator. 

lin'e-age,  lin'g-gi,  n.  Genealogy;  pedigree. 
[  <  L.  itnea,  line.] 

lln'e-al,  lin'y-al,  a.  In  a  direct  line  from  an 
unccHtor;  hereditary;  made  with  lines.  [<L. 
llnealin,  <  lima;  see  line,  «.]    -ly,  adv. 

lln'e-a-ment,  lin'e-a-ment,  n.  Distinguish- 
ing line  or  mark,  as  of  a  face;  a  feature.  [< 
L.  lineamentum,  <  lineo;  see  line>,  v.] 

lin'e<ar,  Hn'g-ar,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  com- 
postKi  of  lines. 

lin'en,  lin'en,  n.  A  fabric  woven  from  the 
rtbersof  flax;  articles  made  of  linen.  [<  AS. 
tlnen,  <  tin,  <  L.  limim,  flax.] 

-Ilnffi,  $uMx.  Used  to  form  ndvorbs  from  nouns; 
M,  Bldemt(7-    [  <  AS.  -liHU,  -linga,  -hnif/a.] 

•ling^,  ^Hfflx.  Used  to  fonu  diminutives;  as,  lord- 
liii!/;  <Un\illnff.    l<  A8. -ling.] 

lingerer,  liu'gfir,  vt.  A  vi.    To  protract;  drag; 
Im' long  about  goine  or  coming;  lag.    [<  AS. 
lengan,  put  off,  <  lang.  long.]— ifii'" 
Protracted;  slow;  dllatorr. 


p<i. 


In'ger-lng, 


lin^gual,  li^'gwal.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
tongue  or  use  of  the  tongue  in  utterance.  II. 
n.  A  letter  pronounced  chiefly  with  the  tongue, 
as  d,  8,  2,  dh,  etc.     [<  L.  lingua,  tongue.] 

lin'guist,  li^'gwi8t,  n.  An  adept  in  languages. 
[<  L.  lingua,  tongue.]  —  lin-guis'tic,  a. 

lin'i-meht,  lin'i-mgnt,  n.  Med.  A  liquid 
preparation  for  external  use,  in  case  of  bruises, 
inflammation,  etc.  [F.,  <  LL.  linimentum,  < 
lino,  smear.]  [surface  of  a  thing. 

li'ning,  lai'ning,  n.    A  covering  of  the  inner 

links  li^ik,  vt.  &  vi.  To  join  or  connect  by 
links;  unite;  be  connected  or  joined. 

link^,  n.  1.  One  of  the  loops  of  which  a  chain 
is  made.  2.  A  single  constituent  part  of  a 
continuous  series.  3.  A  connecting»rod  which 
transmits  power  from  one  part  of  a  machine  to 
another.  4.  Surv.  A  length  of  7.92  inches. 
[  <  AS.  A/e^ice,  link.]  [match.] 

link^,  n.    A  torch.     [Corr.  of  lint,  <  D.  lont, 

lin'net,  lin'et,  n.  A  small  singing  bird,  with 
a  crim8on»red  breast  and  crown  m  the  male. 
[  <   AS.  llnete,  <  L.  linum,  flax.] 

lin'seed.''^  lin'sid",  n.  Flaxseed.  [<  AS.  Un, 
flax,  -|-  sied,  seed.] 

lin'sey=wool'sey,  lin's§»>wurse.  I.  a. 
Made  of  linen  and  wool  mixed.  II.  n.  A 
cloth  of  this  mixture.  [<  OF.  tinsel,  linen 
cloth,  -|-  wool.] 

lint,  lint,  n.  Raveled  or  scraped  linen;  also, 
downy  feathers.     [Prob.  <  AS.  Un,  flax.] 

lin'tel,  lin'tel,  n.  Arch.  A  horizontal  beam 
over  a  door  or  window.  [OF.,  <  LL.  lintellm, 
<  L.  limes,  boundary.] 

li'on,   lai'un,    n.     A   large   yellowish-brown 


Lion.   V90 

carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  cat  family,  of 
Africa  and  Asia;  some  person  or  thing  of 
peculiar  interest  and  curiosity.  [F.,  <  Or."* 
ledn,  Hon.]  —  ll'on-ess,  n.    A  she  lion. 

lip,  n.  The  edge  or  border  of  the  mouth;  the 
mouth;  speech:  the  edge  of  anything.  [<  AS. 
lippa,  lip.]  —  lipped,  lipt,  a.    Having  lips. 

llq"ue-fac'tlon,  n.  The  act  of  melting; 
stale  of  being  melted. 

liq'ue-fy,  lic'we-fai,  vt.  &  vi.  [-riKD,  -faid; 
-FY'iNo.J  To  convert  into  or  become  Hquia; 
melt.    [  <  L.  liqueo,  be  fluid,  +  fado,  make.] 


papa,  9Bk;  at,  Air;  el^mfint,  tlj^y,  ns^;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  ©rat^r,  «r;  full,  rille;  but,  Or; 


271 


liquid 
livid 


liq.'uid,  lic'wid.  I.  a.  Flowing;  not  solid; 
limpid;  clear;  watery;  mellifluous.  II.  n.  1. 
A  flowing  or  fluid  substance.  2 .  One  of  the  let- 
ters /,  m,  n^r.  [<  L.^  liquidvs,  <  liqueo,  be 
fluid.]  -ly,  adv.  -ne.s9,  n.—  liq'ui-date,  lic'- 
wi-det,  vt.  [-DA'TEDd;  -da'ting.]  To  deliver 
the  amount  of;  settle;  adjust;  make  more  liquid, 
as  a  sound.— lia'^ui-da'tion,  n.— li-quid'i- 
t_y,  li-cwid'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  Uquld. 
liq'uid-iiessj. 

liq.'uor,  lic'er,  n.  Any  alcoholic  or  intoxica- 
ting liquid;  liquid  of  any  sort.  [<  F.  liqueur, 
<  L.  liquor,  <  liqueo,  be  fluid.] 

li<i'iior-ice»  n.    Same  as  licorice. 

lisp,  lisp.  F.  lit.  &  vi.  To  speak  with  a  lisp, 
or  timidly;  to  pronounce  «  and  z  as  th;  speak 
imperfectly.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  or  habit  of 
lisping.  2.  A  childish  or  timid  utterance.  [< 
AS.  wlisp,  lisping.] 

listi'i,  list,  vt.  &  vi.    To  enroll;  enlist. 

list-**,  vt.    To  cover  with  list  or  the  like. 

list^**,  vt.  &  vi.  To  careen  or  cause  to  careen, 
as  a  ship.     [<  AS.  lysian,  <  lust,  pleasure.] 

list'»'i,  vt.  &  vi.  [Poet.]  To  listen  to;  listen. 
[ <  AS.  Mystan,  <  hlyst,  hearing.] 

listed,  vt.    To  enclose,  as  a  field,  for  combat. 

lists  ^-  -A-  roll  or  catalogue.  [<  MHG.^  Uste, 
border,  strip.] 

list^,  n.  The  selvage  of  cloth;  any  outer  edge; 
boundary.     [<  AS.  list,  border  of  cloth.] 

list',  n.  Naut.  A  careening,  [<  AS.  lust, 
pleasure.] 

list*,  71.  A  barrier  of  a  justing«field;  in  the 
plural,  the  field  itself.  [<  OF.  lisse,  <  LL. 
licia,  barrier,  prob.  <  L.  licium,  thread.] 

lis'ten,  lis'n,  vi.  To  attend  closely  for  the 
purpose  of  hearing;  harken;  heed.  [<  list*, 
?;.]  — lis'ten-er,  n. 

list'less,  list'les,  a.  Inattentive;  heedless  of 
what  is  passing;  languid.     [<  list^,  n.,  2.] 

lit,  imp.  &  pp.  of  LIGHT,  V. 

lit'a-ny,  lit'a-ni,  n.     [-nies^,  pl.'\    A  suppli- 


catory or  responsive  prayer. 


Gr.  litaneia. 


<  lissomai,  pray.] 
li'ter,  li'tgr,  n.     A  measure  of  capacity.     See 

METRIC  SYSTEM,  Under  METRIC.     [<  F.  lUve, 

<  Gr.  litra,  pound.]    li'trej. 
lit'er-al,  lit'gr-al,  a.     Word  for  word;   not 

metaphorical;  exact;  unimaginative.  [<  L. 
tlfera,  letter.]  —  lit'er-al-ly,  adv. 

lit'er-a-ry,  lit'gr-g-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to,  prac- 
tised in,  or  devoted  to  literature. 

lit'er-ate,  lit'gr-et  or  -§t.  I.  a.  Having  a 
knowledge  of  letters.  II.  n.  One  versed  in 
letters.    t<  L.  literatus,  <  litera,  letter.] 

lit^'e-ra'ti,  lit"e-r6'tai  or  -rg'tl,  n.  pi.  [-tus, 
-tus,  siiig.^    Men  of  letters;  scholars.    [L.] 

lir/'e-ra'tim,  llt"e-r6'tlm  or -rg'tlm,  adv.  Letter 
for  letter.    [LL.,  <:  L.  litera,  letter.] 

lit'er-a-ture,  lit'gr-a-chur  or  -titjr,  n.  Writ- 
ten or  printed  works,  especially  those  of  supe- 
rior merit;  acquaintance  with  letters;  learning. 
[  <  L.o''  literatura,  <  litera,  letter.] 

litll'arge,  lith'arj,  n.  A  metallic  substance 
made  by  heating  lead  moderately  in  a  current 
of  air:  used  in  glass=making,  etc.  [<  Gr. 
lit/ios,  stone,  +  argyros,  silver.] 

litbe,  laidh,  a.  Bending  easily  or  gracefully; 
supple.  [<  AS.  lithe,  soft.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
«.— litlie'80iiie,a.  Somewhat  lithe,  lis'soinl:. 

lith'i-um,  lith'i-um,  n.    A  soft  metallic  ele- 


ment, the  lightest  solid  element,  [<  Gr.  litlios, 
stone.] 

lith'o-grapll,  lith'o-grgf.  I',  vt.  To  pro- 
duce by  lithography.  II.  n.  A  lithographic 
print.     [<  Gr.  lithos,  stone,  4-  -graphy.] 

—  litfi-og'ra-plier,  ?i.—  lith''o-graph'- 
ic,  lith'o-gruf'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  produced 
by  lithography.— lith-og'ra-phy,  lith-eg'ra-fl, 
n.  The  art  of  producing  printed  matter  from 
stone  on  which  a  design  has  been  made. 

lit'i-gant,  lit'i-gant.  I.  a.  Disposed  to  liti- 
gate; engaged  in  litigation.  II.  w.  A  party 
to  a  lawsuit. 

lit'i-gate,  lit'i-get,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ga'ted''; 
-GA'TiNG.]  To  engage  in  litigation.  [<  L. 
litigatiis,  pp.  of  litigo,  strive.]  —  lif'i-ga'- 
tion,  llt"i-ge'shun,  n.  The  act  of  carrying  on  a 
suit  In  a  law  court.— li-tig'ious,  li-tij'us,  a. 
Inclined  to  litigation. 

li'tre,  n.    Same  as  liter. 

lifter,  lit'gr,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  bring  forth,  as 
a  litter  of  young.  2.  To  scatter  straw,  etc., 
for  bedding;  disorder;    confuse,     II.  i.    To 

five  birth  to  a  litter  of  young. 
'ter,  n.  1.  A  number  of  young  animals  at 
a  birth.  2.  Straw,  hay,  etc.,  used  as  bedding 
for  animals.  3.  A  state  of  disorder.  4.  A 
stretcher  for  carrying  the  sick  or  wounded. 
[  <  L.F  lectica,  <  lectus,  bed.] 

lit'tle,  lit'l.  I.  a.  [less;  least;  also  (dial, 
or  colloq.),  lit'tler;  lit'tlest.]  Below  the 
ordinary  size  or  amount;  diminutive;  small; 
short;  brief;  petty.  II.  n.  A  small  quantity, 
space,  time,  etc.  III.  adv.  [less;  least.] 
In  a  small  degree;  slightly.  [<  AS,  litel,  < 
lyt,  little.]  —  lit'tle-ness,  n. 

lit^to-ral,  lit'o-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  shore. 
[<  L.  litoralis,  <  litus  (litoi'-),  shore.] 

lit'ur-gy,  lit'ur-ji,  n.  [-gies^  pi.]  Prescribed 
prayers,  etc.,  for  public  worship;  a  ritual. 
[<  Gr.  leitos,  public,  +  ergon,woT^.'] 

live,  liv,  V.  [lived;  liv'ing.]  I.  t.  To  con- 
tinue in  constantly;  spend;  pass;  conform  to. 
II.  i.  To  be  living;  pass  life  (in  a  particular 
manner);  enjoy  life;  abide;  subsist;  survive. 
[<  AS.  lifian,  live.]  —live,  laiv,  a.  Possess- 
ing life;  alive;  quick;  alert;  energetic— live'li- 
faood,  lalv'll-hud,  n.  Means  of  subsistence;  reg- 
ular maintenance;  living.- live'long'',  liv'- 
leng",  a.  That  lives  long  or  is  long  In  passing; 
whole;  entire.— live'ly,  laiv'li,  a.  [live'li-er; 
live'li-est.]  Full  of  vital  energy  or  animation; 
brisk;  vivacious;  active.— live'li-ness,  w. — 
liTC'soak''',  lalv'^ok",  n.  One  of  several  durable 
trees  of  the  United  States  of  the  oak  family. 

liv'eri,  liv'er,  n.    One  who  lives;  a  dweller. 

liv'er'^,  ».  Anat.  A  large  internal  organ  which 
secretes  bile,  and  changes  the  blood  tnat  passes 
through  it.     [<  AS.  lifer,  liver.] 

liv'er-worf,  liv'gr-wiirt",  n.  One  of  various 
lichen^like  plants. 

liv'er-y,  liv'gr-i,  n.  [-iesSjo/.]  1.  A  uniform 
worn  by  servants  or  by  members  of  any  organ- 
ization. 2.  The  keeping  of  horses  and  ve- 
hicles for  hire.  3.  A  stated  allowance  of  food. 
[<  L.LL+F  libero,  <  liber,  free.]  —  liv'er- y- 
man,  n.  A  livervstable  keeper.— liv'er-ys 
8ta''ble,  n.  A  stable  where  horses  and  vehicles 
are  kept  for  hire. 

liv'id,  liv'id,  a.  Black»and«blue,  as  contused 
flesh;  lead'colored;  ashypale.  [<L.lividus, 
<  liveo,  be  livid.] 


flflt|gre  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    ©II;  c  (k);  chat;   db  {the)\   go;  sing,  i^ik;  thin. 


living 
lodge 


272 


To  pass  (the  time)  lazily  or 


liv'ing,  liv'ing,  n.  Livelihood;  a  benefice. 
[See  LIVE,  ■?;.] 

liz'ard,  liz'ard,  n.  One  of  various  reptiles,  as 
the  chame- 
leon, etc., 
with  a  long 
scaly  body, 
long  tail, 
and  four 
legs.  [<L.F 

lacerta,   liz-       North»American  Lizard, 
ard.] 

Ua'ma,  Ifl'ma,  n.  A  South* American  camel- 
like ruminant  with  woolly  coat.     [Peru.] 

\o,\r>,  inter j.    Behold!  observe!     [<  AS.  ^a.] 

loach,  loch,  n.  A  small  fresh»water  fish,  like  a 
minnow.     [<  F.  loche,  loach.] 

load^,  lOd,  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  lay  a  burden  on; 
lade;  weigh  down;  encumber;  freight.  2.  To 
charge  with  ammunition.  3.  To  confer  on 
abundantly. 

load,  n.  1.  That  which  is  laid  upon  anything, 
as  for  conveyance;  a  cargo;  burden;  a  specific 
weight.  2.  A  charge,  as  for  a  gun.  [ME.  lode, 
lit.  a  carrying,  <  AS.  lad;  see  lode.] 

load'star'',  load's  tone'',  n.  Same  as  lode- 
star, LODESTONE. 

loaP,  lof,  vt.  &  vi. 
idly;  lounge;  loiter.     T<  G.  lav/en,  run.'] 
loaPer,  lof 'er,  n.    An  idler;  lounger;  vagrant. 

loaf,  n.  [loaves,  lOvz,  pi.]  A  shaped  mass,  as 
of  bread,  cake,  etc.,  intended  to  be  cut.  [< 
AS.  hlaf,  loaf.] 

loam,  lom.  I.  vt.  To  coat  or  smear  with  loam. 
II.  n.  Sand  and  clay,  containing  organic 
matter.     [<  AS.  lam,  loam.]  —  loam'v,  a. 

loan,  ion.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [U.  S.]  fo  lend. 
II.  n.  Something  lent,  as  money;  act  of  lend- 
ing.    [<  AS.  Idn,  loan.] 

loath,  (  loth,  a.     Strongly  disinclined ;  reluc- 

loth,     ftant.     [<  AS.  Za^A,  hateful.] 

loathe,  lodh,  vt.  &  vi.  ^loathed;  xoath'- 
iNG.]  To  regard  with  hatred" and  disgust;  abhor; 
detest.  [<  AS.  Idthian,  <  lath,  hateful.]  — 
loath'fiil,  a.  Abhorring.—  loath'ifiK,  n. 
Extreme  dislike  or  nausea;  aversion.— loath'- 
some,  a.    Exciting  aversion  or  disgust. 

loaveH,  15vz,  n.    Plural  of  loaf. 

lo'hate,  lO'bet  or  -bet,  a.  Composed  of  lobes; 
lobe^like.    lo1>a"tedt. 

lob'by,  leb'i.  l.vt.&ri.  [lob'bied,  leb'id; 
LOB'BT-iNG.]  [U.  S.]  To  try  to  carry  (a  bill) 
through  a  legislative  body  by  outside  influence. 
II.  n.  [lob'bies'',  pi.]  An  anteroom,  as  of  a 
legislative  hall;  men  engaged  in  lobbying,  [< 
LL.  UMa,  <  OHG.  towfti?,  arbor.] 
—  lob'by-ist,  n. 

lobe,  lob,  n.  A  protuberance,  especially  globu- 
lar, as  of  the  ear  or  of  a  leaf  or  petal.  [F.,  <  Or. 
lobo.'i,  prob.  <  lep5,  peel.]  —  lobed,  a.    Lobate. 

loh'ster,  leb'stgr,  n.  A  large  marine  crusta- 
cean used  as  fooid.  [<  AS.  loppestre,  <  L.  lo- 
aixta,  shell-fishj 

lo'cal,  lo'cal.  i.  a.  Pertaining  to  place  or  to 
a  definite  place.  II.  n.  An  accommodation 
or  suburban  train.  [<  LL.  localis,  <  L.  locus, 
place.]  —  lo'cal-Igm,  n.  A  mode  peculiar  to  a 
place;  local  custom;  Idiom;  provincialism.— lo- 
cal'l-ty,  lo-cal'i-tl,  «.  [-tiks»,  p/.l  A  definite 
region  In  any  part  of  space;  geographical  position; 
restriction  to  a  particular  place.—  lo'caUIze  or 


-ise,  lo'cal-aiz,  »<.  [-ized; -i'zing.]  To  deter- 
mine the  exact  place  of.—  lo'cal-ly,  adv. 

lo'cate,  lo'ket,  vt.  [lo'ca'ted-i;  lo'ca'ting.] 
To  place  in  a  particular  spot;  designate  or  de- 
termine the  place  of.  [  <  L.  locatus,  pp.  of  loco, 
<  locus,  place.]  —  lo-ca'tion,  lo-ke'shun,  n. 
A  locating ;  exact  position  In  space;  place. 

loch,  loH,  11.  [Scot.]  A  lake,  bay,  or  arm  of  the 
sea.    [Gael.,  lake.] 

locks  Iqc,  v.  1. 1.  To  make  fast  with  lock 
and  key ;  shut  in  or  out  securely,  as  by  a  locked 
door.  II.  i.  To  become  securely  closed,  as 
through  a  lock  and  key;  be  held  fast.  [<  AS. 
lucan,  fasten.] —lock'jaw",  lec'je",  n.  A 
spasmodic  contraction  of  the  muscles  of  the  lower 
jaw.—  lock'oiit",  lec'Qut",  7i.  The  closing  of  a 
factory  by  employers  to  coerce  employees.— 
lock'sinitli",  n.   A  maker  or  repairer  of  locks. 

—  lock'sstitcu",  71.  A  stitch  made  by  two  in- 
terlocking threads,  as  on  some  sewing-machine. 

—  lock'up",  n.  A  place  for  the  detention  of 
persons  under  arrest. 

locks  w.  1.  A  device  to  fasten  doors,  drawers, 
etc.;  grapple.  2.  A  spring 
mechanism  for  exploding 
the  charge  of  a  firearm.  3. 
An  enclosure  in  a  canal 
with  floodgates,  to  control 
the  water»level.  [<  AS. 
loc,  bar,  <  lucan,  lock.] 

lock^,  n.  A  tuft,  as  of  hair. 
[<  AS.  locc] 

lock'er,  lek'gr,  n.  A  clos- 
et or  box  fastened  with  a 
lock. 

lock'et,  lek'§t,  n.  A  small 
case,  suspended  to  a  neck- 
lace or  chain,  often  holding  holes"' oDerS 
a  portrait.     [<  F.  lognet,   ttboTTby  n 
latch.]  -  •       -    • 

lo^co-mo'tion,    lo'co- 
mo'shun,  n.    The   act  or  r     /  ,-      „,-:^=  ;„  ♦>,» 
power  of  moving  from  one  jfef^bit 
place  to  another. 

lo"co-nio'tiv(e,  lO'co-mo'tiv.  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  loconjotion;  moving  from  one  place  to 
another.  II.  n.  A  self-propelling  steam-en- 
gine on  wheels,  as  on  a  railway.  [<  L.  locus, 
place,  4-  motus,  pp.  of  moveo,  move.] 

lo'custi,  lO'cust,  n.    A  migratory,  grasshop- 
per-like   insect, 
t  <    L.    locus ta, 
locust.] 

lo'cust*,  n.  A 
North- American 
tree  of  the  bean 
family,    with    a  ^^ 

rough  bark  and    .  .  ,^  „        ^  , 

whfte  flowers.       ^^""^^  Seventeen-year  Locust, 

lo-cu'tlon,  lo-kiO'shun,  n.  A  mode  of  speech; 
discourse.    [<  h.locutioin-),  <  loqvm',  speak.] 

lode,  lOd,  n.  1.  A  metal-bearing  vein.  2.  A 
reach  of  water,  as  in  a  canal.  {<  AS.  lad,  < 
Hfhan,  go.] 

lode'star",  n.    A  guiding  star;  the  polcstar. 

lode'stone",  ii.    Magnetic  iron  ore. 

lodge,  lej,?).  [lodged:  Lobo'iNo.]  1.  t.  l.To 
furnish  with  or  have  lodging.  2.  To  implant; 
infix,  as  an  arrow.  3.  To  beat  down,  or  be 
beaten  down,  as  grain.  11.  i.  1.  To  have  or  live 
in  a  temporary  abode  or  habitation.    2.  To  fall 


Tuhibler-lock. 
5,  bolt;  h,  door-knob 
the 
means 
of  the  tail-piece,  tp;  t, 
tumblers  w-hich  swing 
independently  accord- 


popA,  ^k;  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  thdy,  us^ge;  It,  §,  t  (ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rfllc;  bvt,  Or; 


273 


lodge 
loose 


or  be  beaten  down  and  become  fixed,  as  grow- 
ing grain.    3.  To  reach  a  place  and  rest  there. 

lodge,  lej.  n.  A  small  house;  a  cabin;  a  local 
subdivision,  as  of  a  fraternal  society.  [<  F.loge, 
<  LL.  lobia,  gallery.]  — lodg'er,  n.  One  who 
lodges:  one  who  occupies  a  room  In  a  house  but 
takes  his  meals  elsewhere.— lodg'iner*  n.  A 
temporary  abode. —  lodgement,  lej'ment,  n. 
The  act  of  lodging;  state  of  being  lodged;  a  foot- 
hold gained  and  held. 

loft,  left,  n.  A  low  story  under  a  roof;  an  ele- 
vated gallery  in  a  large  room.     [<  Ice.  loft.] 

loft'y,  left'i,  a.  [loft'i-er;  loft'i-est.]  El- 
evated, as  in  position,  character,  or  quality;  ex- 
alted; stately. —  loft'i-ly,  adv.— \oft'i-ness,  n. 

logi,  leg.  l.vt.  [logged;  log'ging.]  To  cut 
down  and  get  out,  as  logs.  II.  n.  A  bulky 
piece  of  timber  cut  down  and  cleared  of 
branches.  [<  Ice.  lag,  <  liggja,  lie.]  — log 
cabin,  log  house,  log  hut,  a  small,  rough 
house  of  logs. 

log2.  I.  xt.  To  show  (a  specified  speed)  by 
means  of  the  log. 
II.  n.  A  device 
for  showing  the 
speed  of  a  vessel; 
record  of  the  daily 
progress  of  a  ves- 
sel. [  <  Sw.  logg^ 
—  log'sbook'', 
11.  The  book  In 
which  the  official 
record  of  a  voyage 
is  entered.— l.s 
chip,n.  Atriangu- 
lar  l)oard  weighted 
on  one  edge,  and 
attached  to  a  line 
(the  logsline) 
that  runs  out  from  a 
reel  on  shipboard. 


log'ger-liead",  leg'gr-hed',  n.    1. 
'  jad;    ^  '  ■"■  ■ 


Ship's  Log  In  Use. 
the  spindle,  the  log»line,  and 
the  log=»chip. 

A  block- 
head; dunce;  a  large  marine  turtle.    2.  An 

American  shrike. 
log'ic,  lej'ic,  n.    The  science  of  correct  and 

accurate  thinking  or  reasoning.     [<  Gr.  logike., 

<    logos.,    speech,    reason.]  —  log'i-cal,    a. 

Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  logic— 'lo-gi'- 

cian,  lo-jlsh'an,  n.    One  versed  in  logic. 
log'wood'',  leg'wud",  n.    A  Central=Ameri- 

can  tree  or  its  wood:  used  as  a  dyestuff. 
-logy,  suffix.    Derived  from  Gr.  -logia  (<  logos, 

speech,  <  lego,  say). 
loin,  lein,  n.    The  part  of 

the  body  between  the  lower 

rib  and  hip'bone.     [<   F. 

longe,  <  L.  lumbus,  loin.] 
loi'ter,  lei'tgr,  vi.  To  linger 

idly  along   the  way;    lag; 

idle.  [  <  D.  leuteren,  loiter.] 
loll,  lei,  vt.  &  vi.    To  hang 

out  the  tongue;  hang  loose- 
ly, out  as  the  tongue;  lean 

idly  or  at  ease.     [<   MD. 

loUen,  sit  over  the  fire.] 
lol'ly-poo, ».   [Eng.l   Taffy; 

candy.    loFIi-popt. 
lo^ment,   lo'ment,   n.     A 

legume  divided  into  small 

cells,  with  a  seed  attached 

to  the  under  suture.     [  <  L. 

lomentum,  a  cosmetic] 


Loment  of  French 
Honeysuckle. 


lone,  lOn,  a.    Standing  by  itself;  solitary;  sin- 


gle; unmarried.      [<  alone,  by  apheresis.] 

—  lone'ly, lon'll,  rt.  [lone'li-ek;  lone'li- 
EST.]  Deserted  by  human  beings;  given  to  soli- 
tude; secluded;  lonesome.  — lone'li-ness,  n.— 
lone'sonie.  lon'sum,  a.  Sad  because  of  loneli- 
ness; secluded,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

long,  long  w  leng,  vi.  To  have  an  eager  cra- 
ving or  desire.  [<  AS.  langian.,  long,  perhaps 
<  lang.,  long.] 

long,  o.  Having  length;  lasting;  extended,  as 
in  space  or  time.     [<  AS.  lang,  long.] 

long,  adv.  To,  at,  or  through  a  great  extent  or 
period.  [<  AS.  lange,  <  lang,  long.]  —long's 
boat",  11.  A  large  ship's  boat,  often  from  30  to 
40 feet  long.— l.slived,  a.  Having  a  long  life- 
long primer.  A  size  of  prlnting«type,  be- 
tween small  pica  and  bourgeois. 

This  line  is  set  in  Long  Primer. 

—  l.ssighted,  a.  Seeing  far  or  to  a  great  dis- 
tance; sagacious;  far=sightcd.— I.ssuffering, 
a.  Enduring  Injuries  for  along  time;  patient.— 
l.s^finded,  n.  Continuing  for  a  long  time  in 
speaking  or  writing. 

lon-gev'i-ty,  len-jevi-ti,  n.  Length  of  life. 
[<  L.  longus,  long,  +  aeviim,  age.] 

long'ing,  leng'ing,  n.    An  eager  craving. 

—  long'ing-ly,  adv. 
long'isli,  leng'ish,  a.    Rather  long. 
lon'gi-tude,  len'ji-tiud,  «.    Distance  east  or 

west  on  the  earth's  surface;  length.  [F.,  <  L. 
longitudo  {-din-),  <  longus,  long.]  —  lon'^gi- 
tu^di-nal,  a.  Pertaliiing  to  longitude  or 
length;  running  lengthwise,     -ly,  ad^;. 

look',  luk,  r.  1. 1.  To  influence  or  express  by 
the  looks  or  presence.  II.  i.  To  gaze  on  for 
the  purpose  of  seeing;  apply  the  mind;  con- 
sider; face;  appear;  seem;  expect;  watch.  [< 
AS.  locian,  look.]  —  look'er:on",  luk'gr»en", 
11.  A  spectator. -look'ingsglass'',  luk'Ing^ 
glgs',7i.  A  m.Irror.  —  look'ouf',  luk'aut".  ii. 
The  act  of  watching;  a  place  for  observation; 
person  set  to  watch. 

look,  n.  A  glance  of  the  eye;  cast  of  counte- 
nance; aspect;  appearance." 

loom,  lum,  vi.  To  rise  gradually  into  a  promi- 
nent position.  [<  L.^^  lumino,  <  ^mc^-o,  shine] 

loom,  n.  1.  A  machine  for  weaving.  2.  The 
shaft  of  an  oar.     [<  AS.  gelonia,  tool.] 

loon^,  lun,  ?i.    A  stupid  person.    [<  OD.  toew.] 

loon^,  n.      A  diving  water»bird,  with   short 
tail-feathers  and  webbed 
feet.     [<  Ice.  lomr.] 

loop,  IQp.  I',  vt.  &  vi. 
To  fasten  by  a  loop; 
make  or  form  into  loops. 
II.  n.  A  fold  or  doub- 
ling, as  of  a  string,  to 
form  an  eye;  noose; 
curve.  [Prob.  <  Gael. 
lub,  bend.]  —  loop'er, 
lup'er,  n.  A  bodkin-like 
Instrument  for  making 
loops;  a  caterpillar.- 
loop'hole'',  11.  A  nar- 
row opening  through 
which  small  arms  are  fired; 
escape,  or  place  of  observation. 

loose,  lus.  I.  vt.  [loosed';  loos'ing.]  To 
free  from  anything  that  binds  or  restrains:  re- 
lease; unbind;  disengage.  II.  a.  [loos'er; 
loos'est.]     1.  Not  fastened,  confined,  or  com- 


Loon.    Vw) 
also,  a 


of 


flutiflre    (future);   aisle;   au   (put); 
^18 


oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   (the);   go;  sing,  iirtk;    thin. 


loot 
Lucifer 


274 


Sact.  2.  Lax,  as  in  power,  principle,  etc. ;  slack; 
issolute.  3.  Indefinite;  vague.  [<  AS.  leas, 
loose.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. —  loos'en,  lus'n, 
vt.  &  vi.  To  free  from  tightness  or  restraint;  be- 
come less  tight,  firm,  or  compact. 
loot,  lut.  I"*.  Tt.  &  vi.  To  plunder;  sack;  pil- 
lage.   II.  n.    Booty;  plunder.     [<  Hind,  lilt, 

<  Sans,  lotra,  plunder.] 

lopi,  lep,  vt.  [lopped';  lop'ping.]  To  cut 
oflf,  as  the  top  of  anything.  [A  use  of  lop^,  v.] 

l0'p'^,vt.&vi.  [lopped';  lop'ping.]  To  per- 
mit to  droop  or  hang  down,  as  the  ears  of  some 
dogs.  [Var.  of  LApi,  v.]  —  lop'si'^ded,  a.  In- 
clined to  one  side;  full  of  idiosyncrasies. 

lo-q.ua'cious,  lo-cwe'shus,  a.  Talkative; 
chattering.  [<  L.  loquax.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
n.—  lo-quac'i-ty,  lo-cwas'i-ti,  n. 

lord,  lord.  I*!,  vi.  To  bear  rule  with  lordly 
sway;  domineer.  II.  w.  1.  One  having  power 
and  authority;  a  ruler.  2.  [L-]  The  Supreme 
Being;  Jehovah;  also,  Christ;  the  Savior.  3. 
[Gt.  Brit.]  A  title  of  nobility  or  office.  [< 
AS.  hlaford,  <  hlqf,  loaf,  +  weard,  guardian.] 

—  lord'ly,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  lord; 
Imperious;  arrogant;  pompous.— lorcl'li-ness, 
n.—  lord'ship,  ?i.  The  state  of  a  lord;  title  of 
address  given  to  noblemen  and  judges;  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  lord;  sovereignty;  supremacy. 

lore,  lOr,  n.  Learning  in  any  branch  of  knowl- 
edge; erudition.     [<  AS.  la?^  learning.] 

lorn,  lern,  a.  Forlorn;  lonely;  lost.  [<  AS. 
l07'e?i,  pp.  of  leosan,  lose.] 

lose,  luz,  vt.  &  vi.  [lost;  los'ing.]  To  part 
with,  as  by  accident;  forfeit;  mislay;  be  de- 
prived of;  miss:  squander;  waste;  ruin;  des- 
troy.   [  <  AS.  losian,  <  los,  loss,  <  leosan,  lose.] 

—  los'er,  n. 

loss,  les  or  les,  n.  The  act  or  state  of  losing; 
that  which  is  lost;  damage;  failure;  waste.  [< 
AS.  los,  <  leosan,  lose.] 

lost,  lest  or  iSst,  ^a.  1 .  Not  to  be  found  or  re- 
covered; not  gamed,  used,  or  enjoyed;  missed; 
wasted.  2.  Kuined,  especially  in  a  moral  or 
spiritual  sense;  also,  bewildered;  perplexed. 

lot,  let,  vt.  &  vi.  [lot'ted"!;  lot'ting.]  To 
divide  or  draw  by  lot;  allot;  apportion. 

lot,  n.  1.  Thai  which  comes  to  one  without 
his  planning;  chance;  fortune;  share;  decision 
by  chance.    2.  A  parcel  of  land.    [<  AS.  hlot, 

<  hleotan,  get  by  lot.] 
loth,  loth,  a.    Loath. 

Lo-tha'ri-o,  lo-the'ri-O  or  -thg'-,  n.  A  gay  de- 
ceiver; libertine.  [  <  acharacter  in  an  old  play.] 

lo'tion,  lo'shmi,  n.  A  liquid  preparation  for 
use  as  a  wash.     [  <  L.  lotio,  a  washing.] 

lot'ter-y,  let'gr-l,  n.  [-ies*,  pi.]  A  distribu- 
tion of  prizes  by  chance.  [<  F.  loterie,  <  lot, 
lot.l 

loud,  laud,  a.  Making  a  great  noise;  clamor- 
ous; turbulent;  vulgarly  showy.   [<  AS,  hlUd.] 

—  loiid'Iy,  adv.    loud:t.— loud'ness,  ii. 
louffli,  loH,  n.   [Ir.]  A  loch.    [<  Gael.  /ocA,  lake.] 
lounge,  launj.  I.  vi.  [lounged;  loun'ging.] 

To  pass  time  in  a  lazy  or  idle  manner;  loaf; 
loll.  II.  n.  The  act  of  lounging;  a  lounging* 
place;  couch;  sofa.     [Etym.  conjectural.] 

—  loun'jrer,  n. 

louse,  lau8,n.  [LicE,lai8,  ;?/.]  A  small  parasitic 
insect  which  sucks  the  blood  of  mammals.  [  < 
AS.  lUs,  louse.]  —  lous'y,  lauz'i,  a.  Infested 
with  lice. 


lout,  n.  An  awkward  fellow;  clown.    [Perhaps 
<  Ice.  ^M^r,  bent.]— lout'ish,  a.  Clumsy;  awk- 
ward, [able. 
lov'a-bl(e,  luv'a-bl,  a.    Worthy  of  love;  ami- 
love,  lov,  V.    [loted;  lov'ing.]    I.  t.    To  re- 
gard with  affection;  delight  in;  caress.    II.  i. 
To  feel  tender  or  passionate  affection.     [  <  AS. 
luflan,  love.] 
love,  n.    1.  Devoted  affection  or  attachment; 
tender  feeling;  fondness;  courtship.     2.  One 
who  is  beloved.     [<  AS.  li/fe,  <  hijian,  love.] 

—  love'slorn'',  a.  Forsaken  by  o*r  pining  for 
alover.  —  love'ly,  a.  [love'li-kk;  love'li- 
EST.]  Possessing  qualities  that  inspire  love; 
charming; attractive.— love'li-n ess,  n.—\o\'- 
er,.  n.  One  who  loves;  one  who  Is  in  love.— 
lov'ing:,  pa.    Aflfectionate., 

low,  10.  I.  vi.  To  bellow,  as  cattle.  II.  n. 
The  bellow  of  cattle.     [<  AS.  hlowan,  moo.] 

low.  I.  a.  Of  little  height;  deep;  depressed; 
soft; cheap;  moderate;  inferior; weak;  despond- 
ent; vulgar;  base.  II.  adv.  In  a  low  way 
or  position;  cheaply;  humbly;  softly.  [<  Ice. 
^a^r;  cp.  LIE,  recline.]— low'land.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  low  or  level  country.  II,  n.  pi. 
Lands  that  lie  low;  level  land.— low'ly.  I.  a. 
[LOw'Li-ER;  LOw'Li-EST.]  Lying  low;  humble. 
II.  adv.  In  a  manner  appropriate  to  humble 
life;  cheaply;  meanly.  — low'Ii-n ess,  n.  A 
lowly  state  or  condition.-  loiv^ness,  n. 

low'eri,  lO'gr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  lessen  or  bring 
down;  make  or  become  lower;  humble;  sink. 

—  low'er-niosf ,  a.superl.    Lowest. 
low^'er^,  lau'gr.    I.  vi.    To  look  angry  or  sul- 
len; scowl.    II.  n.   A  scowl;  a  gloomy  aspect. 

[Ult.  <  LEER,  v.] 

loy'al,  lei'al,  a.  Bearing  true  allegiance,  as  to 
a  government  or  friends.  [F.,  <  L.  legalis, 
LEGAL.]— loy'al-ist,  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
and  defends  his  sovereign  or  state.—  loy'al-ly, 
ad».  — loy'al-ty,  n.    Devoted  allegiance. 

loz'enge,  lez'enj,  n.  1.  A  rhombus  with  all 
sides  equal,  having  two  acute  and  two  obtuse 
angles.  2.  A  small  medicated  or  sweetened 
tablet.     [OF.,  <  losenge,  flattery,  gravestone.] 

lubljer,  lub'er,  w.  An  awkward,  ungainly 
fellow;  landsman  on  shipboard.  [<  W.  llob, 
a  dunce.]  —  luVber-ly,  a.  &  adv. 

lu'bri-cate,  IQ'bri-ket  or  liu'bri-ket,  vt. 
[-CA"TED<';  -CA'TiNG.]  To  Supply  with  a  lubri- 
cant, as  bearings,  to  lessen  friction.  [  <  L.  lu- 
brico,  make  slippery.]  —  lu'bri-ca''tor,  n. 

lu-ceme',    lu-sgm',   n.    A   tall,    clover-like 
herb  used  for  for- 
age.     [<   F.  lu- 
zerne,     lucerne.] 
lu-cern'$. 

lu'dd,  IQ'sid,  a. 

1.  Easily  under- 
stood ;  sane ; 
clear-  shining; 
translucent.  2. 
Bot.  &  Entotn. 
Smooth  and  shi- 
ning. [<  L.  lu- 
cidus,  <  hi  ceo, 
shine.]  —  lu'cld- 
ly,  adr.—  lu-cidM-ty,  n.    lu'cid-nesst. 

Lu'ci-fer,  in'ei-fer,  n.    1.  The  mornine  star. 

2.  Satan.    3.  [1-]    A  friction-match,    luci- 
Lt.  [L,<, 


ferimatolit. 


Lucerne. 


Itix,  light,  -\-fero,  bear.] 


papfi,  cfsk;  at,  air;  el^m§nt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


275 


luck 
Lutheran 


luck,  luc,  n.    That  which  happens  by  chance; 


fortune  or  lot.  [Cp.  D.  luk^  G.  gluck.\ 
c'less,  a.  Having  no  luck.  —  li 
[ltjck'i-er;  LIJCK'I-E!      "    " 

fortune;  successful;  auspicious. 


—  luck'less,  a. '  Having  no  luck.  — luck'y, 
luk'l,  a.    [ltjck'i-er;  LiJCK'i-EST.]    Favored  by 


lu'cra-tiv(e,  lu'cra-tivorliu'cra-tiv,  a.  High- 
ly profitable. 
lu'cre,  lu'kgr  or  liu'ksr,  n.  Money;  gain.    [F., 

<  L.  lucrum,  gain.] 
lu'^cu-bra'tion,  lu'kin-bre'shun,  n.    Close 

study;  literary  composition.    [<  L. lucubratio, 

working  by  candlelight.] 
lu'di-crous,  lu'di-crus  or  liu'di-crus,  a.    Cal- 
culated to  excite  laughter;  droll;  ridiculous. 

[  <  L.  ludicms,  <  ludo^  play.] 
luflf,  luf.    I',    tt.  &  vi.    To  steer  closer  to  the 

wind.    II.  V.  The  act  of  sailing  a  ship  close  to 

the  wind;  the  rounded  part  of  a  vessel's  bow. 

[  <  D.  loeven,  <  loeJ\  the  weather^gage.] 
lug,  lug,  17.    [lugged;  lug'ging.]   To  pull  with 

exertion  or  move  heavily;  drag.  [<  Sw.lugga, 

pull.] 
lugi,  71.  A  square  sail  bent  to  a  yard  and  having 

no  boom.  lug'ssail''.t-—  lug'ger,  n.    Naut. 

A  small  two=  or  three=masted  vessel  with  lug= 

sails,  used  in  fishing. 
Iug2,  n.    The  lobe  of  the  ear;  the  ear.     [<  Sw. 

lugq,  forelock.] 
lug'gage,  lug'gj,  n.    Anything  burdensome 

or  heavy  to  carry;  baggage.     [<  lug,  r.] 
lu-gu'bri-ous,    lu-giu'bri-us,    a.      Doleful; 

solemn ;  sad.    [<  L.  lugubris,  <  higeo,  mourn.] 
luke'warm'',    luk'werm",    a.      Moderately 

warm;  tepid; indifferent,    -ly,  adr.    -neas,n. 
lul(l,  lol.  I.  vt.  &  vi.   To  soothe  to  rest;  become 

calm;  quiet;  abate.    II.  «.    An  abatement,  as 

of  noise;  calm.     [Imitative.] 
lull'a-by,  lul'a-bai,  n.    [-bies»,  pL]  A  cradle- 
song.     [<  LULL.] 
lum'bar,  lum'bar,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  situated 

near  the  loins.     [<  L.  Ivmbus,  loin.]  —  liim- 

ba'go,  lum-be'go  or  lum-bg'go,  71.    Rheumatic 

pain  in  the  back  or  loins. 
lumlaeri,  lum'bgr,  vt.    To  fill  with  lumber; 

deal  in  lumber;  encumber;  heap  in  disorder. 
—  luin'ber-ingr,   n.     Felling  and  -shaping 

timber. 
IVLxn^'beT',  vi.    To  move  heavily;  rumble.    [< 

Sw.  lonira,  <  lju7nm^  heavy  rumble.]  —  lum^- 

ber-ing,  a.    Clumsily  huge;  rumbling. 
lumHaer,  n.    Timber  sawed  into  boards;  arti- 
cles laid   aside   as   useless;  rubbish.     [Prob. 

orig.  'pawnshop,'  <  Lombard,  the  Lombards 

having  been  pawnbrokers.]  — Ium'ber''man,n. 

A  worker  or  dealer  in  timber.    luin'ber''erj. 
lu'mi-na-ry,   lu'mi-ne-ri,   n.     [-ries^,  pl.'\ 

Any  body  that  gives  light.    [<  L.  lumen,  light, 

<  luceo,  shine.]  —  lu'mi-nous,  lii'mi-nus,  a. 
1 .  Giving  or  emitting  light;  shining.  3.  Bright; 
lucid,  -ly,  arf».  — In>"ini-ii08'i-ty,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  luminous,  lu'mi-noum-nessi:. 

lump,  lump.  r.  vt.  1.  To  throw  into  a  lump; 
heap.  2.  To  take  in  the  gross.  II.  n.  A 
shapeless  mass  of  inert  matter;  swelling.  [< 
Sw.  Norw.  lump,  stump.]  —  lump'ish,  a.  Like 
alump;8tupid.— luinp'y,  a.  [lump'i-er;lump'- 
i-EST.]    Full  of  lumps;  gross. 

lu'na-cy,  lii'na-si,  n.  [-cies^,  pl?^  Mental 
unsoundness;  insanity.     [<  lunatic] 

lu'nar,  lii'nar,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  measured 
by  revolutions  of  the  moon;  lunate.      [<  L. 


lunaris,  <  luna,  the  moon.]  —  lu'nate,  lu'net 
or  -ngt,  a.  Crescent^shaped.  lii'na''tedt.— 
lu^na-tic,  lii'na-tic.  I.  a.  Affected  with 
lunacy;  crazy;  insane.  II,  n.  An  insane  person. 
— lu-na'tion,  n.    A  revolution  of  the  moon. 

luncll,  lunch.  I*,  vi.  To  take  lunch.  II.  n. 
A  light  meal  between  the  chief  meals,  as  be- 
tween breakfast  and  dinner.     [Var.  of  lump.] 

liinch^eon,  lunch'un,  n.    Same  as  lunch. 

lung,  lung,  n.     Either  of  the  two  organs  of 
respiration  in  air- 
breathing    crea- 
tures.      [<    AS. 
lungen.,  lung.] 

lunge,  lunj.  I. 
vi.  [lunged  ; 
lun'ging.I  To 
make  a  lunge ; 
thrust.  II. 
A  long,  sudden 
thrust.     i<¥.al-  Lungs. 

Innnff    IpnatVipn  1  A  view  of  the  neck  and  thorax 

Iii^Xu'     mfph      ;,  of  man  from  behind,  the  spine 

Same  RS  t  ttrk  '  ^^^d  posterior  wall  of  the  body 

1 ,. -iJih:  9t    ^^.-   ™  having  been  removed;  g,  glottis; 

lurcll2t,    m.        To  f.trac1iea;H,  left  lung;  »'?,  right 

roll  to  one  side,  as  lung;  hh,  bronchial  tubes;  pa, 

ashipatsea;SWay.  pulmonary  artery;  pv,   pulmo- 

[For  LURK.]  la'^y  ^em;  h,  heart. 

lurch,  n.    A  swaying  or  rolling. 

lurch'er,  lurch'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  lurks;  a 
poacher.  2.  A  dog  that  hunts  by  scent  and 
in  silence. 

lure,  liir,  vt.  &  vi.  [lured;  lur'ing.]  To 
entice,  as  a  bird;  attract;  allure. 

lure,  n.  A  snare;  decoy;  bait;  enticement.  [< 
OF.  lemre,  <  MHG.  luoder,  bait.] 

lu'rid,  m'rid,  a.  Giving  a  ghastly  or  dull-red 
light;  dismal.     [<  L.  luridus,  lurid.] 

lurks  lurk,  vi.  To  lie  hidden  in  ambush  or 
in  wait,  as  for  attack;  hide.  [Perhaps  <  Sw. 
lurka,  lurk.] 

lus'cious,  lush'us,  a.  Rich,  sweet,  and  de- 
licious; excessively  sweet.     [<  lusty.] 

lush,  lush,  a.  Full  of  juice  or  succulence; 
fresh  and  luxuriant.     [Abbr.  of  luscious.] 

lust,  lust.  I<i.  vi.  To  have  passionate  or  in- 
ordinate desire.  II.  n.  Vehement  or  covet- 
ous ailection  or  desire;  inordinate  desire  for 
carnal  pleasure.  [<  AS.  ^wsi.]  — lust'ful,  a. 
Having  carnal  or  sensual  desire. 

lus'ter,  Mus'tgr,  n.     1.  Brilliancy  or  sheen; 

lus'tre,  f  gloss;  brightness.  2.  A  chandelier. 
[<  ¥.  lustre,  <  L.  luceo,  shine.] —  lus'trous, 
lus'trus,  a.     Having  luster;  shining. 

lus''tring,  lus'tring,  n.  A  plain  glossy  silk. 
lute'string:}:. 

lus'trum,  lus'trum,  n.  A  purification.  [< 
L. /?/o,  wash.]  —  lus'tral,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  purification.— lus-tra'tion,  n. 

lust'y,  lust'i,  a.  [lust'i-er;  lust'i-est.] 
Full  of  vigor  and  health;  robust.— lust'i-Iy, 
adv.—  lust'i-ness,  n. 

Intend,  vt.    To  seal  up  crevices  in  with  lute. 

luteSw.  A  guitar-like  musical  instrument.  [< 
Ar.sp  +  OF  al '  ud,  <  al,  the,  +  '  ud,  lute.] 

lute^,  n.  A  composition  used  to  exclude  air, 
as  around  pipe-joints.     [<  L.''  Ivtum,  mud.] 

Lu'ther-an,  lii'thgr-an.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Martin  Luther,  the  German  reformer  (1483- 
1546),  or  to  his  doctrines.  II.  ii.  A  follower 
of  Luther. 


flutJQre    (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;    dh   {th€)\   go;  sing,  iijik;   thin. 


luxuriant 
madame 


276 


luz-u^ri-ant,  lug-zhu'ri-ant  or  lux-yu'-,  a. 
Superabundant  in  growth;  profuse-  superflu- 
ous. [<  L.  luxurio,  abound.]  -ly,  adv.— 
lux-u'ri-ance,  n.    lax-u'ri-an-cyt« 

lux-u'ri-ate,  lug-zhu'ri-et  or  lux-yu'-,  vi. 
[-A'TED'';  -A"TiNG.]  1.  To  gTOw  profusely. 
2.  To  live  sumptuously;  glory  or  revel. 

lux-u'ri-ous,  l0g-zhu'ri-u8  or  lux-yu'-,  a. 
Pertaining  or  administering  to  luxury;  volup- 
tuous,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

lux'u-ry ,  luc'shu-ri,  n.  [-ries»,  pi.]  A  free 
indulgence  in  the  pleasures  that  gratify  the 
senses;  anything  productive  of  great  pleasure; 
delicacy.  [<  L.  luxuria,  <  luxus,  extrava- 
gance.] 

ly-ce'um,  lai-st'um,  w.  [-vms^- or -\,  pi.]  1. 
[U.  S.]  An  association  for  instruction,  as  by 
lectures,  books,  etc.;  a  classical  school.  2.  [L.] 
A  grove  near  Athens  where  Aristotle  taught. 

lye,  lai,  n.  A  solution  derived  from  a  sub- 
stance containing  alkali,  or  leached  from 
ashes.    [<  AS.  leak,  lye.] 

lympll,  limf,  n.  1.  A  transparent,  colorless, 
alkaline  fluid,  consisting  of  a  plasma  resem- 
bling that  of  the  blood  and  of  corpuscles  like 
the  white  blood»corpuscles.  2.  The  virus  of 
a  disease,  used  as  in  vaccination.  [  <  L.  lym- 
pha,  clear  water.] 

lym-pliat^ic,  lim-fat'ic.     I.  a.     Pertaining 


to,  containing,  or  conveying  lymph;  absorbent. 
II.  n.  A  vessel  that  conveys  lymph  into  the 
veins;  an  absorbent  vessel. 

lynclxS  linch,  vt.  To  punish  for  imputed 
crime  by  lynch»law.  [<  Charles  Lynch,  of 
Virginia.]  —  lynch'slaw",  n.  Summary  pun- 
ishment by  the  people  without  trial  by  law. 

lynx,  linx,  n.    1.  A  keen«sighted  feline  mam- 
mal.    2.   [L-]    A 
northern    constel- 
lation.    [L.,<  Gr. 
lynx,  lynx.] 

— Iyllx'seyecl'^ 
a.  Having  acute 
sight. 

lyre,  lair,  n.  1. 
Mm.  An  ancient 
harp'like  stringed 
instrument.  2. 
[L-]  The  constel- 
lation Lyra.  [F., 
<  Gt.^  lyra,  lyre.] 

lyr'ic,  lir'ic,  a. 
Belonging  to  a 
lyre;  adapted  for 
singing  to  a  lyre. 
[<~Gr.  lyrikos,  <  lyra,  lyre.]    lyr'ic-al$. 

lyr'ic,  n.    A  lyric  poem,  song,  or  verse. 

lyr'ist,  lair'ist,  n.  One  who  plays  the  lyre; 
a  lyric  poet.    [<  Gr.  lyristes,  <  lyra,  lyre.] 


M 


M,  m,  em,  n.  [ems,  M's,  or  Mb,  emz,  pL]  1.  A 
letter:  the  thirteenth  in  the  English  alphabet. 
2.  Same  as  em. 

ma.  mQ,  n.    Mama;  mother. 

raa^am,  mam,  7i.    [Colloq.]  Madam. 

Mac-,  prefix.  [Scot,  or  Ir.]  Son:  abbreviated  Mc, 
3fc,  or  M\    [  <  Gael,  mac] 

mac-ad^am-ize  or  -ise,  m^c-ad'am-aiz,  vt. 
[-ized;  -I'ziNG.]  To  pave  with  small  broken 
stone.  [<  Macadam,  a  Scotch  engineer  (1756- 
1836).]  —  mac-ad'am,  mgc-ad'am,  n.  Broken 
stone  for  macadamizing. 

mac'^a-ro'ni,  mac'a-rO'ni,  n.  1.  An  edible 
Italian  paste  of  flour  made  into  slender  tubes. 
2.  An  exquisite  or  fop. 

mac'^a-roon',  mac'a-rQn',  n.  A  small  cake 
of  pounded  almonds,  white  of  egg,  and  sugar. 

xna-caw',  ma-c9',  n.  A  large  tropical  Ameri- 
can parrot.     [  <  Braz.  macao.] 

nlaoe^  mfis,  n.  A  club-shaped  staff  of  oflice 
and  authority,  used  in  legislative  bodies;  war« 
club;  an  ofliicer  who  carries  a  mace;  flat»headed 
cue  used  in  billiards.  [OF.,  <  LL.  ma^ia,  mallet.] 

xnace^,  n.  An  aromatic  spice  made  from  the 
covering  of  the  nutmeg-seed.  [<  Gr.i'+'' 
maker,  an  East-Indian  spice.] 

mao'er-ate,  mas'gr-et,  vt.  [-a'tev^',  -a'ting.] 
To  reduce  to  a  soft  mass  by  soaking.  [< 
L.  maceratus,  pp.  of  macero,  soften.]  —  inac''- 
«r-a'tion,  n. 

mach'^i-na^tion,  mak'i-ng'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  contriving  a  secret  or  hostile  plan;  also,  such 
a  plan;  plot.    [Ult.  <  L.  machina,  machine.] 


ma*cMne',  ma-shtn',  v.  1.  Any  combina- 
tion of  mechanism  for  utilizing  power;  engine. 
2.  One  who  acts  in  a  mechanical  manner.  3. 
[U.  S.]  An  organization  within  a  political 
partyto  control  patronage.  [F.,  <  L.  machina, 
<  Gr.  mechane,  engine.]  —  ma-ohin'er-y,  niti- 
shln'er-l,  n.  The  parts  of  a  machine,  or  a  number 
of  machines  and  kindred  appliances  collectively. 
—  ma-chin'ist,  mti-shtn^lst,  n.  One  who 
makes  or  repairs  machines. 

mack'er-el,  mak'gr-el,  n.    An  Atlantic  food- 
fish,     steel-blue 
above  with  black- 
ish bars,  and  sil- 
very beneath.     [  <  — k~ 
L.OF     maciila,  .^    ,      .    ., 
spot.]  Mackerel.    Vie 

mack'in-tosli,  mak'in-tesh,  71.  A  water- 
proof overgarment  or  cloak.  [<  Mackin- 
tosh, the  inventor.] 

nxad,  mad.  I"",  vt.  &  vi.  To  madden;  act  mad- 
ly; rave;  rage.  II.  a.  [mad'dek;  mad'dest.J 
1.  Insane;  crazy;  rash;  uncontrollable;  eager; 
passionate;  infatuated;  angry.  2.  Distracted 
with  trouble.  3.  Having  hydrophobia.  r< 
AS.  gem^d,  ge-  (generalizing)  +  mad,  mad.] 
—  mad'house",  n.  A  lunatic  asylum.— 
mad^ly,  adx).—  inad'man,  n.  A  luuatlc;  ma- 
niac—mad'neMN,  n.    Insanity. 

mad'am,  raad'am,  n.  My  lady;  mistress. 
[<  L.''  mea,  my,  +  domina,  dame.' 

la"'* '     ^.^'A^m'    —      Tu-do'to  una 

pi. 


1 


ma^dame',  mg'dgrn'.n.  fMBs'DAMEs'.mg'dflm* 
Madam:  the  original  French  form. 


papa,  9Bk;  at,  ftlr;  elfment,  thCy,  uefge;  It,  ^,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rille;  but.  Or; 


a-r-r 


madcap 
maiden 


niad'cap'%  mad'cap".  I.  a.  Wild; rattle-brained. 

II.  71.    One  who  acts  wildly  or  rashly. 
mad'den,  mad'n,  vt.  &  vi.    To  drive  or  be- 
come mad;  inflame  with  passion;  enrage. 
mad'der,  mad'gr,  n.  An  Old  World  perennial 

herb,  or  the  extract  from  its  root,  used  m  dyeing 

red.     [<  AS.  msedere,  madder.] 
made,  med,  pp.  of  make,  v. 
iiiad''em-oi-selle',    mad"em-wa-zel'    nr  mg"- 

d'mwg"zer,«.  Miss: 

the  French  appella- 
tion for  unmarried 

women.    [F.] 
Ma-don'na,      ma- 

den'a,   n.     1.  The 

Virgin     Mary;     a 

painting   or    statue 

of  the  Virgin.    2. 

[m-]  My  lady.    [It., 

=  MADAM.] 

raad're-pore, 

mad're-por,  n.  A 
brancfied  reef=cor- 
al.  [<  It.  madre- 
pora,  coral,  <  L. 
mater,  mother,  -j- 
Gr.    poros,     soft 

^^o'^^L,-     «.«i  Madder. 

mad''ri-gal, 

mad'ri-gal,   n.    A  shepherd's  song;  pastoral 

song;   love=ditty;  vocal  composition  set  to  a 

pastoral  lyric.     [F.] 

mag"a-zine',  mag"a-ztn',  n.  A  house,  store- 
room, or  receptacle  m  which  anything  is  stored; 
the  chamber  of  a  repeating  rifle;  a  periodical, 
containing  stories,  sketches,  etc.,  and  often 
illustrated.  [<  Ar.oF  akhmdzin,  pi.  of  makh- 
zan,  storehouse.] 

mag'got,  mag'gt,  71.  The  larva  of  a  fly;  a  grub; 
whim.     [<  W.  maceiad,  <  magit,  breed/] 

— inag'eot-y,  a.   Infested  with  maggots;  fly- 
blown; whmisical. 

Ma'gi,  me'jai  or  mg'gt,  n.  pi.  [Ma'gus,  me'- 
gus  or  mg'gus,  sing  J]  The  priestly  caste  of 
the  Medes  and  Persians.  [L.]  —  Ma'gi-an. 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Magi.  II,  n.  One  of 
the  Magi. 

magpie,  maj'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  natlire  of 
magic;  possessing  supernatural  powers;  sor- 
cerbus.  2.  Magical.  II.  n.  1.  Any  pre- 
tended or  supposed  supernatural  art;  necro- 
mancy. 2.  Sleight  of  hand.  [<Gr.magikos, 
magical,  of  the  Magi.]  —  mag'ic-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  produced  by  or  as  by  magic,  -ly, 
ad?\— ma-gi'cian,  ma-jish'an,  n.  An  expert 
in  magic  arts;  a  sorcerer;  wizard. 

mag''is-te'ri-al,  maj'is-tt'ri-al,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  magistrate  or  magistracy;  authorita- 
tive; judicial;  dictatorial.  [<  L.  magister, 
MASTER.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  w. 

mag^is-trate,  maj'is-tret,  n.  One  clothed 
with  public  civil  authority;  a  judicial  ofllcer. 
[<  L.^  magister,  master.]  —  mag'is-tra-cv, 
maj'is-tra-si,  n.  1-cies»,  »?.]  The  office  of'a 
magistrate;  magistrates  collectively. 

Mag'na  Char'ta,  mag'na  cQr'ta.  The  Great 
Charter  of  English  liberties,  delivered  Jnne  19, 
1215,  by  King  John,  at  Runnymede,  on  the  de- 
mand of  the  English  barons.     [L.] 

mag-nan'i-mous,  mag-nan'i-mus,  a.  Ele- 
vated in  soul;  scorning  what  is  mean  or  base; 
unselfish.  [<  L.  7nagnus,  great,  +  animus, 
soul.]  —  mag''na-nlm'i-ty,  n.  —  mag-nan'i- 
iiious-ly,  adv. 


mag^nate,  mag'net,  n.  A  person  of  rank  or 
importance;  a  noble.     [<  L.^magnus,  great.] 

mag-ne'si-a,  mag-m'shi-a,  a.  Chem.  A 
light,  white,  earthy  powder,  used  in  medicine 
as  an  antacid  or  laxative.  [<  Gr.  Magnesia 
(district  in  Thessaly).]  —  mag-ne'sium,  mag- 
nl'shium,  n.  A  light,  silverowhite  metallic  ele- 
ment.    [<  MAGNESIA.] 

mag'net,  mag'net,  n.  A  body  with  a  peculiar 
form  of  polarity,  capable  of  exerting  and  being 
acted  on  by  magnetic  force,  and  attracting  to 
itself  magnetizable  substances,  as  iron  and 
steel.  [<  Gr.  magnes,<  Magnesia,  Magnesia 
(district  in  Thessaly).] —mag-net'ic,  mag- 
net'ic,  o.  1,  Pertaining  to  a  magnet  or  mag- 
netism. 2.  Possessing  personal  magnetism. 
inag-iiet'ic-alt.  —  inag'net-isiii,  mag'net- 
izm,  71.  1,  That  unknown  cause  to  which  mag- 
netic force  is  due.  2.  The  sympathetic  personal 
quality  that  attracts  or  interests. —inag'net- 
ize  or  -ise,  mag'net-aiz,  t^t.  &  vi.  T-izkd; 
-I'ziNG.]  To  develop  or  acquire  magnetic 
properties;  attract  by  sympathetic  personal  In- 
fluence.—inag'iiet-i''za-[or  -sa-]ble,  a. 

mag-nin-cent,  mag-nif'i-sgnt,  a.  Grand  or 
majestic,  as  in  quality  or  character;  splendid. 
[  <  L.  magnus,  great,  -^-facio,  make.]  mag- 
nified.—  mag-niPi-cence,  n. 

ma^'ni-fy,  mag'ni-foi,  t;^  [-fied;  -fy'ing.] 
To  increase  the  apparent  size  of,  as  by  a  micro- 
scope; extol;  glorify;  enlarge;  exaggerate.  [< 
L.*"  magnijico,  <  magnus,  great;  and  see  -ft.] 
—  inag:'iii-fi'''a-bl(e,  mag'ni-fal"a-bl,  a. 
That  can  be  magnified.— inag'iii-fi'''er,  n. 

mag'ni-tude,  mag'ni-tiud,  7?.  1.  Great  size 
or  extent;  grandeur;  importance.  2.  The 
property  of  having  size  or  extent.  [  <  L.  mag- 
nitndo,  <  magnus,  great.] 

Mag-no'li-a,  mag-no'li-a,  n.  An  ornamental 
tree  or  shrub,  with  evergreen  leaves  and  large, 
handsome  flowers.  [<  Magnol,  a  French 
botanist.] 

mag''pie,  mag'pai,  n.    A  crow-like  bird  with 
black  '  and-white 
plumage:  capable  of 
being     taught    to 
speak. 

ina-guey',  ma-gw6', 
V.  The  American 
aloe.  [<  Mex.  ma- 
guei.'] 

ma-liog:'a-ny,  ma- 
heg'a-ni,  n.  [-nies*, 
pi!]  A  large  tropical 
American  tree,  with 
hard,  reddish  wood. 
[<  S.  Am.  mahog- 
oni.] 

I>Ia-lioin'ed-an,  Ma-hom'et-an,  etc. 
as  Mohammedan,  etc. 

ina-hout%  ma-haut',  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  keeper 
and  driver  of  an  elephant.    [<  Hind,  mahaut.] 

maid,  med,  n.  Any  unmarried  woman;  virgin; 
female  servant.     [<  AS.  maegth,  maiden.] 

maid'en,  med'n.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
suitable  for  a  maiden;  initiatory;  unused;  un- 
tried. II.  n.  A  maid;  virgin.  [<  AS.msegden, 
<  maegth,  maid.]  —  maid'en-hair'',  n.  A 
very  delicate  and  graceful  fern.  See  illus.  on 
next  page.— maid'en-liead,  n.  Maidenhood. 
—  maid'en-liood,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
maiden  or  virgin.— maid'en-ly,  a.  Befitting 
a  maiden;  gentle;  modest. 


American  Mag- 
pie.   V26 


Same 


fiutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;   dh  (the);  go;   sing,   iijik;  thin. 


mall 
malediction 


^16 


Maidenhair, 
a,  section  of  frond. 

maiming. 


mail^  mel,  vt.    [U.  S.]    To  send  by  mail,  as 
letters;  place  in  a  mail^box;  post. 

mail^,  vt.    To  put  a  coat  of  mail  on. 

mail^,  n.  1.  The  governmental  system  for 
handling  ^  letters,  etc. ; 
conveyance  that  carries 
such  matter;  mail»bag. 
2.  Matter  conveyed  by 
post.  [  <  LL.F  mala,  bag.] 

mail^,  n.  Armor  consist- 
ing of  chains,  rings,  or 
scales.  [<  L.*"  macula, 
spot,  net.] 

maim,  mem.  I.  vt.  To 
deprive  (a  person  or  ani- 
mal) of  any  part  of  the 
body;  mutilate;  disable. 
U.  n.  A  crippling;  mutilation; 
[  <  OF.  m^haigner,  maim.] 

main,  men,  a.  First  or  chief  in  size,  impor- 
tance, extent,  etc.;  principal;  concentrated; 
undivided.  [<'L.(>^magnus,  great.]— main'ly, 
adv.  Forthemost  part.— main'sdeck'',  n.  The 
gun=deck  of  a  wardship,  or  the  upper  deck  of  a 
merchantman.— inain'land,  men'land,  n.  A 
principal  body  of  land;  a  continent,  as  distin- 
guished from  an  island.—  Inain'lna8t'^  n.  The 
principal  mast  of  a  vessel.- main'saiF',  m6n'- 
a^V  (mfin'sl,  Naut.),  n.  A  sail  bent  to  the  maln» 
yard  or  one  carried  on  the  mainmast.— main'- 
springr'',  n.  1.  A  principal  spring  of  a  mech- 
anism, as  of  a  watch.  »i.  The  most  efficient 
cause  or  motive.— main'stay'',  n.  1,  Naut. 
A  rope  from  the  mainmast=head  forward  to  sup- 
port the  mast.  ti.  A  chief  support  or  de- 
pendence.—m.syard,  71.  The 
lower  yard  on  the  mainmast. 

main,  n.  1.  The  ocean;  hence, 
a  considerable  expanse,  as  of 
land.  2.  A  chief  conduit»pipe 
or  conductor,  as  for  water.  3. 
Violent  effort;  strength.  [< 
AS.  msegen,  power,  <  mseg,  I 
am  able!] 

main-tain',  men-ten'  or  men- 
ten',  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  hold  or 
keep  in  any  particular  state.  2 . 
To  supply  with  means  of  sup- 
port. 3.  To  up>hold  by  reason 
or  argument;  vindicate;  make 
good.  4.  To  hold  possession  of. 
II.  i.  To  assert;  affirm.  [< 
li.^  manus,  hand,  -f-  teneo,  hold.] 
—  inain'te-nance,  m^n'tg- 
nans,  n.  The  act  of  maintaining; 
means  of  support. 

maiz(e,  mez,   n.     A  tall  and 
stout  cultivated  grass,  for  food 
and  forage;  also,  its 
grain;    Indian    corn. 
T<    Sp.maiz,   <   W. 
Ind.  mahiz.] 

maj'es-ty,  maj'es-ti, 

71.  [-TIKSS  pi.]  1. 
Exalted  dignity; 
stateliness;  grandeur. 
2.  [M-]  A  title  given 
to  reigning  monarchs. 
[<  L.  maje8ta(t-)8.,  <  majus.  neut.  compar.  of 
magnus,  great.]  —  ma-Jes'tlc,  ma-jes'tic,  a. 
Having  or  exhibiting  majesty;  stately;  royal;  au- 
gust.—ma-Jes'tic-al-Iy,  adv. 


Maize  or  Indian  Corn. 
Maize  Plant.     2.  Ear  of 


ma-^ol'i-ca,  I  ma-jel'i-ca,     mfl-yo'li-ca,     n. 

ma-io'li-ca,  f  Earthenware  coated  with  a 
white  enamel.  [<  Maiolica,  for  Majorca., 
one  of  the  Balearic  Isles.] 

ma'jor,  me'jer.  I.  a.  1.  Greater  in  number, 
quantity,  or  extent;  principal.  2.  Mus.  Nor- 
mal, il.  71.  1.  Mil.  An  officer  next  in  rank 
above  a  captain.  2.  Laio.  One  who  is  of  age. 
3.  Mus.  The  major  key.  [F.,  <  L.  major, 
compar.  of  magnus,  great.]  —  ma'jorsgen'er- 
al,  ri.  Mil.  Ah  officer  ranking  below  a  lieuten- 
ant-general and  above  a  brlgadler^general. 

ma-jor'i-ty,  ma-jer'i-ti,  «.  [-ties^jd^.]  1. 
The  greater  part;  excess.  2.  Legal  age.  3. 
Rank  or  commission  of  a  major.  [<  L."- 
major,  greater.] 

make,  mek,  v.  [made;  ma'king.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  bring  into  being;  produce;  create;  prepare; 
manufacture.  2.  To  compose;  deliver;  utter. 
3.  To  bring  about;  accomplish.  4.  To  force; 
induce.  5.  To  cause  to  appear.  6.  To  pro- 
cure; gain.  7.  To  traverse.  8.  Naut.  To 
arrive  at.  9.  To  reckon.  II.  i.  1.  To  pro- 
ceed or  tend.  2.  To  contribute.  3.  To  show 
oneself.  4.  To  gain  by  advances.  [<  AS. 
macian,  make.]  —  make'sbe-lieve".  I.  a. 
Pretended;  unreal.  II.  7i.  A  mere  pretense; 
sham.-  ina'ker,  n.  [tlon;  product. 

make,  mek,   n.     Structure;  shape;  construc- 

iiiaN,  pr^x.  Bad;  ill;  evil;  wrong;  defective; 
Imperfect:  signifying  also  simple  negation,  and 
forming  words  directly  from  Latin  and  mediately 
through  French:  opposed  to  ben-,  bene-,  eu-,  ev-. 
[<  F.  inal;  <  L.  7nale-,  <  malus,  bad.l 

Many  compounds  of  mal-  are  self 'explaining, 
the  prefix  simply  adding  the  meaning  "defective" 
or  "  evil  ";  as,  ma^adaptatlon. 

mal'a-cMte,  mal'a-cait,  n.  Mineral.  A 
native  carbonate  of  copper,  of  a  green  color. 
[  <  Gr.i-  malachl,  <  7nalakos,  soft!] 

mal"a-col'o-ary,  n.  The  branch  of  zoology  that 
treats  of  mollusks.    [<   Gr.  malakos,  soft,  + 

-LOGY.] 

mal"ad-min"is-tra'tion,  n.  Bad  manage- 
ment, as  of  public  affairs.  [blundering. 

mal"a-droit',   mal'a-dreit',  a.     Clumsy  or 

mal'a-dy,  mal'a-di,  n.  J^-dies*,  pi.]  A  dis- 
ease or  disordered  condition*  sickness;  ill- 
ness.   [<  F.  maladie,  disease.] 

mal'a-pert,  mal'a-pgrt.  I.  a.  Bold  or  for- 
ward; impudent;  saucy,  II.  w.  A  saucy 
person.     [OF.] 

mal-a"pro-po8',  mal-g"pro-pO',  a.  Out  of 
place;  not  appropriate.    [<  mal- -|- apropos.] 

ma-la'ri-a,  ma-le'ri-a  or-lg'ri-a,  n.  1.  Any 
foul  or  unwholesome  air,  as  from  decomposi- 
tion. 2.  A  disease  caused  by  such  air  or  ex- 
halations; chills  and  fever.  [<  It.  maJ' aria, 
bad  air.]  —  ma-la'ri-al,  a.  Caused  by  or 
affected  with  malaria.— ina-la'rl-ous,  a. 
Containing  or  producing  malaria. 

m.al'COn-tent",  mal'cen-tont".  I.  a.  Dis- 
contented, as  with  state  affairs.  II.  n.  A 
dissatisfied  person. 

male,  mel.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sex  that 
begets  young;  masculine.  II.  «.  A  male  per- 
son or  animal;  plant  with  only  st«minate  flow- 
ers.    [OF.,  <  L.  masculus,  male.]  ' 

xnal"e-dlc'tion,  marg-dic'shun,  n.  An  in- 
vocation of  evil;  imprecation;  curse.  [<  L. 
mxUe,  evil,  -f  dico,  speak.] 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  air;  el©mfint,  th6y,  U8|ge;-it,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  wr; 


27d 


malefactor 
mange 


mal"e-fac'tor,  malg-fac'tgr,  n.  One  who 
commits  a  crime;  a  criminal,  [L.,  <  male, 
ill,  -{-facto,  do.] 

ma-lev'o-lent,  ma-lev'o-lent,  a.    Having  an 
evil  disposition   toward  others;   ill'disposed. 
[<  L.  mains,  bad,  +  volo,  wish.] 
—  ma-lev'o-lence,  n. 

mal'^for-ma'tion,  n.  A  defective  formation. 

mal'ice,  mal'is,  n.  A  disposition  to  injure 
another;  evil  intent;  spite;  ill  will.  [F.,  <  L. 
malitia,  <  ma^w*,  bad.]  — ma-li'cious,  a.  Har- 
boring malice  or  enmity;  due  to  malice;  spiteful; 
malevolent. 

ma-lign',  ma-lain'.  1.  vt.  To  speak  evil  of, 
falsely  and  maliciously.  II.  a.  1.  Having 
an  evil  disposition  toward  others;  ill  disposed; 
malevolent.    2.  Tending  to  injure;  pernicious. 

{<  L.*"  malignns,  malign.]  -ly,  adv. — ma- 
igr'nant,  ma-llg'nant.  I.  a.  Having  extreme 
malevolence;  tending  to  do  great  harm;  virulent; 
heinous.  II,  n.  One  who  has  evil  Intentions.— 
ina-liK^nan-cy,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  malign,  ma-lier'naticet.  — ma-lig'- 
nant-ly,  adv.  —  ma-hgn'er,  ».— ma-lig'- 
ni-ty,  n.  Violent  animosity;  evil  nature;  de- 
structive tendency;  virulence. 

niall,  mSl,  »«.    Same  as  maul.  - 

malli,  mel,  n.  1.  A  maul.  2.  A  war^ham- 
mer.     [<  OF.  mM.1  (<  L.  malleus),  hammer.] 

mall^,  mal  or  mel,  n.    A  level  shaded  walk. 

[<  MALL>,  as  in  PALL'MALL.] 

mallard,  mal'ard,  n.  The  common  wild 
duck;  formerly,  its  drake.  [<  OF.  malard, 
<  male,  male.] 

mal''le-a-l>l(e, 
mal'g-a-bl,  a.  Ca- 
pable of  being  ham- 
mered or  rolled  out 
without  breaking; 
pliant.  —  inal''le-a- 
biPi-ty,  n. 

mariet,  mar§t,  n.  A  wooden  hammer.  [OF., 
dim.  of  mal,  hammer.] 

mallow,     I  mal'O,  -Oz,  n.    A  prostrate  weed 

mariOTVS,  (with  roundish  leaves,  small  pale» 
pink  flowers,  and  flat,  disk'like  fruit.  [< 
(jr.L+AS  malakos,  soft.] 

mal-prac'tise,  mal-prac'tis,  n.  Improper 
conduct;  illegal  medical  or  surgical  treatment. 

malt,  melt.  F.  vt.  &  vi.  To  convert  into  or 
become  malt.  II.  n.  Grain  that  has  been 
artificially  germinated  by  moisture  and  heat. 
[<  AS.  mealt,  <  m^ltan,  melt.] 

mal-treat^'i,  mal-trit',  vt.  To  use  ill ;  treat 
unkindly;  abuse.— mal-treat'ment,  n.  Bad 
treatment:  abuse. 

ma-ma',        I  ma-mfl'  or  mfl'ma,  n.    Mother. 

mam -ma's  f  [Repetition  of  infantile  syllable 
ma.} 

mam'ma^,  mam'a,  n.  [mam'm^,  mam'i  or 
-e,  pi.']  Anat.  The  milk^secreting  organ  of  a 
mammal;  a  breast,  udder,  or  bag.   [L.,  breast.] 

mam'mal,  mam'al,  n.  A  vertebrate  animal 
whose  female  suckles  its  young.  [<  LL.  mam- 
malis,  <  L.  mamma,  breast.]  —  Mam-ma'- 
li-a,  mam-me'll-a  or  -mg'll-a,  n.  pi.  Zool.  A 
class  of  animals  whose  females  have  mllk»secre- 
ting  mammae  to  nourish  their  young. 

Mam'mon,  mam'gn,  n.  The  Syrian  god  of 
riches;  worldliness  personified;  spirit  of  ava- 
rice,   [LL.,  <  Syr.Gr  mdmdna,  riches.] 


Mallard.    1/26 


mam.'motli,  mam'Qth.  I.  a.  Huge;  colossal. 
II.  n.  A  very  large  extinct  elephant  with 
enormous  tusks.     [<  Rus.  mamantu.} 

m.an,  man,  vt.  [manned;  man'ning.]  1.  To 
supply  with  men.  2.  To  supply  with  strength 
or  courage.     [<  AS.  mannian,  <  man,  man.] 

man,  n.  [men,  p^.]  1.  A  human  being;  the 
human  race ;  any  one,  indefinitely.  3.  An 
adult  male  of  the  human  kind.  3.  A  figure, 
disk,  etc.,  as  in  chess  or  checkers.  [<  AS. 
man,  <  V  man,  think.] 

man'a-cl(e,  man'a-cl.  I.  vt.  r-cL(E)D; 
-CLING.]  To  put  manacles  on.  II.  n.  A 
handcuff.     [<  L.^  manicse  (pi.),  handcuff.] 

man'age,  man'§j,  v.  [man'aged;  man'a- 
GiNG.]  I.  t.  To  control,  direct,  or  con- 
duct; guidej  contrive.  II.  i.  To  carry  on  or 
regulate  business  or  affairs.—  inan'age-a-bl(e, 
a.  Capable  of  being  managed;  tractable  ;  docile. 
—  maii'asrc-nient,  n.  1.  The  act  of  man- 
aging, controlling,  or  conducting.  2.  Managers 
or  directors  collectively.  —  iiian'a-ger,  n. 

man''da-rin',  man"da-rin',  n.  1.  A  Chinese 
official,  either  civil  or  military.  2.  A  Chinese 
orange.     [Ult.  <  Sans,  mantrin,  counselor.] 

man'date,  man'det,  n.  An  authoritative  re- 
quirement; a  command;  order;  charge.  [< 
L.  manus,  hand,  -f  do,  give.]  —  man'da-ta- 
ry,  n.  One  to  whom  a  charge  Is  given.— man'- 
da-to-rv,  a.    Expressive  of  positive  command. 

man'di-ble,  man'di-bl,  n.  The  lower  jaw- 
bone, as  of  birds  or  insects.  [<  LL.  mandi- 
bula,  jaw,  <  L.  mando,  chew.] 

man'do-lin,     |man'do-lin,    n.     A   stringed 

man'do-line,  (musical  instrument  with  an 
almond-shaped  body.  [<  Qcc.^''^  pandcmra, 
a  musical  instru- 
ment with  three 
strings.] 

man'drake,    man'drek, 
A  common  woodland 
with  narcotic  qualities;"  the 
Mayapple,      [<    Gr.   man- 
dragoras.] 

man'drel,  man'drel,  n.     A        Mandolin, 
shaft  or  spindle  on  which  an  object  may  be 
fixed  for  rotation.     [<  Gr.f'+f  mandra,  stall.] 

man' drill,  man'dril,  n.  A  large  and  ferocious 
West' African  baboon.     [<   man  -f  dkill^.] 

mane,  men,  n.  The  long  hair  growing  on  and 
about  the  neck  of  some  animals.  [  <  AS.  mami\ 

iiia^'necre',  mg'nezh',  n.  The  art  of  training  and 
riding  horses;  a  school  of  horsemanship.    [F.] 

ma'nes,  me'niz  ormg'nes,  n.  pi.  Rom.  Antiq. 
The  spirits  of  the  dead.     [L.] 

ma-neu'ver,  (  ma-nu'vgr,  rt.  &  vi.  [-vered, 

ma-nceu'vre,  (  -vred  ;  -veh-ing,  -vring.] 
1.  To  put  through  evolutions,  |)erform  mili- 
tary or  naval  evohitions.    2.  To  intrigue. 

ma-neu'ver,   \  n.    1.    A  movement,  as  of 

ma-noeu'vre,  (troops.  2.  Any  dexterous  or 
artful  proceeding.  [<  L.^  mantis,  hand,  -f 
opera,  work.] 

man'ful,  man'ful,  a.  Having  a  manly  spirit; 
sturdy;  brave.— inan'ful-ly,  adv. 

man'^ga-nese',  man"ga-ni8',  n.  A  hard, 
brittle,  metallic  element,  used  in  making  glass 
and  paints.     [<  L.^+"  magnes,  magnet.] 

mange,  menj,  n.  An  itch-like  skin-disease, 
as  of  dogs.     [<  L.OF  manduco,  chew.] 


fiut|ure    (future);   aisle;  au   {oiiX);   eil;   c   (k);    chat;   dh  (lih€)\  go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


in&ngel'W^urzel 
manual 


280 


inan'gel=wur''zel,  maxi'gl»wur"zl,  n.  A 
Iarge»rooted  beet  fed  to  cattle.     [G.l 

man'ger,  men'jgr,  n.  A  feeding»box,  as  for 
horses.     [<  F.  mangeoire^  <  manger,  eat.] 

man^g:l(e^  man'gl,  vt.  [man'gl(e)d;  man'- 
GLiNG.]  To  disfigure  or  mutilate,  as  by  cut- 
ting; lacerate.      [<  L.'^s  ^^/icw.?,  maimed.] 

man'gKe^,  vt.    To  smooth  with  a  mangle. 

inan'gl(e,  n.    A  machine  for  smoothing  fab- 
rics by  pressing  them 
between  rollers. 
D.    mangel,    < 
manganon,    a    war* 
engine.] 

man'go,  man'go,  n. 
1.  The  edible  fruit 
of  a  tropical  tree  al- 
lied to  the  sumac.  2. 
The  tree  producing 
the  fruit,  man'gos 
tree" J.  3.  A  pick- 
led green  muskmelon. 


ht 


Mangle, 
a,  a,  adjusting  pressure* 
screws;  d,  doifer=roll  for  de- 
livering cloth;  r,  pressures 
rolls,  covered  with  wool  to 


[<  Malay  mangga.]  absorb  moisture;  s,  steam. 
•mn.n'e-rnfr**  rnn-n'-  Pipeforheatmgmternalcyl- 
man  grove,     man  -   r^^       ^  receivlng^table. 

grov,   n.     A  tropical 

tree  which  grows  in   muddy  places  on  low 

coasts.  [  <  Aialay  manggi'manggi,  mangrove.] 
man'gy,  men'ji,  a.  [man'gi-er;  man'gi-est.] 

Affected  with  the  mange;  squalid. 
man'liood,  man'hud,  w.     1.  Manly  qualities 

collectively.    2.  The  state  of  being  a  man. 
ma'ni-a,  me'ni-a  or  mg'ni-a,  n.    1.  Mental 

unsoundness;   raving  insanity.    2.  A  desire; 

craze.     [<  Gr.  mania,  madness.]— raa'ni-ac. 

I.  a.     Maniacal.     II,  ?i.     A  person  wildly  or 

violently  Insane;  a  madman.— ma-ni'a-cal,  a. 

Insane;  raving;  mad.    -ly,  adv. 
man^i-fest,  man'i-fest.     F.  vt.     To  make 

plain  to  sight  or  understanding;  reveal.    II.  a. 

Plainly  apparent  to  sight  or  understanding; 

evident;  plain;  clear.    III.  n.    An  invoice  of 

a  cargo  for  custom-house  purposes;  way=bill. 

[<  L.  manifestm,   manifest.]      -ly,    adv. — 

mnn^i-feH-ta'tion,  n.  The  act  of  manifesting 

or  making  plain;  a  revelation. 
xuan^i-fes'to,  man"i-fes'tO,  n.    [-toes»,  ^j/.] 

A  public  official  proclamation.     [It.] 
xnan^i-fold,  man'i-fold.     I'',  vt.    To  make 

more  than  one  copy  of  at  once.    II.  a.    Of 

great  variety;  numerous. 
xuan^i-kin,  man'i-kin,  n.    1.  A  model  of  the 

human   body,   showing   its   structure,  as  for 

artists'use.    2.  A  little  man;  dwarf.    [<  MD.*" 

manneken,  dim.  of  man,  man.] 
man'l'OC,   man'i-ec,  7i.    The  product  of  the 

cassava* plant,  from  which  tapioca  is  derived. 

[<  Pg.  (Braz.)  mandioca.] 
xna-nlp^u-late,  ma-nip'yu-16t.  vt.  &  vi.  [-la"- 

TEi)'';  -LA'TiNG.]    To  Operate  on  or  work  with 

the  hands;  manage.    [<Lh.  maninnlatus,iiY). 

of  manipulo,  <  L.  manipulus,  hanaful.]~ina- 

nip^u-la'tion,  n.  —  ma-iilp^u-la^'tor,  n. 
man'^kind',  man'kalnd',  n.    The  whole  hu- 
man   8j)ecies ;    men    as   distinguished   from 

women. 
man'like'',  man'laik",  a.    Like  a  man. 
man'ly,  man'li, rt.    [man'li-er;  man'li-est.] 

Possessing  the  characteristics  of  a  true  man, 

as  strength,  frankness,  and  intrepi(]ity.— man'- 

lUneMBf  n. 


man'na,  man'a,  w.  1.  Bible  Hist.  Food  on 
which  the  Israelites  subsisted  in  the  wilder- 
ness; spiritual  nourishment.  2.  A  sweetish 
substance  obtained  from  the  stems  of  a  species 
of  ash.     [<  Gr.  manna,  <  Heb.  man,  manna.] 

man'ner,  man'gr,  n.  1.  The  way  of  doing 
anything;  usual  practise;  habit;  method.  2. 
Appearance;  bearing;  mien.  3.  pi.  Behavior. 
[<  F.  maniere,  <  main,  hand.]  —  man'ner- 
ism,  n.  Adherence  to  one  manner,  style,  or  pe- 
culiarity.—man'ner-ly.  I.  a.  Well-behaved; 
polite.    II,  adv.    "With  good  manners;  politely. 

ma-nceu'ver,  ma-nceu'vre.  Same  as  maneu- 
ver. 

inaii'''Of'war',  n      [mfn'-of-war',  pH    An 


Man«of»war! 
armed  vessel  belonging  to  a  military  marine. 

man' or,  man'gr,  nT    A  nobleman's  landed  es- 
tate.    [<  F.  manoir,  <  L.  maneo,  dwell.] 
—  ma-no'ri-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  manor. 

man'sard,  man'sflrd,  n.  A  roof  >with  a  double 
pitch  on  all  sides;  also,  an  attic.  [<  Mansard, 
a  French  architect.]    man'sard  rootX. 

manse,  mans,  n.  A  parsonage:  landholder's 
residence.  [OF.,  <  LL.  mansa,  <  L.  maneo, 
dwell.] 

man'sion,  man'shmi,  n.  A  large  or  handsome 
dwelling.     [OF.,  <  L.  mansio(n-),  dwelling.] 

man'slaugli'^ter,  man'sle"tgr,  n.  The  kill- 
ing of  man  by  man;  especially,  such  killing 
without  malice. 

man'tel,  man'tl,  n.    The  facing  about  a  fire- 

filace,  including  the  shelf  above  it;  the  shelf. 
OF.,  cloak,  shelf.]    man'tel'piece'^t- 

man'tel-et,  man'tel-et,  n.  1.  A  small  mantle 
or  short  cloak.  2.  Mil.  A  movable  roof  or 
shield  to  protect  troops.  [OF.,  dim.  of  mantel; 
see  mantle,  «.] 

man-tll'la,  man-tll'a,  n.  A  woman's  light 
cape  or  head-covering  of  lace.     [Sp.] 

man'tis,  man'tis,  n.  [man'tis-es,  -ez  or  -es,  or 
man'tes,  -tiz  w  -tes,  pl.'\    An  insect  which  as- 
sumes   a    position   as   of 
prayer  when  waiting    for 
its    insect  prey.      [<   Gr. 
mantis,  prophet,  locust.] 

man^tl(e,     man'tl,     v. 

tMAN'TL(E)D;MAN'TLING.] 
.  t.    To  conceal.     II.  i. 

To    overspread;     become 

covered.  Mantis. 

man'tl(e,    n.     A  loose  sleeveless  cloak; 

which  clothes,  covers,  or  conceals.     [<  L.-**^ 

mantellum,  cloak.] 
inan'rii-atina^'ker,  n.    A  dressmaker. 
man'u-al,  man'yu-al.    I.  a.    Done,  made,  or 

used  by  the  hand.    II.  n.    1.  A  compact  vol- 


that 


papa,  gBk;  at,  ftir;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  uB|ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rfile;  but,  flr; 


2di 


manufactory 
marmalade 


ume;  handbook,  as  a  church  service-book. 
2.  In  an  organ  or  the  like,  a  keyboard.  3. 
Jfil.  Systematic  exercise  in  the  handling  of 
some  weapon.     [<  L.^  manus,  hand.] 

man''u-fac'to-ry,  man"yu-fac'to-ri,  «. 
[-RiEs^.  pi.]  A  place  where  anything  is  man- 
ufactured.   [<  L.  manus,  hand,  +  factory.] 

man^'u-fac'ture,  man'yu-fac'chur  or  -tiyr. 
I.  vt.  &  xi.  [-tured;  -tur-ing.]  To  produce 
or  fashion  byindustrial  art,  as  by  hand  or  ma- 
chinery. II.  n.  The  production  of  goods  by 
industrial  art  or  processes;  manufactured  ar- 
ticles collectively.  [<  L.  manus,  hand,  -{-facio., 
make.]  —  maii^'u-fac'tur-er,  n. 

man^^u-xalt',  man'yu-mit',  vt.  [-mit'ted''; 
-mit'ting.]  To  free  from  bondage,  as  a  slave; 
emancipate;  liberate.  [<  Jj.  manns.,  hand, -f- 
mitfo,  send.]— man^u-niis'sion,  n. 

ma-nure%  ma-niur'.  I.  vt.  [ma-nured'; 
ma-nur'ing.]  To  apply  fertilizing  substance 
to.  II.  n.  Any  substance,  as  dung,  applied 
to  soil  to  render  it  more  fertile.  [<  F.  ma- 
nomvrer^  <  maneuvre,  maneuver.] 

man'u-script,  man'yu-script.  I.  a.  Written 
by  hand  with  a  pen  or  the  like.  II.  n.  Matter 
written  by  hand  as  with  a  pen:  abbreviated 
MS.     [<  L.  manus,  hand,  -f-  scHbo,  write.] 

man'y,  men'i.  I.  a.  [more;  most.]  Consti- 
tuting a  large  number;  numerous.  II.  n.  Any 
large  number;  the  masses;  crowd;  multitude. 
[<  AS.  menigu.,  <  manig,  many.] 

map,  map.  I.  vt.  [mapped';  map'ping.]  To 
make  a  map  of;  plan  in 
detail.  II.  n.  A  repre- 
sentation of  any  region, 
as  of  the  earth's'  surface; 
a  chart.  [<  L.^  mappa, 
napkin.] 

ma'ple,  me'pl,  n.  A 
deciduous  tree  of  many 
varieties,  confined  to  the 
north  temperate  zone.  [  < 
AS.  mapol.]— magpies 
sir'^up,  n.  A  sirup  ob- 
tained by  boiling  down 
8ugar=maple  sap,  or  by 
melting  maple»8ugar.  m.s 
inolassest.  —  m.ssiig- 
ar,  n.  Sugar  obtained  oy  evaporating  the  sap 
of  the  sugar=maple. 

mar,  mflr.  I.  vf.  [marred;  mar'ring.]  To 
do  physical  harm  to;  impair;  spoil.  II.  n.  A 
blemish;  injury.     [<  AS.  mwTan,  injure.] 

ma-raud'd,  ma-red',  vt.  &  vi.  To  pillage; 
plunder;  rob.  [<  F.  marander,  <  maravd, 
rogue.]  — ma-raud'er,  n.  A  plunderer;  robber. 

mar'blCe,  mQr'bl.  I.  vt.  [mar'bl(e)d;  mar'- 
BLiNG.]  To  color  in  imitation  of  marble,  as 
book'cdges.  II.  a.  Made  of  or  like  marble; 
without  feeling;  cold.  III.  n.  A  stone  com- 
posed of  calcium  carbonate  or  the  like,  valuable 
for  building;  a  small  ball  made  of  this  stone; 
a  piece  of  sculpture.  [OF.,  <  L.  marmor,  < 
Gr.  marmaros,  <  marmairo,  sparkle.] 

marcllS  march,  vt.  &  vi.  To  move  or  cause 
to  move  with  measured  steps,  as  a  soldier.  [  < 
F.  marcher,  <  LL.  marcus,  hammer.] 

march.' ,  n.  Movement  together,  as  of  soldiers ; 
the  distance  marched;  progress;  music  suitable 
for  marching  troops. 


Leaf  of  Red  Maple, 
a,  staminate  flowers; 
b,  pistillate  flowers;  c, 
the  fruit. 


Marcli2 ,  n .  The  third  month  of  the  year,  hav- 
ing 31  days.  [OF.,  <  L.  Martins,  <  Mar{t-)s, 
Mars.]  [mearc,  border.] 

marcli^,  n.    A  boundary;  frontier.     [<  AS. 

mar'cliion-ess,  mQr'shun-es,  n.  The  wife 
or  widow  of  a  marquis. 

mare,  mar,  n.    The  female  of  the  horse. 

mar' gin,  mflr'jin,  n.  1.  A  bounding»line; 
border;  verge;  brink;  edge.  2.  The  difference 
between  the  cost  of  an  article  and  its  selling- 
price.     [  <  L.oF  margo,  brink.] 

mar'gin-al,  mOr'jin-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
constituting  a  margin;  placed  on  the  margin. 

mar' grave,  mflr'grev,  w.  A  nobleman  corre- 
sponding to  the  English  marquis.     [F.l 

—  inar'srra-vine,  mar'gra-vin,  n.  The  wife 
of  a  margrave. 

mar'gue-rite ,  mar'gg-rtt,  n.  A  daisy ;  oxeyj 
daisy.     [F.  ult.  <  Gr.  margaros,  pearl-oyster.] 

mar'i-gold,  mar'i-gOld,  n.  A  plant  with 
golden^yellow  flowers,  of  the  aster  family. 

ma-rine',  ma-rin'.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
sea;  pelagic;  nautical.  II.  n.  1.  A  soldier 
serving  on  a  war-vessel.  2.  Shipping,  or  ship- 
ping interests  generally.  [<  L.^  marinns,  < 
mare,  sea.]  [a  ship;  a  sailor. 

mar'i-ner,  mar'i-ngr,  n.    One  who  navigates 

mar"i-o-nette',  mar"i-o-net',  n.    A  pui)pet. 

mar'i-tal,  mar'i-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hus- 
band or  to  marriage.  [<  L.  maritalis,  <  mar- 
itus,  husband.] 

mar'i-time,  mar'i-tim,  a.  Situated  on  or 
near  the  sea;  pertaining  to  the  sea;  marine. 
[F.,  <  L.  maritimus,  <  mare,  sea.] 

mar'jo-ram,  mflr'jo-ram,  n.  A  perennial 
culinary  herb  with  oblong  spikes  of  flowers. 

marks  mflrk,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  a  mark  or 
marks  on;  designate.  2.  To  produce  by  means 
of  marks.  3.  To  give  marks  to.  4.  To  heed; 
regard.  II.  i.  To  pay  special  attention;  give 
heed.—  mark'er,  n. 

mark',  n.  1.  A  visible  trace  or  impression, 
produced  by  drawing,  stamping,  etc.,  as  a  line 
or  the  like.  2.  A  character  used  to  fix  a  stu- 
dent's grade.  3.  A  token;  badge;  characteris- 
tic. 4.  A  target;  aim;  goal.  5.  Distinction; 
eminence.     [<  AS.  mearc,  mark.] 

mark^,  n.  A  German  coin,  worth  about  24 
cents.     [<  AS.  marc,  weight.] 

mar'ket"!,  mflr'ket,  vt.  &  vi.  To  take  or  send 
to  market;  buy,  sell,  or  deal  in  a  market. 

mar'ket,  n.  1.  A  place  where  merchandise 
is  exposed  for  sale;  traffic;  sale.  2.  A  place 
where  things  can  be  bought  or  sold.  [<  AS. 
market,  <  L.  mercatus,  pp.  of  mercw,  trade.] 

—  inar'ket-a-bl(e,  a.    Salable;  in  demand. 
marks'man,  marks'mgn,  n.     [marks'men, 

pl^  One  who  shoots  at  a  mark,  with  reference 
to  his  skill.— marks'man-ship,  n. 

marl,  n.  An  earthy  deposit  containing  lime, 
clay,  and  sand,  used  as  a  fertilizer.  [<  L.of 
Tnarg'a,  marl.]— mar-la'ceous,  a.  Resembling 
or  containing  marl.  — marl'y,  a.  Resembling 
or  of  the  nature  of  marl;  abounding  In  marl.  • 

mar'line,  mQr'lin,  n.  A  small  rope  of  two 
strands  loosely  twisted  together:  used  for  wind- 
ing ropes,  cables,  etc.  [<  D.  marren,  bind, 
+  lijr),  line.]  —  niar-'Iine-spike",  n.  A  shaip- 
polnted  Iron  pin  used  as  In  splicing  ropes. 

mar 'ma-lade,  mflr'ma-led,  n.    A  preserve 


flutlure    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;    dh   {the);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


mai^moset 
mash 


262 


made  by  boiling  the  pulp  of  bitter  or  acid  fruits 
with  sugar  to  the  consistency  of  jam.  [< 
Gr.oF  meli^  honey,  +  melon,  apple.] 

mar'mo-set'',  mflr'mo-zet",  n.  A  small 
South»American  monkey  with  soft,  woolly 
hair;  a  squirrel^monkey.     [OF.,  puppet.] 

mar'niot,  mflr'mgt,  n.  1.  A  stout,  short- 
tailed,  burrowing  rodent.  2.  A  prairie»dog. 
[  <  L.F  mu8  montanus,  mountain  mouse.] 

ma-roon^.  ma-riin',  vt.  To  put  ashore  and 
abandon,  as  on  a  desolate  coast.—  ma-roon'er, 
n.    One  who  Is  marooned. 

ma-roon',  a.  Having  the  color  maroon.  [< 
<  It.*"  marrone,  chestnut.] 

ma-roon'i,  n.    A  dull^reU  color. 

ina-roon'2,  n.  1.  A  negro  living  wild  in  the 
mountains  of  some  West  India  islands.  2. 
A  marooner.     [<  Sp.^  Cimarron,  wild.] 

mar'plot",  mdr'plot",  n.  One  who,  by  med- 
dlesome interference,  spoils  a  design  or  plan. 

marque,  marc,  n.  A  license  of  reprisal  upon  an 
enemy,  as  at  sea  In  war  time:  in  the  phrase  let- 
ters of  maraue.    rF,<MHG  wjtrc,  border  ] 

mar-quee',  nidi  ki'.  n.     A  laige  field=tent 


Marquee. 
[<  F.  marquise,  canopy.] 

mar'q.uet-ry ,  mflr'ket-n,  n.  Art.  Inlaid  work 
of  wood  often  interspersed  with  stones,  ivory, 
etc.    [<¥.marqueterie.']    mar'ket-ryt. 

mar^quis,  mflr'cwis,  n.  The  title  of  a  noble- 
man next  in  rank  below  a  duke.  [<  F.  mar- 
quis, <  LL.  marchensis,  <  marcha,  border.] 


mar'quesst.— mar'quisi-ate,  n.    The  rank 

?nity  of  a  n 
klz',  n.    Marchioness.    [F.] 


or  digni 


marquis.  — mar^'quise',  mQr' 


mar'riage,  mar'ij,  n.  1.  The  act  of  marry- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  married;  a  wedding; 
a  nuptial  celebration.  2.  Figuratively,  anv 
close  union.  —  iiiar'rlage-a-bUe,  mar'ij-a-bl, 
a.  Fitted  by  age,  physical  condition,  etc.,  for 
marriage. 

niar-roon^t,  n.    See  maroon. 

mar'row,  mar'O,  n.  A  soft  vascular  tissue 
found  in  the  central  cavities  of  bones;  essence; 
pith.  [<  AS.  wi€ar<7,  marrow.]  —  mar'row» 
Done^'t  n.  1 ,  A  bone  containing  marrow,  ij, 
pi.  [Humorous.]  One's  knees.- iiiar'row- 
tat,  mar'o-fat,  ?i.  A  large  rich  kind  of  pea.— 
iiiar'row-IesN,  a.  Destitute  of  marrow.— 
iiiar'row-y,  a.    Full  of  marrow. 

i-iar'ry,  raar'i,  ^<.  [-ried, -id;  -ry-inoJ  To 
unite  ni  wedlock;  espouse;  wed.  [<  h.^mar- 
ifo,  <  maritus,  husband.] 

r.Iars,  mflrz,  n.  1.  The  fourth  planet  from  the 
Bun,  and  next  outside  the  earth  in  orbit.  2. 
Rom.  Myth.  The  god  of  war  and  of  fertility. 
[L.,  <  Old  L.  Mavors,  Mars.] 


Mar'^seir^lais',  /  mQr'se'lye',  -lyez'. 

Mar''seil''laise',/(em.,  f  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  French  city  Marseilles,  or  to  its  in- 
haoitants.  II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Marseilles.  2.  fern.  The  national  hymn  of 
the  French  republic.     [F.] 

marsh,  mflrsh,  n.  A  tract  of  low  wet  land; 
swamp.     [<  AS.  mersc,  <  mere,  pool.] 

—  marsh'y,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  marsh; 
wet;  boggy.— marsh'i-ness,  n. 

mar^shal,  mflr'shal.  I.  vt-  &  vi.  [mar'- 
SHALED  or  -shalled;  mar'shal-ing  or -shal- 
LiNG.]  To  arrange  in  order;  array ;  lead ;  man- 
age; discipline;  train;  come  together;  assem- 
ble. II.  n.  1.  An  officer  authorized  to  regu- 
late ceremonies,  preserve  order,  etc.  2.  [U. 
S.]  An  official  of  the  United  States  courts; 
also,  the  head  of  the  police  force  or  fire  depart- 
ment in  some  cities.  3.  A  military  com- 
mander.   [  <  OF.  mareschal.] 

mar-su'pi-al,  mflr-siu'pi-al.  I.  a.  1.  Having 
amarsupium.  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  jl/rtrs?<- 
pialia,  or  of  the  nature  of  a  marsupium  or  pouch. 
11.  n.  A  mammal,  as  an  opossum,  having  a 
marsupium. —  Mar-8u''pi-a'li-a,  mOr-siQ"pi- 
e'li-a  or  -sii'pl-g'll-a,  7i.  pZ.  Mam.  An  order  of 
mammals  having  a  marsupium,  like  the  kanga- 
roos, etc.     [<  Ij.  marsupium;  see  marsupium.] 

mar-su^pi-um,  mflr-siu'pi-um  or  -su'pi-um, 
n.  [-PI-A,  pi.}  An  external  pouch  of  certain 
animals,  for  carrying  young  or  eggs.     [L.] 

mart,  mflrt,  n.  A  place  of  public  traffic; 
market.     [Contr.  <  market.] 

mar'ten,  mflr'ten,  n.  A  weasel-like,  fur- 
yielding  carnivorous  animal.    [<¥.  marte.] 

mar^tial,  mflr'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  war  or  military  operations.  [<  L. 
Ma7it-)s,  Mars,  god  of  war.] 

mar'tin,  mflr'tin,  n.  A  bird  of  the  swallow 
variety,  having  a  tail  less  forked  than  the  com- 
mon swallows.     [<  Martin,  man's  name.] 

mar''ti-net',  mflr"ti-net',  n.  A  strict  disci- 
plinarian.    [<  Martimt,  a  French  general.] 

mar^tin-gale,  mflr'tin-gel,  n.  1.  A  strap 
for  holding  down  a  horse's  head  bv  connecting 
the  head-gear  with  the  belly-band.  2.  Naut. 
A  vertical  spar  under  the  bowsprit  used  in  guy- 
ing the  stays.    [F.]    mar'tin-galt. 

m.ar'tyr,  mflr'tgr.  I.  vt.  To  punish  with 
death  because  of  one's  Christian  raith;  perse- 
cute; torture.  II.  w.  One  who  submits  to  death 
rather  than  forswear  his  religion,  or  who  suf- 
fers for  any  object  or  cause.  [<  Gr.  martyr, 
witness.]— mar'tyr-doni,  n.  The  condition 
or  fate  of  a  martyr.  —  inar''tyr-ol'o-8ry,  «. 
[-GiKS»,  pl.'\    A  historical  record  of  martyrs. 

mar'vel,  mflr'vel.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [veled  or 
-velled;  -vel-ing  or  -vel-ling.]  To  wonder 
at  or  about;  be  affected  with  wonder,  astonish- 
ment, surprise,  etc.  II.  n.  That  which  ex- 
cites wonder;  a  prodigy.  [<  OF.  inerveille,  < 
L.  mirabilia,  <  miror,  wonder.] —inar'vel- 
oiiN,  a.  Of  a  character  to  excite  astonishment 
or  ainazeinont.    -ly,  adv.    •iieHS*  n. 

mas'cu-lin(e,  mas'kiu-lin,  a.  Distinctively 
manly  or  manlike;  being  of  the  male  gender, 
natural  or  grammatical.  [<  L.  mascultnus,  < 
masculus,  <  mas,  a  male.] 

mashS  mash,  vt.  To  reduce  to  a  soft  state,  as 
by  bruising.— raash'er,  n. 


papa,  98k;  at,  ftlr;  el§mfint,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rttle;  bnt,  ©r; 


263 


mash 
material 


maslx,  mash,  n.  A  mass  of  something  beaten 
or  soaked  into  a  soft  state,  as  bran  and  water. 

masks  mask,  vt.  &  xi.  To  conceal  with  or  as 
with  a  mask ;  put  on  or  wear  a  mask. 

mask,  11.  1.  A  cover  or  disguise,  as  for  the 
features;  protection.  2.  A  subterfuge.  3. 
A  cast  of  the  face  taken  just  after  death.  4. 
A  play,  formerly  in  vogue,  in  which  actors 
wore  masks;  masquerade.  5.  A  masker.  [< 
Ar.sp+F  maskharat.,  buffoon.] —mask'er, 
n.    One  who  wears  a  mask,    mas'querl:. 

ma^son,  me'sn,  n.  1.  One  who  lays  brick 
and  stone  in  building;  also,  a  stone-cutter.  2. 
A  member  of  the  order  of  freemasons.  [  <  F. 
ma(09i,  <  OHG.  mezzo,  mason.]  —  ma-son'ic, 
ma-sen'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  masons  or  to  free- 
masonry.—inn,'80ii-ry,  m6'sn-rl,  n.  [-kies», 
J9Z.]  1.  The  art  or  work  of  building  with  brick 
or  stone.    2.  Freemasonry. 

masque,  inas^quer.     Same  as  mask,  masker. 

mas'^q.uer-ade^  mas'kgr-ed'.  I.  vi.  [-a'- 
DED'';  -a'ding.]  To  wear  a  disguise.  II.  n. 
1 .  A  social  party  composed  of  persons  masked 
and  costumed.  2.  A  false  show  or  disguise. 
3.  A  form  of  dramatic  representation  for- 
merly in  vogue.     [F.]  — mas^'quer-a'der,  n. 

massS  mgs.  vt.  &  vi.    To  form  into  a  mass. 

mass^  n.  1.  An  assemblage  of  things  that 
collectively  make  one  quantity;  also,  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  anything.  2.  The  quantity  of 
matter  in  a  body,  as  indicated  either  by  its 
weight  or  by  the  amount  of  force  necessary  to 
move  it.  [<  F.  masse,  <  L.  massa,  <  Gr. 
maza,  barley  cake.]  — mass'smeef'ing,  n.  A 
public  meeting  to  which  every  one  Is  privileged 
to  go.— iiiass'y,  a.  Consisting  of  a  mass  or 
masses;  massive;  big.— inass'i-ness,  n.— the 
masses,  the  common  people;  populace. 

mass^,  n.  1.  The  celebration  of  the  eucharist 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  2.  Mus.  A 
musical  service  rendered  with  the  mass.  [< 
AS.  msesse,  <  LL.  missa,  dismissal.] 

mas^sa-cre,  mas'a-kgr.  I.  vt.  [-cred; 
-CRiNG.]  To  kill  with  fury  and  in  great  num- 
bers. II.  n.  The  indiscriminate  killing  of 
human  beings,  as  in  savage  warfare;  reckless 
slaughter.     [F.,  <  LG.  matsken,  hew.] 

mass^iv(e,  mgs'iv,  a.  Constituting  a  large 
mass;  ponderous;  massy.   '\y,adv.  -ness,  ??. 

mast^,  mgst,  n.  A  spar  of  round  timber  or 
tubular  metal  set  up  in  a  vessel  to  sustain  the 
yards,  sails,  etc.     [<  AS.  msBst,  mast.] 

—  inast'head'''',  n.  1.  The  head  or  top  of  a 
mast.  '2.  A  sailor  acting  as  lookout  at  the  top- 
mast-head. 

miast^,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  oak,  beech,  and 
other  forest' trees;  acorns  and  the  like.  [<  AS. 
msest,  mast.] 

mas'ter,  mgs'tgr.  1.  vt.  1.  To  bring  under 
control;  overpower;  subdue;  rule.  2.  To 
understand  thoroughly.  II.  a.  Having  the 
mastery;  chief.  III.  n.  1.  A  male  person 
who  has  authority  or  control  over  persons  or 
things;  a  teacher;  ship's  commander;  an 
owner.  2.  An  adept  in  an  art,  profession, 
etc.  [<  L.op  magister,  <  mag-  in  magtius, 
great.]  —  mas'ter-ful,  a.  Havmg  the  charac- 
teristics or  force  of  a  master;  arbitrary;  showing 
mastery.—  mas'ter-lu  1-ly,  adv.—  mas'ter; 
key",  n.  A  key  that  will  unlock  two  or  more 
locks  of  a  set.—  mas'ter-Iy,  a.   Characteristic 


of  a  master;  befitting  a  master.- mas'ter- 
piece",  71.  A  work  showing  the  hand  of  a 
master;  an  admirable  production.— mas'ter- 
ship,  71.  The  state  or  character  of  a  master; 
masterly  skill;  preeminence.— mas'ter-y,  n. 
Dominion;  superiority;  victory. 

mas'tic,  mas'tic,  n.  1.  A  small  Mediterranean 
evergreen  tree  of  the  cashew  family;  also,  a 
valuable  resin  obtained  from  it.  2.  A  quick* 
drying  cement.     [F.] 

mas''ti-cate,  mas'ti-ket,  vt.  [-ca'ted'';  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  To  crush  or  grind  (food)  for  deglu- 
tition; chew.     [Ult.  <  Gr.  mastizo,  chew.] 

—  mas^ti-ca'tion,  n. 

mas'tiff,  mgs'tif,  n.  One  of  an  old  British 
breed  of  large  watch-dogs.  [<  OF.  msstif, 
mongrel.] 

mas'to-don,  mas'toden,  n.  An  extinct 
elephant  of  great  size.  [  <  Gr.  mastos,  breast, 
+  odous  {odont-),  tooth.] 

mat,  mat.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [mat'ted<>;  mat'- 
TiNG.]  To  knot,  interweave,  or  felt  into  a 
mat;  be  tangled.  II.  n.  1.  A  flat  article 
woven  or  plaited,  or  made  of  some  perforated 
or  corrugated  material,  to  be  laid  on  a  floor,  as 
for  wiping  the  feet.  2.  A  border,  as  of  card- 
board, for  a  picture.     [<  L.^s  rnatta,  mat.] 

maf'a-dor'  or  -dore',  mat"a-dor',  n.  In 
bnll-flghting,  the  man  who  kills  the  bull  with 
a  thrust  of  a  sword.     [Sp.] 

matcliS  mach,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  put  with 
another,  or  put  together  as  mates  or  com- 
panions. 2.  To  set  up  as  competitors.  3.  To 
suit.  II.  i.  To  be  of  the  same  size  or  charac- 
ter; tally.— match'less,  mach'les,  a.  That 
can  not  be  matched;  peerless. 

miatclii,  n.  1.  One  equal  in  appearance, 
quality,  character,  or  strength;  a  suitable  mate; 
one  of  a  pair.  2.  A  contest  as  of  skill  or 
strength.  3.  A  marriage.  4.  To  be  united, 
as  in  marriage.  [<  AS.  gemaecca,  companion.] 

match.^,  n.  A  splinter  of  soft  wood  tipped 
with  a  combustible  composition  that  ignites 
by  friction;  also,  a  fuse:  slow=»  (or  quick=) 
match.     [<  Gr.oF  myxa,  nozle  of  a  lamp.] 

—  match'slock'',  n.  Formerly,  a  musket 
fired  by  pressing  a  lighted  match  against  the 
powder  In  the  pan. 

mate',  met,  v.  [ma'ted*";  ma'ting.]  I.  t. 
To  join,  or  be  joined,  as  mates.  II.  i.  To  be 
united  or  associated,  as  mates. 

mate^,  vt.  [ma'teb'';  ma'ting.]  In  chess, 
to  checkmate.    [<  Per.^^*^  mat,  confounded.] 

mate',  n.  1.  A  companion  or  associate;  com- 
rade; husband;  wife;  match.  2.  An  officer  of 
a  merchant  ship  ranking  below  a  captain.  [  < 
AS.  gemaca,  mate.] 

mate^,  ?}.   in  chess,  a  checkmate. 

ma-te'ri-al,  ma-ti'ri-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
matter;  physical.  2.  Affecting  the  physical 
nature;  corporeal;  sensuous;  sensual.  3.  Per- 
taining to  the  subject»matter;  essential;  im- 
portant.    [<  L.  materia,  matter.] 

mia-te'ri-al,  n.  That  of  which  anything  is 
composed  or  may  be  constructed.— ina-te'- 
ri-al-ism,  w.  1.  The  denial  of  any  Immaterial 
part  in  man  or  In  the  universe,  ti.  Undue  re- 
gard for  material  Interests.— iiia-te'ri-al-ist, 
«.— ma-te'ri-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  material  and 
Important  manner.  —  ma-te^ri-al-ness,  n. 
ma-te''ri-al'i-tyt. 


flut}flre  (future);    aisle;   au    (out);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


maternal 
mead 


284 


ma-ter'nal,  ma-tgr'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
mother;  motlierly.  [<  L.  matemus,  <  ma- 
ter, mother.] —ma-ter'ni-ty,  ma-tgr'ni-ti,  n. 
[-TIES*,  pi.}    The  condition  of  being  a  mother. 

math'^e-mafic-al,  math"§-mat'ic-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  mathematics; 
rigidly  exact.  [<  Gr.^ mathematikos,  <rnan- 
thano,  learn.]  -ly,  ac?v.— math^'e-ma-ti'- 
cian,  n.    One  versed  in  mathematics. 

matli'^e-mafics,  math'§-mat'ics,  n.  The 
science  that  treats  of  quantity,  especially  by 
the  use  of  symbols. 

mat'in,  mat'in.  I.  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
morning.  II.  n.  ■pi.  Morning  service  or  wor- 
ship. [<  F.  wa^in,  morning.]  —  mat'in-al, 
«.— inat^'i-nde',  mat"i-n6'  or  mg"tt"n6',  n.  An 
entertainment  or  reception  held  in  the  day- 
time.   [F.] 

mat'ri-ces,  mat'ri-slz  or  mg-trl'ces,  n.    Plural 

of  MATRIX. 

mat'ri-cide,  mat'ri-said,  n.  The  killing  of 
one's  mother;  also,  one  who  kills  his  motlier. 
[<  L.  mater.,  mother,  4-  cmdo,  kill.] 

ma-tric'u-late,  ma-tric'yu-let.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-LA"TED'i;  -LA"TiNG.]  To  admit  or  gain  ad- 
mittance to  membership,  as  in  a  college,  by 
enrolment.  II.  n.  One  who  is  so  enrolled. 
[<  LL.  matricula,  dim.  of  matrix,  public 
register.]  — ma-tric'^u-la'tion,  n. 

mat'ri-mo-ny,  mat'ri-mo-ni,  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  married ;  marriage.  [< 
L.  matrimoninm,  <  mater,  mother.] — naat''- 
ri-mo'ni-al,  mat"rI-mo'ni-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
matrimony;  connubial,    -ly,  adv. 

xua^trix,  me'trix  or  mat'rix,  n.  [mat'ri-ces, 
mat'ri-siz  or  mg-trt'ces,  pL]  That  which  con- 
tains and  shapes  something;  the  womb;  a 
mold.     [<  L.  matrix,  breeding  animal.] 

ma'tron,  me'tr^n  or  mg'tr^n,  n.  A  mar- 
ried woman;  mother;  housekeeper.  [<  L. 
matrona,  <mater,  mother.]  —  mat'ron-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  matron.— ma'tron-ly,  a.  Of 
or  like  a  matron;  elderly. 

mat'ter,  mat'gr.  I.  vi.  To  be  of  concern  or 
importance;  signify.  II.  n.  1.  That  which 
makes  up  the  substance  of  anything;  the  ma- 
terial of  which  a  thing  is  composed;  essence; 
substance.  2.  That  which  has  extension,  in- 
ertia, weight,  etc.  3.  An  indefinite  or  small 
amount.  4.  A  subject,  as  for  discussion.  5. 
Something  of  importance.  6.  A  condition  of 
affairs;  case;  difficulty;  trouble.  7.  Pathol. 
Pus.    [<  F.  matiere,  <  L.  materia,  stuff,] 

mat'ting;,  mat'ing,  n.  A  coarsely  woven 
fabric  lined  as  a  floor-covering,  etc. 

mat'tock,  mat'^c,  n.  A  pickax»like  tool 
having  blades  instead  of  points,  fl^^^^^m—^ 
[<  AS.  mattoc,  <  W.  matog,  L^^^^^^ 

maVtress,  mat'res,  n.  A  cloth       Mattock. 

sack  or  tick  stuffed  with  hair,   straw,  etc., 

used  as  a  bed.    [<  At.^^*^^ m,atrah,  <  taraha, 

throw  down.] 
mat'u-rate,  mat'yu-rgt,  1)1.  &vi.    [-ra'ted''; 

-RA'TiNG.]    To  cause  to  suppurate;  form  pus. 

[  <  L.  tnafvratus,  pp.  of  mattiro,  mature.] 
—  inat''H-ra'llon,M.  The  fonnatlonof  pus; 

process  of  ripening. 
ma-ture',  ma-tiQr',  v.    [ma-tured'  ;  ma-tur'- 

ING.]     1.  t.    1.  To  cause  to  ripen;   come  to 

maturity.    2.  Med.  To  bring  to  the  point  of 


suppuration.  II.  i.  1.  To  become  ripe;  de- 
velop fully.  2.  To  become  due,  as  a  note.  [  < 
F.  maturer,  <  L.  matnro,  <  maturus,  ripe.] 

—  ma-tu'ri-ty,  ma-tiu'ri-ti.  n.  1 .  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  mature,  ina-ture'nesst. 
^Z.  Full  development,  as  of  body  or  mind.  3. 
The  time  at  which  a  thing  matures. 

ma-ture',  a.  1.  Fully  or  highly  developed; 
ripe.     2.  Com.  Due  and  payable. 

maud'lin,  med'lin,  a.  Made  foolish  by  liquor; 
foolishly  and  tearfully  affectionate. 

mau'gretj  mS'ger,  prep.  In  spite  of;  notwith- 
standing.   [OF.]"  mau'gert. 

maul,  mel.  I.  vt.  To  pound  with  or  as  with 
a  maul;  handle  rougtily;  abuse.  II.  ??.  A 
heavy  mallet.     [OF.,  <  L.  malleus,  hammer.] 

mau''so-le'um,  me'so-li'om,  n.  A  large, 
stately  tomb.     [L.] 

mauve,  mOv,  n.  A  delicate  purple  color  or 
dyestuff.    [F.,  <  L.  malva,  mallow.] 

ma-w,  me,  n.  1.  The  craw  of  a  bird.  2.  The 
stomach.  3.  The  air*bladderof  a  fish.  [<  AS. 
maga,  stomach.]  — inaw'sworm'',  n.  A  para- 
sitic intestinal  worm. 

mawk^ish.,  mek'ish,  a.  Provoking  disgust; 
sickening  or  insipid.  [<  Ice.  madhkr,  mag- 
got.] 

max-iria,  max-il'a,  a.    A  jaw-bone.    [L.] 

—  niax'il-la-ry,  a.    inax'il-Iart. 
max'im,  max'im,  n.    1.  A  brief  statement  of 

a  practical  principle  or  proposition.    2.  A  self- 
evident  truth;  axiom.  [<  L.^  7naximus,  superl. 
of  magnns,  great.] 
max-'i-mum,  max'i-mum,  z^.    [-ma,  pi.]   The 

Greatest  possible  quantity,  amount,  or  degree. 
L.,  neut.  s.  of  maximns,  greatest.] 

xzxay,  V.  [might,  imp.]  1.  To  have  permis- 
sion or  ability.  2.  To  be  contingently  possible. 
[<  AS.  maeg,  be  strong.] 

May,  me,  71.  1.  The  fifth  month  of  tlie  year, 
containing  31  days.  2.  Figuratively,  the  spring- 
time of  life.  3.  [m-]  English  hawthorn.— 
May'sday^',  n.  The  first  day  of  May.—  May* 
pole,  n.  A  pole  decorated  with  flowers  or  rib- 
bons, etc.,  around  which 
dancing  took  place  on  May- 
day. 

may'be,  me'b§,  adv.  Per- 
haps; possibly. 

may'or,  me'gr,  n.  The 
chief  magistrate  of  a  city, 
borough,  or  municipal  cor- 
poration. [<  F.  maire, 
<  L.  major,  compar.  of 
magnus,  great.]— inay'or- 
al-ty, M.  [-TiE8«,p/.]  The 
office  or  term  of  a  mayor. 

maze§,  mez,  vt.  To  astonish;  amaze;  confuse; 
perplex.  [Cp.  Norw.  masa,  pore  over  some- 
thing. Ice.  masa,  chatter.] 

maze,  n.  An  intricate  network  of  paths  or 
passages;  a  labyrinth;  perplexitv.  —  ma'zy, 
mC'zl,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  a  maze;  intricate. 

me,  mt,  pron.  The  person  speaking,  myself, 
regarded  as  a  grammatical  object:  n^e  being 
the  objective  case  of  /.  [<  AS.  /«?,  me,  used 
as  dat.  and  accus.  of  ic,  I.J 

mead',  mtd,  n.  1.  A  liquor  of  fermented 
honey  and  water.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  drink,  m»de 
of  sirup  of  sarsaparilla  and  carbonated  water. 
[  <  AS.  medn,  mead.] 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  Air;  elfm^nt,  th^y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rfile;  but.  Or; 


285 


mead 
measure 


mead^,  raid,  n.    [Poet.]    A  meadow. 

mead'ow,  med'O,  n.  A  tract  of  low  or 
level  land,  producing  grass  for  hay.  [<  AS. 
maed,  meadow.] 

mea'ger,  )  mi'ggr,  a.  Wanting  in  flesh;  thin; 

m.ea^gre,  f  emaciated  ;  scanty;  inadequate. 
[<  OF.  megre  (<  L.  macer),  lean.] 

meal^  mil,  n.  Coarsely  ground  grain;  unbolt- 
ed wheat'flour.     [<  AS.  melu.] 

meaP,  ?i.  The  portion  of  food  taken  at  one 
time;  a  repast.     [<  AS.  mseL] 

meaFy,  mil'i,  a.  Resembling  or  having  the 
qualities  of  meal;  farinaceous;  farinose. 

mean,  mln,  v.     [meant,  ment;    mean'ing.] 

I.  ^.  1.  To  aim  at  and  desire.  2.  To  purpose. 
3.  To  signify  or  indicate.  II.  i.  To  be 
minded.    X<  AS.  nisenan.,  mean.] 

mean',  a.  1.  Low  in  grade,  quality,  or  condi- 
tion; lowly;  inferior;  poor;  shabby.  2.  Ig- 
noble in  mind,  character,  etc.;  base;  petty; 
slight  or  contemptible.  [<  AS.  msene.,  wicked.] 
-ly,  adv.    mUCHH,  n. 

mean^,  a.  Intermediate  as  to  position,  size, 
degree,  etc.;  medium;  average.  [<  L.^^  me- 
dianus,  middle.] 

mean,  n.  1.  The  middle  state  between  two 
extremes;  hence,  moderation;  medium.  2. 
A  quantity  having  an  intermediate  value  be- 
tween extremes.  3.  pi.  Instrumentality  (of- 
ten with  singular  construction;  as.  a  means); 
also,  property;  wealth. 

me-an'der,  me-an'dgr.  I.  vi.  To  flow  cir- 
cuitously;  wind.  II.  n.  A  tortuous  or  wind- 
ing course;  hence,  a  maze;  perplexity.  [< 
Gt.^  Maiandros  (a  river  in  Asia  Minor).] 

mean'ing,  n.  That  which  is  intended; 
object;    intention;  aim;  acceptation;    import. 

meant,  ment,  iynp.  &pp.  of  mean,  v. 

mean'time'',      |  I.  n.    Intervening  time  or 

mean'wliile'^  j  occasion.  II.  adv.  In  the 
intervening  time. 

mea'sl(e)S,  mi'zlz,  n.  An  acute  infectious 
eruptive  disease;  also,  a  disease  of  swine  and 
cattle,  caused  by  larval  tapeworms.  [<  D. 
maselen,  measles.]  — mea'sly,  mi'zli.,  a. 

meas'ure,  mezh'ur  or  -yftr,  v.  [meas'ured; 
MEAs'uR-iNG.]  1.  t.  1.  To  take  the  dimen- 
sions of;  weigh;  judge.  2.  To  be  capable  of 
expressing  the  measure  of.    3.  To  apportion. 

II.  i.  To  take  the  measure  of  something;  to 
show,  on  measurement  a  (certain)  extent.  — 
meas'u-ra-bKe,  a.  Capable  of  computation; 
moderate.— meas'ured,  pa.  Ascertained,  ad- 
justed, or  proportioned  by  rule;  uniform;  rhyth- 
mical; guarded.— meas'ure-Iess,  a.  Incapa- 
ble of  measurement;  unlimited;  Immense.— 
meas'iire-ment,  n.  1.  The  act  of  measur- 
ing: mensuration.    2.  The  result  of  measuring. 

meas'ure,  n.  1.  The  extent  of  anything.  2. 
A  standard  or  system  of  measurement.  3. 
An  instrument  or  vessel  of  measurement.  4. 
A  quantity  measured.  5.  Moderation.  6.  A 
relative  extent.  7.  A  specific  act  or  course; 
specifically,  a  legislative  bill.  8.  Division  of 
time,  as  in  music;  meter,  as  in  verse.  9.  Geol. 
Related  strata.  [<  F.  mesure,  <  L.  mensura., 
measure.] 

Long  or  Linear  Measure 
(used  in  measuring  lengths  and  distances). 
12  inches  (in.)  =  1  foot  (ft.). 


3  feet  =  1  yard  (yd.). 

5i  yards  or  16i  feet  =  1  rod  (rd.)  or  pole  (p.). 
40  rods  =  1  furlong  (fur.). 

8  furlongs  =  1  mile  (mi.). 
320  rods  or  5280  feet    =  1  mile. 

3  miles  =  1  league. 

Note.—  A  line  =  1/12  Id- 
Square  Measure 
(used  in  measuring  the  area  of  surfaces). 
144  square  inches         =  1  square  foot  (sq.  ft.). 

9  square  feet  =  1  square  yard  (sq.yd.). 
30J  square  yards  or  I  _  .  «o„arProd  Un  rd  ^ 

2721  square  feet         f  "  ^  square roa  (sq.ra.). 
160  square  rods  =  1  acre  (A.). 

640  acres  =  1  square  mile  (sq.  mi.). 

Note.— A  perch  (P.)  Is  a  square  rod,  and  a 
rood  (R.)  =  40  sq.  rd. 

Cubic  Measure 

(used  in  measuring  things  which  have  three  di- 
mensions, length,  breadth,  and  thickness). 

1728  cubic  inches  (cu.  in.)  =  1  cubic  foot  (cu.  ft.). 
27  cubic  feet  =1  cubic  yard  (cu.yd.). 

24|  cubic  feet  =1  perch  (P.). 

Wood  Measure 
(used  in  measuring  wood  and  other  mer- 
chandise). 
16  cubic  feet  =  1  cord  foot. 

8  cord  feet  or  128  cubic  feet  =  1  cord  (cd.). 
Note.— A  cord  of  wood,  as  generally  piled,  Is  8 
ft.  long,  4  ft.  wide,  and  4  ft.  high. 

Liquid  Measure 
(used  in  measuring  liquids). 
4  gills  (gi.)  ^  1  pint  (pt.). 
2  pints         =  1  quart  (qt.). 
4  quarts      =  1  gallon  (gal.). 
Note.— In  the  United  States,  a  gallon  con- 
tains 231  cu.  in.;  31  gallons  are  considered  a  barrel 
(bbl.),  and  63  gallons  a  hogshead   (hhd.);  but 
barrels  and  hogsheads  are  made  of  various  sizes. 
See  barrel,  gallon,  and  hogshead  In  the 
vocabulary. 

Apothecaries'  Fluid  Measure 

(used  in  compounding  medicines). 
60  minims  {M\)  =  1  fluid  dram  (f  3  )• 

8  fluid  drams   =  1  fluid  ounce  (f  I ). 
16  fluid  ounces  =  1  pint  (O.). 

8  pints  =  1  gallon  (C). 

Dry  Measure 
(used  in  measuring  dry  articles). 
2  pints  (pt.)  =  1  quart  (qt.). 
8  quarts        =  1  peck  (pk.). 
4  pecks         =  1  bushel  (bu.). 
Note.— In  the   United   States,  a  bushel  con- 
tains 2150.42  cu.  In.;  In  Great  Britain,  2218.2. 
See  BUSHEL  in  the  vocabulary. 

Time  Measure 
60  seconds  (sec.)  =  1  minute  (min.). 
60  minutes  =  1  hour  (hr.). 

24  hours  =  1  day  (da.). 

7  days  =  1  week  (wk.). 

'?2Sths[  =1  common  year  (yr.). 

366  days  =  1  leap  year. 

100  years  =  1  century. 

Note.— One  month  Is  commonly  reckoned  as 
30  days. 

Mariners'  Measure. 
6  feet  =  1  fathom. 


fiutjflre    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ©II;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   (<Ae);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


meat 
meet 


286 


120  fathoms  =  1  cable  length  (or  cable). 

7i  cable  lengths  =  1  mile. 
5280  feet  =  1  statute  mile. 

6085  feet  =  1  nautical  mile. 

Measure  of  Angles  or  Arcs. 
60  seconds  (")  —  1  minute  (') 
60  minutes      =  1  degree  (°) 
90  degrees       =  1  right  angle  or  quadrant  ( L  )• 
360  degrees       —  1  circle. 

Paper  Measure. 

24  sheets   =  1  quire. 

20  sheets    =  1  quire  of  outsides. 

25  sheets   =  1  printers'  quire. 
20  quires    =  1  ream. 

21i  quires  =  1  printers'  ream. 
2  reams    =  1  bundle. 
4  reams    =  1  printers'  bundle. 
10  reams    =  1  bale. 
60  skins     =  1  roll  of  parchment. 
Note.— A  short    ream  =  480  sheets;   a   long 
ream  =  500  or  516  sheets. 

meat,  mtt,  n.  1.  The  flesh  of  animals  used  as 
food.  2|i.  Victuals;  nourishment.  [<  AS. 
mete,  meat.] 

me-ch.an.'ic,  m§-can'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  mechanics.  2.  Materialistic;  atomistic.  II. 
n.  1.  One  exercising  a  mechanical  employ- 
ment. 2.  An  unintelligent  workman.  [< 
Gr.i'+OF  mechanikos,  <  mechane,  machine.] 

—  me-clian'ic-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  me- 
chanics; In  accordance  with  the  laws  of  mechan- 
ics, ti.  Produced  by  a  machine.  3.  Operated 
by  mechanism.  4.  Materialistic,  as  a  theory.  5. 
Having  inventive  or  constructive  talent;  doing 
the  work  of  a  mechanic;  also,  automatical,  -ly, 
adv.  -ne88,  n.— mechanical  powers,  the 
mechanical  contrivances  that  enter  into  the  com- 
position or  formation  of  all  machines  —  the  lever 
(with  its  derivatives,  as  the  balance,  wheel  and 
axle,  and  pulley)  and  the  inclined  plane  (with  its 
modifications,  the  screw  and  the  wedge.)  — 
mech^^a-nFcian,  n.  One  who  understands 
the  science  of  mechanics.—  tne-chan'ics,  n. 
The  branch  of  physics  that  treats  of  the  phe- 
nomena caused  by  the  action  of  forces  on  mate- 
rial bodies;  the  science  of  machinery.—  inech'- 
R-nism,  n.  1,  The  parts  of  a  machine  collect- 
ively; machinery  in  general.  3.  A  system  which 
constitutes  a  working  agency.  — mecli^a-niHt, 
n.  1.  A  mechanician.  3.  A  believer  in  atomism. 

med'al,  med'al,  n.  A  small  disk  of  metal, 
bearing  a  device,  usually  commemorative  or 
honorary.  [<  OF.  medaille,  <  L.  rnetallum, 
METAL.]  —  me-dal'llon,  n.  1 .  A  large  medal ; 
also,  a  subject  painted,  engraved,  etc.,  and  set  in 
a  circular  or  oval  frame.    3.  A  coin. 

med.'dl(e.  med'l,  vi.  [med'dl(e)d;  med'- 
DLiNG.]  To  interfere  in  the  concerns  of  others 
impertinentlv  and  without  request.  [<  OF. 
niedler,  mesler,  <  L.  misreo,  mix.]— med'- 
dl(e-8ome,  a.    Given  to  meddling. 

me"di-fe'val.    Same  as  medieval. 

me'di-an,  ml'di-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
middle;  situated  in  the  middle  plane.  [<  L. 
mediamts,  <  medius,  middle.]    me'dl-alt. 

me'di-ate,  mT'di-6t.  I.vt.&vi.  [-a'ted'I; 
-A'TiNG.l  1.  To  interpose  between  parties  in 
order  to  harmonize  or  reconcile  them.  2.  To 
be  intermediate.  II.  a.  1.  Acting  as  an  in- 
tervening agency.  2.  Occurring  as  a  result  of 
means.    3.  Intermediate.    [<  LL.  mediatuft. 


pp.  of  medio,  divide  in  the  middle.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.— me^'di-a'tion,  n.  The  act  of  me- 
diating; intercession;  interposition.— me'di-a^'- 
tor,  n.—  me''Mi-a-to^ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  mediator  or  mediation. 

med'i-cin(e,  med'i-sn  or  med'i-sin,  n.  1.  A 
substance  possessing  curative  or  remedial  prop- 
erties. 2.  The  healing  art.  [<  L.<^^  medicina, 
fem.  of  medicinus,  of  a  physician.] —  naed'- 
ic-al,  med'ic-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  medicine 
or  the  practise  of  medicine.  3.  Having  cura- 
tive properties,  -ly,  «rfv.— iiied'i-ca-inent, 
n.  1 .  Any  substance  for  the  alleviation  of  disease. 
3.  Healing  agency.— med'i-cate,  vt.  [-ca"- 
TEDd;  -ca'ting.]  1.  To  treat  medicinally,  tj. 
To  tincture  or  Impregnate  with  medicine.- 
med'^i-ca'tion,  n.  The  process  of  medicating; 
medical  treatment.—  me-dic'i-nal,  a.  Adapt- 
ed to  cure  or  mitigate  disease,    -ly,  adv. 

me'^di-e'val,  mi'di-t'val,  a.  Belonging  to  or 
descriptive  of  the  middle  ages.  [  <  L.  medius, 
middle,  +  aevum,  age.]    me''di-8e'val$. 

me'di-O'^cre,  mi'di-0"kgr,  a.  Of  only  mid- 
dle quality;  ordinary;  commonplace.  [<  L. 
mediocris,  <  medius,  middle.]  —  ine'Mi-oc'- 
ri-ty,  «.  [-TiES«,jo/.]  Commonplace  ability  or 
condition;  a  commonplace  person. 

med^i-tate,  med'i-tet,  vt.&vi.  [-ta'ted''; 
-TA'TiNG.]  To  plan  in  the  mind;  think  with  a 
view  to  planning  or  acting;  contemplate;  cogi- 
tate. [<  L.  meditatus,  pp.  of  medit07\  con- 
sider.]—  med^'l-ta'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
meditating.  3.  A  theme  treated  in  a  medi- 
tative manner.— ined'i-ta-tiv(e,  a. 

me'di-um,  mi'di-um.  I.  a.  Intermediate  in 
quantity,  quality,  or  degree;  middle;  mediocre. 
II.  n.  [me'di-ums^  or  me'di-a,J3Z.]  1.  Any- 
thing that  acts  or  serves  intermediately.  2. 
One  believed  to  be  controlled  by  the  spirit  of 
some  deceased  person.  3.  Any  substance,  as 
the  air,  in  which  something  may  move  or  be 
conveyed.     [L.,  neut.  s.  of  medivs,  middle.] 

med'lar,    med'lar,  n.     A   small,    spreading 
European  tree  of  the  rose  family, 
or  its  fruit. 

med'ley,  med'l§,  n.  A  mingled 
and  confused  mass  of  ingre- 
dients; a  jumble;  especially, 
a  composition  of  parts  of 
songs  run  together.  [  <  OF. 
medler,  meddle.] 

me-duria,  m§-du]'a,  n.  [-l^, 
-II  or  -le,  ])l.]  The  inner  por- 
tion; marrow;  pith.  —  med'ul- 
la-ry,  a.    me-duFlart. 

meed,  mid,  n.  A  well-deserved 
reward;  recompense.  [<  AS. 
mM,  meed.] 

meek,  mtk,  a.  1.  Of  gentle 
and  long-suffering  disposition. 
2.  Submissive.  3.  Humble; 
lowly.     [<  Ice.  nijuki',  meek.] 

meer^schaum,  mIr'shSm  or  mer'shaum,  n. 
1.  A  soft,  light  mineral  used  for  carving  into 
tobacco-pipes.  2.  A  pipe  made  of  this  mineral. 
[G.,  <  meer,  sea,  -+-  schavm,  foam.] 

meet,  mtt,  v.  [met;  meet'ing.]  1. 1.  1.  To 
come  to  (a  person  or  thing  moving  toward  the 
same  point  from  a  different  direction).  2.  To 
be  or  act  in  confoimity  with.  3.  To  pay:  sat- 
isfy.   4.  To  encounter.    5.  To  refute.    II.  i. 


Leaves,  Flow- 
er, and  Fruit 
Ut)  of  the 
('  o  m  m  o  n 
Medlar. 


papA,  98k;  at,  &lr;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  \,  t  (ee);  o,  6h;  ©rat^r,  Sr;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


287 


meet 
meniscus 


To  come  together;  assemble.  [<  AS.  metan, 
<  mot,  meeting.] 

meet,  mit,  a.  Suitable,  as  to  an  occasion; 
adapted;  fit.  [<  AS.  msete,  measured,  fit,  < 
metan,  measure.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

meet,  7i.  An  assembling  together,  as  of  hunts- 
men; also,  the  company  or  the  rendezvous. 

—  ineet'inK,  n.  1.  A  coming  together.  2. 
An  assembly  of  persons.  3.  A  junction.  4.  A 
duel.— meet'ingihouse''',  n.  Ahouse used  for 
public  worship,  especially  among  the  Friends. 

meg'a-plione,  meg'a-fOn,  ?i.  An  appliance 
for  enabling  per- 
sons to  converse 
from  a  great  dis- 
tance, without  a 
connecting  wire. 
[  <  Gr.  megas, 
great,  -f  phone, 
sound.] 

me^grim,      mt'-  Megaphone. 

grim,  n  1.  A  e,  ear^tubes  of  the  two  conical 
headache      con-  receivers;  m,  mouthpiece  of  the 

fined  to  one  side  «Pe-kmg.trumpet. 
of  the  head.  2.  pi.  Dulness;  depression  of 
spirits.  [<  F.  migraina.} 
meFan-cliol-y,  mel'an-cel-i.  I.  a.  1.  Mor- 
bidly gloomy;  sad;  dejected.  2.  Suggesting 
or  promoting  sadness.  3.  Afflicted  with  low 
spirits.  II.  n.  Low  spirits:  despondency.  [< 
Gr.  tnelas  {melan-),  black,  -f-  chole,  bile.l 

—  meF'an-chol'ic,  a.  Of  melancholy  tem- 
perament or  character. 

m6"16e',  me'le',  n.  A  general  handoto-hand 
fight;  an  affray.     [F.] 

m.eaio-rate,  mi'lio-ret,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ra'ted-i; 
-RA"TiNG.]  To  make  better;  ameliorate.  [< 
LL.  mdioratus^  pp.,  <  L.  melior,  better.] 

—  me'^lio-ra'tion,  n. 
mel-liriu-ous,    mel-lif'lu-us,    a.     Flowing 

like  honey  or  as  with  honey;  smoothly  flow- 
ing; dulcet.  [<  L.  mel,  honey,  -\-  Jluo,  flow.] 
mel-lif'lu-ent^ 

—  mel-Iif-'lu-enee,  n.  A  flow  of  sweetness. 
mienow,  mel'O.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  be- 
come mellow;  ripen;  soften.  II.  a.  1.  Soft 
by  reason  of  ripeness.  2.  Of  a  rich  or  'delicate 
quality.  3.  Companionable;  jolly;  tipsy.  [< 
AS.  mearu  (mearw-),  soft.]    -ness,  n. 

mel-o^de-on,  mel-0'd§-§n,  n.  A  small  reed» 
organ  or  harmonium. 

mel-o^di-ous,  a.  Agreeable  to  the  ear;  pro- 
ducing melody;  tuneful. 

mtel'^'o-d.ra'ma,  mel"o-drfl'ma  or  -dre'ma,  n. 
A  drama  with  a  romantic  story  or  plot,  and 
startling  situations.  [<  Gr.f  melos,  song,  -j- 
drama;  see  drama.]  —  meF'o-dra-mat'ic,  a. 

mel'o-dy,  mel'o-di,  n.  [-dies'!,  pl;^^  \^  ^n 
agreeable  succession  of  sounds;  a  rhythmic 
succession  of  simple  tones.  2.  A  tuneful  poem 
or  song  arranged  to  music.  3.  Mus.  The  air. 
[<  Gr.F  melos,  song,  -f  (^de,  ode.] 

meron,  mel'un,  n.  A  trailing  plant  of  the 
gourd  family,  or  its  fruit.     [F.] 

melt,  melt,  ?;.  [MELT'ED<ior  molt'en;  melt'- 
ING.]  I.  t.  1.  To  reduce  from  a  solid  to  a 
liquid  state;  dissolve.  2.  To  soften  the  feel- 
ings of .  II.  i.  1.  To  be  changed  to  a  liquid. 
2.  To  be  softened.  3.  To  blend.  [<  AS. 
meltan,  melt.] 


m.em.'Tjer,  mem'bgr,  w.  1.  A  limb  or  other 
functional  organ  of  an  animal  body.  2.  A 
part  or  element  of  a  whole.  [<  L.*'  m^mbi'um, 
part,  limb.]  —  mem'ber-ship,  n.  1 .  The  state 
of  being  a  member.  2.  The  members  of  an  or- 
ganization, collectively. 

mem^brane,  mem'bren,  n.  Anat.  A  thin 
sheet'like  structure  serving  as  a  cover,  con- 
nection, or  lining.  [F.,  <  L.  membrana.  < 
membrum,  member.]  —  mem'"bra.na'ceous, 
mem'bra-nous,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
membrane. 

me-men'to,  m§-men'tO,  n.  Something  to 
awaken  memory;  a  souvenir.  [<  L.  mertunto, 
2d  per.  sing,  imper.  of  memini,  remember.] 

mem'oir,  mem'wer,  n.  A  memorial  addressed 
to  a  society;  narrative  or  record  of  a  person's 
life.   [<  F.  memoire,  <  L.  meTnoria,  memory.] 

mem^^o-ran^dum,  mem"o-ran'dom,  n.  [-da 
or  -DUMs^,  pi.}  Something  to  be  remembered; 
hence,  a  brief  note  of  things  to  be  remembered. 
[L.,  a  thing  to  be  remembered.] 

me-mio'ri-al,  m§-mO'ri-al.  I.  a.  Com- 
memorating the  memory  of  a  deceased  person 
or  of  any  event.  II.  n.  1.  Something  de- 
signed to  keep  in  remembrance  a  person,  event, 
etc.    2.  A  presentation  of  facts;  memoir. 

—  me-mo'ri-al-ist,  n.  One  who  writes  or 
presents  a  memorial.  — ?ne-ino'ri-al-ize  or 
-\»e,vt.  1.  To  present  a  memorial  to.  3.  To 
commemorate. 

mem'o-ry,  mem'o-ri,  n.  [-ries^,  pl.'\  1.  The 
mental  power  of  reproducing  past  knowledges ; 
remembrance;  recollection;  reminiscence.  2. 
That  which  reminds.  [<  L.^^  memx)na,  < 
memxyr,  mindful.]— mem'o-ra-ble,  a.  Worthy 
to  be  remembered.  — mein'o-ra-bly,  adv.— 
mem'o-rize,  vt.  [-kized;  -ei'zing.]  1.  To 
commit  to  memory.  3.  To  hold  in  remembrance. 

men,  n.    Plural  of  man. 

men^ace,  men'gs.  l.vt.&vi.  [men'aced'; 
men'a-cing.]  1.  To  express  a  determination 
to  inflict  injury  or  loss  upon;  make  threats.  2. 
To  become  threatening.  II.  n.  A  threatening; 
threat.     [F.,  <  L.  minacise,  threats.] 

men-ag'e-rie,  men-aj'e-ri,  n.  A  collection 
of  wild  animals  kept  for  exhibition.     [F.] 

mend<>,  mend,  vt.  1.  To  restore  or  repair;  patch 
up.  2.  To  make  right  again.  3.  To  change  for 
the  better.    [For  amend.] 

men-da'cious,men-de'shus,  a.  1.  Addicted 
to  lying;  falsifying.  2.  Characterized  by  de- 
ceit.   [<  L.  mendax  {mendac-),  lying.] 

—  inen-dac'i-ty,  n.    Lying;  falsity. 
men'di-cant,  men'di-cant.    I.  a.    Reduced 

to  beggary;  begging.  II.  w.  A  beggar.  [<  L. 
mendican{t-)s,  ppr.  of  mendico,  beg.]  —  nien'- 
di-can-cy,  inen- 
dic'i-ty,  n. 

men-harden,  men- 
he'dn,  n.  A  shad* 
like  fish,  abundant  on 
the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  ,,     ,    , 

U.S.    [Am.  Ind.j  Menhaden.    I/05 

me^ni-al,  ml'm-al.  I.  «.  1.  Pertaining  to 
servants.  2.  Servile.  II.  n.  One  doing  serv- 
ile work.  [OF.,  ult.  <  L.  mansio{n-),  mansion.] 

men'^in-gi'tis,  men'in-jai'tis  07'  -gl'tis,  n. 
Inflammation  of  the  enveloping  membranes  of 
an  organ,  especially  those  of  the  brain.  [L.] 

me-nis'cus,  me-nis'cus,  n.    [-ci,  -sai  or  -ct. 


flutliire  (future);    aisle;   an   (out);   ©II;   c   (k);    chat;   dh   (the)\  go;   sing,   i^k;  thin. 


mensal 
mesmerism 


288 


or  -cus-ES,  pL]  A  crescent'shaped  body;  a 
lens  convex  on  one  side  and  concave  on  the 
other.  [L.,  <  Gr.  meniskos,  menS,  moon.] 
inen^8al§,  a.  Monthly.  [<  L.  mewsis, month.] 
men'^su-ra^tion,  men'shu-re'shun,  n.  1. 
The  act,  art,  or  process  of  measuring.  2.  The 
branch  of  mathematical  science  that  has  to  do 
with  measurement.     [<  lA,.  menmratns,  pp., 

<  mensura,  measure.] 

-ment,  sufflx.  A  termination  used  to  form  from 
verbs  nouns  denoting  result,  condition,  action, 
or  agency;  as,  achievemeni.    [<  L.  mentum.] 

men'tal,  men'tal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
mind.  2.  Effected  by  or  due  to  the  mind.   [F., 

<  L.  men{t-)s,  mind.]  —  men'tal-Iy,  adv. 
men'tion,  men'shun.    I.  rt.    To  refer  to  or 

name  without  description.  II.  n.  The  act  of 
mentioning;  allusion.      [F.,  <  L.  meniio(n-), 

<  memini,  remember.] 

men'tor,  men'tgr,  n.  An  elderly  monitor  or 
adviser.    [  <  Gr.  Mentor,  tutor  of  Telemachus.] 

xuer'can-til(e,  mgr'can-tll,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  merchants;  commercial. 
[<  L.  mercan(t-)s;  see  merchant.] 

mer'ce-na-ry,.mer's§-ne-ri.  I.  a.  1.  In- 
fluenced by  desire  for  gain  or  reward.  2.  Serv- 
ing for  pay  or  profit.  II.  w.  \-RiY:s\pl.]  A  hired 
soldier  m  foreign  service.    [<  L.  niercenarius, 

<  merces,  reward,  hire.] 

xner'cer,  mgr'ser,  n.  [Eng.]  Formerly,  a 
dealer  in  small  wares;  now,  a  dealer  in  cloth 
or  silks.  [<  'P.mercier,  <  L.  merx  {mere-), 
merchandise.] 

mer'cliazit,  mgr'chant,  n.  A  person  who  buys 
and  sella  commodities  as  a  business.  [<  L.'' 
mercan{t-)s,  buyer,  ppr.  of  mercor,  trade.] 

—  mer'chan-dise,  n.  Commodities  traded 
In  by  merchants.— mer'cliaii-ta-bl(e,  a. 
That  can  be  bought  or  sold.— iner'cliant-inan, 
n.    Naut.    A  trading-vessel. 

mer'«i-ful,  iner'ci-Iess,  see  mebcy. 

mer'cu-ry,  mgr'kiu-ri,  n.  1.  A  8ilver»white 
metallic  element,  liquid  at  ordinary  tempera- 
tures; quicksilver.  2.  The  quicksilver  in  a 
thermometer  or  barometer,  as  indicating  tem- 
perature, etc.  3.  [M-]  The  planet  of  our  sys- 
tem nearest  the  sun.  4.  Rom.  Myth.  [M-] 
The  god  of  commerce;  patron  of  heralds,  mes- 
sengers, merchants,  and  thieves.  5.  A  messen- 
ger,—  mer-cu'ri-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
god  Mercury;  hence,  lively;  volatile.  3.  Of  or 
relating  to  quicksilver. 

mer'cy,  m^r'si,  n.  [mer'cies*,  pi.']  1.  The 
act  of  treating  an  offender  with  less  severity 
than  he  deserves.  2.  The  act  of  relieving  suf- 
fering. 3.  An  act  of  clemency,  etc.  4.  Un- 
restricted power;  full  control.     [<  F.  m^rci, 

<  L.  merces,  reward,  LL.  pity.]  —  mer'cl-ful, 
a.  1 ,  Full  of  mercy;  compasslonat*.  3.  Char- 
acterized by  mercy.—  mer'ci-leBs,  a.  Having 
or  showing  no  mercy. 

mere,  mtr,  a.  Such  (as  Is  mentioned)  and  no 
more;  nothing  but.  [<  L.  7n€rw«,  unmixed, 
bare.] — mere'Xy,  mXr'W,  adv.  Without  in- 
cluding anything' else;  only;  solely. 

mere',  n.  1.  [Rare,  U.  S.]  A  pond;  pool,  'it, 
IScot.l    The  sea.    [<  AS.  mere] 

mere3,n.  [Eng.]  A  boundaryline.  [<AS. 
gem&ra,  boundary.] 

merge,  merj,v/.  &t)i.  [merged;  mer'oino.] 
To  sink  the  Identity  or  individuality  of;  be 


absorbed  into  something  else.    [<  L.  mergo, 
dip.]  —  mer'ger,  n. 

me-rid'i-an,  m§-rid'i-an.  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  passing  the  highest  point  attained  by 
the  sun  in  its  daily  course.  2.  Pertaining  to 
the  highest  or  culminating  point.  II.  n.  1. 
Noonday;  hence,  the  highest  or  culminating 
point  of  anything.  2.  Astron.  A  great  circle 
or  a  plane  parallel  to  the  earth ''s  axis.  [<  L. 
meridianus,  <  medius,  middle,  -|-  dies,  day.] 
— me-rid'i-o-nal,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
meridian;  relating  to  southern  climates  or  people. 

me-ringue',  me-raftg',  n.  The  beaten  white 
of  eggs  sweetened  and  used  to  garnish  pastry; 
also,  pastry  so  garnished.  [F.,  <  Mehiingen, 
in  Germany.] 

me-ri'no,  mg-ri'no.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
merino  sheep  ^^^^  European  Merino, 
or   their   wool.  JH9III||RA  V.% 

2.  Made  of  me- 
rino wool.  II. 
n.  1.  A  supe- 
rior breed  of 
sheep,  origina- 
ting in  Spain, 
and  having  very 
fine,  closely  set, 
silky  wool.  2. 
A  fabric  made 
of  this  wool  or 
resembling  one 
so  made;  also, 
a  kind  of  knitted  goods.  [Sp.,  moving  from 
pasture  to  pasture,  <  menno,  shepherd.] 

mer'it,  mer'it.  1^.  vt.  To  earn  a  right  to, 
either  as  a  reward  or  as  a  punishment.  II.  n. 
1.  The  state  or  fact  of  deserving  or  meriting; 
desert.  2.  That  which  deserves  consideration, 
reward,  or  esteem.  [<  L.  meritum,  <  mereo, 
deserve.]  —  mer''i-to'ri-ou8,  a.  Deserving  of 
reward;  praiseworthy. 

mer^maid,  mgr'med,  n.  A  fabled  marine 
creature;  a  lovely  woman  to  the  waist,  and 
ending  in  the  tail  of  a  fish.  [<  mere',  n.,  -\- 
MAiD.j  — mer'man,  n.  A  fabled  marine  crea- 
ture, half  man,  half  fish. 

mer'ry,  raer'i,  a.  [mer'ri-er;  mer'ri-est.] 
1.  Inclined  to  mirth  and  laughter;  full  of  fun; 
jovial;  mirthful.  2.  Exhilarating;  enlivening. 
[<  AS.  nieHge,  pleasant.]  —  mer'ri-ly,  adv. 
—  mer'ri-ment,  n.  The  act  of  making  merry; 
mirth.— inei''rysan''drew,  n.  A  clown  or 
buffoon. 

mesll,  mesh.  I',  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  net;  make 
into  a  mesh  or  network.  2.  To  entangle;  to  be- 
come engaged,  as  gear-teeth.  II.  ti.  1.  One 
of  the  open  spaces  between  the  cords  of  a  net 
orthe  wires  of  a  sieve.  2.  Anything  that  entan- 
gles or  involves;  a  trap.     [<  AS.  rnax,  mesh.] 

mes'mer-ism,  mez'mgr-izm,  n.  1.  The  pro- 
duction of  an  abnormal  condition  resembling 
sleep,  by  the  will  of  a  superior  mind:  now 
identified  with  hypnotism.  2.  Personal  mag- 
netism.— mes-meKlc,  a.  Pertaining  to,  caused 
by,  or  resembling  mesmerism.  iiieM-iiier'ic- 
alt.— nieH'iner-ist,  n.  1.  A  professional 
mesinerlzer.  2.  A  believer  in  mesmerism.— 
inen'mer-ize,  -ise,  vt.  L-izkd;  -i'zino.]  To 
control  or  Influence  by  mesmerism;  hypnotize; 
fascinate. 


papfi,  ^Bk;  at,  Sir;  el^m^nt,  thdy,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  <ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  dr;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


289 


mesotliorax 
metric 


ines''o-tlio'rax,  mes'o-tho'rax,  71.  The  mid- 
dle segment  of  the  thorax.  [<  Gr.  mesos, 
middle,  -(-  thorax.] 

mess',  mep,  ^.  I.  t.  1 .  To  provide  meals  for. 
2.  To  make  into  messes.  II.  i.  To  belong 
to  a  mess. 

messi,  n.  1.  A  quantity  of  food  sufficient  for 
a  particular  occasion.  2.  A  number  of  persons 
who  habitually  take  their  meals  together,  as  on 
board  ship.     [<  OF.  mes,  dish.] 

mess^,  n.  rColloq.]  A  state  of  disorder;  espe- 
cially, a  condition  of  unclean  confusion.    [Var. 

of  MASH,  n.] 

mes^sage,  mes'§j.  n.    A  communication,  as 

of  information,  sent  in  any  way.     [F.,  <   L. 

missus,  pp.  of  mitto,  send.] 
mes'sen-ger,    mes'en-jgr,    n.    1.  One  sent 

with  a  message  or  on  an  errand  of  any  kind. 

2.  A  forerunner;  herald. 
Mes-si'ah.,  mes-sai'a,  n.     The  Anointed  One; 

the  Christ.     [<   Heb.^^''  Mdshiach,  anointed.] 

—  iW.es-sFah-8liii>,  n.— Mes''8i-an'ic,  a. 
mes-sieurs',  mes-yu'  or  mesh'yurz,  n.   pi. 

Sirs;  gentlemen:  in  English  in  the  contracted 
form  Messrs.,  as  plural  of  Mr.     [F.] 
mLes'suage,me8'wgj,«.    Lmv.    A  dwellings 
house  with  its  belongings.     [  <  OF.  mesiiage,  < 

L.  wa/?Sio(rt-),' MANSION.] 

met,  imp.  &pp.  of  meet,  v. 

met-,    )pr€flx.    Used  (1)  in  words  of  Greek  ori- 

meta-,  >  gin  to  mean  "between,  with,  after,  over, 

inetli-, ;  reversely";  (2)  [Chem.]  to  denote  resem- 
blance, etc.  [<  L.  meta-,  <  Gr.  meta-,  <  meta, 
between,  after,  reversely.] 

met''al,  met'al,  n.  1.  An  elementary  substance, 
usually  hard,  heavy,  lustrous,  malleable,  te- 
nacious, and  a  good  conductor,  as  iron,  gold, 
tin,  etc.  2.  Something  composed  of  one  or 
more  of  the  metallic  elements.  3.  The  con- 
stituent material  of  anything.  [<  L.op  metal- 
lum,  <  Gr.  matallon,  metal!]  —  nier-al'lic,  a. 
1.  Being,  containing, or  having  characteristics  of 
a  metal,  "i.  Pertaining  to  a  metal.  —  mef  al- 
lifer-ous,  a.  Yielding  metal.  —  inet^al- 
lur'^gy,  n.  The  art  of  economically  extracting 
metals  "from  ores.—  iiiet''''al-liir'gic,  a. 

mefa-mor'pho-sis,  met'a-mSr'f/j-sis,  n. 
[-SES,  -siz,  pl.\  1 .  A  passing  from  one  form  or 
shape  into  another;  especially,  the  series  of 
marked  external  changes  through  which  an 
individual  passes,  as  the  larva,  pupa,  and  imago 
of  an  insect.  2.  Chemical  decomposition.  [L., 
<  Gr.  metamorphosis,  <  meta,  over,  +  morphe, 
form.]  —  mef'a-mor'phose,  vt.  [-piiosed; 
-PHO-siisra.l     To  change  the  form  of;  transmute. 

met'a-plior ,  met'a-fgr,  n.  A  figure  of  speech 
in  which  one  object  is  likened  to  another  by 
speaking  of  it  as  if  it  were  that  other.  [<  Gr. 
metaphora,  <  meta,  over,  -\- phero,  bear.] 

—  inet''a-plior'ic-al,  a.  Kelating  to  or 
abounding  in  metaphor;  figurative,  mefa- 
plior'ict.  —  mef'a-phor'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

mef  a-pliys'ics,  met'a-flz'ics,  n.  1.  Phi- 
losophy in  the  wide  sense.  2.  Ontology.  3. 
The  principles  of  philosophy  as  applied  to  the 
methods  of  any  particular  science.  4.  Psy- 
chology. [  <  Gr.F  meta  ta  physiTca,  description 
of  those  of  Aristotle's  works  which  came  after 
physics;  meta,  after;  physika,  physics.] 

—  inet''a-pliys'ic-al,  a.— inet"a-phy- 
si'cian,  n.    One  skilled  in  metaphysics. 

mete,  mit.     1.  vt.    [ME'TEt)<l;MET+;  me'ting.] 


To  allot  or  distribute  by  measure;  apportion. 
II.  n.  1.  A  boundaryline;  limit.  2.  Measure. 
[<  AS.  met,  measure,  <  metan,  measure.] 
me'te-or,  mi'tg-gr,  n.  1.  A  luminous  phe- 
nomenon, produced  by  a  small  mass  of  matter 
from  the  celestial  spaces  striking  the  air.  2. 
A  small  particle  of  matter  moving  in  celestial 
space,  me'te-or-oidj.  [<  Gr.  meteoron, 
<  meta,  beyond,  +  aeiro,  raise.]  —  me''te-or'- 
ic,  a.  1.  Relating  to  meteors,  "i.  Meteorologic- 
al. 3.  Transitorily  brilliant.  —  me'te-or-ite, 
11.  A  fallen  meteor;  a  mass  that  has  fallen  upon 
the  earth  from  space.  ine''te-or'o-lite1:.— 
me''te-o-rit'ic,  a.     Pertaining  to  meteorites. 

—  iiie'''te-or-ol'o-gy,  n.  1.  The  phenomena 
of  the  atmosphere,  especially  those  that  relate  to 
weather,  '•i.  The  character  of  the  weather  and 
of  atmospheric  changes.  [<  meteor -(--ology.] 

—  ine'"te-or''o-log'ic-al,  a.— me'^te-or- 
ol'o-gist,  n.    A  specialist  in  meteorology. 

me'ter,  [ml'tgr,  n.     1.   Pros.    Measurement 

me'tre,  S  by  feet  and  lines.  2.  Mxis.  Meas- 
urement by  time  in  rhythmic  construction.  3. 
An  instrument  or  machine  for  measuring  fluids, 
gases,  etc.  4.  Any  person  or  thing  that  meas- 
ures. 5.  The  fundamental  unit  of  length  in 
the  metric  system:  about  39  inches.  [<  F. 
metre,  <  L.  metrum,  <  Gr.  metron,  measure.] 

me -thinks',  mg-thinks',  v.  impers.  [me- 
thought'.]     It  seems  to  me. 

meth'od,  meth'gd,  n.  1.  A  general  or  es- 
tablished way  or  order  of  doing.  2.  Suitable 
and  convenient  arrangement.  3.  Orderly  pro- 
cedure. [<  Gr.  m.ethodos,  <  meta,  after,  -|- 
hodos,  way.]  —  meth-od'ic-al,  a.  1.  Given  to 
or  characterized  by  orderly  arrangement.  2. 
Arranged  with  method.  iiiotli-od''ic+.— nietli- 
od'ic-al-ly,  adw.  — metli'o<l-ize, ».  [-tzed; 
-I'ziNG.l  I.  «.  To  subject  to  method;  regulate. 
11./.    To  act  methodically,    meth'od-isel:. 

Metlx'od-ist,  meth'ed-ist,  n.  A  member  of 
any  brancli  of  the  Protestant  Christian  church 
that  has  grown  out  of  the  religious  movement 
begun  by  John  Wesley.  —  meth'od-ism,  n. 
1.  The  state  of  being  methodical.  2.  [M-1  The 
doctrines,  polity,  and  worship  of  the  Methodists. 

—  meth'^o-dis'tic,  nieth'"o-dis'tic-al,  a. 
1.  Given  to  methodism.  2.  [M-]  Kelating  to  the 
Methodists. 

Ine-tllonght^  me-thet',  imp.  of  methinks,  v. 


met-on''y-my,  met-en'i 
speech  that  consists  in  the 
naming  of  a  thing  by  one  of 
its  attributes.  [<  Gr.i'i'  met- 
onymia,  <  meta,  after,  -f 
onyma,  name.] 

me'tre,  n.    Same  as  meter. 

met'ric,  met'ric,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  measure  or  meter. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  meter  as 
a  unit  of  measurement  or  to 
the  metric  system. 

—  inet'ric-al,  a.    1.  Rela- 
ting to   meter;   rhythmical.     2 
measure  or  the  meter. 


A  figure  of 


Cubic  Centime- 
ter (perspective 
view)  =  1  gram 
weight  of  water 
=  .061  cubic  inch 
=  .27  fluid  dram. 
Pertaining  to 


THE  METRIC  SYSTEM. 

This  is  a  system  of  weights  and  measures  de- 
pending upon  the  meter,  in  which  the  original 
factors  are  derived  from  the  meter.  The  system 
includes  measures  of  length,  of  which  the  meter 
is  the  unit;  measures  of  surface,  of  which  the 
are  is  the  unit;  measures  of  capacity,  of  which 
tlie  liter  is  the  unit;  and  weights,  of  which  the 


fiutjure  (future); 
19 


aisle;   au  ifmi);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  {the);   go;  sing,  irtft;  thin. 


metropolis 
mezzotint 


290 


gram  Is  the  unit.  Ascending  in  value  from  each 
unit  the  measure  Is  multiplied  by  ten,  and  bears 
a  Greek  prefix  indicating  Its  value,  as  decameter, 
which  Is  10  meters;  hectometer,  which  Is  100  me- 
ters; kilometer,  which  Is  1000  meters;  and  myria- 
meter,  which  is  10,000  meters.  Similarly  descend- 
ing in  value  the  terms  bear  Latin  prefixes  in- 
dicating their  relation  to  the  unit,  as  decimeter, 
which  Is  Vio  of  a  meter;  centimeter,  which  is  i/joo 
of  a  meter;  and  millimeter,  which  is  Viooo  of  a 
meter.  The  following  tables  show  the  various 
units  with  corresponding  factors  in  other  sys- 
tems. The  metric  system  has  been  legalized  by 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  and  is  in 
actual  use  In  every  civilized  nation  except  Russia 
and  Montenegro. 

Measures  of  Length. 


Metric  Denomination  and 
Value. 


myr'i-a-me"ter 
kll'o-me'ter 
hec'to-me'ter, 
dec'a-me'ter, 

me'ter 

dec'i-me"ter 
cen'tl-me'ter 
miril-me"ter 


Equivalent  in 
Common  Use. 


6.214  miles 
<  0.62137  mile  (3,280 
\     feet,  10  inches) 

328  feet,  1  inch 

393.7  inches 

39.37  Inches 

3.937  Inches 

0.3937  Inch 

0.03937  inch 


Note.  In  the  United  States  the  value  of  the 
meter  is  legalized  at  39.37  Inches,  while  in  Great 
Britain  and  France  its  exact  value  is  given  as 
39.37079  Inches. 

Factors  for  Conversion:  One  Inch =0.0254 
meter;  one  foot =0.3048  meter;  one  mile  =  1609.35 
meters.  Abbreviations*:  cm  =  centimeter, 
dm  =  decimeter,  km  =  kilometer,  m = meter,  mm  = 
millimeter. 

Measures  of  Capacity. 


Metric  Denomination  and 
Value. 

Equivalent  In 
Common  Use. 

Name. 

Liter. 

Cubic 
Measure. 

Dry 
Measure. 

kll'o-irter 
(stere) 

hec'to-irter.... 

dec'a-irter.... 
irter 

1,000 

100 

10 
1 

Vio 

Ims 
Vio  m3 
10  dm3 
Idms 
Viodm3 
10cm3 
lcm3 

1.308  cu.  yds. 
5  2  bush.,  3.35 
\     pecks 
9.08  qts. 
0.908  qt. 
6.1022  cu.  in. 
0.6102  cu.  in. 
0.061  cu.  In. 

dec'l-irter 

cen'tl-irter.... 
mirii-irter.... 

Metric  Denomlnatioa  and 
Value. 

Equivalent  In 
Common  Use. 

Name. 

Liter. 

Cubic 
Measure. 

Liquid 
Measure. 

kiro-li-ter 
(stere) 

hcc'to-ll'ter.... 

dec'a-ll'ter 

ll'ter 

1,000 

100 

10 

I 

Vio 

Vioo 

Viono 

ims 

Vioms 

10  dm3 

Idms 
Viodms 
10  cms 

icms 

264.17  gals. 
26.42  gals. 
2.64  gals. 
1.0567  qts. 
0.845  pfll. 
0.838  fl.  oz. 
0.27  fl.  dr. 

dec'l-U-ter 

cen'tl-li'ter 

miril-ll'ter 

Factors  for  ('onversion:  One  cubic  inch  = 
0.01f4  liter;  one  bushel  =  (U.  S.)  35.24  or  (British) 
36.35  liters;  one  quart  (dry  measure)  =  1.1011  liters; 
one  peck  =  (U.  S.)  8.81  or  (British)  9.09  liters;  one 
cubic  yard  =  765  liters;  one  fluid  dram  =0.00369  li- 


ter; one  fluid  ounce  =  0.0296  liter;  one  gill  =  0.1183 
liter;  one  quart  (liquid  measure)  =0.9463  liter;  one 
gallon  standard  (281  cubic  Inches)  =3.785  liter&t 
one  gallon  Imperial  (277  cubic  Inches)  =  4.513 
liters.  Abbreviations*:  c1  =  centiliter,  cm3  =  cu- 
bic centimeter,  dal  =  decaliter,  dl  =  deciliter,  dms 
=  cubic  decimeter,  hi  =  hectoliter,  1  =  liter,  m3  =  cu- 
bic meter,  ml  =  milliliter,  mm3  =  cubic  millimeter. 
Measures  of  Surface. 


Metric  Denomination  and 
Value. 

Equivalent  in 
Common  Use. 

10,000  m2 
100  m2 
lm2 

are 

cen'tare 

119.6  square  yards 
1,550  square  Inches 

Factors  for  Conversion:  One  square  inch  = 
0.06452  square  meter ;  one  square  yaVd  =  0.836 
square  meter;  one  acre  =  4,047  square  meters. 

Abbreviations*:  a  =  are,  ha  =  hectare,  m2  = 
square  meter. 

Weights. 


Metric  Denomination  and  Value. 

Equivalent  in 
Common  Use. 

Name. 

Gram. 

Water  at 
Maximum 
Density. 

Avoirdupois 
Weight. 

miriier'  (ton- 

neau) 

quin'tal 

myr'i-a-gram. 
kil'o-gram.... 
hec'to-gram.. 
dec'a-gram... 

dec'I-gram.... 
cen'tl-gram... 
mil'li-gram... 

1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

i,(5oo 

100 
10 

Vio 
Vioo 
Viooo 

Ims 

Ihl 
101 

11 

Idl 
10  cms 

lcm3    > 
Vio  cm3 
10  mm3 

1  mm3 

2,204.6  pounds 
220.46  pounds 
22.046  pounds 
2.204  pounds 
3.527  ounces 
0.353  ounces 
15.432  grains 
1.543  grains 
0.154  grain 
0.015  grain 

Factors  for  Conversion:  One  grain  =  0.0648 
gram;  one  avoirdupois  ounce  =  28.^95  grams;  one 
troy  ounce  =  31.103  grams ;  one  pound  =  453.59 
grams.  Abbreviations*:  eg  =  centigram,  dg  = 
decigram,  g  =  gram,  kg  =  kilogram,  mg  =  milll- 
gram,  q  =  quintal,  t  =  tonneau  (milller). 

me-trop'o-Iis,  me-trep'o-lis,  n.  1.  A  chief 
city.  2.  The  seat  of  a  metropolitan  bishop. 
[<  Gr.  mUropolis,  city,  <  meter,  mother,  -f- 
»o/e«,  city.]  —  met^'ro-pol'l-tan.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  metropolis.  II.  n.  1 .  An  arch- 
bishop who  exercises  a  limited  authority.  2.  A 
citizen  of  a  metropolis. 

-nietry,  si(fflx.  Denoting  the  process,  science,  or 
art  of  measuring.  [  <  Gr.  -metria,  measurement, 
<  metron,  measure.] 

met'tl(e,  met'l,  n.  The  stuff  or  material  of 
which  a  thing  is  composed;  especially,  con- 
stitutional temperament  or  disposition.  [A 
var.  of  METAL.]  —  met'tI(e-8ome,  a.  Having 
courage  or  spirit;  ardent;  fiery.    inet'tle(I:t. 

mew',  min,  vi.    To  cry  as  a  cat.     [Imitative.] 

me'W^^  J./     To  shut  up  or  inj  immure;  confine. 

mew',  n.    The  ordinary  i)laintive  cry  of  a^cat. 

mew-,  //.  A  European  sea-gull.   [  <  AS.  inxit'.] 

mew^l,miril.  1.  ri.  To  cry  as  an  infant.  II. 
n.    An  iufanfs  cry  or  crying. 

mews,  miflz,  ■».  pi.  A  set  of  stables  in  Lon- 
don in  which  the  royal  horses  are  kept;  hence, 
any  city  stable. 

mez'zo-tint,  mez'o-tint,  n.  A  method  of 
copperplate  engraving,  producing  an  even  gra- 
dation  of  tones,    like    a    photograph.     [< 


papa,  cjsk;  at,  air;  el^jm^nt,  thfiy,  nsfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  bot,  ©r; 


291 


mi 
militate 


It.  <  mezzo,  middle,  +  tinto,  painted.] 

mi,  mi,  n.  1.  The  third  note  of  the  diatonic 
scale.     2.  The  note  E.     [It.] 

mi-as'ma,  mi-az'ma  or  mai-,  n.  [-ma-ta,  j5^.] 
Polluting  exhalations;  malarial  poison.  [< 
Gr.  miasma,  pollution.]  mi^asmj.— mi- 
as'inal,  a.  Aboundingr  in  miasma.— mi'^'as- 
mat'ica.  Pertainingto  or  produced  by  miasma. 

mi-'ca,  mai'ca,  n.  A  silicate  that  cleaves  in 
thin,  tough,  transparent  to  translucent  scales; 
isinglass.    [L.,  mica,  crum.] — mi-ca'ceous,  a. 

mice,  mais,  n.    Plural  of  MorsE. 

miicro-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  mikros, 
small.]  — mi'cro-phone,  n.  An  apparatus  for 
magnifying  faint  sounds  by  means  of  electrical 
devices.— ini'cro-cosni,  mai'cro-cezm  or  mic'- 
ro-cezm,  71.  1 .  The  world  or  universe  on  a  small 
scale;  hence,  man.  ti.  A  little  community.-  iiii- 
croiii'e-ter,  n.  1,  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing very  small  angles  or  dimensions.  *J.  A  caliper 
or  gage  arranged  to  allow  of  minute  measure- 
ments.-ini'cro-scope,  n.  An  Instrument  for 
assisting  the  eye  in  observ- 
ing minute  objects,  or  fea- 
tures of  objects,  that  would 
be  invisible  without  such 
aid.—  iiii''cro-scop'ic,  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  micro- 
scope; adapted  for  minute 
observation.  2.  Made  with 
the  microscope.  3.  Exceed- 
ingly minute.  ini-cro»'- 
co-i>alt. 

mi-'crobe,  mai'crob  or 
inic'rob,  n.  A  microscopic 
organism;  a  bacterium. 

mid,  mid,  a.  Middle:  some- 
times treated  as  an  adjec- 
tive, but  properly  part  of  a 
compound  word.  [<  AS. 
mid;  cp.  L.  medius,  mid- 
dle.] —  mid-'day^'.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  middle  of 
the  day.    II.  n.    Noon. 

mid' die,  mid'l.  1.  a.  1. 
Occupying  a  position  equal-  object=glas8;p,  pillar; 
ly  distant  from  the  ,  ex-  «-  stage;  ss,  substage; 
tremes;mean.  2  Occupy-  ^^ .^L^ub'^  ^rfblS^- 
mg  any  intermediate  posi-  ocular  microscope;  a, 
tion.  II.  n.  1.  The  part  additional  tube;  d, 
equally  distant  from  the  ,^.  draw^tubes;  I,  I, 
extremities.  2.  Something  lenses;:p,  small  pnsm; 
that  is  intermediate.  \<  *' "'•binary  tube. 
AS.  middeU  middle,  <  mid,  mid.]  —  mid'dles 
affe<l'',  a.  Being  between  youth  and  old  age.— 
iiiid'dle-inaii,  n.  One  who  acts  as  an  agent; 
one  who  buys  in  bulk  from  producers  and  resells. 

mid'dling,  mid'ling,  a.  1.  Of  middle  rank, 
condition,  quality, etc.;  medium.  2.  Intoler- 
able health,    -iy,  adv.  [?ni/cge.] 

midg^e,  mij,  n.    A  gnat  or  small  fly.     [<  AS. 

mid'land,  mid'land.  I.  a.  In  the  interior 
country.  II.  ?k  The  interior  of  a  country, 
especially  of  England.  [night;  12  p.  m. 

mid'niglit'^,  mid'nait",  n.    The  middle  of  the 

mid'riflf,  mid'rif,  n.  Anat.  The  diaphragm. 
[  <  AS.  midrif,  <  mid  (see  mid)  -f  hrif,  belly.] 

mid'ship'',  mid'ship",  a.  At  or  pertaining  to 
the  middle  of  a  vessel's  hull. —  niid'ships''.  I. 
n.  pi.  The  midship  timbers.  II.  adv.  Naut. 
Amidships. 

mid'sbip'^man,  mid'ship'man,  n.  [-m^n, 
pl.^    A  petty  officer  in  the  English  navy. 


Microscope. 
1.  Compound  mi- 
croscope; a,  arm;  b, 
base;  d,  diaphragm; 
dt,  draw«tube  for  fo- 
cusing; e,  eyespiece; 
/,  nne  »  adjustment 
screw;  m,  mirror; 


midst,  midst.  I.  n.  The  central  part;  middle. 
U.adv.    In  the  middle.     \_<  A.^.  midd.l 

mid'sum"mer,  n.    The  middle  of  summer. 

mid'way"".  I.  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the 
way  or  distance.  II.  n.  The  middle.  III. 
adv.    Half'way. 

mtid'-wife'',  n.  [mib'wives",  -waivz",  pi.']  A 
woman  who  assists  at  childbirth.  [  <  AS.  mid, 
with,  -f  'wlf,  wife.]  —  mid'wife'^ry,  n. 

mid'win''ter,  n.    The  middle  of  winter. 

mien,  min.  n.  The  external  appearance  or 
manner  of  a  person;  carriage;  bearing.  [< 
F.  mine,  <  It.  mina,  <  menare,  conduct.] 

milf,  mif.  [Colloq.]  I*,  vt.  To  cause  to  be 
slightly   vexed  or  displeased.      II.  n.     A  huff. 

might,  malt,  imp.  of  may,  v. 

might,  n.  Ability  to  do  anything  requiring 
force  or  power;  strength.  [<  A^.miht,  < 
magan,  have  power.]  —  might'y,  a.  [might'i- 
er;  might'i-est.]  1.  Possessed  of  might;  pow- 
erful; strong.  2.  Of  unusual  bulk,  consequence, 
etc.  [<  AS.  mihtig,  <  miht,  might.] 
—  might'i-Iy,  adi;.- miglit'i-ness,  n. 

mi'^gnon-ette',  min"yun-et',  n.     A  North* 
African  plant,  "bearing  small  flow- 
ers, and  widely  cultivated  for  itsj 
fragrance.     [F.] 

mi'grate,  mai'gret,  vi.  [mi'- 
gra'ted'^;  mi'gra"ting.]  Tore- 
move  from  one  country,  region, 
etc.,  to  another,  especially  in 
companies.  [<  L.  migratus,  pp. 
of  migro,  remove.] —mi-gra'- 
tion,  n.  The  act  of  migrating.— 
mi'gra-to-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to 
migration;  roving. 

mi-ka''do,  mi-kfl'do,  n.  The 
sovereign  of  Japan.  [Jap.,  'ex- 
alted gate'.]  Mignonette. 

milch,  milch,  a.  Giving  milk,  as  a  cow.  [< 
AS.  meolce,  <  meolc,  milk.] 

mild,  maild,  a.  1.  Moderate  in  action  or  dis- 
position. 2.  Expressing  kindness;  calm.  3. 
Moderate  in  effect  or  degree.  4.  Not  of  strong 
flavor.  [<  AS.  milde,  mild.]  -Iy,  adv.  -ness,  n. 

mil'dew,  mil'diu.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  taint,  or 
become  tainted,  with  mildew.  II.  n.  1.  Any 
one  of  various  fungi  that  attack  plants.  2.  A 
decayed  condition;  any  mold,  as  on  walls  or 
clothing.     [<  AS.  melededw.] 

mile,  mail,  n.  1.  A  measure  of  distance:  5,280 
feet.  2.  A  measure  of  surface:  640  acres.  [< 
AS.  mil,  <  LL.  milia,  <  L.  rnille  (sc.  passvum, 
of  paces),  thousand.]  —  mile 'age,  n.  The 
length  of  anything  measured  In  miles,  ii.  Com- 
pensation per  mile  for  expenses  of  travel.— 
mile'spost'',  m.:8toue,  n.  A  post  or  stone 
set  up  to  Indicate  distance  from  a  given  point. 

mlFi-tant,  mil'i-tant,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
conflict  with  opposing  powers  or  influences. 
2.  Of  a  warlike  or  combative  tendency.  [<  L. 
militan{t-)s,  ppr.,  <  miles  (milit-),  soldier.] 

miri-ta-ry,  mil'i-tg-ri.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
soldiers  or  warfare;  martial;  warlike.  2.  Done 
or  carried  on  by  force  of  arms.  II.  ti.  A  body 
of  soldiers;  soldiery  in  general.  [<'L.mili- 
taris,  <  miles  (milit-),  soldier.]  —  military 
mast,  a  strong  mast=llke  structure  on  a  war= 
ship,  designed  to  carry  a  turret,  observation* 
tower,  etc.    See  Illus.  on  next  page. 

mil'i-tate,  mil'i-tet,  vi.  [-ta'ted'';  -ta'ting.] 


flutjflre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    ail;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  (the);    go;  sing,   ii;ik;  thin. 


militia 
mince 


292 


Military  Mast. 
I,  lookout;  s,  search- 
light; t,  turret. 


1.  To  have  influence  against.      2.  To  fight. 
[<  L.  militatus,  pp.,  <  miles,  soldier.] 

mi-li'tia,  mi-lish'a.  n.  Citizens  uho  are  en- 
rolled and  drilled  in  mili- 
tary organizations  other 
than  the  regular  military 
forces.  [<  LJ  militia,  < 
miles  imilit-),  soldier.] 

milk,  milk.  I',  vt.  &  vi. 
To  draw  milk  from;  yield 
milk.  II.  n.  1.  The 
opaque,  whitish  liquid  se- 
creted by  the  mammary 
glands  of  female  mammals 
for  the  nourishment  of 
their  young.  2.  The  sap 
of  certain  plants.  3.  One 
of  various  emulsions.  [  < 
AS.  m£olc,  milk.] — milki- 
er, ?i.— milk'y,  a.  [milk'- 
i-EK;  MiLK'i-EST.]  1,  Con- 
taining or  like  milk.  2. 
Yielding  milk.  —  Milky 
Way  (Astron.),  a  luminous 
band  encircling  the  heavens, 
composed  of  distant  stars 
and  nebulae. 

mill,  mil,  vt.  1.  To  grind 
in  a  mil],  or  subject  to  some 
similar  process.  2.  To  in- 
dent the  edge  of  (a  coin). 

mill^,».  1.  A  machine  for 
grinding,  or  any  one  of  va- 
rious machines  that  trans- 
form raw  material  into  some  other  form.  2. 
A  building  fitted  up  for  grinding  grain,  redu- 
cing ores,  etc.  [  <  LL.as  molina,  <  L.  molo, 
grind.]  —  miU'sdani'',  n.  1 .  A  barrier  thrown 
across  a  watercourse  to  raise  its  level  sufficiently 
to  turn  a  mill=wheel.  2.  The  pond  formed  by 
such  a  barrier.— ni.spoiid,  r;.— in.=race,  n. 
The  sluiceway  through  which  the  water  runs  to 
amliUwheel.— mill'stone'',  «.  One  of  a  pair 
of  thick  heavy  stone  disks  for  grinding  some- 
thing, as  grain.— m.swlieel,  n.  The  water- 
wheel  that  drives  a  mill. 

mill^,  n.  A  thousandth  part;  in  the  United 
States,  the  thousandth  part  of  a  dollar,  or  the 
tenth  part  of  a  cent.     [<  L.  mille,  thousand.] 

mil'le-na-ry,  mil'e-ng-ri.  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  thousand.  II.  n.  [-ries^, 
/)/.]  1.  The  space  of  a  thou- 
sand years;  the  Millennium.  2. 
A  millenarian.  [<  LL.  millena- 
rius,  <  milleni,  a  thousand  each, 
<  L.  mille,  tiiousand.]— inil'^Ie- 
na'ri-aii.  I.  a.  Tcrtainlng  to 
a  thousand;  relating  to  Hk^  .Millen- 
nium. II.  7).  One  who  believes 
in  amillennhun. 

miil-len'ni-um,  n.  1.  A  pe- 
riod of  a  thousand  years.  2. 
tM]  The  thousand  years  of  the 
kingdom  of  Christ  on  earth, 
based  on  Rev.  xx,  1-5.  [<  L. 
m,ille,  thousand,  -4-  annus,  year.] 
—  mil-len'ni-al,  a. 

mlFle-pcd,  mirg-ped.n.    A  myri- 
apod;  wood-louse.    I  <  L.  mille,  thousand,  -f-  pes, 
foot.] 

iiill'le-pore,  mll'e-pOr,  n.  A  coral-llke  animal, 
with  numerous  cavities  in  the  enclosing  struc- 
ture.   [<  L.  mille,  thousand,  -^porus,  pore.] 


mincer,  mil'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  keeps  or  tends 
a  mill,  particularly  a  grist-mill,  2.  A  pale 
moth,  with  floury  wings. 

mil'let,  mil'et,  n.  A  grass  cultivated  for  for- 
age and  as  a  cereal.  [F.]  See  illus.  in  prece- 
ding column, 

milli".  A  combining  form.  [<  L.  mille,  one 
thousand.]  —  miF'lier',  mi"lye',  «.  A  metric 
ton,  1,000  kilograms.  [F.]  — mil'li-grain,  «. 
A  mass  (weight)  of  one-thousandth  of  a  gram.— 
mil'li-li'''teiN  n.  The  thousandth  part  of  a 
liter.— inil'li-nie'^ter,  n.  A  lineal  measure  of 
one-thousandth  of  a  meter.  See  metkic  sys- 
tem, under  metric. 

mil^li-ner ,  mil'i-ngr,  n.  A  person  employed 
in  making,  trimming,  or  selling  bonnets,  wom- 
en's hats,  etc.     [Prob.  <  Milan,  in  Italy.] 

— mil'li-ner-y, «.  1.  The  articles  made  or 
sold  by  milliners,  ti.  The  occupation  or  estab- 
lishment of  a  milliner. 

miFlion,  mil'yun,  n.  1.  A  thousand  thou- 
sand; 1,000,000;  a  cardinal  number.  2.  An 
indefinitely  great  number.  [F.,  augmentative 
of  mille  (<  L.  mt^^e),  thousand.] — mir'Hon- 
aire',  n.  A  person  whose  possessions  are  valued 
at  a  million  or  more.—  inil^liontli,  a.  &  n. 

milt^  milt,  n.  The  spleen.  [<  AS.  mille, 
spleen.]  [<  mjolk,  milk.] 

milt^,  n.    The  sperm  of  a  fish,    [<  Sw.  mjolke, 

mime,  malm,  n.  1.  A  mimic  plaj'  or  farce. 
2.  An  actor  in  a  mime;  a  mimic.  [F.,  <  L. 
mimus,  <  Gr.  mimos,  actor,  drama.] 

—  mim'ic.  I.  vt.  [MiM'iCKEDt;  mim'ick- 
iNCi.]  1.  To  imitate,  as  for  ridicule.  2.  To 
copy  closely.  II.  «.  Of  the  nature  of  mimicry. 
III.  n.  1.  One  who  is  given  to  mlmlcrj'.  *J. 
A  copy;  imitation.— miin'ic-ry*  ^-  [-RtES»,  joZ.] 
The  act  of  imitating,  especially  for  sport;  also,  a 
thing  produced  as  a  copy. 

mim''e-o-grapli,  mim'g-o-grgf,  n.  An  ap- 
paratus in  which  a  thin  fibrous  paper  coated 
with  paraifin  is  used  as  a  stencil  for  reprodu- 
cing copies  of  written  or  typewritten  matter, 
[<  Gr.  mifneomai,  mimic, -f  -gkapii.] 

Mi-mo'sa,  mi-mO'sa  or  maimo'sa,  n.  A 
large  genus 
of  tropical 
American 
herbs,  shrubs, 
or  trees  of  the 
bean  family, 
with  clusters 
of  small  flow- 
ers, [  <  L.  tni- 
mus ;      see 

MIME.] 

min^a-ret, 

min'a-ret,    «, 
A      slender      Minarets  of  the  Mosque  of 
tower      char-       Suleiman,  Constantinople, 
acteristic  of  mosques,  built  of  several  stories, 
each  surrounded  by  a  balcony,  from  which  the 
muezzin  sumnums  pe()])le  t(")  prayer.     [Ult.  < 
Ar.  mandra,  <  mindr,  lighthouse.] 

min'a-to"ry;,  min'a-to"ri,  a.  Threatening,  as 
witli  destruction  or  punishment.  [<  L,  niina- 
fus,  PI),  of  minor,  threaten.] 

mince,  mins,  v.  [minced';  min'cing.]  I.  f. 
1.  To  chop  into  small  bits.  2.  To  utter  with 
primness.  3.  To  lessen.  II.  i.  To  show  af- 
fectation,   [<  AS.  minsian,  make  less.] 


papfi,  ^sk;  »t,  air;  element,  thfey,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  laie;  but,  0r; 


293 


mince 
miracle 


mince,  rains, /i.  1.  SameasMiNCE^MEAx.  2. 
All  affectation.—  mince'smeat",  n.  1 .  Meat 
chopped  very  fine.  ^.  A  mixture  of  choi>ped 
meat,  fruit,  spices,  etc.,  used  in  mince  pie.— 
III.  pie,  a  pie  made  of  mince=meat. 

mind'i,  maind,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  pay  attention 
to.  2.  To  regard  witli  care  or  concern.  3.  To 
obey.  4.  To  tiave  cliarge  of.  II.  i.  To  pay 
attention;  be  obedient  or  inclined. 

mind,  n.  1.  Tliat  whicli  tiiinlvg,  feels,  and 
wills;  soul;  spirit.  2.  Any  mental  state  or 
activity;  inclination;  determination.  3.  The 
intellect.  [<  AS.  gemynd,  <  munan,  think.] 
—  mind'ed,  a.  ].  Disposed.  "Z.  Having  a 
(specified  kind  of)  mind.— mind'fiil,  a.  Keep- 
ing in  mind;  heedful;  having  knowledge  (of). 

mine,  main.  ?;.  [mined;  mi'ning.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  obtain  by  digging  out  of  the  earth.  2.  To 
undermine.  3.  To  make  by  digging  in  the 
earth.  II.  i.  1.  To  dig  or  lay  a  mine;  en- 
gage in  mining.  2.  To  burrow.  [<  F.  miner, 
<  LL.  mino,  open  a  mine,  drive.] — mi'ner,  n. 

mine,  n.  1.  An  excavation  for  digging  out 
ore  or  the  like.  2.  Any  deposit  of  such  ma- 
terial suitable  for  excavation.  3.  A  cavity 
for  an  explosive  charge.  4.  Any  productive 
source  of  supply. 

mine,  p7vn.  Belonging  to  me;  of  me:  pos- 
sessive of/.     [<  AS.  mm.] 

min'er-al,  rain'gr-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  minerals;  inorganic.  II.??.  1.  A 
substance  of  definite  chemical  composition, 
neither  animal  nor  vegetable,  and  commonly 
solid.  2.  Any  inorganic  substance.  [OF.,  < 
LL.  minerale,  <  mino;  see  mine,  v.]  —  inin'^- 
er-al'o-jry,  n.  1.  The  science  of  minerals. 
"i.  A  work  on  minerals.— inin^'er-al-og'ic- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  mineralogy.— iiiin'^er- 
ai'o-eist,  7i.    One  versed  in  mineralogy. 

min'gl(e,  min'gl,  vt.  &  vi.  [min'gl(e)d;  min'- 
GLiNG.]  1.  To  unite  together  or  with  some- 
thing else;  become  mixed.  2.  To  join  inti- 
mately; blend.     [Freq.  <  AS.  mengan,  mix.] 

min^'i-a-ture,  min'i-a-chnr  or  -tjQr.  I.  a. 
Much  smaller  than  reality.  II.  n.  J.  A  small 
and  delicate  painting,  as  a  portrait.  2.  Re- 
duced size;  any  small  copy  or  model.    [F.] 

min'im,  min'im,  n.  1.  An  apothecaries'  fluid 
measure;  roughly,  one  drop.  2.  3Ii/s.  A  half 
note.  3.  A  pygmy.  [<  F.  minime,  <  L. 
minimus,  least.] 

min'i-mum,  min'i-mum,  n.  [-ma,  pi.]  The 
least  possible  quantity,  amount,  or  degree: 
used  also  adjectivally.  —  min'i-mize,  vt. 
[-MIZED;  -Mi'ziNG.]  To  rcducc  to  the  smallest 
possible  amount  or  degree. 

min^ion,  min'yun,  n.    1.  A  servile  favorite. 

2.  Print.  A  size  of  type=body,  between  non- 
pareil and  brevier:  7»point. 

This  line  is  set  in  minion. 

3.  A  minx.     [<  F.  mignon,  darling.] 
min'is-ter,  min'is-ter,  v.    I.  t.   To  supply,  as 

something  needed.  II.  e.  1 .  To  give  attend- 
ance or  service.  2.  To  perform  a  rite  of  wor- 
ship. 3.  To  contribute. 
min'is-ter,  n.  1.  The  chief  of  an  executive 
department  of  a  government;  also,  the  repre- 
sentative of  a  foreign  government.  2.  A  clergy- 
man. 3.  A  servant;  agent.  4.  One  who  pro- 
motes or  dispenses.     [<  F.  ministre,   <  L. 


minister,  assistant.]  —  inin'^is-te'ri-aLa.  Per- 
taining to  a  minister  or  to  ministry.- inin'^is- 
tra'tiou,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  performing  service 
as  a  minister.  2.  Any  religious  ceremonial.— 
min'is-try,  n.  [-teies^,  pL]  1.  Ministers 
collectively,  either  of  state  or  of  the  gospel.  2. 
An  executive  department  of  government.  3. 
The  act  of  ministering. 

mink,  mink,  n.  A  small  amphibious  carnivore 
valued  for  its  fur.     [<  Sw.  md7ik,  mink.] 

min''no'W,  min'o,  n.  One  of  various  small 
fishes.      [<  AS.  myne,  minnow,  <  min,  less.] 

mi-'nor,  mai'ngr.  I.  a.  1.  Less  in  number, 
quantity,  or  extent.  2.  Of  secondary  considera- 
tion. 3.  Mtis.  In  the  minor  key;  solemn  and 
plaintive.  II.  n.  1.  One  below  the  age  w^hen 
full  civil  and  personal  rights  can  be  exercised. 
2.  A  minor  term.  3.  Mus.  The  minor  key. 
[<  L.  minor,  less.]  — mi-nor'i-ty,  n.  [-TIES^ 
pl.l  1.  The  smaller  in  number  of  two  parts  or 
parties.  2.  The  state  of  being  a  minor,  or  under 
age. 

min'ster,  min'stgr,  n.  A  monastery  church. 
[<  IAj.^^  monasterium,  monastery.] 

min''strel,  min'strel,  n.  1.  A  wandering 
musician  ;  anciently,  a  troubadour  ;  later,  a 
mountebank.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  singer  of  negro 
melodies,  etc.,  with  blackened  face.  3.  Poet. 
A  lyric  {)oet.  [<  L.f'F  minister,  attendant;  see 
MINISTER.]  —  min''8trel.8y,   n.      [-SIES^  pL] 

1.  The  occupation  of  a  minstrel.  2.  Ballads  or 
lyrics  collectively. 

mint<>,  mint,  vt.  1.  To  make  and  stamp  as 
money  by  authority.  2.  To  fabricate  in  any 
way. 

mint^  n.  1.  A  place  for  the  legal  manufac- 
ture and  issue  of  coin.  2.  An  abundant  sup- 
ply, as  of  money.     [<  AS.  my  net,  coin.] 

mint^,  n.    Any  one  of  several  aromatic  herbs  of 
the  mint  family,  as  spearmint  or 
peppermint.    [<  AS.  minte,  <  Gr.i' 
mintha,  mint.] 

min'u-end,  min'yu-end,  n. 
Arith.  The  number  from 
which  another  is  to  be  sub- 
tracted. [  <  L.  minuendus, 
to  be  lessened.] 

min'U-et,  min'yu-et,  n.  An 
old'time  stately  dance  in 
triple  measure.  [  <  F.  men- 
uet,  <  menuet,  dim.  of  menu, 
small.] 

mi'nus,  mai'nus  <??■  min'us, 
a.  1.  Math.  (1)  Less:  in- 
dicated by  a  dash  (— ).  (2) 
Negative.  2.  [Colloq.]  De- 
prived of;  lacking.  [L.,  neut.  s.  of  minor,  less.] 

min'ute,min'it,  «)^.  [-ut-ed"!;  -ut-ing.]  To 
make  a  minute  or  brief  note  of. 

mi-nute',  mi-niut',  a.    1.  Exceedingly  small. 

2.  Attending  to  small  things;  very  exact.  [< 
L.  minvtus,  little.]     -ly,  adv.     -ness,  n. 

min-'ute,  min'it,  n.  1.  The  60th  part  of  an 
hour;  hence,  a  moment.  2.  The  60th  part  of 
a  degree.  3.  A  memorandum.  4.  pi.  Official 
records  of  a  deliberative  body.  [F.,  <  LL. 
minutum,  <  L.  minutus;  see  minute,  a.] 

mi-nu'ti-a,  mi-niii'shi-a,  n.  [-ti-.*;,  -t  or  -g, 
pL]    A  small  or  unimportant  detail.     [L.] 

minx,  minx,  n.    A  saucy  girl. 

mir'a-cl(e,  mir'a-cl,  n,.     1.  A  supernatural 


Peppennint. 
a,  a  single  flower; 
b,    a    piece    of   the 
square  stem. 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   du   {out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  {the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


mirage 
miss 


294 


event;  any  wonderful  or  amazing  thing.  2. 
A  medieval  dramatic  representation  of  relig- 
ious subjects.  [F.,  <  L.  miraculum^  <  mirus, 
wonderful.] — mi-rae'u-lous,  a.  1.  Super- 
natural,   "i.  Surpassingly  strange;  wonderful. 

mi ''rage',  ml  "razh',  n.  An  optical  delusion,  as 
of  a  sheet  of  water  in  the  desert,  or  ships  seen 
inverted  in  the  air.  [P.,  <  mirer,  look  at,  < 
L.  tnirus,  wonderful.] 

mire,  mair.  I.  vi.  [mired;  mir'ing.]  1. 
To  fix,  stall,  or  sink  in  mud.  2.  To  defile. 
II.  n.  Wet,  yielding  earth;  deep  mud.  [< 
Ice.  mprr,  bog.]  —  mir'y,  a. 

mii'k,  mirk'i-ly,  etc.    Same  as  mukk,  etc. 

mir'ror,  mir'§r.  I.  vt.  To  give  an  image  of. 
II.  n.  1.  An  object  having  a  nearly  perfect 
reflecting  surface.  2.  Whatever  reflects  or 
clearly  represents.    [  <  L.^^^  miror,  wonder  at.] 

mirth.,   mgrth,  n.    Social  merriment;  jollity. 

[<  AS.  mirigth,  <  mii'ige,  raerige^  pleasant.] 

—  mirth''fiil,a.  Merry,  -ly,  ari».  -ness,  n. 

itiis-i,  prefix.  Less:  used  with  negative  or  depre- 
ciatory force;  as,  misuse,  misprize.  It  is  some- 
times accented.  [<  OF.  men-,  F.  mes-,  me-,  <  L. 
minus,  less.] 

mis-^,  prefix.  Wrong;  wrongly:  used  as  a  prefix 
to  nouns,  verbs,  and  participles;  as,  misconduct. 
It  never  has  the  primary  accent.  L<  AS.  m,is-, 
wrong;  allied  with  miss,  v.^ 

The  following  are  self  ^explaining: 
mis"ap-ply'  mis"em-ploy' 

mls-ap"pre-hend'd  mis-got'ten 

mls-ap'pre-hen'slon         mls-gov'ern 
mls'be-have'  mls-gov'ern-ment 

mis-car  cu-lated  mls'judge' 

mls-chargc',  v.  &  n.  mls-match't,  v.  &  n. 

mls'con-celve'  mis-name',  vt. 

nils'con-jec'ture,??.  &  n.  mis-place' 
mls'con-struc'tion  mls'pro-nounce't 

mls-con'strue  mls-quote'd 

mls-count'd,  v.  &  n.         mis-send' 
mls-date'd,  vt.  &  n.  mis-spell',  v. 

mis-deem'  mis-spend' 

mls"de-mean'  mis-time' 

mls'dl-rect'd  mis-state'd 

mls'dl-rec'tion  mls-treat'd 

miis"ad-ven'ture,  n.  An  unlucky  chance; 
misfortune. 

mis'an-tlirope,  mis'an-thrOp,  n.  One  who 
enttirtains  aversion  to  or  distrust  of  his  fellow 
men.  [<  Gr.  mim/ithropos,  hating  mankind, 
<  mised,  hate,  -\- arifhrdpos,man.]  mis-an'- 
thro-pistt  —  ini.w"aii-throp'ic,  nii»4"an- 
tlirop'ic-al,  <(.  Hatingmankinu.— iniM-an'- 
tliro-i>y,  ?t.     Hatred  or  distrust  of  mankind. 

mis"ap-pro'pri-ate'',  vt.  To  appropriate 
wrongly. —  iiil8"ai)-pro"pri.a'tIon,  n. 

mis-call',  vt.  To  give  a  wrong  or  bad  name  to. 

mis-car'ry,  vi.  1.  To  fail  of  an  intended 
effect.  2.  To  bring  forth  prematurely.  3. 
To  go  wrong.  —  mls-oar'rlaffe,  n.  1.  A  pre- 
mature birth,  ii.  P'allurc  to  reach  an  expected 
conclusion.    3.  Improper  behavior. 

mis"cel-la'ne-ous,  mi8"el-le'ne-us,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  several  kinds;  variously  mixed.  [< 
L.  Tmscdlaneus,  <  misceo,  mix.]  —  mls'cel- 
la-ny,  n.  F-niks*.  jo/.l  1.  A  collection  of  lit- 
erary compositions  on  various  subjects,  ♦i.  Any 
uilHwlIiincous  collection.  [mishap. 

mis-chance',  n.    An  instance  of  ill  luck;  a 

mis'chief,  mis'chif,  n.  1.  Any  occurrence 
attended  with  evil  or  injury.  2.  A  prank.  3. 
A  prankish  person.    [<  OP.  meachef,  <  L. 


minus  (see  minus)  -\-  capxd,  head,] —mis'- 
chief; ma"ker,  n.  One  who  causes  mischief. 
— m.sinakins:,  a.— mis'chie-vous,  mis'chi- 
vus,  a.     1.  Inclined  to  mischief,    'i,.  Injurious. 

mis"con-duct'd,  vi.  &  vi.  1.  To  conduct 
badly;  behave  improperly.    2,  To  mismanage. 

mLis-con'duct,  n.  1.  Improper  conduct;  bad 
behavior.    2.  Mismanagement. 

mis'cre-ant,  mis'crg-ant,  n.  A  vile  wretch. 
[<  OP.  mescreant,  unbelieving.] 

mis-deed',  n.    A  wrong  or  improper  act. 

mis"de-mean'or,  mis'de-min'gr,  n.  1. 
Misbehavior.  2.  Law.  Any  offense  less  than 
a  felony. 

mis-do',  vt.  &  vi.  To  do  badly;  bungle  in  do- 
ing.—mis-do'er,  n.— mis-do'ing,  n. 

mi'ser,  mai'zgr,  71.  One  who  saves  and  hoards 
avariciously.  [  <  L.  miser,  wretched.]  —  mi'- 
ser-ly,  a.    Of  or  like  a  miser. 

mis'er-a-l)l(e,  miz'gr-a-bl,  a.  1.  Wretched 
or  grievously  unhappy.  2,  Of  mean  quality. 
3.  Producing  or  exhibiting  misery.  [OP.,  '< 
L.  miserabilis,  wretched.] 

mis'er-y,  miz'gr-i,  n.  [-IES^  pi.]  Extreme 
distress  or  suffering;  wretchedness;  also,  a 
cause  of  wretchedness.  [  <  OF.  miserie,  <  L. 
miseria,  <  miser,  wretched.] 

mis-fit',  l^.vt.  To  fail  to  make  fit;  fit  badly. 
II.  n.    Something  that  fits  badly, 

mis-for'tune,  n.  1.  Adverse  or  ill  fortune. 
2.  An  unlucky  chance;  calamity. 

mis-giv(e',  v.  I.  t.  To  cause  to  fail  some- 
what in  confidence,  self=approval,  etc.     II.  i. 

I.  To  be  apprehensive.  2.  Ta  fail. —  mis- 
triv'ing,  n.    A  feeling  of  apprehension. 

mis-guide''',  vt.  To  guide  amiss ;  lead  astray. 
— inis-guid'ance,  n.  [fortune. 

mis-hap',  n.    An  unfortunate  accident;  mis- 

mis"in-form',  vt.  To  give  false  or  errone- 
ous information  to. —  mis-in'Tor-ina'tlon,  n. 

mis"in-ter'pretd,  mis"in-ter'pret,  vt.  To 
interpret  wrongly.  — mi8"in-ter"pre-ta'- 
tion,  n. 

mis-lay',  vt.  1.  To  lay  in  a  wrong  place  or 
in  a  place  not  remembered.  2.  To  attribute 
wrongly. 

miis-lead',  vt.  [mis-led';  -i.ead'ing.]  To 
direct  wrongly;  lead  astray  or  into  error. 

mis'Ie-toe,  h.    Same  as  mistletoe. 

mis-man'age,  vt.  To  manage  badly,  im- 
properly, or  unskilfulh'.     -ment,  n. 

mis-no'mer,  mis-nO'mer.  /?.  A  name  wrong- 
ly applied;  an  inapplicable  designation.  [< 
L.<^"''  iniviis-,  Mis-i,  -f-  nomino,  name.] 

mis-og'a-my,  mis-eg'a-mi,  71.  Hatred  of 
marriage.  [<  Gr.  tnised,  hate,-)-  gatnos,  mar- 
riage.] —  niis-og'a-iiiist,  ?i. 

mis-og'y-ny,  mis-ej'i-ni,  n.  Hatred  of  wom- 
en.    [<   Gr.  7nise5,  hate,  -f  gyni,  woman.] 

—  niis-ofs'y-nist,  n. 

mis-print'.     I"",  vt.     To  print  erroneously. 

II.  7).     An  error  in  printing. 
mis-rep"re-8ent'\  vt.  &  vi.     1.  To  make 

wronj^  representations.  2.  To  act  unfaith- 
fully in  btihalf  of;  give  a  wrong  impression. 

—  inl8-rep"re-8en-ta'tlon,  n. 
mis-rule',  n.      1.   Bad   or  unjust   rule  or 

government,    2.  Disorder  or  confusion. 
m.i88S  mis,  v.   1. 1.    1.  To  fail  to  hit,  find,  or  at- 
tain; come  short  of.    2.  To  feel  the  loss  of,   3. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  thdy,  as^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


295 


miss 
moccasin 


To  pass  over  or  by.  4.  To  escape.  II.  i.  1. 
To  fail  to  hit;  go  wrong.  2.  To  fail  of  attain- 
ment.    3.  To  stray.     [<  AS.  missan.] 

miss^  mis,  n.    The  act  of  missing. 

miss^,  71.  1.  [M-]  A  title  prefixed  to  the  name 
of  a  girl  or  an  unmarried  woman.  2.  A  young 
girl.     [Contr.  of  mistress.] 

mis'sal,  mis'al,  ?2.  R.  C.  Ch.  The  book  con- 
taining the  service  forthe  celebration  of  mass. 
[<  LL.  missale,  <  mlssa,  mass^.] 

mis- shape's  v^.  To  shape  ill;  deform. —  mis- 
slia'peii,  po.    Shaped  amiss;  deformed. 

mis'sil(e,mis'il.  I.  a.  Such  as  may  be  thrown 
or  hurled.  II.  n.  Any  object,  especially  a 
weapon,  intended  to  be  thrown.  [  <  L.  missilis, 
+  mism.<^,  pp.  of  mitlo,  send.] 

mis'sion,  7?.  1.  The  act  of  sending  on  some 
service.  2.  Service  on  which  one  is  sent,  or 
the  persons  sent  to  perform  it.  3.  The  des- 
tined end  of  one's  efforts.  4.  The  work  of 
spreading  religious  teaching.  5.  A  missionary 
field.  [F. ,<Jj.missioin-),< missus, pp.  of  mitto, 
send.]  —  mis'sion-a-ry.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
missions.  II,  n.  [-Ries^joZ.]  1.  A  person  sent 
to  some  place  to  teach  and  do  charitable  work. 

2.  A  messenger. 

m.is'siv(e,  mis'iv.  I.  a.  Sent  or  designed  to 
be  sent.  II.  n.  That  which  is  sent,  especially 
a  letter.    [  <  L.I'I-+f  missus,  pp.  of  miflo,  send.] 

mist,  mist.  I^.  ut.  &  m.  To  cover  or  cloud 
with  mist;  be  misty.  II.  n.  1.  A  superabun- 
dance of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere.  2.  Va- 
por condensed  on  a  surface.  3.  Anything  that 
dims  or  darkens.    [<  AS.  mist,  darkness.] 

mis-take',  mis'tek',  v.  [mis-tOok';  mis-ta'- 
KEN.]  1.  t.  1.  To  understand  wrongly.  2. 
To  take  or  choose  wrongly.  II.  i.  To  be 
wrong.  [  <  Ice.  mistaka,  <  mis-,  mis-^,  -f  taka, 
take.]  —  mis-ta'ken,  pa.  1.  Characterized  by 
mistake;  Incorrect;  wrong.    3,  Being  In  error. 

3.  Misunderstood. 

mis-take',  n.  An  error  in  action,  judgment, 
perception,  or  impression;  a  blunder. 

Mis'ter,  mis'tgr,  n.  Master:  a  title  of  address 
for  a  man:  written  Mr.     [Corr.  of  master,  n.] 

mis'tl(e-toe,  miz'l-tO  or  mis'l-tO,  n.  An  ever- 
green parasitic  shrub,  with 
yellowish'green  leaves  and 
inconspicuous  flowers,  suc- 
ceeded by  glutinous  white 
berries. 

mis-took',  mis-tuk',  imp.  & 

Ob.9.  pp.  of  MISTAKE,  V. 

mis'tress,  mis'tres,  n.  1. 
A  woman  in  authority.  2. 
[M-]  A.  title  of  address 
given  to  a  married  woman: 
written  Mrs.  and  pro- 
nounced missis.  3.  A 
woman  who  unlawfully  fills  the  place  of  a  wife. 

4.  A  woman  skilled  in  something.  5.  A 
sweetheart.  [<  LL.o*"  magistrix,  fem.  of  L. 
maqister,  master,  n^ 

mis-trust',  mis-trost'.    I^.  vt.    1.  To  regard 

with    suspicion.     2.    To    apprehend.    II.  n. 

Lack  of  trust.—  niis-trust'ful,  a.  -ly,  adv. 
mist'y,    mist'i,   a.      [mist'i-er;    mist'i-est.] 

Overspread  with  mist;  dimmed  by  mist;  hazy; 

obscure.  —  mist'i-ly,  adv.  —  mist'i-ness,  n. 
mis-un"der-stand',   vt.      To   understand 


Mistletoe. 
,  male  flower;  6, 
female  flower. 


wrongly;  also,  to  fail  to  understand.  —  mis- 
un"der-8tau<l'in8r,  n.  1.  A  misapprehen- 
sion,   'i.  A  disagreement. 

mis-use',  mis-yiiz',  vt.  To  use  wrongly  or 
improperly;  subject  to  ill  treatment. 

mis-use',  mis-yiis',  n.  1.  Ill  treatment;  abuse. 
2.  P>roneous  use. 

mite^  mait,  n.  A  minute  insect,  as  a  cheese^ 
mite  or  itch=mite.     [<  AS.  mite,  mite.] 

mite'^,  11.  1.  A  very  small  amount  or  particle. 
2.  Any  very  small  coin  or  sum  of  money.  [< 
D.  mijt,  mite.] 

mi'ter,  mai'tgr,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  confer  a  miter 
upon.  2.  To  adorn  with  a  miter.  3.  3fech.  To 
make  or  join  with  a  miter»joint.  II.  i.  To 
form  a  miter»joint. 

mi'ter,  n.  1.  A  head*dress,  especially  one 
worn  by  popes,  bishops,  etc.,  and 
consisting  of  a  tall  ornamental 
cap  terminating  in  two  peaks.  2. 
Mech.  The  junction  of  two  bodies 
at  an  angle;  a  slanting  joint. 
mi'ter=joint":t-  [F.,  <  L. 
mitra,  <  Gr.  mitra,  turban,  belt.] 
mi'tret.—  mi'tral,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  miter.  vnf  „« 

mit'i-gate,  mit'i-get,  vt.    [-ga"-       *"'^*^^- 
TED'':  -ga'ting.]    To  render  less  harsh  or  pain- 
ful ;  assuage.    [  <  L.  mitis,  mild,  -f  aqo,  make.] 

—  iiiit'i-ga-bKe,  a.— inU"i-8:a^tion,  n. 
ini"trail"Ieii8e',   mi'trg'lyf^z'    n.    A  breech- 
loading  niachlne=gun  for'firing  bullets.    [F.] 

mitt,  mit,  n.  1.  A  glove  that  does  not  extend 
over  the  fingers.  2.  A  mitten.  [Abbr.  of 
mitten.] 

mit'texL,  mit'n,  n.  1 .  A  covering  for  the  hand, 
encasing  the  four  fingers  together  and  the 
thumb  separately.   2.  A  mitt.  [<  F.  mitaine.] 

mix,  mix,  vt.  &  vi.    [mixed'  or  mixt  ;  mix'ing.] 

I .  To  unite  promiscuously ;  mingle ;  blend.  2 .  To 
associate.  [<  AS.  miscian,  mix.]  —  mix'ture, 
n.  1 .  The  act  of  mixing.  2.  Something  result- 
ing from  mixing.  3.  Something  added  as  an 
Ingredient. 

miz'zen,  miz'n,  n.  Naut.  A  triangular 
8torm=8ail  sometimes  set  on  the  mizzenaiast. 

—  iniz'zen-mast,  «.    The  mast  next  abaft 
the  mainmast. 

mne-inon'ic,  ne-men'ic,  a.  Aiding  the  mem- 
ory. [<  Gr.  mnemonikos,  <  mnaomai,  re- 
member.] —  mne-mon'ic8,  n.  The  science  of 
artificial  memory. 

moan,  mon.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  lament;  utter  a 
low,  mournful  sound.  II.  n.  A  feeble  or  sup- 
pressed groan.     [<  AS.  mmnan,  moan.] 

moat,  mot.    \^.  vt.    To  surround  with  a  moat. 

II.  n.  A  ditch  on  the  outside  of  a  fortress 
wall.     [<  OF.  mote,  embankment.] 

mob,meb.  \.vt.  [mobbed;  mob'bing.]  To 
assail  or  impede,  as  by  a  disorderly  crowd.  II. 
n.  1.  A  turbulent  or  lawless  crowd.  2.  The 
lowest  class  of  people.  [Abbr.  of  L.  mobile., 
orig.  mxMle  vulqns,  fickle  crowd.] 

mo'bilfe,  mo'bil,  a.  1.  Characterized  by  ease 
or  freedom  of  motion;  hence,  fickle.  2.  Mov- 
able. [F.,  <  L.  mohilis,  movable.]— mo-bil'i- 
ty,  n.     The  state  of  being  mobile. 

moc'ca-sini,  mec'a-sin,  n.  A  foot-covering 
made  of  soft  leather  or  buckskin:  worn  by 
Indians.     [<  Algonkian  mawcaAsMn,  shoe.] 

moc'ca-sin2,  n.    A  dark«colored,  obscurely 


flut|ure   (future);    aisle;    an    (owt);    ©11;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli   {th€)',   go;    sing,   ink;  thin. 


mocha 
mole 


296 


blotched,  venomous  snake  of  the  southern 
United  States.     [Appar.  <  moccasin^.] 

mo''clia,  mo'ca,  n.  A  choice  coffee,  properly 
that  brought  from  Mocha  in  Arabia. 

mocks  mec,  ■?;.  I.  ^.  1.  To  mimic  in  derision. 
2.  To  deceive  bj'  false  show.  II.  ^.  To  man- 
ifest ridicule  or  scorn;  jeer.    [<  OF.  mocquer.] 

mock,  a.    Merely  imitating  the  reality;  sham. 

mock,  n.  An  act  of  mocking;  a  jeer;  mockery. 

—  mock'er-y,  w.  [mock'er-iesz,  joZ.]  1.  De- 
risive or  contemptuous  mimicry.  ^.  A  false 
show;  sham.  3.  A  butt.  4.  Labor  in  vain.  — 
mock'ingsbiril'',  7i.  A  bird  common  in  the 
southern  United 
States,  noted  for 
its  rich  song  and 
extraordinary  pow- 
er of  mimicry. 

mode,  mod, ».  1. 
Manner  of  being, 
doing,  etc.;  way; 
method.  2.  Pre- 
vailing style.     3. 

Gram.    The  man-  ^,    ,  .      ,  .  ,     , , 

ner  in  which  the  Mockmg.bird.    1/7 

action  expressed  by  a  verb  is  stated :  denoted  by 
the  form  of  the  verb.  [F.,  <  L.  inodus^  manner.] 

—  mo'dal,  mo'dal,  a.   Of  or  denoting  amode. 
mod^el,  med'el.  I.  vt.  &m.  [-eled  or  -elled; 

-EL-iNG  or  -EL-LING.]  To  form  or  be  formed 
as  a  model;  shape.  II.  i.  1.  To  make  a  model. 
2.  To  assume  a  form  like  a  model.  III.  n.  1. 
An  object  representing  accurately  something  to 
be  made  or  already  existing;  whatever  consti- 
tutes a  pattern  or  example;  a  plaster  or  clay 
original  of  a  statue,  etc.  2.  That  which  is  taken 
as  a  pattern;  a  person  who  poses  as  a  copy  for 
a  painter  or  sculptor.  3 .  That  which  strikmgly 
resembles  something  else.  [<  ILP^  modulus, 
measure.]  —  mod'el-er,  n.    mod'el-Ier:}:. 

mod^er-ate,  med'gr-et,  vt.  &  vi.  [-a'ted^; 
-A"TiNG.]  To  allay;  lessen;  make  or  become 
less  intense  or  violent.  [<  L.  moderatus,  pp. 
of  modero,  regulate.] 

mod'er-ate,  med'qr-et  or  -gt,  a.  1.  Keeping 
or  kept  within  reasonable  limits  or  control.  2. 
[Colloq.]  Characterized  by  habitual  deljber- 
ateness.  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.  —  mod^'er-a'- 
tion,  71.  1.  The  state  of  being  moderate,  ii. 
The  act  of  presiding  as  moderator.  — iiiod'<'r- 
a'^tor,  71.  1.  One  who  restrains  or  regulates. 
2.  The  presiding  officer  of  a  meeting. 

m.od^ern,  mod'^m.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
present  or  a  recent  period;  not  ancient.  II. 
TI-.  A  person  of  modern  times  or  modern  views. 
[<  \Aj.^  modermis,  modern.]  —  mod'erii-ize 
or  -ise,  vt.  [-ized;  -i'zing.1  To  render  modern. 

mod'est,  mod'est,  a.  1.  Restrained  by  a  sense 
of  propriety  or  humility.  2.  Characterized  by 
reserve,  ])ropriety,  or  purity;  decorous;  chaste. 
[<  L.  modestus,  moderate,  modest.]  -ly,  adv. 
—  iiiod'eH-ty,  n.  Decent  reserve  and  pro- 
priety; de(roruni. 

xuod^i-cum,  med'i-cum,  n.  [mod'i-ca,  pi.] 
1.  .\  moderate  amount;  a  little.  2.  A  small 
thing  or  person.     [L.,  <  modus,  measure.] 

mod'i-fy,  mod'i-fai,  ?;<.  [-fied; -fy'ino.]  1. 
To  make  somewhat  different;  vary.  2.  To 
make  more  moderate  or  less  sweeping,  f  <  L.'' 
mw/'/.s,  nicaHiire,  -\-facio,  make.]  —  mod"I-fl- 
cn'tion,''.  1 .  A  modifying;  quallflcatloD.  t2. 
Aniodlili-d  form. 


ino'dishil,  mo'dish,  a.  Conformable  to  the  mode, 
fashion,  or  usage;  conventional. 

mod^u-late,  mej'u-let  or  med'yu-let,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-LA'TED'';  -LA"TiNG.]  1.  To  Vary  in  tone,  in- 
flection, pitch,  etc.  2.  Jfus.  To  change  to  a 
different  key.  [<  L.  modulates,  pp.  of  mo- 
dvlor,  measure.] — mod^'ii-la'tion,  n. — 
mod^ii-la'^tor,  ti. 

Mo-guF,  mogul',  71.    See  Mongol. 

—  the  Great  or  Grand  xTIogul.  1.  The 
former  emperor  of  Delhi.  "Z.  [g-  m-]  Any  im- 
posing or  pretentious  personage. 

mo'hair'',  mo'hsr",  ??.  1.  The  hair  of  the 
Angora  goat.  .  2.  A  dress=fabric  made  there- 
from. [<  F.  moh^e,  prob.  <  Ar.  mukhayyar, 
goafS'hair  cloth.] 

Mo-liam'med-an,  mo-ham'ed-an.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  Mohammed  (A.  D.  570-632),  or  to 
his  religion  and  institutions.  II.  n.  A  fol- 
lower of  Mohammed. —  Mo-hain^med-an- 
ism,  n.    The  Mohammedan  religion  or  faith. 

moi'et-y,  mei'et-i,  n.  [moi'et-ies%  pl.^  1. 
A  lialf.    2.  A  small  portion.     [<  F.  moifie.] 

moil,meil.  I.vt.&vi.  1.  To  soil,  or  be  soiled; 
defile.  2.  To  weary,  or  be  wearied;  toil.  II. 
77..  A  soiling;  defilement.  [<  OF.  7noiUer,  wet.] 

moist,  meist,  a.  Having  slight  sensible  wet- 
ness; damp.  [<  OF.  moisfe,  <  L.  mvsteus, 
new.]  —  mois'ten,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
become  moist.— moist'ness,  n.-mois'ture, 
71.    Slight  sensible  wetness. 

molar,  mo'lar.  I.  a.  1.  Grinding,  or  adapted 
for  grinding.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  molar.  II. 
n.  A  tooth  with  flattened  crown;  a  double 
tooth.     [<  L.  molaris,  belonging  to  a  mill.] 

mo-las'ses,  mo-lgs'ez,  n.  A  viscid  dark« 
colored  liquor  drained  off  from  crystallizable 
sugar.    [<  L.^p  mellace7is,  honeylike.] 

moldi,   I  mold.    I^.  vt.    To  form  in  a  mold. 

miould.  fll.  71.  1.  A  form  or  matrix  for 
shaping  anything  in  a  fluid  or  plastic  condition ; 
a  pattern;  model;  also,  form;  character.  2. 
A7'ch.  A  molding.  [<F.mo7de,  <L.mod7dvs, 
dim.  of  7nodus,  measure.]  —  mold'er,  nioiild^- 
er,  71.    One  who  or  that  which  molds. 

mold'^    ll<^.  vt.    To  cover  with  mold.    II.  n. 

mould,  i  1.  Earth  that  is  fine  and  soft,  and 
rich  in  organic  matter.  2.  The  constituent 
material  of  anything.  [<  AS.  molde,  earth.] 

mold^,   (^  I'',  vt.  &  vi.    To  become,  or  cause  to 

mould,  f  become,  moldy.  II.  n.  Any  fun- 
gous growth  on  food,  clothing,  etc.;  musti- 
ness;  decay.     [<  Ice.  imjgla,  <  mugga,  mist.] 

mold^er,     |  rt.  &  vi.   To  crumble,  or  cause  to 

mould'er,  j  crumble.     [Freq.  of  mold",  r.] 

mold'ing,      («.    1.  The  act  of  shaping  with 

mould'ing,  )  a  mold.  2.  Anything  made  in 
a  mold.  3.  A  more  or  less  ornamental  strip  on 
some  jiart  of  a  structure. 

mold'y,     \a.  [molp'i-er;  mold'i-est.]  Cov- 

mould'y ,  (  ered  with  mold ;  hence,  old ;  musty. 

moleS  mol,  n.  1.  A  snuill  permanent  spot  on 
the  skin;  a  birthmark.  2.  A  stain  or  spot. 
[<  AS.  mal,  spot.] 

mole",  n.  A  worm-eating  mammal  having 
velvety  fur,  minute  eyes,  very  broad  fore  feet 
adapted  for  digging,  and  forming  extensive 
underground  excavations.  See  illus.  on  next 
page.  '  [Of  AS.  origin.] 

mole^,  n.    A  jetty  or  breakwater,  partially  en- 


popfi,  9sk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  ug^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


297 


molecule 
mono- 


closing  an  anchorage  or  harbor. 
(<  L.  moles),  great  mass.] 
mol'e-cule,  mel'e-kiiil.  ??. 
part  of  a  sub- 
stance that  can 
exist    separate- 
ly; the  structur- 
al unit  of  phys- 
ics.       2.    Any 
small    particle\ 
[<  ¥.  molecule, 
dim.  <Ij. moles, 
mass.]  —  mo- 
lec'u-lar,  mo- 
lec'yu-lar,  a.  1, 


[  <  F.  mole 


1.  The  smallest 


MoU 


and  its  Burrow.    Vis 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  molecules.     ♦}, 
Resulting  from  the  action  of  molecules. 

mo-lest''',  mo-lest',  vt.  To  annoy  or  harm; 
disturb  injuriously.  [<  L.  ?7wlesto,  <  moles, 
burden.]  —  mol'^es-ta'tion,  n. 

mol'li-fy,  mel'i-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -fy"ing.]  I. 
/.  1.  To  reduce  the  violence  or  asperity  of. 
2.  To  make  soft  or  tender.  3.  To  mitigate. 
II.  i.  To  grow  mild,  soft,  or  tender.  [<  L.^ 
mollis,  soft;  and  see -fy.]  —  moF'll-fl-ca'tioii, 
«.— inoFIi-fl'^er,  n. 

mol'lusk,  mel'usk,  n.  An  invertebrate  ani- 
mal, as  a  bivalve,  snail,  slug,  cuttlefish,  or  the 
like.  [<  L.F mollvscvs,  soft..]  —  mol-lus'can, 
a.  &  n. — inol-lus'cous,  a. 

molt,     (molt,   l^.vt.  To  cast  or  slough  off,  as 

moult,  f  hair,  feathers,  etc.  II.  n.  The  molt- 
ing process  or  season.  [<  ME.  mouten,  <  L. 
muto,  change.] 

m.ol'ten,  mol'tn,  pa.  1.  Reduced  to  the  fluid 
state  by  heat;  melted.     2.  Made  by  molding; 

cast.      [Pp.  of  MELT,  v.] 

mo'ment,  mO'mgnt,  n.  1.  A  very  small 
I)eriod  of  time;  an  instant.  2,  The  present 
time.  3.  Consequence  or  importance.  4.  Mo- 
mentum. [F.,  <  L.  momentum,  movement.] 
—  mo'men-ta-ry,  a.  Lasting  but  a  mo- 
ment.—mo- men'tous,  a.  Of  great  Impor- 
tance; weighty. 

mo-men^'tum,  n.  [-ta,  ;?/.]  1.  The  impe- 
tus of  a  moving  body.  2.  Mech.  The  quantity 
of  motion  in  a  body  as  measured  by  the  prod- 
uct of  its  mass  by  its  velocity.  [<  L.  viomen- 
tum,  movement,  "balance,  alteration.] 

mon^a-cMsm,  men'a-kizm,  n.  The  mon- 
astic manner  of  life.  [<  Gr.  monachos,  monk.] 

mon^ad,  men'ad,  n.  1.  An  indestructible  unit; 
a  simple  substance.  2.  Biol.  A  minute  simple 
single=celled  organism.  3.  Chem,.  An  atom, 
radical,  or  element  with  a  combining  power  of 
one.     [<  Gr.i-i'  monas  {monad-),  unit.] 

mon'arcll,  men'arc,  n.  A  sovereign,  as  a 
king  or  emperor;  originally,  the  sole  ruler  of  a 
nation.  [<  Gr.LL+f  monos,  alone,  +  archo, 
rule.]— mo-nar'chal,  a.— mon'arch-v,  n. 
C-ARCH-iEs*,  pl.^  1.  Government  by  a  monarch; 
sovereign  control.  *Z,  A  government  or  ter- 
ritory ruled  by  a  monarch.—  mon-ar'chic-nl, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  monarch  or  monarchy. 
mon-ar'chi-alt;  mon-ar'chict.— mon'- 
arcli-ist,  n.    An  advocate  of  monarchy. 

mon'as-ter-y,  men'as-ter-i,  n.  [-ter-ies*, 
j)l.'\  A  dwelling-place  occupied  in  common  by 
persons  under  religious  vow  s  of  seclusion.  [  < 
Gr.^monasterion,  <  monos,  alone.]— nion-as'- 
tic,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to  religious  seclusion.   2. 


Characteristic  of  monasteries,      inon-as^tic- 

alt.— mon-as'ti-cism,  n.   The  monastic  life. 

Mon'day ,  mun'dg,  n.    The  second  day  of  the 

week.     [<  AS.  mona,  moon,  -f  d3e,g,  day.] 

mon'ey,  mun'§,  n.  [-eys^  or  -ies%  pl.'\  1. 
Any  thing  that  serves  as  a  common  medium  of 
exchange  in  trade,  as  coin  or  notes.  2.  Wealth; 
property.  3.  A  system  of  coinage.  [<  OF. 
moneie,  <  L.  monela,  mint.]  —  mon'e-ta-ry, 
a.  Pertaining  to  money  or  flnanc^e;  consisting 
of  money;  pecuniary.— mon'eyed,  a.  1.  Pos- 
sessed of  money;  wealthy.  2.  In  the  form  of 
money,    mon^iedl:. 

Mon'gol,  men'gel.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Mon- 
golia or  the  Mongols.  II.  n.  A  member  of 
the  Mongol  or  Mogul  race  now  inhabiting 
Mongolia  in  Asia:  loosely,  a  Chinaman.  [< 
Mongolian  Monqol,  perhaps  <  mong,  brave.] 
Mon-go'li-ant. 

mon'grel,  mun'grel.  I.  a.  Of  mixed  breed 
or  origin.  II.  n.  1.  The  progeny  of  crossed 
breeding.  2.  Any  incongruous  mixture.  [< 
AS.  mengan,  mix.] 

mo-ni'tion,  mo-nish'un,  n.  1.  Friendly 
counsel;  admonition.  2.  Indication;  notice. 
[F.,  <  L.  monitio,  <  mordtus,  pp.  of  moneo, 
warn.] — moii'i-tiv(e,  a.  Conveying  monition; 
admonitory,    mon'i-to-ryt. 

mon''i-tor,  meni-ter,  n.  1.  One  who  advises 
or  cautions.  2.  A  sniior  pupil  placed  in  charge 
of  a  class.     3.  An  ironclad  haviiitr  a  low,  flat 


U.  S.  Monitor  "  Monterey." 

deck,  sharp  stern,  and  one  or  more  turrets  car- 
rying heavy  guns.  [L.,  <  monitits,  pp.  of 
moneo,  warn.]  —  mon''i-to'ri-al,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  a  monitor,  or  to  instruction  by  moni- 
tors.   !j.  Monitory. 

monk,  munk,  n.  1.  Formerly,  a  religious  her- 
mit. 2.  A  member  of  a  monastic  order.  [< 
AS.  mntnic,  <  Gr.^-i-  monachos,  living  alone.] 

mon'key,  mun'kg.  I.vt.&vi.  To  ape;  play 
pranks;  meddle.  II.  n.  1.  A  mammal  using 
the  feet  as  hands;  an  ape,  marmoset,  baboon, 
or  lemur,  especially  one  of  the  smaller  arboreal 
forms.  2.  One  of  various  small  articles  or  con- 
trivances.—  mon'keyswrench''.  n.  A  wrench 
having  a  movable  jaw  for 
grasping  a  nut,  bolt,  or  the 
like. 

mono-.     A  combining 
form.     [<  Gr.  monos,^m-     Monkey.wrench. 
gle,  one.] — mon'''o-cnro- 
mat'ic,  a.    Of  one  color.— mon'o-chrome, 
n.    Painting  In  a  single  color,  or  different  shades 
of  a  single  color.—  mon'o-clet  n.    An  eyeglass 


^^>o 


fiutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   ell;   c   (k):    chat;    dh   {the);  gfo;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


monopoly 
moral 


298 


t 


for  one  eye.— mon'o-dy,  n.  A  composition 
with  a  single  motive;  also,  a  solo  of  a  somber 
character.— mon-og'a-iny,  n.  1 .  The  principle 
or  practise  of  single  marriage.  2.  Zool.  The  habit 
of  having  but  one  mate.  [+  Gr.  gamoH,  marriage.] 

—  mon-og'a-inist,  n.— inon'o-grain,  n.  A 
character  consisting  of  two  or  more 
letters  interwoven  into  one.  [-}-  Gr. 
flrrammrt,  letter.]— inon'o-grapli, 
n.  A  description  or  systematic  expo- 
sition of  one  thing.  L+  Gr.  graphe, 
writing.]  —  inon'o-lith,  n.  A  sin-  ^r^„„„^^^ 
gle  block  of  stone,  especially  one  i>io"ogrdm. 
notable  forits  size  or  standing  alone.  [+Gr.  litho.s, 
stone.]  — moii'o-logCue,  n.  That  which  is 
spoken  by  one  person  alone;  especially,  a  dramatic 
soliloquy.  [+  Gr.  lego,  speak.]  —  iiioii-'^o-ina'- 
ni-a,  n.  1 .  Mental  derangement  conflned  to  one 
idea.  "2.  The  unreasonable  pursuit  of  one  idea;  a 
craze.— mon^'o-ma'ni-ac,n.—mon''o-pet'- 
al-ous,  a.  Hot.  Having  corollas  of  a  single  petal. 

—  inon''o-8yl-lab'ic,  a.  Composed  of  one  syl- 
lable or  of  words  of  one  syllable.—  iiion'o-syl- 
Ia-bl(e,  n.  A  word  of  one  syllable.— iiion'o- 
the'''ism,  n.  The  doctrine  that  there  is  but  one 
God.    [-f  Gr.  theos, god.]  —  mon^^o-tfae-is'tic, 

■  a.— iiion'o-tone,  n.  1.  Sameness  of  utterance 
or  tone.  '2,  Monotony  of  style.  3.  Mus.  A  single 
tone  unvaried  in  pitch.  [+  Gr.  toiioa,  tone.]  — 
mon-ot'o-uoiis,  a.  1.  Not  varied  in  Inilection, 
cadence,  or  pitch.  2.  Tiresomely  uniform.— 
moii-ot'o-ny,  n.    Tiresome  uniformity. 

mon-op'o-ly,  m§n-ep'o-li,  ».  [-LIEs^i>^.]  1. 
The  exclusive  right  or  privilege  of  engaging 
in  a  particular  trafHc;  especially,  such  con- 
trol as  allows  prices  to  be  raised.  2.  A  com- 
Ibination  controlling  a  monopoly.  3.  Exclu- 
sive possession  of  anything.  [<  Gr.  monopo- 
lion,  <  mo7i08,  alone,  -\- poleo,  sell.]  —  mon- 
op^-o-list,  n.    One  who  possesses  a  monopoly. 

—  mon-op'o-lize,  vt.  1.  To  secure  a  mon- 
opoly of.  <2.  To  assume  exclusive  control  of; 
engross.-  inon-op^o-lP'zer,  n. 

mon-sieur%  mg-syu',  n.  [mes-sieurs',  mg- 
syu',  pL]  A  French  title  of  respect,  equivalent 
to  Mr.  and  sii'. 

mon-soon',  men-siin',  n.  1.  A  wind  that 
blows  steadily  along  the  Asiatic  coast  of  the 
Pacific.  2.  A  trade-wind.  [<  It.  rtionsone, 
ult.  <  Ar.  mawsim,  season.] 

monaster,  men'stfir,  n.  1.  A  fabulous  ani- 
mal, compounded  of  various  brute-forms.  2. 
Anything  hideous  or  abnormal.  3.  A  very 
large  person  or  thing.  [<  L.^  momtrum,  < 
morieo,  warn.]  —  iiion-8tros'i-ty,  n.  [-ties^ 
pi:\  1.  Anything  unnaturally  huge  or  distorted. 
tj.  The  character  of  being  monstrous.  —  iiioii'- 
HtroiiH,  a.  Deviating  greatly  from  the  natural; 
hut,'c:  hkle'ous.    -ly,  adv.    -uess,  n. 

month.,  munth,  n.  1.  One  of  the  12  parts  into 
which  the  calendar  year  is  divided.  2.  Astron. 
The  time  of  the  revolution  of  the  moon,  [< 
AS.  m5nath, -month,  <  mdna,  moon.] 

—  inonth'ly.  I.  a.  1,  Continuing  a  month, 
or  done  In  a  month.  2.  Happening  once  a  month. 
II.  n.  [montii'lies*.  jD/.]  A  periodical  pub- 
lished once  a  month.    111.  adv.    Once  a  month. 

mon'u-ment,  nion'ya-m5.'nt,  «.  1.  Some- 
tlung  erected  to  ])erpetuate  the  memory  of  a 

i)erHon  or  of  an  event.  2.  A  notable  structure, 
ieed,  etc.,  worthy  to  be  considered  as  a  memo- 
rial of  some  event  or  person.  [F.,  <  L.  7non- 
vmentum,  <  wton^o,  remind.]  — mon^'u-men'- 
tal,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  monument. 
ti.  Memorial.    3,  Conspicuously  great. 


-mony,  siifflx.  Used  to  form  nouns  from  other 
nouns  or  from  adjectives  or  verbs;  as,  parsimony, 
testi7no?iy,  alimc»?i2/.     [<  h. -monia, -monium.] 

mood',  mud,  71.  Gram.  &  Mus.  Same  as 
MODE.    [Form  of  mode,  7i.] 

mood^,  n.  1.  Temporary  or  capricious  state 
of  the  mind;  humor.  2.  The  state  of  being 
moody.  [<  AS.  mM,  mood.]  —  mood'y,  a. 
[mood'i-er;  mood'i-est.]  Given  to  capricious 
moods;  petulant;  melancholy. 

moon,  mun,  n.  1.  A  satellite  revolving  about 
a  planet,  as  the  earth.  2.  A  lunar  month:  27 
days,  8  hours.  [<  AS.  mona,  moon.]  —  moon'- 
beam'',  n.  A  ray  of  moonlight. —moou'- 
light'^.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  light  of  the 
moon;  illuminated  by  moonlight.  II.  ?i.  The 
light  of  the  moon.  —  iiioon'shine'',  n.  1. 
Moonlight.  2.  Empty  nonsense. —  inoon'- 
striick'',  a.    Lunatic. 

moor,  mur,  v.  I.  t.  To  secure  (a  floating 
object)  in  a  particular  station  either  by  means 
of  anchors,  or  by  fastening  to  some  object  on 
shore;  fasten,  il.  i.  To  tie  up;  anchor;  lie 
at  anchor.  [<  D.  marren,  moor.] — moor'- 
age§,  w.  Amooring=place.— nioor'iiig,  «.  1. 
The  act  of  mooring.  2.  The  place  where  a  ves- 
sel is  moored.  3.  Anything  by  which  a  vessel  or 
other  object  is  secured  or  fastened. 

moori,n.  [Gt.  Brit.]  A  tract  of  waste  land, 
or  a  tract  kept  for  hunting.  [<  AS.  mor., 
moor.]  —  moor'land,  n.    A  moor  or  marsh. 

Moor 2,  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  mixed  Mauri- 
tanian-Arab  race  inhabiting  Morocco  and  the 
southern  Mediterranean  coast.  2.  Any  dark- 
skinned  person.  [<  L.  Maurus,  <  Gr,  Mau- 
roSy  perhaps  <  mauros,  dark.]     > 

moor'ishi,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  moor.    2.  Barren;  empty. 

Moor'isli^,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Moors. 

moose,  mils,  n.     [moose,  pL]    The  American 
form    of    the    elk,    found   in 
northern  North  America.    [< 
Algonkian  musu,  lit.  'wood- 
eater,'] 

moot,  mut.  F. 
vt.  To  debate; 
ar^e.  II.  a. 
Still  open  to  dis- 
cussion; intend- 
ed merely  for 
discussion.  III. 
n.  1.  Anqlo* 
Saxon  Hist. 
The  meeting  of 

freemen  and  cultivators  of  the  soil, 
discussion.     [<  AS.  tnoty  meeting.] 

mop,  mep.  I.  rt.  [mopped*  ;  m'op'ping.]  To 
rub  or  wipe  with  a  mop.  II.  n.  1.  A  piece 
of  cloth,  or  the  like,  attached  to  a  handle:  used 
for  washing  floors,  etc.  2.  Any  loosely  tangled 
bunch  or  mass,  as  of  hair.  [<  F.  mappe., 
napkin;  see  map,  «.] — inop'board'',  n.  A 
board  skirting  the  lower  edge  of  the  wall  of  a 
room. 

mope,  mop,  r.  [moped';  mo'pino.]  1. 1.  To 
make  dull  or  sniritless.  II.  i.  To  conduct 
oneself  in  a  listless,  melancholy  manner.  [= 
1).  ino/>pe>i,  pout.l—  mope,  n.  One  who  mopes, 
—  iiio'piMh.  a.    Like  a  mope;  dejected. 

mor'al,  mer'al.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  action 
with  reference  to  right  and  wrong.  2.  Con- 
formed to  right  conduct ;   virtuous ;   chaste. 


papA,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  elfinofint,  they,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


morale 
mosquito 


II.  n.  1.  The  lesson  taught  by  a  fable  or  the 
like.  2.  pi.  Conduct  or  behavior;  ethics. 
[F.,  <  L.  moralis,  <  mos  (mof-),  manner,  pi. 
mores,  morals.]  —  mor'al-ist,  n.  1 .  A  teacher 
of  morals.  "2,  One  who  practises  morality  with- 
out religion.  — mo-ral'i-ty,  7i.  [-tiesi,  j9?.] 
1,  The  doctrine  of  man's  moral  duties;  ethics. 
ti.  Moral  conduct;  virtue. —mor'al-ize.  v. 
[-ized;-i"zing.]  I,  t.  To  apply  to  a  moral  pur- 
pose; render  moral.  II.  i.  To  make  moral  re- 
tlcctlons.    iiior'al-iset.— nior'al-Jy.  adv. 

mo-rale',  mo-rgl',  n.  State  of  mind,  as  of 
soldiers,  with  reference  to  confidence,  courage, 
fidelity,  etc.     [F.] 

mo-rass'',  mo-rgs',  n.  A  tract  of  low^lylng, 
soft,  wet  ground;  marsh.     [<  D.  moeras.] 

mor'bid,  mer'bid,  a.  1.  Being  in  a  diseased 
or  abnormal  state.  2.  Caused  by  a  diseased 
condition.  3.  Pathological.  [<  L.  morbidus, 
<  morbus,  disease.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

mor'dant,  mer'dant.  1.  a.  Biting;  pungent; 
fixing.  II.  n.  A  substance  for  fixing  a  dye. 
[F.,  <  L.  mordens,  ppr.  of  wordeo,  bite.] 

more,  mor.  I.  a.  conipar.  [Positive  wanting; 
MOST,  superl.]  1.  Greater  in  amount,  degree, 
number,  rank,  etc.  2.  Added  to  some  former 
number.  II.  n.  1.  A  greater  quantity, 
amount,  etc.  2.  Something  that  exceeds 
something  else.  III.  adv.  1.  To  a  greatt^r 
extent  or  degree.  2.  In  addition.  [<  AS. 
mdre,  adv.,  <  mdra,  more.] 

mo-reen',  mo-rin',  n.  A  heavy  watered 
woolen  fabric,  as  for  hangings.  [Prob.  <  F. 
moire;  see  mohair.] 

more-o'ver,  mOr-O'vsr,  adv.  Beyond  what 
has  been  said;  further;   besides;  likewise. 

mor'i-bund,  mer'i-bund,  a.  Dying.  [<  L. 
moribundus,  <  morim',  die.] 

Mor'mon,  mer'mmi,  n.  One  of  a  sect  organ- 
ized in  18.30,  accepting  the  Book  of  Mormon, 
and,  until- 1890,  practising  polygamy.  [  <  Mor- 
mon, a  character  in  the  Book  of  Mormon.] 

—  i>Ior'inon-isin,?i.  The  system  of  Mormon 
doctrine  and  practise. 

morn,  morn,  n.  1.  The  morning.  2.  [Scot.] 
The  morrow.     [<  AS.  nwrgen.] 

morn'ing',  mem'ing.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
occurring  in  the  early  part  of  the  day.  II.  ;k 
The  early  part  of  the  day;  hence,  any  early 
stage.  [<  MORN.] — morn'ing!glo''ry,  «.  A 
twining  plant  with  funnel=shaped  flowers  of 
various  colors. 

mo-roc'co,  mo-rec'O,  n.  Leather  made  from 
goatskin,  or  sometimes  from  sheepskin,  and 
tanned  with  sumac.      [<  the  city  of  Moi'occo.] 

mo-rose',  mo-rOs',  a.  Having  a  surly  temper; 
sullen  and  austere.  [<  L.  morosus,  particular, 
fretful.]  — mo-rose''ness,  n. 

Mor'plieus,  mer'fiiis  or  mer'fi-us,  n.  Sleep. 
[<  L.  Morpheus,  god  of  dreams.] 

mor'pliin,     l  mer'fin,  -fin  or  -fin,  n.     Chem. 

mor-'pliine,  f  A  bitter  narcotic  contained  in 
opium  and  used  for  the  purpose  of  alleviating 
pain  and  inducing  sleep.  [<  F.  morphine,  < 
L.  Morpheus;  see  Morpheus.]  mor'plii-at. 

mor'ris,  mer'is,  n.  An  old-fashioned  rustic 
dance  in  England.  [<  Sp.^  Morisco,  Moorish.] 
mior'rice:!:. 

mor'row.  mer'O.  I.  a.  Next  succeeding,  as 
a  day.     II.  n.     1.  The  first  day  after  the  pres- 


ent or  after  a  day  specified.  2.  Morning.  [< 
AS.  morgen,  morning.] 

mor'sel,  mer'sel,  n.  1.  A  bit  of  food;  bite. 
2.  A  small  piece  of  anything.  [OF.,  <  LL. 
morsellum,  <  L.  moideo,  bite.] 

mor'tal,  mer'tal.  I.  a.  1.  Subject  to  death; 
hence,  pertaining  to  humanity;  human.  2. 
Causing  death;  deadly-  fatal.  3.  Incurring 
the  penalty  of  eternal  death.  II.  n.  What- 
ever is  mortal  or  subject  to  death;  a  human 
being.     [<  L.  mortalis,  <  mor{t-)s,  death.] 

—  mor-tal'i-ty,  n.  \_-ti-es^,  pl.'\  1.  The 
quality  of  being  mortal.  2.  Death.  3.  The 
death=rate.  4.  Humanity.— mor'tal-ly,  a^/f. 
1.  Fatally,    tj.  Extremely. 

mor'tari,  mer'tor,  n.  1.  A  vessel  in  which 
substances  are  crushed  or  pounded.  2.  A  short 
piece  of  ordnance  with  a  large  bore.  [<  L.^s 
mortarium,  mortar.] 

mor'tar^,  n.  1.  A  mixture  of  sand  and  slaked 
lime  used  for  joining  bricks,  etc.  2.  Loosely,  a 
cement.     [<  L.of  mortarium,  mortar.] 

mort'gage,  mer'gej.  I.  vi.  [-gaged;  -ga- 
ging.] 1.  To  make  over  (property)  by  mort- 
gage. 2.  To  pledge;  plight.  II.  n.  A  con- 
ditional ITen  upon  property  as  security  for  the 
payment  of  money.     [F.,  dead  pledge.] 

—  inorfga-gee'',  v.  The  grantee  under  a 
mortgage.— in ort'gra-gfor,  «.  A  person  who 
mortgages  property,    niort'ga-gerl:. 

mor'tl-fy,  mor'ti-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -ft'ing.] 
I.  /.  1.  To  affect  with  Immiliation  or  vexa- 
tion. 2.  To  subdue  or  reduce  by  fasting,  etc., 
as  the  passions.  3.  To  destroy  the  organic 
texture  of.  II.  i.  1.  To  lose  vitality,  as  living 
flesh;  gangrene.  2.  To  be  subdued.  [<  LL. 
mortifico,  kill.]  —  mor''ti-fl.ca'tion,  n.  1. 
The  state  of  being  mortified,  especially  the  death 
of  one  part  of  an  animal  body  while  the  rest  is 
alive,    'i.  That  which  mortifies. 

mor'tise,  mer'tis.  I.  vt.  [-tiseb';  -tis-ing.] 
1.  To  cut  or  make  a  mortise  in.  2.  To  join  by 
a  tenon  and  mortise.  II.  n.  A  space  hollowed 
out,  as  in  a  timber,  to  receive  a  tenon  or  the 
like.    [<  F.  mortaise,  mortise.]    mor'ticef. 

mor'tu-a-ry ,  mer'chu-e-ri  or  -tiu-g-ri,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  burial  of  the  dead".  [  <  L.  mor- 
tuariris,  belonging  to  the  dead.] 

mo-sa'ic',  mo-ze'ic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  in- 
laid work.  II.  n.  Inlaid 
work  composed  of  bits  of 
stone,  glass,  etc.,  forming 
a  pattern  or  picture.  [< 
Gr.i^  mouseios,  <  mousa, 
muse.] 

Mo-sa'ic2,a.  Pertaining  to 
Moses,  the  Hebrew  leader. 

Mos'lemi,  mes'lem,  a.&n. 
Mohammedan.  [Ult.  < 
Ar.  muslim^  <  salama, 
submit.] 

mosque,  mesc,  n.  A  Mo- 
hammedan temple  of  wor- 
ship. {<  Av.^v^^Ti  rnasjid, 
<  sajada.  pray.] 

mos-qui'to,  mes-kt'to,  n. 
A  two'winged  insect  hav-    „       , 
ing  (in  the  female)  a  long   ^""^^^^  mosqu.to. 
proboscis,  capable  of  puncturing  the  skin  and 
extracting  blood.     [Sp.  dim.  of  mosca,  fly.] 


Mosquito.    3/i 

1.  Adult  of   Culex 

mosquito.     2.  Larva, 

a    "wiggler."      3. 

Mouth^parts     of    the 


fiutjure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  {the);  go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


moss 
move 


300 


mossS  mes,  vt.    To  cover  with  moss. 

mossi,  n.  A  delicate  cryptogamous  plant 
which  grows  on  the  ground,  on  rocks,  etc.  [Cp. 
AS.  meos,  moss.]  —  moss'y,  mes'i,  a.  Over- 
grown with,  abounding  in,  or  like  moss. 

moss^,  n.    A  bog;  peat*bog.     [<  AS.  mos.'] 

most,  most.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  the  greatest 
number,  ^.mount,  or  quantity;  greatest.  II. 
adv.  1.  Ill  the  highest  degree.  2.  Mostly. 
[<  AS.  msest,  most.]  —  most'ly,  adv.  For  the 
most  part;  principally. 

mote,  n.  An  exceedingly  small  particle;  a 
speck.     [<  AS.  mot,  atom.] 

motli,  meth,  n.  1.  A  nocturnal  insect  resem- 
bling a  butterfly.  2.  An  insect  or  larva  that 
destroys  woolen  fabrics  or  furs.  [<  AS. 
n'.oththe,  moth.] 

motli'eri ,  vt.  1.  To  act  as  a  mother  toward. 
2.  To  beget  or  produce. 

moth'er^,  vi.  To  become  mothery,  as  vinegar. 

moth'er,  mudh'gr,  a.  1.  Native;  vernacular. 
2.  Holding  a  maternal  relation. 

motli'er',  w.  1.  A  female  parent.  2.  That 
which  has  given  birth  to  anything.  3.  An 
abbess;  an  elderly  woman.  [<  AS.  viodor, 
mother.]  —  inoth''er.hood,  n.  TEe  state  of 
being  a  mother.  —  motli-'ersinslaw'',  w.  The 
mother  of  one's  spouse.  — iiioth''er-le88,  a. 
Having  no  mother. —  moth'er-ly,  a.  Resem- 
bling or  pertaining  to  a  mother. 

motli'er^,  n.    1.  A  stringy  mucilaginous  sub- 
stance that  forms  in  fermenting  vinegar.    2. 
Dregs;  lees.     [<  MD.  modder,  mud.] 
—  moth'er-y,  a. 

mo^tion,  mo'shun.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  a 
gesture;  guide  by  gesture.  II.  n.  1.  Change 
of  position;  a  movement;  gesture.  2.  A  com- 
bination of  parts  in  a  mechanism,  to  produce 
a  particular  result.  3.  A  formal  proposition, 
as  in  a  deliberative  body.  [F.,  <  L.  motio{n-), 
motion.]  — mo'tion-less,  a. 

mo'tiv(e,  mo'tiv.  I.  a.  Having  power  to 
move;  causing  motion.  II.  w.  1.  That  which 
incites  to  motion  or  action-  incentive.  2.  A 
predominant  or  controlling  idea;  design;  pur- 
pose.    [  <  LL.  motivus,  causing  to  move.] 

motley,  met'lg,  a.  1.  Variegated  in  color. 
2.  Composed  of  lieterogeneous  elements.  [< 
OF.  mattele,  clotted.] 

mo'tor,  mO'tgr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  pro- 
duces motion,  as  a  machine,  nerve,  etc.  [LL., 
one  who  moves.] 

mot'tl(e,niSt'l,  vt.  [mot'tl(e)d;mot'tling.] 
To  mark  with  spots  of  different  colors  or 
shades;  blotch.     [<  motlky.] 

mot'to,  met'O,  n.  An  expressive  word  or  pithy 
sentence  enunciating  some  guiding  principle, 
rule  of  conduct,  or  tne  like.     [It.] 

mould,  moult,  etc.    Sec  mold, etc. 

mound,  maund,  n.  A  heap  or  pile  of  earth; 
hillock.     [<  AS.  mund,  hand,  protection.] 

mount'',  mount,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  ascend.  2.  To 
attach  to  something,  as  for  exhibition;  hence, 
to  equip.  3.  To  set  on  horseback.  4.  To 
lift;  exalt.  II.  i.  1.  To  ascend.  2.  To  get  on 
horseback.  3.  To  amount.  [<L.^-^'*^mon{t-)s, 
mountain.] —  mount'lng,  w.  1.  The  act  of 
mounting;  elevation.  2.  A  mount,  as  of  a  pic- 
ture.   3.  The  act  of  preparing  for  use,  etc. 

xnount^  n.    An  elevation  of  the  earth's  enr- 


f  ace ;  a  mountain .  [  <  L. ^s  mon{t-)s,  mountain.] 
mount^,  n.     1.    That  upon  or  by  which  any- 
thing is  mounted.    2.  A  saddle-horse. 
moun'tain,  maun'ten,  n.     1.  A  lofty,  rocky 
elevation,  high  above  tlie  surrounding  country. 
2.  Something  of  great  magnitude.     [<  L.  of 
montana,  neut.  pi.  of  »io^^<aw^/s, mountainous.] 
—  moun'^taiii-eer',  w.    1.  An  inhabitant  of 
a  mountainous   district.      2.  One   who  climbs 
mountains. —  mouii'tain-ous,  a.    1.  Full  of 
or  abounding  in  mountains.    3.  Huge. 
mount'e-bank,maunt'§-ba^k,  w.  1.  A  vend- 
er of    quack  medicines,   as  at  country  fairs. 

2.  Any  charlatan.     [<  It.  montambanco.] 
mourn,  morn,  v.    1.  t.     1.  To  grieve  or  sor- 
row for.     2.  To  utter  in  a  lamenting  manner. 
II.  i.    1.  To  express  grief  or  sorrow.     2.  To 
wear  mourning.     [  <  AS.  mnrnan.,  mourn.] 

—  mourn'er,  n.  One  who  mourns;  one  who 
attendsafuneral.— mourn'ful,a.  1.  Indicating 
or  expressing  grief.    '^.  Oppressed  with  grief. 

3.  Exciting  sorrow.  — mourn'ing,  n.  l.The 
act  of  expressing  grief,  tj.  The  outward  mani- 
festation of  grief,  as  In  somber  dress. 

mouse,  mauz,  vt.  &  vi.  [moused;  mous'ing,] 
1 .  To  hunt  for  by  sly  and  patient  search ;  prowl 
about.     2.  To  catch  mice.— mous'er,  w. 


mouse,  mans, 
small  rodent; 
especially,  the 
common  house- 
mo!ise.  2.  A 
swelling.  [< 
AS.  mus.^ 

mou8-tache% 
n.  See  mus- 
tache. 

mouth.,  maudh, 
vt.&vi.  1.  To 
use  the  mouth 
upon.  2.  To 
enunciate  in  an 
unnatural  man- 
ner; rant.  3. 
To  grimace,  as 
for  insult. 

moutli,  mauth, 
n.  1.  The  ori- 
fice at  which 
food  is  taken 
into  the  body; 
also,  any  open- 
ing or  orifice  re- 
sembling or  li- 
kenedtothis.  2. 


[mice,  mais,    pi.']     1.  A 


Hiirv 


A  wry  face.  [  <  AS.  milth,  mouth.]  —  niouth'- 
ful  n.  1.  The  amount  taken  Into  the  mouth 
at  one  time.  '^.  A  small  quantity.— moutli'- 
piece'',  n.  1.  That  part  of  any  Instruniont,  tool, 
etc.,  that  is  applied  to  the  mouth.  ^.  One  who 
speaks  for  others. 

move,  mfiv,  V.  [moved;  mov'ino.]  I.  /.  1.  To 
cause  to  change  place  or  posture.  2.  To  incite 
to  an  action.  3.  To  stir  the  feelings  of.  4.  To 
offer  for  consideration,  as  in  a  deliberative 
body.  II.  i.  1.  To  change  place;  change 
one's  residence;  pass;  go.  2.  To  take  action. 
3.  To  make  progress.  [<  L.^f  inoveo,  move.] 
— mov'a-bKe.  I.  a.  Capable  of  belngnioved. 
IT.  n.  Anything  that  can  be  moved;  In  the 
plural,  movable  goods;  chattels.— mov'er,  n. 

move,  n.    1.  The  act  of  moving;  movement. 


papfi,  cjsk;  at,  fiir;  el^mfint,  thfiy,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  hot,  in*; 


301 


mow 
mum 


■Mowing=machine. 
c,   crank=wheel    for   driving   the 
knife;  /,  tinger»bar;  i,  internal  gear; 
I,  liftinpr»lever;  Iw,  leading* wheel;  t, 
trackeclearer. 


2.  An  act  in  the  carrying  out  of  apian.  3.  In 
games,  the  changing  of  the  place  of  a  piece. 

— move'iiient,  n.  1.  Any  change  of  place 
or  position.  3.  One  of  a  series  of  motions, 
actions,  or  Incidents.  3.  Mech.  A  particu- 
lar arrangement  of  related  parts  accomplishing 
motion,  as  in  a  watch.  4.  Mus.  Natural  pace  or 
speed  of  a  composition. 

mows  mo,  vt.  &  I'i.  [mowed;  mown;  mow'- 
iNG.]  To  cut  down,  as  grass:  cut  off  or  down 
in  general;  cut  grass  from.  [<  AS.  mdwan, 
mow.]  —  mow'er,  n.  One  who  mows;  a 
mowing=machIne. 

mow^,  man,  vt.   To  store 
or  place  in  a  mow,  as  hay. 

mow3,  mO  or  mau,  vi. 
To  make  faces;  mock. 

mo'W',  mau,  n.    Hay  or 
giain  stored  in  a  barn; 
also,  the  place 
of  storage. 

mo-w^^  jiio  or 
mau,  n.  A 
grimace.  [< 
MD.f  mcmwe, 
a  pout.] 

mucli,  much. 

1.  a.  Great  in 
quantity  or 
amount.    II.  n.    1.  A  considerable  quantity. 

2.  A  remarkable  or  important  thing.  III. 
adv.  1.  In  a  great  degree.  2.  For  the  most 
part.     [  <  AS.  micel,  much.] 

mu'ci-lage,  miu'si-l^j.  n.  An  adhesive  solu- 
tion of  vegetable  gnm  in  water.  [F.,  <  L. 
vviceo,  be  moldy.]— mu"cI-lag'i-nou8,  a. 

muck,  moc,  n.  1.  Moist  manure  containing 
decomposed  vegetable  matter.  2.  A  nasty 
mess.     [<  Ice.  myki.,  dung.]  —  muck'y,  a. 

mu'COUS,  miu'cus,  a.  Secreting  mucus;  per- 
taining to  or  resembling  mucus. 

mu'cus,  mia'cus,  n.  1.  A  viscid  animal  sub- 
stance. 2 .  A  gummy  adhesive  substance  found 
in  plants.     [L.] 

mud,  mud, «.  Wet  and  sticky  earth;  mire.  [< 
MLG.  mudde.,  mud.]  —  mud'dy.  I.  vt.  [mud'- 
DiED;  mfd'dy-ing.]  1 .  To  make  turbid  or  dirty. 
ti.  To  confuse;  muddle.  II.  a.  [mud'di-er; 
mud'di-est.]  1.  Bespattered  with  nmd;  turbid; 
mentally  confused.    2.  Consisting  of  mud. 

mud'dle,  mud'l.  I.  vt.&vi.  [mud'dled; 
mud'uling.]  1.  To  make  turbid.  2.  To  con- 
fuse, or  be  confused,  especially  by  drink.  3.  To 
waste.  4.  To  mix.  II.  n.  A  muddy  or  con- 
fused condition.    [<  mud.] 

muff',  muf,  vt.  &  vi.  To  perform  (some  act) 
clumsily;  act  bunglingly;  blunder. 

muff  1 ,  ??.  A  sleevc'like  covering,  open  at  both 
ends,  into  which  the  hands  are  thrust  to  keep 
them  warm.     [<  D.  mof.] 

muff^,  n.  1.  A  bungling  action;  in  ball^play- 
ing.  a  failure  to  hold  a  fly»ball.    2.  A  bungler. 

muf^fin,  muf'in,  n.  A  light  spongy  cake  eaten 
hot  with  butter.     [<  muff^,  n.] 

muffle,  muf'l.  I.  vt.  [muf'fled;  muf'- 
FLiNG.]  To  wrap  up  so  as  to  conceal  or  to  dead- 
en sound.  II.  «.  1.  Something  used  for  muf- 
fling. 2.  A  clay  oven.  [<  MD.  moffel,  kind 
of  mitten.]  —  muPfler,  n.  Anything  used  for 
wrapping  up  or  mufHIng.  [and  no  lip. 

mug,  mug,  n.    A  drinking=cup  with  a  handle 


[-RIESS  pi.]     A 


mug-'gy,  mug'i,  a.    [mug'gi-er;  mug'gi-est.] 

Warm,  moist,  and  close;  sultry.  [<  Ice.  mugga, 

fog.] 
mu-lat'to,  miu-lat'O,  n.    One  born  of  white 

and  negro  parentage.    [<  Sp.  mulato.,  =  mule- 
to,  dim.  of  mulo,  mule.] 
mLuFber'^ry,  mul'ber"i,  n 

tree  whose  leaves  are  valued 

for  silkworm  culture;  also, 

its  berry-like  fruit.    [  < 

Gr.i'+AS    moron.,    mul- 
berry, +  BERRY,  «.] 
mulcli,  mulch.    I',  vt. 

To  cover  with  mulch. 

II.  n.     Any    loose 

material,  as  straw, 

placed    about     the 

stalks  of  plants  to 

protect  their  roots.  gi^ck  Mulberry. 

n?oWer  t  '^"'"'     «'  *he  fruit;  6,  a  lobed  leaf. 

mulct,  mulct.  1^.  vt.  To  fine;  also,  to  fine 
imjustly.  II.  n.  A  fine,  or  similar  penalty. 
[  <  L.  mulcta;  of  Sabine  orig.] 

mule,  miQl,  n.  1.  The  offspring  of  a  jackass 
and  a  mare.  2.  Any  hybrid  or  cross.  3.  A 
spinning-machine.     [F.,  <  L.  muhts.,  mule.] 

—  mu''le-teer',  n.  A  mule-driver.— mu'- 
lish,  «.    Resembling  a  mule;  stubborn. 

mull,  mul,  vt.    To  heat  and  spice,  as  wine. 

mull,  n.    A  thin,  soft,  cotton  dress-goods. 

mul'lein,  mul'en,  n.  A  tall,  stout,  woolly 
weed  of  the  figwort  family.  [<  AS.  molegn, 
mullein.]    murien^. 

muriet,  mul'et,  n.  A  food-fish,  usually 
greenish  or  copper-colored,  with  silvery  sides. 

muFlion,  mul'yun,  n.  Arch.  A  division- 
piece  between  window-lights  or  panels.  [< 
F.  moignon.,  stump.] 

multi-.  A  combining  form.  [<  L.  multus, 
many.]  —  muP'ti-fa'ri-ous,  a.  Having  great 
diversity  or  variety.— Ill  ul'ti-forin,  a.  Having 
many  forms,  shapes,  or  appearances.— mul'ti- 
forni'^i-ty,  n.— mul'ti-ped.  I.  a.  Having 
many  feet.    II,  7i.    A  many-footed  animal. 

muFti-ply,  v.  [-plied;  -ply"ing.]  1. 1.  1. 
Math.  To  perform  the  operation  of  multiplica- 
tion upon.  2.  To  make  more  numerous.  II. 
i.  1.  To  become  greater  in  number,  etc.  2. 
Math.  To  be  engaged  in  multiplication. 

—  miil'ti-pKe.  I.  a.  Containing  or  con- 
sisting of  more  than  one;  manifold.  II.  n. 
Math.  A  resultant  of  multiplying  a  quantity  by 
whole  numbers.— mul'ti-i>ir'a-bl(e,  a.  That 
may  be  multiplied.  inul'ti-pli-ca-bKel:.— 
miiFti-pIi-cand'',  n.  Math.  A  number  mul- 
tiplied, or  to  be  multiplied,  by  another.—  inuF- 
ti-pli-cate,  a.  Consisting  of  many  or  more 
than  one.— iiniF'ti-pli-ca'tion,  n.  1.  The 
process  of  multiplying.  3.  Arilh.  The  process 
of  finding  the  sum  of  a  number  repeated  as  many 
times  as  there  are  units  in  another  number.— 
muF'ti-plic'i-ty,  w.  The  condition  of  being 
manifold  or  various.- mil  I'ti -pi i^'er,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  multiplies  or  increase?'  in 
quantity;  the  number  by  which  another  number 
is  multiplied. 

murti-tude,w.  1.  The  state  of  being  many 
or  numerous.  2.  A  large  gathering;  concourse. 
3.  A  large  number  of  things.—  mul^'ti-tu'di- 
noiis,  a.    Consisting  of  a  vast  number. 

mum,  mum.   I.  o.   Saying  nothing;  silent.  II. 


flutjure  (future);    aisle;   au   {out);   ©11;   c  (k);    cliat;   dh  (jthe)\  go;   sing,   i^k;  thin, 


mumble 
muss 


302 


n.     Silence.     III.  interj.     Be  silent!   hneh! 
[Imitative.] 

mum^blCe,  mum'bl,  v.  [mum'bl(e)d;  mum'- 
BLiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  utter  in  low,  indistinct 
tones;  mutter.  2.  To  chew  slowly.  II.  i.  1. 
To  mutter.  2.  To  eat  with  lips  partly  closed. 
[Freq.  of  mum^  be  silent  (imitative).] 
—  mum'bler,  n. 

mum'mer,  mum'gr,  n.  One  who  makes  sport 
in  a  mask.— mum'mer-y,  n.  [-ies%  »;.]  1.  A 
masked  performance.  3.  Hypocritical  parade  of 
ritual.  [<  OF.  mommerie,  <  momer;  see  mtjm,  vA 

mum'my,  mum'i,  n.  [mum'mies^,  pi.'] 
Archeol.  A  body  embalmed  in  the  ancient 
Egyptian  manner.  [<  Kr.^^  mumiyd,  <mum, 
wax  used  in  embalming.]  [lant. 

mump^isb.,  a.    Sullen;  sulky;  morose;  petu- 

mumps,  mumps,  n.  pi.  An  epidemic  inflam- 
mation and  swelling  of  the  parotid  glands. 

inuncliS  munch,  vt.  &  vi.  To  chew  noisily  and 
with  deliberation.    [<  F.  manger,  eat.] 

mun'dane,  mun'den,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
world;  worldly.    [<  L.^  mnndvs,  world.] 

mu-nic'i-pal,  miu-nis'i-pal,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  town  or  city  or  to  local  government. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  internal  government  of  a 
state  or  nation.  [F.,  <  L.  municipalis,  < 
munus,  duty,  -{-  capio,  take.]  —  imi-nic''i- 
pal'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  pi.}  An  Incorporated 
borough,  town,  or  city. 

Extraor- 


jorough,  town,  or  city. 
mu-nif'i-cent,  miu-nif'i-sgnt,  a. 


dinarily  generous  or  bountiful.    [<  L.  munus, 
gift,  -i-facio,  make.]  —  mu-niPi-i 
Extraordinary  liberality;  bountlfulness. 


■cence,    n. 


mu^ni-mient,  miii'ni-msnt,  n.  1.  That  which 
supports  or  defends,  as  a  deed.  2.  Anything 
specially  guarded.    [OF.,  <  L.  munio,  fortify.] 

mu-ni''tion,  miu-nish'un,  n.  Ammunition 
and  all  necessary  war-material.  [F.,  <  L.  mu- 
nitioin-),  <  munio,  fortify.] 

mu'ral,  miu'ral,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  sup- 
ported by  a  wall.    2.  Resembling  a  wall.    [F., 

<  L.  muralis,  <  murus.,  wall.] 
mur^dor,  mijr'dgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  kill  (a  hu- 
man being)  with  premeditated  malice.  2.  To 
put  to  death  in  a  barbarous  manner.  3.  To 
spoil;  mar;  destroy.  II.  n.  The  wrongful 
and  intentional  killing  of  one  human  being  by 
another.   [<  AS.  morthor.,  <  morth,  death.] 

—  mur'der-er,  n.  One  who  commits  mur- 
der.—iniiT'der-emji,  7t./<'m.— iniir'der-ou8, 
n.  1.  Pertaining  to  murder;  destructive.  2. 
Given  to  murder.    3.  Characterized  by  murder. 

mu"ri-at'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  chlorin;  hydro- 
chloric. 

murk'y,  murk'i,  a.  [murk'i-er;  murk'i-est.] 
Darkened,  thickened,  or  obscured;  hazy;  ob- 
scure—in  urk'l-ness,  n. 

mur'mur,  mur'mur,  v.  1. 1.  To  utter  in  a 
low,  lialf-articnlate  tone.  II.  i.  1.  To  speak 
complainingly  in  an  undertone;  mutter;  mum- 
ble.   2.  To  make  a  murmur.  [<  L.  murmvro, 

<  inurmnr.,  murmur  (imitative).] 
mur'mur,  n.    1.  A  complaint  uttered  in  a 

lialf-articulate  voice.     2.  A  low  sound  cou- 

tiiuially  repeated. 
mur'rain,  mur'§n,  n.    A  malignant  epizootic 

contagious  fever,  affecting  domestic  animals; 

any  plague.  [<  OY.morine,  <  L.  morior,  die.] 
mus'clfe,  mus'l,  n.  Anat.    1.  An  organ  com- 


posed of  contractile  fibers,  by  the  action  of 
which  bodily  movement  is  effected.  2.  The 
tissue  of  the  muscular  organs.  3.  Muscular 
strength.     [F.,  <  L.  musculus,  muscle.] 

—  mus'cu-lar,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  muscles. 
2.  Possessing  strong  muscles ;  powerful.— 
imis'^cu-lar'i-ty,  n. 

Mus'co-vite,  mus'co-vait.  I.  a.  Belonging 
to  Muscovy  or  Moscow;  hence,  Russian.  II. 
n.    An  inhabitant  of  Muscovy  or  Russia. 

muse,  miuz,  v.  [mused;  mu'sing.]  I.  t.  To 
meditate  upon;  ponder.  II.  i.  1.  To  cogitate. 
2.  To  indulge  in  reverie.  [<  OF.  muser,  per- 
haps lit.  'sniff  about,'  <  muse,  muzzle.] 

—  muse,  n.    Contemplative  thought. 
Muse,/;.     1.  [M- or  m-]  The  inspiring  power 

of  poetry.  2.  Class.  Myth.  One  of  the  nine 
goddesses  presiding  over  poetry,  art,  and 
science.    [F.,  <  Gr.i^  ifowsa,  Muse.] 

mu-se'um,  miu-zT'um,  n.  A  place  devoted  to 
works  of  nature,  art,  curiosities,  etc. ;  also,  the 
collection  itself.  [L.,  <  Gr.  mouseion,  temple 
of  the  Muses,  <  Mousa,  Muse.] 

musb,  mush,  n.  1.  [U.  S.]  Thick  porridge, 
made  by  boiling  meal  or  flour  in  water  or 
milk.  2.  Anything  soft  and  pulpy.  [Prob. 
corr.  of  MASH,  n.] 

mush.'room,mush'rum.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  made  of  mushrooms.  2.  Sudden  in 
growth  and  rapid  in  decay.  II.  ?i.  Bot.  A 
large,  rapidly  growing  fungus,  consisting  of  an 
erect  stalk  and  a  cap-like  expansion:  certain 
poisonous  varieties  are  called  toadstools.  [< 
OF.  Tnauscliron,  <  mousse,  moss.] 

mu^sic,  miu'zic,  n.  l.'The  art  of  rhythmic 
combination  of  tones.  2.  A  composition  exe- 
cuted according  to  musical  rule.  3.  Any  pleas- 
ing succession  of  sounds.  [<  Gr.*"  mousikl. 
Muses'  art.]  —  mu'slc-al,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to 
music.  3.  Capable  of  producing  music.  3.  Mel- 
odious. —  mu-si^cian,  n.    One  skilled  In  music. 

musk,  musk,  n.  1.  A  soft,  reddish-brown 
powdery  substance  of  a  penetrating  odor,  ob- 
tained from  the  male  musk-deer.  2.  The  odor 
of  musk.  [  <  F.  muse,  musk.]  —  musk'sdeer'', 
n.  A  small  deer  of  central  and  eastern  Asia, 
having  (in  the  males)  a  musk-secreting  gland.— 
inu8k'meI''on,  n.  The  juicy,  edible,  gourd-like 
fruit  of  a  trailing  herb;  cantaloup.  — musk'- 
rat'',  n.  A  North- 
American  aquatic  ro- 
dent, yielding  a  valu- 
able fur  and  secre- 
ting a  substance  with 
a  musky  odor.— 
iniiHk'y,  a.  Like 
musk;  smelling  of 
muak. 

mus'ket,  mus'kgt, 
;;.  A  former  smooth-  ,  .  ,,  ,  ^  ,/ 
bore  military  hand-  American  Muskrat.  Vis 
gun.  [<  OF.  mousquet,  gun,  hawk,  <  Ii 
nioschetto,  lit.  'hawk,^  <  L.  mvsca,  fly.] 

—  inus'ket-ry,  n.  1.  Muskets  collectively; 
2.  The  science  of  firing  small  arms, 

muslin,  muz'lin,  n.    1.  A  fine  cotton  fabric 

for  dress-goods.    2.  A  plain  light  cotton  cloth. 

[<  F.  mousseline,  ult.  <  Syriac  Mosul,  Mosul 

(city  in  Mesopotamia).] 
mus-qui'to.  mus-ki'tn,  n.   Same  as  mosquito. 
muss,  mus.  [Colloq..U.S.]  li.vt.  To  disarrange; 

mess.    II.  n.    A  mess;  disturbance. 


papa,  9Bk;  at,  ftir;  element,  thfiy,  u«|ge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


i 


303 


mussel 
myth 


mus'sel,  mus'l,  w.  A  email  bivalve  mollusk. 
[<  L.-^''  imisculus,  a  small  fish,  muscle.] 

Mus'sul-man,  mus'ul-man.  I.  a.  Belonging 
or  relating  to  the  Moslems.  II.  n.  [-mans,  ^)^.] 
A  Moslem.  [<  Turk,  mvsulnian,  ult.  <  Ar. 
muslim,  Moslem.] 

must^  must,  vi.  [Auxiliary.]  1.  To  be  neces- 
sitated or  obliged.  2.  To  be  necessary.  [<  AS. 
moste,  pret.  of  jnotan,  may.] 

must'2'1,  tt.  &  vi.    To  make  or  become  musty. 

must^  n.    Mustiness;  mold. 

must^,  ??.  1 .  The  expressed  unfermented  juice 
of  the  grape.  2.  Unfermented  potato=pulp. 
[  <  L.AS  mvstitm,  neut.  s.  of  musius,  new.] 

mus-taclie',  mus-tgsh',  n.  The  growth  of 
hair  upon  the  upper  lip  of  men.  [<  Gr.i'+r 
viystax.<  mastaXyVaovit\\.'\  mous-tacta.e^:|:. 

mus'tang,  mus'tang,  n.  The  half =\vild  horse 
of  the  American  plains.  [<  Sp.  mesteno.,  wild.] 

mus'tard,  mus'tard,  n.  1.  Either  of  two 
species  of  the  mustard  family  (white  or  black), 
both  annual  herbs  with  yellow  flowers  and  pods 
of  roundish  seeds.  2.  The  pungent  seed  of 
the  mustard.    [<  L.^f  miistum;  see  must^,  w.] 

mus^ter,  mus'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  summon 
and  gather  together;  be  assembled.  II.  n.  1. 
An  assemblage,  especially  of  troops  for  parade 
or  review.  2.  A  muster«roll.  [<  OF.  mostrer, 
<  L.  monstro.,  show,  <  moneo,  admonish.] 

—  nius'tersroll'^  n.  A  return  of  all  troops 
at  a  muster;  hence,  any  similar  return.—  to  pass 
muster,  to  be  acceptable  or  accepted. 

must'y,  must'i,  a.  1.  Having  a  moldy  odor; 
ill-flavored;  stale.  2.  Without  life  or  flavor. 
[<  MOIST.]  — miist'i-ness,  n. 

mu^ta-bl(e,  miu'1a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  chan- 
ging; liable  to  change;  fickle;  imetable.  [<  L. 
mielabilis,  <  mido,  change.]  mu'^ta-toil'- 
i-tyt. —  mu-ta'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  chan- 
ging.   3.  Modification;  change. 

miute,  mint.  I.  a.  Uttering  no  sound;  silent; 
dumb.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  is  silent;  a  person 
who  refuses  or  is  unable  to  speak.  2.  A  sound 
formed  by  the  narrowing  or  stopping  of  the  oral 
passage.  3.  A  letter  (as&  in  dumb)  that  is  not 
sounded.  [<  L.*"  rmitus,  apparentVy  <  mu, 
sound  made  with  closed  lips.]    -ly,  adv. 

mu'ti-late,  raiil'ti-let,  vt.  [-la'ted"*;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  To  deprive  of  a  limb  or  essential  part; 
maim;  disfigure.  [<  L.  7mitilatus,  pp.  of  7nv- 
iilo,  maim.] — mu'^tl-Ia'tion,  n.  The  act  of 
nnitilatiug;  a  mutilated  condition. 

mu'ti-ay,  miu'ti-ni.  I.  ri.  [-nied;  -ny-ing.] 
To  rise  against  constituted  authority,  as  in  the 
army  or  iiavy.  II.  71.  [-niesS  pL]  Eebellion 
against  constituted  authority.  [<  F.  7nutin, 
mutineer,  <  7nevte,  sedition.]  —  mu''ti-neer'. 

1.  vi.  To  engage  in  mutiny.  II.  n.  One  who  takes 
part  in  mutiny.— inu'ti-noiis,  a.  Disposed  to 
mutiny;  seditious. 

mut'ter,  mut'gr.  I.  rt.  &vi.  1 .  To  utter  with 
imperfect  articulation,  or  in  low,  sullen  tones. 

2.  To  murmur.  II.  n.  An  imperfect  utter- 
ance; murmur.     [ME.  7miteren  (imitative).] 

mut^ton,  mut'n,  71.  The  flesh  of  sheep  as 
food.  [<  F.  7nont07}.  slieep.]  —  niut'lons 
chop''.  I.  a.  Shaped  like  a  mutton«chop:  said 
of  whiskers.  II.  n.  A  piece  of  mutton  from 
the  rib,  for  broiling  or  frying. 

mu'tu-al,  miii'chu-al  07'  -tiu-al,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing reciprocally  to  both  of  two;  reciprocally  re- 


A  Hound  Myria- 
od.  1/3  2.  A  Flat 
lyriapod.   1/3 


lated  or  bound.  2.  Joint;  common.  [kIj.^  mu- 
tuus.,  <  rnuto.  change.] — niu^tu-aPi-ty,  n. 
The  state  of  being  mutual;  reciprocity. 

muz'zle,  muz'l.  I.  vt.  [muz'zled;  muz'- 
ZLiNG.]  1.  To  fasten  the  mouth  of  to  prevent 
eating  or  biting.  2.  To  silence.  II.  n.  1. 
The  snout  of  an  animal.  2.  A  guard  for  an 
animal's  snout.  3 .  The  front  end  of  a  firearm. 
[  <  L.OF  7noi^sus.,  a  bite.] 

my,  mai,;won.  Belongmg  to  me:  the  posses- 
sive case  of  the  pronoun  /  in  the  singular.  [< 
AS.  niin,  of  me,  <  7ne,  me.] 

my-o'pi-a,  mai-O'pi-a,  n.  Defect  in  vision; 
near  sightedness.  my'o-pyt.— my-op'ic,  o. 

myria-.  A  combining  form.  i<  Gr.  rnyrios, 
numberless.]  —  myr'i-a-gram,  myr'i-a-IF''- 
ter,  iiiyi''i-a-in"e''ter,  etc.  In  'the  metric 
system,  10,000  grams,  liters,  or  meters.  See  met- 
ric SYSTEM,  under  metric. 

myr'i-a-pod,  mir'i-a-ped,  ti.    A  small  vermi- 
form  creature  with  nu- 
merous legs;    centipede. 
[<  Gr.  myi'ios,  number- 
less, -hpousipod-),  foot.] 

myr'i-ad,  mir'i-ad, «.  1. 
A  vast  indefinite  number. 
2.  Ten  thousand.  [<  Or. 
myrias,  ten  thousand.] 

Myr'mi  -  don,    mgr'mi- 
den,  71.    1.  One  of  a  warlike  people  of  ancient 
Thessaly.    2.  [m-]  A  reckless  servitor. 

myrrh.,  mgr,  77.  1.  An  aromatic  gum  resin 
that  exudes  from  several  Asiatic  trees  or  shrubs. 
2.  Any  shrub  or  tree  that  yields  the  gum.  [< 
Gr.i'+As  my7Tha,  <  Ax.mniT,  bitter.] 

myr'tl(e,  mgr'tl,  n.  A  tree  or  shrub  6  to  20 
feet  high,  with  glossy  evergreen  leaves,  fra- 
grant white  or  rose»colored  flowers,  and  black 
berries.     [Ult.  <  Per.  mwrrf,  myrtle.] 

my-self ,  mdi-  or  mi-self,  prori.  I;  me:  em- 
phatic form  of  /and  me.,  and  reflexive  of  Tne. 

mys'ter-yi,  mis'tgr-i,  n.  [-iesS  ;?(?.]  Some- 
thing unknown,  unexplained,  or  incomprehen- 
sible. [<  Gr.^  mysterion,  mystery.] — mys-te'- 
ri-ous,  a.    Involved  in  or  implying  mystery. 

mys'ter-y2,  71.  [-IES^  pL]  A  medieval  dra- 
matic performance;  miraclcplay.  [ME.  mis- 
terie,  for  7nist€7\  trade.] 

mys'tic,        (  mis'tic, -al,  a.    1.  Secret;  dark. 

mys'tic-al,  (  2.  Pertaining  to  mystics  or  mvs- 
ticisni.  3.  Betokening  a  hidden  "meanmg.  [< 
Gr.J^  lyiystikos,  <  myd,  close  the  lips  or  eyes.] 
—  niys'tic,  n.  One  who  relies  chiefly  upon 
meditation  In  acquiring  truth.— my s'tic-al- 
ly,  adr.— mys'ti-cism,  71.  1.  The  quality  of 
being  mystical,  ti,  Theol.  The  doctrine  and 
belief  that  man  may  attain  to  an  immediate  con- 
sciousness or  knowledge  of  God.  — my8''ti-fi- 
ca'tion,  n.  The  act  of  mystifying.  —  my s'ti- 
fy,  vt.  [-FIED;  -FY'iNG.]  1.  To  confuse  design- 
edly; perplex.    2.  To  make  obscure. 

miyth,  mith,  «.  1.  A  fictitious  narrative  for  a 
time  received  as  historical ;  an  imaginary  per- 
son, object,  or  event.  2.  An  unproven  tradi- 
tion; popular  fable.  [<  Gr.  7nytIiOS.  word, 
legend.]  — myth'io-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
myth;  legendary.  52.  Fictitious,  mvtli'ict.— 
myth-oI'o-Ky,  «.  [-gies«  n/.l  1.  The  myths 
and  legends  of  a  race.  "Z.  The  scientific  collec- 
tion and  studyof  myths.— mytli"o-IoK'ic-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  mythology;  fabulous,  niyth"- 
o-loff'icj:.  —  mytli-ol'o-ffist.  n. 


fiut|are  (future);   aisle;  au  (out);  ell;  c  (k);   chat;  dh  {th€)\  go;  sing,  i^ik;  thin. 


N,  n 
native 


304 


N 


N,  n,  en,  n.  [ens,  N's,  or  JVb,  enz,  plJ]  A  let- 
ter: the  fourteenth  in  the  English  alphabet. 

-n,  svfflx.    Same  as  -en. 

nab,  nab,  vt.  [nabbed;  nab'bing.]  [Colloq.]  To 
catch  or  seize  suddenly.     [<  Sw.  nappa,  grasp.] 

na^olJ,  ne'beb,  n.  An  Anglo»Indian  who  has 
amassed  wealth;  any  luxurious  rich  man.  [< 
Hind,  nawwdb,  <  Ar.  naib,  deputy.] 

na'cre,  ne'kgr,  n.    Mother«of=pearl.    [F.] 
—  na'cre-ous,  o.    Pearly. 

na^dir,  ne'dgr  n.  The  point  of  the  celestial 
sphere  directly  beneath  where  one  stands ;  the 
lowest  possible  point.     [F.] 

nag,  nag,  vt.  &  vi.  [nagged;  nag'ging.]  To 
scold  or  urge  continually.  [<  AS.  gnagan, 
gnaw.] 

nag,  n.  A  horse,  especially  a  small  horse ;  pony. 
[  <  D.  negge,  diminutive  horse.] 

Na^iad,  ng'yad,  n.  [Na'ia-des,  ne'ya-dtz  or 
nfl'ia-des,  pi.]  1.  Class.  Myth.  A  water» 
nymph.  2.  [n-]  A  plant  of  the  pondweed 
family.     [<  Gr.^ JValas,  <  nao,  flow.] 

nail,  nel.  I.  vt.  1.  To  fasten  with  a  nail;  drive 
a  nail  into.  2.  To  clinch,  as 
a  bargain.  II.  n.  1.  A 
thin  homy  plate  on  the  end 
of  a  finger  or  toe.  2.  A  claw, 
talon,  or  hoof.   3 .  A  slender 

Eiece   of   metal    having    a 
ead,  and  used  for  driving 

into  wood.    4.  A  measure : 

2i  inches.    [<  AS.  naeglian, 

<  nsegel,  nail.]  —  naiPer,  n. 

—  naiFer-y,   n.     A  place 

where  nails  are  made. 
na-ive',  nfl-Iv',  a.    Ingenu- 
ously piquant.    [  <  F.  naive, 

fem.  of  naif.,  <  L.  nativus, 

NATIVE.]  —  na^'ive^'t^',  n. 

The  state  of  being  naive. 
narked,  ne'k§d,  a.    1.  Having  no  clothes  on; 

nude;   bare.     2.   Defenseless;   destitute.     3. 

Without   concealment;    plain;    evident.      [< 

AS.  naced,  nude.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
name,  nem.    I.  vt.    [named;  na'ming.]    To 

fiveanameto;  call  byname;  nominate;  affirm. 
I.  n.  1.  The  appellation  by  which  a  person 
or  thing  is  known.  2.  A  title.  3.  General 
reputation.  [<  AS.  nama,  name.]  —  nanie'- 
less,  a.  1.  Having  no  name  or  reputation.  2. 
Not  fit  to  be  named.—  naine'ly,  adv.  That  Is 
to  say:  to  wit.—  nainc^Nakc^^,  n.  One  who  Is 
named  after  another. 

nan-keen%  nan-kin',  n.  A  buflC-colored  Chi- 
nese cotton  fabric. 

nap,  nap.  I.  vi.  [napped';  nap'ping.]  To 
talie  a  nap;  be  off  one's  guard.  II.  n.  A 
short  sleep;  doze.     [<  AS.  hnappian,  nap.] 

nap,  n.  The  short  fibers  on  the  surface  of  flan- 
nel, etc.,  forming  a  soft  surface.  [<  AS. 
hnoppa.] 

nape,  nSp,  n.  The  back  of  the  neck,  espe- 
cially its  upper  part.    [<  Ice.  hnappr,  button.] 


Human  Nail. 
1.  Longitudinal  sec- 
tion of  a  fingrer»en<l. 
2.  Transverse  sec- 
tion: a,  naiUfold;  h, 
nail;  c,  nail«bed  with 
its  papillary  ridges. 


napb'tha,  naftha,  n.  A  light,  coiorless,  vol- 
atile, inflammable  oil,  distilled  from  petroleum. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  naphtha,  <  Ar.  nafth.] 

nap^kin,  nap'kin,  n.  A  small  cloth,  as  of 
linen,  for  use  at  table,  etc.  [<  F.  nappe,  < 
L.  mappa,  cloth.] 

nar-cot'ic,  nflr-cefic,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  causing  narcosis  or  stupor.  [<  Gr.  nar- 
kotikos,  <  narke,  torpor.]  —  nar-co'sis,  n. 
Narcotic  poisoning.— nar-cot'ic,  n.  A  sub- 
stance, as  opium,  that  Induces  sleep,  and  in  large 
doses  produces  coma  and  death. 

nar-rate',  nar-ret',  vt.  &  vi.    [-ka'ted<1;  -ra'- 
TiNG.]     To  tell  or  relate,  as  a  story,  in  orderly 
fashion.     [<  L.  narro  (pp.  narratns),  relate.] 
—  nar-ra'tion,  n.— iiar-ra'tor,  7i. 

nar'ra-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  narration. 
II.  n.  An  orderly  continuous  account  of  an 
event  or  series  of  events. 

nar'row,  nar'O.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
grow  narrow.  II.  a.  1.  Having  compara- 
tively little  distance  from  side  to  side.  2.  Lim- 
ited. 3.  Illiberal;  bigoted.  III.  n.  A  narrow 
passage;  a  strait.     [<  AS.  nearu.  narrow.] 

nar'wlial,  nflr'hwal,  n.  A  large  arctic  whale- 
like animal 
valued  for  its 
oil  and  ivory. 
[<  Sw,  nar- 
hval,  nar- 
whal.] nar'- 
whalet. 

na^sal,  ne'zal 
or  ng'sal.    I. 

2.  Pronounced  through  or  with  the  aid  of  the 
nose.  II.  n.  1.  A  nasal  sound  or  letter,  as 
m.  2.  Something  in  the  nose,  or  a  nose-piece. 
[F.,  <  L.  nasus,  nose.] 

nas^cent,  nas'gnt,  a.  Beginning  to  exist  or 
develop..  [<  L.  nascen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  nascor,  be 
born.] 

nas-tur'ti-uni,nas-tur'shi-Tjm,  n.  1.  A  plant 
of  the  geranium  family,  with  rich  flowers.  3. 
A  rich  reddish-orange  color  like  that  of  nastar- 
tium-flowers.     [L.l 

nas^ty,  ngs'ti,  a.  Tnas'ti-er;  nas'ti-est.]  1. 
Filthy  or  offensively  dirty.  2.  Morally  filthy; 
indecent.     [<  dial.  Sw.  naskug,  filthy.] 

na^tal,  ne'tal,  a.  Pertaining  "to  one's  birth; 
dating  from  birth.  [F.,  <  L.  natalis,  <  nascor, 
be  born.] 

na'tion,  ne'shun,  n.  1.  A  people  as  an  or- 
ganized body  politic.  2.  A  race;  tribe.  [F., 
<  L.  nutioiih),  <  nascor,  be  born.] 

na^tion-al,  imsh'un-cil,  a.  1.  Belonging  to 
the  whole  nation.    2.  Pertaining  to  a  nation. 

3.  I'atriotic  — na'tioii-al-Ism,  ;/.  1.  A  late 
form  of  socialism,  '■i,  A  national  Idiom  or  trait. 
— iia''tlon-nl'i-ty,  n.  L-ties»,  pl.^  1.  The 
qimllty  of  bfing  national,    'i,  A  nation. 

na'tiv(e,  ne'tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Bom  or  produced  in 
the  country  in  which  one  lives;  indigenous.  2. 
Pertaining  to  one's  birth  or  to  its  place.    3. 


Narwhal.    1/204 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  nose. 


papa,  ^sk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th^y,  iis^ge;  It,  ^,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat«r,  5r;  full,  riile;  but,  Or; 


305 


natty 
needle 


Inborn.  4.  Occurring  in  nature  in  a  pure  state. 
II.  n.  1.  One  born  in,  or  any  product  of,  a 
given  country  or  place.  2.  Stock  common  to 
a  country.  [<  L.  nativus,  <  Jiatus;  see  na- 
ture.] —  na-tiv'i-ty,  7i.  [-TIEs^  };/.]  The 
coming  into  life  or  the  world;  birth. 

nat'ty,  nat'i,  a.  [CoUoq.]  Neatly  fine;  spruce. 
[Dim.  of  NEATi,  a.] 

nat'u-ral,  nach'u-ral  o;' nat'yu-ral.  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  one's  nature;  also,  indigenous.  2. 
Derived  from  or  produced  by  nature.  3.  Per- 
taining to  nature;  normal.  4.  Coming  within 
common  experience.  5.  Unaffected.  6.  Animal. 
7.  Illegitimate.  8.  Mus.  Not  sharped  nor  flatted. 
II.  n.  \.  Mus.  A  natural  note.  2.  A  born  fool. 
[F.,<  h.naturalis,<  natura,  nature.] 

—  iiat'u-ral-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  natural 
sciences,  as  a  zoologist  or  botanist.— nat'u-ral- 
ize  or  -ise,  vt.  1 .  To  make  natural;  habituate. 
3.  To  explain  by  natural  laws.  3.  To  confer  the 
rights  of  citizenship  upon.—  naf  u-ral-i-za'- 
tioii,  n.— nat'ii-ral-ly,  adv.  In  or  after  the 
natural  manner. 

na'ture,  ne'chur  or  -tiyr,  n.  1.  The  existing 
universe,  including  all  things.  2.  The  char- 
acteristics or  constitution  received  or  derived 
from  birth  or  origin.  3.  Spontaneity.  [F.,  < 
L.  natura,  <  natus,  pp.  of  nascoi\  be  born.] 

naugbt,  net.  I.  a.  Of  no  value  or  account. 
11.11.  1.  Not  anything.  2.  A  cipher.  III. 
adv.  Not  in  the  least.  [<  A.'^.  nawiht,  <  ne, 
not,  +  awiht;  see  aught,  t?.]  —  naugh'ty, 
nS'tl,  a.  [natjgh'ti-er;  naxigh'ti-est.]  1. 
Perverse  and   disobedient.    iJ,  Unfavorable  or 

unfit.      L<  NAUGHT,  «.] 

nau'se-a,  ne'8h§-a  or  -sha,  n.  Sickness  of 
the  stomach,  producing  dizziness  and  an  im- 
pulse to  vomit.  [L.,  <  Gr.  nausia,  <  'nai/s, 
ship.] — nau'se-ate,  rt.  &  vi.  [-a"ted<5;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  affect  with  or  feel  nausea  or  disgust. 
—  iiaii'seoiis,  rt.    Nauseating;  disgusting. 

nau^tic-al,  nS'tic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  ships, 
seamen,  or  navigation.  [<  Gr.  nautikos,  < 
nans,  ship.] 

nau^ti-lus,  ne'ti-lns,  n.  [-u,  -lai  or  -It,  -lus- 
es,  j)L]  1.  A  small  mollusk  of  southern  seas. 
2.  A  cuttlefish  with  a  papery  shell,  pa'per* 
nau'ti-lust.     [L.,  <  Gr.  nautilos,  sailor.] 

na'val,  ne'val,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  ships  and 
a  navy.  2.  Having  a  navy.  [<  L.  navalis,  < 
navis,  ship.] 

nave',  nev,  n.  The  main  body  of  a  church, 
between  the  aisles,     [OF.,  <  L.  navis,  ship.] 

nave^,  n.    The  hub  of  a  wheel.    [<  AS.  nafu.} 

na'vel,  ne'vl,  n.  The  depression  on  the  abdo- 
men where  the  umbilical  cord  was  attached. 
[<  AS.  nafela,  dim.  of  nafu,  nave.] 

nav'i-gate,  nav'i-get,  vt.  &  vL  [-ga'ted-I; 
-GA"TiNG.]  1.  To  traverse  or  journey  by  ship. 
2.  To  direct  a  ship;  steer.  [<  L.  navis,  ship, 
-\- ago,  drive.] — nav'i-ga-bl(e,  a.  Fit  to  i^e 
navigated;  capable  of  navigation.—  nav''i-jra'- 
tion,  71.  1.  The  act  of  navigating.  2.  The  art 
of  ascertaining  the  position  and  directing  the 
course  of  vessels  at  sea.—  nav'i-ga^'tor,  n. 

nav'vy,  nav'i,  ??..  [Eng.]  A  laborer  on  canals, 
railways,  etc.     [Aljbr.  <  navigator.] 

na'vy,  ne'vi,  n.  [na'vies^  pi.]  1.  The  en- 
tire marine  military  force  of  a  country;  also, 
the  shipping  engaged  in  commerce.  2.  A  fleet 
of  ships.     [  <  L.^F  navis,  ship.] 


nay,  ne,  adv.    1 .  No :  indicating  negation.    2. 

Not  only  so.     [<  Ice.  ne,  not,  +  ei,  ever.] 
neap,  nip,  a.  Low;  lowest.  [<  AS.  nejo,  scant.] 
near,  nir.     I.  vt.  &  vi.     To  come  nearer  to; 

approach.    II.  a.     1.  Not  distant;   nigh.    2. 

Closely  related;  familiar.    3.  Closely  touching 

one's  interests.  4.  In  riding  or  driving,  placed 

ontheleft.    5.  Miserly;  close.    111.  adv.     1. 

At  little  distance.    2.   Nearly;  almost.    3.  In 

a  close  relation.    IV.  ^re/?.  Close  by.    [<AS. 

nedra,    compar.  of  vedh,   near.]      -ly,  adv. 

-ness, «.— near'ssiglif  ed,  a.  Short=sighted. 
neat^  nit,  a.    1.  Characterized- by  strict  order 

and  tidiness.     2.    Well    proportioned;    trim; 

spruce.    3.  Clever.     [<  L.^  nitidus,  shining.] 
neat,  n.    1.  Bovine  cattle  collectively.    2.  A 

single  bovine  animal.     [<  AS.  neat,  <  veotan, 

use.]— neat2,  a.  Pertaining  to  bovine  animals. 
neto,  neb,  n.    1.  The  beak  or  bill,  as  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  tip  end  of  a  thing.     [<  AS.  neb.'] 
neb'u-la,neb'yu-la,  ??.  [-l^, -lior-le,j^/.]  Any 

luminous  cloud'like  object  in  the  sky.     [L.] 

—  neb'ti-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  nebula.— 
neb^ii-los'i-ty,  n.  A  misty  or  nebulous  ap- 
pearance.—neb'u-lous,  a.  1.  Having  its  parts 
confused  or  mixed.    iJ.  Like  a  nebula. 

nec'es-sa-ry,  nec'es-g-ri  or -0"ri.  1.  a.  1. 
Being  such  in  its  nature  or  conditions  that  it 
must  exist,  occur,  or  be  true.  2.  Essential.  3. 
Compulsory.  II.  n.  [-ries»,  i)l.]  An  essen- 
tial requisite.     [<  L.  necessarivs,  necessary.] 

—  iie-ces'si-tate,  vt.  r-TA"TED<i; -ta"ting.] 
To  make  necessary;  compel.— iie-ces'si-toiis, 
a.  Extremely  needy.— ne-ce8'8i-ty,n.  [-ties». 
pl.^  1.  The  quality  of  being  necessary.  2. 
Something  that  is  necessary.    3.  Poverty. 

neck,  nee,  n.  1.  The  part  of  an  animal  that 
connects  the  head  with  the  trunk.  2.  A  sim- 
ilar part,  as  in  a  bottle  or  garment.  [<  AS. 
hnecca,  neck.]  —  neck'lace,  n.  An  ornament 
worn  round  the  neck.  —  neck'tie'',  n.  Any 
bow  or  tie  worn  under  the  chin. 

necro>.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  nekros, 
dead  body.]  —  iiec-roPo-gy,  n.  [-gies^,  pi.] 
A  list  of  persons  who  have  died.  —  nec'ro- 
man^'cer,  n.  One  who  practises  necromancy. 
—  nec'ro-man'^cy,  re.  1.  Divination  by  means 
of  pretended  communication  with  the  dead.  2. 
The  black  art;  magic. —nec^'ro-inan'tic,  a. 
Relating  to  necromancy. -nec-rop'o-Iis,  n. 
A  city  of  the  dead;  an  ancient  cemetery. 

nec'tar,  nec'tar,  n.  1.  Gr.  Myth.  The  drink 
of  the  gods.  2.  Any  delicious  drink.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  nektar.,  drink  of  the  gods.]  —  nec'tar-in(e. 

I,  a.  Sweet  and  delicious.  11,  n.  A  variety  of 
the  peach.— nec'ta-ry,  n.  I-ries^,  pl.'\  The 
organ  or  part  of  a  plant  that  secretes  honey. 

n^e,  n6,  a.  Born:  used  to  note  the  maiden  name 
of  a  married  woman.  [F.,  <  L.  natus,  pp.  of 
yiascor,  be  born.] 

need'',  ntd,  v.  1.  t.  To  be  in  want  of;  require. 

II.  i.    To  be  necessary  or  required. 

need,  n.  1.  A  lack  of  something  requisite  or 
desirable;  hence,  indigence.  2.  A  situation  of 
want  or  peril.  [<  AS.  w^c?,  need.]  —  iieed'- 
fiil,  a.  Needed;  requisite;  necessary.— need'- 
less,  a.    Useless. 

nee'dl(e,  nl'dl,  n.  1.  Asma.l,  slender,  pointed 
instrument,  containing  an  eye  to  carry  thread 
through  a  fabric  in  sewing.  2.  The  rod  used 
in  knitting,  etc.  3.  A  straight  wire,  as  in  a 
compass.  [<  AS.  T^^rf^,  needle.]  —  nee'dl(e- 
fiil,  n.    As  much  thread  as  may  be  conveniently 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;  au  {fmiy,    ©il;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  {the)\   go;  sing,  ink;  tliin. 


needs 
net 


306 


used  In  a  needle  at  one  time.— nee'dKe- 
wom^'an,  n.    A  seamstress. 

needs,  nidz,  adv.   Necessarily;  indispensably. 

need'y,  nid'i,  a.  [need'i-er;  need'i-est.] 
Being  in  need,  want,  or  poverty;  necessitous. 

ne'er,  nar,  adv.    Never:  a  contraction. 

ne-fa'ri-ous,  ne-fe'ri-us,  a.  Wicked  in  the 
extreme;  heinous.    [<  L.  ne.,  not,  -\-for.,  utter.] 

ne-ga'tion,  ne-ge'shun,  w.  1.  Negative  state- 
ment; denial.  12.  Absence  of  anything  aflfirma- 
tive.     [  <  L.  negatio{n-),  <  nego,  deny.] 

neg'a-tiv(e,  neg'a-tiv.  I.  'vt.  [-tiv(e)d  ; 
-Tiv-iNG.]  To  contradict;  veto.  II.  a.  1. 
Containing  or  characterized  by  denial  or  re- 
fusal. 2.  Expressing  negation.  III.  n.  1. 
Something  expressing  negation.  2.  The  side 
of  a  question  that  denies.  3.  The  right  to 
veto.  4.  Phot.  A  picture  having  the  lights  and 
shades  reversed.  5.  Gram.  A  particle  em- 
ploying or  expressing  denial.    [  <  L.  negativus, 

<  tiego;  see  negation.] 

neg-lect',  neg-lect'.  I**,  vt.  1.  To  fail  to  treat 
with  attention.  2.  To  ignore.  3.  To  fail  to 
perform  through  carelessness  or  oversight.  II. 
n.  1.  The  state  of  being  neglected.  2.  Ha- 
bitual want  of  attention.  [<  L.  negligo  (pp. 
neglecttts).,  <  nee,  not,  +  l^QO,  gather.]  —  neg- 
lect'ful,  a.    Exhibiting    neglect,     -ly,  adv. 

neg^'li-gee',  neg'li-zhe'.  I.  a.  Appearing 
careless  in  dress.  II.  n.  Unceremonious  at- 
tire.    [<  F.  negligee.,  neglected.] 

neg^li-gent,  neg'li-jgnt,  a.  1.  Apt  to  omit 
what  ou^ht  to  be  done;  neglectful.  2.  Uncon- 
ventional, -ly,  arfi;.  — neg'Ii-gence,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  neglecting.  *Z,  An  act  of  neglect. 
3.  Disregard  for  appearances.— neu'li-Ki- 
blle,  n.    That  may  be  disregarded. 

ne-go'ti-ate,  n§-go'shi-et,  v.  [-a'ted"!; 
-A'TiNo.]     I.  t.     1.  To  treat  for  by  bargain. 

2.  To  transfer  for  a  value  received,  as  a  note. 
II.  i.  To  treat  or  bargain  with  others.  [<  L. 
negotiatus,  pp.  of  fiegotior,  traffic]  —  ne-go'- 
tia-bl(e,  a.  That  may  be  negotiated.  —  ne- 
Ko'^ti-a'tion*  n.  The  act  of  negotiating. 

ne'gro,  ni'grO,  n.  [-guoes,  pL]  One  of  the 
blacks  of  Africa,  or  their  descendants.  [Sp.,  < 
L.  niger.,  black.]  —  ne'gress,  nt'gres,  n.fem. 

neign,  ne.    I.  vi.    To  utter  the  cry  of  a  horse. 

II.  n.    A  whinny.     [<  AS.  hndgan,  neigh.] 
neighbor,  ne'b§r.  I.  vt.  To  adjoin  or  border 

on;  live  or  be  near  to.     III.  a.     Neighboring. 

III.  n.  1.  One  who  lives  near  another.  2. 
One  who  is  near;  a  friend.   [<  AS.  neahgebili\ 

<  nedh,  mg\ -\- gebar^  inhaoitant.]  neigb.'- 
iJOUrt.— nelgh'bor-hood,  n.  1.  The  region 
near  where  one  Is  or  resides;  vicinity,    'i.  The 

Ciople  In  the  vicinity.    3.  Nearness.— iielgh'- 
or-iiiff,    a.     Adjacent.— noiarli'bor-ly,   a. 
Ap|)ropmtc  to  a  neighbor;  sociable, 
nei'ther,  iii'ilhi^ro/Miul'dhv'r.  I.  a.  Noteither. 
II.  proii.     Not  the  one  nor  the  other.    III. 
conj.   1.  Not  one  nor  the  other.    2.  Not  at  all. 

3.  Nor  yet.     \_<  A^.  ndther.'] 
Neni^e*si8,  nem'g-sls,  n.     1.  Gr.  Myth.  The 

foddess  of  chaetisement  and  vengeance.     2. 
n-]  Hence,    retributive   justice;    retribution. 
L.,  <  Gr.  Nemesis,  <  nemd,  distribute.] 
ne-ol'o-g^,  n.    1.  The  using  of  new  words  or 
new  meanings.     2.  The  origination  of  new 
views  or  ideas.    [<  Gr.  neos,  new,  +  -logy.] 
ne'o-pliyte,  nt'o-falt,  n.    1.  A  recent  con- 


vert. 2.  A  novice.  [<  Gr.  neoSy  new,  + 
phyo.,  produce.] 

neph'ew,  nef 'iu  or  nev'yu,  n.  The  son  of  a 
sister  or  a  brother.  [<  F.  neveu.,  <  L.  r}eix)s 
{nepot-).,  grandson,  nephew.]  —  nep'o  -  twm, 
nep'o-tizm,  n.  Favoritism  extended  toward 
nephews  or  other  relatives. 

Nep'tune,  nep'tiun  or  nep'chun,  n.  1.  Rom. 
Myth.  The  god  of  the  sea.  2.  The  most  re- 
mote planet  of  the  solar  system.  3.  The  ocean. 
[<  L.  Neptunus^  sea»god.] 

Ne're-id,  nl're-id  or  ne'-,  n.  [Ne-re'i-des, 
ng-ri'i-diz  or  ne-re'i-des,  or  Ne're-ids*,  pl.'\ 
Gr.  Myth.  One  of  the  sea^nymphs.  [<  Gr.*- 
Nereis,  <  Nereus,  Nereus,  a  sea=god.] 

nerv(e,  ngrv.  I.  vt.  [nerv(e;d;  nerv'ing.I 
To  imbue  with  nerve  or  vigor ;  supply  with 
resolution.  II.  «.  l.J^na^.  A  cord 'like  struc- 
ture, composed  of  delicate  filaments,  by  which 
sensations  or  volitions  are  transmitted  to  or 
from  the  brain,  etc.  2.  A  tendon.  3.  Any- 
thing likened  to  a  nerve.  4.  Coolness;  intre- 
pidity. 5.  pi.  Nervous  excitability.  [<  L.^ 
nervus,  sinew.]  —  nerv(e'less,  a.  Destitute  of 
nerve  or  force.— nerv'inCe,  nerv'ln.  I,  o.  Per- 
taining to  the  nerves.  II.  n.  Any  medicine  act- 
ing on  the  nerves. 

nerv'ous,  ngrv'us,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  af- 
fected by  the  nerves.  2.  Easily  disturbed  or 
agitated.  3.  Abounding  in  nerve-force.  [<L. 
nervosus,  sinewy.]    -ly,  adv.   -ness,  n-. 

nes'cience,  nesh'igns,  n.  The  state  of  not 
knowing;  ignorance.  [<  L."^  nescio,  be  igno- 
rant.] —  nes'cient,  a. 

-ncss.  A  suffix  added  to  adjectives  and  participles 
to  form  abstract  nouns  expressing  quality  or 
state;  as,  darknes*,  indebtedness.  [<  AS. -n««, 
-nis,  -ness,  etc.] 

nest'',  nest,  ??.  1. 1.  1.  To  place  in  a  nest.  2. 
To  supply  with  nests.  3.  To  place  one  inside 
another.  II.  i.  1.  To  build  a  nest.  2.  To 
hunt  for  nests.     [<  AS.  nistan,  <  nest,  nest.] 

nest,  n.  1.  The  habitation  prepared  by  n  bird 
for  the  rearing  of  its  young.  2.  The  bed  or 
home  of  insects,  etc.  3.  Any  cozy  place  of 
abode.  4.  A  haunt;  den.  5.  A  set  or  similar 
things  fitting  into  each  other.    [<  AS.  nest.^ 

—  neMt'seirK",  n.  1.  An  egg  kept  In  a  nest 
to  attract  a  fowl.  JJ,  Something  laid  by  as  a  basis 
for  accumulation. 

nes'tl(e,  nos'l,  v.  [nes'tl(e)d;  nes'tlino.] 
I.  /.  1.  To  place  in  a  nest;  shelter.  2.  To 
cuddle;  fondle.  II.  i.  1.  To  lie  cozily  and 
snugly.  2.  To  build  a  nest.  3.  To  cuddle.  [< 
AS.  vestlian,  <  vest,  nest.]  —  nes'lllng.  I. 
a.  Recently  hatched.  II.  «.  A  bird  too  young 
to  leave  the  nest. 

net',  net,  v.  [net'ted<*;  net'tino.I  I.  /.  1. 
To  catch  In  a  net;  ensnare.  2.  To  form  into  a 
net.  3.  To  restrain  with  a  net.  II.  i.  1.  To 
make  network.    2.  To  use  nets. 

net'"",  vt.    To  earn  or  yield  as  clear  profit. 

net,  a.  Free  from  everything  extraneous;  ob- 
tained after  deducting  all  expenses.  [F.,  <  L. 
nitidus,  shining,  <  tiiteo,  shine.] 

net,  n.  1.  An  optm  fabric  for  the  capture  of 
fishes,  birds,  etc.  2.  Some  o|>enwork  fabric, 
as  lace.  3.  Anything  constructed  with  meshes. 
4.  That  whicli  entangles.     [<  AS.  mt.] 

—  net' work",  n.  1 .  A  fabric  of  openwork; 
netting.    *Z*  A  system  of  cross-llnes. 


papfi,  Cfsk;  at,  lllr;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  nsfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  <»h;  ©rat^r,  «r;  full,  rOle;  but.  Or; 


307 


netlier 
nihil 


neth'er,  nedh'gr,  a.  Situated  at  the  lowest 
part;  especially,  pertaining  to  the  parts  beneath 
the  heavens  or  the  earth.  [<  AS.  neothera^ 
under.]  —netWer-mo»t'^,  a.  supeii.     Lowest. 

net'ting,  net'ing,  n.  1.  A  fabric  of  openwork; 
a  net.    2.  The  act  or  operation  of  net^making. 

net'tle,  net'l.  l.vt.  [net'tled;  net'tling.] 
To  prick  or  sting;  irritate.  II.  n.  1.  A  com- 
mon herb,  with  nnperfect  flowers  and  minute 
stinging  hairs.  2.  A  condition  of  irritation. 
[<  AS.  netle,  nettle.]  —  net'llesfe'^ver,  n.  An 
eriiptivp  sknisdisease.    net'tlesrash'-'t. 

neur-al'gi-a,  niur-al'ji-a,  n.     An  acute  par- 
oxysmal pain  over  the  local  distribution  of  a 
nerve.     [<  Gr.  neuron,  nerve,  -\-  algos,  pain.] 
—  neur-al'gic,  a. 

neu'ter,  niu'tgr.  I.  a.  1.  Neither  masculine 
nor  feminine.  2.  Neutral.  II.  w.  1.  A  neutral. 
2.  A  sexless  insect.  3.  A  neuter  noun.  [L., 
<  ?ie,  not,  -f-  uter,  either.] 

neu'tral,  niu'tral.  I.  a.  1.  Refraining  from 
interference  in  a  contest.  2.  Having  no  de- 
cided character.  3.  Neuter.  II.  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  refrains  from  interfering 
between  belligerents.  [<  L.  neidralis,  <  neu- 
ter, NEUTER.]  —  neu-tral'i-ty,  n.  [-ties^, pi.] 
The  state  of  being  neutral.— neu'tral-ize, 
neu'tral-ise,  vt.  1.  To  declare  to  be  neutral. 
2.  To  make  neutral  or  of  no  effect. 

nev'er,  nev'gr,  arlv.  Notever;  not  at  any  time ; 
positively  not.     [  <  AS.  ne,  not,  -f  ^fre,  ever.] 

nev''er-tlie-less',  conj.  &  adv.  None  the 
less;  notwithstanding;  yet. 

new,  niu,  a.  1.  Recently  come  into  existence 
or  use;  latelymade.  2.  Lately  discovered.  3. 
Renewed.  4.  Changed.  5.  Another;  different. 
[  <  AS.  niwe,  new.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

new'el,  niu'el,  n.  1.  A  post  from  which  the 
steps  of  a  winding  stair  radi- 
ate. 2.  A  post  at  the  end  of 
a  stair*  or  hand»rail.  [  <  LL.op 
nucalis,  of  a  nut,  <  L.  nux., 
nut.] 

New'found-land,  nifl'- 
f  und-land,  n.  One  of  a  breed 
of  large  dogs  from  Newfound- 
land. 

news,  niiiz,  n.  1.  Fresh  in- 
formation concerning  some- 
thing that  has  recently  taken 
place.  2.  Anything  new.  [< 
NEW,  a.,  representing  F.  nou- 
velles.}--news'hoy'\n.  A  boy 
whosellsordelivers  newspapers, 
ger,  n.  A  gossip.—  newa'pa'^per,  n.  A  pub 
lication  issued  for  general  circulation  at  frequent 
intervals.- news'y,  a.   [Colloq.]   Full  of  news. 

newt,  niut,  n.  One  of  various  small  aquatic 
salamander'like  amphibians. 

next,  next.  I.  a.  1.  Being  only  one  step  re- 
moved. 2.  Nearest  in  place.  II.  adv.  Im- 
mediately succeeding,  ill.  prep.  Nearest  to. 
[<  AS.  nekst,  superl.  of  nedh,  nigh.] 

nib,  nib.  1.  vt.  [nibbed;  nib'bing.]  To  fur- 
nish with  a  nib.  II.  n.  A  projecting  part; 
beak  or  neb;  point  of  a  pen.    [<  AS.  neb.] 

nib1>le,  nib'l.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [nib'bled;  nib'- 
BLiNG.]  To  bite  off  small  bits  of;  eat  little  bits. 
II.  n.  The  act  of  nibbling;  a  little  bite.  [Freq. 
of  nip',  v.]—  nib'bler,  n. 


Newel  of  Stone 
in  a  Winding 
Stair. 

-neiivs'inon^ 


nice,  nais,  a.  [ni'cer;  ni'cest.]  1.  Refined 
and  scrupulous  in  tastes  or  habits.  2.  Requir- 
ing careful  consideration.  3.  Acute,  4.  Ac- 
curate. [F.,  <  L.  nescius,  ignorant,  <  ne,  not, 
-{- scio,  know.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. —  ni-'ce-ty, 
n.  [-TIES",  pl,~i  1.  The  quahty  of  being  nice. 
3.  Something  that  is  nice;  subtlety;  delicacy. 

nicta.e,  nich,  n.  A  recessed  space  or  hollow,  as 
in  a  wall.    [F.] 

nick's  nic,  vt.    To  make  a  nick  in. 

nick^t,  vt.  &  vi.  To  hit,  fit,  or  suit  exactly; 
tally.    [A  use  of  nick',  n.] 

nick',  71.  1.  A  slight  cut  or  indent;  notch.  2. 
A  score  or  tally.     [A  form  of  nock,  n.] 

nick^,  n.    A  point  of  time;  critical  moment. 

nick^el,  nik'gl,  n.  1.  A  hard,  malleable,  duc- 
tile, magnetic  metal.  2.  A  U.  S.  five=cent 
piece.  [Sw.j  abbr.  of  kopparnickel,  mineral 
containing  nickel.] 

nick'nack'',  nic'nac",  n.  Same  as  knickknack. 

nick'name",  nic'nem".  I.  vt.  To  give  a 
nickname  to.  II.  n.  A  familiar  name  given 
sometimes  in  derision  and  sometimes  in  com- 
pliment. [ME.  an  ekename,  nekename;  see 
AN,  eke,  and  name.] 

nic'o-tin,    I  nic'o-tin, -tin  or -tin,  w.  Apoison- 

nic'o-tine,  )  ous  alkaloid  contained  in  the 
leaves  of  tobacco.  [  <  Jean  Nicot,  who  intro- 
duced tobacco  into  France.]        [sister.    [OF.] 

niece,  nts,  n.    The  daughter  of  a  brother  or 

nig'gard,  nig'ard.    I.  a.  Sordidly  parsimoni- 
ous; stingy.    II.  n.    A  meanly  parsimonious 
ferson.     [<  Ice.  linoggr,  stingy.]  —  nig'gard- 
y,  a.  &  adv.—  nig^gard-li-ness,  n. 

nig'ger,  nig'gr,  n.  A  negro:  now  vulgar.  [< 
F.  negre,  negro.] 

nigli,  nai.  I.  a.  [nigh'er;  nigh'est  orNEXT.] 
1.  Being  close  by;  near.  2.  [Colloq.]  On  the 
left:  used  of  a  team.  11.  adv.  1.  Near.  2. 
Almost;  nearly.  III.  prep.  Close  to;  near. 
[<  AS.  nedh,  nigh.] 

night,  nait,  n.  1.  The  period  during  which 
the  sun  is  below  the  horizon.  2.  Evening.  3. 
A  condition  of  darkness  or  gloom.  4.  Death. 
[  <  AS.  niht,  night.]  —  night'cap'%  n.  A  head* 
covering  for  sleeping  in.— nigUffall'",  n.  The 
close  of  day.— night-gown'",  n.  A  loose  gown 
for  bed  or  bedroom  wear.— nigh t-'ly.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  night;  occurring  at  night.  II. 
adv.  By  night;  every  night.— night'inare'', 
n.  An  oppressive  condition  in  sleep,  accom- 
panied usually  by  bad  dreams.— night'shade^', 
n.  A  flowering  plant,  yield- 
ing medicinal  poisons. 

night^in-gale,  nait'in- 
gel,  n.  A  small  migratory 
bird,  noted  for  the  melodi- 
ous night'song  of  the  male. 
[<  AS.  nihtegale,  <  niht, 
night,  4-  galan,  sing.] 

ni'hil,  ndi'hil  or  ni'hil,  n. 
Nothing.     [L.]    nil$. 

—  ni'hil-isin,  w.  l.The 
doctrine  that  nothing  exists  Deadly  Nightshade, 
or  can  be  known,    a.  Origi-   «,  flowering  branch; 
nally,  m  Russia,  a  form  of     h  flower;  c,  fruit, 
social  doctrine  that  denied 

authority  of  any  kind;  recently,  a  revolutionism 
bent  on  the  overthrow  of  all  existing  institutions. 
[<  L.  nihil,  nothing,  <  ne,  not, -|-  Mlum,  trifle.] 

—  ni'hil-ist,   n.  — ni'^hil-is'tic,    a.  — ni- 
hil'i-ty,  n.    Nothingness. 


fiiitjflre   (future);    aisle;   au    {out);   eil;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   {th€);   go;    sing,    ii^k;  thin. 


nimble 
-nomy 


308 


niin'bl(e,  nim'bl,  a.  [nim'bler;  nim'blest.] 
Light  and  quick  in  motion  or  action;  agile. 
[<  AS.  Tivmvl,  <  niman,  take.] — nim'bly, 
ac?^).— nim'ble-ness,  n. 

nimbus,  nim'bus,  n.  [nim'bus-es  or  nim'bi, 
nim'bai  or  -M,  pL]  1.  A  dark,  heavy,  rain' 
bearing  cloud.  2.  Art.  A  halo  of  light  en- 
circling the  head.     [<  L.  nimbus.,  rain*cloud.] 

nine,  nain.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more 
than  eight.  II.  n.  1.  The  sum  of  eight  and 
one.  2.  A  symbol  representing  nine  units, 
as 9 or IX.  [<  AS.  nigon,  nine.]— nine'foW,  a. 
Nine  times  as  many.— nine'pins,  n.pl.  A  game 
similar  to  tenpins,  in  which  nine  large  wooden 
pins  are  employed.— nine'teen''.  I.  a.  Con- 
sisting of  nine  more  than  ten.  II.  n.  The  sum 
of  ten  and  nine;  also  its  symbols,  19  or  XIX. 
—  nine'teenth^'.  I.  «.  1.  Ninth  In  order 
after  the  tenth.  2.  Being  one  of  nineteen  equal 
parts.  II.  n.  One  of  nineteen  equal  parts  of 
anything.— nine'ti-eth.  I.  a.  1.  Tenth  In 
order  after  the  eightieth.  2,  Being  one  of 
ninety  equal  parts.  II.  n.  One  of  ninety  equal 
parts  of  anything.— nine'ty.  I.  a.  Consist- 
ing of  nine  times  ten.  II.  n.  [-TiEsi,i9Z.]  The 
sum  of  ten  and  eighty;  also  its  symbols,  90  or 
XC— ninth.  I.  a.  1.  Next  In  order  after  the 
eighth.  2.  Being  one  of  nine  equal  parts.  II, 
n.    One  of  nine  equal  parts.—  ninth'Iy,  adv. 

nin'ny,  nin'i,  n.  [nin'nies*,  pL]  A  simple- 
ton; dunce.     [Cp.  It.  ninno,  Sp.  nino,  child.] 

nipi,  nip.  I.  vt.  [nipped*;  nip'ping.]  1. 
To  cut,  bite,  or  i)inch  slightly  and  fsnddenly. 

2.  To  bite  or  sting,  as  by  frost.  II.  n.  1. 
The  act  of  compressing  sharply;  a  pinch.  2. 
A  biting,  pinchmg,  or  clipping  off.  [ME.  nip- 
pen;  cp.  D.  knippen,  nip.]  [dram. 

nip2.    I.  vi.    To  take  a  drink.    II.  n.  A  small 

nip'per,  nip'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  nips.  2.  One  of 

various  tools  for  nipping;    pincers  or  tongs. 

3.  An  incisor,  as  of  a  horse. 

nip'ple,  nip'l,  n.  1.  The  cone-shaped  proc- 
ess of  the  breast;  a  pap;  teat.  2.  A  protuber- 
ance to  receive  a  percussion»cap.  3.  A  small 
tubular  pipe-fitting.     [Dim.  of  nib,  neb.] 

nit,  nit,  n.  The  egg  of  a  louse  or  other  insect; 
a  small  speck.     [<  AS.  h?iitu.] 

ni'ter,  nai'tgr,  n.  A  crystalline  white  salt; 
saltpeter;  potassium  nitrate.  [<  F.  nitre,  < 
L.  nitmm,  <  Gr.  nitron,  soda.]    ni'tre+. 

nitr-,     J  Cohibining  forms.     [<  ^L.  nitritm, 

nitri-,    V niter  (<  L.  nitrvm;  see  niter).]  "  In- 

nitro-.  )  dicating  in  chemistry  the  presence  of 
nitrogen  in  some  form. —  nl'trate,  nai'tret,  n. 
A  salt  of  nitric  acid.- ni'tric,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  obtained  from  niter.—  nitric  acid,  a  color- 
less, highly  corrosive  liquid,  for  dissolving  met- 
als, aqua  fortint.— iii^tro-ffcn,  noi'tro-Jen, 
n.  An  odorless,  colorless,  gaseous  element  form- 
ing four-ttfths  of  till!  volume  of  the  air.— ni'- 
tro-gen-izc,  nai'tro-icn-uiz  o?'nol-trej'en-aiz, 
vt.  To  treat  or  couiblne  with  nitrogen.  — ni- 
troff'e-nouH,  nol-trej'e-nus,  a.  Pertaining  to 
nitrogen. —  ni''tro-tfIyc'er-ln,  n.  A  light- 
yellow  oily  explosive  liquid  made  by  treating 
glycerin  with  nitric  acid.  —  ni'troum,  nal'trus, 
a.   Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  niter. 

no',  no.  I.  a.  Not  any:  none.  II.  n.  [noess 
pi.)  A  negative  reply.  HI.  adv.  Not  in  any 
wise;  in  no  case.    [<  AS.  «<?n;  see  none,  a.] 

no'.  I.  adv.  1.  Nay;  not  so;  not:  opposed 
\joye8.  2.  Not.  II.  cw^/.  Nor.  [<  AS.wfl, 
<  ne,  not,  +  ^i  ever.] 


nob,  neb.  n.  1.  [Humorous.]  The  head.  2. 
A  knob.     [Form  of  knob.] 

nobble,  no'bl.  I.  a.  [no'bler;  no'blest.] 
1.  Exalted  in  character  or  quality.  2.  Aris- 
tocratic, 3.  Imposing;  magnificent.  4.  Pre- 
cious. II.  n.  A  nobleman;  peer.  —  no- 
bil'i-ty,  71.  [-TTESI. ;??.]  1.  The  state  of  be- 
ing noble,  as  In  character  or  rank.  2.  The  peer- 
age; aristocracy.  [F.,  <  L.  nobilis,  well  known, 
<  nosco,  know.]— no'ble-man,  n.  [-MEjf,pZ.] 
A  man  of  noble  rank;  peer.— no'ble-ness,  n. 
—  no'bly,  adv.    In  a  noble  manner. 

no^bod'^y,  nO'bed"i  ornO'b§d-i,  n.    [-IES^  pl.'\ 

1.  No  person.  2.  [Colloq.]  A  person  of  no 
estimation. 

noc'tum,  nec'turn,  n.  Eccl.  A  service  held 
at  night.  [<  F.  nocturne,  <  L.  nocturnus, 
nightly.]  — noc-tur'nal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
night;  occurring  at  night;  seeking  food  by  night. 

2.  Relating  to  a  nocturn. 

nod,  ned,  v.     [nod'ded'I;   nod'ding.]     I.  t. 

1.  To  incline  or  bend  forward,  as  the  head. 

2.  To  signify  by  a  nod.  3.  To  effect  by  means 
of  a  nod.  II.  i.  To  incline  the  head  or  top. 
2.  To  be  drowsy.   [Cp.  dial.  G.  notteln,  shake.] 

nod,  n.  A  forward  and  downward  motion  of 
the  head  or  top.  [tuously. 

nod^dle,  ned'l,  n.  The  head:  used  contemp- 
node,  nod,  n.  1.  A  knot  or  knob;  swelling. 
2.  i?o/.  The  joint  of  astern.  3.  J/a^/i.  A  point 
at  which  a  curve  cuts  or  crosses  itself.  4.  The 
point  where  the  orbit  of  a  heavenly  body  in- 
tersects the  ecliptic.     [F.,  <  L.  nodus,  knot.] 

—  no'dal,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  node.  — no'- 
dose,  a.  Having  nodes  or  knots;  knobby.— 
no-do8'i-ty,  n.  Knottlness.- nod'ule,  n.  A 
little  knot,  lump,  or  node.— nod'ii-lar,  a. 

noise,  neiz.  I.  vt.  [noised;  nois'ing.]  1. 
To  spread  by  rumor  or  report.  2.  To  disturb 
with  noise.  "ll.  n.  1.  A  sound  of  any  kind, 
especially  a  disturbing  sound.  2.  Clamor;  dis- 
cussion. [  <  F.  noise,  quarrel.]  —  noise'less,  a. 
Causing  or  making  no  noise;  silent.—  nois'y,  a. 
[nois'i-er;nois'i-est.]  1,  Making  a  loud  noise. 
*J.  Characterized  by  noise. —  nois'i-ly,  adv.— 
nois'i-ness, «. 

noi^some,  nei'sum,  a.  Very  offensive,  par- 
ticularly to  the  sense  of  smell;  also,  noxious. 

[  <  -NOY,  suffix  of  annoy.] 

nom'ad,  nem'ad.  I.  a.  Nomadic.  II.  n. 
A  rover;  one  of  an  unsettled,  wandering  race. 
[<  h.  noma(d-)s,  <  Gr.  7wma{d-)s,  ro\iug,  < 
nemo,  graze.]  — no-mad'io,  a.  1 .  Pertaining 
to  nomads;  roaming.    2.  Unsettled. 

no'men-cla'^ture,  no'men-cle'chur  or-tiQr, 
n.  A  system  of  names,  as  used  in  any  art  or 
science.      [<  L.  no7ne)iclatura,  list  of  names.] 

nom'i-nal,  nem'i-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
name;  existing  in  name  only;  inconsiderable. 
[<  L.  nonnnalis,  <  nomsn,  name.]    -ly,  adr. 

nom'i-nate,  nemM-net,  r/,  [-na'ted"!;  -na"- 
TiNO.]  To  name;  designate  as  a  candidate.  [< 
L.  nominafus,  pp.  of  noinino,  <  notnen,  name.] 

—  nom'^i-nn'rion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  nomina- 
ting. '2,  The  power  of  appointment.— noiii'i- 
na«tlv(e.  1.  a.  Gram.  Naming  or  being  the 
subject  of  a  sentence.  II.  /(.  The  case  of  the 
subject  of  a  finite  verb;  the  nominative  case.— 
noni'i-nn''tor,  7i.  One  who  nominates.— 
nom"i-n«'<*',  7>.  Onewho  receives  a  nonilnation. 

-nomy.  A  suffix,  denoting  "the  science  of  ";  as, 
astro /jomy.  [<  6r.  -nomta,  <  nomos,  law,  < 
nem!i,  distribute.] 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  U8§ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


30d 


non- 
not 


non-,  prefix.  Not.  [<  L.  non,  <  «6,  not,  + 
oinom.,  unum.,  ace,  one.]  Non-  is  the  Latin 
negative  adverb  adopted  as  an  English  prefix. 
It  denotes  in  general  simple  negation;  as,  '■'■non' 
attendance,"  lack  of  attendance;  " /iOrt=com- 
missioned,"  not  commissioned.    Compare  ?/n-. 

—  iion^scon-duc'tor,  n.  Something  that 
offers  resistance  to  the  passage  of  some  form  of 
energy;  as,  a  non^cnndHctor  of  heat  or  electricity. 
—  iioii''jcoii-form'i8t,  n.  One  who  does  not 
conform  to  established  usage;  a  dissenter.— 
nou''=('iMi-foriii'i-ty,   n.—  non'dc-script. 

I.  a.  Indescribable;  odd.  II.  n.  A  person  or 
thing  very  odd  and  difficult  to  describe.— non- 
en'ti-ty,  n.  [-tiesi,  pl.'i  1.  The  negation  of 
being;  non»exlstence.  '•Z,  A  person  or  thing  of 
no  consideration;  a  nothing.  —  non^sres'i- 
dent.  I.  a.  Not  resident  in  a  place.  II.  n. 
One  not  permanently  residing  in  a  particular 
place.— non'^sres'i-deuce,  n. 

non''age,  nen'ej,  n.      The  period  of  minority. 

non"a-ge-na'ri-ail,  nen'a-jg-ne'ri-an.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  nineties.  U.  n.  A  per- 
son between  the  ages  of  ninety  and  a  hundred. 
[<  L.  nonagenariuo^  of  ninety.] 

nonce,  nens,  n.  Present  time  or  occasion. 
[ME.  the  nones.,  misdivision  of  then  ones.] 

non'^cba-lance',  neft'sha-larts'  or  nen'sha- 
lans,  n.    A  state  of  mind  indicating  jaunty  in- 
difference or  unconcern.     [F.,  <  nonchalant, 
ppr.  of  OF.  nonchaler,  neglect.] 
— non"cha-lant',  a. 

none,  nun.  I.  a.  Not  one;  no  one:  no.  H. 
j)ron.  Not  one;  no  one;  no  part.  III.  adv. 
In  no  respect.     [<  AS.  ne,  not,  +  «"'  one.] 

non''pa-reir,  nen"pa-rel'.  I.  a.  Of  un- 
equaled  excellence.  II.  n.  1.  Something  of 
unequaled  excellence.  2.  The  size  of  type  in 
which  this  paragraph  is  printed.  3.  One  of 
various  birds.  [F.,  <  non,  not(<  L.  non;  see 
NON-),  +  pareil,  equal,  ult.  <  L.  par,  equal.] 

non'plus,  nen'plus.  I.  vt.  [non'plused'  or 
-PLUssEi)';  non'plus-ing  or  -plus-sing.]  To 
bring  to  a  stand  by  disconcerting.  II.  n.  A 
perplexity.     [<  L.  nofi,  not,  -\- pliis,  more.] 

non^sense,  nen'sens,  n.  1.  That  which  is 
without  sense,  or  without  good  sense;  absurd- 
ity.    2.  [Colloq.]     Things  of  no  importance. 

—  non-sen'sic-al,  a. 

non'suit",  nen'siut'.  Law.  I<^.  vt.  To  or- 
der the  dismissal  of  the  suit  of.  II.  n.  1. 
The  abandonment  of  a  suit.  2.  A  judgment 
dismissing  a  suit.  [<  OF.  non  suit,  he  does 
not  follow.] 

noo'dlei,  nu'dl,  n.    [Colloq.]    A  simpleton. 

noo'dle^,  n.  A  strip  of  dried  dough,  for  serv- 
ing ill  soup,  etc.     [<  G.  nndd,  macaroni.] 

nook,  nuk,  n.  A  narrow  and  retired  place.  [< 
Gael,  niuc,  nook.] 

noon,  niin,  n.  That  time  of  day  when  the  sun 
is  in  the  meridian.  [<  AS.  non,  <  L.  nona, 
fem.  of  nonus,  ninth.]  —  noon'day'''.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  midday.  II.  n.  The  middle  of  the 
day.— uooii'iiig,  n.  A  time  of  rest  taken  at 
noon.—  nooii'tide''.    I.  a.  Occurring  at  noon. 

II.  n.    The  tiiue  of  midday. 

noose,  nus.    I.  vt.     [noosed';  noos'ing.]    1. 

To  capture  with  a  noose;  ensnare;  hang.     2. 

To  tie  in  or  provide  with  a  noose.    II.  n.    A 

slip-knot.     [Prob.  <  L.of+f  nodus,  knot.] 
nor,  ner,  conj.    And  not;  likewise  not.  [Contr. 

of  ME.  nother,  var.  of  neither,  neither.] 


Noria. 
Average  or  mean 


no'ri-a,  no'ri-a,  n.    A  water»raising  apparatus 

consisting  of  a  large  wheel 

having  buckets  on  its  rim: 

used  in  the  Levant,  Spain, 

etc.     [Sp.,  <  Ar.  nd'ora.] 
nor'mal,   ner'mal.    I.  a. 

I .  Conformed  to  a  type  or 
standard.  2.  Model.  3. 
Geo7n.  Perpendicular.  4. 
Physics.    Average;  mean. 

II.  n.  1.  A  usual  or  ac- 
cepted rule  or  process.  2. 
value.     [<  L.  normalis,  <  norma,  rule.] 

—  normal  school,  a  school  for  the  training 
of  pupils  to  become  teachers. 

Nor'man,  ner'man.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Normandy,  or  to  the  Normans.  II.  n.  A  na- 
tive of  Normandy.  [OF.,  <  Dn.  Normand, 
<  noi-d,  north,  -4-  mand,  man.] 

Norse,  ners.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Scandinavian 
countries,  or  to  their  peoples  or  languages.  II. 
n.  The  Scandinavian  languages,  especially  the 
Icelandic.     [<  Ice.  Korskr,  <  nordhr,  north.] 

—  Norse'inan,   ners'man,   n.     An  ancient 
Scandinavian.    Nortli'manj. 

nortb,  north.  I.  a.  1.  Lying  toward  or  in  the 
north.  2.  Issuing  from  the  north.  II.  n.  1. 
One  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  com- 
pass: opposed  to  south.  2.  Any  region  north 
of  a  given  point.  ILL.  adv.  Toward  the  north; 
northerly.  [<  AS.  north.]  — noviWe&si',  n. 
That  point  of  the  horizon  lying  midway  between 
north  and  east;  any  region  lying  toward  that 
point. —  nortli'^east',  a.  &  ad*'.  — iiortli''- 
east'er,  n.  A  gale  or  storm  coming  from  the 
northeast.—  nortli'''east'er-ly,  «.— nortli''^- 
east'ern,  o.  —  north'iuosf ,  «.- nortli'- 
ward,  a.  Directed  or  lying  toward  the  north.— 
north' ward,  north' wards,  adv.  In  a 
northerly  direction.  — north'ward-ly,  a.  & 
ad».  —  north^'west',  n.  That  point  of  the 
compass  lying  midway  between  north  and  west; 
any  region  situated  toward  that  point.— north''- 
>vest',  a.  &  adv.— uorth^'west'er,  n.  A 
gale  from  the  northwest.— north'' ^vest'er- 
ly,  a.— nortli"^vest'ern,  a. 

north'er,  n.  A  north  wind  or  gale.—  north'- 
er-ly,  <f.  &  rtd».— north'ern.  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  north.  3.  Directed  toward  or 
coming  from  the  north.  II.  m.  A  northerner. 
—  north'ern-er,  n.  One  residing  In  the  north. 

Nor-we'gi-an,  ner-wi'ji-an,  n.  1.  A  native 
of  Norway.    2.  The  language  of  Norway. 

nose,  nOz,  v.  [nosed;  no'sing.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  perceive  by  smell.  2.  To  touch  with  the 
nose.  3.  To  discover  by  prying.  4.  To  ut- 
ter nasally.    II.  i.  To  explore  pryingly;  snuff. 

nose,  n.  1.  That  part  of  the  face  of  an  ani- 
mal containing  the  nostrils  and  the  organ  of 
smell.  2.  The  power  of  smelling.  3.  That 
which  resembles  a  nose;  aship'sprow;  a  spout, 
nozle,  etc.  [  <  AS.  nos^/,  nose.]  —  nose'gay ", 
71.     A  bouquet. 

nos'tril,  nes'tril,  n.  One  of  the  anterior  open- 
ings in  the  nose.  [<  AS.  nosthyrl,  <  7iosu, 
nose,  4-  thyrl,  hole.] 

nos'trum,  nes'trum,  n.  1.  A  favorite  remedy; 
patent  medicine;  quack  recipe.  2.  Anything 
savoring  of  quackery.      [L.,  ours,  <  nos,  we.] 

not,  net,  adv.  In  no  manner,  or  to  no  extent: 
used  in  negation,  prohibition,  or  refusal. 
[<  AS.  nawiht;  see  naught.] 


fiutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dh   {the);   go;  sing,  ink-  thin. 


notable 
nullify 


310 


nO''ta-bl(e,nO'to-bl.  I.  a.  1.  Worthy  of  note 
or  observation.  2.  Eminently  careful  or  thrifty 
and  skilful.  II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  is 
worthy  of  note.     [F.,  <  L.  notabilis,  notable.] 

—  no'^ta-biFi-ty,  M.  [-ties*, |»Z.]  l.Nota- 
bleness.  2,  A  person  of  distinction.— no'ta- 
bly,  adv. 

no'ta-ry,  nO'ta-ri,  n.  [-kies'^,  jil.li  An  officer 
holding  a  seal  who  is  empowered  to  administer 
oaths,  take  depositions,  etc. ;  a  notary  public. 
[<  L.  notarius,  <  nota;  see  note,  w.]  — no- 
ta'ri-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  notary. 

no-ta'tion,  no-te'shun,  w.  1.  The  process  of 
noting  or  designating  by  figures,  etc.  2,  Any 
system  of  signs,  figures,'  etc.,  employed  in  any 
science  or  art,  especially  arithmetical  charac- 
ters.    [<  L.  notatio{n-),  <  nota;  see  note,  n.] 

notch.,  nech.  1^.  vt.  1.  To  make  a  notch  in. 
2.  To  adjust  the  notch  of  (an  arrow).  3.  To 
record  by  means  of  notches.  II.  n.  1.  A 
nick  or  mark  cut  in  anything.  2.  [Local,  U. 
S.]     A  narrow,  short  defile.     [Form  of  nock.] 

note,  not.  I.  vt.  [no'ted'I;  no'ting.]  1. 
To  take  notice  or  note  of.  2.  To  set  down,  as 
in  writing.  3.  To  annotate.  II.  n.  1.  An  out- 
ward sign.  2.  A  character  used  to  indicate 
something;  an  annotation;  memorandum.  3. 
A  communication  or  brief  letter.  4.  Notice; 
observation.  5.  High  importance;  distinction. 
6.  Mus.  (1)  A  character  indicating  the  length 
of  a  tone,  and  its  position  in  the  scale.  (2)  Any 
musical  sound.  (3)  A  key.  7.  A  sound;  es- 
pecially, a  melodious  sound;  tone.  8.  Cofn. 
A  signed  promise  by  one  party  to  another  to 
pay  a  certain  sum.  [F.,  <  L.  tiota,  <  notus, 
pp.  of  nosco.,  know.]  —  note'sbook'',  ti.  A 
book  in  which  to  enter  memoranda.—  no'ted,  a. 
Well  known  by  reputation  or  report.— note'- 
■wor'^thy,  a.    Worthy  of  note;  remarkable. 

notli'ing,  nuth'ing.  I.  n.  1.  Not  any  being 
or  existence;  no  thing.  2.  A  state  of  non- 
existence. 3.  A  trifle.  II.  adv.  In  no  de- 
gree; not  at  all.— noth'ins-ness,  n.  1.  Non- 
existence.   2.  Worthlessness. 

no'tice,  no'tis.  I.  vt.  [no'ticed';  no'tic- 
ING.]  1.  To  take  cognizance  of .  2.  To  refer 
to.  3.  To  make  remarks  upon.  4.  To  notify. 
II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  noticing  or  observing.  2. 
Intelligence.  3.  Respectful  treatment.  4.  An 
order  communicated.  [F.,  <  L.  notitia,  celeh- 
rity.]— no'tice-a-blCc  a.— no'tice-a-bly,  adv. 
—  no'ti-fy,  vt.  [-fied; -fy'ino.]  1.  To  give 
notice  to;  inform.  2.  To  publish.  — no"ti-li- 
CR/tion,  n.  1,  The  act  of  notifying.  3.  No- 
tice given. 

no'tion,  nO'shun,  n.  1.  A  mental  apprehen- 
sion; an  idea;  opinion.  2.  [Colloq.l  Inten- 
tion; also,  any  email  convenience.  [F.,  <  L. 
notioin-),  <  riotus,  pp.  of  nosco,  know.] 

—  no'tion-al,  a. 

no^'to-rt'e-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  ^.]  1.  The  char- 
acter of  being  notorious.  2.  Common  knowl- 
edge or  talk.  3.  One  who  or  that  which  is  no- 
torious. [<  1j.^  notorius,  making  known,  < 
no»co,  know.] —no- to' rl-ous,  a.  Being  pub- 
licly known  and  the  subject  of  general  unfavor- 
able remark.    m\y,  adp.     mneas,  n. 

not'^-witli-stand'in^,  nefwidh-stand'lng. 
I.  adv.  &  conj.  In  spite  of  the  fact;  never- 
theless,  n.  prep.  Withoutregard  to;  despite. 

nouffht,  ndt,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  naught. 


noun,  naun,  n.  Gram.  A  word  used  as  the 
name  of  a  thing;  a  substantive.  [OP.,  <  L. 
nomen,  name.] 

nour-'ish.',  nur'ish,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  furnish 
material  to  sustain  (a  living  organism).  2. 
Hence,  to  support.  3.  To  furnish  with  knowl- 
edge; educate.  II.  i.  To  promote  growth 
and  repair  waste.  [<  F.  nmirrir,  <  L.  nutrio, 
nurse.] — nour'ish-ment,  n.  1.  Nutriment. 
2.  The  act  of  nourishing.  3,  That  which  sus- 
tains or  promotes  growth. 

nov'el,  nev'elornev'l.  I.  a.  Of  recent  origin; 
new,  strange,  or  unusual.  II.  n.  A  fictitious 
tale,  assuming  to  portray  real  life  and  actual 
emotions.  [OF.,  <  L.  novellus,  dim.  of  novns, 
new.]  —  nov'el-ist,  ».  A  writer  of  novels.— 
nov''el-ette',  n.  A  short  novel.—  nov'el-ty, 
n.  [-ties*,  p;.]  1,  The  quality  of  being  novel. 
2.  Something  novel.     3.  An  innovation. 

No-vem'toer,  no-vem'bgr,  «.  The  eleventh 
month  of  the  year.  [<  L.  November,  Tiinth 
month  of  the  Roman  year,  <  novem,  nine.] 

nov'ice,  nev'is,  w.  1.  A  beginner;  tj'ro.  2. 
Specifically,  one  who  enters  a  religious  house 
on  probation.    [F.,  <  L.  novicius,  new.] 

—  no-vi'ti-ate,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
novice;  a  period  of  probation. 

novtr,  nau.  I.  n.  The  present  time  or  moment. 
II.  adv.  1.  At  once.  2.  At  or  during  the  pres- 
ent time.  3.  Recently.  4.  Things  being  so. 
[<  AS.  nu,  now.]  —  now'a-days",  a</v.  In 
the  present  time  or  age.— novt'  and  then, 
occasionally;  from  time  to  time. 

no'where'',  adv.    In  no  place  jor  state. 

no'wise'^,  adv.    In  no  manner  or  degree. 

nox'ious,  nec'shus,  a.  Causing,  or  tending  to 
cause,  injury;  pernicious.  [<  L.  noxius,  < 
noceo,  hurt.] 

noz^(e,    Inez'l,  w.    A  spout  for  discharge  of 

noz'zl(e,  j  liquid,  as  from  a  hose. 

nu'cle-us,  nia'clg-us,  n.  [-cle-i,  -cle-ai  w 
-I,  pL]  A  center  of  development;  central  mass; 
kernel.    [L.,  dim.  of  nux  {nuc-),  nut.] 

nude,  niud,  a.  Destitute  of  clothing;  naked; 
undraped;  bare.    [<  L.  nudifs,  naked,  bare.] 

—  nu-da'tion,  n.  The  act  of  making  nude. 
—  nu'di-ty,  n.  [-TiEs^pZ.]  The  state  of  being 
nude;  a  naked  part;  anything  unclad. 

nudge,  nuj.  I.  vt.  [nudged  ;  nudg'ing.] 
To  touch  or  push  gently,  as  with  the  elbow. 
II.  ti.  The  act  of  nudging.  [Form  of  knock.] 

nu'g;a-tO-ry,  niQ'ga-to-ri,  a.  1.  Having  no 
power:  inoperative.  2.  Having  no  worth  or 
meaning.     [  <  L.  nugatoi'ius,  <  nugae,  trifles.] 

nug'get,  nug'et,  «.  A  lump,  as  of  precious 
inetJiT.     [Dim.  of  fiug,  lump.] 

nui'sance,  niii'sans,  n.  1.  That  which 
annoys,  vexes,  or  harms.  2.  Anything  that  by 
its  use  or  existence  works  annoyance  or  dam- 
age to  another.    [P.,  <  LL.  noceidia,  hurt.] 

nul(l,  nul.  l.vt.  To  make  void;  annul.  II. 
a.  1.  Of  no  legal  force  or  effect;  void.  2. 
Having  no  existence.  3.  Of  no  avail.  III.  n. 
Something  that  has  no  force  or  no  meaning; 
a  cipher.    [<  L.  nnllus,  no,  none.] 

nul'li-fy,  nul'i-fai,  vt.  [fied:  -fy'ing.]  To 
deprive  of  force  or  effect;  annul.  [ <  LL.  milli- 
Jico,  <  L.  nullus  (see  null),  +  fdcio,  make.] 

—  niir'li-fl-ca'llon,  n.  The  act  of  nulU- 
fylng.— nul'll-fl^'er,  7i.— nul'Il-ty,  n.  [-ties*, 
pi.]   1,  The  state  of  being  null.  "2,  A  nonentity. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rflle;  but,  dr; 


311 


numb 
oath. 


iiuiu(b,  num.  I.  xt.  To  deprive  of  the  power 
of  sensation;  benumb.  II.  a.  Benumbed.  [< 
AS.  numeric  pp.  of  nwian^  take.]  —  numb'- 
iiess,  n.    The  state  of  being  numb. 

num'ber,  num'bgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  enumerate; 
count.  2.  To  reckon.  3.  To  designate  by 
number.  4.  To  amount  to.  II.  w.  1.  A  nu- 
meral. 2.  A  collection  of  units.  3.  The  science 
of  numerals.  4.  Oneof  a  numbered  series.  5. 
Poetic  measure.  [<  F.  nombrer,  <  L.  nwnero^ 
number.]  — nunn^ber-less,  a.  1.  Very  nu- 
merous. 3.  Having  no  number.— nu'iner-a- 
bl(e,  a.  That  may  benumbered.—nu'mer-al. 
I.  a.  1.  Used  in  expressing  a  number.  2.  Per- 
taining to  number.  II,  n.  A  symbol  or  word 
used  to  express  a  number.— nu'iner-a-ry,  a. 
Pertaining  to  numbers.— nu'mer-ate,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-a"ted<1;  -a"tinq.]  To  enumerate;  count.— 
nu"iiier-a'tion,  n.  1.  The  art  of  reading  or 
naming  numbers.  2.  Enumeration.— iiu'mer- 
a'^tor,  n.  1.  In  a  vulgar  fraction,  the  tenn  that 
denotes  how  many  of  the  parts  of  a  unit  are 
taken,  tj.  One  who  counts.— nn-iiier'ic-al, 
a.  1,  Pertaining  to  number,  ii.  Numerable. 
-ly,  cfrfv.  —  iiu'iner-oiis,  a.  Consisting  of  a 
great  number  of  units;  many. 

nu'''inis-mat''ic,  niu"mi8-mat'ic,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  coins  or  medals.  [<  L.  numisma,  <  Gr. 
nomisma,  coin,  custom.]  —  nu'^mis-mat'Ics, 
n.    The  science  of  coins  and  medals. 

num'skulCl",  num'skul",  n.  A  blockhead; 
dunce.    [<  numb,  +  skulli.] 

nun,  nun,  n.  A-woman  devoted  to  a  religious 
life,  and  living  in  a  convent.  [<  LL.^s  nnnna., 
non?ia,  nun,  mother.] — nun'ner-y, «.  [-ies^ 
pL]    A  convent  for  nuns. 

nun'ci-o,  nun'shi-O,  n.  1.  An  ordinary  am- 
bassador of  the  Pope  to  a  foreign  court.  2. 
Any  messenger.  [It.,  <  L.nuntius,  messenger.] 

nun-cu'pa-tiv(e,  nun-kiu'pa-tiv,  a.  Law. 
Oral  as  distinguished  from  written.  [  <  L.  nnn- 
cupo,  call  by  name.]    nun-cu'pa-to-ryj. 

nup^tial,  nup'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  marriage 
or  the  marriage  ceremony.  [  <  L.  nupfialis.,  < 
nuptus,  pp.  of  nubo.,  marry.]  —  nup'tials,  n.  pi. 
The  marriage  ceremony  or  state.  _ 

nurse,  niirs,  v.     [nursed*;  nurs'ing.]     I.  t. 

I.  To  care  for,  as  during  illness.    2.  To  suckle. 
3 .  To  promote  the  development  or  growth  of. 

II.  i.     1.  To  take  care  of  a  sick  person; 


suckle  a  babe.    2.  To  be  suckled  at  the  breast. 

nurse,  «.  One  who  nurses;  one  who  or  that 
which  fosters  and  promotes.  [<  F.  7iourrice, 
<  L.  nutrix,  <  nutrio,  feed.]  —  iiurs'er-y,  n. 
[-IES«,  pl.'\  1.  A  playroom  for  children.  ^,  A 
place  where  trees,  shrubs,  etc.,  are  raised  for  sale 
or  transplanting.— nurs'er-y-inan,  n.  One 
who  has  a  nursery  for  trees,  etc.— nurs'ling, 
n.    An  Infant. 

nur'ture,  niir'chur  w  -titjr.  I.  vt.  [nur'- 
tuked;  nur'tur-ing.]  1.  To  give  nourish- 
ment to,  2.  To  bring  or  train  up.  II.  «.  The 
act  of  nurturing;  that  which  nourishes  or 
fosters.  [OF.,  <  LL.  nutritura.  <  L.  niitrio, 
feed.] 

nut,  nut.    I.  m.     [nut'ted^;  nut'ting.]    To 

father  nuts.  II.  n.  1.  A  fruit  consisting  of  a 
ernel  or  seed  enclosed  in  a  woody  shell.  2. 
A  small  block  of  metal  having  an  internal 
screw==thread.  [<  AS.  hnutu,  nut.]— nut'- 
crack'''er,  n.  1,  A  de- 
vice for  cracking  nuts.  *i. 
One  of  certain  crow»like 
birds.- nut'gall'',  n. 
Bot.  A  gall.— nut'meg, 
«.  The  aromatic  kernel  of 
the  fruit  of  various  trees; 
also,  the  tree  itself  .—nut'-  1 
shelP^,  n.  The  shell  of  * 
a  nut.— nut'ty,  a.  1. 
Abounding  in  nuts.  ti. 
Having  the  flavor  of  nuts. 
nu'trl-ent,     niQ'tri-gnt. 

1.  rt.  1.  Giving  nourish- 
ment. 2.  Conveying  nu- 
trition. II.  w.  Something  that  nourishes.  [< 
L.  nuti^io,  feed.]  —  nu'tri-ment,  n.  1.  Food. 
»J.  That  which  promotes  development.—  nu- 
tri'tion,  n.  1.  The  process  by  which  growth  is 
promoted  and  waste  repaired  in  living  organisms. 
*J.  Nutriment.- nu-tri'tious,  a.  Nourishing. 
—  nu'tri-tivCe,  a.  1.  Having  nutritious  prop- 
erties.   'J5.  Pertaining  to  nutrition. 

ny-an'za,  ni-an'za,  n.  A  sheet  of  water;  lake; 

also,  a  river  feeding  a  lake.  [Afr.]  ny-as^sat. 
nympll,  nimf,  n.    1.  Afyth.  An  inferior  female 

divinity  inhabiting  a  grove,  forest,  spring,  etc. 

2.  [Poet.]  A  damsel.    3.  A  pupa  or  chrysalis. 
nym'phat.  [<  Gr.^  nymph?,  nymph,  bride.] 

—  nymph'al,  nym-phe'an,  a. 


1.  A  Hexagonal 
Lock*,  Jam»,  or 
Check-nut  above  a 
Square  Nut.  2.  A 
Thumb*,  Finger*, 
or  Wing»nut. 


0 


O,  o,0,w.    [OES,  O's,  or  <98,  Oz,/)?.]    l.Aletter: 

the  fifteenth  in  the  English  alphabet.     2.  An 

oval  or  circle. 
O,  0,  interj.    1.  An  exclamation  used  in  address 

or  as  expressive  of  a  wish  or  emotion.   2.  Same 

as  OH.    [<  AS.  ea.]  \alfr,  elf.] 

oaf,  of,  w.     A  changeling;  simpleton.  '[<  Ice. 
oak,  5k,  n.  1.  A  hard*wood,  acorn*bearing  tree 

much  valued  for  the  manufacture  of  timber. 

See  illus.  on  next  page.  2.  The  wood  of  the  oak. 

[<  AS.  ac,  oak.]  —  oak'en,  a.     Made  of  oak. 
oak'um,  Ok'um,  n.    Hemp*fiber  obtained  by 

untwisting  old  rope:  used  in  calking,  etc.     [< 

AS.  a-,  out,  -f  cemban,  comb.] 


oar,  Or.    I.  vt.    To  propel  with  an  oar;  use  as 
an  oar.    II.  n.    A  bladed  wooden  implement 
for  propelling  a  boat.     [<  AS.  ar,  oar.] 
—  oars'man,  n.    One  who  rows. 

o-'a-sis,  O'a-sis  or  o-e'sis,  n.  [o'a-ses,  -siz  or 
-ses,  pi.']  A  fertile  spot  in  a  waste  or  desert. 
[  <  Gr.  Oasis  (fertile  spot  in  Libyan  desert).] 

oat,  Ot,  n.  A  cereal  grass  or  its  edible  grain. 
[<  AS.  ate,  oat.]  —  oat'en,  a.  Made  of  oats. 
—  oat'meaF',  n.  The  meal  of  oats;  also,  por- 
ridge made  of  it. 

oatlL,  0th,  n.  1.  A  solemn  attestation  in  sup- 
port of  a  declaration,  by  an  appeal  to  God  or 
to  something  holy.     2.  A  blasphemous  use  of 


flutjflre  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   db  {the)\    go;  sing,  ink;  thiin. 


ob- 

oto serve 


ai2 


the  name  of  the  Deity  or  of  any  sacred  name. 
[<  AS.  dth,  oath.] 

ob-.  prefix.  Toward;  to;  against;  facing;  reversely; 
over;  near;  before;  up;  out,  upon;  about;  as,  ob- 
ject,  oftliqne.    [<  L.  06,  toward,  for,  against.] 

oto'du-rate,  eb'diu-ret,  a.  1.  I'nmoved  by 
feelings  of  humanity 
or  pity.  2.  Perversely 
impenitent.  3.  Un- 
yielding. [  <  L.  ob,  to, 
+  durus,  hard.]  -ly, 
adv.  -ness,  to.— ob'- 
dii-ra-cy,  n.  Obsti- 
nacy; obdurateness. 

o-be'di-ent,  o-bl'di- 
ent,  a.  Complying 
with  or  submitting  to 
a   behest,    law,    etc.;  _^____ 

dutiful.     [OF.,    <  L.        '^^UPWW^^'iV^^     I 
obcedien{t-)s,    ppr.    of 
obmdio,  obey.] — o-be'- 

«li-ent-ly,  adv.  ^'^^  "'^^• 

o-liei'sance,  o-bi'sans  or  o-be'sans,  n.  A 
courteous  bowing  or  a  bending  of  the  knee.  [  < 
F.  obeissance,  <  obeir,  obey.] 

oT)'el-isk,  eb'el-isk,  n.  1.  A  square  shaft 
with  pyramidal  top,  usually  monumental.  2. 
The  dagger«sign  (t)  used  as  a  mark  of  refer- 
ence.    [  <  Gr.i'  obeliskos,  pointed  pillar.] 

o-ljese',  o-bis',  a.  "Very  corpulent.  [<  h.  obe- 
ftxis,  fat.]  —  o-bes'i-ty,  n.     o-bese'nessl. 

o-toey',  o-bo',  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  do  the  bidding 
of.  2.  To  comply  with  or  carry  into  effect.  3. 
To  be  controlled  by.  II.  i.  To  yield  obedi- 
ence.    [  <  L.*"  ob,  near,  -f-  audio,  hear.] 

o-blt'u-a-ry,  o-bich'u-g-ri  or  o-bit'yu-g-ri.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  death.  II.  n.  A  published 
notice  of  a  death.  [<  LL.  obituarius,  <  L. 
obitus,  death.] 

ol>-Ject'<*,  gb-ject',  v.  I.  t.  To  allege  as  a 
reason  against  something.  II.  i.  To  declare 
oneself  opposed  to  something. —  ob-jec'tion, 
n.  1,  The  act  of  objecting.  2,  An  impediment 
raised.—  ob-jec^tioii-a-bl(e»  a.—  ob-jec'- 
tion-a-bly,  «<?».  — ob-jec'tiv(e.  I.  a.  1. 
Belonging  to  an  object,  ii.  External;  outward. 
3.  Gram.  Denoting  the  case  of  the  object  of  a 
transitive  verb  or  of  a  preposition.  JI.  n.  1. 
The  objective  case.  2.  An  objective  point.— 
ob-4ec'tiv(e-ly,  arfr.— ob''jec-tiv'i-ty,  n. 
ob-jec'tiv(e-ne88t.—  ob-ject'or,  n. 

Ob'ject,  eb'ject,  n.  1.  Anything  that  comes 
within  the  cognizance  of  the  senses.  2.  That 
which  is  affected  by  an  action,  3.  A  purpose; 
aim.  4.  Gram.  A  noun,  clause,  etc.,  to  which 
the  action  of  the  verb  is  directed.  [<  L.  6b, 
before,  -\-jacio,  throw.] 

ob-Jiir^gate,  eb-jur'get,  «'<.  [-oa'ted'';  -ga"- 
TiNG.J  To  rebuke  severely,  [<  L.  ob,  against, 
-\-jurgo,  scold.]  —  ob'^jur-ija'tlon,  n. 

Ob-Iate',  eb-let',  a.  Flattened  at  the  poles. 
[<  L.  oh,  out,  4-  latus,  bonie.]— ob-la'llon, 
71.  1.  Anything  oCfered  In  worship.  2.  .&•'•/. 
The  elements  of  the  eucharlst,  as  offered  on  the 
altar  In  some  churches. 

Ob1i-gate,ob'li-get,?;/.  [-ga'ted"";  -ga'tino.I 
1.  To  bind  by  some  requirement.  2.  To  hold 
to  the  fulfilment  of  duty.  [  <  h.  ob,  about,  + 
ligo,  bind.]—  ob'^II-ga'tlon,  ti.  1 .  The  act  of 
ODllgatlng.  *i.  The  constraining  power  of  con- 
science.   3.  A  requirement  Imposed.  4.  A  legal 


bond  bearing  a  penalty.— ob'Ii-ga-to''ry,  a. 

Of  a  nature  to  impose  obligation. 

ob-lige',  eb-laij'  or  o-blaij',  rt.  [ob-liged'; 
ob-i.i'ging.]  1.  To  constrain  in  any  manner. 
2.  To  place  under  necessity.  3.  To  render 
indebted.  [<  L.*"  obligo,  bind.]  —  ob-lPging, 
pa.  Disposed  to  do  favors.  — ob-li'ger,  n. 
ob'^Ii-gor'T  {Lazo). 

ob-liq.ue',  ©b-lic'  or  gb-laic'.  I.  vi.  [ob- 
liqued"; OB-LiQu'ixG.]  To  deviate  from  the 
perpendicular  or  from  a  right  line.  II.  a.  1. 
Neither  perpendicular  nor  norizontal ;  slanting* 
acute  or  obtuse.  2.  Evasive;  indirect.  [F.J 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.  — ob-liq'iii-ty,  n. 
r-TiEsi, /?7.1  1,  Oblique  quality;  inclination.  2. 
Deviation  from  right  principles. 

ob-lit''er-ate,  §b-lit'er-et,  xt.    [-a'ted"";  -a'- 
TiNG.]     1.  To  blot  or  wipe  out.    2.  To  utterly 
efface.     [<  L.  ob,  over,  --1-  litera,  letter.] 
— ob-lit''er-a'tion,  n. 

ob-Iiv-'i-on,  gb-liv'i-gn,  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  utterly  forgotten.  2.  The  act  of  forget- 
ting completely.  [F.,  <  L.  oblivio{n-),  <  ob- 
liriscor,  forget.]  —  ob-liv'i-ous,  a.  Forget- 
ful; abstracted;  inducing  forgetfulness. 

ob'long,  eb'leng  or  -long.  I.  a.  Longer  than 
broad.  II.  n.  A  figure  naving  greater  length 
than  breadth;  especially,  a  long  rectangle.  [< 
L.  ob,  before,  +  longus,  long.] 

ob1o-q.uy,  eb'lo-cwi,  n.  1.  The  state  of  one 
who  is  under  odium  or  disgrace.  2.  Vilifica- 
tion.    [<  L.  ob,  against,  +  logu&r,  speak.] 

ob-nox'ious,  §b-nec'shus,  a.  1.  Of  a  char- 
acter to  give  offense  or  excite  aversion.  2. 
Liable,  as  to  penalty.     [<  L.  obnoxius,  liable.] 

o'bo-e,  O'bo-e,  n.  A  wooden  flute-like  wind- 
instrument.     [It.] 

ob-scene',  §b-8ln',  a.  1.  Offensive  to  chas- 
tity or  decency.  2.  [Poet.]  Foul.  [<  L. 
obscenus,  ill-omened.]  -ly,  adv.  —  ob-scen'- 
i-ty,  n.  Obscene  quality  of  thought,  speech,  or 
representation,    ob-sceno'nessl:. 

ob-scure',  §b-skiiir'.  I.  rt.  [ob-scured'; 
ob-scur'ing.]  To  dim,  darken,  or  hide  from 
view.  II.  a.  [ob-scur'er;  ob-scur'est.]  1. 
Presenting  obstructions  to  clear  vision.  2. 
Not  clear  to  the  mind.  3.  Faintly  marked.  4. 
Little  known;  lowly.  [<  L.f  obseimis,  dark.] 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.—  ob'^scu-ra'tion,  n. 
Theactof  obscuring;  obscurity.— ob-scii'ri-ty, 
n.    [-ties*,  jo/.]    The  state  of  being  obscure. 

ob'se-quies,  eb'sg-cwiz,  n.pl.  Funeral  rites. 
[<  L.'-J'+'J'^'  ob,  upon,  -|-  sequor,  follow.] 

ob-se'g.ui-ous,  eb-st'cwi-us,  a.  Sycophan- 
tic; cringing.  \_<'L.^ obsequiosufi,  <  obsequor, 
follow.] 

Ob-serve',  §b-zerv',  vt.  [ob-served';  ob- 
sERv'iNO.]  1.  To  take  notice  of;  note.  2. 
To  scrutinize  carefully.  3.  To  celebrate;  com- 
ply with.  4.  To  remark  incidentally.  [<  L.'' 
observo,  <  ob,  before,  4-  serto,  keep.]  —  ob- 
8erv'a-bl(e,  a.  1,  That  can  be  observed; 
manifest.  2.  Notable.  3.  Customary.  —  ob- 
serv'a-bly,  «<<».  —  ob-serv'ance,  n.  The 
act  of  observing,  as  a  custoui.— ob-serv'ant, 
a.  1.  Carefully  attentive;  habitually  noting.  2. 
Strict  In  observing  rules.— ob^stT-va'tiou, 
n.  1 .  The  act  or  habit  of  observing.  2.  Sclen- 
tiflc  scrutiny  of  a  natural  phenomenon.    3.  Ex- 

Serlence  acoulred  by  ob.sorvlng.     4.    An  Incl- 
cntal  remark.— ob-serv'a-to-ry,  n.  [-ribs", 
pi.]    1.  A  building  or  dome  designed  for  sys- 


papfi,  98k;  at,  ftir;  element,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat#r,  er;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


313 


obsolete 
octavo 


tematlc  astronomical  oteerrations.  2.  A  tower 
built  for  the  view.  —  •b-serv'er,  n.— eb- 
serv'injr,  p</.  Obserrant.    -ly.  adv. 

Ob'so-lete,  eb'eo-llt.  I.  a.  Gone  oatof  nse; 
of  a  discarded  type  or  fashion.  H.  n.  An  ob- 
solete word  or  form  of  expression.  [  <  L.  ofr- 
solet'jy:.  pp.  of  obsoUsco,  decay.]  -ness,  n.  — 
ob^so-les'cent,  a.    Growing  obsolete. 

olk'sta-clie,  eb'gta-cl,  n.  That  which  gtandsi 
in  the  way  of  progress;  a  hindrance.  [F.,  < 
L.  ob.  before,  -f  gto,  stand.] 

Ob-stet'rics.  «.  The  branch  of  medical 
science  relating  to  midwifery. —  ob-slet'ric- 
al,a.    Relating  to  midwifery.'  -\\,adr. 

Ol>'sti-iiate,  eVsti-net  or  -net,  a'  1.  Persist- 
ently and  unreasonably  resolved  in  a  purpose  or 
opiiiion:  stubborn.  2.  Hard  to  control  or  cure. 
[<  L.'JJ'  ri,.  before,  -f-  sto,  stand.]  -ly,  adv.— 
ob'sti-nn-rv.  n.    StobbomneflB. 

o1>-strep'er-ous,  eb-etrq/sr-us,  a.  Making 
a  L"  ;  -.:irl:ince;  damoroos.  [<L.  06,  be- 
—    "7)0,  roar.]    -ly,  (K/r.    -ness,  n. 

Ob -struct''*,  eb-strxjct',  tt.  1.  To  fill  with 
::-i.'e  iii-i-nts;  ^lock  or  stop  up.  2.  To  hin- 
der or  retard  the  progress  of.  [.<  L.  06,  befwe, 
-}-«/n«>,  build.]— ob-stmcfer,  ob-atmct'or, 
n.  — •b-srtiic'ti«n,  n.  1.  A  hindnnoe;  ob- 
stacle. <2.  The  act  of  preventing  progresB.—  ^b- 
8trQct'iT(e,  a.    Tending  to  obstruct. 

Ob-tain',  §b-ten',  r.  I.  t.  1.  To  bring  into 
one's  o>vn  possession;  get.  2.  To  attain  bj 
efforL  H.  i.  1.  To  have  jdace.  2.  Toaac- 
ceed;  prevail.  [<  "LJ  dbtineo^  <  06,  before, 
-f-  Ur<eo.  hold.]  —  ob-tain'a-bl(e,  a. 

ob-trude',  §b-trud',  r^  &  ri.  [ob-tbu'ded^; 
oB-TKr'DiXG.]  To  thrust  or  be  pushed  into 
undue  prominence.  [  <  L.  06,  before,  4-  trudo^ 
thmst. J  —  ob-tru'4er,  n.  —  ob-tm'sim,  n. 
The  act  of  obtruding.— •^tra'8iT(e,  a. 
Tending  to  obtrode;  obtruding.    -ly,  adv. 

Ob-tnse',  9b-tifi8',  a.  1.  JffoM.  Greater  than 
a  right  ang^e;  exceeding  90°.  2.  Rounded  at 
the  extremity.  3.  Dml;  etopid;  insensible. 
[<  L.  obfvstis,  pp.  of  obfundo.,  <  ob,  against, 
+  ftjndo,  beat.]    -ly,  adr.   -ncaa,  *. 

Ob- verse',  eb-vgrs',  a.  Noting  tlie  face  of  a 
medal  or  coin.  [  <  L.  66,  toward,  -+-  rerto.  torn.] 
—  ob'verse,  eb' vers,  n.  The  oWerse  side,  as 
of  a  coin;  an  opposite  face. 

ob'vi-ate,  eb'vi-et,  r^  [-a'ted*;  -a'ting.] 
To  meet  or  anticipate,  so  as  to  dispose  of  or 
remove:  prevent.    [<  LL.  o&rio,  meet] 

ob'vi-ous,  eb'vi-tjB,  a.  Immediately  evid«it; 
manifest.  [<  L-  obtiug,  in  the  way,  <  ob,  be- 
fore, -I-  via^  way.] 

•C-,  pr^x.    Assimilated  form  of  ob-  before  c. 

oc-ca'sion,  gc-kezhun.  I.  vt.  To  cause  or 
bring  about.  H.  n.  1.  A  partiralar  event. 
2.  Opportmuty  for  some  actKm;  a  C(Miditi<Mi; 
need;  exigency.  [F.,  <  L.  oee<uioin-\  occa- 
skm.] — 9them/n(m-mL,  a.  1.  Occurring  at 
irr^imr  intCTrals.  2.  Belonging  to  some  special 
occa8l<Hi.    .It,  009. 

Oc'ci-dexLt,  ec'ei-d^t,  n.  1.  The  countries 
Iving  west  of  Asia  and  the  Turkish  empire.  2. 
jo-]  The  west.  [F.,  <  L.  occiden(f-)g,  ppr.  of 
orrido.  fall,  set  <  06,  before,  -f-  cado^  fall.]  — 
Oc^ci-den'tal,  a.    Belonging  to  tbe  West. 

oc'cl-put.  eCsi-pnt,  n.  The  lower  back  part 
of  the  head.  [L.]  — oc-clp'i-tal,  oc-sip^-tal. 
a.  1 ,  Pertaining  to  the  occiput.  2.  Pertaining  to 


Occipital  Bone. 


the    occipital    bone.—  occipital 
hindmost  bone  of  the  skull. 

oc-culf.  ec-cult',  a.  1. 
Concealed  from  observa- 
tion or  knowledge.  2.  Xot 
immediately  known.  [< 
L.  occuUui,  pp.  of  occido. 
hide.] — oc'^cnl-ta'tlon,  n. 
Concealment,  as  of  one 
heavenly  body  by  another. 

oc'cu-py,  ec'yu-pai,  rt. 
[pied:  -pt'ixg.]  1.  To 
use  or  employ  in  an  exclu- 
sive manner.'  2.  To  be  in  possession  of.  3. 
To  give  occupation  to.  [<  L.^  occupo,  <  ob., 
to,  -f-  capio,  take.]  —  oc'cu-pan-cy,  r«.  The 
act  of  occupying:  a  taking  possession :  also,  the 
time  during  wbicb  anything  is  occupied.— oc'- 
ca-pant,  n.  One  who  occupies:  a  tenant,  •c'- 
ca-pi^ert.  — oc^cn-pa'tion,  n.  1.  One's 
regular,  principal,  or  unmediate  business.  2. 
The  state  of  being  busy.    3.  Occupancy. 

OC-CUT',    §C-COT',   rt.       [OC-CUBBED';    oc-ct^'- 

BiXG.]  1.  To  be  foimd  here  and  there;  liap- 
pen.  2.  To  present  itself  to  the  mind.  [<L. 
ob,  upon,  -{-  atrro,  run.]  —  oc-cur'rence,  n. 
An  event;  the  happening  of  an  event. 

O'cean,  O'shan,  n.  1.  The  great  body  of  salt 
water  that  covers  about  two-thlrds  of  the 
earth's  surface.  2.  Any  one  of  the  greater 
tracts  of  water  that  cover  the  globe.  3.  Any 
unbounded  expanse.  [<  Gr.^+^F  okeanos, 
ocean.]  —  o^ce-anfc,  a. 

O'cher,  »  Ckgr,  n.    A  native  yellow  earth,  of 

o'cbre,  \  iron  and  clay,  used  as  a  pigment  and 
as  a  paint.    [<  Gr.  bchra,  yellow  ocher.] 

••ckf  iujfii.    A  diminutive  sufSx.    [<  AS.  -uc.] 

o'clock',  §-clec'.    Of  the  clock:  a  contraction. 

OCt-,     1  Combining  forms.     [<  Gr.  okto  or  L. 

octa-,  I  octo,  eight.]  —  oc'la-gon,  n.     Geom. 

octi-,   j  A  figtire  with  eight  sides  and  eight 

octo-.  J  angles.— oc-tag'o^nal.  a.  Eight'sided. 
—  ac^ta-kc'dral,  a.  Having  eight  equal 
plane  faces.  —  oc^ta-be'dron,  n.  Geom.  A 
solid  bounded  by  eight  plane  faces.—  oc-tan'- 
n-Iar,  a.  £ight<angled.  — oc-ten'ni<4il,  a. 
1.  Recurring  at  intervals  of  eight  years.  2. 
Occupying  periods  of  ei^t  years. —  €>c-ti  I'- 
llon,  n.  A  cardinal  number:  in  the  French 
system,  represented  by  a  figure  1  with  27  ciphers 
annexed;  in  the  English  system  by  a  figure  1  with 
48  ciphers.— oc'^te^en-a'ri-an.  I.  a.  Being 
eighty  or  from  eighty  to  ninety  years  of  age. 
It.  R.  A  person  of  between  eighty  and  ninety 
years.—  oc-to'pns,  ec-tS'pus  or  ec'to-pus,  n. 
[-PI,  -pal  or  -pi,  />/.] 
An  eight'srmed 
cuttlefish;  a  deyfl- 
fidi.  —  oc'ta-ple, 
a.  1.  Consisting  of 
ei^t  parts.  "i, 
Mnltlidied  by  elg^t. 

oc'tave,  ec'tev. 
I.  a.  1.  Composed 
of  eight.  2.  Mm. 
Pertaining  to  an 
octave.  H.  n.  1. 
Mus.  An  interval  of  seven  degrees;  a  note  at 
this  interval.     2.  Any  interval  of  eight 

oc-ta'vo,  oc-te'vOor-tg'vO.  I.  a.  1.  Folded 
into  eight  leaves.  2.  Denoting  a  certain  size 
of  page  (commonly  6  x  9J  inches):  Sno.  H.  n. 
A  book  of  such  leaves  o*-  pages.    [L.] 


flAt|fire  (fatore);   aisle;   an   (out);    oil;  e  (k);  ehat;  dl&  (^Ae);   go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


Octobeir 
oleaginous 


314 


Oc-to1>er,  ec-tO'bgr,  n.  The  tenth  month  of 
the  year.     [L.,  eighth  (month),  <  octo,  eight.] 

oc'u-lar,  ec'yu-lar.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  the  eye.  II.  n.  The  lenses 
forming  the  eyepiece  of  an  optical  instrument. 
[<  L.  oculvs^  eye.]  -ly,  adv.—  oc'u-\\st,n. 
One  skilled  In  treating  diseases  of  the  eye. 

od.(d.,  ed,  a.  1.  Not  even;  leaving  a  remainder 
w^hen  divided  by  two.  3.  Marked  with  an  odd 
number.  3.  Left  over  after  a  division.  4. 
Additional  to  any  round  number.  5.  Occa- 
sional. 6.  Peculiar.  [<  Ice.  oc?rfe,  triangle.]— 
oA{A'\-ty,n.  [-tiesz,  ?jZ.1  1 .  Singularity.  2. 
An  eccentricity.    3.  Something  odd  or  peculiar. 

odds,  edz,'  n.  pi.  &  sing.  1.  Advantage  or  ex- 
cess.   2.  An  allowance  by  w^ay  of  handicap. 

ode,  Od,  ?i.  A  brief  poem  characterized  by  ex- 
alted feeling.  [<  Gr.  ode,  song,  <  aeido,  sing.] 

O'di-um,  O'di-um,  n.  1.  The  quality  that 
makes  odious.  2.  A  feeling  of  extreme  re- 
pugnance or  of  disgust.     [L.,  <  odi,  hate.] 

—  o'fli-ous,  a.  1.  Exciting  extreme  repug- 
nance or  disgust.    2.  Regarded  with  aversion. 

o'dor,  o'dgr,  n.  1.  That  which  is  perceptible 
to  the  sense  of  smell;  scent.  2.  Regard  or 
estimation.  [OF.,  <  L.  odor,  olor,  <  oleo, 
smell.]  0'dour.J:.— o'^dor-ifer-ous,  a.  Dif- 
fusing an  odor.— o'dor-ous,  a.  Having  an 
odor;  fragrant.  [over. 

o'er,  or,  adv.  &prep.    [Poet.]    A  contraction  of 

oe-8oph'a-g:us,  n.    Same  as  esophagus. 

ot,  ev,prep.  1.  Associated  or  connected  with. 
2.  From  or  out  f ron:;.  3.  Directed  toward  or 
exerted  upon.  4.  Concerning;  about.  5. 
Equivalent  to. 

oflf,  §foref.  I.  a.  Farther;  aside  from;  also, 
noting  interruption.  II.  adv.  1.  Away.  2. 
Entirely  to  an  end;  utterly.  III.  j)rep.  1. 
From.  2.  Extending  away  or  out  from.  3.  Of. 
IV.  interj.  Begone!  away! — off  color.  Un- 
satisfactory In  color:  hence,  Inferior.—  off^'set', 

Vt.     [OFF'SET';     OFF'SET'TING.J        TO    Set  Ofl    Or 

against;  balance.— olPsef,  n.  1.  A  stun  or 
value  set  ofl  against  another  sum  as  an  equiva- 
lent. 2.  Anything  that  Is  set  off,  as  to  one  side, 
or  that  continues  out  of  line;  also,  the  part  that 
Is  so  out  of  line.  3.  Bot.  A  short  lateral  branch 
that  takes  root  where  It  rests  on  the  soil.— oil'- 
slioot'%  n.  Something  that  branches  off  from 
the  parent  stock  or  Is  regarded  as  a  side  Issue. 

Of^fal,  ef'al,  n.  Worthless  parts  of  a  butchered 
animal;  rubbish.    [<  off  +  fall,  n.] 

of-fend'<i,  gf-fend',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  affront. 
2l|.  To  sin  against.  II.  i.  1.  To  transgress 
laws.  2.  To  displease.  [<  L.  o&,  before,  + 
fendo,  strike.]  — of- feiid'er,  w.— of-fense',  n. 
'1.  Any  sin.  »i.  That  which  provokes.  3.  X^ni- 
brage.  4.  Assault  or  attack.  [OF.]  ol-fence't. 
—  of-fen'sivCe.  1.  a.  1.  Serving  or  Intended 
to  give  offense,  ti.  Disagreeable.  3.  Serving 
as  a  means  of  attack.  4.  Injurious.  II.  n.  Ag- 
gressive methods,  operations,  or  attitude,  -ly, 
adv.    -ue8H,  n. 

Offer,  ef'jjr,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  present  for  ac- 
ceptance. 2.  To  proffer.  3.  To  sacrillce. 
li.  i.  1.  To  present  itself.  2.  To  make  an 
attempt.     [<  L.-^*^  ob,  toward,  -\-fero,  bear.] 

—  offer,  n.  The  act  of  offering;  a  proffer  or 
proposal.- oPfer-iiiff,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making 
an  offer.     »i.  That  which  Is  offered;  sacrifice. 

ofiThand'^,  a.  &  adv.    Without  preparation; 

unceremonious  or  unceremoniouslv. 
orfioe,  ef'is,  n.    1.  A  particular  duty,  charge. 


or  trust.  2.  A  function,  or  the  right  to  exer- 
cise it.  3.  A  service  or  duty.  4.  A  place  where 
business  is  carried  on.  5.  Ecd.  Liturg.  A  pre- 
scribed service.  [F.]  —  of'fi-cer.  I.  vt.  1 . 
To  command  as  an  officer.  2.  To  appoint 
officers  for.  II.  n.  One  chosen  to  office,  as  in 
a  company.— of-fi'cial.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  an  office.  2.  Authoritative.  II.  n.  One 
holding  a  public  office.— of-fi'ci-ate,  vi. 
[-A'TEDd;  -A'TiifG.]  To  act  as  an  officer,  agent, 
or  leader.—  of-fi'cioiis,  a.  Intermeddling  with 
what  Is  not  one's  concern. 

oflPing,  ef'ing  or  ef'ing,  n.  That  part  of  the 
visible  sea  off  shore  and  beyond  anchorage- 
ground. 

off'isli,  a.    Inclined  to  be  distant  in  manner. 

Ofif'spring'",  n.  A  child  or  children;  a  de- 
scendant or  descendants;  issue.  [<  AS.  o/", 
from,  -f-  springan,  spring.] 

oft,  eft  o?' eft.  [Poet.]  I.  a.  Frequent.  U.adv. 
Often.     [<  AS.  oft.] 

Oft^en,  ef'n  or  ef'n,  adv.  On  frequent  or  nu- 
merous occasions;  repeatedly.— oft'en-times", 
adv.    At  frequent  times.    olVtimes^i. 

o'gle,  O'gl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [o'gled;  o'gling.] 
I'o  look,  or  Took  at,  as  in  coquetry  or  admira- 
tion. II.  n.  An  amorous  or  coquettish  look. 
[<  MD.  oeghelen,  <  oogen,  eye,  <  oog,  eye.] 

O'gre,  O'ggr,  n.  A  demon  fabled  to  devour 
human  beings.  [F.,  <  L.^p  Orcus,  abode  of 
the  dead.]  —  o'gre-ish,  a.—  o'gress,  n.fem. 

oh.,  0,  interj.  1.  An  ejaculation  evoked  by  sud- 
den emotion.    2.  Same  as  O,  interj. 

oh.xu,  Om,  n.  The  unit  of  electrical  resistance, 
equivalent  to  the  resistance  of  400  feet  of  com- 
mon iron  telegraph-wire.  [<  Dr.  G.  S.  Ohiiu 
German  electrician.] 

-old,  stifflx.  Like;  resembling;  having  the  form 
of;  as,  o\oid,ce\\\x\oid,  hvdroid.  [<  F.  -ovle,  < 
L.  -aides,  <  Gr.  -o-eides,  -odes,  <  eidos,  form.] 

oil,  eil.  I.  vt.  1.  To  smear,  lubricate,  or  treat 
with  oil,  2.  To  anoint.  3.  To  render  smooth 
and  pleasing.  II.  n.  A  greasy  or  unctuous 
liquid,  usually  of  vegetable  or  animal  origin, 
insoluble  in  water.  [<  L.^^  oleum,  oil.]  —  oil's 
cake'',  a.  The  mass  of  compressed  seeds,  etc., 
from  which  oil  has  been  expressed.— oil'cloth". 
K.  1 .  Coarse  cloth  coated  with  white  lead  ground 
In  oil,  and  ornamented.  2.  Waterproof  cloth.— 
oil'stone",  n.  A  smooth  stone,  used,  when 
moistened  with  oil,  for  sharpening  tools,  etc.  — 
oilswell,  n.    A  well  or  boring  for  petroleum. 

oil'y,  eil'i,  a.  [oil'i-kr;  oil'i-est.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  containing,  or  smeared  with  oil;  smooth 
in  speech  or  manners.  —  oil'i-ness,  n. 

oint'ment,  einfm^^nt,  ??.  A  fatty  preparation, 
with  which  some  medicine  has  been  incorpo- 
rated: used  as  an  external  remedy  [<  Ij.^^ 
ttnguo,  smear.] 

-ol,"s7</Wa^.  Chein.  A  termination  denoting:  (1) 
properly,  an  alcohol;  as,  pheno/.  (2)  Loosely,  an 
oil.     [Abbr.  of  alcohol;  or  <  L.  oleum,  oil.] 

Old,  Old,  a.  1.  Having  existed  for  a  longtime; 
aged.  2.  Having  some  specified  age.  3. 
Having  been  used  or  known  for  a  long  time. 
4.  Antiquated;  worthless.  5.  Familiar;  cus- 
tomary. [<  AS.  eald,  old.]  —  old'eii.  I.  rt. 
&  vi.  To  render  old;  grow  old.  II.  a.  Old; 
ancient.— old  maid, a  singleand  elderly  woman; 
spinster. 

o'le-ag'i-nous,  Ci^-ajM-nos,  a.  Pertaining 
to  oil;  oily.    [<  L.^ oleum,  oil.] 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  elgmfint,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


315 


oleaudei* 
opaque 


o'^le-aii'der,  5  "l§-an'der,  n.  An  Old  World 
evergreen  ornamental 
shrub  with  leathery  leaves 
and  clusters  of  pink  or 
white  flowers.  [<  F.  ole- 
andre,  <  L.  rhododendron 
(see  rhododendron).] 

o'1e-as''ter,  o"l§-as'tgr,  n. 
An  ornamental  shrub  or 
small  tree;  the  wild  olive. 
[L.,  <  olea  (<  Gr.  elaia\ 
olive.] 

o'ae-o-mar'ga-rin     or         oleander 
-rine,    o-lg-o-mar'ga-rin,  Oleander. 

n.    Artificial  butter,  variously  made  from  ani- 
mal fats,    o'le-oj. 

Ol-fac'to-ry,  el-fac'to-ri.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  sense  of  smell.  II.  «.  [-riess^^^.]  [Col- 
loq.]  The  organ  of  smell.  [<  L.  olfactorium^ 
smelling'bottle.] 

oFi-gar"cliy ,  el'i-gflr"ki,  n.  [-chies"^,  j9/f.]  A 
form  of  government  in  which  supreme  power 
is  restricted  to  a  few.  [<  Gr.  oligos,  few,  -\- 
archo,  rule.]  —  oFi-garch,  n.  A  ruler  in  an  oli- 
garchy.—oF'i-gar'chic,  a.  ol''i-8rar'chalt; 
ol'^i-ffar'chic-alt. 

ol'iv(e,  el'iv.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  olive. 
2.  Having  a  dull  greenish^j^ellow  color.  II. 
n.  1.  An  evergreen  tree  with  leathery  leaves 
and  an  oily  fruit.  2.  The  fruit  of  the  olive» 
tree.  3.  A  dull  yellowish-green  color.  [F., 
<  L.  olifa,  <  Gr.  elaia,  olive»tree.] 

-oloey,  sifffix.  A  suffix  used  In  English  words 
derived  from  the  Greek,  denoting  (1)  a  science, 
as  philologi/;  (2)  (rarely)  a  collection,  as  an- 
xXiology.  [(1)  <  L.  -olofjia,  <  Gr.  -ologia,  <  lego, 
speak;  (2)  <  L.  -ologia,  <  Gr.  -ologia,  <  lego, 
gather.! 

O-lym'pic,  o-lim'pic,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mount 
Olympus,  or  the  plain  of  Olympia,  where  ath- 
letic games  and  races  were  held. 

-oina.  Pathol.  A  suffix  denoting  a  tumor  or 
morbid  growth;  as,  sarcoOTa.    [<  Gr.  -dma.] 

O-me'ga,  o-mT'ga  w  O'meg-a,  n.  The  twenty» 
fourth  and  last  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet 
(n,  (xi);  figuratively,  the  end.  [<  Gr.  omega, 
great  o.] 

om'e-let,  em'g-let,  n.  A  dish  of  eggs  and  milk, 
beaten  together  and  fried.  [<  F.  omelette,  < 
L.  lamella,  thin  plate.] 

o^men,  5'men.  I.  vt.  &  m.  To  serve  as  an 
omen;  presage.  II.  w.  A  i)henomenon  or  in- 
cident regarded  as  a  prophetic  sign.     [L.] 

—  oin'i-nous,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  an  evil 
omen;  ill-omened. 

o-mit',  o-mit',  vt.  [o-mit'ted<';  o-mit'ting.] 
1.  To  leave  out;  drop;  discard.  2.  To  leave 
unperformed.     [<  L.  oh,  by,  -f  mitto,  send.] 

—  o-inis'sion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  omitting.  3. 
Anything  omitted  or  neglected. 

om^ni-'bus,  em'ni-bus.  I.  a.  Covering  a  full 
collection  of  objects.  II.  n.  A  long  four- 
wheeled  passenger-vehicle  with  seats  along  the 
sides.     [F.,  <  L.  omnitms,  to  or  for  all.] 

om-nip'o-tence,  em-nip'o-tgns,  n.  Unlimited 
and  universal  power.  [<  L.  omnis,  all,  -|-  po- 
iens,  powerful.]  —  om-ni|)'o-tent,  a.  Al- 
mighty. 

oin'''ni-pres'ence,  em"ni-prez'gns,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  everywhere  present  at  the 
same  time;  ubiquity.    [<  L.  omnis,  a\\,-\-prse- 


se7i(t-)s:  see  present,  a.]— oni''iii-pres.'ent,  a. 

om-nis'cience,  em-nish'gns,  n.  Infinite 
knowledge.  [<  L.  omnis,  all,  -j-  scien{t-)s, 
knowing;  see  science.]  —  om-nis'cient,  a. 
KnowHigall  things;  all=knowing. 

om-niv'o-rous,  em-niv'o-rus,  a.  Eating  food 
of  all  kinds  indiscriminately;  hence,  greedy. 
[<  L.  ommroi'us,  <  omnis,  all,  -f  voro,  eat.] 

on,  en.  I.  adi\  1.  In  a  position  or  condition 
of  adherence.  2.  In  such  a  position  as  to  cover 
or  overspread.  3.  Forward;  ahead.  4.  In 
the  proper  channel  or  place.  II.  prep.  1. 
In  or  into  contact  with  the  top  of;  by  means 
of.  2.  Close  behind.  3.  Directed  toward.  4. 
In  the  act  of.  5.  Comprised  in.  6.  In  refer- 
ence to.  7.  In  a  state  of.  [<  AS.  o/i,  an,  re- 
lated to  IN,  prep.] 

once,  wuns,  adv.  1.  One  time.  2.  During 
some  past  time.  3.  At  anytime.  [<  AS.  dnes, 
<  an,  one.]  —  at  once.  1.  Simultaneously,,  2. 
Immediately. 

one,  wun.  I.  a.  1.  Being  a  unit;  single.  2. 
Being  a  thing  thought  of  indefinitely.  3.  This; 
that.  4.  The  same.  II.  n.  1.  A  single  unit; 
a  symbol  (1  or  I)  representing  this  number.  2. 
A  single  thing  or  person ;  a  person  conceived 
and  spoken  of  indefinitely.  [ME.  one,  on,  < 
AS.  an,  one.]  —  all  one,  of  the  same  or  of  no 
consequence.—  at  one.  In  harmony;  the  same.— 
one'ness,  n.    Singleness;  unity. 

on'er-ous,  en'er-us,  a.  Burdensome  or  op- 
pressive.    [<  hy  oneros^is,  <  onw*,  burden.] 

on'ion,  un'yun,  n.  An  edible  underground 
coated  bulb  of  the  lily  family:  remarkable  for 
its  strong  odor.     [<  L.*' ?//;io(«-),  union.] 

on'ly,  On'li.  I.  a.  Alone  in  its  class.  II.  adv. 
1.  Without  another;  singly.  2.  For  one  pur- 
pose alone.     [<  AS.  xntice.] 

on'set"",  n.    An  impetuous  attack;  assault. 

on'slauglif ,  n.    A  violently  hostile  assault. 

onto-.    A  combining  form.    [<  Gr.  on,  being.] 

—  on'^to-logT'Ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  ontol- 
ogy; metaphysical.  on''to-Iog'ict.— on-tol'- 
o-gy,  n.    The  science  of  being;  metaphysics. 

o'nns,  o'nus,  n.    A  burden  or  responsibility.  [L.] 

on'ward,  en'ward.  I.  a.  Moving  or  leading 
forward  or  ahead.  II.  adv.  1 .  In  the  direc- 
tion of  progress;  forward.  2.  On  in  time. 
on'wardsf^. 

o'nyx,  O'nix  o?'  en'ix,  n.  A  variety  of  quartz 
consisting  of  layers  of  different  colors.  [<  Gr. 
onyx,  nail.] 

00-,  0-.    Combining  forms.     [<  Gr.  don,  egg.] 

—  o'o-lite,  n.  A  granular  variety  of  lime- 
stone. —  o-ol'o-gy,  n.  The  branch  of  ornith- 
ology that  treats  of  eggs. 

ooz(e,  uz.    I.vt.&vi.  [ooz(e)d;oo'zing.]  To 
leak  or  discharge  gradually;  percolate.    II.  n. 
1.  Slimy  mud,  or  wet,  spongy  soil.  2.  A  gentle 
flow.    [<  AS.  wds,  juice,  -f  tvase,  mud.] 
— oo'zv,  a.    Containing  ooze;  miry. 

o-pac'i-ty,  o-pas'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  1)1.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  opaque;  obscurity.  2.  That  which 
is  opaque.  [<  L.  opacita{t-)s,  <  opacns,  shady.] 

o^pal,  o'pal,  n.  A  mineral  of  hydrous  silica, 
variously  colored,  and  often  transparent.  [< 
F.  opale,  <  L.  opalus,  <  Gr.  opallios,  opal.] 

—  o''i>aI-es'cent,  a.    Possessing  an  Irides- 
cent play  of  pearly  colors. 

o-paq,ue',  o-pec',  a.  Impervious  to  light;  not 
translucent.     [F.,  <  L.  opacvs,  shady.] 


fiutiure  (future);   aisle;   au  {out);    oil;  c  (k);  cliat;  dli  (the);   go;  sing,  itfk;  thin. 


oracle 


316 


ope',  op,  vt.  &  vi.     [Archaic  &  Poetic]    To  open. 

o'pen,  O'pn.  l.vt.&vi.  1.  To  set  or  become 
open;  unlock;  disclose.  2.  To  spread  out;  ex- 
pand. 3.  To  make  free  or  accessible.  4.  To 
start;  begin.  II.  a.  1.  Affording  approach; 
unenclosed;  expanded.  2.  Ready  to  receive. 
3,  Having  openings;  spread  apart.  4.  Not 
frost-bound.  [<  AS.  oj9e«,  akinto  up.]  -ly, 
adv.  -ness,  w.— o'pen-ing,  w.  1.  A  begin- 
ning,   ti.  An  aperture. 

o'pen=ses'''a-ine,  o'pn=ses"a-mg,  n.  A  mag- 
ical conjuration  for  opening  secret  doors  and 
gaining  an  entrance.  [From  incident  in  'Ara- 
bian Nights'  Entertainments.'] 

op'e-ra,  ep'g-ra,  n.  The  musical  form  of 
drama.  [It.,  <  L.  opera.,  work.]  —  op'^e- 
rat'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
the  operai.—  op'e»rasg;Ia8B^^,  n.  A  double 
telescope  of  small  size,  with  a  tube  for  each  eye. 

op'er-ate,  ep'gr-et,  v.     [-a"ted<i;   -a"ting.] 

I.  t.  1.  To  put  in  action;  run.  2.  To  con- 
duct the  affairs  of.  3.  To  accomplish.  II. 
i.  1.  To  act  continuously.  2.  To  effect  any 
result.  3.  To  work.  [<  L.  Cfpera^MS,  pp.,  < 
ojOM«, work.]  —  op'^'er-a'tion,  «,.  I.  The  act 
of  operating.  3.  A  mode  of  action.  3.  A  single 
act.  4.  A  series  of  acts;  process.  5.  Surgical 
treatment,  as  for  removal  of  a  part.  6.  Math.  The 
effecting  of  a  change  In  A'alue  or  form.—  op'er- 
a-tiv(e,  a.  1.  Exerting  power  or  force,  a. 
Working  efficiently.  3.  Surg.  Connected  with 
operations.—  op'er-a'^tor,  n. 

0-ph.id.^i-an,  o-fld'i-nn,  n.    A  serpent;  snake. 

opli-tliaFnii-a,  ef-thal'mi-a,  n.  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  eye,  its  membranes,  or  its  lids. 
[<  Gr.  opthcUmos,  eye.]    oph-tlial'inyj. 

—  oph-tlial'niic,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  eye  or 
to  ophthalmia. 

O'pi-ate,  O'pi-et  or  -gt.     I.  a.    Consisting  of 

opium;    tending  to  induce  sleep.    II.  n.     1. 

Medicine   containing   opium.     2.  Something 

inducing  sleep, 
o-pine'll,  o-pain',?^.  [o-pined';  o-pi'ning.]  \,t. 

To  hold  as  an  opinion.    II.  i.    To  conjecture. 

[<  F.  opiner,  <  L.  opinor,  think.] 
o-pin'ion,  o-pin'yun,  n.      1.  A  conclusion  or 

judgment   held  with  confidence,  but  falling 

short  of  positive  knowledge.    2.  Reputation. 

[F.,  <  L.  opinio(n-),  <  opinor,  think.] 

—  o-piii'ion-a'''ted,  «.     Unwarrantably  at- 
tached to  one's  own  opinion. 

O'pi-um,  O'pi-um,  n.  A  milky  exudation  from 
the  unripe  capsules  of  the  poppy:  used  in 
medicine  as  a  sedative.  [F.,  <  L.  opium,  < 
Gr.  opion,  <  opos, 
juice.  1 

o-pos'sum,  o-pes'- 
um,  n.  An  Amer- 
ican pouch-bearing 
quadruped,  having 
tne  foot  adapted 
for  grasping  and 
the  tail  i)rchensile, 
[N.  Am.  Ind.] 

op-po'nent,  ep- 
pO'ngnt.  I.  a.  Act- 
ing against  some- 
thing;      opposing. 

II.  n.  One  who  opposes  another;  an  antago- 
nist.    [  <  L.  oh,  before,  -\-  pono,  place.] 

op''por-tune',  ep'er-tlln',  a.  Meeting  some 
requirement;    especially   seasonable.     [<    L. 


-^^m^^^^^^^J^ 


Murine  Opossum  and 
Young.    1/4 


oh,  before,  -\-  portus,  harbor.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  11.—  op''por-tu'ni-ty,  n.  [-tiesi,  pl.^ 
A  tit  or  convenient  time;  favorable  occasion. 

op-pose',  9p-p5z',  xt.  &  vi.  [op-posed';  op- 
po'siNG.]  1.  To  act  in  opposition  to;  offer  re- 
sistance. 2.  To  object.  3.  To  stand  oppo- 
site. [<  F.  opposer,  <  L.  ob,  before,  -+-  F. 
poser;  see  pose^,  v.'\  —  op-po'ser,  n.—  op'po- 
sit(e.  I.  a.  1.  Situated  In  front  of  or  over 
against.  3.  Having  contrary  tendency.  3. 
Eadlcally  different.  II.  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  Is  in  opposition  or  marked  contrast.— 
op'''po-si'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  opposing. 
*■£.  The  state  of  being  opposite  or  opposed.  3. 
An  obstacle;  obstruction.  4.  Astron.  The 
relative  position  of  two  bodies  that  are  180°  apart. 

op-press's  SP-pres',  t'^.  1.  To  impose  hard- 
ships upon  unjustly.  2.  To  weigh  down;  de- 
press. [<  L.  opprimo  (pp.  oppressus),  <  oh, 
against,-!-  j-jre^/io,  press.] —op-pres'sion,  n. 
1.  Subjection  to  unjust  hardships;  tyranny.  2. 
Mental  depression;  languor.  3.  A  sense  of 
weight  or  of  constriction.- op-pre88'iv(e, 
a.  Characterized  by  oppression;  tyrannical;  de- 
pressive. "Xy^adv.  -ness,  ».— op-press'- 
or,  n. 

op-pro'"bri-uxn,  §p-prO'bri-am,  n.  1.  Igno- 
miny. 2.  Reproach  mingled  with  disdain.  3. 
A  cause  of  disgrace.  [L.,  <  oh,  upon,  -|-  pro- 
hrum,  disgrace.]  —  op-pro'bri-ous,  a.  Con- 
sisting of  contemptuous  abuse;  contumelious. 

op-pugn',  ep-piun',  t'/;.  1.  To  oppose.  2.  To 
assail  with  argument.  [<L.Fo^>,  against,  + 
pvgva,  fight.] 

op'ta-tiv(e,  ep'ta-tiv.  I.  a.  Expressing  de- 
sire or  choice.  II.  n.  Gram.  The  mode  ex- 
pressing wish,  as  in  the  Greek.  [<  LL.  opta- 
tiviis,  <  L.  optatus,  pp.  of  opto,  wish.] 

op'tic,  op'tic.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  eye 
or  vision.  2.  Optical.  II.  n.  An  eye.  [< 
Gr.*"  optikos.  <  opsomai,  shall  see.]  —  op'tic- 
al,  a.  Pertaining  to  optics  or  to  the  eyesight; 
assisting  vision.  — op-ti'ciau,  n.  One  who 
makes  or  deals  in  optical  goods.— op'tics,  n. 
The  science  that  treats  of  light,  vision,  and  sight. 

op'ti-mism,  ep'ti-mizm,  n.  1.  The  doctrine 
that  everything  is  ordered  for  the  best.  2.  Dis- 
position to  look  on  the  brightest  side  of  things. 
[<  L.F  optimvs,  best.]  —  op'li-mist,  n.  A  be- 
liever in  optimism;  one  who  hopes  for  the  best. 

op'tion,  ep'shun,  n.  The  right  of  choosing; 
choice.  [F.,  <  L.  optio{n-),  choice.]  —  op'- 
tion-al,  a.    Depending  on  choice;  elective. 

op'u-lent,  ep'yu-lgnt,  a.  1.  Possessing  large 
means.  2.  Exuberant;  profuse.  [F.,  <  L. 
ojnile>i{t-)s,  <  opes,  riches.]  —  op'u-Ience,  n. 
1.  Wealth,    ti.  Luxuriance. 

or,  or,  coiu.  1.  Either;  else:  a  disjunctive,  oft- 
en prececled  by  either.  2.  Also;  alias.  [<  AS. 
diciher,  <  a,  ever,  -f-  hivMher,  whether.] 

-or,  suffix.  A  termination  used  to  form  (1)  nouns 
of  agent;  as,  actor,  competitor;  (2)  comparatives 
of  Latin  origin;  as,  Junior;  (3)  abstract  and  con- 
crete nouns  of  Latin  origin;  as,  honor,  terror. 
I  Def .  1  («)  <  OF.  -or^  F.  -enr,  <  L.  -or,  termina- 
tion after  ^  «,  of  nouns  of  agent;  (ft)  <  OF.  -eor, 
F.  -eur,  <  L.  -ntor.  Def.  2  <  L.  -or,  conipar.  suf- 
fix.   Dcf.  8  <  OF.  -or,  F.  -enr,  <  L.  -or,  -os.] 

or'a-cl(e,  er'a-cl,  n.  1.  The  seat  of  the  wor- 
ship of  some  ancient  divinity,  as  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi,  wh«!re  prophecies  were  given  out.  2. 
A  prophecy  thus  given.  3.  The  deitv  whose 
prophecies  were  given.    4.  An  infallible  au- 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el©m§nt,  th6y,  nsfge;  It,  j,  5  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rater,  or;  full,  rtile;  but,  ©r; 


317 


oral 
orgies 


thority.      [F.,  <  L.  oraculum,  <  oro,  pray.] 

—  o-rac'u-lar.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  an  oracle; 
authoritative,     ii.  Enigmatical.     3.  Prophetic. 

o'ral,  O'ral,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  spoken  words. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  mouth.  [<  L.  os(oi'-), 
month.]  —  cKral-ly,  adv.    By  w  ord  of  mouth. 

or'ange,  er'enj.    I.  «.    1.  Pertaining  to  an 

orange.      2.  Ileddish=yellow.     II.   n.      1,  A 

large  juicy  fruit,  with  a  reddish=yelIow  rind; 

also,  the  tree  that  bears  it.    2.  A  reddish»yel- 

iow  color.     [F..  ult.  <  Per.  narang,  orange.] 
o-rang':u-taii",        )  o-rang'»u-tan",    -tang", 
o-rang'=ou-tang'',  f  n.    A  large  red-haired 

anthropoid  ape  of  Borneo  and 

Sumatra.     [  <  Malay  (2d  form 

F.,  <   Malay)  oraiig'iltan,  < 

orang,  man,'-|-  utan.,  woods.] 
or'a-tor,  er'a-t§r,  n.     1.  One 

who  delivers  an  oration.  2.  An 

eloquent  public   speaker. 

[<  L.  orator,  <  oratus, 

pp.  of  wo,  pray,  plead.] 

—  o-ra'tiou,  n.  1.  An 
elaborate  public  speech. 
*Z.  A  graduation  speech.— 
or''a-tor'ic-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  oratory;  display- 
ing oratory. —  or''a-to'- 
ri-o,  n.  Mu8.  A  sacred 
composition,  usually  semi* 
dramatic—  or'a-fo-ry, 
n.  1 .  The  art  of  public  speaking;  eloquence. 
ti.  Eloquent  language.  3.  A  private  chapel. 

orto,  erb.  I.  vt.  1.  To  surround:  encircle.  2. 
To  shape  into  an  orb.  II,  n.  1.  A  rounded 
mass;  a  sphere  or  globe.  2.  A  circle  or  orbit; 
anything  circular.     [<  'L  J  oj'bis,  circle.'] 

—  orbed,  pa.     1.  Spherical.     2.  Encircled. 

3.  Having  orbs  or  eyes.— or-bic'ii-lar.rt.  1. 
Having  the  form  of  an  orb  or  orbit,  ti.  Well 
rounded.— or'bit,  n.  1,  The  path  in  space 
along  which  a  heavenly  body  moves  about  Its 
center  of  attraction,  tj.  The  cavity  of  the  skull 
containing  the  eje.— or'bit-al,  a. 

or'Cliard,  er'chard,  n.  A  collection  of  fruit- 
trees;  also,  the  enclosure  for  same.  [<  AS. 
art-  for  wyrt,  herb,  +  geard,  garden.] 

or'ches-tra,  er'kes-tra,  n.  1.  A  band  of 
musicians;  also,  the  instruments  on  which  they 
play.  2.  In  theaters,  the  place  immediately 
before  the  stage.  [  <  Gr.  orchestra,  <  orcheo- 
inai,  dance.]  — or'ches-tral,  a. 

Or'cllis,  er'kis,  n.  A  genus  of  terrestrial 
tuber=bearing  plants  having  dense  spikes  of 
small  flowers.  [L.]  —  or'chid,  n.  Any  plant 
of  the  orchis  family. 

or-dain',  er-den',  vt.  1.  To  give  formal  orders 
for.  2.  To  appoint  and  consecrate;  especially, 
to  invest  with  ministerial  functions.  [<  L.''' 
ordino,  set  in  order. —  or-dain'er,  n. 

or'de-al,  er'de-al,  n.  1.  A  trying  course  of 
experience.  2.  A  medieval  form  of  trial,  as 
by  fire  or  poison.     [<  AS.  ordll.] 

or'der,  er'dgr.  I.  U.  1.  To  give  a  command 
to.  2.  To  give  instructions  for.  3.  To  put  in 
order.  4.  To  regulate.  II.  n.  1.  Methodic- 
al and  harmonious  arrangement.  2.  Work- 
ing condition.  3.  A  command.  4.  Estab- 
lished use.  5.  A  body  of  persons  united  by 
some  common  bond.  6.  An  honor  conferred. 
7.  pi.  The  clerical  office.  8.  style  of  archi- 
tecture.   9.  Zodl.  &  Bot.    A  group  superior  to 


a  genus.  [<  L.  ordo,  order.]  —  or'der-ly.  I. 
a.  1.  Having  regard  for  arrangement;  system- 
atic. 3.  Peaceful.  3.  Characterized  by  order. 
4.  Pertaining  to  orders.  II.  n.  A  soldier  or  non= 
commissioned  officer,  commonly  a  sergeant,  de- 
tailed to  carry  orders  for  superior  officers. 

or'di-nal,  er'di-nal.  I.  a.  1 .  Denoting  po- 
sition in  an  order  or  succession.  2.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  order,  as  of  plants.  II.  v.  That 
form  of  the  numeral  that  shows  the  order  in  a 
series,  as  Jifth.  [F.,  <  LL.  ordinalis,  <  L. 
ordo  {ordin-),  order.] 

or'di-nance,  er'di-nane,  n.  1.  A  law  of  a 
municipal  body.  2.  ^cc^.  A  religious  rite.  [OF., 
<  L.  ordi7mn(t-)s,  pp.  of  ordino;  see  ordain.] 

or'di-na-ry,  er'di-ng-ri.  I.  a.  1.  Of  com- 
mon occurrence  or  use.  2.  Methodical;  nor- 
mal. 3.  Commonplace.  II.  n.  [-riess  j^/.] 
That  which  is  usual  or  common;  a  table 
d'hote;  one  who  exercises  jurisdiction  of  his 
own  right.  [<  L.  ordinarins,  <  ordo  {ordin-), 
order.] —  or'di-na-ri-ly,  adv. 

or'di-nate,  or'di-net  or  -n§t,  a.  Characterized 
by  order;  regular. 

or'^di-na'tion,  n.  1.  The  rite  of  consecra- 
tion to  the  ministry.  2.  The  state  of  being 
ordained,  regulated,  or  settled.  3.  Array.  4. 
Natural  or  proper  order.  [F.,  ult.  <  L.  ordino, 
order.] 

ordinance,  erd'nans,  n.  Miscellaneous  weap- 
ons and  appliances  used  in  war;  especially, 
artillery.     [A  form  of  ordinance.] 

or'dure,  er'jnr  or  erd'vQr,  n.  Excrement; 
feces.     [OF.,  <  ord,  foul,  nasty.] 

ore,  (JT,  n.  A  natural  substance,  sometimes 
forming  part  of  a  rock,  containing  metal.  [< 
AS.  xr,  ore.] 

or'gan,  er'gan,  n.  1.  One  of  several  musical 
wind-instruments;  a  pipe* 
organ,  reed=organ,  or 
hand=organ.  2.  Any  part 
of  an  organism  perform- 
ing some  definite  func- 
tion. 3.  A  newspaper 
published  in  the  interest 
of  some  party.  [<  L. 
organum,  <  Gr.  organon, 
instrument.]  — or-gan'ic, 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to  organ- 
isms or  animals  and  plants. 
»J,  Organized ;  systema- 
tized. 3.  Constitutive. 
or-gan'ic-alt.— or'- 
gan-ism,  n.  1.  An  or- 
ganized or  living  being.  »i. 
The  state  of  being  organ- 
ized; also,  any  organ.— or'- 
gau-ist,  11.  One  who 
plays  the  organ. 

or'gan-ize  er'gan-aiz,  v. 

1.  t.     1.  To  bring  into    systematic  relation. 

2.  To  prepare  for  transaction  of  business.  3. 
Biol.  To  furnish  with  organs.  II.  i.  To 
unite  in  a  society.  [<  L.  organvm;  see  or- 
gan.] or'gan-ise:^.—  or''^an-i-za'tion  or 
-sa'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  organizing.  2.  A 
number  of  individuals  systematically  united.  3. 
Any  combination  of  parts. 

or'gies,  er'jiz,  »./»/.  [on' gy,  sing.']  l.Wild 
or  wanton  revelry.  2.  The  rites  in  honor  of 
certain  ancient  deities,  as  Bacchus.  [F.,  <  I-. 
orgia,  <  Gr.  orgia,  secret  rites.] 


Oriel. 


[-IZED;    -I'ZING.] 


fiutlure  (future);    aisle;   au  {out);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  tliin. 


oriel 
ossify 


318 


o'ri-el,  o'ri-e],  n.  A  window  built  out  from  a 
wall  and  resting  on  a  bracket,  or  like  support. 
See  illus.  on  preceding  page. 

o'ri-ent,  O'ri-gnt.  I.  a.  1.  [0-]  Oriental. 
2.  Resembling  sunrise;  bright.  3.  Ascending. 
II.  n.  1.  [0-]  The  East,  especially  those 
countries  in  Asia  east  of  the  Mediterranean. 
2.  The  eastern  sky.  [F.,  <  L.  o?'ien{t-)s,  ppr. 
of  onor,  rise.] — o/^'ri-en'tal.  I.  a.  1.  [0-] 
Pertaining  to  the  Orient.  2.  Magnificent.  31!. 
Eastern.    II.  n.    [0-]  An  Inhabitant  of  Asia. 

or'i-fice,  er'i-fis,  n.  A  small  opening  into  a 
cavity;  an  aperture.  [F.,  <  h.^  os  (or-), 
mouth,  -\- facto,  make.] 

or'i-gin,  er'i-jin,  ^?.  1.  The  commencement 
of  tne  existence  of  anything.  2.  A  primary 
source;  cause.  3.  Parentage.  [<  L.^' origo 
(origin-'),  <  orior,  rise.]  — o-rig'i-nal.  I.  a.  1 . 
Pertaining  to  the  beginning  of  a  thing.  2. 
Not  copied  or  imitated,  3.  Able  to  produce 
mental  works.  4.  New  and  novel.  II.  n.  1. 
The  first  form  of  anything.  2,  The  language 
in  which  a  book  Is  first  written.  3.  A  person 
of  unique  character. —  o-rig''^i -nal'i-ty,  m.— 
o-rig'i-nal-ly,  arf».— o-rig'i-iiate,  ^5.  L-na"- 
TED<»;  -NA"TiNG.]  1.  t.  To  be  the  producing 
cause  of ;  create.  II.  i.  To  arise  from  some  ori- 
gin or  source.— o-rig''i-iia'tiou,  n.  A  be- 
ginning; origin.— o-rig'i-na'^tor,  n. 

o'ri-ole,  O'ri-ol,  n.  1.  A  black=^and -yellow 
bird  of  the  Old  World, 
related  to  the  crows.  2. 
One  of  various  black» 
and=yellow  American 
birds. 

O-ri'on,  o-rai'gn,  n.  1.  A 
constellation  noted  for  its 
group  of  three  bright  stars  in 
a  line.  2.  Gr.  Myth.  A  hunter 
of  gigantic  size.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
Orion.'] 

or'i-son,  er'i-zun  oi'  -sgn,  n. 
A  devotional  prayer.  [  <  L.*" 
oratio{n-)\  see  oration.] 

or^na-ment,  or'na-mgnt.  I<>. 
vt.  To  embellish  with  orna- 
ments; adorn.  11.  n.  1.  An  elegant  or  beauti- 
fied part;  something  applied  or  worn  for  decora- 
tion. 2.  Ornamentation  in  the  abstract.  3. 
Anything  considered  as  a  source  of  honor.  [  < 
F.  ornement,  <  L.  ornafMnti/m,  <  orno,  adorn.] 
—  or'^na-iiien'tal,  a.  Serving  to  adorn.— 
or''na-iiieii-ta'tion«  w. 

or-nate',  er-net',  a.  Ornamented;  artistically 
finished.     |  <  I..  07-?w,  adorn.] 

or''nitll-ol''o-gy,  er"nith-ero-ji,  v.  1.  The 
branch  of  zoology  that  treats  of  birds.  2.  A 
treatise  on  this  siibjcct.  |  <  (Jr.  ornis(ornith-), 
bird,  + -LOGY.] — or''nlth-ol'o-gl8t,  n.  One 
versed  In  ornithology. 

o'ro-tund",  O'ro-tund"  or  er'o-tund,  a.  Full, 
clear,  rounded,  and  resonant:  said  of  the  voice 
or  utterance.  [  <  1,.  os  (or-),  mouth,  -f  rotun- 
diis,  round.] 

or'plxan,  or'fan.  1.  a.  1.  Having  lost  one  or 
(more  commonly)  both  parents:  saulof  achild. 
2.  Pertaining  to  one  so  bereaved.  II.  ii.  A 
child  deprived  of  its  parents  by  death.  \  <  Gr. 
orp/ia/io.'s\  bereft.]  —  or^phan-'nge,  n.  1 .  The 
state  of  being  an  orphan,    "i.  An  orphan  naybun. 

or're-xry,  er'g-ri,  n.    [-ries»,   />/.]    A   philo- 


On-cry. 
The  turning  of  the 
[■rank  causes  the  balls 
to  revolve,  in  imitation  of  the 
natural  motions  of  the  planets 
they  represent. 


sophical  apparatus  for  exhibiting  the  relative 
motions   and  posi-       _ 
tions  of  the  mem- 
bers  of    the    solai 
system.  [<  the  Earl 
of  Orrery.'] 

or'ris,  er'is,  w.  Any 
one  of  the  several 
species  of  Iris  hav- 
ing a  scented  root. 
[Corr.  of  Iris,  3.] 
or'ricei. 

or'tlio-dox,  er'tho-dex,  a.  1.  Correct  or 
sound  in  doctrine;  Trinitarian.  2.  Approved; 
accepted.  [<  Gr.  orthos,  right,  +  doked, 
think.]  —  or'tho-dox''y,  n.  1.  Belief  in  es- 
tablished doctrine.  3.  Acceptance  of  a  Trini- 
tarian church  creed. 

or-'tlio-ep'^y,  er'tho-ep"i,  n.  1.  The  art  of 
correct  pronunciation.  2.  Pronunciation  in 
general.  [  <  Gr.  orthos,  correct,  +  epos,  word.] 
—  or^'tho-ep'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  orthoepy. 
or^'tho-ep'ic-aU.  — or'tho-ep'^ist,  n.  An 
authority  on  pronunciation. 

or-tliog'ra-pliy,er-theg'ra-fi,  n.  1.  A  mode 
or  system  ot  spelling.  2.  The  science  that 
treats  of  letters  and  spelling.  [<  Gr.  orthos, 
straight; and  see  -graph Y.]—or.thos'ra.pher, 
n.  One  versed  in  orthography.  —  or'^tho- 
grapli'ic,  a.  or'^tho-grapli'i-calt.— or''- 
tlio-grapli'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

or 'to -Ian,  er'tolan,  n.  An  Old  World  buntmg 
or  some   bird  re- 
sembling it. 

-ory,  .tj/fflx.  A  suffix 
of  English  nouns 
and  adjectives,  of 
Latin  origin,  si  il- 
fylng,  In  nouns, 
place;  as,  dormlto- 
r?/;  In  adjectives, 
relating  to  or  like; 
as,  amatory.  [  <  L. 
-orius,  -aria,  -ori- 
um,  adj.  termina- 
tion; -orinm,  noun 
termination.] 

os'cil-late,  es'i-let,  r. 


Ortolan. 


[-la'ted"*;  -la'ting.] 
I.  t.  To  cause  to  swing  to  and  fro.  II.  i.  1. 
To  vibrate,  as  a  pendulum.  2.  To  fluctuate; 
waver.     [<  L.  oscillo,  <  oscillum,  swing.] 

—  os^'cil-la'tioii,  n.    The  act  or  state  of  os- 
cillating.—o8'cil-la''tor,  n. 

os'cu-late,  es'kiu-let,  rt.  &  vi.  [-la'ted**; 
-la'tino.]  1.  To  kiss.  2.  Geom.  To  touch, 
as  two  curves.  [  <  L.  osci/loi',  kiss,  <  oscidum, 
dim.  of  OS,  mouth.]  —  os'^cu-la'tlon,  n.  —  os'- 
cu-la-to''ry,  a. 

-ONC.    Same  as  -ous. 

o'sier,  O'zh^r.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  twigs  of 
willow  or  the  like.  II.  n.^  1.  Any  one  of 
various  species  of  willow.  2'.  A  shoot  of  wil- 
low usetl  in  basket-making.     [F.] 

-OMitr,  Knfliw.  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  signifying 
"fulness,  abundance  of  ";  as,  verbo«ty.  L<  -osR 
+  -ty2.  1 

os'prey .  es'prg,  n.  A  dark-brown,  hawk-like 
bird  that  preys  upon  fish. 

os'se-ous,  es'g-us.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contain- 
ing bones.     [<  h.ossei/s,  bony,  <  os,  bone  J 

OB'sl-fy,  es'i-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -fy'ino.]  I.  /. 
To  convert  into  bone:  harden  like  bone.  II.  i. 
To  be  changed  into  l)one.   [<L.os  [oss-],  bone. 


papa,  ^sk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  us^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rfile;  birt,  ©r; 


319 


ostensible 
outlet 


+  -FT.]  —  os'''si-fl-ca'tion,  n.     1 .  A  changing 

into  bone.    2.  The  state  of  being  ossified. 
os-ten'si-blie,    es-ten'si-bl,   a.      Offered  as 

real  or  as  having  the    character  represented; 

seeming.  —  os-ten'.si-bly,  adv.— os-ten'si\'(e, 

a.    Exhibiting;  showing. 
os'^ten-ta'tion,   es"ten-te'shun,  n.    The  act 

of  displaying  vauntingly;  pretentious  parade. 

[  <  L.  ostento,  f req.  of  ostendo.,  exhibit.] 

—  os''teii-ta''tioiis,  a.  1.  Given  to  osten- 
tation; pretentious.    2.  Marked  by  vain  display. 

os'^te-oro-gy,  es"t§-el'o-ji,  n.  The  part  of 
anatomical  science  that  treats  of  the  bones  of 
the  skeleton  and  the  properties  of  the  osseous 
tissue.     [<  Or.  osteon,  bone,  -|-  -logy.] 

os'tler,  n.    Same  as  hostler. 

os-tra'ce-an,  es-tre'si-an,  n.  A  bivalve; 
oyster. 

os'tra-cize  or  -else,  es'tra-saiz,  vt.  [-cized; 
-ci'zing.]  To  subject  to  ostracism.  [<  Gr. 
ostrakizo,  <  osfrakon,  shell,  voting=tablet.] 

—  os'tra-cisni,  n.  1.  Exclusion  from  in- 
tercourse or  favor,  as  in  society.  2.  Gr.  Antiq. 
Banishment  by  popular  vote. 

os'trich.,  es'trich,  n.    A  very  large,  two-toed 
bird  of  Africa  and  Arabia,  noted  for 
its  beautiful  plumes  and  its  speed  in 
running.        [<    Gr.i-+OF    strontMon, 
ostrich.] 

oth^er,  udh'gr.  I.  a 
same.  2.  Addition- 
al. 3.  Second: noting 
the  remaining  one  of 
two  things;  contrary; 
alternate.  II.  ])ron. 
1.  A  different  person 
or  thing.  2.  The  op- 
posite one.  III.  adv. 
Otherwise,  [<  AS. 
other,  other.]  —  oth'- 
er-wise''.  I.  a.  Dif- 
ferent. II.  adv.  1.  In 
a  different  manner.  '^. 
In  other  respects.  III. 
C071J.  But  for  the  cause 
named. 

ot'ter,  et'gr,  n.  A 
weaseWike,  web=footed  carnivore,  inhabiting 
streams  and  lakes,  and  feeding  upon  fish:  val- 
ued for  its  dark'brown  fur.    [  <  AS.  ote?^  otter.] 

Ot'to-man,  et'o-man.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Turks.  II.  n.  1.  A  Turk.  2.  [o-\  A 
low  cushioned  seat  without  back;  a  carpet=cov- 
ered  foot»rest.  [<  Turk.i'  'Othman,  Osman  I.] 

ough.t,  et,  V.  1.  To  be  under  nioral  obligation 
to  be  or  do.  2. 
To  be  fitting  or 
imperative.  [  < 
AS.  akte,  pret.  of 
aga?i,  owe.]  i| 

ought!,??.  &adv. 
Aught;  anything.  .'    .^,,^. 

oughts ,  n.    A  ci-  ^sp-4fifc^#^ 
pher;  naught. 

ounces  auns,  n.  Ounce.    V48 

1.  A  unit  of  weight;  i/jg  of  a  pound  avoirdu- 
pois. 2.  One=sixteenth  of  a  pint.  [<  L.^ 
vncia,  twelfth  part.] 

ounce^,  n.  1.  A  feline  carnivorous  mammal 
of  central  Asia.  2.  The  jaguar.  [<  F.  once, 
prob.  <  Per.  yuz,  panther,  lynx.] 


Ostrich. 


-our,  svfflx.    Same  as  -or. 

our,  aur,  poss.  pron.  Pertaining  to  us:  ours 
when  not  followed  by  a  noun.  [<  AS.  ure,  < 
vre,  of  us,  akin  to  vs,  us. J  —  our-selP,  pron. 
Myself.—  oiir-selvesS  pron.  pi.    We  or  us. 

ou-rang^,  u-rang',  n.    The  orang-utan. 

-ons,  suffix.  Used:  (1)  To  denote  possession  or 
presence  of  a  quality  in  any  degree.  (2)  Chem. 
To  denote  a  compound  In  which  the  element  to 
which  It  is  afflxed  has  a  less  valence  than  in 
compounds  whose  names  end  in  -ic.  [  <  OF.  -ous, 
F.  -enXy  <  L.  -osns;  or  directly  <  L.  -us.] 

oust<*,  oust,  vt.  To  turn  out  from  possession. 
[<  OF.  ovstej;  F.  oter,  draw.] 

out,  aut.  I.  «.  1.  An  outside  place.  2.  A 
person  or  thing  that  is  out  or  omitted.  II. 
adv.  1.  In  a  condition  of  issuance,  or  as  of 
having  issued.  2.  Not  in  harmony  or  practise. 
3.  Completely;  thoroughly.  4.  Not  at  home. 
5.  To  the  uttermost.  III.  prep.  From  the 
inside  of.    [  <  AS.  ut,  out.] 

In  numerous  8elf»cxplalnlng  compound  verbs 
out  adds  the  sense  of  surpassing  or  exceeding, 
usually  meaning  "more  than,  beyond,  in  ex- 
cess ";  as  ov;<rank,  oj/'^vote,  o?<<weigh,  o?<rt)ld. 

—  OHt'saiubout'',  a.  Thoroughgoing;  un- 
qualified.—out'bouiid'',  «.  Outward  bound.— 
out^'brcak',  vi.  To  burst  out;  break  forth. 
—  out'break'',  n.  A  sudden  and  violent  break- 
ing forth.— oiit'biiil<r'iiig,  n.  A  smaller 
building  appurtenant  to  a  main  building  and 
generally  separate  from  it.—  out'bii  rsf ,  n.  A 
bursting  out;  a  violent  manifestation.— oiit'- 
casf".  I.  a.  Rejected  as  imworthy  or  useless. 
IT.  n.  One  who  is  rejected  and  despised.— out- 
classes f^t.  To  exceed  in  skill  or  powers.— out- 
do', vt.  To  exceed  in  performance;  surpass.— 
out-grow',  r<.  1,  To  surpass  in  growth.  2. 
To  grow  out  of  or  away  from.— out'growtli'', 
71.  An  excrescence.— out'house'',w.  An  out- 
building.— out'iiig:,  n.  The  act  of  going  out;  a 
holiday  excursion.— out-last'^,  vt.  To  last 
longer  than;  survive.  —  out'ly'^iiig,  a.  1. 
Situated  apart;  extrinsic.  !i.  Outside  the  bound- 
ary.-out-pour'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  pour  out; 
flow  freely.  II.  n.  A  free  outflow.— out- 
stretch", vt.    To  stretch  or  spread  out. 

out'come",  aut'cum",  n.  The  consequence 
or  visible  result.  [cry. 

out'cry",  aut'crai",  n.     A  vehement  or  loud 

out'door",  aut'dOr",  a.  1.  Being  or  done  in 
the  open  air.  2.  Outside  of  certain  public  in- 
stitutions.—  out'doors''''.  I.  n.  The  world 
beyond  the  house.    Jl.  adv.    Out  of  the  house. 

out'er,  aut'er,  a.  1.  External.  2.  Farther 
from  a  center.— out'er-most",  «.— out'fleld", 
n.  In  baseball,  etc.,  the  players  who  occupy  the 
outer  part  of  the  fleld. 

out'flt,  71.    A  fitting  out  or  equipment. 

out-go',  aut-gn'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  go  farther 
than;  excel  in  any  way;  go  outward;  come  to 
an  end,  II.  n.  That  which  goes  out;  cost  or 
outlay.— oui'go"ing,  a.  &  n. 

out-land'isli,  aut-land'ish,  a.  1.  Of  strange 
or  l)arl;)arous  aspect  or  action.    2,  Remote. 

out'law",  aut'le".  I.  vt.  1.  To  put  out  of  the 
protection  of  the  law.  2.  To  deprive  of  legal 
force.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  is  outlawed.  2. 
A  freebooter.—  out'law"ry,  n.  The  state  of 
being  proscribed. 

out'lay",  aut'le",  n.  A  laying  out  or  disburs- 
ing; hence,  that  which  is  disbursed. 

out'let",  aut'let",  n.  A  passage  or  vent  for 
escape  or  discharge. 


fiut|fire    (future);    aisle;   au    (out);    eil;    c   (k);    chat;    dli    (the);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


outline 
over 


320 


outline'',  aut'lain".  I,  vt.  To  draw  the  out- 
line of.  TL.n.  1.  A  sketch  showing  the 
principal  features  of  a  thing.  2.  The  border- 
ing line  that  serves  to  define  a  figure.—  out- 
livfe',  vt.    To  live  longer  than;  survive. 

out'look'^,  aut'luk",  n.  1.  The  expanse  in 
view;  hence,  the  prospect  of  a  thing.  2.  Dis- 
tance of  view;  hence,  foresight. 

out'put",  aut'put",  n.  The  quantity  put  out 
or  produced  in  a  specified  time. 

out'rage,  ant'rgj.  I.  vt.  [out'raged;  out'- 
KA-GiNG.]  1.  To  commit  outrage  upon.  2. 
To  grossly  violate  the  rights  of.  II.  n.  An 
act  of  shocking  violence  or  cruelty.  [F.,  < 
outre.,  beyond,  <  L.  ultra.,  beyond.]  —  out-ra'- 
ffeous,  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  an  outrage; 
atrocious.    2.  Heedless  of  authority  or  decency. 

out-ride',  aut-raid',  v.  I.  t.  To  ride  faster 
than.  II.  i.  1.  To  ride  abroad.  2.  To  ride 
beside  a  carriage  as  an  attendant.— out'ri'^- 
der,  n.  A  mounted  servant  who  rides  in  ad- 
vance of  a  carriage. 

out'rig'^ger,  aut'rig'gr,  n.  A  part  built  out; 
specifically:  (1)  A  bracket  for  projecting  a 
rowlock.  (2) 
A  projecting 
contrivance 
for  balancing 
a  canoe.  (3)  A 
spar  for  ex- 
tending a  sail.  ^  ,        ,     ^ 

out '  rigbt  "  Polynesian  Canoe  with  Outrigger, 
aut'rait'.  I.  a.  Free  from  reserve  or  restraint. 
II.  adv.    1.  Without  reservation  or  limitation. 

2.  Without  delay. 

out'sef,  aut'set',  n.  A  first  entrance  on  any 
business,  journey,  or  the  like;  a  setting  out. 

out'side",  aut'said".  l.a.  1 .  Pertaming  to 
the  outside;  exterior;  extraneous.  2.  Reach- 
ing the  limit.  3.  Foreign.  II.  n.  1.  The 
external  part  of  a  thing;  superficial  appear- 
ance. 2.  The  extreme.  III.  adv.  Without. 
—  out^'si'der,  n.  One  Avho  Is  outside;  an 
Intruder. 

out'skirt",  n.  A  place  on  the  skirts  or  bor- 
der; outer  verge.  [of  speech. 

out'spo"ken,  aut'spO'kn.  a.    Bold  or  free 

out-stand',  ant-stand',  v.  I§.  t.  To  with- 
stand. II.  i.  1.  To  stand  out;  project.  2. 
To  stand  over;  remain  unpaid.— out-stand'- 
iiiK,  a. 

out- Strip",  aut-strip',  vt.  To  leave  behind  in 
a  race;  outrun;  hence,  to  go  beyond;  escape. 

out'ward,  aut'ward,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
exterior;  external.    2.  Tending  to  the  outside. 

3.  Extrinsic,    -iy,  adv.    -ness, ». 
out'ward,    \adv.    1.  Away  from  an  inner 
out'wards,  f  place.    2.  On  the  surface.    3. 

Away  from  port  or  home. 

out-wif ,  aut-wit',  vt.  [out-wit'ted<i;  out- 
wit'ting.]  To  excel  or  defeat  in  a  contest  of 
wits.  [bulwark. 

oufwork",  aut'wurk",  n.  Any  outer  defense; 

o'val,  O'val.  I.  a.  Having  the  figure  of  the 
longitudinal  section  of  an  egg.  II.  n.  A  fig- 
ure or  body  of  such  form  or  outline.  [<  F. 
ovale,  <  LL.  ormlis,  <  L.  ovt/rn,  egg.] 

o'va-ry,  O'va-ri,  n.  [-ries^^  pi.]  An  organ 
or  part  where  an  egg  or  seed  is  developed.  [< 
L.  ovum,  egg.]  —  o-va'ri-an,  a. 


o'vate,  O'vetor  -vgt,  a.  Egg-shaped:  said  of 
leaves.     [<  L.  ovatvs,  <  ovnrn,  egg.] 

o-va'tion,  o-ve'shun,  n.  Any  spontaneous 
expression  of  popular  homage.  [<  L.  ova- 
fio(n-),  <  ovo,  triumph.] 

ov'en,  uv'n,  n.  A  chamber  in  which  sub- 
stances are  artificially  heated:  used  for  baking, 
annealing,  etc.     [<  AS.  o/en,  oven.] 

o'ver,  o'vgr.  I.  vt.  To  jump  over ;  vault. 
II.  a.  Outer.  III.  adv.  1.  So  as  to  pass 
from  one  of  t\\o  sides  or  places  to  the  other. 
2.  In  width.  3.  From  one  side  or  purpose  to 
another.  4.  So  as  to  invert  or  transpose.  5. 
So  as  to  overflow.  6.  In  a  position  beyond; 
completely.  7.  Once  again.  8.  Excessively. 
9.  At  an  end.  IV.  jnep.  1.  Higher  than; 
above;  in  superiority  to;  in  excess  of.  2.  Not- 
withstanding.   3.  Across.     [<  AS.  ofer.] 

Over  is  an  element  in  a  large  number  of  self^ 
explaining  compounds,  with  the  general  meaning 
of  "too,"  "too  much,"  etc.;  as,  oi'eranxiety,  too 
great  anxiety-  oreract,  to  act  unduly  or  to  ex- 
cess; o?;erburden,  to  burden  excessively,  etc. 

— o'ver-alls,  n.  pi.  Loose  coarse  outer  trou- 
sers worn  by  workmen  for  protection.— o"ver- 
arcli't,  vt.  '&  r"i'.  Toarch  over.— o'^vcr-aivCe', 
vt.  To  overpower  or  restrain  by  awe.—  ©"ver- 
bal'aiice.  I',  vt.  1.  To  exceed,  as  in  weight 
or  importance.  2.  To  cause  to  lose  balance.  II, 
n.  Excess  of  weight  or  value.— o"ver-bear', 
V.  1.  t.  1.  To  overpower;  repress.  2.  To  crush 
down;  overpower.  II.  i.  To  bear  too  much 
fruit.— o^ver-bear'ina:,  pa.  1.  Arrogant; 
dictatorial.  2.  Overwbelming ;  crushing.— 
o'^ver-bid',  vt.  &  vi.  To  ostbld.  — o'ver- 
board'%  adv.  Over  the  side  of  or  out  of  a  boat 
or  ship.—  o"ver-ca8t',  vt.  1 .  To  cover,  as  the 
sky  with  clouds.  2.  To  sew  (an  edge)  with  long 
wrapping  stitches.- ©"ver-charare'.      I.  vt. 

1,  To  charge  more  than  is  justly  due.  2.  To 
load  with  too  heavy  a  charge.  3.  To  overburden. 
II,  n.  An  excessive  charge  of  any  kind.— 
o'ver-coat''',  n.  An  extra  outdoor  coat;  a 
greatcoat;  topcoat.— o^ver-come',  vt.  &  vi. 
To  obtain  the  mastery  over  or  the  control  of; 
vanquish;  defeat.— o"ver-do',  ?'.  I.t.  To  do 
excessively;  exaggerate;  overtax;  exhaust.  II,  i. 
To  labor  too  assiduously.— o'^ver-grow',  v. 
I»t.  1,  To  cover  with  herbage,  ti.  To  grow 
too  rapidly  for.  II,  i.  To  Increase  unduly.— 
o'ver-hand",  «.  1.  Baseball.  With  the  hand 
well  upward.  2.  Made  by  overcasting,  as  a 
seam.  — o'^ver-bang:',  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  pro- 
ject or  hang  over:  menace.  II,  n.  An  over- 
hanging portion;  also,  tlie  amount  of  projection. 
—  o"v«»v-baiiI',  ?;<.  To  haul  over;  inspect.— 
o''ver-be(a)d',  a(/r.  1.  Aloft.  2,  Soastobc 
submerged.—  o"ver-b»'ar',  rt.  To  hoar,  as  by 
accident  or  design.- o"ver-joy',  vt.  To  over- 
come with  joy.—  o'ver-Iunu",  a.  &  adv.  Over 
the  land;  by  land.— o"ver-lap't,  rt.  &vi.  1, 
To  He  or  be  folded  partly  upon.  2.  To  lap  over. 
— o"ver-lay',  »<.  To  spread  something  over 
the  surface  of;  overcast;  cloud.  — o"  ver- 
match^  It,  r<.  To  be  more  than  a  match  for. 
II,  71.  One  who  or  tliat  wlilcli  is  .'juporior  In 
strength,  skill,  etc.— o"v«'r-iinicb',  a.  &  adv. 
Exceeding  what  Is  necessarv  or  proper;  too 
much.—  o"ver-ni|fht',  adr.  l)urlng  or  through 
the  night.— o'vcr-pliiH,  ii.  That  which  re- 
mains after  a  certain  part  hivs  been  used  or  set 
aside;  surplus.— o"v«»r-Hhad'ow,  rt.  1,  To 
throw  a  shadow  over.  2.  To  cast  Into  the 
shade.— o'v«»r-Hbo<*",  n.  A  shoe  worn  over  an- 
other: usually  of  Indla.rubber  or  felt.— o"ver- 
ahoot',  t7.     I,  t.    1,  To  shoot  over  or  beyond. 

2.  To  go  beyond;  overstep.     II.  i.  To  shoot  or 


papfi,  gek;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  thdy,  oeifge;  It,  ^,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


321 


overdraw 
oxygen 


Overshot  Wheel. 


fly  beyond  the  mark.  —  overshot  wheel,  a 

water  »  wheel  for 
power,  with  buck- 
ets that  are  filled 
at  the  top,  the 
weight  andimpetus 
of  the  water  turn- 
ing the  wheel.  — 
o'^ver-spread', 
vt.  1.  To  spread 
over.  2.  To  lie 
spread  or  scattered 
over.  —  o'^ver- 
state'd,  vt.  To 
exaggerate.  —  o  '  - 
ver-time''.  I. 
ti.  Time  beyond 
the  usual  or  speci- 
fied hours,  it.  adv.  Beyond  the  stipulated  time. 
—  o'^ver-top't,  vt.  1.  To  mount  above  the  top 
of;  tower  over.    '2.  To  exceed  in  eminence. 

O^ver-draw',  vt.  1.  To  draw  against  (an 
account)  beyond  one's  credit.  2.  To  draw  or 
strain  excessively.  3.  To  make  an  exagger- 
ated representation  of.—  o'ver-draft",  n. 

0''ver-due',  a.  1.  Remaining  unpaid  after 
the  time  when  due.  2.  Not  taking  place  at 
the  usual  time. 

O^'ver-flow',  v.  I.  t.  To  flow  over;  spread 
over;  flood;  overwhelm.  II.  i.  To  run  over 
the  edge;  hence,  to  abound. 

O'ver-flow'',  ».  1.  That  which  flows  over; 
a  flood;  profusion.  2.  A  passage  or  outlet  for 
liquid. 

o"ver-look'S  vt.  1.  To  look  down  upon. 
2.  To  superintend;  oversee.  3.  To  look  over; 
condone.    4.  To  fail  to  see;  slight. 

0''ver-pow'er,  vf.  1.  To  gain  supremacy 
or  victory  over;  subdue.  2.  To  overwhelm 
by  intensity  or  energy. 

o^'ver-reacli'S  v.  i.  t.  1.  To  obtain  an  ad- 
vantage over,  as  by  trickery.  2.  To  stretch  out 
too  far,  as  a  limb.  3.  To  overshoot  (a  mark). 
4.  To  extend  over.  II.  i.  To  strike  the  hind 
against  the  fore  foot:  said  of  a  horse. 

o"ver-ride',  vt.  1.  To  overcome,  as  if  by 
trampling  under  the  feet.  2.  To  set  aside  or 
disregard  arbitrarily.    3.  To  ride  to  excess. 

o''ver-ruIe',  v.  I.  t.  To  control  by  superior 
power.    II.  i.    To  hold  sway. 

o^'ver-run',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  run  or  spread 
over;  infest  or  ravage.  2.  To  run  beyond; 
exceed  or  go  beyond.  3.  Print.  To  carry 
over  (type)  to  another  line.  II.  i.  To  pass 
just,  prescribed,  or  usual  limits. 

o''ver-see',  i'.  I.  ^.  1.  To  overlook;  super- 
intend. 2.  To  fail  to  see;  neglect.  3.  To  see 
too  well.  II.  i.  1.  To  see  over  things.  2. 
To  act  as  overseer. —  o^'ver-se'er,  n. 

o"ver-set',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  capsize;  upset. 
2.  To  cause  the  downfall  of.  3.  To  set  too 
much  of.    II.  i.    To  fall  over. 

o'ver-sight",  n.  1.  An  error  due  to  inatten- 
tion. 2.  Watchful  supervision;  superintend- 
ence, [exceed. 

o'^ver-step'S    vt.    To  step  over  or  beyond; 

o"ver-take',  vt.  1 .  To  come  up  with  by  fol- 
lowing; catch.    2.  To  take  by  surprise. 

o"ver-throw'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  throw  over; 
throw  down;  upset.  2.  To  overcome  the 
power  of;  defeat.  II.  «.  The  act  of  over- 
throwing: destruction;  demolition. 


o''ver-turn',  o.  I.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  fall; 
upset.  2.  To  destroy  the  power  of.  II.  i.  To 
turn  over;  capsize. 

O'ver-tum,''  n.  1.  The  act  of  overturning; 
an  upset;  overthrow.  2.  A  subversion  or  de- 
struction, [presumptuous  pride  or  conceit. 

O'Ver-ween'ing,    pa.     Characterized    by 

o'Ver-whelm',  vt.  1.  To  whelm  or  sub- 
merge completely.  2.  To  overcome  with  ef- 
fusiveness or  profusion. 

O'vert,  O'vgrt,  a.  Open  to  view;  outwardly 
manifest;  in  law,  done  with  criminal  intent. 
[OF.,  pp.  oi  ovnr,  <  L.  operio,  open.] 

O'ver-ture",  O'ver-tiyr",  n.  1.  A  proposal 
for  consideration;  offer.  2.  A  musical  com- 
position introductory  to  an  opera,  etc. 

C'vi-form,  O'vi-ferm,  a.    Having  the  form  of 


an  egg  or  ovum;  egg=shaped 

egg,     f-  -FORM.] 


[<  L.  ovum. 


Producing  eggs;  propaga- 
L.  ovum,  egg,  -f-  pario,  pro- 
^  X.  .,  [egg,  +  -oiD.] 
Egg'shaped.  [<  L.  ovvm, 
A  rudimentary  seed;  small 


o-vip'a-rous,  a. 

ting  by  eggs.     [< 
duce.] 

o'void,  o'veid,  a. 

o'vule,  O'viQl,  n. 
ovum. 

o'vum,  O'vom,  n.  [o'va,  pi."]  Biol.  A  nu- 
cleated cell,  formed  in  the  ovary;  an  egg,  in  the 
widest  sense. 

owe,  0,  V.  [owed  (formerly  ought  or  own); 
ow'iNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  be  under  obligation  for. 
2.  To  be  indebted  for.  II.  i.  To  be  indebted ; 
be  due.     [<  AS.  aj7ff«,  have.] 

owl,  aul,  n.    A  nocturnal  bird  having  large  eyes 
and  a  circular  fa- 
cial disk  of  radia-  

ting    feathers.      [<    AS.    ^^^^^^^  Barn^ 
tlle.]—o'wVet,n.  A  small    J^H^CL    owl. 
or  young  owl.— owl'ish,    0^^^^^      V28 
a.      IJke  an   owl;   grave; 
stupid. 

owni,  On,  vt.  To  have  the  rightful  title  to; 
possess.  [^<  A^.agnian,  <  cT.g'e;?,' see  own,  «.] 

Own2,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  admit  to  be  true;  ac- 
knowledge; confess.  2.  To  avow  the  owner- 
ship of;  recognize.  II.  i.  [Colloq.]  To  ac- 
knowledge.   [<  AS.  unnan,  give.] 

own,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  oneself;  individual. 
2.  Being  of  the  nearest  degree;  real.  3.  In- 
timately related.  [<  AS.  dgen,  orig.  pp.  of 
agan,  have.] 

own'er,  n.  One  who  has  the  right  to  or  pos- 
session of  a  thing.—  own'er-ship,  n.  The  state 
of  being  a  proprietor  or  owner. 

OX,  ex,  n.  [ox'en,  pl.'\  An  adult  castrated  male 
of  a  domestic  bovine  ouadruped;  in  the  plural, 
domestic  cattle.    [<  AS.  oxa,  ox.] 

ox-al'ic,  ex-al'ic,  a.  Chem.  Pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  sorrel.  [<  Gr.^  oxalis,  kojojx, 
sharp,  a^^id.]  —  oxalic  acid,  a  white  crystal- 
line poisonous  compound,  found  In  the  vegetable 
kingdom  as  in  sorrel  and  also  made  artificially  In 
various  ways,  as  by  decomposing  sugar  with  ni- 
tric acid. 

ox'id,     (  ex'id,    -aid,    n.     Chem.  Any  binary 

ox'ide,  (  compound  of  oxygen,  as  iron»rust. 
[<  Gr.  oxys,  acid.]  —  ox'^i-da'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  uniting  with  oxygen;  also,  the  state  of  being 
so  united.  —  ox'i-dize,  v.  [-dized;  -di'zing.  | 
I.  t.  To  cause  the  oxidation  of;  rust.  II,  i.  To 
unite  with  oxygen,    ox^i-datet;  ox'i-diset. 

ox'y-gen,  ex'i-jen,  n.    A  colorless,  tasteless. 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle; 
21 


(owt);    oil;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  (^Ae);    go;  sing,  ii;ik;  thin. 


oyster 
pain 


322 


and  inodorous  gaseous  element,  existing  in       water.     [<  Gr.  i-^of  oslreon,  oyster.]  —  oys'- 
large  quantity  in  both  tlie  air  and  water.  [<Gr.  I      tersplant'",  ».    Salsify. 
oxijs.  sharp,  acid,  -f  -gen.]  —  ox-'y-gen-ated,    o'zone,  O'zOn,  n.     Chem.  A  colorless  gas  with 
»t.    To  treat  with  oxygen.  '  a  pungent  odor  like  that  of  chlorin.     [<  Gr. 

oys'ter,  eis'tgr,  w.    A  bivalve  found  in  salt  i     ozo  (ppr.  ozon),  smell.] 


P,  p,  pi,  n.  [pees,  P's,  or  Ps,  ptz,  pl.'\  A  letter: 
the  sixteenth  in  the  English  alphabet. 

pab^u-lum,  pab'yu-luin,  n.  Any  substance 
affording  nutriment;  aliment.  [L.,  fodder,  < 
pasco,  feed.] 

pace,  pes,  v.  [paced';  pa'cing.]  I.  t.  To 
walk  with  regular  steps;  measure  by  strides. 
II.  i.  1.  To  move  with  even  steps.  2.  To 
move,  as  a  horse,  by  lifting  both  feet  on  the 
same  side  at  once.^ —  pa'cer,  n. 

pace,  n.  1.  A  step  in  walking.  2.  A  measure 
of  length,  usually  3  feet.  3.  Gait.  4.  Rate 
of  speed.  5.  The  movement  by  a  horse  of 
both  feet  on  the  same  side  together.  [  <  F.  pa.?, 
step.] 

pa-clia',  ?J.    SameasPASHA.    [F.] 

padi'y-derm,  pak'i-dgrm.  I.  a.  Thick* 
skinned.  paclx''y-der'ina-tous$.  II.  n. 
One  of  a  former  division  of  hoofed  mammals, 
including  the  elephant,  hippopotamus,  etc. 

pa-cif  ic,  pa-sif'ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  peace; 
l)eaceable;  calm.  2.  [P-]  Pertainuig  to  the 
great  western  ocean,  as  relatively  free  from 
storms.    [<  Ij.^"  pax,  peace,  -{-facio,  make.] 

pac'i-fy,  pas'i-fai,  i7t  [-fied;  -fy"ing.]  1. 
To  bring  into  a  peaceful  state.  2.  To  assuage 
the  anger  of;  calm.  [<  F.  pacifier,  <  L.  jxi- 
ciflco,  <  pax  ipac-\  peace;  and  see  -fy.] 

— pac''i-fl-ca'tion,  n.  Conciliation.— pac'- 
i-fi-ca''tor,  n.  A  peacemaker,   pac'i-fi'^erl:. 

packs  pac,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  dispose  in  com- 
pact shape;  stow  away.  2.  To  fill  com- 
pactly; compress  tightly.  3.  To  send  away. 
4.  To  load  with  a  pack.  5.  To  carry  on  the 
back.  6.  To  make  fluid»tight.  7.  In  water* 
cure  treatment,  to  envelop  (a  person)  in  a  wet 
sheet  with  dry  outer  wrappings.  II.  i.  1. 
To  stow  things,  as  for  carrying.  2.  To  form 
into  a  pack.  3.  To  allow  of  being  put  into 
compact  shape.    4.  To  leave  in  haste. 

pack,  n.  1.  A  bundle  or  large  package;  a  col- 
lection of  anything;  heap.  2.  A  full  set  of 
things,  as  cards.  3.  A  number  of  dogs  or 
wolves  that  hunt  together;  any  gang  or  band. 
4.  A  large  area  of  floating  broken  ice.  5.  In 
water«cure,  a  wrapping  of  sheets. 

ack^age,  n.     The  act  of  packing;  that 


pack' 

ch    l8    1 


packet  or  parcel. —pack'saii"i-iiial,  n.    An 

animal,  as  a  horse,  used  to  carry  i)ac;k«  or  burdeiin. 
—  pack'«r,  n.  Oni;  who  nackH,  or  a  device  for 
packing.— pack'et,  u.  j.  A  small  package; 
parcel.  '2.  A  fast  vessel  for  convcTlng  mails 
and  passengers  at  stated  times.- pack'iiian,  n. 
l-yiKS,  pl.[  A  pedler.— p.sHaddle,  n.  A  pad 
or  saddle  for  a  pack«anlnial.—  pack'threaa'^ 
71.  Twine  used  for  doing  up  packages,  etc. 
pact,  pact,  n.  An  agreement;  compact.  [  < 
L.  pactum,  agreement.] 


pad,  pad,  t.    [pad'ded'^;  pad'ding.]     I.  t. 

1.  To  stuflf  with  pads;  furnish  with  pads.  2. 
To  put  up  in  pads.  II.  i.  To  wear  pads; 
lengthen  literary  productions  by  padding. 

pad,  n.  1.  An  elastic  cushion  berving  to  pro- 
tect from  jarring.  2.  A  number  of  sheets  of 
paper  packed  and  gummed  together;  tablet. 
3.  A  large  floating  leaf  of  an  aquatic  plant. 
[Var.  of  POD.] 

pad^ding,  n.    1.  The  act  of  forming  a  pad.  , 

2.  That  of  which  a  pad  is  made.  3.  Matter 
put  in,  as  in  a  book,  merely  to  fill  space. 

pad' die,  pad'l,  v.     [pad'dled;    pad'dling.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  propel  with  a  paddle.  2.  To  beat 
with  a  paddle.    II.  i.     1.  To  ply  a  paddle. 

2.  To  dabble,  as  in  water.  [Var.  of  pattle, 
freq.  of  pat,  t\] 

pad'dle,  n.  A  bladed  implement  resembling 
an  oar,  used  without  a  rowlock  in  propelling  a 
boat;  any  similar  implement;  a  flipper. 

pad'dock,  pad'^c,  n.  An  enclosure  for  ex- 
ercising horses.     [<  AS.  pearroC,  park.] 

pad'lock''.  I',  vt.  To  fasten  or  provide  with 
a  padlock.  II.  n.  A  detachable  lock,  designed 
to  hang  on  the  object  fastened.     [<  pad,  n., 

-}-  LOCKl,  «.] 

pae'an,  pT'an  or  pe'an,  n.  Gr.  Antiq.  A  choral 
ode,  essentially  a  song  of  joy.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
paian,  <  Paian,  Apollo.] 

pa'gan.pe'gan.    I.  a.    Pertaining  to  pagans; 

heathenish.    II.  «.     1.  A  worshiper  of  false 

gods;  a  heathen;  idolater.    2.  An  irreligious 

person.     [<  F.  j)aien,  <  L.  pagamis,  peasant.] 

— pa'gan-ism,  n. 

page,  pgj,  Tt.    [paged;  pa'oing.I    To  mark 

the  pages  of,  as  a  book,  with  numbers. 
|pagei,«.  A  male  attendant,  usually  a  lad.   [F.] 

page",  n.     One  side  of  a  leaf,  as  of  a  book. 

[F.,  <  L.  pagina,  <  panqo,  fasten.] 

I  pag'eant,  paj'ant,  n.    1.  An  imposing  exhi- 

I     bition  or  parade.    2.  A  theatrical  spectacle. 

[  <  LL.  pagi/in,  scaffold,  <  L.  pagina,  leaf, 

slab.]  —  pajs'eant-ry,«.  Pageants  collectively. 

pa-go'da,  pci-go'da,  n.  In  the  Orient,  a  sa- 
cred tower,  profusely  adorned.  See  illus.  on 
next  page.  [Sp.,  <  Per.  b^d,  idol,  -}-  kadah, 
temple.! 

paid,  pf'u,  imp.  &pp.  of  pay,  rt. 

pail,  pel, ;/.  A  conical  or  cylindrical  vessel  for 
carrying  liquids,  etc.,  properly  having  a  bail. 

—  pall'ful,  n.      iPAIL'FULS.JO/.] 

pain,  pen.  I.  rt.  To  cause  pain  to;  hurt; 
distress.  U.  n.  1.  Any  distressing  or  afliict- 
ing  sensation  or  emotion;  suffering.  2.  pi. 
Care,  trouble,  or  exertion  exiiendea  on  anv- 
thing.     3.    Punishment;    penalty.      [<   L."*' 

guna,  <  (Jr.  poini,  a  fine.]  —  paln'ful,  a.    1. 
Ivlng  pain;   distressing.     *l,   Requiring  care; 


papA,  ^8k|  at,  air;  elf m^nt,  th#y,  u8§ge;  It,  g,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


paint 
pallid 


arduous.    -Iv.  adv.    -ness,  n.—  pain'less,  a. 

Free  from   pain;  causing  no  pain.      -ly,   adv. 
-ness,   H.— pains'ta^'king.     I.  «.     Taking 
pains.     II.  II.  Diligent  and  careful  endeavor, 
paint'',  pent,  f.    I.  ^.     1.  To  coat  with  paint; 


Pagoda 

adorn  with  colors.  2.  To  make,  as  a  picture, 
by  employing  pigments.  3.  To  depict  in 
language;  portray.  II.  i.  1.  To  practise  the 
painters'  art.  2.  To  color  the  face  artilicially. 
[<  L.OF;«««yo,  paint.] 

paint, >?.  1.  A  color  or  pigment,  either  dry  or 
mixed  with  oil,  water,  etc.    2.  A  cosmetic. 

paint'eri, /«.  One  whose  occupation  it  is  to 
paint. 

paint'er^,  71.  A  rope  with  which  to  fasten  a 
boat  by  its  bow.  [ther.] 

paint'er'^  n.    [U.  S.]  The  puma.    [Corr.  of  pan- 

paint^ing,  «.  1.  The  act,  art,  or  employ- 
ment of  laying  on  paints  with  a  brush.  2. 
The  art  of  "representing  objects  on  a  surface 
by  means  of  pigments.    3.  A  pictiwe. 

pair,  par.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  To  bring  together  as 
mates  or  as  antagonists;  mate;  suit;  match. 
II.  n.  1.  Two  persons  or  things  of  a  kind 
associated;  a  couple;  brace.  2.  A  single  thing 
having  two  like  or  correspondent  parts.  [< 
F.  paire,  <  L.  par,  <  jmi\  equal.] 

pa-ja'nxas,  pa-jfl'maz,  n.  pi.  1.  Loose 
trousers.  2.  A  loose  bifurcated  garment  for 
night'wear.  [  <  Hind.  2M^ama,  <  pde\  leg, 
-i-Jama,  garment.] 

paFace,  pal'gs,  /?.  A  royal  residence;  any 
stately  building.  [<  L.^  Palatimn,  Palatine 
Hill,  at  Rome.] — pa-la'tial,  pa-le'shal,  a.  Of, 
like,  or  befitting  a  palace;  magnificent;  stately. 

pal^a-din,  pal'a- 
din,  n.  Any  one  of 
the  twelve  peers  of 
Charlemagne;  a  par- 
agon of  knighthood. 

|^;-i        -  , 

pal'^an-quin', 

paran-km',   /i.    An 
Oriental  conveyance 
borne  on  the  shoul- 
ders of  men  by  poles.     [F.,  ult.  <  Sane,  pal 
yanka,  bed.]    pal"an-keen't. 


Original  Native  Palanquin 
of  Hindustan. 


palmate,  pal'et,  n.  1.  The  roof  of  the  mouth. 
2.  The  sense  of  taste;  relish.  [<  OF.  palat 
(<  L.  palatum),  palate.]—  paPa-ta-bKe,  a.  1 . 
Agreeable  to  the  palate;  savory,  tj.  Accept- 
able.—pal'a-tal.  I.  (/.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
palate.  2.  Produced  by  or  with  the  help  of  the 
palate.  II.  n.  1.  A  bone  of  the  palate,  tj. 
Any  sound  produced  chiefly  by  the  palate. 

pa-la'ver,  pa-lfl'ver-  I.  vi.  &  ri.  To  flatter; 
cajole;  talk  much  and  idly.  II.  n.  Empty 
talk,  especially  that  intended  to  flatter.  [< 
L.i'e  parabola,  comparison.] 

pale",  pel,  «i.  [paled;  pa'ling.]  To  enclose 
with  pales. 

pale^,  vt.  &  ri.  To  make  or  turn  pale;  blanch. 

pale,  o.  1.  Of  a  whitish  appearance;  pallid. 
2,  Of  a  very  light  shade  of  any  color.  [OF., 
<  L.  pallidus,  pale.]      -ness,  11. 

pale,».  1.  Originally,  a  pointed  stick;  a 
fence;  a  stake ;  a  paling".  2.  Boundary  or  limit, 
or  that  which  it  encloses;  enclosure.  [<  F. 
pal,  <  L.  pdhif:.  paltiin,  ult.  <  pango,  fasten.] 

pa'T.e-[or  -lae-  lon-toFo-gy,  n.  The  branch 
of  biology  that  treats  of  the  ancient  life  of  the 
globe  or  of  fossil  organisms.     [<  Gr.  palaios, 
ancient,  -f-  ontology.] 
—  pa''le-[or  -Ite-]oii-toPo-gi!!)t,  n. 

paFette,  pal'et,  n.  1.  A  thin  tablet,  with  a 
hole  for  the  thumb,  upon  which  artists  lay 
their  colors  for  painting.  2.  An  arrangement 
of  colors  placea  on  the  tablet.  3.  A  pallet: 
see  pali^et'.      [F.] 

paFfrey,  i)Sl'fn,  n.  A  saddle-horse,  especially 
a  woman's  saddle-horse.     [<  F.  palefroi.] 

pa'ling.  i)C''ling,  n.  One  of  a  series  of  up- 
right pales  forming  a  fence;  also,  such  pales 
collectively. 

pal'^i-sade',  paVi-sed'.  I.  vt.  [-sA'DEDd; 
-sa'ding.]  To  enclose  with  a  palisade.  II. 
n.  1.  A  fence  or  fortification  made  of  strong 
timbers  firmly  set  in  the  ground.  2.  pi.  An 
extended  clifl^.     [F.] 

pall,  pel,  t:t.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  insipid 
or  dull;  cloy.     [Short  form  of  appall.] 

pall,  ft .  A  cover,  usually  of  black  cloth,  thrown 
over  a  coffin  or  over  a  tomb.  [<  AS.  ])seL  < 
L.  palla,  robe.]  —  pall'sbear'^er,  w.  One  who 
attends  a  coffin  at  a  funeral. 

Pal-la^di-um,  pal-le'di-um  or  -Ig'di-um,  72. 
[-DI-A,  pi.]  1.  Clufiti.  Antiq.  An  image  of 
Pallas  on  which  the  safety  of  Troy  was  sup- 
posed to  depend.  2.  [p-]  Any  safeguard. 
[<  Gr.^' Palladiof},  <  Pallas,  Pallas  (Minerva).] 

paFlet^,  pal'et,  n.  One  of  various  mechanical 
devices:  (1)  A  click,  pawl,  etc.  (2)  A  disk  in 
the  endless  chain  of  a  chain»pump.  (3)  A 
potters'  wheel.  (4)  A  i)addle  for  mixing  and 
shaping  clay.  (5)  A  tool  used  in  gilding  the 
backs  of  books,     (ii)  Faint.  A  palette.     [Var. 

of  PALETTE.] 

paFlet^,  71.     A  bed  or  mattress,  usually  of 

straw.     [<  F.  paillet,  heap  of  straw.] 
parii-ate,  pal'i-et,  7:t.     [-a-'ted*";  -a"tino.] 

I.  To  cause  to  appear  less  guilty  or  offensive; 
extenuate.  2.  To  reduce  the  severity  of;  miti- 
gate. [<  L.  pallium,  cloak.]  —  pal''li-a'- 
tion,  71.  Alleviation;  mitigation.  —  paFli-a- 
tiv(e.     I.  a.     Having  a  tendency  to  pahiate. 

II.  71.    That  which  serves  to  palliate. 
pallid,  pal'id,  a.    Of  a  pale  or  wan  appear- 


flutlfire   (future);    aisle;   uu   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    cliaf,   dh  (the);   go;   sing,  ink;  tliin. 


pallor 
pannier 


324 


ance;   feeble  in  color.     [<  L.  pallidus;  see 

PAi>K.  a.] 
pal'lor,  pal'gr,  n.    The  state  of  being  pale  or 

pallid.     ( L.,  <  palleo,  be  pale.] 
palm,  pflm.  ft.     1.  To  hide  in  the  palm  of  the 

hand.    2.  To  impose  fraudulently:  with  of. 
palmi,  )i.     1.  The  hollow  inner  surface  of  the 

body  of  the  hand.     2.  The  breadth  or  the 

length  of  the  hand  used  as  a  lineal  measure. 

3.  That  which  covers  the  palm.  [<  L.  palma, 

hand.]  —  pal'iiiate,   pal'ma'^ted,  a.     1.  Re- 


Palmate  Leaves, 
1.  Palmately  parted  leaf.    2.  Palmately  lobed  leaf. 

sembling  an  open  hand,  with  the  fingers  spread. 
"1.  Web=footed.— pai'niate-ly,  adv. 

palmi^,  n.  1.  A  tropical  tree  or  shrub  of  which 
there  are  at  least  1,000  species,  mostly  having 
very  large  leaves.  2.  A  leaf  or  branch  of  the 
palm,  used  as  a  symbol  of  victory  or  joy.  3. 
Hence,  supremacy.  [<  Jj.''^ palma,  palm=tree.] 
—  pal  m'ei*.  n.  A  medieval  pilgrim  who  had 
vlsftcd  Palestine  and  brought  back  a  palm» 
branch—  i>n  I  infers  worin^^,  n.  A  hairy,  vora- 
cious cat. "niillar. 

pal-met^to,  i)al-met'0,  n.  Any  one  of  various 
fau'pahns.  especially  the  cabbage=palm  of  the 
southern  1-.  S.     [<  ^P-  pabnifo.] 

pal'nxis-try,  pal'mis-tri,  n.  The  pretended 
art  of  reading  one's  character  or  future  by  the 
marks  in  the  palm  of  the  hand. —  pal'inist,  n. 

Palm  Sun'day.  The  Sunday  before  Easter: 
commemorating  Chrisfs  triumphal  entry  into 
Jerusalem  (John  xii.  13). 

palm'y,  pflm'i,  «.  [palm'i-er;  palm'i-est.] 
1.  Marked  by  prosperity  or  triumph.  2. 
Abounding  in  palms. 

palp,  palp,  «.  A  feeler,  especially  one  of  the 
jointed  sense-organs  attached  to  the  mouth* 
organs  of  many  insects.    [<  L.  paljx),  stroke.] 

parpa-bKe,  pal'pa-bl,  a.  1.  That  may  be 
touched  or  felt.  2.  Readily  perceived ; 
obvious.  [<  LL.  palpabilis,  <  L.  paljjo, 
touch.]  —  pal'pa-bly,  adv. 

paFpl-tate,  pal'pi-tet,  vi.  [-ta'ted'';  -ta"- 
TiNo.]  To  pulsate  or  beat  quickly;  flutter. 
r<  L.  pdlpito,  pp.  piUpitatus.  i)ant.]  —  paF'- 
l>i-ra^tioii,  II.    Rapid  and  irregular  pulsation. 

pal'sy,  pSl'zi.  I.  rt.  [pai/sikd;  pai/sy-inc}.] 
1.  To  strike  with  i)alsy:  paralvze.  2.  To  de- 
stroy functitm  or  energy  in.  II.  n.  1.  Paral- 
ysis; any  impairment  or  loss  of  sensation  or  of 
voluntary  motion.  2.  Inefficiency;  apathy. 
[<  F.  ])aral!/He,  <  Jj.paralyttix;  see  paral- 
ysis.] —  pal'kied,  a.    Paralytic. 

parter,  pSl'tyr,  vi.  To  deal  in  a  trifling  or 
unworthy  manner;  equivocate.  [Cp.  paltry.] 

pal'try,  pfil'tri,  a.  [pal'tri-er;  pal'tri-est,] 
Having  little  or  no  worth  or  value.  \  <  MLG. 
palter-  in  palterlappen,  rags.]  — pal'trl-Iy, 
arfj'.— pal'Irl-neMn,  n. 


pam'pas,  pam'paz,  n.  pi.  The  great  open 
treeless  plains  south  of  the  Amazon.  [Sp.,  < 
Peru,  panipa.,  plain.] 

pam'per,  pam'pgr,  rt.  To  feed  with  rich  food; 
indulge  excessively.     [<  Tuii.  pampe/i.] 

pam^phlet,  pam'flet,  n.  1.  A  printed  work 
stitched  or  pasted,  but  not  permanently  bound. 
2.  A  brief  treatise  or  essay.  [<  L.  PamphUa, 
author  of  booklets,  A.  D.  50.] — pam''phlet- 
eer',  n.    One  who  writes  pamphlets. 

pan,  pan,  v.  [panned;  pan'ning.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  operate  upon  with  a  pan.  2.  To  cook  and 
serve  in  a  pan.  II.  i.  [U.  S.]  Mini7ig.  To 
yield  gold,  as  earth:  with  out. 

pan,  n.  1.  A  wide  shallow  vessel,  especially 
one  for  domestic  use.  2.  A  vessel,  either  open 
or  closed,  for  boiling  and  evaporating.  3. 
The  skull;  brain=box.  4.  Hard-pan.  [<  AS. 
panne,  <  L.^'^  patina,  prob.  <  pateo,  be  open.] 

pan-.  A  combining  form  found  in  Greek  words 
and  used  before  English  proper  adjectives;  as. 
P«H*Hellenlc  (embracing  all  Greeks) ;  Pan^ 
Presbyterian.    [<  Gr.  pas  {pant-),  all.] 

pan'^a-ce'a,  pan"a-si'a  or  -ce'a,  n.  1.  A 
pretended  remedy  for  all  diseases.  2.  Some 
herb  credited  with  remarkable  healing  virtues. 
[L.,  <  Gr.pas,  all,  -^akos,  cure.] 

pan'cake'',  pan'kek",  n.  A  thm  batter=cake 
fried  in  a  pan  or  baked  on  a  griddle. 

pan^cre-as,  pan'cr§-a8  or  pap'-,  n.  A  gland 
connecting  with  the  alimentary  canal;  the 
sweetbread.  [<  Gr.  panTcreas,  <  pas,  all,  + 
l-reafi.  flesh.]  —  pan'Vre-at'io,  a. 

pan''de-mo'ni-um,  /  pan"dg-mo'ni-um,  //. 

pan"'dae-mo'ni-um,  f  The  infernal  regions; 
any  noisy  and  disorderly  place  or  gathering. 
[<  PAN-  +  Gr.  daitnon,  devil.] 

pan'der,  pan'dgr.  I.  ri.  To  minister  to  th*^ 
gratification  of  passions  or  prejudices  of 
others.  II.  n.  One  who  ministers  to  the  pas- 
sions or  base  desires  of  others.  [<  Gr.  Fan- 
daroft,  Pandarus.  Trojan  leader.] 

pane,  pen,  ti.  1.  A  piece  or  compartment, 
particularly  if  flat  and  rectangular;  commonly, 
a  piece  of  window-glass.  2.  A  flat  surface; 
panel.    [<  L.*"  jmnnvs,  a  cloth.] 

pan'^e-gyr'ic,  pan"g-jir'ic.  I.  a.  Elabo- 
rately eulogistic  or  laudatory.  pan"e-gyr'- 
i-Q-OlX.  II.  n.  A  formal  public  eulogy :  en- 
comium; laudation.  [<  Gr.  paner/t/riko,",  of 
an  assembly.]  —  pan'e-gyr^lst,  n.  A  eulo- 
glzer.— pan'e-jry-rizet  ft.  &  ri. 

pan^el,  pan'el.  I.  ft.  [pan'eled  or  pan'- 
eli.ed;  pan'el-ino  or  pan'el-lin(j.]  1.  To 
form  or  divide  into  panels.  2.  To  decorate 
with  colored  panels.  II.  n.  1.  A  rectangular 
piece  set  in  a  frame,  as  in  a  door;  any  rec- 
tangular space  or  inserted  piece.  2.  An  of- 
ficial list  of  i)ers(m8  summoned  for  juryduty. 
r<  L.''+'**'"p«n«y/.s',  cloth.] 

pang,  pang,  n.  A  sudden  and  poignant  pain; 
H  throe  of  anguish.  [SIE.  pranrje;  cp.  pronm;.] 

pan'ic,  pan'ic,  n.  A  sudden,  unreasonable, 
overpowering  fear,  affecting  a  large  number 
simultaneously:  also  used  adjectivally. 

pan'i-clte,  pan'i-cl,  n.  A  loose  compound 
flo\ver'eluster,produced  by  irregular  branching. 

pan^nier,  pau'wr,  n.  1.  One  of  a  pair  of 
baskets  adapted  to  be  slung  on  each  side  of  a 
beast  of  burden.    2.  A  basket  for  carrying  a 


papfi,  «j8k;  at,  air;  clement,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rater,  »r;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


325 


panoply 
paracliute 


Pansy. 


load  on  the  back.  3.  A  light  fn.mcwork,  as 
for  extending  a  woman's  dress  at  the  hips.  [< 
LJpanarium,  bread-basket.]    pan'ier:}:- 

pan'o-ply,  pan'o-pli,  n.  [-PLIEs^  pL\  The 
complete  equipment  of  a  warrior:  often  figur- 
atively. [<  Gr.  ])as,  all,  -f:  hopla,  armor.]  — 
paii'o-plied,  «.    Arrayed  in  complete  armor. 

pan^o-ra'ma,  pan"o-rfl'ma  or  -re'ma,  ii.  1. 
A  series  of  large  pictures  representing  a  con- 
tinuous scene."  2.  A  complete  view  ni  every 
direction.  [<  pan-  +  Gr.  /lorama,  sight,  < 
horad,  see.]  —  paii'^o-rani'ic,  a. 

pan'sy,  pan'zi,  n.  [PAN'SIES^  pi.}  A  species 
of  violet  hav- 
ing blossoms 
of  a  variety  of 
(colors  of  great 
beauty.  [ <  F. 
petisee,  <  pen- 
gee,  pp.  of  pen- 
sei\  think.] 

pant,  pgnt.  I''. 
rt.  &  vi.  1. 
To  gasp.  2. 
To  yearn.  3. 
To  "heave,  as 
the  breast.  II. 
1/.  A  short,  labored  breath;  a  violent  heaving, 
as  of  the  breast.    [<  F.  pauteler,  pant,  gasp.] 

pan''ta-loon',  pan"ta-lun',  n.  In  panto- 
mimes, an  absurd  old  man. 

pan''ta-loons',  v.  pi.    Trousers. 

pan'the-ism,  pan'the-izm,  «.    The  doctrine 
that  mind  and  matter,  God  and  the  universe, 
are  one.    [<  PAN-+  theism.] 
—  pan'tlie-i-st,  y^— paii^'the-is'tic,  a. 

Pan'th.e-on,  pan'th§-§n,  n.  1 .  A  circular  tem- 
ple at  Itome;  any  great  temple  or  mausoleum. 
2.  [p-]  The  deities  of  a  people,  taken  collect- 
ively.    [L.,  <  Gr.  pas.,  all.  +  theos.,  god.] 

pan^tlier,  pan'thgr,  n.  1.  A  leopard,  espe- 
cially one  dark^'Colored,  from  southern  Asia. 
2.  Some  other  large  feline  caraivore.  [<  Gr. 
panther .^  panther.] 

panto-.  A  combining  form:  same  as  pak-. — 
pan'to-graph,  pan'to-graf,  n.  An  instrument 
for  copying  a  drawing  or  diagram,  either  on  the 
same  scale  or  with  reduction  or  Increase.  \_-\- 
-dRAPH.]    paii^tn-graphl:. 

pan^to-nxime,  pan'to-maim,  n.  Dumb  show; 
a  play  consisting  in  action  without  dialogue. 
[<  Gr.  pas,  all,  -\- m'lmosi.,  imitator.]  — pan"- 
to-iniin'ic,  a.   pan^to-iniin'ic-all:. 

pan'try,  pan'tri,  n.  [pan'tries^j  pl^,  A  room 
or  closet  in  which  to  keep  provisions,  etc.  [< 
L.^i-^jcnitf,  bread.] 

papSpap,w.  Ateat;  nipple.  [<  Sw.pfl797),pap.] 

pap2,  n.  1.  Anysoft  food  for  babes.  2.  Weak 
mental  nourishment.  3.  Pulp,  as  of  fruit. 
[<  L.  papa.,  pappa.,  infants'  cry  for  food.] 

pa-pa',  pa-pfl'  or  pfl'pa,  n.  Father:  said  for 
the  most  part  by  or  to  children. 

pa'pa-cy,  pe'pa-si,  n.  1.  The  office  of  the 
Pope  of  Rome.  2.  The  Roman  Catholic  sys- 
tem of  church  government,  [<  OF.  papacie., 
nit.  <  Gt.  papas.,  father.]  —  pa'pal,  pe'pal,  a. 
1,  Pertaining  to  the  papacy  or  the  Pope.  <J. 
Assuming  infallibility  or  supreme  authority.  3. 
Pertaining  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

pa-paw',  pa-pe%  w.  1.    A  tropical  American 


tree  of  the  passion=flower  family.  2.  A  small 
tree  of  the  cnstard=apple  family,' bearing  edible 
fruit.  [<  Sp.  papaya.,  <  Iilalabar  papaia- 
ma  ram.} 

pa'per,  pe'pgr.  I.  rf.  1.  To  put  paper  upon 
in  any  way;  cover  with  paper. 
2.  To  subject  to  any  opera- 
tion by  means  of  paper.  II. 
a.  1.  Made  of  paper.  2. 
Enrolled,  described,  or  stated 
on  paper.  III.  n.  1.  A  sub- 
stance made  from  fibrous  ma- 
terial, as  rags,  wood,  or  bark, 
into  thin  sheets  or  strips.  2. 
A  sheet  or  a  web  of  such  ma- 
terial. 3.  A  printed  or  writ- 
ten instrument.  4.  A  printed 
journal;  newspaper.  5.  An 
essay.  6.  Corn.  Written  or 
printed  pledges  or  promises  to 
pay.  '  7.  A  package  in  a  paper 
wrapping.  [<  F.  ])apier,  < 
L.  papyri/.'):  see  papyrus.] 

pa''pier'sni&,"cli§',  pg'pie'' 
ma  "she',  9h  Pulped  pai)c'r 
molded  while  moist  into  vari- 
ous forms.     [F.] 

pa'pist,  pe'pist,  n.  An  ad- 
herent of -the  papacy:  an  op- 
probrious use.— pa-pis'tic-al, 


pa-piM'fici 

r\\n.    Thercllgi 
nfal  of  the  papists. 


pa'pist- 

he  religion  or  ceremo- 


Papyrus. 


pap-oose',  pap-US',  «.  [Am.  Ind.l  A  North" 
American  Indian  Infant,    pap-poo^e'l:. 

pap'py,  pap'i,  a.    Resembling  pap;  pulpy. 

pa-py'rus,  pa-pai'rus  or  -pt'rus,  n.  [ri,  -rai 
or  -ri,  pi.]  The  writing=paper  of  the  ancient 
Egj^ptians,  or  the  rush^like  plant  from  which 
it  was  made.     [F.,  <  (iv.^papyros,  papyrus.] 

par,  pflr,  n.  An  accepted  standard  of  value; 
equality  of  value;  equivalence;  parity.  [<  L. 
par.,  equal.] — on  a  par,  on  a  level;  equal. 

VH.\'-\  prefix.  Per-:  used  In  a  few  words  from 
the  French;  as,  pardoner,  parboil.    [<  F.  par, 

<  la.  per,  through.] 

par-2,  )  prefix.  Beside;  near;  by:  used  In  certain 
para-,  S  words  of  foreign  origin  and  in  new  chem- 
ical, biological,  and  patholog- 
ical terms.  i<  Gr.  para-,  < 
parn,  lieside.] 
par'a-tolie,  par'a-bl,  n.  A 
short  religious  allegory.    [OF., 

<  L.  parahola.,  comparison,  < 
Gr.  parabola.,  <  para.,  beside, 
-f-  haUio..  throw.] 

par-ab'o-la,   par-ab'o-la,    n. 
A  conic  section  arising  from 
the   cutting  of   a   cone  by  a 
plane  parallel  to   one    of    its       Parabola, 
sides.     [<   Gr.  ptarabole;  see    A,  vertex;  GX, 

parable.]  axis;  i(fX  direct- 

par^'a-boFic,  a.  1.  Pertain-  "'^i  ^'i/°on''tfe 
ing  to  a  parable,  par'^a-  '^J^^'^^m!  ^t 
■bOl'iC-alt.    2.  Pertaining  to   pendicular    from 

or  having  the  form  of  a  par-  P  to  the  direct- 

^|jq],|  rix.  PM  is  always 

par'a-chute,  par'a-shiit,  n.  ^^"^^^^^p^- 
A  large  umbrclla«shaped  apparatus  for  retard- 
ing the  descent  of  a  body  through  the  air,  at 
from  a  balloon.    See  illus.  on  next  page.    [F.] 


fiut|yre  (future);   aisle;  au  (owt);    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;  db.  {thQ)\   go;  sing,  iijik;  tliiu. 


paregoric 


^126 


pa-rade',  pa-red'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [pa-ra'ded<^; 
pa-ra'ding.]  1.  To  assemble  and  form  for  a 
parade;  marshal,  as  if  in  military  order.  2.  To 
promenade  for 
conspicuous  dis- 
play. II.  91.  1. 
A  marshaling 
and  review  of 
troops.  2.  A  cer- 
emonious pro- 
cession. 3.  A 
ground  where 
military  reviews 
are  held.  4. 
Pompous  show;  ostenta- 
tion. [F.] 

par^a-digm,   par'a-dim,  n 

1.  Gram.  A  model  for  the 
inflection  of  a  class  of  words, 
as  of  a  particular  declension. 

2.  A  pattern.  [<  Gr.  para, 
beside,  -f-  deiknyini,  show.] 

par'a-dise,     par'a-dais,    n.       Parachute. 
1.  The  garden  of  Eden.     2.  Heaven,  or  any 
region  or  state  of  surpassing  delight.     [<  Gr. 
paradeios\  park.]  —  par''a-di-si'a-cal,  a. 

par'a-dox,  par'a-dex,  n.  A  statement  or  ex- 
pression seemingly  absurd  or  self^contradictory 
m  its  terms.  [<  Gv.  paradoxon,  <  jjaradoxos, 
incredible.] —par''a-dox'ic-al,  a.  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  a  paradox.  2.  Prone  to  paradox. 
—  par''a-«lox'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

par'af-fin,  par'^f -fin,  n.  A  translucent,  waxy, 
solid  substance  derived  principally  in  the  dis- 
tillation of  petroleum.  [<  F.  2>«^<^'#'*^-] 
par'af-flne:}:. 

par'a-g:on,  par'a-gen,  n.  A  model  of  excel- 
lence.    [OF.] 

par'a- graph,  par'a-graf.  I',  vf.  1.  To 
arrange  in  paragraphs.  2.  To  comment  on  in 
51  paragraph.  II.  n.  1.  A  short  passage  in  a 
written  or  printed  discourse,  begun  on  a  new 
line.  2.  In  a  newspaper,  a  short  article.  3. 
A  mark  (t)  used  to  indicate  where  a  paragraph 
is  to  be  begun,  or  as  a  reference=mark.  [< 
Qr.^^*^  paragrap/ios,  line  in  the  margin.] 

—  par'a-srrapli^'er,  n.  A  writer  of  news- 
paper paragraphs.  —  par^'a-jfraph^ic,  a. 
par"a-irraph'ic-aU. 

par^al-lax,  par'a-lax,  n.  1.  Afitron.  Such 
difiference  of  position,  as  of  a  star,  as  would 
appear  if  the  object  were  viewed  from  two 
points.  2.  Any  apparent  displacement  of  an 
object  due  to  an  observer's  position.  [<  Gr. 
para,  beside,  +  alla^sd,  make  otherwise.] 

par'al-lel,  par'a-lel.  I.  vt.  JT-leled  or 
-lblled;  -lel-ino  or  -lel-ling.J  To  be  a 
parallel  for;  place  parallel,  or  in  comparison 
with.  II.  a.  1.  K.Ktending  or  lying  in  the 
same  direction.  2.  Having  a  like  course; 
similar.  III.  n.  1.  Aline  extending  in  the 
same  direction  with  and  equidistant  at  all 
points  from  another  line.  2.  ^^ 
Essential  likeness.    3.  Any-     .^.^•^y^ 


thing  ranked  as  (!qual  to  an-   F 


other;  a  match.  [<Gr. para 
beside,  +   allUdn.   of   one 


another.]  —  par''al-lel"'ep. 
Ip'ed,   par^'al-lel^'o-pi'L       . 

whose  Bix  faces  are  parallclogramB.    par'^aU 


Parallelepiped. 
ped,  n.     A  prism 


lel''o-pip'ed-on+.— par'al-lel-ism,  n.    1. 

Parallel  position,  ri.  Essential  likeness;  analogy. 
3.  Similarity  of  construction.— par^'al-lel'o- 
^rain,  ii.  1.  A  four=sided  plane  figure  whose 
opposite  sides  are  parallel.  ^.  Any  area  or  ob- 
ject having  such  form. 
par-al'y-sis,  par-ul'y-sis,  n.  1.  Loss  of  the 
power  of  contracting  the  muscles;  palsy.  2. 
Loss  of  power  in  general.  [L.,  <  Gr.  ^>a;'a, 
beside,  +  lyo.,  loosen.]  —  par'^a-ly t'ic.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  affected  with  paralysis.  II,  n. 
A  person  subject  to  paralysis.—  par'a-Iyze,  vt. 

1.  To  make  paralytic,    ij.  To  deprive  of  the 
power  to  act. 

par'a-mount,  par'a-mannt,  a.  1.  Posses- 
sing the  highest  title.  2.  Superior  to  all  others; 
supremely  controlling.  [OF.,  <  ^ar,  through, 
-f  amount,  amont,  amount.] 

par'a-pet,  par'a-pet,  n.  A  low  wall  about  the 
edge  of  a  roof,  terrace,  bridge,  fortification, 
etc.;  a  breastwork.  [F.,  <  It.  parapetto, 
breastwork,  <  parare  (<  L.  paro,  prepare), 
guard,  -{-petto  (<  L.  pectus),  breast.] 

par''a-plier-na'li-a,  par'a-fgr-ne'li-a  or 
-ng'li-o,  n.  pi.  Miscellaneous  articles  of  equip- 
ment or  adornment;  appendages;  trappings. 
[<  Gr.^-^ para,  beyond,  -{-pkero,  bring.] 

par'a-plirase,  par'a-frez.  I.  rt.  &  vi. 
[-phrased;  -phra"sing.]  To  reproduce  the 
sense  of  in  other  terms.  II.  «.  A  restate- 
ment or  free  translation  of  a  passage  or  work. 
[F.,  <  Gr.^  pa?'a,  beside,  -\- phrazo,  say.] 

—  par'a-plira'^ser,  n.  —  par^'a-phras'- 
tic,  a.    Pertaining  to  paraphrase. 

par^a-site,  par'a-sait,  7i.  1.  A  living  organ- 
ism, either  an  animal  or  a  plant,  that  lives  on 
or  in  some  other  organism,  from  which  it  de- 
rives nourishment.  2.  An  obsequious  syco- 
phant.     [<  Gr.  para,  beside,  ■{-  sitos,  food.] 

—  par''a-8it'ic,  a.  1.  Living  on  or  in 
another  organism;  pertaining  to  parasites,  ij. 
Sycophantic.     paWa-sit'ic-alt. 

par'a-sor',  par'a-sel%«.    A  small,  light  um- 
brella carried  by  women;  a  sunshade.     [F.] 
par'boil",  pflr'beil",  vt.    1.  To  boil  partially. 

2.  To  raise  vesicles  on  the  skin  of  by  means 
of  heat.    [ <  L.of  jjer,  through,  -f-  bvllio,  boil.] 

par'cel,  pflr'sgl  or  pflr'sl.  I.  vt.  [-celed  or 
-celled;  -cel-ino  or  -cel-ling.]  1.  To  di- 
vide into  parts;  distribute.  2.  To  make  up 
into  a  parcel.  II.  n.  1.  Anything  wrapped 
up;  a  package.  2.  An  integral  part;  group; 
lot.  3.  A  distinct  portion,  as  of  land.  [<  F. 
parcelle,  <  h.^  particiUa;  see  particle.] 

parch.',  pQrch,  ^'^  &  ?;2.  To  make  extremely 
dry;  become  dry;  scorch. 

parch'xnent,  pflrch'mgnt,  n.  1.  Sheepskin, 
etc.,  polished  with  pumice-stone  for  writing. 
2.  A  formal  writing  on  parchment. 

pardlU  pflrd,  ».    A  leopard;  panther. 

par'don,  pflr'dn  or  -dun.  I.  vt.  To  remit  the 
penalty  of;  forego;  forgive;  excuse.  II.  ti. 
1.  Kemiesion  of  p<Mmlty Incurred.  2.  Courte- 
ous forbearance.  [<  L.^^-*^  per,  through, -f- 
dono,  give.]  —  pardon-a-bI(e,  a.  That  may 
be  pardoned.— pa r'don-er,  «. 

pare,  pilr,  vt.  [pared;  par'ino.]  1.  To  cut 
off  a  covering  layer  or  edge  of.  2.  To  diminish 
by  taking  away  a  little  at  a  time.  [  <  h.^  paro, 
prepare.]  -  par'er,  n.— parking,  ri. 

par''e-gor'ic,  par"§-g©r'ic,  n.     A  medicine 


papA,  98k;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  riile;  but,  ur; 


327 


parent 
part 


that  assuages  jjain;  especially,  a  camphorated 
tincture  of  opium.  [<  Gr.  par ego?i,ko8,  en- 
couraging, soothing.] 

par  ent,  par'gnt,  n.  1.  A  father  or  a  mother. 
2.  Any  organism  that  generates  another;  a 
producer;  cause;  occasion.  [<  h. pore>t(i-)s, 
<  parieti(t-)s,  ppr.  of  pario,  beget.]  —  par'ent- 
age,  n.  1.  The  relation  of  parent  to  child.  "Z, 
Descent  or  derivation.— pa-reii'tal,  a.  Per- 
tainhig  to  or  characteristic  of  a  parent. 

pa-ren'tbe-sis,  pa-ren'the-sis, ».  [-ses,  stz, 
pL]  A  clause  inserted  in  a  sentence  that  is  gram- 
matically complete  without  it,  separated  usually 
by  the  upright  curves  ( ).  [  <  Gr.  para,  beside, 
-|-  en,  in,  4-  tithemi,  put.]  —  par^'en-thefio- 
al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  parenthesis.  !i. 
Thrown  In;  episodical.    par^'en-Iliefict, 

par'e-sis,  par'g-sis,  71.  Partial  paralysis.  [< 
Gr.  pareds,  <  para,  beside,  4-  hiemi,  let  go.] 

Pa'ri-ah.,  pe'ri-a  or  pQ'ri-a,  ?/.     [Auglo=Ind.] 

I.  An  East'Indian  aboriginal.  2.  [j)-]  A  Hindu 
outcast;  any  social  outcast.  [Tam.]  Pa'ri-aJ. 

pa-ri'e-tal,  pa-rai'g-tal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  walls  of  any  cavity  in  the  body,  as  the 
skull.  2.  Pertaining  to  residence  within  walls, 
as  of  a  college.     [<  L.''^ 7>ane(^).<f,  wall.] 

par^ish,  par'ish,  n.  A  religious  congregation 
worshiping  in  one  church;  also,  the  district 
in  which  they  live;  an  ecclesiastical  district. 
[<  Gr.*"  para,  beside,  -\-  oikos,  house.]  —  pa- 
rish'ion-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  parish  or 
parishioners.—  pa-ri8h'ion-er,  n.  A  member 
of  a  parish. 

par'i-ty,  par'i-ti,  n.  Equality,  as  of  condition 
or  ranlv.     [<  L.i^+*'  par,  equal.] 

park,  pflrk.    1^.  vt.    To  enclose  m  a  park.    II. 

II.  1.  A  tract  of  land  set  apart  for  ornament 
or  recreation.  2.  An  open  country.  3.  An 
enclosure  for  artillery,  etc.     [<  F.parc,  park] 

parlance,  pflr'lans,  n.  Mode  of  speech; 
language;  phrase;  also,  conversation.  [OF., 
<parlant,  ppr.  of  parler,  speak.] 

par'ley,  par'lg.  I.  vi.  1.  To  hold  a  confer- 
ence, especially  with  an  enemy.  2.  To  argue. 
II.  n.  An  oral  conference,  as  with  an  enemy. 
[<  ¥.  parler,  speak.] 

par'Iia-ment,  pQr'le-ment,  n.  A  legislative 
body,  especially  [P-]  the  supreme  legislature 


Houses  of  Parliament,  London, 
of  Great  Britain,  also  of  some  of  her  colonies. 
[<  ¥ .  parlement,  speaking,  <  parler,  speak.] 
—  par'^lia-men-ta'ri-an,  n.  One  versed 
In  parliamentary  law  and  usages.— par^'Iia- 
inen'ta-ry,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  parliament. 
2.  According  to  the  rules  of  Parliament, 
par'lor,  pflr'lgr,  ;i.    1.  [U.S.]  Aguest»room. 


2.  [Eng.]  A  sitting-room.  [<  F.parloir,  < 
parler,  speak.]    paraour:}:. 

pa-ro^clii-al,  pa-ro'ki-al,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
supported  by,  or  confined  to  a  parish.      [OF.] 

par'o-dy,  par'o-di.  1.  rt.  [-died;  -dt-ing.| 
To  make  a  parody  of.  II.  n.  [-dies^^,  pl.\ 
A  burlesque  composition  imitating  some 
serious  work;  a  travesty.  [<  Gr.  2>nra,  be- 
side, 4-  od'e,  song.] 

pa-rol',  pa-rol',  a.  Law.  1.  Oral.  2.  Writ- 
ten but  not  under  seal.    pa-role'':|:. 

pa-role',  pa-rol'.  I.tL  [pa-roled';  pa-ro'- 
LiNG.]  To  release  on  parole.  U.  n.  \.  Mil. 
(1)  A  pledge  of  honor  by  a  prisoner  that  he 
will  not  seek  to  escape,  or  will  not  serve  against 
his  captors  until  exchanged.  (2)  A  watchword . 
2.  Laiv.  An  oral  statement.  {<¥.j)arole,  < 
h.  parabola,  word;  see  parable.] 

par-ot'id,  par-et'id.  I.  a.  Situated  near  the 
ear.  II.  n.  A  salivary  gland  below  the  ear. 
[<  Gr.i-  para,  beside,  -f-  ous  (of-),  ear.] 

par'ox-ysm,  par'gx-izm,  n.  1.  A  periodic 
attack  of  disease;  a  fit.  2.  A  convulsion  of 
any  kind.  [ <  Gr. pa?'a,  beside,  -\- oxys,  sharp.] 

—  par'^ox-ys'inal,  a.    Relating  to,  of  the 
nature  of,  or  characterized  by  a  paroxysm. 

par-quet',  pflr-ket',  w.  [U.  S.]  The  main» 
floor  space  behind  the  orchestra  of  a  theater. 
[F.,  enclosure.]    par-q,uette']:.   ■ 

par'ra-keef ,  par'a-kit",  n.  A  small  parrot, 
especially  one  with  a  long,  wedge-shaped  tail. 
par'o-quett- 

par'ri-cide,  par'i-said,  «.  1.  The  murder  of 
a  parent,  or  of  an  ancestor.  2.  One  who  has 
committed  such  a  crime.  [F.,  <  L.  pater, 
father,  -|-  cxclo,  kill.]  —  par'rl-ei''dal,  a. 

par'rot,   par'§t,  n.      A  bird  having  the  bill 
hooked  and  toes  in  pairs,  and 
noted  for  its  ability  to  imitate 
human  speech.     [<  F.  Perrot, 
dim.  of  Pierre,  Peter.] 

par'ry,  par'i,  vt.  &  vi. 
[par'ried;  par'ry-ing.] 
To  ward  off  or  stop; 
evade;  avoid,  as  by  rep- 
artee. [  <  F.  parer,  ward 
off,  dress.] 

parse,  pars,   vt.    &  vi. 
[parsed^;  pars'ing.]  To 
describe  and  analyze  (a 
word  or  sentence)  accord-      Gray  Parrot.    V14 
ing  to  the  rules  of  grammar.    [  <  L.  pars,  part .] 

Par'see,  par'st,  n.  A  Zoroastrian;  especially, 
an  adherent  of  the  old  Persian  religion.  ["< 
Hind.  Parsi,  ult.  <  Per.  Pars,  Persia.] 

par'si-mo-ny,  pflr'si-mo-ni,  n.  Undue  spar- 
ingness  in  the  expenditure  of  money;  stingi- 
ness.    [<  L.*"  pa?\'iimonia,    <  jjarco,  spare.] 

—  par'^si-ino'ni-ous,  a. 

pars'ley,  pflrs'Jg,  n.  A  cultivated  biennial 
herb  with  aromatic  finely  divided  leaves. 

pars'nip,  pars'nip,  n.  A  European  herb  of 
the  parsley  family,  with  a  large  edible  root. 
See  illus.  on  next  page. 

par'son,  pflr'sun  w  pflr'sn,  w.  The  clergyman 
of  a  parish  or  congregation;  a  minister.  [< 
F.  personne;  see  person.] —par'son-age,  11. 
A  clergyman's  dwelling. 

part,  pflrt.    P.  vt.  &  vi.    1.  To  divide  into 


flat|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  (the);  go;   sing,   ii^k;  thin. 


|)artakd 
passion 


528 


Parsnip. 


portions;   come  apart.     2.  To  sever.     3.  To 

dissociate.     II.  n.     1.  A  certain  portion  or 

amount  of  anyttiing.  2.  An  es- 
sential portion;   a  member.    3. 

A  region ;  quarter.    4.  Duty.    5. 

Party;  cause.     [F.,<  \i.par(t-)s, 

part.]  —  par'tial,  a.  1 .  Pertain- 
ing to  or  involving  a  part  only,  "i. 

Favoring  one  side;  prejudiced.— 

par"ti-al'i-ty,  n.   1 .  The  state 

of  being  partial.    *i.  Unfairness; 

bias.    3.  A  predilection.— pai"''- 

tial-ly,  adv.    1.  In  part  only. 

ii.  With  unjust  favoritism. 
par-take',  par-tek',  vt.  &  ri. 

To  have  a  part,  in;  participate  in 

or  possess  a  share.     [<  part  -f- 

TAKE.]— par-ta'ker,?2,.  Asharer. 
par^'terre',  pflr'tar',  n.    1.  A 

flower«^garden;  level  plot.  2.  Part 

of  the  floor  of  a  theater.     [F.] 
par-tic'i-pate,  par-tis'i-pet,  r. 

[-PA"TED<1;  -PA"TING.]      I.   t.     To 

partake  of.  II.  i.  1.  To  have 
or  enjoy  a  share  in  common  with 
others.  2.  To  have  qualities  in 
common.    [<  L.  j)ar{t-)8,  part,  +  capio,  take.] 

—  par-tic'i-i>ant,  a.  &  n.  — par-tic^i- 
pa'tion,  n.  The  state  of  sharing  In  common 
with  others.— par-tic'i-pa''toiN  n. 

par'ti-ci-pl(e,  pQr'ti-si-pl,  n.  A  form  of  the 
verb  that  permits  its  use  as  an  adjective  or  a 
noun.  The  present  participle  ends  In  -ing 
and  the  past  participle  commonly  in -d, -^rf, 
•en,  -n,  or  -t.    [<  L.  pm\t-)H,  part, -|-caj9/o,  take.l 

—  par''ti"cip'i-al,  a. 

par'ti-cKe,  pflr'ti-cl,  n.  1.  A  minute  part  or 
portion  of  matter.  2.  Any  very  small  amount 
or  slight  degree.  3.  Gi'am.  One  of  the  minor 
uninflected  parts  of  speech,  as  a  preposition. 
[<  LJ  partieula,  dim.  of  par{f-)s.,  part.] 

par-tic'u-Iar,  par-tic'yn-lar.  I.  a.  1.  Speci- 
fying or  comprising  a  part;  separate.  2. 
Specific.  3.  Specially  noteworthy.  4.  Com- 
prising all  details.  5.  Marked  by  minute  atten- 
tion. 6.  Exact  in  requirement.  7.  Fastidious. 
II.  n.  1.  A  separate  matter  or  item.  2.  An 
individual  instance.  [<  "LJ  particvla;  par- 
ticle.] —  par-tic''ii-lar'i-ty,  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  particular.  *Z,  Something  particular. 
—  par-tic'u-lar-ize,  v.  L-izei>;  -i'zing.] 
J.  t.  To  make  particular.  II.  1  To  give  par- 
ticulars —  par-tic'u-lar-ly,  adv. 

partying:,  n.  1.  Separation;  division.  2.  A 
l)oint  of  separation. 

par'ti-Nan,  -nliip.    Same  as  partizan,  etc. 

par-ti^tion,  par-tish'un.  I.  vt.  1.  To  set 
divisions  between;  divide.  2.  To  separate  into 
parts  or  shares.  II.  n.  1.  Division.  2.  A 
dividing  line.  3.  A  wall  or  other  barrier 
dividing  one  part  or  apartment  from  another. 
[F.,  <  L.  partitio{n-),  <  partio,  divide,  part.] 

par'ti-tiv(e,  pQr'ti-tiv.  i.  a.  1.  Separating 
into  parts  or  divisions.  2.  dram.  Signifying 
apart.  II.  «.  A  partitive  word  or  case.  [< 
Ly  parfio,  divide,  part.]    -ly,  adr. 

par'ti-zan,  I  pflr'ti-zan.  I.  a.   1.  Relating  to 

par'ti-san,  f  a  party  or  faction;  exhibiting 
unreasoning  devotion  to  a  party.  2.  C.'arriiKi 
on  by  partizans.  II.  n.  An  adherent  of  a 
party;  especially,  a  person  blindly  attached  to 
a  party  or  cause.—  par^tl-san-ship,  n. 


A  small  gallina- 


part'ly,  adv.    In  part;  in  some  degree. 

part'ner,  pflrt'ngr,  71.  One  who  is  associated 
with  another  or  others,  as  in  business,  a  dance, 
etc.—  part'ner-ship,  n.  1 .  Joint  interests  or 
ownership.  2.  An  association  of  persons  in 
business. 

par'tridge,  pGr'trij, «.     1 
ceous  game»bird.    2.  [U. 
S.]  Agrouseorbob'white. 
[<  Gr.^*'^^  per dioc,  par- 
tridge.] 

parity,  pGr'ti,  a.  Divided 
into  parts  or  of  different 
parties.  [<  F.  parti,  pp. 
of  partir;  see  part,  r.] 


-par'tyjcoF'ored, 

vlng  vari( 


Common  European 
Partridge.    Vio 
1.  A  body  of  per- 


Havlng  various  colors. 

par'ty, «.  [par'ties*^,  7;^.] 
sons  united  for  some  common  purpose,  as' po- 
litical ascendency.  2.  A  social  company.  3. 
A  small  company  or  detachment,  as  of  soldiers. 
4.  A  person  interested;  any  person.  [<  F. 
j)arHe,  <  Jj.partitvs,  pp.  of  partio,  divide,  part.] 

par've-nu'',  pQr'vg-niu",  n.  One  who  has 
suddenly  attained  wealth  or  position  beyond 
his  birth  or  worth,  as  by  accident  of  fortune; 
an  upstart.     [F.] 

pas'clxal,  pas'cal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jewish 
Passover  or  to  Easter.  [<  QT.jiOscha,  <  Heb. 
pemch,  Passover.] 

pa-sha',  pa-shfl',  pash'e,  <yr  posh-S',  n.  An 
Ottoman  or  Egyptian  general,  governor,  or 
high  functionary.  [<  Turk,  painful,  <  Per. 
pasha,  sovereign.]  pa-cha'J: — pa-sha'Iio, 
n.  The  province  or  jurisdiction  of  a  pasha. 
pa-cha'iicl:. 

pass,  pgs,  r.     [passed^  or  past;   pass'ing.] 

1.  f.    l\  To  go  by,  over,  around,  through,  etc. 

2.  To  spend,  as  time.    3.  To  undergo;  endure. 

4.  To  cause  to  move.  5.  To  transfer;  con- 
vey. 6.  To  adopt;  enact.  7.  To  put  forth  as 
genuine.  8.  To  pronounce,  as  a  judgment. 
9.  To  surpass;  exceed.  10.  To  disregard. 
II.  i.    1.  To  move.    2.  To  glide  by;  elapse. 

3.  To  circulate.  4.  To  occur.  5.  To  be  cur- 
rent. 6.  To  go  through  a  course  successfully. 
7.  To  go  unnoticed.  [<  F.  passer,  <  L."- 
passus,  pace.]  —  pass'er,  n.  One  who  passes. 
pass'ersby't.— pass'inar,  adv.  In  a  surpass- 
ing degree;  exceedluglj'. 

pass,  w.  1.  A  way  or  opening;  defile;  water- 
way. 2.  Permission  to  pass;  a  ticket;  pass- 
port. 3.  A  state  of  affairs;  crisis.  4.  A  lunge. 
—  pasH^a-bKe,  a.  1 .  Capable  of  being  passed 
or  traversed.  "Z,  Fairly  good.  3.  Fit  for  gen- 
eral circulation.— paH8'a-bly»  odv. 

pas'sage,  pas'yj,  />.  1.  A  passing  by,  through, 
or  over.  2.  A  journey  oy  conveyance.  3. 
The  power  or  right  of  passing;  a  way  by, 
through,  or  over.    4.  A  corridor,  hall,  etc. 

5.  A  clause;  paragraph.  6.  A  personal  en- 
counter.    [F.,  ult.  <  L.  pa^'si/s,  pace.] 

pa»''H«^e',  pys'sC,  a.  Past  the  prime;  faded:  used 
with  feminlnenouns;  In  the  masculine, pfl*?^.  ' '■'  ' 


pas'sen-ger,  pas'cn-jjjr,  ?>. 
travels  in  a  public  conveyance 


A  person  who 


pas'si-bl(e,  pas'i-bl,  a.  Capable  of  feeling  or 
of  suffering.     [F.,  <  h.^^pafio?',  suffer.] 

pas'slon,  pash'un,  ti.  1.  Intense  or  over- 
powering feeling.  2.  A  strong  impulse.  3. 
The  state  of  being  acted  upon.     4.   Agony. 


papfl,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rOle;  but,  ©r; 


329 


-patliy 


[F.,  <  L.LL  passns,  pp.  of  patio)\  suffer.]  — 
pas'sionsflow^er,  n.  A  plant  or  flower, 
so  called  from  the  fancied 
resemblance  to  the  instru- 
ments of  the  crucifixion.— 
pas'siou-ate,  a.  1.  Easi- 
ly moved  to  anger.  '^.  Ex- 
pressing some  passion.  3. 
Of  a  strong,  ardent  quality. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

pas'siv(e,  pas'iv,  a.  1.  In 
a  Btate  of  quiescence;  not 
active;  unreeisting.  2. 
Gram.  Pertaining  to  a  form 
of  verbal  statement  that 
represents  the  subject  of  a 
verb  as  the  object  of  the 
action.  \_<luJ  pas8ivus,<  Passion-flower. 
pa.'^sif-^,  pp.  of  patio?\  suffer.]  —  pa.s'sive-ly, 
^(/r.— pas'Hive-ness,  «.    pas-siv'i-tyt. 

Pass'o^ver,  pgs'O'vgr,  «.  A  Jewish  feast 
commemorating"  the  night  when  the  Lord, 
smiting  the  first-born  of  the  Egyptians, 
"  passed  over  "  the  houses  of  the  cliildren  of 
Israel  (Ex.  xii).     [<  pass,  r.,  +  ovkk.] 

pass'port,  pgs'pOrt,  7t.  1.  An  official  warrant 
affording  protection  to  a  person  in  traveling 
abroad.  2.  That  which  empowers  one  to  ar- 
rive at  anything.  [<  F.  pa.sttepm-f,  <  passer, 
pass,  -{-]X)rt,  harbor.] 

pass'word'',  pgs'wiird",  ti.  A  word  identify- 
ing one  as  entitled  to  pass;  a  watchword. 

past,  past.  I.  pa.  1.  Belonging  to  time  gone 
by.  ^.  Gram.  Denoting  time  or  action  be- 
longing to  the  past.  II.  n.  1.  Time  gone  by. 
2.  One's  antecedents.  III.  ac/r.  In  such' a 
manner  as  to  go  by  and  beyond.  TV.  prep. 
Beyond;  after;  out  of  reach  of. 

paste,  pest.  I.  rt.  [pa'sted'';  pa'sting.] 
To  stick  with  paste;  make  into  a  paste.  II. 
n.  1.  An  adhesive  mixture,  usually  of  flour 
and  water.  2.  Any  doughy  or  moist  plastic 
substance.  3.  A  composition  for  making  false 
gems.  4.  A  confection.  [OF.,  <  Gr.^^ paste, 
barley.]  —  paste'board",  n.  Paper»pulp  com- 
pressed, or  paper  pasted  together  and  rolled 
into  a  stiff  sheet. 

pas'tel",  pas'tel",  n.  1.  A  picture  drawn  with 
colored  crayons.    2.  A  hard  crayon.     [F.] 

pas'tem,  pas'tgm,  n.  That  part  of  a  horse's 
foot  just  below  the  fetlock  joint.  [<  OF.  pas- 
txiron,  <  pasture,  pasture,  tether.] 

pas'til,  pas'til,  n.  1.  Afumigant.  2.  A  troche; 
lozenge.  3.  Same  as  pastel.  [<F.  pastille; 
see  PASTEL.]    pas-tille':;:. 

pas'time'^,  pgs'taim",  ?;.  That  which  serves 
to  make  time  pass  agreeably. 

pas'tor,  pgs'ter,  n.  A  Christian  minister  who 
has  a  congregation  under  his  official  charge. 
[<  h.^^  pastor,  shepherd.] — pas'tor-al.  I.  a. 
1 .  Pertaining  to  the  life  of  shepherds  and  rustics. 
^,  Pertaining  to  a  pastor  and  his  work.  II,  n. 
1 .  A  poem  dealing  with  rural  matters;  an  Idyl. 
5i.  A  picture  illustrating  rural  scenes.  3.  A 
letter  from  a  pastor  to  his  flock.— pas'tor-al- 
ly,  rtdi'.— pas'tor-ate,  /?.— pas'tor-ship,  n. 

pa'stry,  pe'stri,  n.  Articles  of  food  made  with 
a  crust  of  shortened  dough,  as  pies. 

pas'ture,  pgs'churor-tiur.  I.rt.&vi.  [pas'- 
tured;  pas'tur-ing.]  To  feed  by  grazing; 
feed  on  growing  herbage.    II.  n.    1.  Ground 


for  the  grazing  of  domestic  animals.  2 .  Grass 
or  herbage  for  cattle.  [<  1,.^^  pastura,  < 
jiostus,  pp.  of  pasco,  feed.]  — pas'tur-age,  /;. 

1 .  Grass  and  herbage  for  cattle.  2.  Ground  for 
grazing.    3.  The  business  of  grazing  cattle. 

pa'sty,  pe'sti.  I.  a.  Like  paste.  II.  «. 
[pa'sties^,  pi.]    A  pie,  as  of  meat. 

pat,  pat,  rt.  [pat'ted'';  pat'ting.]  To  strike 
lightly  or  tap,  as  with  the  hand,  in  a  gentle, 
caressing  manner.     [<  AS.  plaettan,  strike.] 

pat,  a.  Exactly  suitable  m  time  or  place; 
fitting;  apt. —  pat'ly,  adv.—  p&t'ness,  n. 

pats  fi-  1.  A  ligbt,  caressing  stroke.  2.  A 
pattering.  [lump.] 

pat^,  /).    A  small  molded  mass.     [<  Ir.  pait. 

pat,  a(h\    In  a  fit  manner;  aptly.    [<  pat,  v.] 

patcll,  pach.  I',  rt.  &  vi.  l.To  mend  (any- 
thing) by  the  application  of  a  patch.  2.  To 
make  hastily  or  imperfectly.  II.?;.  1.  A  small 
piece  of  material  used  to  repair  anything.  2. 
Something  resembling  a  patch.  '3.  A  small 
piece  of  anything,  as  of  ground.— patch'- 
work'',  n.  1,  A  fabric  made  of  patches  of 
cloth,  as  for  quilts,  etc.  ii.  Work  made  up  of 
heterogeneous  materials;  work  done  hastily. 

pate,  pet,  n.  The  top  of  the  head,  especially 
a  human  head;  sometimes,  the  whole  head. 
[OF.,  <j)late;  plate.] 

pa-tel'la,  pa-tel'a,  n.  [--lje,  -It  or  -le,  pi.]  1. 
The  kneecap.  2.  A  cup»like  part.  [L.,  dim. 
oi  patina,  dish,  pan.] 

pat'ent,  pat'gnt.  I'',  rt.  1.  To  secure  a  jiat- 
ent  for.  2.  To  grant  by  patent.  II.  pafgnt 
or  pe'tgnt,  a.  1.  Manifest  or  apparent.  2. 
Protected  by  letters  patent.  III.  n.  1.  A 
government  protection  securing  the  exclusive 
right  of  making  and  using  an  invention.  2. 
A  government  grant  or  franchise,  as  of  land. 
[F.,  <  L.  jmten(t-)s,  ppr.  of  pateo,  lie  open.] 

—  pat'ent-a-bl(e,    o.— pat"en-tee',     «. 
One  who  holds  a  patent. 

pa-ter'nal,  pa-tgr'nal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
father;  fatherly.  2.  Hereditary.  [<  L.  jxi- 
ternns.  <  pater,  father.]  -ly,  adv.—  pa-ter'- 
ni-ty,  «.  1.  The  condition  of  being  a  father. 
"i.  Ancestry  on  the  male  side. 

pa'ter-nos'ter,  pe'[or  pg']ter-ne8'tgr,  n.  1. 
The  Lord's  Prayer:   literally,  "our  father." 

2.  A  rosary.     [LL.] 

path,  path,  n.  [paths,  pfldhz,  pi.]  1.  A  walk 
or  way,  as  for  men  or  animals.  2.  Any  road, 
track,  or  course.  3.  Course  or  way  of  life  or 
action.     [<  AS.7?a5^/t,  path.] 

pa-tliet'ic,  pa-thet'ic,  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of 
pathos;  arousing  compassion.  2.  Impassioned. 
[  <  Gr.  pathetikos,  <  pascho,  suffer.] 

pathless,  a.    Having  no  path;  trackless. 

pa-thol'o-gy;,  n.  [-giess  pi.]  The  branch 
of  medical  science  that  treats  of  morbid  con- 
ditions, their   causes,  nature,   etc.      [<    Gr. 


pathos,   suffering,   +  -logy.]  —  path"o-log' 
■  0  pat' 
>ath 


ic-al,  a.     Pertaining  to  pathology;  considered 
to  disease,    path^o-loe'lct.— pa- 
One  skilled  In  patnology. 


In  relation  to 
tiiol'o-gist,  n 

pa'tlios,  pe'thes  or  pgth'es,  n.  That  which 
awakens  feelings  of  compassion  or  sympathy. 
[<  Gv.  pathos,  <  pascho,  suffer.] 

path'i;vay",  pflth'w^",  n.    Same  as  path. 

-patliy,  sufflx.  Derived  from  Greek  -patheia  (< 
pathos;  see  pathos):  a  combining  form,  often 
meaning  treatment  of  disease,  as  hydropathy. 


flutliire    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli   ({Ae);   go;  sing,  ink;    tliin. 


t>atient 
peach 


330 


pa''tlent,  pe'shgnt.  1.  a.  1.  Possessing  quiet 
endurance  under  distress  or  annoyance.  2. 
Tolerant,  tender,  and  undiscouraged.  II.  n. 
1.  A  person  undergoing  treatment  for  disease 
or  injury.  2.  Anything  passively  affected. 
[B\,  <  1j.  patien{t-)s,  ppr.  of  patio?;  suffer.] 

—  pa'tience,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
patient.  "2,  The  exercise  of  sustained  endurance 
and  perseverance.  3.  Forbearance.  4.  Tranquil 
expectation.—  pa'tient-ly.  adv. 

pa'^tois',  pa'twa',  n.  An  Illiterate  dialect,  often 
local.    [F.,"'<  L.  patria,  fatherland.] 

pa'tri-arcli,  pe'tri-arc,  n.  1.  The  head  of  a 
family;  the  chief  of  a  tribe  who  rules  by  pa- 
ternal right.  2.  A  venerable  man.  [<  Gr. 
patria,  race, -}- a?xhd,  rule.]  —  pa^'tri-ar'chal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  patriarch.  pa''tri-ar'chic1:. 

pa-tri'cian,  pa-trish'an.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  aristocracy.  2.  Of  noble  or  aristocratic 
lineage.  II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  aristoc- 
racy of  Rome.  2.  Any  one  of  the  upper 
classes.     [<  h.  patricivs,  < /)a^er,  father.] 

pat'ri-cide,  pat'ri-said,  n.  1.  The  killing  of 
a  father.  2.  One  who  slays  a  father;  a  par- 
ricide.   [<  L.  pater,  father,  -f  caedo,  kill.] 

pat'ri-mo-ny,  pat'ri-mo-ni,  «.    [-NIEs^;);.] 

1.  An  inheritance  from  a  father  or  an  ancestor. 

2.  An  endowment.     [<  L.  patrimonivm,  < 
pater,  father.]  —  pat''ri.mo'ni.ai,  a. 

pa^tri-ot,  pe'tri-^t  or  pat'ri-gt,  n.  One  who 
loves  his  country  and  zealously  guards  its  wel- 
fare.    [<  Gr.  patriotes,  fellow  countryman.] 

—  pa''tri-ot'ic,  a.  Marked  by  patriotism.— 
pa'tri-ot-iHin,  n.   Devotion  to  one's  country. 

pa-troF,  pa-tror.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [pa-trolled'; 
pa-trol'ling.]    To  walk  around  in  order  to 

guard  or  inspect.  II.  n.  1.  One  or  more  sol- 
iers,  etc.,  patrolling  a  district.  2.  The  act  of 
patrolling.     [<  F.  patrouille7\  paw  about.] 

pa^tron,  pe'trun  or  pat'run,  v,.  One  who  pro- 
tects, fosters,  or  countenances;  a  protector  or 
benefactor.  [<  L.*'2?a<ronw«,  patron.]  — pat'- 
ron-affe,  n.  1.  Guardianship,  ii.  An  uncalled- 
for  distribution  of  favors.  3.  The  right  to  con- 
trol In  the  distribution  of  offices,  etc.,  In  the 
public  service.— pat'ron-ess,  n.  A  female 
patron.— pat'ron-ize,  vt.  L-ized;  -rziNo.] 
1 .  To  act  as  a  patron  to;  favor.  iJ.  To  exercise 
condescension  toward,    pat^ron-iset* 

pafro-nym'ic,  pat"ro-nim'ic,  n.  A  name 
derived  from  an  ancestor;  a  family  name.  [< 
Gr.i'i'  pater,  father,  -f  onyma,  name.] 

pat'ten,  pat'en,  n.  A  thick-soled  wooden 
shoe;  a  clog.     [<  Y.patin,  <  patte,  paw.] 

pat'teri,  pat'er,  vi.  To  make  a  continuous 
succession  of  fight,  quick,  and  sharp  sounds  or 
pats.     [Freq.  of  pat,  d.'] 

pat'ter''',  vt.  &  vi.  To  mumble,  as  prayers. 
[<  OF.  pater,  <  LL.  pafei^oster;  see  pater- 
noster: from  the  repetition  of  the  prayer.] 

pat'ter,  n.  1.  A  succession  of  pats  or  taps; 
repetition  of  slight  sounds.    2.  Glib  talk. 

pat^tem,  pafgrn,  v.  I.  t.  To  make  in  imita- 
tion of  some  model.  II.  L  To  take  some- 
thing as  a  pattern. 

pat'tern,  n.  1.  An  original  or  model  pro- 
posed for  imitation.  2.  Material  in  sufflclent 
quantity  to  make  a  garment.  3.  Any  decora- 
tive design  or  figure ;  style.  [Late  form  of 
patron.]  [<  F.prtfe,  paste.] 

pat'ty ,  pat'i,  n.    [pat'tie8«,  pi.]   A  small  pie. 


pau'ci-ty,  pe'si-ti,  n.  Smallness  of  number 
or  quantity.  [<  L.  paucita{t-)t<,  <  paiicns,  few.] 

pauucb.,  pflnch  or  pench,  n.  1.  The  abdomen. 
2.  The  first  stomach  of  a  ruminant.  [<  OF. 
punche.  <  L.  pantex,  paunch.] 

pau'per,  pe'per,  n.  One  dependent  on  charity. 
[L.,  poor.]  —  pau'per-ism,  n.  1.  Poverty-. 
tJ.  Paupers  collectively.— pau'per-ize.  vt.  To 
reduce  to  pauperism. 

pause,  pez.  I.  vi.  [paused;  paus'ing.]  1. 
To  suspend  action  or  utterance.  2.  To  stop 
temporarily.  3.  To  hold  back;  delay;  linger. 
II.  n.  1.  A  cessation  or  intermission  of 
action.  2.  A  holding  back;  hesitation.  3. 
Mvs.  A  rest.     [F.,  <  Gr.^  pausis.] 

pave,  pev,  t'<.  [paved;  pa'ving.]  To  cover 
with  pavement.  [<  F.  paver,  <  L.^  pavio, 
beat.] — pave'ment,  7t.  1.  A  flooring  for  a 
road  or  footway,    ti.  Material  for  paving. 

pa-vil'ion,  pa-vil'yun,  n.  1.  A  movable  or 
open  structure  for  temporary  shelter  or  dwell- 
ing. 2.  A  canopy.  [<  L.  2)apUio{n-),  hntter- 
fly,  tent.] 

paw,  pe.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  scrape  or  strike  with 
the  forefoot;  touch  with  the  paws.  II.  n. 
The  foot  or  hand  of  an  animal  having  nails  or 
claws.     [<  OF.  poive,  <  MLG.  pofe,  paw.] 

pawl,  pel,  n.    Mech.     A  hinged  or  pivoted 
piece  shaped  to  engage  with 
ratchet»teeth;  a  click  or  de- 
tent.    [W.,  pole.] 

pawn,  pen,  vt.  To  pledge 
(personal  property),  as  secu- 
rity for  a  loan.  Pawl  and  Ratch- 

pawn^,    n.       1.   Something         et-wheel. 

gledged  as  security  for  a  loan.  Pawl  ( p  > :  ratchet 
.The  condition  of  being  (>');arm(a). 
held  as  a  pledge  for  money  loaned,  [  <  OF.  pan, 
pawn.]  —  pawn'bro'^ker,  n.  One  engaged  in 
the  business  of  lending  money  on  pledged  per- 
sonal property. 

pawn^,  n.  A  chessman  of  lowest  rank.  [< 
OF.  paon,  <  LL.  pedo{n-),  foot-soldier.] 

pay,  pe,  v.  [paid;  pat'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
remunerate.  2.  To  satisfy,  as  a  claim.  3. 
To  expend.  4.  To  provide  for  the  cost  of. 
5.  To  offer;  give.  6.  To  profit.  II.  i.  To 
meet  obligations;  discharge  a  debt;  compen- 
sate.   [<  F.  payer,  <  li.pacp,  pacify.] 

pay,  n.  1.  That  which  is  given  as  a  recom- 
pense or  to  discharge  a  deot;  compensation. 
2.  Whatever  compensates  for  labor  or  loss.  3. 
Requital ;  reward.— pay'n-bl(e,  a.  Due  and  un- 
paid.—pay'^ee',  pe'l',  ii.  A  person  to  whom 
money  has  been  or  Is  to  be  paid.- pay'er,  ii.  One 
who  pays.— paj''iiiaM''tt'r,  «.  One  who  has 
charge  of  the  paying  of  employees.- pay'ment, 
11.    The  act  or  paying;  requital;  recompense. 

pea,  pt,  n.  [peas*  or  pease*,  pi.]  1 .  A  climb- 
ing annual  herb  of  the  bean  family,  having 
pinnate  leaves.    2.  Its  edible  seed.    [<  pease.] 

peace,  pts, «.  1.  A  state  of  quiet  or  tranquil- 
lity. 2.  Absence  or  cessation  of  war.  3.  Con- 
cord.    [<  OF.  pain,  <  lj.j)axi/)a('-),  peace.] 

—  peace'a-bl(e,  a.  1.  IncHnod  to  peace. 
•i.  Peaceful;  tranquil.— peae«''a -hi (««-ii ess, 
n.— poace'a-bly,  odr. —  pen  (•«•' In  I,  «■  1. 
ITudfsturbed.    "Z*  Inclined  to  or  used  In  peace. 

peach,  ti.  The  flesliy,  edible,  high-rtavored, 
juicy  fruit  of  the  peacn«tree,  or  the  tree  itself. 
[<  F.  peche,  <  Gr.  persikos,  lit.  Persian  apple.] 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  &ir;  elfment,  th6y,  us^;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  hT\  full,  rtlle;  but.  Or; 


d^l 


peacock 
pedler 


pea'cock'',  pi'cec',  n.    A  male  peafowl,  noted 
for  its   elongated  tail«covertis,    marked   with 
beautifully  colored  eye= 
like  spots.    [<  AS.,  ult. 
<  Per.  tawus,  peacock, 

+  COCRi,  «.] 

—  pea'fowF',  n.— 
pea'lieii'',  n. 
pea' =  jack ''et,  pt'- 
jak"et,  n.  A  coat  of 
thick  cloth,  worn  by 
seamen.  [<  D.  pig, 
coarse  woolen  coat,  + 

.TACKET.] 

peak,  pik,  n.    1.  A  pro- 
jecting point  or  edge. 

2.  A  mountain  summit. 

3.  The  after  upper  cor-       ^  ,    ,    ^, 
ner    of   a    fore<=and=aft      P«acuck=fL^ath«rs. 
sail ;  the  upper  end  of  a  gaff.   [  <  Ir.  peac,  sharp* 
pointed  object.]— peak'ed,o.  Endinginapoint. 

peal.ptl.  l.rf.&Ti.  To  cause  to  ring  loudly; 
give  out  loud  peals.  II.  n.  1.  A  prolonged, 
sonorous,  clanging  sound.  2.  A  set  of  large 
bells  musically  attuned.  3.  The  change  rung 
on  a  chime.     [<  F.  appel,  call.] 

pea^nut,  pt'nut,  n.    A  fruit  of  a  trailing  plant 
of  the  bean  family,  ripening 
under  ground. 

pear,  par,  n.  The  edible 
fleshy  fruit  of  a  tree  of  the 
rose  family.  [<  LA^pinwi.] 

pearl,  pgrl,  n.  1.  A  lustrous 
concretion  deposited  in  ' 
era  around  a  central  nucleus 
in  the  shells  of  vari- 
ous mollusks,  and 
largely  used   as   a 
gem.       2.   A    size 
of     printing  *  type, 
smaller  than  agate. 
[  <  LL.  jjerla,  prob.     Peanut,  showing  manner 
dim.  of  L.  jnrmn,  ««  growth, 

pear.]  —  pearKash'',  n.  Crude  potassium  car- 
bonate.—pearl'y,«.  1.  Adorned  with  or  re- 
sembling pearls.    3.  Having  a  pure,  sweet  tone. 

peas'ant,  pez'ant,  n.  In  Europe,  a  petty 
farmer;  a  farm-laborer.  [<  OF.  paisanf,  < 
pais,  country.]  —  peas'ant-ry,  7j.  The  peas- 
ant class. 

pease,  ptz,  n.  sing.  &pl.  Peas  collectively. 
f  <  AS.  pise,  <  L.'pisiim,  pea.] 

peat,  pit,  w.  A  substance  of  partially  carbon- 
ized vegetable  material,  found  usually  in  bogs. 
[Ult.  <  AS.  beta?),  mend.] 

peb'tole,  peb'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [peb'bled;  peb'- 
BLiNG.]  To  impart  a  rough  grain  to  leather. 
II.  n.  1.  A  small  rounded  fragment  of  rock. 
2.  An  agate.  3.  A  quartz=crystal  lens.— 
peb'bly,  a.    Abounding  with  pebbles. 

pe-can',  p§-can',  n.  A  large  hickory  of  the 
United  States,  with  olive-shaped  nuts.  [Prob. 
of  Am.  Ind.  origin.] 

pec'''ca-d.il'lo,  pec "a-dil'o,  n.  [-los^ or -loes^, 
pL]  A  slight  or  trifling  sin.  [  <  Sp.  pecadillo, 
dim.  of  pecado,  sin.] 

pec'ca-ry,  pec'a-ri,  n.  [-ries^,  pl.'\  A  pug- 
nacious hog*like  American  mammal,  secreting 
an  oily,  musky  substance.  See  illus.  in  next 
column.     [Of  S.  Am.  origin.] 


pecks  pec,  v.  I.  t.  To  strike  with  or  as  with 
the  beak;  effect  by  quick  and  repeated  blo\\s, 
as  of  a  beak.  II.  i.  To 
use,  as  a  beak,  in  stri- 
king. [Yar.  of  PICK,  r.] 
—  peck'er,  n. 

peck,  n.  A  measure  of 
capacity:  the  fourth  of 
a  bushel.  [Prob.  < 
PECK,  r.] 

breast  or  thorax.  II.  n.  1.  An  ornament 
worn  on  the  breast.  2.  A  pectoral  organ, 
fin,  or  muscle.  3.  Any  medicine  for  ail- 
ments of  the  chest.  [<  L.  pectm^alis,  < 
pectus,  breast.] 

pec^u-late,  pec'yu-let,  vi.  [-la'ted*!;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  appropriate  public  property  to 
one's  own  use.  2.  To  embezzle;  pilfer.  [< 
L.  pecidatns,  pp.  of  pecidor,  defraud  the  pub- 
lic] —  pec'''u-la'tioii,  n. —  pec'ii-la'^tor,  n. 

pe-cul'iar,  p§-kiul'yar,  a.  1.  Having  a  char- 
acter exclusively  its  own;  specific;  particular. 
2.  Select  or  special.  3.  Belonging  particularly 
to  one.  [<  L.  peculiaris,  one's  own.]  —  pe- 
cul'iar-ly,  w/v.  —  pe-cu''Ii-ar'i-ty,  n. 
L-TiES»,  pl.'\  That  which  renders  a  person  or  ob- 
ject singular  or  remarkable;  the  quality  of  being 
peculiar. 

pe-cu'ni-a-ry,  pg-kiu'ni-g-ri,  a.  1.  Consist- 
ing of  money.  2.  Monetary.  [<  L.  peciird- 
arins,  <  pecunia,  wealth.] 

ped.'a-gog(ue,  ped'a-geg,  7i.  A  schoolmaster; 
especially,  a  pedantic,  narrow-minded  teacher. 
I  <  VtY.^'paidagogos,  <  2)(ii(d-)s,  child,  -f  ago, 
lead.]  —  ped^'a-gog'ic,  ped"a-gej'ic,  a. 

ped'al,  ped'al  or  pi'dal.  I.  rt.  &■  vi.  To  op- 
erate by  pedals;  use  the  pedals.  II.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  foot  or  a  pedal.  III.  7^  A  lever 
for  the  foot,  in  musical  instruments  and  light 
machinery.     [<L.  pedalis.  <  j)e(d-)s,  ioot.] 

ped'ant,  ped'ant,  n.  A  scholar  who  makes 
needless  and  inopportune  display  of  his  learn- 
ing. [<  F.  pedant,  ult.  <  Gr.  jyaidagogos, 
pedagogue.]  —  pe-dan'tic,  a.  —  ped'ant-ry , 
71.    Ostentatious  display  of  knowledge. 

ped'dle,  ped'l,  v.  [ped'dled;  ped'dling.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  sell  in  small  quantities  from  house 
to  house.  2.  To  dispense  little  by  little.  II. 
i.   To  hawk;  do  a  petty  business.    [<  pedler. J 

ped'dler,  etc.    Same  as  pedler.  etc. 

ped''es-tal,  ped'es-tal,  n.  A  base  or  support, 
as  for  a  column,  statue,  or  vase.  [<  It.  pied- 
estallo,  base  of  a  pillar.] 

pe-des'tri-an,  p§-des'tri-an.  I.  a.  Charac- 
terized by  or  connected  with  walking.  II.  n. 
One  who  journeys  on  foot;  a  walker.  [<  L.  pe- 
dester,  <  pe{d-)s,  foot.]  — pe-des'tri-an-ism,  n. 

ped'i-cel,  ped'i-sel,  n.  Hot.  A  stalk  support- 
ing a  single  flower  in  a  compound  inflorescence; 
any  stalk  or  supporting  part.  [<  L.  pediculus, 
dim.  of  p€{d-)s,  foot.] 

ped'i-gree,  ped'i-grt,  n.  1.  A  line  of  ances- 
tors.   2.  A  genealogical  register. 

ped^i-ment,  ped'i-mgnt,  n.  Arch.  A  broad 
triangular  space,  as  above  a  portico  or  door. 
[<  L.  pedamenium,  vine  i)TO]^.] 

ped'ler,  ped'lgr,  n.  One  who  travels  from 
house  to  house  with  goods  to  sell.     [<  Prov. 


flutiure    (future);    aisle;   au   (qui);   eil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli   (the);  go;  sing,  iinik;    thin. 


t>eduncle 
penitent 


33a 


Eng.  ped,  basket.]  ped'dler:}:;  ped'larj. 
ped-un^cle,  ped-u^'cl  w  pg-dun'cl,  n.  1. 
Bot.  The  general  stalk  or  support  of  an  inflo- 
rescence. 2.  Anat.  &  Zool.  A  stalk  or  stem. 
[<   JjL.  pedmicuhis,  dim.,  <!,.  pe{d-)s,  foot.] 

—  ped-un'cu-far,  a.  [peepi,  v.  \ 
peeks  pik,  vi.  [Colloq.J  To  peep.  LVar.  of 
peel,  ptl,  i?.    1.  t.     1.  To  strip  off  the  bark  or 

8kin  of.  2.  To  remove  by  stripping  off.  II. 
i.  To  be  detached,  as  a  rind  or  skin,  [<  L.*' 
pellis^  skin.]  [fruit. 

peel,  n.     The  skin  or  rind  of  certain  kinds  of 

peep  1,  pip.  I',  m.  1.  To  look  slyly  or  pry- 
ingly,  as  through  a  crack ;  peek ;  peer.  2.  To 
be  seen  partially,  as  through  a  crevice.  II.  n. 
A  furtive  look. 

peep2.  V-.  ti.  Toutter  a  small,  sharp  sound. 
II.  n.  The  cry  of  a  chick,  a  young  frog,  or 
the  like.     [Imitative.]  » 

peer,  pir,  rl.  To  loolc  into  a  place  or  upon  an 
object  attentively  and  inquiringly. 

peer,  «.  1.  An  equal,  as  in  natural  gifts.  2. 
An  equal  before  the  law.  3.  A  noble;  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  a  duke,  marquis,  earl,  vis- 
count, or  baron.  [<  (dY.per^  <  L.  par,  equal.] 

—  peer'age,  n.  1 ,  The  rank  of  a  peer,  '■i. 
The  nobility.— peer'ess,  n.  A  woman  who 
liolds  a  title  of  nobility.— peer'less,  a.  Of 
unequaled  excellence. 

pee'visll,  pt'vish,  a.  1.  Feebly  fretful  and 
irritable;  querulous.  2.  Showing  petulant 
discontent  and  vexation.    -\y,adT.    -nesg,  ?^ 

P©S>  peg,  t^-  I.  t.  To  drive  (a  peg)  into;  fasten 
by  pegs.  II.  i.  [Colloq.]  To  work  persever- 
ingly.  [excuse. 

peg:,  V.     1.  A  wooden  pin.    2.  A  pretext  or 

pel-ag'ic,  pel-aj'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in- 
habiting the  deep  sea.  [<  Gr.  pelagikox,  < 
pelag(m.  open  sea.] 

pelf,' pelf,  n.  Money;  wealth:  often  implying 
ill=gotten  gains.     [<  OF.  pelf  re,  spoil.] 

pel'i-can,  pel'i-can,  n.    A  large  gregarious 
fish^eating  bird  of  warm  regions, 
having  a  large  pouch  on  the  lower 
jaw,  for  the  temporary 
storage  of  fish.     \_<  Gr. 
pelekan,  pelican.] 

pe-lisse',  ps-lts%  n. 
long  outer  garment 
cloak.     [F.] 

pell,  pel,  n.    A  skin;  pelt 
hence  a  parchment  roll,  common  Pelican.  1/54 
[<  L.of  pellts,  skm.]  -^ 

periet,  pel'et,  n.  A  small  round  ball.  [<  OP\ 
pelote,  ball,  <  L.  pila,  ball.] 

peril-cl(e,  pel'i-cl,  n.  A  thin  skin,  film,  or 
layer.     (  <  L.  pellicula,  dim.  of  jwlliti,  skin.] 

pell'^smell',  iJcP-mel',  adv.  In  a  confused  or 
promiscuous  way  or  manner.  [<  OF.  2^lle, 
shovel,  -f  rneller,  mix.] 

pel-lu^cid,  pel-lQ'sid,  a.    Permitting  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  the  passage  of  light;  translucent. 
[<  L.  per,  through,  -f  hiceo,  shine.] 
-ly,  adv.    •iieHH,  n. 

pelt'',  pelt,  V.  I.  t.  To  strike  or  assail  with 
something  thrown.  II.  i.  To  throw  anything; 
descend  violently.   [  <  L.  pulto  ( = pmlso),  beat.] 

pelt' 


An  undressed   fur-skin.     [Perhaps 
abbr.  of  PELTRY.]  [thrown.     [<  pelt,  «.] 

pelt*,  n.    A  blow,  as  one  given  by  something 


pelt'ry,  pelt'ri,  n.  1.  Pelts  collectively.  2.  A 
pelt.    [<  OF.  peleterie,  <  pel,  skin.] 

peFvis,  pel'vis,  n.  The  part  of  the  skeleton  of 
the  body :  composed,  in  man,  of  the  two  hip- 
bones and  the  sacrum.  [L.,  basin.]— pePvic,  a. 

peni^ini-can,  pem'i-can,  71.  Dried  venison  or 
beef  prepared  as  a  food.    [Am.  Ind.J 

pen',  pen.  I.  i^t.  [penned  or  pent;  pen'ning.] 
To  enclose  in  a  pen.  II.  n.  A  small  enclo- 
sure, as  for  pigs. 

pen^.  I.vt.  [penned;  pen'ning.]  To  write 
with  a  pen;  indite.  II.  «.  An  instrument  for 
writing  with  a  fluid  ink.  [<  L.^^+^^  penna, 
feather.] 

pe'nal,  pl'nal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  punishment 
or  its  means  or  place.  2.  Liable  to  punish- 
ment. [OF.,  <  L.  2)oenalis,  <  pmia,  punish- 
ment.] —  pen'al-ty,  n.  [-tiesS  j)l.]  The  con- 
sequences, as  suffering,  detriment,  etc.,  that 
follow  the  transgression  of  laws. 

pen'^ance,  pen'ans,  u.  Suffering  voluntarily 
undertaken  as  an  act  of  atonement.  [OF.,  < 
L.  psenitentia;  see  penitence.] 

pence,  pens,  n.    Plural  of  penny,    pen'niest* 

pen'^chant',  pQA'shaft'  or  pen'chant,  n.  A 
strong  inclination;  bias.     [F.] 

pen'cil,  pen'sil.  I.  rt.  [-oiled  or  -cilled; 
-OILING  or  -ciL-LiNG.]  To  mark,  write,  or  draw 
with  a  pencil.  II.  n.  1.  A  long,  pointed  strip 
of  graphite,  slate,  etc.,  used  for  writing,  draw- 
ing, etc.  2.  A  small  finely  pointed  paint-brush. 
3.  Lines  or  rays  diverging  from  a  given  point. 
[<  Ij.^^  2^^'>^icUlu7n,  painters'  brush.] 

pend'i,  pend,  m.  To  be  awaiting ^r  in  process 
of  adjustment  or  settlement.  [<  L.  pendeo, 
hang.]  — -  pend'ant,  n.  Anything  that  hangs 
or  depends;  a  short  rope,  strcamei-  or  pennant. 
pend'entt.  — pend'eu-cy,  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  undecided.  iJ,  The  state  of  being  pend- 
ent. —  pend'ent,  a.  1 .  Hanging  loosely;  pend- 
ulous. »i.  Projecting.  — pend'ingr,  prep.  1. 
During  the  continuance  of.    5i.  Awaiting;  until. 

pend'u-lum,  pend'yu-lum,  71.  A  body  sus- 
pended from  a  fixed  point,  and  free  to  swing  to- 
and  fro.— pend'u-lous,  a.  Hanging,  especially 
so  as  to  swing. 

pen'e-trate,  pen'g-tret,  v.  [-tra'ted'';  -tra"- 
TiNG.]  I.  ^  1.  To  enter  or  force  a  way  into 
the  interior  parts  of.  2.  To  pass  into  the  mind 
of.  3.  To  discern;  detect.,  II.  i.  To  pass 
into  or  enter  something.  [  <  L.  penetratus,  pp. 
of  penetro,  put  within.]  —  pen'e.tra-bl(e.  a. 
That  may  be  penetrated.  — peii''e-tra-bil'i- 
ty,  «.  — peii'e-tra-tiv(e,  <?.- pen"e-tra'- 
tioii,  ».  The  act  of  nenetrating,  physically  or 
nuMitallj';  aciiteness;  discernment. 

pen'guin,  pen'gwin,  ??.  A  web-footed  bird 
of  the  southern  hemisphere,  with  flipper-like 
wings.  [Peril.  <  W.  ])en,  head,  -f  gioyn,  white.] 

pen-in'su-la,  pen-in'siu-la,  n.  A  piece  of 
land  almost  surrounded  by  water.  [L.,  <  pse/te, 
almost,  4-  inmla,  island.]  —  pen-in'sii-lar, 
a.  &  n. 

pen'i-tent,  pen'i-tfint.  I.  a.  Affected  by  a 
sense  of  one's  own  guilt  and  resolved  on 
amendment.  II.  n.  One  who  is  penitent. 
[OF.,  <  L.  piPiiiteii{t-)s,  ppr.  of  pseniteo,  re- 
pent.] -ly,  a^/r.-  peii'I-tence,  «.  The  state 
of  being  nciiltont;  contrition.— pen'^i-ten'- 
tlalt  rt.  J .  Pertaining  to  or  expressing  peni- 
tence tt.  Pertaining  to  penance  or  punishment. 
—  pen^l-ten'tla-ry.    l.a.    1.  Pertaining  to 


papfi,  98k;  at,  ftir;  elfm^nt,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


333 


penknife 
per 


penance.  2.  Relating  to  the  punishment  and 
discipline  of  criminals.  II.  ??.  A  prison  in  which 
convicts  are  confined  at  hard  labor  for  punish- 
ment or  reformation. 

pen'knife",  n.    A  small  pocketknife. 

pen'man,  pen'man,  «.  [-men,  pi?.]  A  person 
considered  with  regard  to  his  handwriting; 
also,  a  teacher  of  penmanship.  —  pen'man- 
sliip,  )i.  1.  The  art  of  writing.  iJ.  Hand- 
writing; calligraphy. 

pen'nant,  pen'ant,  n.  1.  A  small  flag  of  va- 
rious forms,  used  on  naval  vessels.  2.  Xaitt. 
A  short  rope  or  pendant.     [Corr.  of  pennon.] 

pen'nate,  pen'etor -gt,  a.  Having  wings  or 
feathers.     [<  L.  pennatus^  <  jiefuia,  featner.] 

pen'ni-less,  pen'i-les,  a.     Poverty  stricken. 

pen'non,  pen'gn,  n.  A  small  pointed  or 
svvallow'tailedflag,  borne  by  medieval  knights. 
[OF.,  <  L.  penna,  feather,  wing.] 

pen'ny,  pen'i,  n.  [pen'nies^  or  pence,  pi.] 
1.  A  bronze  coin  of  the  British  mint,  one» 
twelfth  of  a  shilling,  or  2  cents  U.  S.  value.  2. 
[Collog.,  U.  S.J  A  cent.  3.  Any  coin  or  sum 
of  triflmg  value.     [<  AS.  penrng,  penny.] 

—  pen'ny-weight'',  *i.  The  twentieth  part 
of  the  ounce  in  troy  weight.  — pen'iiyswise'', 
f(.    Unduly  economical  In  smallmatters. 

pen"ny-roy'al,  pen"i-rei'al,  n.  A  strong- 
scented  herb  of  the  mint  family. 

pe-nol'o-gy,  pg-nel'o-ji,  n.  The  science  that 
treats  of  the  punishment  and  prevention  of 
crime  and  of  the  management  of  prisons  and 
reformatories.  [  <  L. poena,  penalty,  +  -ology.] 

pen'sile,  pen'sil,  a.  Penaent  and  swaying; 
l)endul()us.     [<L.  pensilis,  <  petideo,  hang.] 

pen'sion,  pen'shun.  I.  rt.  To  grant  a  pen- 
jiion  to.  II.  n.  A  periodical  allowance  to  an 
individual  on  account  of  some  meritorious 
work  or  service.  [F.,  <  L.  pensioOi-),  <  pen- 
do,  weigh.]  —  peii'sion-a-ry,  n.     [-RIES^  pL] 

1 ,  A  pensioner.  'Z.  FonneVly,  a  chief  magis- 
trate of  a  Dutch  city  or  town.  —  pen'sion^er, 
n.    One  who  receives  a  pension. 

peii'^sion',  pan"si§n',?i.  A  boarding-school;  also, 
a  boarding-house.    [F.,  =  pension.] 

pen'siv(e,  pen'siv,  a.  Engaged'in  or  addicted 
to  serious  or  quiet  reflection;  thoughtful;  sad. 
[  <  F.  pensif,  <  j)€nser,  think.]  [fined. 

pent,  pent,  pa.    Penned  up  or  in;  closely  con- 

penta-,  pent-.  Combining  forms.  [<  Gr. 
perde,  five.]  —  pen'ta-gon,  n.  A  figure  with 
five  angles  and  five  sides.  [+ Gr.  gonia,  angle.] 
—  pen-tag'o-nal.  «.— pen^ta-lie'dron,  w. 
r-DRA,  pl.'i  A  solid  bounded  by  five  plane  faces. 
L+  Gr.  hedra,  seat,  side.]  — pen^'ta-he'dral, 
«.— pen-tani'e-ter,  w.  In  prosody,  a  line  of 
verse  containing  five  units  or  feet.  [+  Gr. 
metron,  measure.] 

Pen'ta-teucll,  pen'ta-tiiic,  n.  The  first  five 
books  of  the  Bible  taken  collectively.  [<  iir. 
pentafeiichos,  <  jjerde,  five,  -|-  teuchos,  book.] 

Pen'te-COSt,  pen'te-cest,  n.  1.  A  Jewish  fes- 
tival occurring  fifty  days  after  the  Passover. 

2.  The  Christian  feast  of  Whitsunday,  com- 
memorating the  outpouring  of  the  Spirit  at 
Pentecost,  Acts  ii.  [<  Gr.  pentekoste,  fiftieth 
(sc.  hemera,  day).]  —  pen'^te-cos'tal,  a. 

pent1iouse",pent'haus",w.  Astructurein the 
form  of  a  shed  or  roof  with  a  single  slope  affixed 
byits  upper  edge  to  the  wall  of  another  building. 
[Ult.  <  L.*"  appendo,  append.]     pen'tieef . 

pe-nult',  pe-nult'  w  pi'nult,  n.    The  syllable 


Planet's  Penumbra 

(exaggerated). 

X,  the  planet;  s,  a  satellite;  p,  p, 

the  penumbra;  sit,  the  sun. 


To  season  with 


next  to  the  last  in  a  word.  [Abbr.  of  penul- 
TiMA,  <  L.  papne,  almost,  +  idfima,  last.] 
pe-nul'ti-mat-  — pe-nuPti-inate,  a.  Be- 
ing the  last  but  one. 

pe-num'ljra,  pg-num'bra,  n.  A  margin  of  a 
shadow  ob- 
served in  an  ^_,„__  ■¥' 
eclipse,  etc. 
[<  L.  paene. 
almost,  4-  um- 
bra, shade.] 

p  en'u -ry , 
pen'yu-ri,  n. 
Extreme  pov- 
erty or  want. 
[<  OF.  penurie,  <  !>.  penuria,  want.]  — pe- 
nu^ri-ous,  a.  1.  Excessively  sparing  or  sa- 
ving in  the  use  of  money;  parsimonious.  2. 
Scanty.    3.  Indigent,    -ly.  adv.    -iiess,  m. 

pe'o-ny,  pi'o-ni,  «.  [-NIEs^  pL]  A  plant  of 
the  crowfoot  family,  having  large  terminal 
solitary  flowers. 

peo'ple,  pi'pl.  I.  ft.  [peo'pled;  PEo'PLiNG.] 
To  stock  with  inhabitants;  populate.  II.  n. 
1.  All  the  human  beings  under  the  same  gov- 
ernment, speaking  the  same  language,  etc.  2. 
Persons  collectively.  3.  The  populace.  4. 
Kinsfolk;  attendants,  etc.  [<  F. peuplei<L. 
popvlits),  people.] 

pep'per,  pep'gr.  I.  ri. 
pepper.  2.  To  pelt;  rail 
at;  scold.  II.  n.  1. 
A  pungent  aromatic 
condiment  consisting  of 
the  dried  berries  of  the 
pepper  -  plant.  2.  A 
tropical  climbing  shrub 
of  the  pepper  family. 
pep'per=plant''i. 
[Ult.  <  Sans,  pippala, 
the  long  pepper.] 

—  pep  '  per  -  corn'', 
per.tlant''\''ence^  an?:  Black  Pepper:  a  Branch 
»gTn8lgnrfl'can\"^     ^llS^aSTrS^^  '^''■ 
pep'per-irrass^      n.     ^'"' "°  V  ™"- 
A  garden  salad  or  cress.  "•  "^"y- 

—  pep'per-mint'',  n.  1 .  A  pungent  aromatic 
herb,  used  In  medicine  and  confectionery,  ti. 
An  oil  or  other  preparation  from  peppermint.— 
pep'per-y,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  pepper; 
pungent;  hence,  quick-tempered;  stinging. 

pep'sin,  pep'sin,  n.  The  digestive  ferment  of 
the  gastric  juice;  also,  a  medicinal  preparation 
obtained  from  the  stomachs  of  various  ani- 
mals.    [<  F.pepsine,  <  Gr.  pepsis,  cooking.] 

—  pep'tic,  a.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  promo- 
tive of  digestion.  H,  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  pro- 
ducing pepsin. 

ver;  prfijix.  1.  A  Romance-Latin  prefix  mean- 
ing (1)  through,  by,  by  means  of,  for;  as,  per- 
ceive, perjure,  perennial,  pertinence;  (2)  very; 
extremely;  exceedingly;  as,peracute,  perfervld. 
In  pardon,  paramour,  pursue,  appurten&nce, 
parson,  pellncid,  pilgrim,  etc.,  its  spelling  has 
slightly  changed.  '2.  C/iem.  A  prefix  signifying 
the  higher  degree  of  valence  in  two  similar  com- 
pounds; as.  Iron  peroxld,  as  distinguished  from 
iron  protoxld,  used  also  to  Indicate  the  highest 
degree  of  combination  among  similar  com- 
pounds. [<  OF.pcr,per-,par-,<  L.per,  through.] 

per,  pgr,  jn^ep.  By;  by  means  of;  through: 
used  as  a  part  of  certain  Latin  phrases.  —  per 


flutliire  (future);    aisle;    au    (otit);   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dli   (the);   go;    sing,   ink;   tliin. 


peradveuture 
peri- 


334 


annum,  by  the  year.— per  diem,  by  the  day. 
—  per  se,  by  Itself;  simply  as  such.    [L.] 

per'^ad-ven'ture,  per  "ad-ven'chur  or  -tiQr, 
adv.  Perchance;  it  may  be;  perhaps.  [<  F. 
par  aventure,  by  chance.] 

per-am.'Tju-late,  pgr-am'biu-let,  v.  [-la"- 
TEDd;  -LA"TiNG.]  I.  t.  To  Walk  through  or 
over,  as  for  surveying.  II.  i.  To  walk  about. 
[<  L.  per,  through,  +  ainbido,  go  about.] 

— per-am''bu-la'tion,  n.  The  act  of  peram- 
bulating; specifically,  an  annual  survey  of  bound- 
aries.—per-am'bu-la''tor,  n.  1.  One  who 
perambulates.  "Z.  A  rolling  chair.  3.  A  baby= 
carriage.    4.  A  surveyors'  measuring=wheel. 

per-cale',  per-cal'  or  per-kel',  n.  A  closely  woven 
cambric  without  gloss.    [F.] 

per-ceiv(e',  per-stv',  xt.  [per-ceiv(e)d' ; 
PER-cEiv'iNG.]  1.  To  have  knowledge  of 
through  the  medium  of  the  senses.  2.  To  dis- 
cern; understand;  note.  [<  L.^f  percipio,  < 
per,  by,  4-  capio,  take.]  —  per-ceiv'a-bl(e,  a. 
That  may  be  perceived.— per-ceiv'er,  n. 

per  cent.,  by  or  in  the  hundred.  [<  L.  per, 
by;  centum,  hundred.]  —  per-cent'age,  ti.  1 . 
Kate  per  hundred.  2.  The  allowance,  commis- 
sion, duty,  or  interest  on  a  hundred. 

per-cep'tion,  pgr-sep'shun,  n.  The  act, 
power,  process,  or  prociuct  of  perceiving;  cog- 
nition of  fact  or  truth  in  general;  apprehen- 
sion. [F.,  <  L.  perceptio{n-),  <  perceptus,  pp. 
of  percipio,  perceive.]  —  per-cep'ti-bl(e,  a. 
That  may  be  seen  or  apprehended;  perceivable. 
— per-cep''ti-bil'i-ty,n.— per-cep'ti-bly, 
arfr.'<-per-cep'tiv(e,  a.  Perceiving,  or  having 
the  power  of  perception. 

perchS  pgrch,  v.  I.  f.  To  set  on  an  elevated 
support;  fix  on  a  perch.  II.  i.  To  alight  or 
sit  on  a  perch;  roost. 

perch.!,  ji.  A  small  common  fisli  of  both  Uni- 
ted States  and  European  fresh  and  salt  waters. 
[<  Gt.^*^  perk?,  perch.] 

perch.",  n.  1.  A  staff,  pole,  or  slat,  variously 
used,  especially  as  a  roost;  any  elevated  seat 
or  situation.  2.  A  measure:  (1)  One  rod  (16.5 
feet).  (2)  In  stonework,  about  25  cubic  feet. 
[<  OF.  perche  (<  L.  pertica),  pole.] 

per-chance^,  pgr-chgns',  adv.  In  a  possible 
case;  peradventure ;  perhaps. 

per-cip'i-ent,  pgr-sip't-ent,  a.  Having  the 
power  of  perception;  perceiving.  [<  L.  jm'- 
npien(t-)8,  ppr.  of  ]jereipio;  perceive.] 

per^co-late,  pgr'co-let,  vt.  &vi.  [-i.a'ted''; 
-i-a'tino.]  To  pass  through  fine  interstices; 
filter;  strain.  [<  L.  per,  through,  -|-  colo, 
filter.]  —  per'^co-la'tlon,  w.     Filtration. 

per  con'tra,  p^r  con'tro.    On  the  contrary.  [L.] 

per-cus'sion,  pgr-cush'un,  fi.  1.  Sudden 
collision,  especially  such  as  causes  a  sliock  or 
a  sound.  2.  The  vibration  produced  by  col- 
lision. [F.,  <  Ij. percuf<fiio{/i-),  <  jx'r,  through, 
-{-qnatio,  shake,  strike.]  —  per-niM'Hlonsoap'', 
n.  A  small  cap  of  thin  nietal  containing  a  ful- 
minate for  firing  a  charge.—  p. dock,  u.  A  gun- 
lock  for  exploding  a  pcTcussion.cap. 

per -diction,  pvr-dish'un,  //.  1.  Future 
misery  or  eternal  death  as  the  condition  of  the 
wicked;  hell.  211.  Utter  destruction.  [F.,  < 
L.  perdo,  destroy.] 

per^e-gri-nate,  per'g-gri-n6t.  vi.  [-na"ted<»; 
-NA'TiNo.]  To  travel  m>m  country  to  conn- 
try,  or  from  place  to  place.    [  <  L.  per,  through. 


-{-ager,  land.]  —  per''e-gri-na'tion,  n.—  per'- 
e-jrri-na'^tor,  n.    A  traveler  or  pilgrim. 

per^emp-to'^ry,  per'emp-to'ri.  a.  1.  Not 
admitting  of  debate  or  appeal ;  decisive;  abso- 
lute. 2.  Positive  in  judgment  or  opinion; 
dictatorial.  [<  L.  peremptus,  pp.  of  perimo, 
annihilate.]  —  per'emp-to''ri-ly,  adv. 

per-en'ni-al,  pgr-en'i-al.  I.  a.  1.  Con- 
tinuing through  the  year  or  through  many 
years.  2.  Biol.  Growing  continually.  II.  n. 
Bot.  A  plant  that  lasts  year  after  year,  usually 
blossoming  and  fructifying  annually.  [<  L. 
per,  through,  +  annus,  year.]    -ly,  adv. 

per'fect'',  pgr'fect  or pgr-fect',  tf.  1.  To  bring 
up  to  the  absolute  standard.  2.  To  make 
thoroughlj'  informed  or  accomplished. —  per'- 
fect-er,  «.- per-fect"i-bil'i-ty,  «.— per- 
fect'i-bl(e,  a. 

perfect,  pgr'fect.  I.  a.  1.  Without  defector 
lack;  complete.  2.  Thoroughly  versed  or  in- 
formed. 3.  Gram.  Noting  past  or  finished  ac- 
tion. II.  n.  Gram.  The  perfect  tense.  [<L.of 
perfectus,  pp.  of  jyerjicio,  finish.]  —  per-fec'- 
tion,  n.  1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
perfect;  supreme  excellence,  per'fect-nessi. 
2.  A  particular  quality  that  is  supreme.  3.  The 
highest  degree  of  a  thing.—  per'fect-ly,  adv. 

per'fi-dy,  pgr'fi-di,  n.  ^-I)IEi^^  pL]  The  act 
of  violating  faith  or  allegiance;  treachery; 
faithlessness.  [<  L.^  perjidia,  <  per,  from, 
+  fides,  faith.]— per-fld'i-ons,  a.  Character- 
ized by  perfidy;  treacherous. 

per'fo-rate,  pgr'fo-ret.  I.  vt.  F-ra'ted'"; 
-RA'TiNG.]  To  bore  through;  niake  a  hole 
through.  II.  pgr'fo-ret  or  -rgt,  a.  Pierced 
with  a  hole  or  holes.  [  <  L.  per,  through,  -f 
foro,  bore.]  per^fo-ra^'tedt.—  per'To-ra'- 
tion,  n.  1 .  A  boring  into  or  piercing  through. 
'i.  A  hole  bored  through.-  perTo-ra^'tor,  n. 

per-force',  pgr-fors',  adv.  By  force  or  vio- 
lence.    [<  F.  par,  by,  -\- fores,  force.] 

per-form',  pgr-ferm',  r.  I,  ^  1.  To  bring  to 
completion  ;  accomplish.  2.  To  fulfil,  as  a 
duty;  discliarge.  3.  To  act  out  ;  represent. 
4.  To  render,  as  on  an  instrument;  execute. 
II.  i.  To  accomplish  an  act  or  a  feat;  do;  es- 
pecially, to  act  on  the  stage,  etc.  [<  OF.  par- 
fournir,  <  par,  through,  -{fovrnir,  furnish.] 

—  per-form'a-bl(e,  a.—  p.er-form'ance, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  performing;  also,  the  thing 
done;  execution;  action,  ti.  A  representation 
bcfort!  s])octators.  —  per-lbriii'er,  n. 

per-fume',  pgr-fium'.  I.  vt.  (perfumed'; 
pek-fi'mino.]  To  render  odorous  ;  scent. 
II.  pgr'flrim  or  pgr-fifim',  n.  1.  A  pleasant 
odor,  as  from  flowers.  2.  A  fragrant  substance 
or  mixture.  [<  F.  parfnin.^  —  per-fu'nier,  n. 
—  per-fu'mer-y,  n.  'Perfumes  In  general. 

per-func'to-ry,  pgr-func'to-ri,  a.  Done 
merely  for  the  sake  of  getting  through;  negli- 
gent. [<  L."' _/>tfr,  ilitowgh, -\- fungoi\  per- 
form.] [sioly. 

per  haps',  m'r-haps',  adv.    It  may  be;  pos- 

pe'ri.  pt'rl  «r  i)d'rt,  «.  IW.  Myth.  A  fairy  or  elf. 
f  <  F.  peri,  <  Per.  pari,  fairy.  1 

perl;  prefix.  Near;  around.  [<  L./>«/t-(< 
(ir.  peri;  <  peri,  around;  akin  to  nara,  be- 
side); or  directly  <  Gr.  peri-  or  jyen.] 

—  per'i-anth,  n.  The  combined  calyx  and 
corolla  of  a  flower  when  so  much  alike  as  to  be 
nearly  indistinguishable.  —  per''i-car'(li>al, 
a.    Surrounding  the  heart.    per"l-car'di-a<- 


pupfi,  98k;  at,  Air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  fi  (ee);  o,  dh;  erat^r,  9r;  full,  rflle;  but,  ur; 


335 


peril 
persecute 


ect.                                     \  / 

il,  per'il.    I.  vt.  &  vi.   \  J 

r'iled  or  per'illed;      \^  y 

I'lL-iNG     or     per'il-         ^ ^ 


or  -ani.— per^'i-car-di'tis,  n.  Inflammation 
of  the  pericardium.  —  per^^i-car'di-um,  n. 
i-Di-A,  pZ.]  A  membranous  bag  that  surrounds 
and  protects  the  heart.  — per'i-carp,  n.  The 
wall  of  the  ripened  ovary  of  a  flower,  constitu- 
ting the  germ  of  a  fruit.— per''i-cra'ni-uiii, 
n.  The  periosteum  of  the  external  surface  of 
the  cranium.  [+  Gr.  "X-ra/zJo^i.-skull.]  — per'- 
i-gee,  11.  The  point  in  the  orbit  of  the  moon 
where  it  is  nearest  the  earth.—  per''i-lie'Ii-oii, 

of  a  planet  or  comet  wliere 
it  is  nearest  the  sun.  per''- 
i-he'li-uml:.  —  per- 
im'e-ter,  n.  The  bound- 
arj[  or  rim  of  a  figure  or 
object 
per'U 
[per 

PER'l -_        ^^ 

I.ING.]     To  expose  to  dan-    Dia^am  showmg 
ger;  put  in  peril;  imperil.  I'eriheilon. 

II.  n.  Exposure  to  the  *".  s«n;  a,  aphelion;  u, 
chance  of  injury,  lose,  or  penheiion. 

destruction;  jeopardy.  [F.,  <  L.  penculum, 
experiment,  danger.]  —  per'il-ous,  a.  Full  of, 
involving,  or  attended  with  peri);  hazardous. 

pe'ri-od,  pi'ri-§d,  n.  1.  A  definite  portion  of 
time.  2.  A  lapse  of  time;  era.  3.  Termina- 
tion. 4.  The  present  day.  5.  A  dot  (.)  marking 
the  end  of  a  sentence,  an  abbreviation,  etc. 
6.  A  complete  sentence.  [<  Gr.  }}eriodos.,  < 
peri.,  around,  -f  hodos,  way.]  —  pe"ri-od'le, 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  period;  characterized  by 
definite  periods,  'i.  Belonging  to  a  sentence 
that  is  grammatically  complete.— -  pe''ri-od'- 
ic-al.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  publications 
that  appear  at  fixed  intervals,  ti.  Periodic.  II. 
n.  A  publication  appearing  at  regular  Intervals. 
—  pe''ri-o-dic'i-ty,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
periodic,  as  an  intermittent  disease. 

per'^i-os'te-um,  per'i-es'te-um,  n.  A  nerv- 
ous, vascular  membrane  that  surrounds  the 
bones.     [  <  Gr.^^peri,  around,  +  osteon,  bone.] 

per"i-pa-tet'ic,  per  "i  pa-tet'ic.  I.  a.  Walk- 
ing about;  moving.  II.  7i.  1.  One  given  to 
walking  about.  2.  [P-]  A  disciple  of  Aristotle. 
[<  Gr.  pen,  about,  -{- patos,  path.] 

per-iph'er-y ,  per-if 'gr-i,  ?i.  [-iessj^/.]  l.The 
outer  surface.  2.  Circumference.  [<GT.peri, 
around,  -\-phero,  bear.]  —  per-iph'er-al,  a. 

per-iph^ra-sis,  per  if'ra-sis,  )i.  [ses,  -siz  or 
-ses,  pL]  The  art  of  saying  little  in  many 
words;  circumlocution.  [L.,  <  Gr.  peri, 
around,  -\-j)hrazd,  declare.] —  per'i- phrase, 
per'i-fr6z.  1.  vt.  &  vi.  [-phrased;  -phra'sing.  ] 
To  express  in  a  roundabout  manner.  II.  n. 
Periphrasis.  —  per'^i-pliras'tic,  a. 

per'isllS  per'ish,  vi.  To  be  destroyed;  wither; 
decay.  [<  L.^  pereo,  perish,  <  j)€r,  through, 
+  eo,  go.]  —  per'i8h-a-bl(e,  a.  Liable  to  per- 
ish; mortal. 

per'i-style,  per'i-stail,  n.  Arch.  A  system 
of  columns  surrounding  a  building  or  court. 
[  <  Gr.  peri,  around,  -f-  stylos,  pillar.] 

per^i-to-ne'um,  per"i-to-nl'um  m-  -ne'um, 
n.  A  membrane  that  lines  the  abdominal  cav- 
ity. [LL.,  <  Gr. />eH,  around, +^ei/('5,  stretch.] 

per'i-wig,  per'i-wig,  n.  A  head-dress  of  false 
hair.     [<  F.  perruque,  peruke.] 

per'i-win''l£l(e,  per'i-win'kl,  n.  A  small 
sea»snail.    See  illus.  in  next  column. 

per'jure,  pgr'jur  or  -jQr,  vt.  &  vi.  [per'jured; 


[<  L.^  per. 


per'jur-ing.]  To  make  guilty  of  perjury 
bear  false  witness.  [<  L.  per,  through,'  -\ 
juro,  swear.] —  per'jur-er,  ?i. — 
per'ju-ry,  n.  Assertion  of  a 
falsity  under  oath. 

per'ma-nent,  pgr'ma-ngnt,  a. 
Continuing  in  the  same  state  or 
without  essential  change;  dura- 
ble.    [F.,  <   L.  per,   through, 
-1-   maneo,  remain.]— per'nia- 
nence,  n.    The   state  of  being   „    ••  i  , 
permanent;     durability;    fixity.—   Penwiukle. 
per'iiia-nen-cy,  n.    [-cies«,  pl.^    1.  Pemia^ 
nence.    '2.  Something  permanent. 

per'me-ate,  pgr'm§-et,  vt.  [-A"TEDd;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  pass  through  the  pores  or  inter- 
stices of ;  be  diffused  through.  [<  L.  pe7\ 
through,  -f  ff>eo,  pass.]  —  per''me-a-bil'i-ty, 
«.— per'me-a-bl(e,  a.  Allowing  passage,  es- 
pecially of  fluids.—  per^'me-a'tion,  n. 

per-mis'sion,  pgr-mish'un,  ?i.  The  act  of 
permitting  or  allowing;  license  granted.—  per- 
iiiis'si-bl(e,  per-iiiis'sivCe,  a.  1.  That 
permits.    5J,  That  is  permitted. 

per-mit',  pgr-mit',  vt.  &  vi.  [per-mit'ted"'; 
per-mit'ting.]  1.  To  give  tacit  consent  to; 
allow.  2.  To  grant  leave  to;  give  permission. 
[  <  L.  permitto,  <  per,  through,  4-  ftxitto,  send.] 

per'mit,  pgr'mit,  n.    Permission  or  warrant. 

per^'mu-ta'tion,  pgr'miu-te'shun,  n.  Ar- 
rangement of  a  number  of  things  with  refer- 
ence to  their  order;  reciprocal  change;  inter- 
change.  [<  L.  per,  through,  +  mxdo,  change.] 

per-ni^cious,  pgr-nish'us,  a.  Having  the 
1  power  of  destroying  or  injuring.  r<  L.*^ 
i  through,  -\-  iteco,  knl.] 
'  per'^o-ra'tion,  per'o-re'shun,  n.  The  con- 
j  elusion  of  an  oration,  [<  h.per,  through,  + 
I      oro,  harangue.] 

I  per'^pen-dic'u-lar,  pgr'pgn-dic'yu-lar.     I. 
a.     1.  Upright  or  vertical.     2.  Geom.    Meet- 
ing a  given  line  at  right  angles.    II.  n.  A  per- 
I      pendicular  line.     [  <  L.  per,  through,  -f  pen- 
deo,  hang.]  —  per'"pen-dic'"u-lar'i-ty,  n. 

per'pe-trate,  pgr'p§-tret,  vt.  [-tra"ted''- 
-tra"ting.]  To  do,  or  carry  through,  in  a  bad 
sense;  be  guilty  of .  [<  L.  /jer,  through,  4- 
patro,  perform.]  —  per'^pe-tra'tion,  n. —  per'- 
pe-tra'^tor,  n. 

per-pet'u-al,  pgr-pech'u-al  or  -pet'yu-al,  a. 
1.  Continuing  unlimited  in  time.  2.  Inces- 
sant. [<  Ij.  perpetuus,  <  per,  through,  +  peto, 
seek.]  -ly,  a(^?;.— per-pet'u-ate,  vt.  \-a"- 
TEDd;  -a'ting.]  To  cause  to  be  continued  or  to 
endure  Indefinitely.- per-pet''u-a'tioii,  n.— 
per"pe-tu'i-ty.  per'pe-tlii'I-tl,  n.  [-ties*,  i^^.] 
Something  perpetual^  unending  time. 

per-plex'S  pgr-plex',  vt.  1.  To  subject  to 
doubt  or  difficulty  in  determining.  2.  To  make 
confusing.  [<  L.  ^;e/',  through,  -{-plexus,  pp. 
of  ^>^^c^o,  plait.] — per-plex'i-ty,  n.  [-ties^, 
pl.\    A  perplexed  condition;  bewilderment. 

per'q.ui-sit(e,  pgr'cwi-zit,  n.  Anyprofitfrom 
service  beyond  salary  or  wages.  [<  L.  per, 
through,  4-  qiise.ro,  seek.] 

per'se-cute,  pgr'sg-kiut,  vt.  [-cu"ted<1;  -cu°- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  pursue  in  a  manner  to  injure  or 
afflict,  as  on  account  of  religious  belief.  2.  To 
harass.  [<  L.  per^  through,  -|-  sequor,  follow.] 
—  per^'se-cu'tion,  n.  The  act  of  persecu- 
ting; oppression. -per'se-cii^tor,  n. 


flutlOre   (future):    aisle;    au    {out);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;    dh   (the);   go;   sing,    ink;   tliin. 


persevere 
pestilent 


336 


per"se-vere',  pgr'eg-vir',  vi.  [-vered'; 
•  Ver'ing.]  To  persist  in  a  purpose ;  continue 
striving.      [<   L.^  per,  through,  -j-  sevems, 


strict.]  —  per'^se-ver'ance,   n. 

habit  of  persevering;  persistence 
per-sim'mon,  pgr-sim'^n,  n. 
red  or  yellow,  plum»like 
fruit  of  an  American  tree 
of  the  ebony  family,  \ery 
astringent  in  taste  until 
exposed  to  frost;  also,  the 
tree  itself.  [Am.  Ind.] 
per-sist''',  pgr-sist',  vi.  1. 
To  adhere  firmly  to  any 
course,  design,  etc.  2.  To 
continue  fixed;  endure. 
[<  L.  per,  through,  + 
sisfo,  caus.  of  sto,  stand.] 


The  act  or 
The  orange* 


Perslmmondeaves. 

a,  sterile  flowers;  b, 

fruit. 

—  per-sist'ence,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
persistent;  perseverance,    per-sist'en-cyt*— 


per-sist'enf,  a 

course  or  resolve. 


1.  Firm  and  persevering  Ju  a 
3.  Enduring;  permanent, 
sun  or -sn,  n.    1.  A  human  be- 


per'son,  pgr'i 
ing;  an  individual.  2.  The  body  of  a  human 
being,  or  its  characteristic  appearance.  [<  F. 
personne,  <  Ij.  persona,  mask  for  actors,  <  per, 
through,  +  «om<«,  sound.]  —  per'son-age,  n. 
1.  A  man  or  woman  as  an  individual,  especially 
one  of  rank.  *i.  An  assumed  character.—  per'- 
8on-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  done  by  a  par- 
ticular person.  3.  Characteristic  of  human  be- 
ings. 3.  Pertaining  to  the  body  or  appearance.— 
per''son-al'i-ty,  n.  [-tiesi,  jjUI  1.  That 
which  constitutes  a  person.  *Z.  Anything  said 
of  a  person,  especially  If  disparaging.— per'- 
8on-al-ly,  ad».— per'soii-al-ty,  n.  Per- 
sonal property.— per'soii-ate,  vt.  f-A'TEod; 
-A'TiNo.j  To  assume  the  character  of;  imper- 
sonate. —  per'^Hon-a^tiou,  n.  The  act  of 
personating;  impersonation,  especially  false  per- 
sonation.-per'son-a'^tor,  «.  — per-son'i- 
fy,  vt.  [-FIED;  -FY'iNG.l  1 .  To  attribute  human 
qualities  to.  "i.  To  typify.—  per-son^'i-fi-ca^- 
tion, 'A.  1.  Striking  or  typical  exemplification. 
'i.  Rhet.  The  figurative  endowment  of  things  or 
of  Ideas  with  personal  attributes. 

per-spec'tiv(e,  pgr-spec'tiv.  I.  «.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  art  of  perspective.  2.  Drawn 
in  perspective.  II.  n.  1.  The  art  of  de- 
lineating solid  objects  on  a  flat  surface,  so 
that  they  shall  api^ear  to  the  eye  in  relief  like 
the  real  objects.  2.  A  distant  view;  vista. 
[F.,  <  L.  per,  through,  -|-  specio,  look.] 

per-spic'u-ous,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
jKjrspicuity;  clear;  lucid.  [<  L.joer,  through, 
+  specio,  look.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.—  per''- 
spi-ca'cioiiH,  a.    Keenly  discerning  or  under- 


standing.-  per'' 


■cac'i-ty,  n.  Mental  pene- 


tratlon.— peWHDi-cu'i-ty,  n.     Clearness  of 
expression  or  style;  lucidity. 
per-spire',  per-spair',  vt.  &  vi.  [per-spiked'; 
i'Ku-si'ir'in(}.]    To  excrete  through  the  pores; 
sweat.    [  <  L.'^P per,  through,-f  spiro,  breathe.] 

—  per^Hpi-ra'tiou,  n.  The  act  of  perspir- 
ing; sweat. 

per-8uade',  p^jr-swed',  vt.  &  vi.  [pek-sua'- 
DED'';  per-sua'ding.]  1.  To  win  over  by 
entreaty  or  reasoning,  or  by  an  appeal,  etc. 
2.  To  win  to  full  belief;  plead  successfully. 
[<  L.  pel',  through,  -|-  siiadeo,  advise.] 

—  per-Mua'<ier.  w.— per-Hua^'nt-bil'l- 
ty»  n.  per-Mua'Hi-bl(e-iH>HHt.— per-Hua'- 
Mi>bl(e«  a.  Open  to  persuasion.  per«Mua'« 
dH-bl(et.  — per-Niia'Mi«ii,  per-swc'zhun,  n. 


1.  The  act  of  persuading,  'i.  Settled  opinion; 
accepted  creed.  3.  Persuasiveness.  —  per- 
sua'si  v(e,  a.  Having  power  or  tending  to  per- 
suade,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

pert,  pgrt,  a.  Disrespectfully  forward  or  free; 
saucy.  [Partly  <  W.  pert,  comely;  and  partly 
<  OF.  apert,  open.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

per-tain',  pgr-ten',  ri."  1.  To  belong  as  an 
attribute,  property,  element,  etc.;    appertain. 

2.  To  have  reference;  relate.  [<  Ij.^^  pel', 
through,  +  teneo,  hold.] 

per'^ti-na'cious,  pgr'ti-ne'shue,  a.  1.  Te- 
nacious of  purpose;  stubbornly  adhering  to  a 
pursuit  or  opinion.  2.  Continuing  steadily; 
incessant.  [<  L.  pertinax  ipertlnac-),  <  per, 
through,  -\-  tenax;  see  tenacious.]  —  per''- 
ti-nac'i-ty,  n.    per^'ti-na'cious-ness:):. 

per'ti-nent,  pgr'ti-ngnt,  a.  Related  to  or 
properly  bearing  upon  the  matter  in  hand; 
relevant.  [<  L.  pertinen(t-)s,  ppr.  of  pertineo, 
pertain.]  —  per'ti-nence,  n.    per'ti-nen-cy$, 

per-turb',    pgr-tijrb',    vt.    To  disquiet  thor- 


oughly; disturb  greatly;  agitate.  [<  L.  per, 
through,  4-  tvrba,  crowd.]  —  per^'tur-ha'- 
tion,'  n.    1,    The   state   of   being  perturbed; 


agitation.  2.  Deviation  in  the  motion  of  a 
heavenly  body. 

per-uke',  per-uk'  or  per'uk,  n.  A  wig  in- 
troduced in  England  about  1670;  periwig.  [< 
F.  perruque.'\ 

pe-ruse',  p§-ruz',  vt.  [pe-rtjsed';  pe-ru'- 
siNG.]  To  read  carefully  or  attentively;  read 
through.  [<  PER-  4-  USE,  v.}  —  pe-rii'sal,  n. 
The  act  of  perusing. 

per-vade',  pgr-ved',  r^.  [per-va'dek*';  per- 
va'ding.]  1.  To  pass  or  spread  through 
every  part.  2.  To  permeate.  [<  L.  per, 
through,  -f-  rado,  go.]  —  per-va'slon.,  «._per- 
va'8iv(e,  a.    Penetrating;  permeating. 

per- verse',  pgr-vgrs'.  a.  1.  Wilfully  wrong 
or  erring;  unreasonable.  2.  Thwarting  or 
refractory.     3.   Petulant.     [<   L.  penei'swt, 

fp.  of  perverto;  see  pervert.]  —  per-verse'- 
y,  art».— per-ver'sioii,  n.  Distorted  con- 
struction; misapplication.- per-ver'si-ty,  n. 
[-TIES*,  joZ.]  Perverse  nature  or  behavior,  per- 
verse'nessi.— per-ver'sivCe,  a.  Tending 
to  pervert. 

per-vert',  pgr-vgrt'.  l^.rt.  1.  To  turn  from 
its  right  purpose,  use,  or.  meaning.  2.  To 
alter  for  the  worse.  II.  //.  An  apostate; 
renegade.  [<  L.'''  <  per,  through,  -{-  verto, 
turn.]  —  per-vert'er,  /<.— per-vert'l-bl(e,  a. 

per'vi-ous,  pgr'vi-us,  a.  Capable  of  being 
])enetrated;  permeable.  [<  L.  per,  through, 
+  na,  way.]    -nesH,  u. 

pes'si-mism,  pes'i-mizm,  n.  1.  A  disposi- 
tion to  take  a  gloomy  view  of  affairs.  2. 
Cynicism.  [<  L.  jiessiinm,  worst.]  —  pes'sl- 
iiiiHt.  «.— peH''«i-iiiiH'tio,  «. 

pest,  pest,  n.  1.  A  virulent  epidemic;  pes- 
tilence. 2.  A  pernicious  or  vexatious  person 
or  thing.     [<  F.  juste  (<  L.  jTestix),  plague.] 

—  p(>Mt'>lioiifie''',  n.    A  hospital  for  treating 
infectk)U8  diseases. 

pes'ter,  jies'tgr,  rf.  To  beset  in  an  annoying 
or  irritating  way.— pes'ter-er,  ti. 

pes-tifer-ous,  a.  1.  Carrying  jH'stilence. 
2.  Threatening  evil.  [<  h.  jiestis,  plague,  -j- 
L.  fero,  bear.] 

pes'ti-lent,  pes'ti-lgnt,  a.     1.  Tending  to 


pupfi,  <j8k;  at,  air;  eJjjmjjnt,  thfiy,  uefge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rfile;  byt,  Or; 


337 


pestle 
pharmacy 


produce  malignant  zymotic  disease.  2.  Hav- 
ing a  malign  influence  or  effect.  3.  Making 
trouble;  vexatious,  [F.,  <  L.  pestilen(t-)s,  < 
j)esiis,  plague.]  — pes'ti-lence,  n.  Any  wide^^ 
spread  and  fatal  infectious  malady.— pes"ti- 
len^tial,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  or  breeding 
pestilence.— pes'ti-leiit-ly,  «<^i'- 

pes'tl(e,  pes'l,  n.  An  implement  used  for 
braying,  bruising,  or  mix- 
ing substances,  as  in  a  mor- 
tar; a  pounder.  [<  L.^f 
jnstiUum,  <  pisius,  pp.  of 
piuso,  pound.] 

pet,  pet,  vt.  [pet'ted"*; 
pet'ting.]  To  treat  as  a 
pet;  fondle.  ^    ^,        ^  ^, 

pet,  a.  1.  Being  a  pet;  in-  Pestle  and  Mortar 
dulged  and  fondled.  2.  Regarded  as  a  favor- 
ite; cherished. 

pets  n.  1.  A  tame,  fondled  animal.  2.  Any 
loved  and  cherished  creature.     [<  Ir.  2)eaf.] 

pet^,  n.  A  fit  of  pique  or  ill  temper;  peeviieih 
mood.  [Prob.  <  peti,  through  pettish, 
taken  as  '  like  a  spoiled  child.'] 

pet'al,  pet'al,  n.  One  of  the  leaves  or  subor- 
dinate parts  of  a  corolla.  [<  Gr.  petalon, 
leaf.]  —  pet'aled,  a.  Provided  with  petals. 
pet'al-oiis:}:. 

pe-tard.',  pe-tflrd',  n.  An  explosive  device 
formerly  used  for  making  breaches,  etc.,  as 
in  walls.     [OF.] 

pet'i-ole,  pet'i-Ol,  71.  1.  Bof.  The  footstalk 
of  a  leaf.  2.  Zool.  A  stalk  or  peduncle.  [< 
L.^F  petiolus,  fruit'Stalk.]  —  pet'i-o''lar,  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  petiole.  pet'i-o-la''ryt.— 
pet'i-o-late,  a.    Having  a  petiole. 

pet'it,  pet'i  [pet'it,  in  legal  sense],  a.  Small; 
lesser;  minor;  petty:  used  in  law  phrases;  as, 
petit  jury;  petit  larceny.     [F.,  =  petty.] 

pe-ti''tion,  pe-tish'un.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  pre- 
sent a  petition;  request.  II.  n.  A  supplica- 
tion, prayer,  or  formal  request.  [OF'.,  <  L. 
petitio{n-\  <  peto,  seek.]  —  pe-ti'Uon-er,  n. 

pet'rel,  pet'rel  or  pi'trel,  a.  A  loDg»winged 
dusky  sea'bird,  fre- 
quenting the  high  seas, 
and  rarely  landing; 
Mother  Carey's  chick- 
en. [<  F.  peti'd,  lit. 
'  little  Peter '  (from 
seeming  to  walk  on  the 
sea,  like  St.  Peter).] 

pet'ri-fy,  pet'ri-fai,  vt. 


[-pied;    -PY"ING.]      To 


Storm  Petrel 


convert  into  a  substance  of  stony  character; 
figuratively,  to  make  hard  and  unyielding. 
[<  L.  petra,  rock;  and  see -fy.]  —  pet'^ri-fao'- 
tion,  n.  Partial  or  entire  replacement  of  the 
material  of  an  organism  by  mineral  matter;  fos- 
slllzatlon.— pet''ri-fac'tiv(e,  a.  1.  Causing 
or  tending  to  petrify,  pe-trifict.  3.  Per- 
taining to  petrifaction. 

pe-tro'le-um,  pe-trO'le-um,  n.  An  inflam- 
mable oily  liquid  composed  of  various  com- 
pounds of  hydrogen  and  carbon  exuding  from 
the  earth;  coal»oil.  [<  L.  petra.,  rock,  -\- 
oleum^  oil.] 

pet'ti-coat,  pet'i-cot,  n.  A  skirt  or  loose 
garment  depending  from  the  waist;  especially, 
a  woman's  underskirt.     [<  petty -|- coat,  «.] 


pet'ti-fog'^ger,  pet'i-feg"gr,  n.  An  inferior 
lawyer,  especially  one  resorting  to  small  or 
tricky  methods.  [testy. 

pet'tisll,  pet'ish,  a.  Capriciously  ill'tempered ; 

pet'ty,  pet'i,  a.  [pet'ti-er;  pet'ti-est.] 
Having  little  worth  or  rank;  inferior.  [<  F. 
petit.,  small.] 

pet'u-lant,  pet'yu-lant  or  pech'u-,  a.  Dis- 
playing or  characterized  by  capricious  fret- 
fulness.  [<  L.  petulan{t-)s,  ult.  <  jotJ^o, 
attack.]  —  pet'u-lance,  n.    pet'u-lan-cy:}:. 

pe-tu'ni-a,  pg-tiu'ni-a,  n.  A  plant  of  a  Brazil- 
ian genus  of  herbs  of  the  nightshade  family, 
with  showy  funnel'shaped  flowers.  [<  Am. 
Ind.  2)eti(n,  tobacco.] 

pew,  pin,  n.  A  long  enclosed  seat  in  a  church. 
[<  OY.peu,  elevated  seat,  <  Jj.  podium,  bal- 
cony, <  Gr.  podion,  dim.  of  nous  (/wo?-),  foot.] 

pe'wee,  pT'wi,  n.  [U.  S.J  A  small  olive- 
green  flycatcher.    [From  its  note.] 

pe'wit,  pt'wit,  n.  A  pewee,  lapwing,  or  a 
laughing  gull.     [Imitative.]    pe'wet|. 

pew'ter,  piu'tgr,  w.  1.  An  alloy,  usually  of 
tin  and  lead,  formerly  much  used  for  tableware. 
2.  Pewter  vessels  collectively.    [<  OF.  peutre, 

<  LG.  spialter,  zinc] 

plia'e-ton,  fe'e-t§n,  n.    A  light  four-wheeled 

boxless  carriage,  open  at  the 

sides,  and  usually  having  a 

top.      [<    Gr.    Phaethon, 

fabled  unlucky  driver  of  the 

sun=chariot.] 
plia^anx,  fe'lanx  or  fal'- 

aijx,  71.     [pha-lan'ges  or 

(except  in  ATiat.  and  Bot.) 

pua'lanx-es,  joA]     1.  The 

Macedonian  order  of  battle, 

a  formation  with  ranks  8  to  16  deep.     2.  Any 

compact  body  or  corps.    3.  One  of  the  bones 

of  the  fingers  or  toes.     [<  Gr.^  phalanx,  bat- 

tle=line,  bone  of  finger  or  toe.] 
plian'tasm,  fan'tazm,  n.     1.  An  imaginary 

appearance;  a  fantom.    2.  A  mental  image; 

fancy.     [  <  Gr.  pha7itas7na,  <  phaino,  show.] 

—  plian-ta8''ina-g:o'ri-a,  n.  A  changing, 
incoherent  series  of  apparitions  or  phantasms.— 
phan-tas'inal,  a.    Of  or  like  a  phantasm. 

plian'ta-sy,  phan'toin,  etc.  Same  as  fan- 
tasy, etc. 

Phar'i-see,  far'i-sl,  n.  One  of  an  ancient  ex- 
clusive Jewish  sect  that  paid  excessive  regard 
to  tradition  and  ceremonies.  [<  Gr.  pharisaios, 

<  Heb.  pdrmh,  separated.]  —  phar^'i-sa'le, 
phar''i-sa'ic-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
Pharisees.  tJ.  Observing  the  form,  but  neglect- 
ing the  spirit,  of  re}igion. 

phar'^ma-ceu'tic,  fflr"ma-8iu'tic  or  -ciu'tic, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  relating  to  pharmacy.  [  < 
Gr.  phar7nakeutikos,  <  plmrmakon,  drujr.] 
pliar'ina-calt;:pliar''ina-ceu'tic-al*. 

—  pliar'^ma-ceii'tics,  7i.  Pharmacy  as  a 
science.— pliar'^iiia-ceu'tist,  71.  A  qualified 
apothecary  or  druggist,     pliar'ina-cistt. 

pliar'^ma-co-pce'ia,  fQr"ma-co-pl'ia,  71.  1. 
A  book  containing  formulas  and  methods  of 

Sreparing  medicines,  etc.    2.  A  collection  of 
rugs.     [  <  Gr.  pharmakon,  drug,  -\-  poied, 
make.] 
phar'nia-cy,  fflr'ma-si,  ti.    [-ciess  pi.]    1. 
The  art  or  business  of  compounding  and  dis- 


Amerlcan  Two» 
spring  Phaeton. 


fiutifire    (future);   aisle;   au   (put);   ell;    c   (k);    chat;    db   (^Ae);   go;   sing,  ink;    tbio. 


Pharos 
phosphorus 


338 


pensing  medicines.  2.  Adrug^store.  [<  Gr. 
pharmalceia,  <  pharmakon,  drug.] 

Pha'ros,  fe'res  wfa'ros,  n.  1.  The  ancient 
lighthouse  on  the  island  of  Pharos.  2.  [p-] 
Hence,  any  lighthouse;  beacon. 

phar'ynx,  far'i5ix,  n.  [pha-ryn'ges,  fa-rin'- 
jiz  or  -ges,  pi.']  The  part  of  the  alimentary 
canal  between  the  palate  and  the  esophagus, 
serving  as  an  air^passage,  and  also  as  a  food=^ 
passage.  [<  Gt.  phanjnx.,  throat.]  —  phar''- 
yn-ge'al,  a.    pha>ryn'£:aU. 

phase,  fez,  n.  Any  one  of  varying  manifes- 
tations of  an  object.  [<  Or. ^  phasis,  <  phao, 
shine.]  —  pha'sis,  n.  A  phase,  as  of  the  moon. 

pheas'^ant,  f ez'ant,  n.  1 .  A  long^tailed  galli- 
naceous bird :  noted  for  the  gorgeous  plumage  of 
the  male.  2.  One  of  various  other  birds,  as  the 
ruffed  grouse  or  partridge.  [<  Gr.^-  phasianos, 
<  Phasis,  Phasis,  river  in  Colchis.] 

phe'nix,  fi'nix,  ?i.  1.  Egijpt.  Myth.  A  sacred 
bird,  fabled  as  coming  every  500  years  to  Heli- 
opolis,  where  it  burned  itself  on  the  altar,  and 
rose  again  from  its  ashes  young  and  beautiful. 
2.  A  person  of  rare  and  hign  excellence;  a 
prodigy.     [<  Qr.^^^^ phoinix.,  phenix.] 

phe'nol,  fi'nOl,  n.  A  white  crystalline  com- 
pound derived  from  coal*tar  oil ;  carbolic  acid. 
[<  Gr.F  phain5,  shine,  -|-  L.  oleum.,  oil.] 

phe-nom^en-on,  fg-nem'en-en,  n.  [-en-a, 
pL]  1.  Something  visible  or  directly  observ- 
able. 2.  Any  unusual  occurrence;  marvel; 
prodigy.  [<  Gr.  phainomenon,  neut.  pass. 
PT^r.  of  phaino,  show.]  —  phe-nom'en-al,  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  phenomena.  <J.  Extraordinary 
or  marvelous. 

plii'al,  fai'al,  v.  &  7i.    Same  as  vial. 

phi-lan'thro-py,  fl-lan'thro-pi,  n.  Love  of 
mankind;  effort  to  mitigate  social  evils.  [<  Gr. 
phileo,  love,  -j-  anthropos,  man.]  —  phiP'an- 
throp'ic,  phil''an-tlirop'ic-aI,  a.  — phi- 
lan^tliro-piHt,  72.  An  author  or  promoter  of 
benevolent  projects. 

phil'^ar-mon'ic,  fil'hflr-men'ic,  a.  Pond 
of  harmony  or  music.     [<  phil(o-  -f-  Gr.  har- 

1/lOnia,  HARMONY.] 

Phi-llp'pic,  fi-lip'ic,  n.  1.  Any  one  of  the 
speeches  in  which  Demosthenes  denounced 
Philip  of  Macedon.  2.  [p-]  Any  impassioned 
speech  characterized  by  invective.  [  <  Gr. 
Philippikos,  <  P/iilipjx)s,  Philip.] 

Fhl-lis'tin(e,  fl-lis'tin,  n.  1.  One  of  a  race 
that  disputed  the  possession  of  southwestern 
Canaan  with  the  Israelites.  2.  [p-orP-]  An 
uncultured  or  mercenary  person. 

phl-lol'D-gy,  fl-lel'o-ji,  n.  The  study  of  lan- 
guage; linguistic  science.  [<  f^^-  ?)hued,  love, 
-4"  logos.,  word.]  —  plill"<>-lo{j'lc,  phlP'o-log'- 
ic-al,  a.— phfl"o-loir'ic-nl-ly,  (^/^/r.— plii- 
loFo-ffiMt«  n.  An  expert  In  UngulHtlcR.  plii- 
lol'o-jrert. 

phiro-mel,  fll'o-mel,  w.  [Poet.]  The  night- 
ingale. [<  Gr.  phUoinHa,  <  philed,  love,  -f- 
metos,  song.]    phll^'^o-meaat. 

phil'^o-pe'na,  flro-i)i'nci,  «.  A  social  game 
involving  a  gift  made  as  a  forfeit. 

phll''o-pro-g:en'l-tiv(e*nes8.  fll'o-pro- 
jen'i-tiv-nes,  7/.  Pkren.  The  love  of  offspring 
or  of  yoimg  animals,  or  the  faculty  of  which 
this  is  a  manifestation. 

phl-los'o-phy ,  fl-Ios'o-fl,  n.  [-phib8«,  ja/.]    1. 


The  love  of  wisdom  as  leading  to  the  search 
for  it;  hence,  knowledge  of  general  principles 
as  explaining  facts  and  existences.  2.  The 
general  laws  that  furnish  the  rational  explana- 
tion of  anything.  3.  Practical  wisdom.  4. 
Reasoned  science.  5.  Metaphysics.  [<  Gr. 
phil08ophia,<  phileo.,  \o\e., -\- sojMa,  wisdom.] 
—  phi-los'o-pher,  M.  1.  A  student  of  phi- 
losophy. 2.  A  man  of  practical  wisdom.—  phi- 
losoplier'iii  stone,  something  which  should 
have  the  property  of  transmitting  the  baser  met- 
als into  gold.— phiF'o-sopli'ic,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  founded  on  the  principles  of  philosophy. 
3.  Self^restrained  and  serene;  rational;  thought- 
ful; calm.— phil^'o-soph'ic-al,  a.  Belonging 
to  or  used  in  the  study  of  natural  philosophy  or 
physics.— phiI''o-8oph'ic-al-Iy,  ad?).—  phi- 
los^o-phize,  vi.  [-phized;  -phi'zing.]  To 
examine  or  discuss  philosophic  subjects;  theorize. 

phil'ter,  ( fil'ter,  n.    A  Jove-potion.     [<  Gr. 

phil'tre,  S  philtron,  <philos,  loving.] 

phle-hot'o-my,  fl§-bet'o-mi,  n.  Surg.  The 
operation  of  bloodletting.  [  <  Gr.  phleps 
Cphleb-).yem,  +  teinno,  cut.] 

phlegm,  fiem,  n.  1.  A  viscid,  stringy  mucus 
secreted  in  the  air»passages  or  the  stomach.  2. 
Apathy;  indifference.  [<  Gr.  phlegma,  in- 
flammation, phlegm.]— phleg-mat'ie,  a.  Slug- 
gish; Indifferent.— plilegr-mat'ic-al-ly  or 
plileg-mat'ic-ly,  adv. 

phlox,  flex,  n.    A  plant  of  a  North»American 
genus  of  herbs  with  opposite 
leaves  and  clusters  of  showy 
flowers.     [L.,    <   Gr.  phlox., 
flame,  <  phlegd,  burn.] 

-phobia,  fiufflx.    Unreasonable 
fear  or  dread;  morbid  dis- 
like.   [<  Gr.  -phobia,  fear, 
dread.  <  phehomai,  fear.] 

phce'nix,  n.    Same  as  phe- 
nix. 

pho-net'ic,   fo-net'ic,   a. 

1.  Relating  to  articulate 
sound.  2.  Directly  repre- 
senting articulale  sound; 
as,  phonetic  spelling.  [  < 
Gr.  phonltikos,  <  pnme,  sound.]  —  pho-neCi- 
cist,  n.  One  who  advocates  or  employs  phonetic 
spelling,  pho'uet-istl:.  —  pho-uet^ics,  ;<. 
The  science  of  articulate  sound.  phon'ic8:t; 
plio-noPo-ffy^:. 

phon^ic,  fen'ic  or  fO'nic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  sound.    [<  Gr,  phdne,  sound.] 

pho'no-gH^aph,  fo'no-graf.  1.  A  mechanism 
for  recording  sounds  ana  reproducing  them. 

2.  A  phonographic  character,  [<  Gr.  phdu?, 
sound,  -I-  grapho,  write.]  —  pho>no-grain,  n. 
A  phonographic  message. 

pho-nog'ra-phy,  fo-neg'ra-fi,  n.     1.  The 
art  of  writing  by  sound;  a  style  of  shorthand. 
2.  The  art  of  representing  articulate  sounds 
3.  The  art  of  making  or 


Phlox. 
Flowers  of  the  wild 
sweet-william;   a,  its 
fniit  (in  dehiscence). 


by  marks  or  letters 
using    phonographs 


pho-iioK^ra-plier, 


One  skilled  hi  phonography;  a  phonetic  stenog- 
rapher.-plio"^MO-urapli'ir,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  phonograph,  "i.  Pertaining  to  phonog- 
raphy.   plio"iio-Krapli'i(*-al:t. 

phos'phate,  fw'fet,  n.  A  salt  of  phosphoric 
acid;  any  fertilizer  valued  for  its  phosphoric 
acid. 

phos'phor-us,  f»8'f§r-u8,  n.  A  soft  yellow-' 
ish  element  that  readily  absorbs  oxygen,  ex- 
hibiting a  phosphorescent  glow  at  a  low  tem- 


papA,  c^8k;  at,  air;  element,  tliey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  «h;  erat^r,  $r;  full,  rfile;  bvt,  0r; 


339 


photo- 
pickle 


perature,  and  inflaming  violently  when  heated. 
f<  Gr.  phosphoros,  <  phos,  light,  +  phero, 
bear.] — phos'phor-ate,  vt.  [-a'ted"*;  -a"- 
TiNG.]  To  combine  or  Impregnate  with  phos- 
phorus.—plios'^phor-esce'',  vi.  To  exhibit 
phosphorescence.— plios'^phor-es^cence,  n. 
The  emission  of  light  without  sensible  heat,  or 
the  light  so  emitted.  — plio8''plior-es'ceiit, 
a.  —  pbos-phor'ic,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  or  de- 
rived from  phosphorus.    "2.  Phosphorescent. 

photo-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  2)/ids 
{phot-),  light  (<  phao,  shine).]  —  plio'^to-en- 
gra'ving,  n.  An  engraving  produced  by  me- 
chanical and  photographic  process. -pho'^to- 
ine-ciiau'ic-al.  a.  Pertaining  to  illustration 
bv  photo=engraving  and  Icindred  processes.— 
p'ho'to-phone,  n.  Any  instrument  using  a 
beam  of  light  in  the  transmission  of  sound.— 
pho'tosprint/',  n.  A  print  by  a  photome- 
chanical process.  —  pbo'to-spbere,  n.  The 
visible  shining  Surface  of  the  sun. 

pho'to-grapll,  fO'to-grgf.  I',  vf.  &  vi.  To 
talce  a  photographic  picture  of;  practise  pho- 
tography. II.  n.  A  picture  taken  by  photog- 
raphy. [<  Gr.  phos  {phot-),  hgiit,  -f  grapho, 
write.]  —  pho-tog'ra-pher,  n.  One  who  makes 
a  business  of  photography.  —  plio'''to-g:rapli'- 
ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  photog- 
raphy, tj.  Vividly  depicted.  plio^'to-Rraph'- 
ic-alt.— pho-tog'ra-phy,  n.  The  process  of 
forming  and  fixing  an  image  by  the  chemical 
action  of  light. 

phrase,  frez.  1.  vt.  [phrased;  phua'sing.] 
To  express  in  words.  11.  n.  1.  Afewworde 
denoting  a  single  idea.  2.  A  concise,  senten- 
tious expression.  3.  Phraseology.  4.  Any 
term  or  characterization.  [<  Gr.  phrasis, 
speech.]  —  phra'^se-ol'D-gy,  n.  The  choice 
and  arrangement  of  words  and  phrases;  diction. 

phre-nol'o-gy,  fr§-nel'o-ji,  n.  A  system 
which  teaches  that  the  faculties  of  the  mind 
are  manifested  through  special  orgaris,  or  in 
separate  portions  of  the  brain,  equal  in  num- 
ber to  the  mental  faculties.— phren^'o-log'ic, 
plireii'''o-Iotf'ic-al,  a. 

phthis'ic,  tiz'ic,  n.  1.  Asthma.  2.  Disease 
of  the  lungs.  [<  Gr.  phthisikos,  <  phthisis, 
consumption.]  ^phthls'ic-al,  a.  1.  Con- 
sumptive.   "Z,  Asthmatic,    phthis'ick-yt:. 

phthi^sis,  thai'sis  or  thi'sis,  n.  Pulmo- 
nary consumption  ;  tuberculosis.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
phthisis,  consumption,  < /(^.^Aio,  waste  away.] 

phy-lac'ter-y,  fl-lac'tgr-i,  n.  [-ies^^,  pi.]  A 
charm  or  amulet,  especially  one  worn  by  an- 
cient Jews,  enclosing  passages  of  Scripture. 
[<  Gr.  phylacterion,  <  jyhylasso,  watch.] 

phyl''lox-e'ra,  fil'ex-l'ra  or-e'ra,  w.  1.  A 
minute  aphis  destructive  to  grape-vines.  2. 
The  diseased  condition  produced  by  this  insect. 
[<  Gr.  phT/llon,  leaf,  -f-  xeros,  dry.] 

phys'ic,  flz'ic.  I',  vt.  To  give  medicine  to; 
purge.  II.  n.  1.  Medicine,  or  the  science  of 
medicine.  2.  A  cathartic.  [<  Gr.  physike,  < 
physis,  nature.] —phys'ic-al,  a.  1 .  Relating  to 
the  material  universe  or  to  the  physical  sciences. 
ii.  Pertaining  to  the  bodily  life  of  man;  corporeal. 
3.  Pertaining  to  the  phenomena  of  matter  or  of 
the  external  world.  4.  External.— phy-si'cian, 
n.  One  versea  In  medicine;  a  doctor.  —  phys'i- 
cist,  n.  A  student  of  or  specialist  In  phys"lcs.— 
phys'ics,  n.  The  science  that  treats  of  the 
phenomena  associated  with  matter  in  general, 
especially  In  Its  relations  to  energy,  and  of  the 
laws  governing  these  phenomena. 


phys''i-og'no-iny,fiz'i-eg'no-mi,  n.  [-miess 
pl.l  1.  The  face  or  features  as  revealing  char- 
acter. 2.  The  outvvardlook  of  a  thing.  [< 
Gr.  physis,  nature,  +  gnomon,  judge.] 

—  pliys^'i-OK-noni'lc  or  -ic-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  face  or  to  physiognomy.— pliys''- 
i-os^no-mist,  n.    An  expert  In  physiognomy. 

phys-^i-oro-gy,  fiz"i-el'o-ji,  n.  1.  The 
branch  of  biology  tliat  treats  of  the  vital  phe- 
nomena manifested  by  animals  or  plants.  2. 
A  treatise  on  this  science.  [<  Gr.^  physis, 
nature;  and  see  -ology.] — phys'''i-o-log'ic- 
al,  a.  pliys''i-o-lo}r'ict.  —  phy8''i-ol'o- 
Kist,  n.    One  versed  in  physiology. 

phy-sique',  fl-zlc',  n.  The  physical  struc- 
ture or  organization  of  a  person.     [F.] 

pi,     I  pal,   fi.     Print.     Type   that   has  been 

pie,  (thrown  into  disorder.     [Prob.  <  pica.] 

pi'a  ma'ter,  pal'a  m^'ter  or  pi'a  mg'ter.  The 
Innermost  of  the  three  membranes  that  Invest 
the  brain  and  spinal  cord.  llj.;pia,  fem.  of  pins, 
pious;  7naier,  mother.]  [pianoforte. 

pi-an'ist,  pi-an'ist,  n.    A  performer  on  the 

pi-a^no,  pl-a'no.  I.  a.  Mus.  Soft.  II.  adv. 
Mus.  Softly.  III.  pl-an'o,  n.  [CoUoq.]  A  pi- 
anoforte,   fit.l 

pi-an^'o-for'te,  pi-gn'o-for'te,  ti.  A  musical 
instrument,  in  which  strings  are  struck  by 
hammers,  set  in  motion  by  keys.  [It.,  < 
piano,  soft,  -^ forte,  strong.] 

pi-az'za,  pi-az'a  or  pi-gt'sa,  n.  1 .  In  Europe, 
a  plaza.  2.  A  covered  outer  walk  or  gallery. 
3.  [U.S.]  A  veranda.     [It.,  market-place.] 

pi'broch,  pl'bren,  n.  1.  Wild  martial  strains 
on  the  bagpipe.  2.  j^Poet.]  A  bagpipe,  [< 
Gael,  piobaireachd,  piping.] 

pi'ca,  pai'ca,  n.  Print.  A  size  of  type  six 
lines  to  an  inch  in  depth  of  body:  12* point. 

This  line  is  set  in  pica. 

[<  LL.  inca,  ordinal,  <  Ij.pica,  magpie.] 

picks  pic.  'V.  1.  t.  1.  To  operate  iipon  with 
a  pick.  2.  To  form  by  pecking.  3.  To  se- 
lect; cull.  4.  To  separate  or  take  from.  5. 
To  filch.  6.  To  pluck.  II.  i.  1.  To  strike 
with  a  pick;  peck.  2.  To  nibble.  3.  To  pTlfer. 
[ME.  picken;  cp.  AS.  pycan,  pick.] 

pick,  n.  1.  A  tool  with  a  pointed  head.  2. 
Right  of  selection;  choice.  3.  A  quantity 
picked  by  hand.—  pick'ax'",  n.  A  mattock 
of  which  one  arm  bears  a  point  and  the  other  a 
chisel.like  edge.    pick'axe''t.  —  pick'er,  n. 

pick'er-el,  pik'gr-el,  n.  A  North* American 
fresh* water  fish;  a  small  or  young  pike.  [Dim. 
<  pike2,  n.] 

pick'et,  pik'- 
et.    I'l.  i'^.    1. 

To  fence  with  ^^^L^^^J^^r^^ 
pickets.     2.  *"  ""^ 

To    place   on 

guard.    3.  to  Pond*pIckerel.    1/21 

tie  to  a  picket. 

II.  n.    1.  A  pointed  stick,  bar,  or  fence^paling, 
2.  3fil.  A  guard  on  the  outskirts  of  a  camp. 

pick^l(e,  pick'l.  I.  vt.  [pick'l(e)d;  pick'- 
LiNG.]  1.  To  make  piclde  of.  2.  To  immerse 
in  diluted  acid.  II.  n.  1.  A  preserving,  fiti- 
voring  liquid,  as  brine.  2.  One  of  certain  ob- 
jects preserved  or  flavored  in  pickle.  3.  Diluted 
acid.  4.  [Colloq.]  A  sorry  plight.  [Cp.  D. 
pekel,  pickle,  ult.  <  V  of  pick,  v.] 


ffutlure   (future);    qisle;   au   (out)]   oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dli   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;   tliin, 


pickpocket 
pillory 


340 


pick'pock'''et,  «.      One   who   steals   from 

j;ockets. 
pic^nic,  pic'nic.     I.  vi.      [pic'nicked' ;  pic'- 

NicK-iNo.]    To  have  or  attend  a  picnic.    II. 

IK    An  outdoor  plea8ure»party,  provided  with 

its  own  eatables.      [Perhaps  <  pick,  v.,  -{- 

knick-,  in  knickknack.] 
pic-to'ri-al,  pic-tO'ri-al,  a.    1,  Pertaining  to 

or  concerned  with  pictures.    2.  Graphic.    3. 

Containing  pictures.     [<  L.^-^^wc/w,  painter.] 

—  pic-to'ri-al-ly,  adv. 
pic'ture,pic'churar-tj^r.    Lvt.  [pic'tured; 

pic'tur-ino.]  1.  To  give  visible  representa- 
tion of,  as  by  a  painting  or  drawing.  2.  To 
depict.  3.  To  form  a  mental  image  of.  II. 
n.  1.  A  sketch,  engraving,  painting,  or  photo- 
graph.   2.  A  vivid  verbal  delineation.     [OF., 

<  L.  pictura,  <  pingo,  paint.]  —  pic'^tur- 
esque',  a.  Having  the  kind  of  beauty  In  which 
diversity  Is  more  prominent  than  unity,  a.  Fig- 
urative; graphic. 

pie',  pai,  n.    A  magpie,  or  a  related  bird.     [F.] 

pie^,  n.  Prepared  food  baked  either  between 
two  layers  or  cnists  of  pastry  or  with  only  one 
layer.     [<  Ir.  pighe,  pie.] 

pie'bald.'',  pai'beld",  a.  Having  spots,  as  of 
white  and  black.     [<  pie>  -|-  bald.j 

piece,  pis,  v.  [pieced';  pie'cing.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  add  or  attach  a  piece  or  pieces  to.  2.  To 
combine  or  reunite.  II.  i.  To  fit  or  be  joined 
together. 

piece,  n.  1.  A  loose  or  separated  part;  a 
fragment.  2.  A  division;  section;  plot.  3. 
That  which  is  definite  or  complete  in  itself, 
though  belonging  to  a  class  or  series.  4.  A 
epecimen  or  instance.  [OF.,  <  LL.  pecia, 
piece.]  —  piece'meal".  I.  a.  Made  up  of 
pieces.  II,  adv.  1,  Piece  by  piece;  gradually. 
ti.  In  pieces.  [piei,  n.  | 

pied,  paid,  a.  Mottled  with  various  colors.  [< 

pie'=plant'',  n.    The  garden  rhubarb. 

pier,  pir,  71.  1.  A  plain  detached  mass,  as  of 
masonry,  usually  serving  as  a  support.  2.  An 
upright  projecting  porticm  of  a  wall.  3.  A 
piDjecting  wharf.  4.  A  solid  portion  of  a 
wall  between  windowopenings,  etc.  [<  F. 
nietTe,  stone.] 

■pierce,  \)\ra,  vt.  &vi.    [pierced';  pier'cino.] 

1.  To  penetrate  or  puncture  with  a  pointed  in- 
strument. 2.  To  cut,  break,  or  force  a  way. 
3.  To  make  a  passage.  4.  To  cut  to  the  quick. 
[<  F.  perce?'.] 

pi'et-y,  pai'et-i,  «.    1.  Iteligious  devoutness. 

2.  Religiousness  in  general.     [<L.^ pietait-)t>, 

<  pins,  pious.] 

pigr,  pig.    l.vt.&vi.    [piooed;  pig'ging.1   1. 

To  litter,  as  pigs.    2.  To  act  or  live  like  pigs. 

II.  n.   1.  A  nog  or  hog«like  animal,  especially 

when  young.      2.  An  oblong  mass  of  metiil 

cast  in  a  rough  mold,  usually  in  sand.    3.  A 

CTee<ly  person.     |ME.  jtigge;  cp.  I),  bigge,  L(i. 

oigge.]  -  -  piK^KiMh,    a.     Acting   like   a   pig; 

grVody;  grossly  sclflsh  and  rude.  — pig  iron, 

iron  In  ohlong  uuiHseH  or  pigs. 
pig'eon,  pij'un,  n.   1.  A  dove  or  some  similar 

bird.    2.  One  easily  swindled.      [OF.,  <  L. 

pij)eo(n-\  a  chirping  binl,  <  pipio,  chirp.] 

—  plar'eon-liole''.  I,  vt.  1.  To  place  In  a 
pigeonhole;  flic  away,  ♦i.  To  lay  aslae  and  Ig- 
nore. II,  n.  1.  A  hol(>  in  apige(m«liou8e.  "2, 
A  email  compartment  for  tiling  papers. 


pig'^in,  pig'in,  n.  A  small  wooden  vessel 
having  one  stave  projecting  above  the  rim  for 
a  handle. 

pig'ment,  pig'mgnt,  n.    Any  colorings] 
material   suitable    for  making 
paint,  etc.     [F.,  <  L.  pigmen- 
tum,  <  pingo  ( V  pig)-,  paint.] 

pig'my,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  pygmy. 

pikei,paik,n.  1.  A  long  pointed 
pole,  used  in  medieval  warfare. 
2.  A  spike  or  sharp  point.  [< 
AS.  pic,  prob.  <  L.  spica,  point.]         Piggin 

pike2,  n.  A  slender,  long- 
snouted,  voracious  fish.      [<  pike»,  «.] 

pike^,  ?«.    A  turnpike.     [Abbr.  of  turntike.] 

piked,  paikt  or  pik'§d,  a.  Having  a  pike; 
pointed. 

pi-las'ter,  pi-las'tgr,  n.  Arch.  A  square 
column  forming  part  of  a  wall.  [<  LL.f  +  " 
pilastrwn,  dim.  of  L.  pila,  pillar.] 

piles    pail,  vt.       [piled;  pi'ling.]       1.    To 

feather  or  throw  into  a  heap  or  pile;  accumu- 
ate.    2.  To  amass.  [tion. 

pile^,  vt.    To  drive  piles  into,  as  for  a  founda- 
pileS  n.     1.  A  quantity  of  anything  gathered 

or  thrown  together  in  one  place;  aheap.     2. 

Any  great  structure.     [F.,  <  L.  pila,  pier.] 
pile^,  n.    A  heavy  timber  forced  into  the  earth 

to  form  a  foundation;  a  spile.     [<   A^.  pil, 

sharp  stake,  <  L.  pilum,  javelin.] 
pile^,    n.     A  massive  building   or  group  of 


2.  A 

[<L. 


buildings.     [F.,  pier.] 

pile^,  n.  1.  Hair  collectively;  fur. 
hair^like  surface  on  a  fabric,  as  velvet. 
nilus,  hair.] 

piles,  pallz,  n.  pi.  JPathol.  Same  as  hemor- 
KHoiDs:  the  popular  term.    [<  L.  pila,  ball.  | 

pil'fer,  pil'ffir,  vt.  &  vi.  To  take  by  petty 
theft;  practise  petty  stealing.  \_<  OF.  pelf  rev, 
rob,  <  pelfre,  plunder.] 

pil'grim*  pil'grini,  «.  1.  One  who  journeys, 
especially  on  foot,  to  some  sacred  place;  hence, 
any  wanderer.  2.  [P-]  Am.  Hist.  One  of 
the  English  colonists  who  in  1620  settled  in 
Plymouth,  Mass.  [<  L.  i^f^r,  through,  +  ager, 
field.]  —  pll'grlm-age,  n.  A  long  journey, 
especially  one  made  to  a  shrine  or  sacred  place. 

pUl,  pil,  «.  1.  A  medicinal  substance  put  up 
in  a  pellet.  2.  Hence,  a  disagreeable  necessity. 
[  <  L.  jyilula,  dim.  of  pila,  ball.] 

pu'la^e,  pil'§j.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  ^  [pil'laged; 
pii/la-ging.]  To  rob  openly 
and  with  violence.  II.  n.  1. 
The  act  of  pillaging;  open  rob- 
bery, as  in  war.  2.  Spoil; 
booty.  [OF.,  <  L.  pilo,  plun- 
der.] 

piriar,  pil'ar,  n.  1.  A  firm, 
upright,  separate  support;  col- 
umn. 2.  Something  resem- 
bling a  column  in  form  or  use. 
3.  One  who  or  that  which 
strongly  supports.  [<  L.^l+of 
,  pillar.] 


pila, 
pillion,  pil'yun,  n. 


Pillory. 

A  pad  on  a  horse's  back, 
behind  the  saddle,  onwnich  a  second  person 
may  ride.  [<  Jr.  pilliun,  pack-saddle.] 
pil'lo-ry,  pil'o-ri.  I.  vt.  [-rikd;  -ry-ino;] 
To  set  m  the  pillory;  hold  up  to  scorn.  II. 
n.     [-RIES*,  pi.]     Formerly,  a  framework  in 


papa,  ask;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  as^;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  dh;  erater,  Sr;  full,  rflle;  but.  Or; 


341 


pillow 
piquant 


which  an  otfender  wan  fastened  and  exposed  to 
public  scorn.     [<  F.  ptlori,  pillory. J 

pil'low,  j)il'o.  I.  vt.  To  lay  on  or  support 
with  a  pillow.  H.  n.  1.  A  case  of  cloth 
stutfed  with  some  yielding  material,  used  as  a 
support  for  the  head,  as  in  sleeping.  2.  Any 
hoad»rest.  3.  Mech.  One  of  various  support- 
ing blocks  or  devices.  [  <  L.-^*^  jmlrimis^  cush- 
ion, pillow.]  —  pil'lowscase",  n.  A  covering 
drawn  over  a  pillow,     p.snlipi. 

pi'lot,  pai'l§t.  l^.rf.  To  direct  the  course  of ; 
steer;  guide.  II.  /;.  1.  One  licensed  to  con- 
duct vessels  in  and  out  of  port.  2.  A  book 
of  sailing'directions.  [OF.,  <  D.  peillood^ 
sounding'lead.]  —  pi''lot-age,  n.  The  act  of 
piloting;  the  fee  for  such  service. 

pi-men'to,  pi-men'to,  n.  1.  The  dried  unrij)e 
armatic  berries  of  a  West»Indian  tree;  all- 
spice.    2.  The  tree  producing  pimento  spice. 

pimp,  pimp,  n.    A  pander. 

pim^plCe,  pim'pl,  n.  A  minute  swelling  of  the 
skin.  [<  AS.  ]nplian,  blister.]  —  pim'ply, 
a.    Marked  with  pimples,    piin^plcdt* 

pin,  pin.  I.  vt.  [pinned;  pin'nino.I  1.  To 
secure  with  a  pin.  2.  To  pierce  with  a  pin; 
transfix;  hence,  to  seize  and  hold  firmly.  II. 
n.  1.  A  short  stiff  piece  of  wire,  with  a  point 
and  a  head,  used  in  fastening  together  parts  of 
clothing,  sheets  of  paper,  etc.  2.  An  orna- 
mental device  having  a  pin  as  a  clasp.  3.  A 
peg,  as  for  a  fastenmg,  support,  etc.  4.  A 
piece  of  turned  wood  used  in  various  bowling 
games.     [<  L."^+as  pinna,  2^6nna,  feather.] 

—  piii'caBh''ion,  «.  A  cushion  Into  which 
pins  are  stuck  for  convenience  in  use.— pin's 
featli^er,  7i.  A  rudimentary  feather.— piii-'- 
liole'',  11.    A  minute  puncture. 

pin'a-fore'',  n.  A  sleeveless  apron  protect- 
ing the  front  of  a  child's  dress.  [<  pin,  v.,  + 
AFORE,  adv.] 

pin'cers,  pin'sgrz,  n.  sing.  &  2>l-  A  pair  of 
nippers,    pinch'ers:^.  " 

pinchS  pinch,  v.  1.  f.  1.  To  squeeze  between 
two  hard  bodies,  or  between  a  finger  and 
thumb.  2.  To  bind  and  press  upon.  3.  To 
reduce  by  distress  of  any  Kind.  4.  To  treat 
stintingly.  II.  i.  1.  To  compress  a  thing 
between  surfaces  or  edges.  2.  To  be  parsi- 
monious.    [  <  OF.  pincer.]  —  pinch'er,  71. 

pincli,  7^.  1.  The  act  of  pinching.  2.  Pain- 
ful pressure  of  any  kind.  3.  A  case  of  emer- 
gency. 4.  80  much  as  can  be  taken  between 
the  finger  and  thumb. 

pincli^eck,  pinch'bec,  n.  A  cheap  imitation 
of  gold.     [<  Pinchbeck,  inventor.] 

pine,  pain,  vt.  &  vi.  [pined;  pi'ning.]  To 
spend  or  consume  in  languishing;  waste  away 
with  grief.     [<  AS.  pinian,  torment.] 

pine,  n.  1.  A  cone*bearing  tree,  having 
needle»shaped  evergreen  leaves,  growing  in 
clusters.  2.  The  wood  of  any  pine=tree.  [< 
AS.  pin.]  —  pine'ap^'ple,  n.  The  conical 
edible  fruit  of  a  tropical  plant. 

pin'ion,  pin'yun.  I.  vt.  1.  To  confine  by 
binding  or  cutting  the  wings,  as  a  bird.  2.  To 
bind  or  shackle.  II.  n.  1.  The  wing  of  a 
bird.  2.  A  feather;  wing^quill.  3.  The  seg- 
ment of  a  bird's  wing.  4.  A  shackle  or  band. 
5.  Mech.  A  small  toothed  wheel;  cog-wheel. 
[  <  OF.  pignon,  plume.] 


1.  To  punctur 


2.  To  deco- 


pink',  pink,  rf. 

rate  with  holes. 
pink,  H.     1.  A  flower  of  any  one  of  several 

garden  plants,  or  the  plant  itself.    2.  A  pale 

rose»color :  in  this  sense 

commonly  attributive. 

3 .  A  type  of  excellence. 
pin'nace,    pin'gs,    n. 

1.  A  six*  to  eight'Oared 
boat,  carried  by  an 
English    man=of»war. 

2.  A  small  singlc» 
masted  vessel. 

pin'na-cl(e,  pin'a-cl, 
n.  1.  Arch.  A  small 
turret  or  tall  ornament, 
as  on  a  parapet.  2.  A 
topmost  point;  summit.         ,,  ...     .    ,  „.  , 

pin'nate,  pin'et  or  -et,        Cultivated  Pink. 
a.    1.  Having  the  sbape  or  arrangement  of  a 
feather:  said  of  leaves.    2.  Having  wing»like 
parts.     [<   L.  jjimiafMS,   <  pinna,  feather.] 
pin'na'^tedt. 

pint,  paint,  n.  A  dry  and  liquid  measure  of 
four  gills.     [<  F.  jntite,  <  Sp.  pinta,  mark.] 

pin'tl(e,  pin'tl,  n.  A  pin  upon  which  some- 
thing pivots.  [pines. 

pi'ny,  pai'ni,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  clothed  with 

pi''o-neer',  pai'o-nlr'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  take 
the  lead  in;  be  a  pioneer.  II.  w.  One  of  the 
first  explorers  of  a  country;  one  who  prepares 
the  way,  as  in  a  military  movement.  [<  F. 
pionnier,  <  pion,  foot«soldier.] 

pilous,  pai'us,  a.  1.  Possessed  of  piety; 
religious;  godly.  2.  Marked  by  a  reverential 
spirit.  3.  Practised  in  the  name  of  religion. 
[<  L.  plus,  devout.]  —  pi'ous-ly,  adv. 

pipt,  pip,  n.  A  disease  of  fowls  in  which  a 
false  membrane  forms  around  the  tongue. 

pip2,  n.    The  seed  of  an  apple,  orange,  etc. 

pipe,  paip,  v.     [piped';  pi'ping.]     I.  t.     1. 
To  play  on  a  pipe;  utter  in  a 
high  key.     2.  To  whistle. 

3.  To  convey  in  pipes.  II. 
i.  To  play  on  a  pipe;  whis- 
tle.— pi'per,  n. 

pipe,  n.  1.  An  apparatus, 
usually  a  small  bowl  with  a 
hollow  stem,  for  smoking. 

2.  A  long  conducting  pas- 
sage for  conveying  a  fluid. 

3.  A  tube,  or  any  hollow  or 
tubular  thing.  4.  A  tubular 
wind* instrument;      in    the 


plural,  the  bagpipe.     5.  A 
shrill  call.    6.  A  large  cask 


Musical  Pipes. 
^  (Scotch  Bagpipes.) 


for  wine.  [<  AS.  pipe, 
LL.  pipa,  <  L.  piino,  pipe,  chirp.]  —  pipe' 
clay",  n.  A  white  clay  used  for  pottery.— pi'- 
ping:. \.  pa.  1 .  Playing  on  the  pipe.  2.  Sing- 
ing or  sizzling,  as  if  hot.  3.  Having  a  shrill 
sound.  II,  11.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  pipes. 
2.  A  whistling  sound.  3.  A  system  of  pipes. 
4.  A  covered  cord  for  trimming  dresses. 

pip'kin,  pip'kin,  n.  1.  A  small  earthenware 
jar.    2.  A  piggin.     [Dim.  of  pipe,  n.'\ 

pip'pin,  pip'in,  n.  An  apple  of  many  varieties. 

pi'quant,  pT'cant,  a.  1.  Having  an  agreeably 
pungent  or  tart  taste.  2.  Interesting;  tart; 
racy.     [F.]  —  pi'quan-cy,  n. 


fiat|fire    (future);   aisle;   au    (o?/t);   ell;    c   (k);    cliat;    dh   (^^e);   go;  sing,  ink;    thin. 


plagiarize 


342 


pique,  pic.  I.  rf.  [piqued';  PiQU'iNt;.]  1. 
To  excite  a.  slight  degree  of  reeentmeiit  in. 
2.  To  stimulate  by  envy,  jealousy,  etc.  3. 
Kcflexively,  to  pride  or  value  (oneself).  II.  n. 
A  feeling  of  slight  irritation  or  resentment. 
r  <  F.  &  OF.  jngver,  prick,  sting.] 

pi'rate,  pai'r§t.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [n'RA-TED^; 
pi'ra-ting.]  To  subject  to  or  practise  piracy. 
II.  n.  1.  A  rover  and  robber  on  the  high 
seas.  2.  A  vessel  engaged  in  piracy.  3.  A 
person  who  appropriates  without  right  the 
work  of  another.  [F.,  <  Gr.i'/jeira^?^,  pirate.] 
—  pi'ra-cy,  n.  [-cies»,  jo/.]  1,  Kobbery 
committed  on  the  high  seas.  2.  The  unauthor- 
ized publication  of  another's  literary  property.— 
I»i-rat'ic-al,  a.— pi-rat'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

pir'^ou-ette',  pir"u-et'.  I.  vi.  |-et'ted<'; 
-et'ting.]  To  make  a  pirouette.  II.  n.  A 
rapid  whirling  upon  the  toes  in  dancing.     [F.] 

pis'ca-to-ry,  pis'ca-to-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to 
lishes  or  fishing.  [<  L.j9fcca^w,  fisherman.] 
pis'^ca-to'ri-ali. 

pis'ci-cul^'ture,  pis'si-cuFchur  or  -tiijr,  n. 
Tiie  hatching  and  rearing  of  fish  as  an  indus- 
trial art. 

pis'til,  pis'til,  n.  The  seed-bearing  organ  of 
flowering  plants.   [  <  L.  pistillum;  see  pestle.] 

pis'tol,  pis'tul,  n.  A  small  firearm  having  a 
stock  to  fit  the  hand  and  a  short  barrel  or  bar- 
rels.    [<  It.f^^ pistola,  orig.  dageer.] 

pis'^tole',  pls'tor,  n.  A  gold  coin  of  varying 
value.    [F.] 

pis^ton,  pis'ton,  n.  1.  A  disk  fitted  to  slide 
in  a  cylinder,  as  in  a  steam-engine,  and  con- 
nected with  a  rod  for  receiving  the  pressure  of 
or  exerting  pressure  upon  a  fluid  in  the  cylin- 
der.   2.  A  valve  in  a  wind-instrument.     [F.] 

pit,  pit,  T.  [pit'ted'';  pit'ting.]  I.  ^  1.  To 
mark  with  pits;  form  hollows  in.  2.  To  set 
in  antagonism  or  hostile  opposition.  3.  To 
put  into  a  pit.  II.  e.  To  become  marked 
with  pits. 

piti,  n.  1.  A  cavity  in  the  ground;  an  abyss. 
2.  The  main  floor  of  the  auaitorium  of  a 
theater.  3.  An  enclosed  space  in  which  ani- 
mals trained  for  combat  are  pitted,  4.  A 
cavity  or  depression  in  the  body;  as,  the  arm- 
pit.  5.  Any  slight  depression  or  excavation. 
[<  AS.  pyt,  <  L.  puteus,  well.] 

pit3,«.     [U.S.]    The  kernel  of  certain  fruits. 

pitclli,  pich,  V.  [pitched';  pitch'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  project  from  the  hand;  toss;  throw.  2. 
To  set  In  order;  arrange.     3.    3fus.  To  set  the 

Jrftch  of.  II.  i.  1.  To  throw  underhand; 
oosely,  to  throw  in  any  way.  2.  To  fall  or 
plunge  downward.  3.  To  settle.  4.  To  rise 
and  fall  alternately.     [Var.  of  pick,  v.] 

pitch"',  v(.    To  cover  or  treat  with  pitch. 

pltch.^  «.  1.  Point  or  degree  of  elevation.  2. 
The  degree  of  descent  of  a  declivity;  also,  a 
descent,  slope,  etc,  3.  Inclination,  as  of  a 
roof.  4.  Mu8.  The  highness  or  lownesa  of  a 
tone,    5.  A  toss. 

pitch,',  n.  1.  A  thick,  tenacious,  dark  sub- 
stance obtained  by  boiling  down  tar  and  from 
the  residues  of  distilled  turi>entine.  2.  The 
reeinouB  sap  of  pines.  [<  AS.  pic,  <  L.  pix 
ipic-),  pitch.]  —  pitcli'fdark'',  a.  Very  dark. 
— p«ipine<  n.  A  plne«tree  of  the  eastern  and 
southern  u.  S.,  with  bard,  resinous  wood. 


pitchier',  ;/.     One  who  pitches. 

pitch'er-,  n.  A  vessel  with  a  spout  and  a  han- 
dle, used  for  holding  liquids  to  be  poured  out. 
[<  F.  picker,  ult.  <  Gr.  bikos,  wine«vessel.] 

pitchTork'',  n.  A  large  fork  with  which  to 
handle  hay,  straw,  etc. 

pitch'y,  pich'i,  a.  Eesembling  pitch;  pitch- 
like; intensely  dark.  —  pitchM-ness,  n. 

pit'e-ous,  pit'§-us,  a.  1.  Exciting  pity  or 
sympathy.     2.  Feeling  pity;  pitiful. 

pit'fall'',  pit'fel",  n.  A  pit  contrived  for  en- 
trapping wild  beasts  or  men;  hence,  any  hid- 
den source  of  danger. 

pith,  pith,  n.  1.  The  cylinder  of  soft,  spongy 
tissue  in  the  center  of  the  stems  and  branches 
of  certain  plants.  2.  Ornith.  The  spongy 
substance  of  the  interior  of  the  shaft  of  a 
feather.  3.  Concentrated  force;  vigor.  4.  Gist. 
[<  AS.  pitha.,mi\i.'\  —  pith'y,  a.  [pith'i-er; 
pith'i-est.]  1.  Consisting  of  pith;  like  pith. 
2.  Forcible;  effective.— pith'i-ness,  n. 

pit'tance,  pit'ans,  n.  Originally,  an  allow- 
ance of  food;  hence,  any  meager  allowance. 
[<  F.^iiiance,  lit.  '  pious  dole.'] 

pit'y,  pit'i.  I.  vf.  &vi.  [pit'ied;  pit'y-ing.] 
To  feel  compassion  or  pity  for.  II.  n.  [pit'- 
lEs^,  pL]  1.  The  feeling  of  grief  or  pain 
awakened  by  misfortunes  or  sorrows  of  others. 
2.  Misfortune.  [<  OF.  piHe,<lu.  pietas;  see 
piety.]  —  pit'i-a-bl(e,  a.  1.  That  may  be 
pitied;  pathetic.  2.  Pitiful.— pit'i-ful,  a.  1. 
Calling  forth  pity.  3.  Exciting  contempt;  paltry. 
-ly,  adv.  -iiess,  n.— pit^i-Iess,  a.  1.  Des- 
titute of  pity;  cruel.  2.  Excltlflg  no  pity,  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

piv'ot,  piv'ut.  Id.  vt.  &  vi.  To  place  or  turn 
on  a  pivot;  hinge.  II.  n.  A  pin  on  which  a 
related  part  turns;  that  on  which  an  important 
matter  depends.     [F.] 

pla-card'',  pla-cflrd'.  I^.  vf.  1.  To  announce 
bv  placards.  2.  To  post  placards  upon.  II. 
plac'ard  or  pla-card',  n.  1.  A  paper  publicly 
displayed,  as  a  proclamation  or  poster.  2.  A 
tag  bearing  an  owner's  name.     [F.J 

pla'cate,  ple'ket,  vt.  [pla'ca"ted<*;  pla'ca"- 
TiNo.l  To  pacify;  appease.  [<  L.  placatvs. 
pp.  or  ja^flco,  appease.] —pla'ca-ble,  a.  Ap- 
peasable; yielding.-^  pla'^ca-bil'I-ty,  n. 

place,  pies.  I.  vt.  [placed';  pla'cing.]  1. 
To  set  m  a  particular  place;  arrange.  2.  To 
put  in  ofllce;  appoint.  3.  To  invest.  II.  v. 
1.  A  particular  point  or  portion  of  space.  2. 
A  space  regarded  as  abode  or  quarters.  3.  An 
open  space  or  square,  or  a  short  street  in  a  city. 
4.  Position  in  order;  degree;  rank.  5.  An  office, 
appointment,  etc.  6.  Vacated  room;  stead. 
[F.,  <  Gr.^ plateia,  tern.  s.  of  platys,  wide.] 

plac'er',  plas'i;r,  «.  In  mining,  a  "place  where 
surface  deposits  are  washed  for  valuable  min- 
erals.    [Sp.,  <  j)laza,  place.]  [sense. 

pla'cer^,  ple'ser,  w.    One  wno  places,  m  any 

plac^id,  plas'id,  a.  Having;  a  smooth,  unruflled 
surface,  as  a  sheet  of  still  water*  unruffled; 
calm.     [<  L.  placidus,  <placeo,  i)lease.] 

—  pla-clil'i-ty,  «.      plac'id-nesst. — 
plac'id-ly,  adv. 

pla^gi-a-rize  or  -rise,  pl6'ji-a-raiz,  r. 
J-hized  or -uised; -Ri'ziNQ  or  Ri'siNo.]  I.  /. 
To  appropriate  and  give  out  as  one's  own 
the  literary  or  artistic  work  of  another.    II.  i. 


papfi,  9sk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  they,  nsfgc;  It,  %,  i  (ec);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rfile;  bat,  nr; 


343 


plateau 


To  commit  plagiarism.  [<  L.  plagiarius,  a 
l)lagiari8t,  <  plagium,  kidnaping.]  —  pla'gi- 
a-risin,  7i.  The  act  of  plagiarizing,  or  some- 
thing plagiarized,  pla'g^i-a-ryi.  —  pla'gri-a- 
rist,  71. 

plag^ue,  pleg.  I.  tt.  [plagued;  pla'guing.] 
1.  To  pursue  with  anno.yance.  2.  To  afflict 
Avith  the  plague.  II.  d.  1.  Anything  trouble- 
some or  harassing.  2.  A  pestilence  or  epi- 
demic disease.  3.  Any  great  natural  evil. 
[OF.,  <  L.i-L  jjlaga,  blow.] 

plaice,   pies,   n.      A    European  flounder;  an 
American  flatfish.     [  <  F. 
plaise,  flatfish.] 

plaid,  plad  or  pled.    I.  a. 
Having  a  pattern  of  stripes 
crossing  at  right  angles; 
checkered.       II.  n.      A 
rectangular   woolen    gar-         Plaice,    i/ig 
ment,  cros8=barred  with  colors,  or  any  fabric  so 
patterned.     [<  Gael,  plaide,  contr.  of  pellaid, 
sheepskin.] 

plain,  pi  en.  I.  a.  1.  Flat;  smooth.  2.  Pre- 
senting few  difficulties.  3.  Displaying  no  af- 
fectation. 4.  Lowly;  unlearned;  unadorned. 
5.  Not  variegated.  6.  Homely.  7.  Not  rich, 
as  food.  II.  M.  An  expanse  of  levelland.  [< 
L.P  planum,  <  2)lanus,  flat.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  ti. 

plaint,  plent,  n.  Audible  utterance  of  sorrow 
or  grief;  lamentation.  [<  F.  plainte,  <  L. 
planctus,  pp.  of  plango,  beat  the  breast.] 

— plain'tifl",  n.  The  party  that  begins  an  ac- 
tion at  law.  —  plain'tiv(e,  a.  Expressing  a 
subdued  sadness;  mournful. 

plait,  plet.  I<>.  vt.  1.  To  double  in  narrow 
folds.  2.  To  braid.  3.  To  mat.  II.  n.  1. 
A  portion  of  a  fabric  folded  over  and  fixed  in 
place,  as  by  sewing.  2.  A  braid.  [<  OF. 
jileit,  <  h.plicatus,  pp.  of  plico,  fold.]  pleat^. 

plan,  plan,  v.  [planned;  plan'ning.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  form  a  scheme  or  method  for  the  doing 
of.  2.  To  draw  plans  or  designs  for.  II.  i. 
To  form  a  plan. 

plan,  71.  1.  A  method;  design.  2.  A  drawing, 
showing  the  proportion  and  relation  of  parts, 
as  of  a  building;  any  outline  sketch ;  draft.  3.  A 
mode  of  action.    [F.,  <  plan{<  l,.plami8),fi&.t.^ 

plane,  plen,  r;^.  [planed;  pla'ning.]  1.  To 
make  smooth  or  even,  literally  or  figuratively; 
dress  with  a  plane.  2.  To  bring  to  a  level. 
[<  L.^^*^  planns,  level.] 

plane,  plen,  a.    Lying  in  a  plane;  level;  flat. 

planes^-  1.  Aflat  or  uncurved  surface.  2. 
A  grade  of  development;  stage;  level. 

plane^,  n.  A  tool  for  smoothing  boards  by 
pushing  it  over  the  surface.     [F.] 

plane^,  n.  The  sycamore  or  button  wood,  or 
some  related  tree.     [F.]    plane'»tree''t. 

pla'ner,  ple'ngr,  n.  A  machine  for  planing 
wood  or  metal;  planing^machine. 

plan'et,  plan'et,  n.  One  of  the  bodies  of  the 
solar  system  that  revolve  around  the  sun.  [  < 
Gr.  planetes,  =  planes,  lit.  '  wanderer.'] 

—  plan'et-a-ry,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  a  planet. 
3.  Wandering.  — plan'et-oid,  n.  One  of  the 
several  hundred  small  planets  revolving  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

plank,  plank.  It.  vt.  1.  To  cover  with 
planks.  2.  [Colloq.]  To  lay  down  as  if  on  a 
plank.     II.  n.    1.  A  broad  piece  of  sawed 


timber,  thicker  than  a  board.  2.  Anything 
that  sustains  or  upholds;  one  of  tlie  principles 
of  a  political  platform.     [<  L.^planca,  plank.] 

plant<*,  plant  or  plant,  v.  I.  f.  1.  To  set  in 
the  ground  for  growth.  2.  To  furnish  with 
plants  or  seeds.  3.  To  engender;  implant.  4, 
To  fix  permanently.  II.  i.  To  sow  seeds,  or 
set  plants.     [<  L.'''^  j^lanio,  <  planta,  plant.] 

plant,  n.  1.  An  organized  nou'sentient  being 
endowed  with  vegetable  life,  in  distinction 
from  shrubs  and  trees.  2.  Any  smaller  form 
of  vegetable  life.  3 .  The  permanent  appliances 
required  for  a  factory  or  other  institution.  [< 
AS.  plante,  <  L.  j^lanta,  plant.] 

plan^tain^,  plan'tgn,  n.  A  perennial  weed 
with  large,  ovate,  ribbed  leaves.  [F.,  <  L. 
plantago  {j^lantagin-),  plantain.] 

plan^tain^,  n.  A  tropical  perennial  herb  or 
its  edible,  banana«like  fruit.     [OF.] 

plan-ta'tion,  plan-te'shun  or  plgn-te'shun,  n. 
1.  In  tropical  or  subtropical  countries,  a  large 
farm;  also,  anyplace  planted.  2.  The  act  of 
planting.     [F.,'  <  L.  plantatio{n-),  planting.] 

plant^er ,  plant'gr  o?'  plgnt'er,  ti.  1 .  One  who 
plants.     2.  An  owner  of  a  plantation. 

plan'ti-grade,  plan'ti-gred.  I.  a.  Walking 
on  the  whole  sole  of  the  foot,  as  men,  bears, 
etc.  II.  n.  A  plantigrade  animal.  [<  L. 
planta,  sole  of  the  foot,  -\-  gradior,  walk.] 

plaq.ue,  plgc,  n.  A  plate,  disk,  or  slab,  artis- 
tically ornamented.     [F.] 

plasli,  plash.    V^.vt.&vi.    To  splash.    II.??. 

1.  A  splash.    2.  A  splotch;  flash.    3.  A  small 

gool.  [<  D.  plasch,  puddle.]  —  plash'y,  a. 
wampy;  splashy. 

plas'ter,  plgs'tgr,  vt.  1.  To  overlay  with 
plaster.  2.  To  apply  a  plaster  to;  daub  with 
plaster.    3.  To  treat  with  plaster. 

plas^ter,  n.  1.  A  composition  of  lime,  sand, 
and  water  for  coating  walls  and  partitions.  2. 
Calcined  gypsum  for  making  sculptors'  casts, 
etc.  3.  A  viscid  substance  spread  upon 
linen,  silk,  or  the  like,  for  healing  purposes. 
[<  AS.  plaster,  <  Gr.i-  emplastron.]  —  p\as'- 
ter-er,  «.— plas'ter-injr,  «.  1.  The  act  of 
applying  plaster.    2.  A  coating  of  plaster. 

plas^tic,  plas'tic  or  plgs'tic,  a.  1.  Giving 
form  or  fashion  to  matter.  2.  Capable  of 
being  molded.  3.  Pertaining  to  molding.  [< 
Gr.  plastikos,  fit  for  molding.] —plas'tic-al- 
ly,  rtd??.— plas-tic'i-ty,  n. 

-vAnsty,  SIC fflx.   Growth.   [<  Gr.jato«to«,  formed.] 

plats  plat.  I.  vt.  [plat'ted''  ;  plat'ting.] 
To  plait.    II.  n.    A  plait.     [Var.  of  plait,  t\] 

plat^.  Id.  vt.  To  lay  out  in  plats  or  plots. 
II.  n.     1.  A  small  piece  of  ground  ;  a  plot. 

2.  Aplotted  map.    [<  AS. plot,  plot  of  ground.] 
plate,  plet.    I.  vt.  [PLA'TEDd;  planting.]    1. 

To  coat  with  a  thin  layer  of  metal.  2.  To 
sheathe  in  armor^plates.  3.  To  hammer  into 
plates.  II.  n.  1.  Aflat,  extended,  rigid  body, 
as  of  metal,  of  slight  relative  thickness.  2. 
A  shallow  vessel ;  dish  for  table  use.  3.  Plated 
tableware  ;  silverware.  4.  An  electrotype, 
stereotype,  etc.  5.  Something  resembling  or 
likened  to  a  plate.  [<  Gr. o^  platys,  flat.] 
pla-teau',  pla-to',  n.  [-teaux'  or  -teaus', 
-tOz',  pi.]  An  extensive  stretch  of  elevated 
si  land. 


level 


[F.] 


fiutlilre    (future);    aisle;   au    (out);    oil;    c    (k);    chat;    dli   (^^e);    go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


platen 
plot 


344 


plat'en,  plat'en,  n.  The  part  of  a  printing* 
l)res8,  typewriter,  or  the  lilie,  on  which  the 
paper  is  supported,  to  receive  the  impression. 
i  <  Y.platine,  plate,  <plat;  see  plate.] 

plat'form'',  i)]at'ferm",  n.  1.  Any  floor  or 
Hat  surface  raised  above  the  adjacent  level. 

2.  A  formal  scheme  of  principles,  as  of  a 
leligious  or  political  body. 

plat'i-num,  plat'i-num,|  n.  A  whitish  metal- 
lic element,  highly  infusible  and  able  to  resist 
acids,    pla-ti'nat. 

plat'i-tude,  plat'i-tiiid,  n.  1.  A  flat,  dull,  or 
commonplace  statement.  2.  Dalness,  [F., 
rtatness,  <  jildt,  flat.] 

Pla-ton'ic,  pla-ten'ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  philosopher  Plato  (427-347  B.  C).  2.  Pure- 
ly spiritual :  said  of  love. 

pla-toon^,  pla-tun',  n.  Mil.  Half  of  a  com- 
pany, commanded  by  a  lieutenant.  [<  F. 
peloton,  ball,  group.] 

plat-'ter,  plat'gr,  n.    An  oblong  shallow  dish. 

plau^dit,  ple'dit,  n.  An  expression  of  ap- 
plause.    [<  L.^jtowc^o,  applaud.] 

plau''si-'bl(e,  ple'zi-bl,  a.  Seeming  likely  to 
be  true  ;  specious ;  calculated  to  win  confi- 
dence. [<  L.  pto^^*^&^7^*,  deserving  applause, 
<plausus,  pp.  of  plaudo,  applaud.] —plau-"- 
8i-bil'i-ty,  n.  [tiesi,  pZ.]  plau'si-bl(e- 
iiesst.—  plau^si-bly,  adv. 

play,  pie,  ^.  I.  t.  1.  To  engage  in  play  of 
any  sort;  produce  or  act  in  a  play.  2.  Toper- 
form  upon,  as  a  musical  instrument.  3.  To 
put  into  action.  4.  To  trifle  with.  II.  i  1. 
To  engage  in  any  exercise  for  diversion.  2. 
To  gamble.  3.  To  act  with  levity.  4.  To  be- 
have; act.  5.  To  perform.  6.  To  act  or 
move  freely. 

play,  71.  1.  Action  without  special  aim,  or 
for  amusement;  exercise;  competitive  trial; 
also,  gambling.    2.  A  dramatic  composition. 

3.  Freedom  of  movement.  [<  AS.  hlega,  < 
])legan,  play.] — play'er,  n.— play'rel^'low, 
71.  An  associate  In  games,  etc.  play'mate''t. 
— play'lul,a.  Frolicsome,  -ly,  art??.— play'- 
tliinsr'',  n.    A  toy. 

-pie,  fuMx.  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin  used  to  form 
Kngllsn  multlpllcatlves ;  as,  triple.  [<  F.  -pie, 
-hie,  <  L.  -pltiH,  -fold;  akin  to  plenus,  fill.] 

plea,  pit,  7i.  An  act  of  pleading,  or  that  which 
is  pleaded;  an  argument  or  entreaty;  excuse. 
[<  OF.  j)lait,  <  1>.  placitum,  opinion.] 

plead,  plid,  vf.  &  vi.  [plead'ed''  or  (irreg. 
colloq.  PLEAD,  pled,  pled)  ;  plead'ing.]  1. 
To  advocate;  supplicate;  argue;  urge.  2.  To 
allege  as  an  excuse  or  defense. 

pleas'ant,  plez'ant,  a.  1.  Giving  or  jirorao- 
ting  jjleasure.  2.  Conducive  to  merriment; 
gay.  [<  F.plaisanf,  <  L.  plac€n(i-)s,n\)r.  ot 
placeo,  please.]  — pleat/aiit-ry,  /i.  [-riks*, 
pi.]   Playfulness;  Jest. 

please,  pllz,  vt.  &  tn.  [pleased;  pleas'ino.] 
1.  To  give  pleasure  to.  2.  To  be  agreeable 
to.  3.  To  have  a  preference.  [<  OF.  i>lai(nr, 
<  L.  placeo,  please.]— pleas'lnj;,  7>«.— pleatt'- 
iir-a-bl((>,  a. 

pleas'ure,  «.  1.  An  agreeable  sensation  or 
emotion.  2.  Sensual  gratiflcation.  3.  Amuse- 
ment in  general.    4.  One's  preference. 

ple-be'ian,  i)le-bt'an.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  common  people.    2.  Hence,  common; 


inferior.     II.  71.     1.    Itain.  Hist.   One  of  the 
common  people.    2.  A  man  of  no  rank.     [< 
L.o*'  plebeivs,  <  plebs,  the  common  people.] 
pledge,  plej.    I.  vt.    [pledged;  pledg'ing.] 

1.  I'o  place  in  the  possession  of  another  as 
security  for  a  loan.  2.  To  offer  solemnlj'.  as 
security.  3.  To  bind  by  a  promise.  4.  To 
toast.  II.  n.  1.  A  guaranty  for  the  per- 
formance of  an  act.  2.  A  formal  promise.  3. 
The  drinking  of  a  health  or  a  sentiment.  [< 
OF.  ]}leQe,  <  LL.  jjlegium.] 

Plei'a-des,  plai'a-d'tz  or  pll'ya-diz,  ??.»;.  A 
group  of  stars,  seven  of  which  are  visilble  to 
ordinary  sight.     [L.] 

ple'na-ry,  pli'na-ri,  a.  Full  in  all  respects  or 
requisites;  complete.     [<  l,.^-^ pkuvs,  full.] 

plen''i-po-ten'ti-a-ry,  plen'i-po-ten'shi-g- 
ri.  I.  a.  Possessing  full  powers.  II.  n. 
[-ries^, /?/.]  A  diplomatic  representative  in- 
vested with  full  powers  by  a  government.  [< 
L.  plenus,  full,  -\- pote7i{t-)s,  powerful.] 

plen'i-tude,  plen'i-tiud,  n.  The  state  of  being 
full,  complete,  or  abounding;  also,  abundance. 
[<  Ij.  plenit7jdo,  <  plenvs,  full.] 

plen'ty,  plen'ti.  I.  a.  Existing  in  abundance. 
II.  7).  1.  The  state  of  being  abundantly  suf- 
ficient. 2.  As  much  as  can  be  required.  [< 
L.OF  j)le7iita{i-)s,  <  plenus,  full.]  —  plen'te- 
0U8,  a.  1.  Amply  sufficient,  a.  Yielding  in 
abundance.  3.  Characterized  by  plenty.— plen'- 
ti-ful,  o.    Abundant;  yielding  in  plenty. 

ple'o-nasm,  pll'o-nazm,  71.  The  use  of  need- 
less words;  redundancy;  tautologj'.  [<  Gr.*' 
]/leo7ias7nos,  <2)ledn,  more.] — ple'^o-na8'Hc,a. 

pletli'o-ra,  pleth'o-ra,  71.  A  state" of  excessive 
fulness.     [<  Gt.  plethore,  <  plet/ios,  fn]i\ess.] 

—  ple-tnor'ic,  ple-ther'Ic  or  pleth'o-rlc,  a. 
pleu'ra,  plu'ra,  w.     [pleu'r^,  plu'ri  o?'  -re, 

pi.]  The  serous  membrane  that  infolds  the 
lungs.  [<  Gt.  pleura,  rib,  side.]  — pleii'rl-sy, 
71.  Inflammation  of  the  pleura.— pleu-rit'ic, 
a.— pleu''ro-piieii-ino'ni-a,  «.  1.  A  con- 
tagious disease  of  cattle.  2.  In  man,  pleurisy 
combined  with  pneumonia. 
pli^ant,  plai'ant,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being  bent 
or  twisted  with  ease.  2.  Easily  yielding  to  in- 
fluence. [F.,  <  'L.plican(t-)s,vi)r.  ofplico,foM.] 

—  pli'a-bl(e,  a.    1.  Easily  bent  or  twisted. 

2.  Easily  persuaded  or  controlled.— pH'^a- 
Ml'i-ty,  71.  pli^a-bKe-nesst.— pli'an-cy, 
/I.  —  pli^ant-ly,  «rfr.  —  pli'ant-iiess,  «. 

pli'er,  plai'er,  7).  1.  One  who  plies.  2.  pi. 
Small  long' jawed  pincers  for  bending. 

plight'',  plait,  Tt.  1.  To  promise  formally 
and  earnestly.    2.  To  betroth. 

plight',  n.  A  solemn  engagement;  betrothal. 
[<  AS.plihf,  pledge.] 

plight^,  n.  A  distressed  or  complicated  situa- 
tion.    [<  L.^f  plicitiis,  pp.  of  jMco,  fold.] 

plod,  pled,  vt.  &  vi.  [plod'ded'';  plod'ding.] 
To  walk  over  heavily;  proceed  with  toil.  [< 
Ir.  Gae\.  j)lo(i,  pool.t— plod'der,  n. 

plot',  plet.  I.  7't.  &  ri.  [plot'ted'';  plot'- 
TiNO.]  To  lay  plans  for  the  accomplishment  of; 
form  a  plot;  conspire.  II.  «.  1 .  A  secret  plan 
to  accomi)lish  some  purpose.  2.  The  series  of 
incidents  forming  the  skeleton  of  a  story,  play, 
or  poem.  [Abbr.  of  cainplof,  ult.  <  L.  cotn- 
plintinn,  entanglement.]  —  plot<ter,  n. 

plot".      I.   vt:        [PLOT'TED<>;     PLOT'TINQ.]       1. 

To  locate  on  a  map  or  chart;  make  a  map  or 


pap<i,  98k;  at,  filr;  el^m^nt,  th§y,  uefge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rQle;  but,  Or; 


345 


plover 
pocket 


^^ 


Modern  Plow, 
a,  a,  handles;  b.  beam;  c.  mold* 
board;  d,  share;  e.  shin;  /,  colter;  /, 
•wheelsframe;  j,  wheel;  /,  wrench; 
m,  rounds;  «,  reversible'slip  share; 
o,  o,  reversible  slip. 


chart  of.     2.  To  divide  and  stake  oil  in  plots. 
II.  n.     1.  A  piece  of  ground  set  apart.     2.  A 
sarveyors'  map.     [<  AS.  plot.] 
plov'er,  pluv'gr,  «.  A  ehore^bird,  having  long, 

pointed  wings  and  a  short  tail. 
plow,  /plan.  I.Tt.&ri.  1.  Tobrealcup 
plough.,  (  or  turn  up  with  a  plow.  2.  To  cul- 
tivate. 3.  To 
use  a  plow,  or 
form  by  a 
plow.  II.  n. 
1.  An  imple- 
ment for  cut- 
ting, turning 
over,  stirring, 
or  breaking  up 
the  soil.  2. 
Any  imple- 
ment that  op- 
erates like  a 
plow.  3.  Fig- 
uratively, agriculture.    [ <  AS.pld/i.  plowland.] 

—  plo\v'a-bl(e,  f/.— plow 'boy '',  «. 
ploiigh'boy'^l:.— plow'er,  n.  ploiigh^ert. 
—  plow'inaii,  n.  plouirb'mant.  —  plow'- 
sbare",  n.  The  share  or  blade  of  a  plow. 
ploiijfh'share''J. 

pluck',  pluc,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  remove  by  a 
quick  pull  or  jerk;  pick.  2.  To  strip  com- 
pletely. 3.  To  twitch.  II.  i.  To  give  a  sud- 
den pull.     [<  AS.  plucciath  pluck.] 

pluck,  n.  1.  Confidence  and  spirit  in  the  face 
of  difficulty  or  danger;  courage.  2.  The  heart, 
liver,  and  lungs  of  an  animal.     3.  A  twitch. 

—  pliick'y,  a.  [Pt,ucK'i-ER;  pluck 'i-e.st.] 
Brave  and  spirited;  courageous. 

plug,  plug.  I.  vf.  [pluoged;  piatg'ging.] 
To  insert  a  plug  in;  stop  with  a  plug.     II.  ti. 

I.  Anything  used  to  stop  a  hole.  2.  A  cake 
of  tobacco.     [<  MD.  plugge,  plug.] 

plum,  plum,  n.  1.  The  edible  fruit  of  a  tree 
of  the  rose  family;  also,  the  tree  itself.  2.  A 
raisin.  3.  The  best  part  of  anything.  [<  AS. 
plume,  <  iir.^  pr OK non,  plum.] 

plu'mage,  plu'mei,  /k  1.  The  feathers  that 
cover  a  bird.  2.  Figuratively,  adornment.  [F., 
<  plume;  see  plume.] 

plumb,  plum.  I.  vt.  1.  To  test  with  a  plumb» 
line.  2.  To  straighten.  3.  To  supply  (a 
building)  with  gas*,  water=,  and  sewer^pipes. 

II.  a.  True,  accurate,  and  upright;  vertical; 
perpendicular.  III.  n.  A  plumb«bob  or  plum- 
met. IV.  adv.  In  a  vertical  direction.  [< 
F.  plomb,  <  L.  plumbum,  lead.] 

—  plumb'jbob'',  ?<.  The  weight 
used  at  the  end  of  a  plumb»line.— 
p.sline,  n.  A  cord  by  which  a 
weight  Is  suspended  to  test  the  per- 
pendicularity or  depth  of  something. 

plum-ba' go,  plum-be'go  or -ba'-, 
II.  Graphite:  used  for  lead^penclls, 
etc.     \Ij.,  <  plumbum,  Xe&a.] 

—  pliim-bag'i-noiis,  a. 
plumb'er,  plum'sr,  n.    One  who 

makes  a  business  of  plumbing. 

—  plumb'iiig,  n.  1.  The  art  of  pinmb-bob 
putting  Into  buildings  the  tanks,  ^  ""  "  • 
pipes,  etc.,  for  conveying  water,  gas,  .  •' '  ""per* 
and  sewage.    3.  The  pipe-system  of   ^^^^%l  1;,',^^' 

plume,  plum.  I.  vt.  [plumed;  plu'ming.] 
1.  To  dress  or  arrange  the  feathers  of.     2. 


To  adorn.  3.  To  felicitate  highly:  used  re- 
flexively.  4.  To  strip  of  plumes.  II.  n.  A 
feather  worn  as  an  ornament;  a  tuft  of  such 
feathers.  [F.,  <  L.  pluma,  small  soft  feather.] 

plum'met,  plum'§t,  n.  The  weight  of  a 
plumb=line;  plumb=bob. 

plump,  plump,  a.  Swelled  out  or  enlarged  to 
the  full;  somewhat  fat.  [ME. ^?tow?^),  rude.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

plun'der,  plun'dgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  take  prop- 
erty from  by  violence;  pillage;  rob.  2.  To 
seize  by  open  force.  II.  n.  1.  That  which  is 
taken  by  plundering.  2.  The  act  of  plunder- 
ing.    [<  G.  plunder,  furniture,  trumpery.] 

—  pliin'«ler-er,  n.    A  freebooter;  robber. 
plunge,  plunj,   V.     [plunged;   plun'ging.] 

1.  t.  To  thrust  or  throw  suddenly  into  water 
or  the  like.  II.  i.  1.  To  jump,  dive,  or  rush, 
as  into  something  that  submerges.  2.  To 
leap,  fall,  or  break,  as  a  wave.  3.  To  descend 
abruptly,  as  a  cliff.  [<  F.  plonger,  <  LL. 
*plumbtco,  <  L.  plvmbum,  lead.] 

plunge,  n.  1.  The  act  of  plunging.  2.  A 
sudden  and  violent  motion.—  pliiii'ger,  n. 

plu'per'^fect,  plu'pgr'fect.  I.  a.  Gram.  Ex- 
pressing past  time  prior  to  some  other  past 
time.    II.  n.    The  pulperfect  tense. 

plu'ral,plii'ral.  I.  a.  Containing  more  than 
one.  II.  n.  The  plural  number.  [<  L.^f 
pluralist,  <  plus  (plur-),  more.]  —  plu'ral-ist, 
71.  1.  Any  one  who  holds  a  plurality  of  offices, 
especially  ecclesiastical.  tJ.  Among  the  Mor- 
mons, one  who  has  more  wives  than  one.—  pin- 
ral'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  pl.^  1.  The  state  of  be- 
ing plural.  2.  The  larger  portion  or  greater 
number.  3.  [U.  S.]  Polit.  The  greatest  of 
more  than  two  numbers;  also,  the  excess  of  one 
such  number  over  the  next  highest  number. 

plus,  plus,  a.  1.  Having  an  addition  (of); 
increased  (by):  opposed  to  minus.  2.  More 
than  nothing;  above  zero;  positive.  [L.,more.] 

plusb,  plush,  n.  A  cloth  having  a  long  cut  pile 
on  one  side.  [  <  L.^  pilus,  hair.]  —  plush'y,  a. 
Having  a  surface  like  plush. 

plu'vi-al,  plu'vi-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  rain; 
rainy.  2.  Arising  from  the  action  of  rain.  [< 
L.  phivialis,  <  pluvia,  rain.]    plu'vi-ousj. 

ply,  plai,  ?j.  [plied;  ply'ing.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  work 
at  with  steadiness.  2.  To  use  with  diligence. 
II.  i.      1.  To  go  back  and  forth;  make  trips. 

2.  To  be  busy.  3.  To  proceed  in  haste,  [<  F. 
plier  ( <  L.  plico),  bend.] 

ply,  n .    [PLiES^,  pl.'j    A  web,  layer,  or  thickness. 

pneu-mat'ic,  nui-mat'ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  science  of  pneumatics.  2.  Pertaining 
to  air  or  gas.  [  <  Gr.  pveumatikos,  <  pneuma, 
breath.]  pneu-mat'ic-alt.  —  pneu-mat'- 
ic8,  11.  The  branch  of  physics  that  treats  of  the 
mechanical  properties  of  gases. 

pneu-nxo'ni-a,  niu-mo'ni-a,  n.  Inflammation 
of  liing^tissue.  [<  Gr.  pneumonia,  <  pnen- 
man,  lung.] 

poadii',  pOch,  vt.  &  Ti.  To  cook  (eggs)  by 
breaking,  and  dropping  into  boiling  water. 

poach.2,  vt.  &  vi.  To  rob  of  game;  intrude 
upon  unlawfully;  encroach. —  poach'er,  n. 

pock,  pec,  n.    A  pustule.     [<  AS.  ]x>c.] 

—  pock'iiiark'',  n.     A  pit  or  scar  made  by 
smallpox.—  pock'inarked'%  a. 

pock'et,  pek'et.  I",  vt.  1.  To  put  into  a 
pocket.    2.   To  appropriate.     3.  To  accept, 


fiutlure  (future);    aisle;    oh    (out);   ell;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli    (f/i(^);   go;    sing,    ink;   thin. 


Jiod 
polisb 


346 


as  an  insult,  without  resentment.  II.  ;/.  1. 
A  pouch  attached  to  a  garment.  2.  A  cavity, 
opening,  or  receptacle.  [<  F.  pocket,  dim.  of 
jxxihe;  see  pouch.]  —  pock'et-book'',  n.  A 
small  book  for  carrying  money. 

pod,  ped.  I.  m.  [pod'ded'';  pod'ding.]  To 
produce  pods.  II.  n.  A  seed-vessel  or  cap- 
sule of  a  plant.     [Cp.  padi,  ».] 

po'em,  po'em,  n.  A  composition  in  verse, 
characterized  by  imaginative  thought  and  ar- 
tistic construction.  [<  Gr.  poiema,  <  poied, 
make.]  —  po'e-sy,  n.  Poetry.—  po'et,  n.  One 
who  writes  poems.—  po'et-as'-'ter,  n.  An  in- 
ferior poet;  a  mere  rimer.—  po'et-ess,  n.  A 
female  poet.— po-et'ic,  po-et'ic-al,  a.—np- 
et'ic-al-ly.  arfiJ.- po'et-ry,  po'et-ri,  n.  The 
form  of  literature  that  embodies  beautiful 
thought.  In  rhythmical  and  metrical  language. 

poign^ant,  pein'ant,  a.  Severely  painful  or 
distressing.  [F.]  -ly,  adv.  —  poign'an-cy,  ??. 
Severity  or  sharpness,  as  of  pain  or  grief. 

point'i,  point,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  furnish  with  a 
point;  sharpen.  2.  To  make  pungent  or 
piquant.  3.  To  extend  or  direct;  aim.  4.  To 
show  (a  person)  the  way,  as  by  the  extended 
finger.  5.  To  direct  attention  to.  6.  To 
■punctuate.  II.  i.  1.  To  direct  attention  by 
the  extended  finger.  2.  To  indicate,  as  a  hunt- 
ing dog,  the  presence  of  game  by  standing 
rigidly  looking  toward  it. 

point,  n.  1.  The  sharp  end  of  a  thing.  2, 
An  object  having  a  sharp  or  tapering  end.  3. 
A  promontory.  4.  A  prominent  feature  or 
peculiarity.  5.  A  particular  place;  position. 
6.  Any  single  item.  7.  An  instant.  8.  A 
mark  made  by  a  r)ointed  instrument.  9.  Any 
mark  of  punctuation,  especially  a  period.  10. 
In  games,  a  unit  of  count.  [F.*  <  L.  jnmctum, 
<  punoo,  punch,  prick.]  -  point'blank'.  I. 
a.  1.  Aimed  directly  at  the  mark.  ti.  Hence, 
direct;  plain.  II.  adv.  In  a  horizontal  line; 
hence,  directly.  —  point/ed,  pa.  1.  Having 
a  point.  2.  Piquant.  3.  Emphasized.— poiiit/- 
e«-Iy,  arfp.— point'er.  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  points.  Specifically:  (1)  One  of  a  breed  of 
dogs  trained  to  point  out  game.  (2)  A  hand  or 
Index-finger.  (3)  pi.  Two  stars,  In  the  constel- 
lation or  Ursa 
Major,  whose 
connecting  line 
points  nearly  to 
the  north  star. 

poise,  peiz.  I. 
V  t  .  &  V  i  . 
[poised;  pois'- 
iNG.]  To  sup- 
port in  equilib- 
rium; be  bal-  Part  of  the  conBtellation  of  Urwi 
anced     or     bus-    Major,  showintr  the  stars  (Alpha, 

pended;   hence,   B<'ta) .ailed  "pointerH." 
to  be  in  doubt.    II.  p.     1.  The  state  of  being 
balanced.     2.  Equanimity;    repose.     [<    OR 
pain,  <  \j.j)enmrn,  weight.] 

poi'son,  pei'zn.  I.vt.  1.  To  put  poison  into. 
2.  To  injure  or  kill  with  poison.  3.  To  affect 
with  any  corrupting  influence.  II.  n.  A  sub- 
stance that  wlien  taken  into  the  system  acts  in 
a  noxious  manner,  tending  to  cause  death  or 
serious  injury.  [OF.,  <  L.  potio(n-),  potion.] 
—  pol'son-er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
poisons  or  corrupts.—  poi'Non-ouB«  a. 

poke,  pok,  V.    [poked*;  po'kino.]     1.  t.    1. 


To  push  or  thrust  againft  or  into.  2.  To 
thrust  or  push  in  or  out.  II.  i.  To  go  slug- 
gishly or  gropingly.     [Prob.  of  Celt,  origin.] 

pokes  n.     1.  The  actof  pushing.     2.  A  collar 
with  an  attachment,  to  keep  ani- 
mals from  passing  fences.    3.  A 
dawdler.      4.   A  bonnet  with  a 
projecting  front. 

poke^,?;.  The  pokeweed.  [Am. 
Ind.] 

poke^,  n.  1.  A  pocket,  or  small 
bag.  2.  Theair=bladderof  afish. 
[Prob.  of  Celt,  origin.] 

po'keri,   n.    One   who   or  that  „  ,    „ 
which  pokes.  Poke  Bonnet. 

po''ker2,  n.  A  game  of  cards  in  which  the  play- 
ers bet  on  the  value  of  their  hands. 

poke'weed'',  pok'wid",  n.  A  stout  peren- 
nial herb  having  dark=purple  berries. 

po'lar,  po'lar,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  poles 
of  a  sphere,  as  of  the  earth.  2.  Pertaining  to 
the  poles  of  a  magnet  or  other  center  of  attrac- 
tion or  repulsion.     [<  L.  polus:  see  pole^,  «.] 

—  po-lar'i-tyi  n.  The  quality  of  having 
opposite  poles.- po'^^lar-i-za'tion  or  -sa'- 
tioii,  n.  The  act  of  polarizing,  or  the  state  of 
being  polarized.  —  po'lar-ize  or  -ise,  rt. 
[-IZED,  -isKD;  -I'ziNG,  -I'siNG.]  To  develop  po- 
larity in;  bring  to  opposite  conditions  corre- 
sponding to  opposite  poles. 

pole,  pol,  vt.  [poled;  po'ling.]  To  push 
or  propel  with  a  pole. 

polei,  n.  1.  A  long  slender  piece  of  wood  or 
metal.  2.  A  perch  or  rod.  [<  AS.  ^;a/,  <  L. 
palus,  stake.] 

pole^,  n.  1 .  Either  of  the  extremities  of  an  axis 
of  a  sphere.  2.  Either  of  the  polar  regions  of 
the  earth.  3.  One  of  two  points  at  which  oppo- 
site qualities  are  concentrated.  [<  Gr.'-  polos, 
<  pelo,  be  in  motion.]  —  pole'sstar",  n.  The 
l)right  star  near  the  north  celestial  pole. 

pole'caf,  n.    One  of  certain  weasel»like  car- 
nivores noted  for  a  fetid 
odor  when  irritated  or 
alarmed. 

po-lem^ic,     po-lem'ic, 
a.  Pertaining  to  contro- 
versy; disputatious.  [< 
Gr.  ^Mlemikos,  warlike,  <  polemos,  war.] 
leni'^ic-al^ 

po-lice',  po-lts'.  I.  vt.  [po-LicED'';  po-i.u'- 
iNo.]  To  place  under  the  control  of  police. 
II.  n.  A  body  of  civil  officers  organized  under 
authority  to  maintain  order  and  enforce  law. 
[F.,  <  Gr.  ]x>liteia,  polity,  <  polls,  city.] 

—  po-Iice'man,  «.  [-men,  jo/.  1  A  member 
of  the  police. 

pol'i-cy>,  pel'i-si,  n.  [-cies»,  pi.]  1.  I*ni- 
dence  or  sagacity  in  the  conduct  of  affairs.  2. 
A  course  or  plan  of  action,  especially  of  ad- 
ministrative action.  3.  Finesse  in  general; 
artifice.  [<  Gr.  jMliteia,  polity.] 

pol'i-cy^j  n.  [-cies»,  »/.]  1.  A  written  con- 
tract of  insurance.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  gambling- 
game.     [  <  F.  jyolice.l 

poFisll,  pel'ish.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  make 
smooth  or  lustrous,  as  by  friction;  render  im>- 
lite  or  accomplished.  2.  To  take  a  gloss;  oe- 
come  polite  and  elegant.  II.  n.  1.  Smooth- 
ness or  glossiness  of  surface;  finish.     2.   A 


European  Polecat.  Vao 
po- 


papfi,  98k;  at,  &ir;  el^ro^nt,  thiy,  UBfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  dr;  full,  rfile;  but,  ur; 


34-? 


t>olish 
pontiff 


vaniitih.     3.   Refinement  of  manner  or  style. 

L<  L.'^^  polio,  polish.]  —  poPisli-er,  u. 
Pod.isll,  po'lish.     I.  a.    Pertaining  to  Poland. 

II.  //.     The  Polish  language. 
po-lite'',  po-lait',  a.    1.  Exhibiting  in  manner 

or  speech  a  considerate  regard  for  others.    2. 

Highly  finished  and  elegant  in  style.     [<  L. 

jx)litvs',p\).  of  jx)lio,  iiolish.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,n. 
poFi-tic,  pel'i-tic,  a.     1.  Sagacious  in    plan- 
ning;  artful.    2.  Wisely  adapted  to  an  end; 

specious.    3.  Pertaining  to  public  polity. 

—  po-lit'ic-al,  a.  l.  Pertaining  to  public 
policy.  3,  Belongring  to  the  science  of  govern- 
ment. 3.  Pertaining  to  a  party  In  a  state.—  po- 
lit'ic-al-ly,  (/f/r.  —  poI'M-ti'dan.  n.  1. 
One  engaged  in  politics.  2.  One  skilled  In  po- 
litical science.— pol'i-tics,  n.  1.  The  science 
of  civil  government.  2.  Party  intrigues,  etc. 
3.  One's  political  sentiments. 

poFi-ty,  pel'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^ /)/.]  1.  The  form 
or  method  of  government  of  a  nation,  state, 
church,  etc.  2.  Any  community  living  under 
a  polity.     [  <  F.  politie,  <  Gr.i'  politeia,  polity.] 

pol'ka,  pOl'ka,  n.  A  round  dance  in  common 
time;  also  the  music  for  it.     [F.] 

poll,  pOl,  V.  1. 1.  1.  To  enroll,  as  voters.  2. 
To  ascertain  the  opinions  of.  3.  To  receive 
or  cast,  as  votes,  at  the  polls.  4.  To  lop;  clip; 
shear.     II.  i.  To  vote  at  the  polls. 

poU^  n.  1.  The  head;  hence,  a  person.  2. 
A  list  of  persons.  3.  The  voting  at  an  elec- 
tion; also,  the  votes  thus  registered.  4.  A  poll- 
tax.  5.  The  blunt  or  round  end  of  a  hammer 
or  ax.  [<  MD.  ]X)l,  head.]  —  polPstax^',  n. 
A  tax  on  the  person. 

PolP,  pel,  ?i.    A  parrot. 

poFlard,  pel'ard.  n.  1.  A  tree  shorn  of  its 
top  so  that  it  puts  out  thick  branches.  2.  An 
animal  that  has  lost  its  horns.     [<  polli,  ji.] 

poFlen,  pePen,  n.  The  fine  powder  formed 
w  ithin  the  anther  of  a  flowering  plant.  [L., 
fine  flour.] 

pol-lute',  pel-liit'  or  -liut',??^.  [poL-Lr'TED<'; 
pol-lu'ting.]  1.  To  make  physically  un- 
clean; defile;  stain;  soil.  2.  To  make  morally 
corrupt.     [<  L.  poUutus,  pp.  of  iw//?/o,  defile.] 

—  poUIu'ter,  n.—  pol-lu^tion,  n.  The  act 
of  polluting;  defilement. 

po'lo,  pO'lO,  71.  A  game  played  on  horseback 
or  skates,  usually  with  a  light  wooden  ball  and 
mallets.     [E.  Ind.] 

pol-troon',  pel-trfin',  n.  1.  A  coward;  das- 
tard. 2.  A  sluggard.  [<  F.  poltron,  <  It. 
poUrone,  <  ^?o/^ro,  bed.]— poi-troon'er-y,  n. 
Cowardice. 

i»o\y '^prefix.    Many; much.  [<  Gr.po/lys,  many.] 

—  po-lyg'a-inist,  n.  One  who  practises  or  ad- 
vocates polygamy.— po-iyg'a-inoii8,  a.  Per- 
taining to  polygamy.  [-1-  gamos,  marriage.]— po- 
lyg'a-niy,  n.  The  condition  of  having  more 
than  one  wife  or  husband  at  once.—  poPy-glot. 
I.  a.  1.  Expressed  in  several  languages,  ji. 
Speaking  several  tongues.  II.  n.  A  book  giving 
versions  of  the  same  text  in  several  languages. 
\:+gloUa,  tongue.]— pol'y-gon,  n.  A  closed 
figure  bounded  by  straight  lines  or  arcs,  espe- 
cially more  than  four.  [+  gonia,  angle.]  —  po- 
lysr'o-nal,  a.— poP'y-he'dron,  n.  [-dra  or 
-DKOjfsi,  pL]  A  solid  bounded  by  plane  faces, 
especially  by  more  than  four.    [-(-  heclra,  seat.] 

—  poP'y-he'dral,  a.  —  pol'^y-syl'la-bl (e, 
n.  A  word  of  several  syllables,  especially  of  more 
than  three.  —  poP^y-syl-lab'ic,  a.    Having 


ral   syllables;  pertaining  to   a  polysjilablo. 
pol'^y-Liyl-Iab'ic-alt.  —  pol"y-l 
I.  a.    Embracing  manj 


sev^ 


tech'iiic. 

arts.  II.  n.  A  school 
of  applied  science  and  the  Industrial  arts,  i  -f 
<ecA7t?,  art.]— poPy-the^'ism,  n.  The  belief 
that  there  are  more  gods  than  one.  [-f  thens, 
god.]— poPy-the''i8t,  w.— poP'y-the-is'lic, 
pol"'y-the-is'tic-al,  a. 

poFyp,  pel'ip,  n.  A  many»armed  aquatic  an- 
imal of  the  radiate  type.  [<  Gr.i'  polypous.  < 
polys,  many,  -j-  jwus,  foot.]  —  poPy-pous,  a. 
Having  many  feet  or  roots  —  poPy-pus,  n. 
[-PI,  -pi.  pi.]  A  tumor  projecting  Into  a  natural 
cavity,  as  the  nostril. 

poxn^ace,  pum'§s,  n.  The  substance  of  ap- 
ples or  like  fruit  crushed  by  grinding.  [<  LL. 
jwmaciiim,  cider,  <  L.  ^wmr/m,  apple.] 

po-made',  po-med'  w  pO-mQd',  n.  A  per- 
fumed dressing  for  the  hair.  [  <  F.  pommade, 
<  L.  pmnvm,  apple.]    po-ma'tumt. 

pome'g^ran-ate,  pem'gran-et,  n.    The  fruit 
of  a  tree  of  the  myrtle  fam- 
ily, or  the  tree  itself.     [< 
L.OF  pomnm,  fruit;  grana- 
tuni,  with  many  seeds.] 

poxn'mel,  pum'el.  I.  vt. 
[pom'meled  or  pom'- 
jielled;  pom'mel-ing  or 
pom'mel-ling.]  To  beat 
with     something      bulky; 

Eound;  bruise.  II.  n.  A 
nob,  as  at  the  front  of  a 
saddle  or  on  the  hilt  of  a 
eword;  the  butt  of  a  fire- 
arm. [  <  OF.  pomel,  knob.] 
pum^mel^. 
po-mol'o-gy,  po-mel'o-^i, 
n.  The  science  of  fruits 
and  fruit»culture.  [<  L. 
pomuni,  fruit,  -f  -ology.] 
po'ini-cul'^turet. 
—  po'"ino-Iog'ic-al,  o. 
po-inoPo-Rist,  " 


Branch  of  Pome- 
granate. 

a,  flowers;  h,  the 
fruit;  c,  cross-section 
of  the  fniit. 


pomp,  pemp,  n.  Magnificent  or  ostentatious 
display.    [<  Gr.i'+*'  /jom;;?,  a  sending,  pomp.] 

—  pom'pous,  a.  Ostentatious;  pretentious; 
magnificent.— pom-pos'i-ty,  n.  pom^pous- 
iiesst.- poni'pou8-ly,  adv. 

pond,  pend,  n.  A  body  of  still  water,  smaller 
than  a  lake.     [<  pound^,  n.'] 

pon'der,  pen'dgr,  v.  I.  t.  To  weigh  in  the 
mind;  consider  thoughtfully.  II.  i.  To  re- 
fiect;  meditate.  [<  L.  pondero,  <  pondns 
(»onc?er-),  weight,  <  pendo,  weigh.] —pon'- 
aer-a-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  weighed.— 
pon'der-er,  «.— pon'^der-os'i-ty,  n.  The 
state  of  being  ponderous. —  poii'der-ous,  a. 
1.  Having  weight;  unusually  forcible;  also,  huge; 
bulky,  "i.  Heavy  to  the  extent  of  dulness;  lum- 
bering; labored. 

pon-'iard,  pen'yard,  n.  A  small  dagger,  es- 
])ecially  one  with  a  slender  triangular  or  square 
blade.  See  illus.  on  next  page.  [<  F.poign- 
ard,  <  ]K)ing,  fist.] 

pon'tiff,  pen'tif,  n.  1.  The  Pope;  also,  any 
bishop.  2.  A  high  priest.  [<  1..^  pontifex, 
chief  priest,  lit.  Dridge>maker.]  —  pon-tiPic, 
a.— pon-tiric-al.  I,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ap- 
propriate fer  a  pontiff.  II.  «.  1.  A  book  con- 
taining the  services  conducted  by  a  bishop.  2. 
pi.  The  insignia,  etc.,  of  a  pontiff.—  pon-tif  ic- 
al-ly,  adv.—  pon-tiPi-cate,  n.  The  office  of 
a  pontiff  or  pope;  also,  a  pope's  term  of  office. 


flutlOre    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k):    cliat;   dh   (the);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


pontoon 
portal 


348 


pon-toon',  pen-tun',  n.  A  flat=b()ttomed  boat, 
used  as  part  of  a  floating  bridge;  also,  a  bridge 
i^o  supported.  (<  L.*"  7W«/o(n-),  transport,  < 
j)on{t-)s,  bridge.]    pon-ton'f. 

po'ny,  pO'ni,  n.  [po'NIEs^79/.]  1. 
A  very  small  horse.  2.  [College 
Slang.]  A  translation  used  in  the 
preparation  of  lessons.  [<  Gael. 
ponaidh,  pony.] 

poo'dl(e,  pu'dl,  n.  One  of  a  breed 
of  curlyhaired  dogs.  [<  LG. 
jmdel.] 

pooh,  pQ  07*  pu,  interj.  Bah!  fob! 
expressing  disdain.  [Cp.  Ice.  ^>?7, 
pooh.]    poll:!:. 

pooh'spooli'',  pu'«pfi",  vt.  &  vi. 
To  reject  or  decry  contemptuously; 
speak  eneeringly. 

pool,  pul,  V.  I.  t.  To  put  into  a 
common  fund  to  be  shared.  II.  i. 
To  form  a  pool. 

pooli ,  n.  A  small  collection  of  water 
or  other  liquid.      [<  AS.  pol,  <  Ir.  jyoll,  hole.] 

pool^,  71.  1.  A  collective  stake  m  a  gam- 
bling game.  2.  A  combination  formed  for  a 
speculative  operation.  3.  A  game  played  on 
a  six'pocket  billiard  table.     [<  F.  poule.] 

poop,  pup,  n.  A  short  deck  buiit  over  the  after 
part  of  the  deck  of  a  vessel.  [<  L.^  pitppis, 
stern  of  a  ship.] 

poor,  pQr,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  property;  indi- 
gent. 2.  Lacking  good  or  valuable  qualities. 
3.  Deserving  of  pity;  unhappy.  4.  Miser- 
able; paltry,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

pop,  pep.  l.vt.&vi.  [poppEDt;pop'piNG.]  1. 
To  thrust  or  put  suddenly.  2.  To  issue  or  ex- 
plode with  a  pop.  II.  n.  A  sharp,  explosive 
noise.    III.  adv.    Unexpectedly.    [Imitative.] 

pope,  pop,  n.  1.  TheBisnopof  Rome,  supreme 
pontiff  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  2. 
Any  priest  of  the  Greek  Church.    [  <  AS.  papa, 


dom. 


<  LL.  papa,  <  Gr.  papas,  father.]  —  pope'- 

i.    ' 
or  popery.— po'pisli-ly,  adv. 


po'per-y, 

ollc  Church.—  po 


he  office  or  dominion  of  a  pope.— 
n.    The  religion  of  the  Roman  Cath- 


isli,  a.    Pertaining  to  popes 


pop'jgun'',  pep'-gun',  n.    A  toy  gun. 

pop'in-jay,  pep'in-je,  «.  1.  A  coxcomb.  2. 
The  figure  of  a  olrd,  formerly  used  as  a  mark. 
3.  A  parrot.     [<  Gr. ov  j)apa(/aK,  parrot.] 

pop'lar,  pep'lar,  «.  A  tree  of  several  species, 
of  rapid  growth,  and  having  soft  wood;  also, 
its  wood.     [<  Jj.popnlus,  i)oplar.l 

pop'lin,  pep'lin,  n.  A  dress-goods  of  ribbed, 
lustrous  texture.     [<  F.  ]X)j)eH/ie,  \)o\il'm.] 

pop'py ,  pep'i,  n.  [pop'pies*,  pi.]  A  plant  with 
showy  flowers  and  a  white  juice  that  abounds 
in  opium.  [<AH.]x>pi{/,  <  L.;;</;«<vv;',  poppy.] 

pop'U-lace,  pep'yu-les,  «.  The  body  of  the 
common  iMJople;  the  masses:  invidiously,  the 
rabble.     [F.,  <  L.  ])0]ndu«,  people.] 

pop''u-lar,  pep'yu-lar,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  people  at  large.  2.  Widely  trusted  or  ad- 
mired. 3.  Suitable  to  the  common  people.  4. 
I*revalent  among  the  people.  [<  L.  jmpidarh, 
<  ixmidns,  iHiople.]  —  pop^ii-lar^l-ty,  n.  The 
condition  of  being  popular. —  pop'ti-lnr-iz(>, 
vt.  [-IZED;  -I'ziNO.l  To  maKe  popularly  ac- 
ceptable.—pop^u-lar^ly,  adv. 

pop'u-late,  pep'yu-16t,  v.      [-la'ted'';  -i.a"- 


TiN(i.]  I.  /.  To  furnish  with  inhabitants. 
II.  i.  To  propagate;  breed.  [<  Tu.^^  popii- 
liis,  people.]  —  pop'^u-la'tion,  9>.  1.  The 
whole  number  of  a  people.  2.  Ttic  multiplying 
of  fhhabitants.- pop'ii-loiiH,  ".  <  oniaiiiing 
many  inhabitants. 

poi'>,  prefix.  A  form  of  pko-;  as,  ;;ortencl;  jaor- 
tent.    I  <  L.  po7--  for  pro-;  see  pro-.  ] 

porce'lain,  pers'len,  n.  A  translucent  kind 
of  potter}' ;  chinaware.  [<  OF .  jwrcdaine ,  < 
It.  porcellana,  porcelain.] 

porch,  porch,  n.  1.  A  covered  structure  form- 
ing an  entrance  to  a  building.  2.  A  veranda. 
[Kl-.^porficKS,  <  iMv fa,  door.] 

por'cinte,  pSr'sin,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  swine.  [  <  L.  jxn'ciftvs,  <]x»"cus,  hog.] 

por'cu-pine,  per'kiu-pain,  n.  A  large  rodent, 
having     erectile. 


ing 


quill'like  spmes. 
[<  OF.  jxyrc  espin; 
pore,  hog;  espin., 
thorn.] 
pore,  por,  vi. 
[pored;  por'ing.] 
To  gaze  or  ponder 
with  close  and  con- 
tinued application. 


Porcupine 


pore,  n.  A  small  orifice,  especially  a  minute 
perforation  in  a  membrane  or  tissue.     [F.] 

—  po-ros'i-ty,  «.  1.  The  property  of  being 
porous,  tj.  A  pore.— por'ous,  o.  Having 
pores,     -ly,  adv.    -nesH,  n. 

pork,  pOrk,  n.  1.  The  flesh  of  swine  used  as 
food.  2 i!.  A  swine  or  swine  collectively.  [< 
OF.  jioi'c,  <  L.  ;;o;r?/«,  hog.]  — pork'er,  7?.  A 
pig  or  hog.—  i»ork'y,  a.    Pork  like. 

por'phy-ry,  pSr'fi-ri,  n.  [-ries»,  »/.]  An 
igneous  rock  enclosing  crystals  of  feldspar. 
[<  Gr.  porpfiyritPs,  <  porphyra,  purple.] 

por'poise,  pSr'pus,  n.  A  pig»like  aquatic 
mammal ;  a  dolphin.  [  <  OF.  jwrpois,  lit. '  hog- 
fish.'] 

por'ridge,  per'ij,  n.  1.  A  food  made  by 
boiling  meal  or  flour  in  water  or  milk.  2.  A 
broth  or  stew  of  meal  or  vegetables.  [  <  LL.*^*" 
jx)rrata,  leek»broth,  <  L.  ^x>;7'w»?.  leek.] 

—  por'riu-irer,  n.  A  small  dish,  having 
straight  sides,  and  sometimes  ears. 

port*,  n.  A  harbor  or  haven.  [<  AS.  port.,  < 
lj.j)ortv8,  harbor.] 

port^,  n.  1.  An  opening  in  the  side  of  a  ship. 
2.  A  gate,  portal,  door,  or  other  entrance.  [< 
AS.  port,  <  L.  ]X>rfa,  gate,  door.] 

port^,  n.  The  left  side  of  a  vessel  as  one  looks 
from  stern  to  bow ;  formerly  called  larboard. 

port*,  n.  The  way  in  which  one  bears  or  car- 
ries himself;  mien.     [F.,  <  jx/rter,  carry.] 

port*,  71.  A  class  of  wines,  rich  in  alcohol.  [< 
Pg.  ()jH)rto  (city  in  Portugal).] 

port'a-blCe,  pOrt'a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  readily 
carried  or  moved.  [<  L.^^  j^yrto,  carry.]  — 
purf'n-bl(e-iieMM,  «.  port"a-blI'l-ty$. 
—  port'a-bly,  adr. 

port'age,  i^Ort'gj,  71.  1.  The  act  of  transport- 
ing, especially  from  one  navigable  water  to 
another.  2.  The  place  of  such  transportation, 
or  that  which  is  transported.  fF.,  <  LL.  por- 
faficii/n,  carriage,  <  L.  ])orto,  carry.] 

por'tal,  pOr'tal,  7).  A  passage  for  entrance; 
entranceway.    [OF.,  <  L.^  porta,  gate.] 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  thfey,  usege;  It,  g,  i  (»h>);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


349 


portcullis 
postern 


port-cul'lis,  pOrt-ctjl'is,  n.    A  grating  that 
can  be  let  down  suddenly  to  close 
the  portal  of  a  fortified  place.    [  < 
OF.  ports,  gate;  coulisse,  f.  s.  of 
coiilis,  sliding.] 

Porte,  port,  n.  The  Ottoman  or 
Turkish  government.     [F.] 

porte'mon-naie",  port'mQn- 
ne",  n.  A  pocketbook  for  money; 
a  small  purse.  [<  F.  porter, 
carry,  -|-  tnonnaie,  money.] 

p or- tend''',  pOr-ttmd',  xt.  To  in- 
dicate as  about  to  happen;  pre- 
sage.     [<  L.  ^>or/e«(/o,  foretell  ] 

—  por-teiit',  por-tent'  or  por'- 
tent,  n.    Anything  that  portends    Portcullis 
what  Is  to  happen.— por-tent'- 

ous,  a.  Full  of  portents  of  ill;  ominous.—  por- 
teiit'oii8-ly,  ar/r.- por-tent'oiis-ncss,  n. 

por'teri,  pOr'ter,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  handle  travelers'  luggage,  etc.  [<  F.  i)or- 
teur,  <  L.  i)orto,  carry.]  —  por'ter-ajje,  n. 
The  business  of  a  porter;  cost  of  carriage. 

por'ter^,  n.  A  keeper  of  a  door  or  gate.  [< 
F.  /xji'fier,  <  L.  jx>rta,  door.] 

por'ter^,  n.  A  very  dark  brown  malt  liquor 
resembling  ale.     [<  porterI,  n.] 

port-fo'li-o,  pOrt-fO'li-O,  n.  1.  A  portable 
case  for  holding  drawings,  etc.  2.  The  oftice 
of  a  cabinet  minister.  [<  Ijfiv porto,  carry,  -|- 
fol'vitti,  leaf.]  [side. 

port'sliole'',  n.    A  small  opening  in  a  ship's 

por'ti-co,  pOr'ti-co,  n.  [-coes»  or  -cos^, ;?/.] 
An  open  space  with  roof  supported  by  columns; 
a  porch.     [It.] 

por''ti6re',  por'tiar',  n.  A  curtain,  or  the  like, 
for  use  in  a  doorway.     [F.] 

por'tion,  pOr'shun.  I.  vt.  1.  To  divide  into 
shares  for  distribution.  2.  To  endow  with  a 
portion.  II.  n.  1.  A  part  of  a  whole.  2. 
An  allotment;  a  share.  3.  The  part  of  an 
estate  coming  to  an  heir.  4.  A  wife's  dowry. 
5.  One's  fortune  or  destiny.  [J\,  <  L.  por- 
iio{nA,  portion.]  —  por'tion-less,  a.  Having 
no  portion. 

port'ly,  port'li,  a.  Of  a  full  habit;  somewhat 
stout. —  port'li-ne.M8,  n. 

port-man'teau,  port-man'to,  n.  A  case  for 
carrying  clothing,  etc.,  behind  a  saddle;  also, 
a  hand'bag  or  satchel.  [<  F.  portemanteau, 
<  porter,  carry,  -|-  manteau,  mantle.] 

por'trait,  pnr'tret,  n.  A  likeness  of  an  in- 
dividual. [F.]  —  por'trai-ture,  pOr'tre-chur 
or -tinr,  M.  1.  A  representation  of  an  object. 
ti.  Tlie  act  or  part  of  portraying. 

por-tray',  pOr-tre',  vt.  To  represent  naturally 
and  vividly.     [<  Jj  J  protraho,  draw  forth.] 

—  por-tray'al,  n.    The  act  of  portraying. 
por'tress,   pOr'tres,  n.     A  female  porter  or 

doorkeeper. 

Por"tu-guese',  p0r"chu-gt8',  n.  1.  A  native 
of  Portugal;  collectively,  the  people  of  Por- 
tugal.    2.  The  language  of  Portugal. 

pose',  pOz,  vt.  &  vi.  [posed;  po'sing.]  1.  To 
l)ut  into  or  take  an  attitude.  2.  To  state  as  a 
l)roposition.  [<  F.  poser,  put,  <  LL.  pauso,  < 
L.  pauso,  cease.] 

pose'^,  vt.  [posed;  po'sing.]  To  puzzle  by 
hard  to  answer.  [Short 
1 .  A  puzzling  ques- 
tion,   ti.  An  examiner. 


propounding  a  question 
for  oppose.]  — po'ser,  / 


pose,  n.  An  attitude  or  posture  to  be  copied 
in  a  portrait  or  statue. 

po-si'tion,  po-sish'un,  n.  1.  The  manner  in 
which  a  thing  is  placed;  also,  the  place  where 
it  is  situated.  2.  Disposition  of  the  parts  of 
the  body.  3.  Sphere  of  influence  or  duty.  [F., 
<  L.  ))ositio{?i-),  <  positus,  pp.  of  pono,  place.] 

pos'i-tiv(e,  pez'i-tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Real;  actual; 
existing.  2.  Openly  and  plainly  expressed. 
3.  Not  admitting  of  doubt  or  denial.  4.  Free 
from  doubt  or  hesitation;  confident;  decided: 
said  of  persons.  II.  ?i.  That  which  is  ca- 
pable of  being  directly  and  certainly  affirmed. 
[  <  \j.'^^ ix}sitimis,<ix)situs,  pp.  of  pono,  place.  | 

pos-sess",  p§z-zes'  or  pgs-ses',  vt.  1.  To 
have  the  ownership  and  enjoyment  of.  2.  To 
put  in  ownership  or  control.  3.  To  take.  4. 
To  dominate.  5.  To  imbue  or  impress  thor- 
oughly. [<  h.  possessus,  pp.  of  possideo,  pos- 
sess.] —  pos-ses'sion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pos- 
sessing. 2.  That  which  one  possesses  or  owns; 
lience,  property;  wealth.— po8-sess'iv(e.  1. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  expressive  of  possession. 
II.  M.  1.  The  possessive  case.  ij.  A  possessive 
pronoim.— possessive  case,  the  case  of  the 
noun  or  pronoun  that  denotes  possession,  origin, 
or  the  like.—  pos-scss'or,  n. 

pos'si-bl(e,  pes'i-bl,  a.  That  may  be  true  in 
some  contingency;  imaginably  true.  [OF.,  < 
h.possibilis,  <  posse,  be  able.]  —  pos'^si-biPi- 
ty,  n.  [-TIES*,  pl.^  1 .  The  fact  of  being  pos- 
sible.    *2.  A  possible  thing.— pos'si-bly,  arfw. 

posti'',  post,  vt.  1.  To  put  up  in  some  public 
place;  placard.    2.  To  fasten  posters  upon. 

posted,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  assign  to  a  post.  2. 
To  place  in  the  post»offlce.  3.  In  bookkeep- 
ing, to  transfer  (items  or  accounts)  to  the 
ledger.  4.  To  despatch.  II.  i.  To  travel  with 
post'horses;  hasten. 

post^  n.  An  upright  piece  of  timber  or  other 
material  used  as  a  support,  as  in  a  building. 
[<  AS.  jJOst,  post,  stake.] 

post^,  «.  1.  A  fixed  place  or  station.  2,  An 
office  or  employment.  3.  An  established 
system,  as  for  transporting  the  mails.  4.  A 
postman;  messenger.  [<  F.  poste,  post,  sta- 
tion.]— post'schaise'',  fi.  A  traveling»carriage. 

post-,  prefix.  Behind  or  after:  opposed  to  a7ite-. 
[<  L.  post;  <  post,  after.]  — post'^di-lu'vi- 
an,  71.    One  living  after  the  deluge. 

post'age,  pOst'ej,  n.  1.  The  charge  levied  on 
mail=matter.    2T  The  act  of  going  by  post. 

— post'agesstamp'',   n,     A  small  printed 
label  in  payment  of  postage. 

post'al,  fjOst'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mails  or 
mail'service. — postal  card,  a  card  bearing  a 
government  stamp  for  carrying  a  written  or 
printed  message  through  the  mails. 

posVer*,  pOst'gr,  ?i.  1.  An  advertising  sheet 
for  posting  on  a  wall.     2.  A  bill-poster. 

post'er^,  n.  1.  One  who  travels  post.  2.  A 
post-horse. 

pos-te'ri-or,  pes-ti'ri-§r.  I.  a.  1.  Situated 
behind.  2.  Coming  after  another;  later.  II. 
n.  The  hinder  part;  (pi.)  the  buttocks.  [<  L. 
])OsteHor,  compar.  of  posterns,  following.]  — 
pos-ter'i-ty,  n.  The  descendants  of  a  progeni- 
tor; succeeding  generations  taken  collectively. 

pos'tern,  pOs'tgrn,  n.  Aback  gate  or  door;  a 
private  entrance,  especially  a  small  gate  beside 
a  large  one  in  a  fortified  place.  See  illus.  on  next 
page.  [<V. posterne, < L. posterns, posterior.] 


fldtiare  (future);    atele;    qu   (owt);    ell;   c  (k);   chat;    41l  (^Ae);    go;  sing,   inft;   |l|in, 


post-haste 
pounce 


350 


posf'shaste',  pOst'-hest'.  I.  a.  Done  with 
ispeed;  instant.    U.  adv.    With  utmost  speed. 

pos'tliu-inous,  pes'tiu-mus  or 
pes'chu-mus,  a.  1.  Born  after 
the  father's  death:  said  of  a 
child.  2.  Published  after  the 
death  of  the  author,  as  a  book. 
[<  L.  postnmus,  superl.  of  pos- 
fertfs,  following.] 

pos-tirion,  pos-til'yun,  n.  A 
rider  of  one  of  the  near  horses 
of  a  team  drawing  a  vehicle. 
[<  F.  postilion,  <  poste;  see 
posT^,  n.'] 

post'man,  n.  A  letter»carrier; 
niail=carrier. 

posfmark'''.  I',  vt.  To  put 
a  postmark  on.  II.  n.  The 
stamp  of  a  post'Otllce  on  mail»matter. 

posfmas^ter,  n.  An  official  having  charge 
of  a  post=olhce. 

post"ine-rid''i-an,  pOst"me-rid'i-an,  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  afternoon:  abbreviated  j'^.  m. 

post-mor^tem,  pOst^mer'tem,  a.  &  n.  After 
death;  as,  & post'nwrtem  examination;  to  hold 
a  post'rnortein.     [L.] 

post'sofflce,  pOst'^of'is,  n.  An  office  for  the 
receipt,  transmission,  and  delivery  of  mails; 
also,  the  postal  service. 

post'=paid'',  a.    Having  postage  prepaid. 

post-pone',    post-pon',    vt.      [post-poned'; 
post-po'ning.]     To  defer  to  a  future  or  later 
time.     [<  1j.  post,  after,  -{-pono,  place.] 
—  post-pone'ment,  ti. 

post^script,  pOst'script,  n.  A  supplemental 
addition  to  a  written  or  printed  document :  ab- 
breviated F.  S.  [<  L.  post,  after,  +  scribo, 
write.] 

pos'tu-late.  1.  vt.  To  assume  as  self  ^evident. 
II.  n.  A  position  claimed  as  well  known  or 
self-evident,     [<  L.  postulo,  demand.] 

pos'ture,  pes'chur  or  -tj^r.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[pos'tureu  ;  pos'tur-ing.]  To  place  in  or  as- 
sume a  posture;  pose.  II.  n.  1.  The  visible 
disposition  of  the  parts  of  a  thing;  position  of 
the  body;  attitude.    2.  Mental  attitude.     [F.] 

po'sy,  pO'zi,  n.  [po'sies^,  ^^.]  1.  A  bunch  of 
flowers,  or  a  single  flower.  2.  A  brief  inscrip- 
tion or  motto.     [Contr.  of  poesy.] 

pot,  pet,  V.  [pot'ted'';  pot'ting.]  I.  ^  1.  To 
cook  in  a  pot.  2.  To  plant  in  pots  of  earth. 
3.  To  preserve,  as  meats,  in  pots.  II.  i.  1. 
To  shoot.    2.  To  tipple. 

pot,  n.  1.  A  round  vessel  for  culinary  and  other 
purposes,  chiefly  domestic.  2.  A  metal  drink- 
mg'Cup;  mug.  3.  The  contents  of  a  pot.  [< 
AS.  pott,  <  iT.pota,  pot.]  -  pot'hook'', ;/.  1 . 
A  bent  piece  or  Iron  for  llftliiK  or  holding  pots. 
*i.  An  old»tlme  curved  mark  or  I'lenu'iitarv 
stroke  In  teaching?  penmanship.— pot'slioiiHc'', 
n.  An  ale-house;  tlppllnK-house.— pot=Iiirk,  ;/. 
Whatever  may  chance  to  he  In  the  pot  to  eat ; 
hence,  a  meal  not  prepared  for  guests.—  pot'» 
nhertl'\  n.    A  broken  bit  of  crockery. 

po'ta-bl(e,  pO'ta-bl.  I.  a.  Suitable  for  drink- 
ing: said  of  water.  II.  w.  Something  drink- 
able; a  drink.  [F.,  <  L.  potabilis,  <  jxtto, 
drink.]  —  po-ta'tlon,  v.  I.  The  act  of  drink- 
ing; a  beveraRe.    •2.  A  drlnklnR«bout. 

poVasli'',  pet' ash",  n.  1 .  A  white,  solid,  caustic. 


alkaline  compound.  2.  The  liquid  obtained  by 
leaching  the  ashes  of  plants;  lye.  [<  pot,  n., 
+  ash2,  «.]  [metallic  element. 

po-tas'si-um,  po-tas'i-um,  n.    A  bluish=white 


po-ta'to,  po-te'to,  n 
the  edible  farina- 
ceous tubers  of  a 
plant  of  the  night- 
shade family;  also, 
the  plant.  2.  One  of 
the  sweetish,  edible, 
spindlc'shaped  roots 
of  a  creeping  vine; 
the  sweet  potato.  [  < 
Haytian*5p  batata, 
sweet  potato.] 

portent,  pO'tgnt,  a. 
Physically  or  moral- 
ly powerful;  effect- 
ive; convincing; 
controlling.  [<  L. 
poten{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
possum,  be  able.] 
ly,  adv.    .ness,  7i 


[-TOES^,  pi.]    1.  One  of 


Common  Potato  as  it 
grows. 

po'teii-cy,  rt.    1.  In- 


herent ability.  2.  Authority.  3.  Power  to  In- 
fluence.—po'ten-tate,  n.  One  having  great 
power  or  sway;  a  sovereign.  [<  F.  potefitat.]  — 
po-teii^tial.  I.  a.  1.  Possible,  but  not  actual. 
ii.  Having  capacity  for  existence,  but  not  yet  ex- 
isting. 3.  Gram.  Indicating  possibility  or  power. 
II.  n.  1.  Anything  that  may  be  possible.  2. 
Gram.  The  potential  mode.  3.  Phys.  Sci.  A  con- 
dition at  a  point  by  which  something  at  that  point 
would  possess  effective  power.  —  potential 
mode,  the  verb  phrase  made  up  by  means  of  the 
auxiliaries  may,  can.  could,  must,  fifiould,  icorild, 
with  an  infinitive,  and  expressing  power  or  pos- 
sibility.— po-ten''ti-al'i-t5',  n. 

potll'er,  pedh'er.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  harass  and 
perplex;  worry;  make  a  fuss.  II.  n.  Bustle 
or  tuss.     [Freq.  <  AS,  potian,  push.] 

portion,  pO'shun,  n.  A  draft,  as  of  liquid 
medicine.     [F.,  <  L.  potio(n-),  <  pofo,  drink.] 

pot'tage,  pet'gj,  n.  A  thick  broth  or  stew;  a 
porridge.     [<F.potag€,  <  pot,  pot.] 

pot'ter,  pet'gr,  vi.  1.  To  work  loiteringly  or 
inefficiently.  2.  To  walk  feebly.  [Freq.  < 
AS.  potian,  push.] 

pot'ter,  n.  1.  One  who  makes  earthenware 
or  porcelain.    2.  One  who  pots  meats,  etc. 

—  pot'ter-y,  ?i.  1-ie8«,  pi.]  1.  A  factory 
where  potters'  ware  Is  made,  tj.  The  manufac- 
ture of  earthenware  or  porcelain.  3.  Clay  ware 
molded  and  hardened. 

poucll',  pauch,  V.  I.  ^  1.  To  pocket;  hence, 
to  swallow.  2.  To  supply  with  money.  3.  To 
gather  up,  as  the  mouth  "of  a  sack.  11.  i.  To 
take  on  a  sack  shape. 

pouch,  n.  1.  A  small  bag  or  sack.  2.  Anat. 
&  Zod.  A  sac»like  part;  a  marsupium.  [<  OF. 
poche,  pouch.]  [try. 

poul'ter-er,  portgr-^^r,  /i.    A  dealer  in  poul- 

pourtice,  pol'tis.  l.vt.  [ticed'; -ti-cing.] 
To  cover  with  a  poultice,  II.  n.  A  mollifying 
remedy  of  a  moist,  mealy  nature,  applied  to 
inflamed  surfaces,     [<  L.  pul{t-)s,  porridge.] 

poul'try,  pol'tri,  n.  Domestic  fowls,  as  hens, 
ducks,  etc.    [  <  OF.  pouleterie,  <  pouM,  fowl.] 

pounce,  pauns,  v.  [pottnced«;  poun'cing.j 
l.t.  1.  To  make  holes  in;  perforate.  2.  To 
attack  suddenly,  II.  i.  To  make  a  sudden 
seizure;  spring,    [Var,  of  rrNCH^  v.] 


papa,  ^sk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfKc;  It,  J,  i  (ee^;  o,  oh:  ©rater,  er:  full,  rule:  but,  or; 


351 


pounce 
preach 


pounce^  pauns,  «.  1.  The  act  of  pouncing. 
2.  A  talon;  claw. 

pounce^,?;,.  1.  A  powder  formerly  used  to 
absorb  excess  of  ink,  as  on  a  manuscript.  2. 
A  finely  pulverized  substance  used  in  transfer- 
ring designs.    [<  IjJ pumex,  pumice.] 

pound",  paund,  vt.  To  confine  in  a  pound; 
impound;  restrain. 

pounded,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  strike  heavily  and 
repeatedly.  2.  To  break  to  pieces,  or  to  bruise. 
II.  i.  1 .  To  hammer  steadily  and  continuously. 
2.  To  walk  ploddingly.  [MB.  pounen,  <  AS. 
punian,  pound.]  — pound'er,  n. 

pound',  n.  1.  A  variable  unit  of  weight:  the 
avoirdupois  pound  is  16  ounces  of  7,000  grains; 
the  troy  pound,  12  ounces  of  5,760  grains.  2. 
An  English  money  of  account,  worth  about 
^.86:  sign  £.  [ <  AS.  pund,  <  L.jwndo,  pound, 
akin  to  jMndus,  weight.] 

pound^,  n.  A  place  in  which  stray  animals  or 
distrained  goods  are  kept  till  redeemed.  [< 
AS.  pund.'] 

pour,  pOr,  V.    I.  t.    To  cause  to  flow  in  a  con- 
tinuous stream ;  send  forth  profusely.     II.  i. 
To  flow  forth;  fall  or  come  down  profusely; 
diffuse  itself  widely.     [Of  Celtic  origin.] 
—  pour,  n.    A  pouring,  flow,  or  downfall. 

pout**,  paut,  vt.  &  vi.  To  puflf  out,  as  the  lips; 
be  sullen.     [  <  W.  fiwdtt.]  —  pout'er,  n. 

pouts  n.    A  fit  of  sulkiness  or  ill  humor. 

pout^,  n.  One  of  various  fishes  having  a  pout- 
ing appearance. 

pov'er-ty,  pev'gr-ti,  ti.  1.  The  state  of  being 
poor.  2 .  A  lack  of  supply ;  dearth ;  destitution. 
[<  L.  ^''^^  pauper ta{t-)s,  poverty.] 

pow'der,  pau'dgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
become  powder;  put  powder  upon.  II.  n.  A 
collection  of  minute  free  particles  of  dry  sub- 
stance ;  especially,  gunpowder.  [  <  F.  poudre., 
<  L.  pulvis,  powder.]  —  pow'der-y ,  a. 

pO"W'er,  pau'gr,  n.  1.  Strength  manifested  in 
effective  action;  energy;  force.  2.  The  right 
to  exercise  control;  legal  authority.  3.  Any 
agent  that  exercises  power.  4.  An  important 
sovereign  nation.  [<  OF.jxfer,  <  Ij.^^  posse, 
be  able.]  —  pow'  er  •  ful,  a.  Possessing  great 
force;  very  efl3cient;  exercising  great  authority. 

—  pow'er-less,  a. 
prac'ti-ca-bl(e,  prac'ti-ca-bl,  a.    That  can 

be  put  into  practise.— prac''ti-ca-bil''i.ty,  n. 

—  prac'ti-ca-bly,  adv. 
prac'ti-cal,  prac'ti-cal,  a.     1.  Pertaining  to 

actual  experience.  2.  Derived  from  practise. 
3.  Being  such  in  fact  or  effect;  virtual. 

prac'tise,  |  prac'tis,?^.  [prac'tisedS  -ticed'; 

prac'tice,  f  prac'tis-ing, -Ti-ciNG.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  perform  experimentally  or  habitually.  2. 
To  perform  byway  of  training.  3.  To  pursue 
regularly,  as  a  profession.  II.  i.  1.  To  ex- 
ercise oneself  with  or  about  something  for 
amusement  or  training.  2.  To  pursue  a  pro- 
fession or  calling.  [<  Gr.LL+oF  praktikos, 
practical,  <  prasso,  do.]  —  prac-ti'tioii-er,  n. 
One  who  practises  an  art  or  profession. 

prac'tise,  (  n.     1.  Any  customary  action  or 

prac'tice,  f  proceeding;  regular  prosecution  of 
a  profession;  frequent  and  repeated  exercise  in 
any  matter.  2.  The  doing  or  accomplishing 
of  something  thought  of  or  planned. 

prsB-,  prefix.    1.  Same  as  pre-,  before.    '■Z.  An 


element  in  many  words  now  preferably  spelled 
PBE-  (which  see). 

pragr-mat'ic,  prag-mat'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  accomplisliment  of  business,  especially  of 
state  affairs.  [<  Gr.  prag?naiikos,  vereed  in 
affairs.] —prag-mat'ic-al,  a.  Inclined  to  be 
ofllclous  or  meddlesome;  self-important;  busy. 

prai'rie,  pre'ri,  n.  A  tract  of  treeless  land 
covered  with  coarse  grass.  [F.]  —  prai'  ries 
chick^'en,  n.  The  pinnated  grouse  of  North- 
American  prairies,  prai'- 
riesgrouse'^t;  prai'- 
riesheii^t.— p.sdojf,  n. 
A  marmot  of  the  plains  of 
North  America,  p.sinar- 
mott.— p.swolf,  ?t.  The 
coyote. 

praise,  prez.  I.  vt. 
[praised;  prais'ing.] 
To  express  approval  or 
adoration  of.  II.  n. 
1.  Commendation  ex-  Prairie-chicken,  i/o, 
pressed;  applause.  2. 
Thanksgiving  for  blessings  conferred;  lauda- 
tion to  the  Deity.  3.  The  object,  ground, 
reason,  or  subject  of  praise.  [<  OF.  praisiei\ 
<  LL.  pretio,  prize,  <  L.  pretium,  price.] 
— prai8e'v»'or''thy,  a. 

prance,  prgns,  vi.  [pranced*;  pran'cing.] 
1.  To  move  proudly  with  high  steps.  2.  To 
ride  in  a  capering  manner. 

prank,  prank.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  decorate 
gaudily;  make  a  gaudy  show.  II.  ti.  A  mis- 
chievous or  frolicsome  act. 

prate,  pret.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [pra'ted'';  pra'- 
TiNG.]  To  talk  about  vainly;  be  foolishly  lo- 
quacious. II.  n.  Idle  talk;  prattle.  [<MD. 
prater),  prate.] 

prat'tle,  prat'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [prat'tled; 
prat'tling.]  To  utter  in  a  simple  or  childish 
way;  talk  artlessly;  prate.  II.  v.  Childish 
talk.     [Freq.  of  prate,  v.]  —  pral'tler,  n. 

prawn,  pren,  n. 
common  in  Great 
Britain.  [<  L. 
jjerna,  sea^mus- 
sel.] 

pray,  pre,  v.  I. 
t.  1.  To  address 
devoutly  or  ear- 
nestly, as  God.  2. 
To  ask  for  form- 
ally. II.  i.  To  make  pious  invocation  of  the  Su- 
preme Being.    [<  OF.  j)7aier, <  L. precor,  ask.] 

prayer,  prar  or  pra'sr,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  offering 
reverent  petitions,  especially  to  God.  2.  The 
act  of  beseeching  earnestly.  3.  A  form  of 
words  appropriate  to  prayer.  4.  A  memorial 
or  petition.—  prayer' shook'',  n.  A  book  of 
ritual  prescribed  for  conducting  divine  service. 

pre-,  prefix.  Before,  as  in  time,  place,  or  rank. 
[<  LL.  pre-,  L.  prae-,  <  prae,  before.] 

Pre-  18  a  constituent  of  various  nouns,  adjec- 
tives, and  verbs,  self^explalulng  in  connection 
with  their  second  elements.  In  the  sense  of  "be- 
fore In  time;  in  advance;  prior;  fore-";  as,p/'een- 
gage,  to  engage  beforehand. 

preach',  prTch,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  deliver,  as  a 
sermon.  2.  To  advocate  after  the  manner  of 
a  preacher.  II.  i.  To  discourse  publicly  on 
a  text  of  Scripture  or  a  religious  topic.  [<  L,o^ 
praedico,  proclaim.]  —  preach'er,  n. 


A  shiimp^like  crustacean, 


fiutiure  (future);    atsle;   au   (pul)\    ail;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  {the)\    go;  sing,   ink;  thin, 


preamble 
preface 


352 


pre'ain''bl(e,  pri'am'bl,  n.  A  statement  ex- 
planatory of  what  follows.  [<  LL.  praeam- 
hiUo,  walk  before.] 

pre-ca'ri-ous,  pr§-ke'ri-u8,  a.  1.  Subject 
to  continued  risk;  uncertain.  2.  Subject  or 
leading  to  danger.  3.  Not  firmly  established. 
[  <  L.  precarius,  obtained  by  entreaty.] 

pre-cau'tion,  pr§-ce'shun,  n.  1.  Prudent 
forethought.  2.  A  provision  made  for  some 
emergency.  [OF.,  <  LM'prse,  before,  +  caveo, 
avoid!]  —  pre-cau'tion-ary,  a.  pre-cau'- 
tion-aU. 

pre-cede',  pr§-std',  v.  [pbe-ce'dbd<i;  pre- 
ce'ding.]      I.  t.      1.    To  go  in  advance  of. 

2.  To  occur  or  exist  before.  II.  i.  1.  To 
go  or  walk  before  some  one  else.  2.  To 
happen  first.  [<  L.of  /)ra?,  before,  +  cedo, 
go.] — pre-ce'dence ,  pr§-8i'dgns,  n.  The 
act  or  right  of  preceding,    pre-ce'den-cyt. 

—  pre-ce'dent,  a.  -ly,  adv.  —  prec/e- 
dent,  pres'e-dent,  7i.  1.  Previous  usage  or  es- 
tablished mode  of  procedure.    tJ.  An  antecedent. 

3.  A  judicial  decision  considered  as  furnishing  a 
rule  for  subsequent  decisions.— pre-ces'sion, 
n.    The  act  of  preceding. 

pre'cept,  prl'sept,  n.  A  prescribed  rule  of 
conduct  or  action.  [OF.,  <  L.  praBcipio,  take 
beforehand,  admonish.]  —  pre-cep'tor,  n.    A 

.  teacher;  Instructor.  — pre'''cep-to'ri-al,  a.— 
pre-cep'tress,  n.    A  female  preceptor. 

pre'cinct,  prl'siijct,  n.  1.  A  place  definitely 
marked  off  by  fixed  lines.  2.  A  minor  ter- 
ritorial or  jurisdictiorjal  district.  [KL.prae, 
before,  4-  cingo,  gird.] 

pre'cious,  presh'us,  a.  1.  Highly  priced  or 
prized.  2.  Ironically,  good^for-^nothing.  [< 
L  OF  pretioms,  <  pretium,  price.]     -ly,  adv. 

prec'i-pice,  pres'i-pis,  /i.  1.  A  high  and 
steep  cliff.  2.  The  bnnkof  such  a  cliff;  hence, 
a  perilous  situation.  [OP.,  <  1,.  praecipitium, 
<  j)rseceps,  headlong.] 

pre-cip'1-tate,  pre-sip'i-tet,  v.  [-ta'ted''; 
-TA"TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  throw  down  from  a 
height.  2.  To  urge  onward  rashly;  hasten. 
3.  To  cause  to  fall  or  to  gather  upon  surfaces 
by  condensation.  II.  i.  To  fall  headlong 
from  a  height.     [  <  L.  pi-aeceps,  headlong.] 

pre-cip'i-tate,  prg-sip'i-tetor-tft.  I.  a.  1. 
RuHhing  down  headlong,  or  moving  onward 
hurriedly.  2.  Hasty.  3.  Advanced  prema- 
turely. II.  n.  A  substance  separated  from  a 
solution  by  chemical  or  other  force  not  mechan- 
ical.—pre-cip''I-ta'tion,  pre-sip'i-te'shun,  n. 

—  pre-cip'i-tou8,  pre-alp'l-tus,  a.  1.  Sim- 
ilar to  a  precipice.    2.  Headlong  In  motion. 

pre-cise',  pre-sais',  a.  1.  Strictly  accurate; 
exact.  2.  Noting  or  confined  to  a  certain 
thing.  3.  Scrupulously  observant  of  rule.  [< 
L."*"  prae,  before,  +  caedo,  cut.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ncHH,  «.— pre-cl'slRii,  prf-sizh'an, /*.  One 
who  adheres  punctiliously  to  rules  and  forms.— 
pre-cpHiou,  n.    The  quality  of  being  precise. 

pre-clude',    pre-cind',  rt.     [pRE-cLir'DEi)<>; 
PRK-ci.u'DiNo.J  "l.  To  render  impossible  or 
ineffectual  by  antecedent  action.    2.  To  ex- 
clude.    [  <  L.  prae,  before,  +  cludo,  shut.] 
—  pre-cln'Hion,  m.— pre-clu'Blv(e,   a. 

pre-co'cious,  pre-cO'shus,  a.  Developing 
before  the  natural  season;  unusually  forward; 
premature.  [<  OP,  precoce.,  <  L.  praecox 
{-coe-\  early  ripe.]    -ly,  adv.—  pre-coc'l-ty,  n. 


pre'^con-cert'"*,  prt'cgn-sgrt',  vt.  To  arrange 
in  concert  beforehand. 

pre-cur'sor,  prg-cur'ser,  n.    One  who  or  that 
which  precedes  and  gives  intimation  of  a  com- 
ing event.     [<  !>.  prae,  before,  -{- curiv,  run.] 
—  pre-cur'80-ry,  a. 

pred'a-to-ry,  pred'a-to-ri,  a.  1.  Character- 
ized by  or  undertaken  for  plundering.  2.  Ad- 
dicted to  pillaging,  pre-da'ceous^.  3. 
Constituted  for  living  by  preying  upon  others. 
[<  L.    praedatorius,  <]yr£Edor;  see  prey,  t\] 

pred'^e-ces'sor,  pred"§-ses'9r  or  prl''d§-ses'- 
§r,  n.  One  who  goes  or  has  gone  bef  ore.another 
in  point  of  time.  [ <  L.^*"  prae,  before,  -f  deces- 
sits,  departure.] 

pre-des'ti-nate,  pr§-de8'ti-net,  vt.  [-na"- 
TED'';  -na"ting.]  To  destine  or  decree  be- 
forehand or  from  the  beginning  of  things.  [  <  L. 
prae,  before,  +  desiino,  destine.]  —pre-des"- 
ti-na'ri-an.-  I.  «.  1.  Pertaining  to  predes- 
tination, ii.  Holding  the  doctrine  of  predesti- 
nation. II.  n.  A  believer  In  predestination.— 
pre-de8''ti-na'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pre- 
destinating. '2.  Theforeordlnatlonof  all  things 
by  God,  including  the  future  bhss  or  misery  of 
men.— pre-des'tine,  vt.    To  predestinate. 

pre-dlc'a-ment,  pre-dic'a-ment,  n.  1.  A 
state,  position,  or  condition;  especially,  a  try- 
ing or  amusing  situatimjf  2.  A  class  or  kind 
distinguished  by  definiteinarks.  [OF.,  <  L."- 
2)raB,  before,  -f  dico,  proclaim.] 

pred'i-cate,  pred'i-ket.  I.  vt.  [-ca'ted^; 
-CA'TiNG.]  To  state  as  belonging  to  something. 
II.  71.  The  word  or  words  m -a  sentence  that 
express  what  is  affirmed  or  denied  of  a  subject. 
[<  L.  praedicatus,  pp.  of  p?'aedico:  see  pre- 
dicament.] —  pred'i-ca-bl(e,  a.  That  may 
be  predicated. 

pre-dict''*,  pre-dict',  vt.  To  prophesy;  fore- 
tell; prognosticate.  [<  L.  jyrae,  before,  -{-dico, 
speak.]  — pre-dlc'tioii,  7t.  The  act  of  fore- 
telhng,  or  the  thing  foretold.— pre-dict'or,  n. 

pre'^di-lec'tion,  pri"di-lec'shun,  n.  A  fa- 
vorable i)re})os8ession ;  preference.  [  <  L.  irrae, 
before,  +  diligo,  love.] 

pre-dom'i-nate,  pre-dem'i-net,  ri.  [-na"- 
TED'';  -NA'TiNG.]  To  havc  superior  strength 
or  authority;  prevail;  preponderate.  —  pre- 
doin'i-nant,  pre-dem'1-nant,  a.  Superior  in 
power;  prevailing  over  others.  [  <  L.  prw,  be- 
fore, +  doniinor,  dominate. 1— pre-doiii'i- 
nance,  7^.- pre-dom'i-nant-ly,  od».— pre- 
dom^^i-na'tion,  «. 

pre-em'i-nent,    prl-em'i-ngnt,   a.      1.   Su- 
premely eminent.    2 ." Extraordinary  in  degree. 
[OP.,  <  L.  jtrae,  before,  -f  emineo,  stand  forth.] 
-ly,  a(/r.— pre-em'i-nence,  «. 

pre-empt'*',  pri-empt',  v.  [U.  S.]  1. 1.  To 
secure  the  right  of  preference  in  the  purchase  of 
(public  land).  II.  i.  To  take  up  public  lard 
bv  pn'emi)tion.—  pre-emp'tlon,  n.  The  riglit 
or  act  of  i)r('('niptlng.  t<  L-  pi'SB,  before,  + 
emptiooi-'),  a  buying.] 

pref'ace,  i)ref'ee,  v.  [PREP'ACED';  pref'a- 
(^nq.]  I.  t.  To  o})en  with  a  preliminary 
statement  or  act.  II.  t.  To  write,  speak,  or 
do  something  as  a  preface. 

prerace,  n.  1.  A  brief  explanation  or  address 
to  the  reader  at  the  beginning  of  a  book  or 
other  publication.  2.  Any  introductory  speech, 
writing,  or  act.    [OP.,  <  L.^  pr«fatio{n-),  < 


papfi,  ^sk;  at,  illr;  el^m^nt,  th^y,  iiB^ge;  it,  j,  ■  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «ir;  full.  rSle; 


but,  ^r^ 


353 


prefect 
prerequisite 


prae,  before,  +  for,  speak.]— prePa-to-ry,  a. 

pre'fect,  pri'fect,  n.  1.  Hist.  A  Roman 
governor  or  commander.  2.  The  head  of  a 
French  department.  [OF.,  <  L.  prsefectus, 
prop.  pp.  of  prsefldo,  set  over.]  —  pre'fec-ture, 
n.  The  office,  jurisdiction,  or  province  of  a  pre- 
fect; also,  the  official  building  for  his  use. 

pre-fer',  pre-f^r',  vt.  [pre-ferred';  pre- 
fer'ring.]  '  1.  To  give  precedence  in  the 
mind;  like  better.  2.  To  advance;  nominate; 
appoint.  3.  To  offer  or  proflter.  [<  Ja.jirsB- 
fero,  <  prse,  before,  +  fero,  bear.]  —  prePer-a- 
'bl(e,a.— pref  er-a-bl(e-iie8».».  pref'ei*- 
a-bil'i-tyi.—  prePer-a-biy,  aclr.—  pref- 
er-ence,  ».  The  act  of  preferring,  the  state  of 
being  preferred,  or  that  which  is  preferred.— 
pro-fer'nient,  n.    Advancement;  promotion. 

pre-flx",  prefix',  rt.  To  put  before  or  at  the 
beginning  of  another  thing.  [<  OF.  prejixer, 
<  h.  prse,  before,  -{-Jiffo,  fix.] 

pre'flx,  pri'fix,  n.  That  which  is  prefixed;  a 
significant  syllable  or  particle  used  as  the  first 
element  of  a  word. 

preg'nan-cy,  preg'nan-si,  n.  The  state  of 
being  with  young  or  with  child.—  preg'nant, 
a.    Bearing  yoimg;  fruitful;  prolific.  v 

pre-h.en'si-'blCe,  pr§-hen'si-bl,  a.  Capable 
of  being  apprehended  or  grasped.  [<  l,.j)re- 
hensus,  pp.  of  prehendo,  prendo,  grasp,  seize.] 
—  pre-hen'siKe,  a.  Adapted  for  grasping 
or  holding.— pre-hen'sion,  n.  The  act  of 
laying  bold  of  or  grasping,  physically  or  mentally. 

pre-judge',  prl-juj',  vt.  To  judge  in  advance; 
determine  or  condemn  hastily. 

prej'u-dice,  prej'u-dis.  I.  tt.  [-diced'; 
-Dic-iNG.]  1.  To  imbue  with  prejudice  or 
aversion.  2.  To  impair  or  derogate  from.  II. 
n.  A  judgment  or  opinion  formed  without  due 
examination;  a  premature  or  biased  opinion. 
[OF.,  <  L.  prse,  before, -f- J?/ c??:avm,  judgment.] 
— prej''u-di'cial,  a.  Having  power  or  tend- 
ency to  prejudice. 

prerate,  prel'§t,  n.  One  of  a  higher  order  of 
clergy,  as  a  bishop.  [  <  L.o^  prselatus,  placed 
over.] — prel'a-cy,  prel'a-si,   n.     [-cies^.  jo^.] 

1 .  The  system  of  church  government  by  prelates. 

2.  The  dignity  or  function  of  a  prelate. 
pre-lim'i-na-ry,  pre-lim'i-ng-ri.    I.  a.    An- 
tecedent or  introductory.     II.  n.     [-RIES^2?^.] 
An  initiatory  step;  a  preparatory  act.  [<  pre- 
+  L.  limen  (limin-),  threshold.] 

pre-lude',  pr§-liud'  or  AM',  vt.  &  vi.  [pre- 
lu'ded"!;  pre-lu'ding.]  To  begin  with  a  pre- 
lude; precede  as  a  prelude  or  forerunner.  [< 
L.  prse,  before,  +  ludo,  play.]  —  pre'lu'^der,  /?. 

preclude,  pri'liudor  -liid,  or  prel'yiid,  n.  1. 
An  opening  strain  at  the  beginning  of  a  mu- 
sical composition.  2.  Any  introductory  or 
opening  performance.  3.  That  which  fore- 
shadows a  coming  event. 

pre'^ma-ture',  pri'ma-tiur',  a.  Matured  or 
developed  before  the  natural  period ;  done  be- 
fore the  proper  time;  untimely.  [<  L.  prse, 
before,  +  maturus,  ripe.]  -ly ,  a*^?).— pre^'ma- 
tu'ri-ty,  n.    pre''ina-ture'nes8t. 

pre-med^i-tate,  prg-med'i-tet,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-TA'TED'';  -TA'TiNG.]  To  Tcvolvc  in  the  mind 
beforehand;  design  or  contrive  previously; 
meditate  beforehand.  [<  L.  7?ra?,  before, + 
meditm\  consider.]  —  pre-med''i-ta'tion,  n. 

pre'mi-er,  pri'mi-gr.    I.  a.    First  in  position 


pre-mise',  pre-maiz',  v. 

MI'SING.I     I.  t.-    1.  Tos 


or  order  of  occurrence  or  creation.  II.  n.  A 
prime  minister.     [F.,  first,  chief.] 

[pre-mised';  pre- 
J  I.  t.-  1.  To  say  or  write  as  an  in- 
troductory statement.  2.  To  jiropound  as 
premises.  II.  i.  To  state  premises.  [<  L. 
2)rse,  before,  -|-  mitto,  send.] 

prem'isie,  prem'is,  n.  1.  A  proposition  laid 
down,  that  serves  as  a  ground  for  argument  or 
for  a  conclusion;  a  condition  made.  2.  pi.  A 
distinct  portion  of  real  estate;  land  with  its 
appurtenances. 

pre'mi-um,  prt'mi-um,  n.  1.  A  reward  or 
prize  for  a  superior  performance  or  produc- 
tion. 2.  A  price  paid  for  a  loan,  insurance, 
etc.  3.  The  rate  at  which  stocks,  etc.,  are 
valued  in  excess  of  their  nominal  value.  4.  A 
fee.     [<  h.  prsemivm,  lit.  profit  from  booty.] 

pre^'mo-ni'tion,  prl'mo-nish'un,  n.  A  fore- 
warning; presage;  foreboding.  [OF.,  <  L. 
prse,  before,  -]-  moneo,  warn.]  —  pre-mon'i- 
to-ry,  a.    Giving  or  containing  premonition. 

pre-oc'cu-py,  prg-ec'yu-pai,  vt.  To  occupy 
in  advance;  engage  or  engross,  as  the  mind; 
absorb ;  prepossess;  prejudice.  —  pre  -  oc'^cu- 
pa^'tion,  n.  [ordain. 

pre'^or-dain',    pri'er-den',    vt.      To    fore- 

pre-pare',  pre-par',  v.  [pre-pared';  pre- 
PAR'iNG.]  I.  f.  1.  To  adapt  for  a  particular 
end.  2.  To  provide  with  what  is  appropriate 
or  necessary;  equip.  3.  To  bring  into  a  suit- 
able or  desired  state  of  mind.  II.  i.  1.  To 
make  oneself  ready.  2.  To  get  everything 
ready.  [<  L.  prse,  before,  +  paro,  make 
ready.] — prep'^a-ra'tion,  prep"a-re'shun,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  preparing.  3.  An  act  or  proceed- 
ing designed  to  bring  about  some  event.  3.  The 
fact  of  being  prepared.  4.  Something  made  or 
prepared.—  pre-par'a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Serving 
or  tending  to  prepare.  11.  n.  1 .  That  which  is 
preparatory,  ti.  An  act  of  preparation.—  pre- 
par'a-to-ry,  a.     1 .  Serving  as  a  preparation. 

2.  Occupied  in  preparation.—  pre-par'er,  n. 
pre-pon'der-ate,pr§-pen'dgr-et,t7.  [-a"ted''; 

-A'TiNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  surpass  in  M' eight.  2. 
To  overpower.  II.  i.  To  exceed  in  weight, 
influence,  or  power.  [<  L.  prse,  before,  -{- 
pondero,  weigh.]  —  pre-pon-'der-ant,  a.  Hav- 
ing such  superior  force  as  to  overbalance  some- 
thing else  or  all  other  things  of  a  class.— pre- 
poii'der-ance,  n.    pre-pon'^der-a'tioiit. 

prep'''o-si'tion,  prep''o-zish'un,  n.  The  part 
of  speech  that  denotes  the  relation  of  an  object 
to  an  action  or  thing.  [OF.,  <  L.  prse,  before, 
-f  jwno,  place.]  —  prep''o-si'tion-aI,  a.  Per- 
taining to  prepositions. 

pre'^pos-sess'S  pri"pez-zes'  or  -p§s-ses',  vt. 
1.  To  make  a  first  impression  on,  especially  a 
favorable  impression.  2.  To  take  possession 
of  and  hold  in  advance  of  others.—  pre'^pos- 
sess^iiig,  pa.  Inspiring  a  favorable  opinion 
from  the  beginning.— pre^'pos-ses'si on,  n. 
1.  The  state  of  being  prepossessed.  2.  Prior 
possession. 

pre-pos'ter-ous,  pr§-pes'ter-us,  a.  Contrary 
to  nature,  reason,  or  common  sense.  [<  L. 
prse,  before,  -f  postertis,  following.] 

pre-req.'ui-sit(e,  pre-rec'wi-zit.  I.  a.  Re- 
quired as  an  antecedent  condition ;  necessary 
to  something  that  follows.  II.  n.  A  neces- 
sary antecedent  condition. 


fiutfiire  (future);    aisle;  au  {mi);    ell;  c  (k);  cliat;   dli  (the)',   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


prerogative 
presume 


354 


pre-rog'a-tiv(e,  prg-reg'a-tiv,  n.  An  inde- 
feasible right,  as  of  a  king;  any  cliaracteristic 
privilege  peculiar  to  a  person  or  class.  [  <  L. 
prm,  before,  -\-  rogo,  ask.] 

pre-sage',  pre-sej',  vt.  &  vi.  [pre-saged'; 
pre-sa'ging.]  1.  To  indicate  what  is  to  come; 
portend.  2.  To  have  a  presentiment  of.  3. 
To  foresee.  4.  To  prophesy.  [<  L.  prse, 
before,  +  sagio,  perceive  keenly.] 

pres'age,  pres'gj  or  pri'sgj,  n.  An  indication 
of  something  to  come;  presentiment. 

pres'by-ter,  pres'bi-tgr  or  prez'bi-ter,  n.  1. 
One  of  the  elders  of  a  church.  2.  A  priest. 
3.  A  member  of  a  presbytery.  [<  Gr.  pres- 
byteros,  older;  compar.  of  presbys,,  old.] 

—  pres'"by-te'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
presbvtery.— Pres'^by-te'ri-an,  n.  1.  One 
who  believes  In  the  government  of  the  church 
by  presbyters.  2.  A  member  of  a  Protestant 
ecclesiastical  body  holding  to  the  government  of 
the  church  by  presbyters.— Pres^'by-te'ri- 
an,  a.— Pres'^by-te'ri-an-ism,  «.— pres'- 
by-ter''y,  n.  [-i-Esi,pl.]  1.  A  court  or  con- 
vocation in  the  Presbyterian  church.  '2.  The 
system  of  church  government  by  presbyters.  3. 
The  body  of  elders  in  a  church  or  district. 

pre'science,  pri'shigns,  n.  Knowledge  of 
events  before  they  take  place.—  pre'scient,  a. 
[F.,  <  L.  prse,  before,  +  scio,  know.] 

pre-scribe',  prg-scraib',  v.  [pre-scribed'; 
PRE-scRi'BiNo.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  set  or  lay  down 
authoritatively  for  direction  or  control.  2.  To 
give  directions  for  the  use  of  (a  remedy).  II. 
t.  To  lay  down  laws  or  rules;  give  directions. 
[  <  L.  pras,  before,  -\-  scribo,  write.] 

pre-scrip'tion,  prg-scrip'shun,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  prescribing.  2.  That  which  is  pre- 
scribed. 3.  A  physician's  formula  for  com- 
pounding and  administering  a  medicine.  4. 
Title  obtained  in  law  by  long  possession.  [F., 
<  L.  pi'xscHptioir)-),  precept.]  —  pre-scrip'- 
tivCe,  a.    Sanctioned  by  custom  or  long  use. 

pres^ence,  prez'gns,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
present.  2.  Situation  face  to  face.  3.  Some- 
thing invisible  but  near  and  sensible,  as  an 
apparition.  4.  Personal  appearance;  bearing. 
[OF.,  <  Ij.  praesentia,  <  prsesen(t-)s,  present.] 

pre-sent''',  prg-zent',  tJ<.  1.  To  introduce  to 
one's  acquaintance.  2.  To  bestow  as  a  gift; 
offer  or  give  formally.  3.  To  endow  or  favor 
(a  person)  with  a  gift.  4.  To  suggest.  5.  To 
bring  up  for  consideration.  6.  To  aim  (a 
weapon).  —  pre-sent'a- bl(e,  a.  Fit  to  be 
presented.- pres^'en- taction,  7i.  1,  The 
act  of  presenting.  *i.  The  manner  of  bringing 
into  view  or  thought.  —  to  pr<>srnt  arms 
(Mil.),  to  salute  by  holding  weapons  i)crpen- 
dlcularly  in  front  of  the  body.— pre-Hon I  'er,  n. 

pres'ent,  jjrez'gnt,  a.  1.  Being  in  a  place  or 
company  referred  to  or  contemplated.  2.  Now 
going  on;  current.  3.  AcMinlly  in  mind.  4. 
immediately  impending;  instant.  [OF.,  <  L. 
pf'iE8en(t-)n,  ppr.  of  prseesse^  be  oefore.]  — 
preM'iMif -ly,  adv.    After  a  little  time;  shortly. 

pres'ent^  ?/.  1.  Present  time.  2.  The  pres- 
ent tense.  3.  A  present  matter.—  these  pres- 
eiitH,  X\w  present  writings;  document  in  hand. 

pres'ent^,  n.    A  gift. 

pre-sen'ti-ment,  i)rg-sen'ti-ment,  n.  A  pro- 
phetic or  imaginative  sense  of  something  to 
come;  a  foreboding.  [<  L.*"  ^ra?,  before,  4- 
mntio,  fe<;l.] 


pre-sent'ment,  prg-zent'mgnt,  n.  1.  Pres- 
entation. 2.  A  representation.  3.  Mani- 
festation of  character.  4.  A  formal  report 
presented  to  a  court  by  a  grand  jury. 

pre-serve',  prg-zgrv'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [pre- 
served'; PRE-SERv'iNG.]  1.  To  keep  in 
safety;  protect  from  harm;  save.  2.  To  main- 
tain intact  or  unimpaired.  3.  To  prepare  so 
as  to  resist  decomposition  or  change;  make 
or  put  up,  as  preserves.  4.  To  retain;  keep. 
5.  To  make  preserves,  as  of  fruit.  II.  n. 
1.  Anything  preserved,  as  fruit  cooked  in 
sugar.  2.  A  place  in  which  game  is  protected 
for  purposes  of  sport.  [  <  L.o^  prx.,  before, 
4-  servo.,  save.]  —  pre-serv'a-bl(e,  a.—  pres''- 
er-va'tion,  n.  The  act  of  preserving,  or  the 
state  of  being  preserved.— pre-serv'a-tiv(e. 
I.  a.  Serving  or  tending  to  preserve.  II.  n. 
That  which  serves  or  tends  to  preserve,  pre- 
serv'a-to-ryt. 

pre-side',  prg-zaid',  vi.    J^pre-si'ded'';  pre- 
si'ding.]    To  sit  in  authority  over  others;  act 
as  head  or  ruler,     [<  L.  prxsideo,  guard.] 
—  pre-gpder,  n. 

pres'i-dent,  prez'l-dgnt,  n.  One  who  is 
chosen  to  preside  over  an  organized  body,  es- 
pecially, the  chief  executive  officer  of  a  repub- 
lic—pres'i-den-cy,  n.  [-CIES^»/.]  1.  The 
office,  or  term  of  office,  of  a  president.  2.  The 
act  of  presiding  or  supervising.— pres''i-den'- 
tial,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  president. 

pressi,pres,  t*.     [pressed^;  PRESs'iNG.]    I.  ^. 

I.  To  act  upon  by  weight.  2.  To  thrust  or 
crowd.  3.  To  crush  or  squeeze ;  compress. 
4.  To  embrace.  5.  To  insist  upon;  urge.  6. 
To  follow  closely.     7.  To  smooth  or  shape. 

II.  i.  1.  To  act  by  weight  or  force.  2.  To 
advance  strenuously.  3.  To  collect  in  throngs; 
encroach.  4.  To  act  on  the  mind  with  moral 
force.  5.  To  be  importunate.  [<  L.  pressOy 
freq.  <j)resms;  see  pressi,  n.] 

presses  vt.  &  vi.  To  force  into  military  or 
naval  service;  impress  sailors  or  soldiers.  [< 
PREST,  a.,  ready;  confused  with  press^,  v.] 

press,  n.  1.  A  dense  throng.  2.  The  act  of 
crowding  together.  3.  Hurry  of  affairs;  ur- 
gency. 4.  A  movable  closet.  5.  An  appa- 
ratus or  machine  by  which  pressure  is  applied, 
as  for  making  wine,  printing,  etc.  6.  News- 
papers or  periodical  literature  collectively.  [  < 
F.  presse,  <  LL.  pressa,  <  L.  ^>r^«^f/^,  pp.  of 
premo,  press.]  —  press'er,  «.  One  who  or  that 
which  presses.- press'infi: 


r,  pa.    Demanding 
Hs'iiiff-ly,    adr.— 


presN^maii,  n.  [-men,  pi.]  A  man  who  has 
charge  of  a  press.— pres'surie,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  pressing,  or  the  state  of  being  pressed,  ti. 
3fech.  Stress  of  any  kind.  3.  An  Impelling  or 
constraining  moral  force.  4.  Urgency;  rush. 
•l.  Opiiresslve  Influence. 

pres'tlge,  i)res'tij  or  pres-ttzh',  n.  Ascend- 
ency based  on  recognition  of  power.     [F.j 

pre-suine',j)re-zifim',  v.  [pre-sumed';  pre- 
su'MiNci.]  I.  f.  1.  To  venture  on  without 
l)reviou8  permission.  2.  To  assume  as  en- 
titled to  belief.  II.  t.  To  behave  with  arro- 
gance.    [<  L.OF;>;vp,  before,  -(-  ftntno,  take.] 

—  pre-Hii'ina-bl(e,  a.  P'air  to  suppose; 
reasonable.  —  pre-Nii 'ma  - bl y,  adv.  —  pre- 
HU'mcr,  72.- pre-Hiimp'tioii,  n.  1.  Blind 
confld(!nce  or  self-assertion.  '2,  A  passing  b«'- 
yond  the  ordinary  bounds  of  good  breeding  or 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  thfey,  us|ge;  tt,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


355 


presuppose 
prime 


respect.  3.  The  act  of  forming  a  judgment  on 
probable  grounds.  4.  That  which  may  be  as- 
simied  or  taken  for  granted.  —  pre-sunip'- 
tiv{e,  a.  Creating  or  resting  upon  a  presump- 
tion; affording  reasonable  grounds  for  belief.— 
pi-e-siimp'tii-ous,  a.  "Unduly  confident  or 
bold:  audacious;  insolent;  foolhardy. 

pre"sup-pose',  pri"sup-pOz',  rt.  1.  To  im- 
ply or  involve  as  a  necessary  condition.  %  2.  To 
take  for  granted.— pre.8iip''po-si'tion,  n. 

pre-tend'"',  pre-tend',  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  put 
forth  as  an  excuse  or  pretext;  simulate;  feign. 

2.  To  put  forward  or  assert  a  claim  to.  3.  To 
state  falsely  as  a  matter  of  fact.  II.  i.  1. 
To  make  believe.  2.  To  assume  a  character. 
[<  L.  prx,  before,  -)-  tendo,  stretch.] —  pre- 
tend'er,  n.  1.  One  who  advances  a  claim  or 
title;  a  claimant.  2.  A  hypocrite;  dissembler.— 
pre-tense',  pre-tence',  7i.  1.  That  which 
18  pretended;  a  pretext.  "2,  The  act  or  state  of 
pretending.  3.  A  right  or  title  asserted.—  pre- 
ten'sion.  n.  1.  A  claim  put  forward,  whether 
true  or  false,  tj.  Affectation;  display.  —  pre- 
ten'tious,  a.   Characterized  by  pretension. 

prefer-,  \pr^x.  Beyond;  past;  more  than;  as, 
prapter-,  ^jore<crmit,  preternatural.    [<  L.  prse- 

ter-,  <prsp,ter,  beyond,  <  p7'se,  before.] 
pret'er-it,     |  pret/er-it.      I.  a.      1.    Signify- 
pret'er-ite,  \  ing  past  time  or  completed  past 
action.    2.  Belonging  to  the  past.    11.  n.   The 
tense  that  expresses  absolute  past  time.     [< 
L.'^P  prxfei\  beyond,  by,  -f  €0,  go.] 
pre"ter-nat'u-ral,  a.    Different  from  and 
exceeding  the  common  order  of  nature. 

—  pre''ter-nat'ii-ral-Iy,  adv. 
pre'text,  prt'text  or  prg-text',  n.  A  fictitious 

reason  or  motive.  [<  h.prae,  before,  +  textus, 
pp.  of  texo,  weave.] 
pret'ty ,  pr§t'i  w  pnt'i,  a.  [pret'ti-er;  pret'- 
Ti-EST.]  1.  Characterized  by  delicate  or 
superficial  beauty.  2.  Tolerable;  decent;  suf- 
ficient. 3.  Sweet ;  precious.  4.  Character- 
ized by  effeminacy.  5t.  Strong  ;  able  ;  cun- 
ning.    [<  AS.pranttig,  clever,  crafty.] 

—  pret'ti-ly,   adv.- pret' ti-ness,  n.— 
pret'ty,  adv.    Moderately;  somewhat. 

pre-vail',  pre-vel',  ri.  1.  To  prove  superior; 
triumph.  2.  To  have  effectual  influence.  3. 
To  spread  or  extend  widely.  [  <  L.  prse,  be- 
fore, +  ^«^^o,  be  strong.] —pre-vail'ing,  pa. 

I.  Current;  prevalent,  tj.  Efficacious.—  prev'- 
a-Ience,  m.  The  act,  state,  or  quality  of  being 
prevalent.  prev'a-Ieu-cyt.- prev'a-lenf , 
a.    1.  Prevailing.    2.  Of  wide  extent:  common. 

3.  Efficacious.- prev'a-lent-Iy,  adv. 
pre-var'i-cate,  pre-var'i-ket,  ri.    [-ca"ted''; 

-ca'ting.]  To  use  ambiguous  or  evasi\e  lan- 
guage ;  quibble  ;  shuflle.  [  <  L.  prse,  before, 
-+-  various,  straddling.] —pre-var^'i-ca'tion, 
71.  1 .  A  misleading  or  equivocal  statement.  3. 
A  trick.- pre-var'i-ca''tor,  n. 
pre-vent'"*,  pre-vent',  z).  I.  t.  1.  To  stop  or 
hinder  from  happening  by  means  of  previous 
measures.     2.  To  intercept ;  check  ;  restrain. 

II.  i.  To  take  precautionary  measures. 
[  <  L.  prse.  before,  -j-  venio,  come.]  —  pre- 
vent'a-bl(e,  a.  That  may  be  prevented.- 
pre-ven'tioii,  n.  The  act  of  preventing,  or 
the  state  of  being  prevented.— pre-veiit'iv(e. 
I,  a.  Intended  or  serving  to  ward  off  harm.  II, 
n.    That  which  prevents  or  hinders. 

pre'vi-ous,  pri'vi-us,  a.  Being,  or  taking 
place,  before  something  else.  [  <  L.  prse.,  be- 
fore, -|-  via,  way.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


prey,  pre.  I.  ri.  1.  To  seize  and  devour; 
take  booty;  make  a  victim  of  one.  2.  To  act 
injuriously  upon.  II.  n.  1.  Any  animal 
seized  by  another  for  food;  booty.  2.  Any- 
thing made  the  victim  of  that  which  is  hostile 
or  evil.  3.  The  act  of  preying.  [<  OF.  2}reie, 
<  L.  j)raeda,  booty.]  —  prey'er,  n. 

price,  prais.  I.  vt.  [priced':  pri'cing.]  1. 
To  ask  the  price  of.  2.  To  set  a  price  upon. 
II.  n.  An  equivalent  given  or  asked  in  ex- 
change; valuation.  f<  OF.  pt'is,  <  L.  jrre- 
tinm,  price.]  — price'less,  a. 

pricks  pric,  t?.    l.t.    1.  To  pierce;  puncture. 

2.  To  sting;  goad.  3.  To  put  a  punctured 
mark  against.  4.  To  erect  (the  ears),  as  a 
horse.  II.  i.  1.  To  have  or  cause  a  sensation 
of  being  stung.  2.  To  ride  at  full  speed.  3. 
To  point  upward,  [  <  AS.  prician,  <  p?'ica, 
sharp  point.]  —  pricVer,  n. 

prick,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  pricking,  or  the  state  o  f 
being  pricked.  2.  That  which  pricks.  3.  A 
mark  made  by  pricking.  [<  AS.prica,  sharp 
point.]  —  priek'Ke,  v.  [prickl(k)i);  prick'- 
LiNG.J  J,  t.  1.  To  puncture  slightly  with  fine, 
sharp  points.  3.  To  give  a  pricking  sensation 
to,  as  the  skin.  II.  i.  1,  To  be  covered  with 
prickles.  3.  To  have  a  stinging  sensation.  — 
prick'Ke,  «.  1.  A  small,  sharp  point,  as  on 
the  bark  of  a  plant.  2.  A  stinging  sensation.— 
prick'li-iiess,  «.— prick'ly,  a.  1.  Fur- 
nished with  prickles.  2.  Stinging.-  piick'lys 
pear'',  n.  A  kind  of  cactus,  or  its  pear»shaped 
and  often  prickly  fruit. 

pride,  praid.  I.  vt.  &  ri. 
Ipri'ded^;  pri'ding.]  To 
indulge  in  pride  or  self'grat- 
ulation;  be  exalted  or  elated; 
exult;  glory.  II.  n.  1.  Un- 
due sense  of  one's  own  supe- 
riority. 2.  A  proper  sense  of 
personal  dignity  and  worth. 

3.  That  of  which  one  is  justly 
proud.  4.  The  acme  of  ex- 
cellence. 5.  Mettle.  6.  Dis- 
play. [<  AS.  prpte,  <  prf/t, 
proud.] 

priest,  prist,  n.  One  espe- 
cially consecrated  to  the  service  of  a  divinity. 
[<  LL.-'^s  presbyter.,  presbyter,  <  Gr.  preshrj- 
teros,  comp.  of  presbys,  old.]  —  priest'ess,  n.— 
priesthood,  n.  The  priestly  office,  character, 
or  order;  priests  collectively.— priest'ly,  a. 

prig.  I.  vt.  To  filch  or  steal.  II.  n.  1. 
A  formal,  pedantic  person.  2.  A  thief.  [< 
PRINK.]— prifj'gish,  a. 

prim,  prim.  I.  vt.&vi.  [primmed;  prim'- 
wiNG.]  To  decorate  or  adjust  primly.  II.  a. 
Stiffly  proper  and  neat.    [OF.]  —  prim'ness,  n. 

pri'ma-cy,  prai'ma-si,  n.  [-cies*,  pl.'\  1. 
The  state  of  being  first.  2.  The  office  of  a 
primate.  [<  OF.  primade.  <  LL.  primas 
iprimat-);  see  primate.]  pri'mate-sliip|. 
—  pri'inal,  a.  Being  at  the  beginning  or 
foundation; chief. —pri'ma-ry,o.  1.  Original; 
radical;  primitive.  2.  Fundamental:  chief.  3. 
First  in  order  of  advancement.— pri'nia-ri-ly, 
rtdi?.— pri'inate,  n.  The  prelate  highest  in  rank 
in  a  nation  or  province.  [<  F.  primal,  <  LL. 
prlma{t-)s,  <  L.  primus,  first.] 

prime,  praim,  ^.  [primed;  pri'ming.]  I.  ^ 
1.  To  make  ready;  supply  with  powder  for  ig- 
nition or  with  some  percussion  device,  as  a  gun. 


Joint  of  a  Prlck- 
ly=pear  bearing 
Jrults  (a,  a.) 


fiutjfire  (future);   aisle;   au  (.mi);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;  dli  {JthQ)\   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


prime 
privity 


356 


1.  An  early  flower- 


2.  To  cover  with  the  first  coat  of  paint  or  plas- 
ter. II.  i.  1.  To  make  a  gun  ready  for  firing; 
})at  in  readiness  for  proper  action.  2.  To  come 
before  the  mean  time,  as  a  tide. 

prime,  praim,  a.  1.  First  in  rank,  value, 
time,  or  order.     2.  Chief;  excellent;  primitive. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  vigor  of  fresh  maturity. 
prime,  n.     1.  The  period  succeeding  youth 

and  preceding  age.  2.  Hence,  the  period 
of  full  perfection  m  anything.  3.  The  begin- 
ning of  anything.     [F.,  <  L.  primus^  first.] 

prim'er',  prim'er,  n.  1.  An  elementary  read- 
ings book.  2.  Either  of  two  sizes  of  prmting" 
type,  great  primer  and  long  primer. 

pri'mer^,  prai'mgr,  n.  1.  Any  device  used 
for  priming  a  gun.  2.  A  person  who  primes  a 
firearm. 

pri-me'val,  prcd-mi'val,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
first  ages.  [<  L.  primsevus,  youthful,  <  pri- 
mus, first,  +  aevum,  age.] 

prim'i-tiv(e,  prim'i-tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  beginning  or  origin;  first;  earliest.  2. 
Old'fashioned;  simple;  plain.  II.  n.  A  pri- 
mary or  radical  word.  [<  L  primitivus,  < 
pHmus;  see  prime.] 

pri"mo-gen'i-ture,  prai'mo-jen'i-chur  or 
-tiijr,  «.  1.  Seniority  by  birth.  2.  The  right 
of  the  eldest  son  to  mherit.  [<  Ij.  primus, 
first,  +  gigno,  beget.] 

pri-mof'di-al,  prai-mer'di-al,  a.  First  in 
order  or  time;  original ;  primitive.  [F.,  <  L. 
pHmordium,  origin.] 

prim'rose",  prim'roz', ; 
ing  perennial  with  vari- 
ously colored  flowers.  2. 
A  pale  greenish»yellow 
color. 

prince,  prins,  n.  1.  A 
male  monarch  or  sov- 
ereign. 2.  The  son  of 
a  monarch;  also,  a  male 
descendant  of  a  royal 
house.    3.  One  of  a  high     _  „. 

order  of  nobility.  [F.,  Common  Primrose. 
<  L.  princeps,  <  primus,  first,  -|-  capio,  take.] 
—  prince'dom,  n.  The  rank,  dignity,  or  ju- 
rledlctlon  of  a  prince.— prince'Iy,  a.— prin'- 
v.e»H,  n.  1 .  A  female  member  of  a  royal  family. 
♦i,  A  queen. 

prin'ci-pal,  prin'si-pal.  l.a.  First  in  rank, 
character,  or  importance;  chief.  II.  «.  1.  One 
who  takes  a  leading  part.  2.  Property  or  cap- 
ital ;  a  sum  on  which  interest  accrues.  [F.,  <  L. 
principalis,  <  princeps,  chief.]  -iy,  adv.— 
prin''cl-pal'i-»y,  n.  [-ties*,  pl.1  The  ter- 
ritory of  a  rdgnlnf?  prince. 

prin'ci-pl(e,  i)rin'8i-pl,  n.  1.  A  cause  from 
which  a  thing  proceeds.  2.  Essential  charac- 
ter; essence.   3.  A  general  truth  or  proposition. 

4.  A  settled  law  orrnle  of  action,  especially  of 
right  action.  5.  A  law  of  nature  as  illustrated 
in  the  mechanical  powers.  [<  L.''  princi- 
pium,  a  beginning.] 

print'',  print,  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  make  a  mark  or 
marks  upon,  as  by  pressure.  2.  To  impress 
(type,  letters,  or  pictures,  etc.)  on  i)aper,  cloth, 
etc.;  make  copies  of  by  a  printing-press.  3. 
To  send  forth  in  print;  publish.  4.  To  fix,  as 
by  impressing;  impress.  II.  i.  To  practise 
printing  as  a  business. 


print,  n.  1.  An  impression  with  ink  from 
type,  plates,  etc.  2.  Anything  printed;  an  im- 
pression; imprint.  3.  A  reproduction  from 
such  an  impression.  4.  Printed  calico.  [<  OF. 
2)reinte,ior  empreinte,  imprint.]^  —  printer,  n. 
printing,  n.     1.   The  making  and  Issuing 


of  matter  for  reading  by  means  of  type  and  the 
printing-press,    ii.  Presswork.     3.  Th 
reproducing  a  design  upon  a  surface  by  any  proc- 


:he  act  of 


ii 


Prisms, 
a,  triangular; 
6,  octagonal;  c, 
pentagonal. 


es8.    4.  That  which  is  printed. 

pri'or,  prai'gr.  I.  a.  Preceding  in  time,  order, 
or  importance.  II.  n.  A  monastic  officer 
next  in  rank  below  an  abbot.  [L.,  former, 
earlier.]  —  pri'or-ess,  n.fem.  —  pri-or'i-ty,  n. 
Antecedence;  superiority.— pri'or-y,  n.  [pri'- 
OK-iEs«,  jt?;.]  A  monastic  house  presided  over  by 
a  prior  or  prioress. 

prism,  prizm,  m.  1 .  A  solid  whose  bases  or  ends 
are  any  similar  equal  and  parallel 
plane  figures,  and  whose  lateral 
races  are  parallelograms.  2.  The 
spectrum.     [<   Gr.  prisma,  lit. 
'something   sawed,'    <   prizo, 
saw.]  —  pris-mat'ic,  a.     1 .  Re- 
fracted or  formed  by  a  prism;  re-    pp„™p.-.„ai 
seml)llng  the  spectrum;  exhibiting   ^^pj."f,„i*^ 
rainbow  tints.    ^.  Pertaining  to 
or  shaped  like  a  prism,     pris- 
mat'ic-aU. 

pris'on,  priz'n.  I.  vt.  To  im- 
prison. II.  n.  A  place  of  confinement.  [F., 
<  L.  pre)tsio{n-),  seizing,  <  prehemlo,  seize.]  — 
pris'oii-er,  n.  A  captive;  one  held  in  custody. 

pris'tinCe,  pris'tin,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ear- 
liest state  or  time.  [<  "L.  pristintis,  primitive.] 

pritU'ee,  pridh'T.    I  pray  thee. 

pri'va-cy,  prai'va-si,  n.  [-ciesS  joZ.]  1.  The 
condition  of  being  private.  2.  A  matter  that 
is  private.    3.  A  place  of  seclusion. 

pri'vate.  I.  a.  1.  Retired;  secluded;  secret. 
2.  Personal  or  unofficial;  without  rank.  b. 
Disposed  to  be  secretive  or  reticent.  4.  Not 
common  or  general.  II.  n.  A  common  soldier. 
[<  L.  privatum,  pp.  oi  pHvo,  separate.] 

—  pri''va-teer',  pral"va-tlr',  n.  1,  A  ves- 
sel owned  and  officered  by  private  persons,  but 
carrying  on  maritime  war  under  letters  of 
marque.    '^.  One  who  engages  in  privateering. 

pri-va'tion,  prai-ve'shun,  n.  1.  The  state 
of  lacking  something  necessary  or  desirable; 
want  of  the  common  comforts  of  life.  2.  De- 
privation. [OF.,  <  L.  nriratioin-),  <privo; 
seepRivATE.]  —  priv'a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  1.  Caus- 
iDg  privation,  want,  or  di-stltutlon;  depriving. 
*i.  Altering  a  word  so  as  to  express  a  negative 
instead  of  a  positive  meaning. 
II.  n.  1,  That  which  has  its 
only  reality  in  the  absence  of 
something.  »J.  A  prefix  Indica- 
ting negation. 

priv'et,  priv'gt,  n.  An  orna- 
mental European  shrub,  often 
used  for  hiniges. 

priv'i-lege,  priv'i-lsj.  I.  rt. 
[leged;  -LEo-iNG.]  To  grant 
a  privilege  to.  II.  n.  A  right 
or  immunity  enjoyed  unuer 
special  conditions.  [OF.,  <  ^  >*  *^- 
L.  prirus,  one's  own,  -f  l*^^  {^O-X  law.] 

priv'i-ly,  priv'i-li,  adv.    I*rivately;  secretly. 

priv'i-ty,priv'i-ti,  fi.  [-ties*,  ;?;.]  Knowledge 
shared  with  another  or  others  regarding  a  pri- 
vate matter.    (<  L.^^ privm,  private.] 


papa,  98k;  at,  air;  el«mfint,  they,  us^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


357 


privy- 
profess 


priv'y,  priv'i,  a.  1.  Participating  with  anotlier 
or  others  in  the  knowledge  of  a  secret  trans- 
action. 2.  Removed  from  publicity;  secret. 
3.  Designed  for  individual  or  private  use.  [< 
Ij  OP  privatus,  private.] —priv'y,  n.  [priv'- 
iEs«,p/.]    A  water-closet. 

prize,  praiz.  I.  vt.  To  place  a  value  on;  hold 
or  esteem  as  precious.  II.  n.  1.  Something 
offered  as  a  reward.  2.  A  thing  seized  as  the 
result  of  a  contest.  3.  Anything  to  be  striven 
for.  [<  F.  prise,  <  pris,  pp.  of  prendi^e,  take.] 

pro,  pro.  I.  }i.  An  argument  in  favor  of  some- 
thing; as,  thep7'0s  ana  cons.  II.  prep.  In  be- 
half of;  according  to;  for.     [<  1,.  pro,  for.] 

pro-,  prefix.  Before;  fore;  forward;  for;  instead 
of.  L<  L-  pro-,  <  pro,  before;  or  <  Gr.pro-,  < 
pro,  before.] 

prob'a-bl(e,  preb'a-bl,  o.  1.  Having  more 
evidence  than  the  contrary;  likely  to  be  true 
or  to  happen.  2.  That  renders  something 
worthy  of  belief.  [F.,  <  L.  jrrobabUis,  < 
probo,  prove.]  —  prob''a-biI'i-ty,  n.  [-ties'', 
pl.^  The  state  of  being  probable;  a  probable 
event  or  statement.— prob'a-bly,  adv. 

pro'bate,  pro'bet  or  -bet.  I.  a.  Relating  to 
making  proof,  as  of  a  will.  II.  n.  Law.  1. 
Formal,  legal  proof,  as  of  a  will.  2.  The 
right  of  proving  wills.  [<  L.  probatus,  pp.  of 
probo,  prove.] 

pro-'ba''tion,  pro-be'shun,  n.  A  proceeding 
to  test  character;  examination;  trial;  novitiate. 
[<  li.  probafio(n-),  examination.] —pro-ba'- 
tioii-a-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  probation.—  pro- 
ba'tion-er,  n.    A  novice. 

probe,  prOb.  1.  vt.  [pkobed;  pro'bing.]  1. 
To  explore  with  a  probe.  2.  To  search  through ; 
scrutinize.  II.  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  ex- 
ploring cavities,  the  course  of  wounds,  etc.  2. 
That  which  proves  or  tests.      [<  L.  pivbo, 

*  prove,  test,  <  probus,  good.] 

proto'i-ty,  preb'i-ti,  ti.  Tried  integrity;  strict 
honesty.  [_<  L.^ p7vbifa{t-)s,  <  probns,  good.] 

prol>'lein,  preb'lem,  n.  A  perplexing  ques- 
tion demanding  settlement.  [<  Gr.  jrro,  be- 
fore, 4-  ballo,  throw.]  —  prob''tein-at'ic,  a. 
prob''Iem-at'ic-al:}:. 

pro-bos'cis,  pro-bes'sis  or  -els,  n.  [-ci-des, 
-si-diz  or  -ci-des,  pi.]  An  animal's  trunk  or 
snout.     [L.,  <  Gr.  pro,  before,  +  bosko,  feed.] 

pro-ce'dure,  pro-si'jur  or  -sid'yur,  n.  A 
method  of  proceeding;  a  course  of  action. 

pro-ceed'<»,  pro-std',  vi.  1.  To  go  on  or  for- 
ward; continue,  2.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  se- 
ries of  actions.  3.  To  issue  or  come,  as  from 
some  source.  [<  L.  procedo,  <  pro,  before,  + 
cedo,  go.]— pro-ceed'ing,  n.  1.  An  act  or 
course  of  action,  ^.pl.  The  records  of  meetings, 
as  of  a  society.— pro'ceeds,  n.pl.  Product;  re- 
turn; yield. 

proc'ess,  pres'es,  n.  1.  A  course  or  method 
of  operations.  2.  A  passage;  advance;  course. 
3.  A  judicial  writ  or  order.  [<  li.^^  processus, 
progress.]  —  pro-ces'sion,  n.  1.  An  array, 
as  of  persons,  moving  in  orderly  succession,  ii. 
The  act  of  proceeding. 

pro-»>laira',  pro-clem',  vt.  To  announce 
aloud  or  in  a  public  manner;  promulgate.  [< 
L.  pro,  forth,  +  clamo,  call.]  —  pro-claira'er, 
«.— proc'^la-ma'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pro- 
claiming,   ti.  That  which  is  proclaimed. 

pro-cliv'i-ty,  pro-cliv'i-ti,  n.      [-ties*,  pi.] 


Natural  disposition  or  tendency;  propensity. 
[<  L.^jy/'O,  before,  -\-  clwus,B\opmg.] 

pro-cras'ti-nate,  pro-cras'ti-net,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-NA"TED'i;  -N  A  "TING.]  To  defer  or  delay  from 
time  to  time.  [  <  L.  pro,  for,  -f  crastinus,  of 
to«=morrow.]  —  pro-cras''ti-na'tion,  n.  The 
act,  tendency,  or  habit  of  procrastinating.- 
pro-cras'ti-iia''tor,  n. 

pro'cre-ate*!,  prO'cr§-et,  vt.  To  engender; 
beget.  [  <  L.  i^ro,  before,  -f-  creo,  create.]  — 
pro'^cre-a'tion,  n.— pro'cre-a^'tivCe,  a. 

proc'tor,  prec't§r,  n.    1.  An  attorney;  proxy. 

2.  A  college  oflScial  charged  with  maintaining 
order.     [<  h.^^  procurator,  procurator.] 

pro-cure',  pro-kiur',  vt.  [pro-cured';  pro- 
cur'ino.]  1.  To  come  into  possession  or  en- 
joyment of  by  some  effort  or  means.  2.  To 
bring  about  by  effort  or  means.  [<  L.  jiro, 
for,  -}-  euro,  care  for.]  —  pro-cur'a-bl(e,  pro- 
klur'u-bl,  a.  That  may  be  procured.—  proc"u- 
ra'tion,  prec"yu-re'shun,7i.  A  proxy;  power  of 
attorney.— proc'ii-ra"tor,  «.  One  employed 
to  act  for  another;  a  Roman  provincial  admin- 
istrator.—pro-cure'iiieiit,  n. 

prod,pred.  I.  vt.  [prod'ded'^;  prod'ding.1 
To  punch  or  poke.  II.  n.  1.  Any  pointed 
instrument.  2.  A  thrust  or  punch.  [Prob.  < 
Ice.  broddr,  spike.] 

prod'i-gal,  pred'i-gal.  I.  a.  1.  Addicted  to 
wasteful  expenditure.  2.  Yielding  in  ]3rofu- 
sion.  II.  n.  One  who  is  wasteful  or  profligate. 
[<  L.  pro,  forth,  -f  ago,  drive.]  -ly,  adv.— 
prod"i-gal'i-ty,  n.    [-ties»,j9/.] 

prod'i-gy,  pred'i-ji,  n.  [-gies*,  pi.]  1.  Some- 
thing so  extraordinary  as  to  excite  wonder  and 
admiration.  2.  A  monstrosity.  [<  L.  ^>/'o- 
digium.]  —  pro-dig'ious,  a.  Enormous  or  ex- 
traordinary; vast;  excessive,  -ly,  adv.  -nes8,  n. 

pro-duce',  pro-dius',  V.  [pro-duced'';  pro- 
Du'ciNG.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  bring  into  existence 
from  previous  materials.  2.  To  bring  to  view. 

3.  To  be  the  cause  of.  4.  To  manufacture; 
make.  5.  To  give  rise  to;  result  in.  II'  i. 
To  yield  or  generate  an  appropnaie  result.  [< 
L.  pro,  before,  -f  duco,  lead.]  —  pro-du'cer, 
w.— pro-du'oi-bl(e,  a. 

prod'uce,  pred'ius  or  -jus,  n.  sii^g.  &  pi.  A 
product;  farm»products  collectively. 

prod'uct,pred'uct,  ??.  1.  Anything  produced. 
2.  The  result  obtained  by  multiplication.  [< 
L.  ])rodiictns,  pj).  of  produco,  produce.] 

—  pro-duc'til(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  ex- 
tended.—pro-duc'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  or  proc- 
ess of  producing.  2.  That  which  is  produced.  — 
pro-diic'tiv(e,  a.  Producing  or  tending  to  pro- 
duce; fertile;  remunerative,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 

pro'em,  pro'em,  n.  An  introductory  statement. 
[<  Gr.^  pro,  before,  +  oinws,  a  path.] 

pro-fane',  pro-fen'.  I.  vt.  [pro-faned'; 
pro-fa'ning.]  1.  To  make  common  or  un- 
holy; desecrate;  pollute.  2.  To  put  to  a  wrong 
or  degrading  use.  II.  a.  1.  Manifesting  ir- 
reverence toward  the  Deity  or  sacred  things.  2. 
Secular;  uninspired.  [F.,  <  L.  pro,  before, 
-\-fanum,  temple.]  —  profa-na'tion,  w.  The 
act  of  profaning.— pro-fan'i-ty,  n.  The  state 
of  being  profane,    pro-fane'nesst. 

pro-fess",  pro-fes',  vt.  1.  To  make  open 
declaration  of .  2.  To  announce  publicly  one's 
skill  in,  as  in  art,  science,  etc.  3.  To  make  a 
show  or  pretense  of.    [<  L.  pro,  forth,  -f- 


fiutJQre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dli   (Jth€)\  go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


proflfeir 
promise 


358 


fafeor\  confessj  —  pro-fess'ed-Iy,  adv. —  pro- 
fes'sioi;,  n.  1.  An  occupation  that  involves  a 
liberal  education,  and  mental  rather  than  manual 
labor.  "Z.  The  act  of  professing.  3.  That  which 
is  professed.— pro-fes'wioii-al,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  a  profession.  "Z.  Pertaining  to  a  spe- 
cial occupation,  often  for  gain:  opposed  to  ama- 
teur.— pro-fess'or,  n.  1 .  A  public  teacher  of 
the  highest  grade.  3.  One  who  professes  skill 
and  offers  instruction  In  some  art.  3.  One  who 
makes  open  profession,  as  of  a  religious  faith.— 
prn-fess'or-sliip,  n. 

prof  fer.  pref  gr.  I.  vt.  To  oflfer  for  accept- 
ance. II.  n.  The  act  of  proffering,  or  that 
which  is  proffered.  [<  L.  pro,  forth, -{-fero, 
bring.] 

pro-fi'cient,  pro-fish'gnt.  I.  a.  Thoroughly 
versed,  as  in  an  art  or  science.    II.  n.    An  ex- 

Sert;  adept.  [<  L.  prqflcio,  advance.]— pro- 
'cien-cy,  n. 

pro'file,  pro'fil  or  pro'fail,  n.  1.  An  outline 
or  contour.  2.  The  outline  of  a  human  face 
as  seen  from  the  side.  [<  It.^  ])rqfilo,  border, 
<  L.  fllum,,  thread.] 

prorit-J,  pref'it,  v.  I.  t.  To  be  of  profit  to. 
II.  i.  1.  To  obtain  profit.  2.  To  be  of  ad- 
vantage or  use. 

profit,  n.  1.  Any  accession  of  good  from 
labor  or  exertion ;  benefit;  return.  2.  Excess 
of  returns  over  outlay.  [F.,  <  L.  profectus,  pp. 
of  jiroficio;  see  proficient.]  —  prorit-less,  a. 
—  prof  it-a-bl(e,  a.  Bringing  profit;  remun- 
erative; advantageous. 

prorii-gate,pref'li-get  or -ggt.  I.  a.  Aban- 
doned to  vice.  II.  n.  A  depraved  or  aban- 
doned person.  [<  L.  ^ro,  forward,  -f  fligo, 
dash.] —  proPIi-ga-oy,  n. 

pro-found',  pro-faund'.  I.  a.  1.  Intellec- 
tually deep.  2.  Complete  or  full  in  character 
or  effect.  3.  Abstruse,  4.  Far  below  the 
surface.  II.  n.  1.  A  fathomless  depth;  an 
abyss.  2.  The  ocean;  the  deep.  [<  L.^ 
profundus,  deep.]  —  pro-fun'dl-ty,  n.  The 
state  of  being  profound,     pro-found'nessi:. 

pro-fuse',  pro-fiQs',  a.  1.  Giving  or  given 
forth  lavishly.  2.  Copious;  overflowing.  [< 
L.  ]yro,  forth,  -^  fundo,  pour.]  —  pro-fiise'ly, 
adv.—^ro-f\\'n\on,n.  Exuberance; prodigality. 

pro-gen'i-tor,  pro-jen'i-tgr,  71.  A  forefather 
or  ])arent.     [L.] 

prog'e-ny,  prej'§-ni,  w.  Offspring,  whether 
of  human  beings  or  of  lower  animals.  [<  L.^*" 
pro,  forth,  -f-  gigno,  produce.] 

prog-no'sis,  p'reg-no'sis,  n.  A  prediction,  as 
ill  regard  to  the  course  and  termination  of  a 
disease.  [L.,  <  Gr.  pro,  before,  -f-  aigndskd, 
know.]— prog-no»'tio.  I.  a.  Relating  to 
prognosis.  II,  n.  A  sign  of  some  future  oc- 
currence; an  omen.— proff-noB'ti-cate,  rt.  & 
rt.  |-C'A"TKi>d; -CA'TiNo.l  1,  To foretell  by  indi- 
cations, 'i.  To  be  an  omen  of.— prog^uos"- 
ti-ca'tioii,  n. 

pro'gram,        )  pro'grani,  w.    1.  A  list  giv- 

pro'gramme,  f  ing  the  exercises,  as  for  an 
eiitiTUiinnic'iit.  2.  Any  prearranged  plan.  [< 
(Jr.P  pro,  before,  -|-  grapfid,  write.] 

pro-gfress",  pro-gres',  vt.  &  vl.  To  move  for- 
ward; grow;  gain;  advance;  improve.  [<  L. 
jnv,  forward,  -\-  gradior,  go.] 

prog're  ss,  preg'res,  n.  1.  A  moving  forward 
in  space.  2.  Advancement  toward  maturity  or 
completion,  or  toward  a  better  state.  —  pro- 


srres'sion,  7i.  The  act  of  progressing;  advance- 
ment.— pro-gre8s'iv(e,  a.  1.  Characterized 
by,  making,  or  tending  to  make  progress,  ti. 
Aiming  at  or  encouraging  progress. 

pro-h.ib'it'J,  pro-hib'it,  vt.  1.  To  forbid;  in- 
terdict. 2.  To  hinder  or  debar.  [<  Jj.  pro,  be- 
fore, -\-  haheo,  hold.]  —  pro-hil/it-er,  n. — 
pro^lii-bi'tion,  n.  1,  The  act  of  prohibiting; 
an  interdiction.  2.  The  forbidding  of  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  for  use  as 
beverages.— pro^hi-bi'tion-ist,  n.  One  who 
believes  In  or  favors  prohibition.- pro-bib'it- 
iv(e,  rt.  Tending  to  prohibit.  — pro-hib'it- 
o-ry,  a.     Kelating  to  or  involving  prohibition. 

pro-ject'd,  pro-ject',  I?.  I.  ^.  1.  To  shoot  or 
throw  forth.  2.  To  contrive  or  plan.  3.  To 
throw  forth  or  forward,  as  an  image,  shadow, 
etc.  II.  i.  To  stand  out;  jut  out.  [<  L.^p 
pro,  forth,  -|-  m<Ao,  hurl.]  —  pro-ject'iI(e.  I. 
a.  1.  Projecting,  or  Impelling  forward.  2.  Pro- 
duced by  projection.  II.  n.  A  body  projected 
by  force;  a  shot,  as  for  or  from  a  cannon.—  pro- 
jee'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  projecting.  2.  That 
which  projects;  a  prominence. 
3.  A  scheme;  project.  4.  The 
representation  of  something  on 
a  plane,  as  in  a  map.— pro- 
jector, n.  1.  One  who  de- 
vises projects.  2.  That  which 
projects  (something). 

proj'ect,  prej'ect,  n. 
Something  projected  or 
planned;  apian;  scheme. 

pro-lif'ic,  pro-Iif'ic,  a. 
Producing  abundant!}' ; 
fertile.  [<  L.2>ro^e*%  off- 
spring, -}-  facio,  make.] 

pro'lix,  prO'lixorpro-lix', 

a.    1.  Wearisomely  long. 

2.  Verbose;  tedious.    [< 

L.  proltTiis,  stretched  out, 

pro-Iix'i-ty,  n. 


Projection  of  a 
Winding  Stairway. 


<  liqueo,  be  clear.] 

pro'lix-nessl:. 

pro-loc'u-tor,  prO-lec'yu-t§r  or  prel'o-kiu'- 

tgr,  n.    1.  One  who  speaks  for  another.    2. 

The  presiding  officer  of  a  convocation.     [  L., 

<  ^rro,  for,  -f-  loadus,  pp.  of  loquor,  speak.] 
pro1og(ue,  prO'leg,  n.    A  prefatory  state- 
ment to  a  poem,  discourse,  or  performance. 
[F.,  <  Gr.  pro,  before,  -f-  logos,  a  speech.] 

pro-long',  pro-leng'  or  -ISng',  vt.    To  extend 

in  time  or  space.     [<  F.  prolonger,  <  L.  fno, 

forth,  +  longus.,  long.]  —  pro"l6n-ga'tion,  «. 

1 .  The  act  of  prolonging,    ti.  An  extension. 
pronx"en-ade',  i)ram"en-fld'.     I.  vi.     [-a'- 

DKiv';  -a'dino.]    To  take  a  promenade.     II. 

7?.    1.  A  walk  for  amusement  or  exercise.  2. 

A  place  for  promenading.    [F.,  <  promener, 

take  out  for  a  walk.] 
prom'i-nent.  prem'i-ngnt,  a.  1.  Jutting  cut; 

protuberant.    2.  Conspicuous;  eminent.  [OF., 

<  \i.proinineo,  project.]  —  prom'l-iience,  ;/. 
1.  The  state  of  being  nroniinent.  2.  That  which 
is  prominent.    proiii'i-u<>n-cyi. 

pro-mis'cu-ous,  pro-mis'kiu-us,  a.  1.  Com- 
l)()sod  of  individuals  or  parts  confusedly  min- 
gled. 2.  Indiscriminate;  unrestricted.  [<  L. 
pro,  forth,-f  vusceo,  mix.]  -ly,  adv.  -neHs,  n. 

pronx'ise.prem'is.  I.vt.Sivl.  [pkom'ised'; 
I'uoM'is-iNd.]  1.  To  engage  to  do  or  not 
to  do.  2.  To  give  ground  for  liope  or  expec- 
tation. II.  n.  1.  An  assurance  given  by  one 
person  to  another  that  the  former  will  or  will 
not  do  a  specified  act.    2.  Keasonable  ground 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  it,  \,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


359 


promontory- 
proprietor 


for  hope  or  expectation.  3.  Something  prom- 
ised. [  <  L.  jifoniissum,  <  pro,  forth,  +  mitto, 
send.]  —  prom'is-so'^ry,  a.  Containing  a 
pro.nlse;  of  the  nature  of  a  promise. 

prom'on-to"ry,  prem'en-to'ri,  n.  [-ries», 
pl.\  A  high  point  of  land  extending  into  the 
sea;  a  headland.  [<  LL.  pro,  forth,  -\-  moiis, 
mountain.] 

pro-mote',  pro-mOt',  xt.  [pro-mo'ted<1;  pro- 
mo'ting.I     1.  To  foster;  encourage;  advance. 

2.  To  raise  to  greater  dignity  or  honor.  [< 
L.  jivo,  forward,  -f  moveo,  move.]  —  pro-ino-'- 
tioii,  n.  The  act  of  promoting,  or  the  state  of 
being  promoted. 

prompt,  prompt.  T'.  vt.  1.  To  incite;  insti- 
gite.  2.  To  make  a  suggestion  to;  suggest; 
inspire.  II.  a.  Acting,  or  ready  to  act,  at  the 
moment.  [F.]  — prompt^'er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  prompts.— prom  pt'i-tucle,  n. 
The  quahty  of  being  prompt,    proiiipt'iiessl:. 

—  proinpt-'ly,  adv. 
pro-murigate,  pro-mul'get,  vt.     [-ga"tei)<'; 

-GA'TiNG.J  To  announce  officially  and  form- 
ally.    [  <  L.  prormilgo,  make  known.] 

—  pro^inul-ga'tion,  n. 

prone,  prOn,  a.  1.  Lying  flat;  prostrate.  2. 
Leaning  forward  or  downward.  3.  Having  a 
strong  propensity.     [F.] 

prong,  preng,  n.  Any  sharp-pointed  instru- 
ment; a  tine  of  a  fork,  fang  of  a  tooth,  or  the 
like.     [<  W.  procio,  poke.] 

pro 'noun,  prO'naun,  n.  A  word  used  instead 
of  a  noun.     [  <  L.*"  pro,  for,  +  nomen,  noun.] 

—  pro-nom'i-iial,  pro-nem'I-nal,  a.  Of, 
pertaining  to,  or  like  a  pronoun. 

pro-nounce',  pro-nauns',  Tt.  &  ti.  [pro- 
nounced''; pro-noun'cing.]  1.  To  give  ar- 
ticulate utterance  to.    2.  To  utter  formally. 

3.  To  declare.  [<  L.''  j^ro,  forth,  +  nuntio, 
announce.]  —  pro-nouiice'a-l)l(e,  a.  —  pro- 
nounced', pa.    Of  marked  character;  decided. 

—  pro-nun''ci-a'tion,  pro-nun'sl-e'shun  or 
-shi-e'shun,  n.  The  act  or  manner  of  pronoun- 
cing words. 

proof,  prfif.  I.  a.  1.  Employed  in.or  connected 
with    proving    or    correcting.      2.  Firm;  im- 

Eenetrable.  3.  Of  standard  alcoholic  strength. 
I.  n.  1.  The  act  or  process  of  proving,  in 
any  sense.  2.  Evidence  and  argument  sufli- 
cient  to  induce  belief.  3.  The  standard 
strength  of  alcoholic  liquors.  4.  A  printed 
trial  sheet,  as  for  correction.  [  <  lAi.^"^ proba, 
<  L.  probo,  prove.] 

prop,  prep.  I.  xt.  [propped*;  prop'ping.] 
1.  To  support  so  as  to  keep  from  falling.  2.  To 
keep  from  declining  ;  sustain.  II.  n.  That 
which  sustains  an  incumbent  weight. 

prop'a-gate,  prep'a-get, t!.  [-ga'ted^;  -ga"- 
ting.]  1.  t.  1.  To  generate;  cause  to  mul- 
tiply, spread,  or  continue.  2.  To  diffuse;  dis- 
seminate. II.  i.  To  be  produced  or  multi- 
plied by  generation.  [<  L.  jjropagatus,  pp.  of 
propago,  to  set  slips,  propagate."] — prop''a- 
ga'tion,  ?i.— prop'a-ga^tor,  n. 

pro-pel',  pro-pel',  vt.  [pro-pelled';  pro- 
pel'ling.]  To  drive  or  urge  forward;  force 
onward.     [<  L.  pro,  forward,  -\-pello,  drive.] 

—  pro-pel'Ier,  71.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
propels.  2.  A  screw  propeller.  3.  A  vessel 
drlv<  n  by  a  screw  propeller. 

pro-pen'si-ty,  n.     [-ties^,  pi.']    Mental  dis- 


position to  good  or  (oftener)to  evil;  tendency. 
[<  L.  pro,  forward,  +  pendeo,  hang.] 

prop'er,  prep'gr,  a.  1.  Having  special  adapta- 
tion or  litness.  2.  Becoming;  seemly;  cor- 
rect. 3.  Naturally  belonging  to  a  person  or 
thing.  4.  Understood  in  the  most  correct 
sense.  5.  Gram.  Belonging,  as  a  name,  to  an 
individual.  [<  h.^  p?'o^rius,  one's  own.] 

prop'er-ty,  prep'gr-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pL]  1. 
Anything  tiiat  may  be  owned.  2.  Ownership 
or  dominion.  3.  Whatever  belongs  to  any  ob- 
ject, as  a  distinguishing  quality.  [<  L.  pro- 
2)rieta{t-)s,  <  proprius,  one's  own.] 

propli'e-cy,  pref'g-si,  w.  [-ciessjs^.]  1.  A 
prediction  made  under  divine  influence;  any 
prediction.  2.  Discourse  delivered  under  di- 
vine inspiration.  [<  Gv.  prophlteia,  <  pro- 
phetes,  PROPHET.] 

propli'e-sy,  pref'g-sai,  v.    [-sied;  -sy'ing.] 

1.  t.  1 .  To  predict  or  foretell,  especially  under 
divine  inspiration.  2.  To  speak  or  utter  for 
God.    II.  i.  1.  To  speak  by  divine  influence, 

2.  To  predict  future  events. 

proph'et,  pref'gt,  n.  1.  One  who  delivers 
divine  messages  or  interprets  the  divine  will. 
2.  One  who  foretells  the  future,  [<  Gr, 
prophetes,  <  pro,  before,  -\-phemi,  speak.] 

—  propli'et-ess,  n.— pro-pliet'ic,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  prophet  or  prophecy,  pro-pliet'- 
ic-alt.—  pro-pliet'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

pro"pliy-lac'tic,  prO"fi-lac'tic,  a.  Operating 
to  ward  off  something,  especially  disease,  [< 
Gr,  pro,  before,  -\-phylassd,  guard.] 

pro-pin'qui-ty,  pro-pi^i'cwi-ti,  «,.  1.  Near- 
ness in  place  or  time,  2.  Kinship.  [<  L.o*' 
prophiqtiUa(t-)s^  <  propinquus,  near.] 

pro-pi'ti-ate,  pro-pi8h'i-et,'y^.i&  vi.  [-A"TEDd; 
-A'TiNG.]  To  appease  and  dispose  to  kindness 
or  favor;  conciliate.  [<!,.  propitiatus,\)p.  of 
jji'opitio,  render  favorable,  appease.]  —  pro- 
pi''ti-a'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  propitiating. 
2.  That  which  propitiates.— pro-pi'ti-a-to"- 
ry,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  causing  propitiation. 

pro-pi'tious,  pro-pish'us.  a.  1.  Kindly  dis- 
posed; gracious.  2.  Auspicious;  favorable. 
[<  L.  propitius,  favorable.] 

pro-por'tion,  pro-pOr'shun.  I.  vt.  1.  To 
form  with  a  harmonious  relation  of  parts.  2. 
To  separate  into  portions.  II.  n.  1.  Relative 
magnitude,  number,  or  degree.  2.  Fitness 
and  harmony;  symmetry.  3.  A  proportionate 
or  proper  share  ;  any  share  or  part.  4.  An 
equality  or  identity  between  ratios.  [F.,  <  L. 
pro,  for,  -f-  portio,  portion.] — pro-por'tion- 
al,  a  —  pro-por'tion-ate,  a.  Being  in  due 
proportion. 

pro-pose',  pro-pOz',v.  [-posed'; -po'sing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  offer  for  acceptance  or  consideration. 
2.  To  purpose;  intend.  II.  i.  To  plan;  make 
an  offer,  especially  of  marriage.  [  <  F.  proposer, 
<  pro-,  forth,  -f  poser,  put.]  —  pro-po'sal,  v. 
An  offer;  also,  that  which  Is  proposed.— pro-po'- 
ser,  n.— pi*op"o-8i'tion,  n.  1.  Something 
proposed  for  acceptance  or  consideration  ;  also, 
the  act  of  proposing.  2.  The  statement  of  a 
judgment  In  words.  Including  a  subject  and  a 
predicate.     3.  A  statement  to  be  demonstrated. 

pro-pound.''',  pro-paund',  vt.  To  state  for- 
mally for  consideration  or  solution.  [<  L. 
pro,  before,  -|-  pono,  place.] 

pro-pri'et-or,    pro-prai'et-gr,  n.    A    person 


fiutjfire    (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    ail;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli    (th€)\   go;   sing,  ink-  thin. 


propriety 
protuberant 


360 


having  the  exclusive  title  to  an3'thing.  [< 
li.oy +LL pfoprietas,  property.]  —  pro-prPet-a- 
ry,  pro-prai'et-g-ri.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pro- 
prietor; subject  to  exclusive  ownership.  II.  n. 
|-RiEs»,  pi.]  A  proprietor  or  a  body  of  propriet 
ors,  collectively.  —  pro-pri'et-ress,  n. 

pro-pri'et-y,  pro-prai'et-i,  n.  [-ies^,  »/.]  Be- 
comingness;  fitness;  correctness.  [<  L.of 
jrroprieta(t-)s,  property.] 

pro-pursion,  pro-pul'shun,  n.  The  act  or 
operation  of  propelling.  [F.,  <  L.  ]jro^  for- 
ward, -j-  pello,  drive.]  —  pro-piiI'siv(e,  a.  Hav- 
ing a  tendency  to  propel. 

pro  ra'ta,  pro  rfi'ta  or  rg'ta.  In  proportion;  as, 
the  loss  was  shared  pro  rata.    [L.J 

pro-rogue',  pro-rog',  vt.  [pro-rogued';  pro- 
ROGU'iNG.]  1.  To  terminate  by  royal  command 
(a  session  of  the  British  Parliament).  2.  To  put 
off  or  delay.     [<  L.  prorogo,  extend,  defer.] 

—  pro'-'ro-B^'tion,  «. 

pros-,  prefix.  To;  before.  [  <  Gr.  pros,  toward, 
before,  <  pro,  forth.] 

pro-sa'ic,  pro-ze'ic,  a.  1.  Unimaginative; 
commonplace.  2.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  form  of  prose.  [<  LL.  jrrosaicns,  <  L. 
j)?V8a:  see  prose,  w.]  pro-sa'ic-alt.—  pro- 
HR'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

pro-scribe',  pro-scraib',  vt.  [pro-scribed'; 
pro-scri'bing.]  1.  To  outlaw;  ostracize.  2. 
To  reject  with  condemnation.  [<  L.  pro,  be- 
fore, -f  scribo,  write.]  — pro-8crPber,  n. — 
pro-scrip'tion,  n.  Interdiction;  ostracism; 
outlawry.— pro-scrip'tiv(e,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  character  of  proscription. 

prose,  proz.  I.vf.  &vi.  [prosed;  pro'sing.] 
To  write  or  say  in  a  dull  or  commonplace  man- 
ner. II.  a.  Pertaining  to  prose;  tedious; 
prosy.  III.  w.  Speech  or  writing  without  met- 
rical structure.  [F.,  <  L.prosa,  prose.]  — pro'- 
ser,  n.    A  dull  or  tedious  writer  or  talker. 

pros'e-cute,  pres'e-kiut,  v.  [-cu'ted''; -cu'- 
TiNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  pursue  or  follow  up;  carry 
on.  2.  To  carry  on  a  judicial  proceeding 
against  or  seek  to  enforce  by  legal  process.  II. 
i.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  legal  proceeding. 
[<  li.^^ prosecuf us,  pp.  of  nroseqvor,  pursue.] 

—  pros'^e-cu'tion,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
prosecuting;  In  law,  the  party  prosecuting.  — 
pro8'e-cu''tor,  n. 

pros'e-lyte,  pros'§-lait.  I.  rf.  [-ly'ted''; 
-LY'TiNo.]  To  win  over  to  a  different  religion, 
sect,  or  party,  pros'e-ly-tize  or  -tiset. 
II.  w.  One  thus  won  over.  [<  iir.  proselyto^, 
<  jyros,  to, -\-elthein,  come.]  — pros'e-ly-usni, 
n.    The  making  of  converts. 

pros'o-dy,  pres'o-di,  n.  The  science  of  poet- 
ical forms.     [  <  (JiT.^proSs  to,  -j-  Hd^,  song,] 

—  proH'o-dlHt,  M. 

pros'pect,  pres'pect.  P.  vt.  &  ri.  To  explore, 
as  for  minerals;  view;  survey.  II.  n.  1.  A 
future  j)robabilitT  based  on  present  indications. 
2.  An  extended  view.  3.  The  direction  in 
which  anything  faces.  [F.,  <  L.  j>ro,  forward, 
-}-  speeio,  look. )  —  pro-«pet*'tlv(e,  a.  t .  Being 
Btlll  In  the  future.    "Z.  Looking  to  the  future.— 


pros'pect-or,  -er,  «.- pro-Hpec'tiiH,  7i.  A 

paper  containing  infonnatfon  of  a  proposed  un- 
dertaking; a  suininary;  outline. 
prosper,  pres'inir,  rt.  &  vi.  To  render  pros- 
ptTous;  be  prosjK'rons;  thrive.  [<  Jjjtrro,  for, 
4-*/>^*,  hoi)e.]  —  pro8-per'l-ty,  w.  Tlie  state 
of  being  prosperous.- ppoh' PC r-ou 8,  a.  1. 
Succesaf ul;  flourishing,  a.  Favoring;  auspicious. 


pros'ti-tute.pres'ti-tiiit.  I.  vt.  [-tu'ted^; 
-Tu'TiNG.J  To  apply  to  base  or  vile  purposes. 
II.  a.  Surrendered'  to  base  or  vicious  pur- 
poses. III.  7i.  Any  base  hireling.  [<  L. 
pj'O,  before,  -}-  statue,  place.]  —  pros'^tl-tu'- 
X\on,n.    The  act  or  business  of  prostituting. 

pros'trate,  pres'tret.  I.  vt.  [pros'tra"- 
ted*!;  pRos'TRA"TiNG.]  1.  To  lay  or  causc  to 
fall  flat.  2.  To  overthrow.  3.  To  reduce  to 
extreme  weakness.  II.  pres'tret  or  -trgt,  a. 
Wholly  overcome;  prostrated.  [<  1,.  pro,  be- 
fore, -f-  sterno,  strew.]  —  pros-tra'tion,  n. 

pro'sy,  pro'zi,  a.  [pro'si-er;  pro'si-est.] 
Tiresome;  di:  1, 

pro-tecf'i,  pro-tect',  vt.  To  preserve  in  safety ; 
guard;  defend.  [  <  L.  pro,  before,  -f  tego, 
cover.]  —  pro-tec'tion,  n.  The  act  of  pro- 
tecting; a  protected  condition;  that  which  pro- 
tects.—pro-tect'iv(e,  a.  Aflfordlng  or  suitable 
for  protection;  sheltering.  — pro-tect'or,  n. 
One  who  protects;  f.  lefender.  pro-tect'erj.- 
pro-tect'or-ate,  7i.  A  relation  of  protection 
and  partial  control  by  a  strong  over  a  weaker  na- 
tion.—pro-tect'ress,  n.   A  female  protector. 

pro'^t^^g^',  prO"te"zhe',  n.  [-gee',  -zhe', 
fern.']  One  specially  cared  for  by  another  older 
or  more  powerful.     [F.] 

pro-test'*',  pro-test',  v.  1. 1.  To  assert  ear- 
nestly; declare  solemnly;  asseverate.  II.  «.  1. 
To  make  a  protest;  enter  a  formal  dissent.  2. 
To  make  a  solemn  asseveration.  [<  L.  pro, 
before,  -(-  testis,  witness.]  —  Prot'es-tant.  I. 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Protestants  or  to  Prot- 
estantism. 3.  [p-]  Making  a  protest.  II.  n. 
A  member  of  one  of  those  bodies  of  Christians 
opposed  to  Roman  Catholicism.—  Prot'es- 
tant-ism,  n.  The  principles  and  common  sys- 
tem of  doctrines  of  Protestant  churches.— 
profes-ta'tion,  n.  The  act  of  protesting,  or 
that  which  is  protested. 

pro'test,  prO'test,  n.  The  act  of  protesting; 
solemn  or  formal  objection. 

pro-tho'rax,  pro-tho'rax,  n.  The  anterior 
segment  of  the  thorax  of  an  insect. 

proto-,  prefix.  First:  used  specifically  In  chem- 
istry (1)  to  denote  the  first  or  lowest  member  of 
a  series,  or  the  one  In  which  the  element  specified 
has  its  smallest  A'alence,  as  opposed  to  per-;  as, 
joro<ochlorid;  (2)  as  the  equivalent  of  mono-.  L< 
Gr.  proton,  first,  <  pro,  before.] 

pro'to-plasm,  prO'to-plazm,    n.    The   sub- 
stance that  forms  the  principal  portion  of  an 
animal  or  vegetable  cell.     [<  G 
-\- plasma,  molded  form.] 

pro'to-type,  pro'to-taip,  n.  A  primitive  form; 
original.     [<  Gr.  pi-dtos,  first,  -[-  tyix)s,  type.] 

pro-tract'J,  pro-tract',  vt.  To  extend  in  time: 
prolong.     [<  L.  piv,  forward,  -f-  traho,  draw.] 

—  pro-tract'er,  n.  1,  One  who  or  that 
whlcli  protracts.  'Z.  A  protractor.— pro-lrac'- 
tion,  7'.— pro-traef'or,  «.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  and  laying  off  angles. 

pro-trude',  pro-trfid',  vt.  &  vi.    [pro- 

tru'ded'';  pro-tru'ding.]    To  push  or 

thrust  out;  project  outward. 

[  <  L.  jnv,  forward, + frudo^ 

thrust.]  —  pro-tni'slon,  ?i. 

—  pro-lrii'Hiv(p,  a. 
pro-tuHaer-ant,  pro-tin'- 

b^r-ant,   a.    Swelling  out; 

bulging.  [<L.i'L^,.o  forth,         protractor 

+ /w6<?r,  swelling  ]  iTotractor. 

—  pro-tu'bep-ance,  n.    1.  Somethlnsr  that 


Gr.  prdtos,  first, 


p«pa,  gsk;  at,  &ir;  elgmfint,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rQle;  but,  ur; 


361 


proud 
ptarmigan 


protrudes.  '2.  The  state  of  being  protuberant. 
pro-tii^'ber-a'tiont. 

proud,  praud,  a.  1.  Arrogant;  haughty;  also, 
self 'respecting.  2.  Sensible  of  honor  and  per- 
sonal elation.  3.  Hi^h'mettled.  4.  Being  a 
cause  of  honorable  pride.  [  <  AS.  jtrfit,  proud.] 

prove,  pruv,  v.  [proved;  prov'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  establish  by  evidence.  2.  To  put  to  a 
test.  3.  To  learn  by  personal  experience.  II. 
i.  To  turn  out,  upon  trial,  to  be  something 
specified.     [<  hP^  ptvbo,  <  probus,  good.] 

prov'en-der,  prev'en-dgr,  ti.  Food  for  cattle; 
provisions  generally.     [<  OF.  2}roveiidre.] 

prov'erb,  prev'grb,  n.  1.  A  brief,  pithy  say- 
ing. 2.  Something  proverbial ;  a  by  word.  [< 
L.  pro,  forth,  +  verbitm,  word.]  —  pro-ver'- 
bi-al,  a.  1 .  Of  the  nature  of,  pertaining  to,  or 
like  a  proverb,  ti.  Well-known;  notorious.— 
pro-ver'bi-al-ly,  adv. 

pro- vide',  pro-vaid',  rf.  &  vi.  [pro-vi'ded''; 
pro-vi'ding.]  1.  To  make,  procure,  or  fur- 
nish for  future  use.  2.  To  furnish  with  sup- 
plies. 3.  To  stipulate.  [<  L.  j)?v,  forwartt, 
4- video,  see.]  —  pro-viMed,  co/y.  On  condi- 
tion.— prov'i-dence,  n.  1 ,  The  care  exercised 
by  the  Supreme  Being  over  the  imiverse.  '2,  [P-] 
Hence,  the  Deity.  3.  An  event  or  circumstance 
ascribable  to  divine  Interposition.  4.  The  exer- 
cise of  foresight.—  prov'i-deut,  a.  Exercising 
foresight;      economical.  —  prov^i-den'tial, 

0.  Resulting  from  or  exhibiting  the  action  of 
God's  providence.    -ly,  adv.—  pro-vi'der,  ". 

prov'ince,  prev'ins,  n.  1.  Any  large  ad- 
ministrative division  of  a  country.  2.  A  com- 
prehensive department  or  sphere,  as  of  knowl- 
edge or  duty.  [F.,  <  L.  pro,  before,  +  rinco, 
conquer.] — pro-vin'cial.  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  province.     2.  Local;  narrow.     II.  n. 

1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  a  province.  2. 
A  monastic  superior  of  a  district  or  province.— 
pro-viii'cial-isin,  n. 

pro-vi'sion,  pro-vizh'un.  I.  r^.  To  furnish 
with  food.  II.  n.  1.  Measures  taken  in  ad- 
vance. 2.  A  supply  of  food.  3.  A  stipula- 
tion. [F.,  <  L.  provisio(n-),  <  provideo, 
provide.]  —  pro-vi'sion-al,  a.    Temporary. 

pro-Vi'so,  pro-vai'zO,  ?i.  A  conditional  stip- 
ulation. [L.]  —  pro-vi'so-ry,  a.  Containing 
or  made  dependent  on  a  proviso. 

pro-voke',  pro-vOk',  v.    [pro-voked'';  pro- 

VO'KING.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
oflfend.  2.  To  stimulate. 
3.  To  occasion;  to  elicit. 
II.  i.  To  produce  resent- 
ment.    [<  OF.  pro^^oquer, 

<  L.  provoco,  <  2)ro,  forth, 
-|-  voco,  call.]  —  prov"o- 
ca'tion,  ?i.  1.  The  act  of 
provoking.  '^.  An  incite- 
ment to  action.-  pro-vo'- 
ca-tiv(e,  pro-vo'ca-tiv  or 
-vec'a-tiv.  I.  a.  Serving 
to  provoke.  II.  n.  That 
which  provokes,  or  tends  to 
provoke. 

proAV,  prau,  n.    The  fore 
part  of  a  vessel's  hull.     [<  Gr. 
p7'0,  before.] 

prow'ess,  prau'es,  n.  Strength,  skill,  and  in- 
trepidity in  battle.     [<  OF.  prouesse.] 

prowl,  praul,  vt.  &  vi.  To  roam  about  stealth- 
ily, as  in  search  of  prey  or  plunder.     [Perhaps 

<  W.  procio,  poke.]  —  prowl'er,  n. 


■F  prora,  < 


pros' i-xnate ,  prex'i-met  or  -met,  a.    Being  in 

immediate  relation  with  something  else;  next. 

[<    L.  proximus,  nearest,  superl.  of  prope, 

near.] —  prox'i-mate-ly,  adv. —  prox-im'i-ty, 

n.    The  state  of  being  near  or  next. 
prox'i-mo,  prex'i-mo,  adv.    In  or  of  the  next 

or  coming  month:  abbreviated  jwoa;.     [L.,  abl. 

s.  of  proxitnus;  see  proximate.] 
prox'y,  prex'i,  n.     [prox'ies^,  pi.]    A  person 

empowered  by  another  to  act  for  him,  the  right 

so  to  act,  or  the  instrument  conferring  it. 
prude,  prud,  n.  A  person,  especially  a  woman, 

who  makes  an  affected  display  of  modesty. 

[F.,  fem.  of  OF.  prou,prud,  good,  excellent.] 

—  pru'der-y,  n.     Primness;   assumed   coy- 
ness.— pru'disli,  a. 

pru'dent,  pru'dgnt,  a.  1.  Cautious;  judicious; 
worldly»wise.  2.  Sagacious;  judicious.  3. 
Characterized  by  practical  wisdom  or  discre- 
tion. [F.,  <  L.  p?'vden(f-)s;  contr.  of  provi- 
de7){t-)s;  see  provident.]  —  pru'dence,  w. 
The  quality  of  being  prudent;  sagacity;  economy; 
discretion.— prii-den'tial,  a.  Proceeding 
from  or  marked  by  prudence. 

prune,  prun,  vt.  &  vi.  [pruned;  pru'ning.] 
1.  To  trim  off  superfluous  branches.  2.  To 
trim  feathers  with  the  bill,  as  a  bird.  [<  OF. 
prou(/ner.] 

prune,  prQn,  n.  1.  The  dried  fruit  of  the 
common  plum.  2.  A  plum.  [F.,  <  Gr.^'2)rau- 
non,  plum.] 

pru'ri-ent,  pru'ri-gnt,  a.  Impure  in  thought 
and  desire.     [<  L.  pruHen{t-)s.,  itching.] 

Frus'sian,  prush'an  or  pru'shan.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Prussia.  11.  n.  A  citizen' of  Prussia. 
—Prussian  blue,  a  coloring  substance  used 
in  dyeing,  etc.— prus'sic,  prus'Ic  or  pru'sic,  a. 
Pertaining  to  Prussian  blue.— prussic  acid,  a 
volatile,  colorless,  and  extremely  poisonous  liq- 
uid compound  of  hydrogen,  carbon,  and  nitrogen. 
liydrocyanic  acidt* 

prySproi-  l.vt.&vi.  [pried;  pry'ing.]  To 
observe  carefully;  scrutinize;  look  into  curi- 
ously or  slyly.  II.  n.  [priess  jyl.]  A  sly 
and  searching  inspection.  [Transposition  of 
WE.piren  (<  LG.  piren),  look  closely.] 

pry2,  v^.  1.  vi.  [pried;  pry'ing.]  To  work 
upon  or  move  with  a  lever.     II.  n.     A  lever. 

psalm,  sflm,  n.  A  sacred  song  or  lyric.  [< 
Gr.^ +  ^^psalf}ws,  <  pa//o,  play  a  stringed  in- 
strument.] —  psalm'ist,  n.  A  composer  of 
psalms.— psaVino-dy,  n.  1.  Psalm=singing. 
ti.  A  collection  of  psalms. 

Psal'ter,  sel'tgr,  n.      The  Book  of  Psalms. 

—  psai'ter-y,  71.    [-ies«,  jo/.]     1.  A  Hebrew 
stringed    musical    Instrument. 
"i.  A  Psalter. 

pseud",     (Combining  forms. 

pseudo-,  (  [<     Grr.    pseudes, 

false,  jyseudos,  falsehood.] 

—  pseu'do-nym,  7i.  A  fic- 
titious name;  pen*name.— 
pseu-don'y-mous,  a. 

psy'cliic,         I  sai'kic, -al,  a.    Pertaining  to 
psy'cliic-al,  (the  mind  or  soul.     {<Gv.psy- 

chikos,    <  psyche;  see   Psyche.] 
psy-cliol''o-gy,  sai-cel'o-ji,  n.    The  science 

of  the  human  soul  and  its  operations.     [<  Gr. 

psyche,  soul,  breath,  -f -logy.]— psy''cho-log'- 

ic>al,  a.    psy'''cho-log'ic$.  —  psy-chol'o- 

gist,  n. 
ptar'mi-gan,  tflr'mi-gan,  n.  [-gans*  or  -gan, 


Psaltery. 


fiutgyre  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dh   (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


ptomain 
pumpkin 


362 


1)1.]    A  grouse  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
[<  Gael,  tarmach- 
an,  ptarmigan.] 

pto'ma-in,    (  to'- 

pto'iua-ine,  f  ma- 
in,-in,??.  A  poison- 
ous allialoid,  derived 
from  decomposing 
or  putrefying  ani- 
mal matter.  [  <  Gr. 
ptoma,  coipse.] 

pu'ber-ty,  piu'bgr- 
ti,  n.  Opening  man- 
liood  or  womanhood. 
[<  OF.  pt/berte,  < 
L.  puberta{t-)s,  <  piiher,  of  ripe  age.] 

pub'lic,  pub'lic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  peo- 
ple at  large;  open  to  all;  well-known.  II.  n. 
The  people  collectively.  [<  L.  jniblicus,  < 
jx>pulK$,  people.]— pub'li-can,  n.  1.  [Erg.] 
The  keeper  of  a  public  house.  2,  Eom.  Hint.  One 
who  farmed  or  collected  the  public  revenues.— 

5ub''li-ca'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  publishing. 
,  A  newspaper,  magazine,  etc.— pub-lic'i-ty, 
n.  The  state  of  being  public— public  house. 
1 ,  An  inn,  tavern,  or  hotel,  ti.  [Eng.]  A  place  li- 
censed to  sell  Intoxicating  liquors;  llquor^saloon. 

pub'lisliS  pub'lish,  vt.  1.  To  make  known 
publicly.  2.  To  issue  (or  print,  bind,  and  is- 
sue), as  from  the  press.  3.  To  circulate.  [< 
L.P  publico,  make  public]  —  pub'Iish-er,  n. 

puck'er,  puk'gr.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  To  gather  into 
small  folds  or  wrinkles;  corrugate.  II.  p. 
A  wrinkle,  or  group  of  wrinkles.  [Freq.  < 
POKE*,  n.] 

pud'ding;,  pud'ing,  n.  1.  A  dessert  of  soft 
food,  usually  farinaceous.  2.  A  large  sausage. 
[  <  Ir.  jnttog,  pudding.] 

pud'dle,  pud'l,  i\    [pud'dled;  pud'dlino.] 

1.  /.  1.  To  convert  (melted  pig  iron)  into 
wrought  iron  by  melting  and  stirring.  2.  To 
make'muddy.    "II.  i.    To  stir  up  filth. 

pud'dle,  n.    A  small  pool  of  dirty  water. 
pu'er-il(e,  piu'fir-il,  a.    Juvenile;  immature; 
weak;  silly.     [<  L.  puerilis,  <  puer.,  boy.] 

—  pu"er-iFi-ty,  n.    Puerile  state. 

puff,  puf.  I',  vt.  &in.  1.  To  blow  upon  with 
putfs;  inflate;  swell.  2.  To  utter  fulsome  praise. 
3.  To  pant;  breathe  hard.  II.  n.  1.  Abreath 
emitted  suddenly  and  with  force ;    a  whiff. 

2.  A  public  expression  of  fulsome  ^praise.  3. 
An  inflated,  spongy,  or  fluffy  article.  [Imi- 
tative.]—pulT'y,  a. 

puffin,  puf'in,  n.    An  auk  with  deep  com- 

Eressed  bill.  [<  puff:  from  its  puffed«out 
eak  ] 
pug,  pog,  n.  1.  A  pug'dog.  2.  A  monkey, 
[t^rm  of  Puck,  <  Ir.  puca,  elf.]  —  pus'sdog'', 
n.  A  small,  Bhort-halrcul  dog  with  upturned 
nose.—  uuKsnoHtN  n.  A  snub-nose. 
pu'gil-ism,  i)iri'jil-izm,  n.  The  art  of  boxing 
or  hghtiiig  with  the  lists.    [  <  L.  fmgil,  boxer.] 

—  pii'tril-iMt,  «.— pu^KiI-is'lIc,  n. 
pug-na^cious,  pug-ne'shus,  a.    Disposed  to 

llglit;  (luarrelsoine,    [<  h.  jrugnax  (jmgnac-), 

<  pi/f/fio,  light.]  —  puK-iiac'l-ty,  n. 
pu'ls-sance,  pin'is-eans,  «.    Power;  ability 

to  tight  or  conquer.     [F.]  —  pu'lH-sant,  o. 
pule,  pini,  vi.     [pi'lkd;  pu'lino.]    To  j)eep; 

whimper.     [<  OV.  piuler;  imitative.] 
pull,  pul.    I.  vt.  it  ri.    1.  To  draw  with  force; 


Split  Pulley, 
lung.]  —  pul- 


haul;drag;  tug.  2.  To  pluck.  3.  To  draw 
out.  4.  To  row,  or  transpoit  by  rowing.  II. 
n.  1.  The  act  of  pulling.  2.  A  draft  of  liquid. 
3.  An  advantage,  as  through  political  favorit- 
ism.   [<  AS.pullian,  pull.] 

pul'let,  pul'et,  n.  1.  A  young  hen.  2.  A 
small  edible  European  bivalve.  [  <  LL.*"  pitlla, 
young  hen.] 

pul'ley,  pul'g.  n-  1.  A  wheel  grooved  to 
receive  a  rope,  and  usually 
mounted  in  a  block.  2.  A 
wheel  driving,  carrying,  or  be- 
ing driven  by  a  belt.  [<  F. 
poi/lie,  pulley.] 

pul'mo-na-ry,  pol'mo-nij-ri, 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  binge. 
2.  Having lung'likeorgar.s.  [< 
L.  jml'^onarius,  <  pvlmoiyi-^., 
luon'ic.  I.  «.  Pertaining  to  the  liTngs.  II. 
11.    A  medicine  for  lung=disease. 

pulp,  pulp,  n.  A  moist,  solt,  slightly  cohering 
mass  of  matter,  as  the  soft,  succulent  pait  of 
fruit.  [<  'L.jiulpa.,  solid  flesh.]  — pulp'ous, 
a.    Consisting  of  or  resembling  pulp.    pulp'S'J. 

pul'pit,  pul'pit,  n.  1.  An  elevated  stand  or 
desk  for  a  preacher  in  a  church.  2.  The  oflSce 
or  work  or  preaching;  hence,  the  clergy  as  a 
class.    [<  L.OF  pulpitum,  stage,  platform.] 

puFsate,  pul'set,  vi.  [puL'sA"TEBd;  pul'sa"- 
TiNG.]  To  throb;  beat.  [<  L. pvlsatus,  pp. 
of  pidso  ;  see  pulse,  v.]  —  puP8a-til(e,  a. 
Pulsatory. —pul-sa'tion,  n.  A  throbbing: 
also,  a  single  heart»beat.  [pulsate. 

pulse,  puis,  vi.    [pulsed'  \  ^uls'ing.]     To 

pulse  1,  71.  1.  The  rhythmic  beating  of  the 
arteries.  2.  Any  throbbing;  pulsation.  [< 
L.  jnilsiis,  beating.] 

pulse^,  n.  Leguminous  plants  collectively,  as 
peas,  beans,  etc.,  or  their  edible  seeds.  [< 
L.oF  puis,  pottage.] 

pul'ver-ize,  pul'vgr-aiz,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ized; 
I'ziNG.]  To  reduce  or  become  reduced  to 
powder;  to  crush.  [<  L.  pulvis  {pulver-),  dust, 
powder.]  pul'ver-ise:|:.  —  puP'ver-i-za'- 
tion  or  -sa'tiou,  n. 

pu'ma,  piu'ma,  n.  An  American  carnivore, 
ranging 
from  Can- 
ada to  Pat- 
agon  i  a  . 
[Peru.] 

pum'ice, 
pum'is,  II.  I 
Spongy  or i 
cellular 
volcanic 
lava:  used 
as  a  polish- 

ing-materi-  , ,  , , 

al.     [<   L,  I'lana.    Voa 

pitmex  (pumic-),  perhaps  <  xpuma.,  foam.] 

pump,  pump,  vt.  &  vt.  1.  To  raise  with 
a  pump.  2.  To  extract  information  by  ques- 
tioning. 

pumpi,  «.  A  mechanical  device  for  raising, 
circulating,  exhausting,  or  compressing  a  fluid. 
See  illus.  on  next  page.     [<  F.  jx)m])e.] 

pump'',  n.  A  light  shoe  for  dancing.  [<  F. 
pof7i/>€.  nit.  <  Gr.  jxtrnpS,  a  sending.] 

pump'kin,  pnmp'kin  (CoUoq.  pup'kin),  n.  A 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


363 


pun 
purloin 


large  trailing  vine;  also,  its  fruit.     [<  Gr.^+OF 
pepon,  melon.] 

pun,  pun.    I.vt.&ri.     [punnfd;  pun'ning.] 
'i'o  make  a  play  on  words.     II.  71. 
The  use  of  a  word  in  two  senses, 
more  or  less  incongruous. 

punch.",  puncli,  rt. 
To  make  a  hole  or  in- 
dentation in.  [<  L. 
piinctum,  point.] 

piincli2t,  vt.  To  beat  or 
strike.  [Corr.  of  pun- 
ish.]—puncli'er,  11.  _ 

^r§!fn;\rVerta-     —^tjn^am, 

puncll2,  n.  An  alco-  eator;  .s,  steam.chest;  sc, 
hollC  beverage  com-  steam^cylinder;  SI.  suction^ 
posed  of  wine  or  Spir-  inlet;  t,  tappet;  r,  valve* 
Its,  sweetened,  fla-  ^"^'^  "'*'-  water=cylmder. 
vored,  and  diluted  with  water.  [<  Hind. 
])anch  (<  Sans.  pancha\  five:  from  the  five 
original  ingredients  —  arrack,  tea,  sugar,  water, 
and  lemon.] 

piincli^,  n.    A  blow,  thrust,  poke,  or  nudge. 

Punch.*,  n.  The  mock»hero  in  a  comic  per- 
formance of  puppets.     [<  It.  pulcinello.'\ 

pun'cheon',  pun'chmi,  n.  1.  An  upright 
supporting  timber.  2.  A  punch  or  perforatmg 
tool.     [<  Ij. ^^ pvnctioin-},  puncture.] 

pun'cheon^,  n.  A  liquor»cagk  of  variable 
capacity,  from  72  to  120  gallons.  [<  OF.  2>oin- 
fton,  winc'vessel.] 

punc-til'io,  pu^ic-til'iO,  n.  A  nice  point  of 
etiqueite.  [<  Sp.  pnntillo.']  —  puiic-tll'ious, 
a.    Very  exact  in  the  forms  of  etiquette. 

punc'til-al,  punc'chu-al  or-tiu-al,  a.  1.  Ex- 
act as  to  appointed  time.  2.  Done  or  made 
precisely  at  an  appointed  time.  [<  \^J  jmiic- 
tum,  POINT.]  -ly,  adv.— ^nnc^'tu-aVi-iy ,  n. 
[-TIES1,  pZ.]    Promptness,    punc'tu-nl-nessl:. 

punc'tu-ate,  punc'chu-et  o?'-tin-et,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-a"ted'';  -A"TiNfi.]  To  divide  or  mark  with 
significant  points;  use  punctuation.  [<  L.'^ 
puncfum,  point.]  —  punc^tu-a'tioii,  h.  The 
use  of  points. 

punc'ture,  puiic'chur  or  -tipr.  I.  vf. 
[-tured;  tur-ing.]  To  pierce  with  a  sharp* 
pointed  instrument.  II.  w.  A  small  hole 
made  by  piercing.    [<  l..^-^ pi/nctus,  point.] 

pun'jgent,  pun'jgnt,  a.  1.  Pricking,  stinging, 
or  piercing.  2.  Caustic,  keen,  or  racy.  [<  L. 
pn7igen{t-)s,  ppr.  of  pungo,  prick.]  —  pun'gen- 
cy,  n. 

pun'ishS  pun'ish,  t;^  To  inflict  a  penalty  upon 
for  a  crime  or  fault;  requite  with  penalty;  chas- 
tise; castigate.  [<'L.prinio,  <  pcena,  pimish- 
ment.]  —  pun'ish-a-I)l(e,  a.  —  piin'ish-ment, 
n.  Penalty;  also,  the  act  of  punishing.— pu'ni- 
tiv(e,  «.    Pertaining  to  punishment. 

piin'ka,  pun'ka,  n.  [Anglo=Ind.]  A  screen=like 
fan  swung  from  the  celling. 

pun'ster,  pun'stgr,  n.    One  who  puns. 

punt'',  punt,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  propel,  as  a  boat, 
by  pushing  with  a  pole.  2.  In  football,  to 
give  a  punt  to  (the  ball).  II.  i.  To  go  hunt- 
ing or  fishing  in  a  punt. 

punt,  n.  1.  A  flat-bottomed  boat.  2.  A  barge 
propelled  with  a  pole.  3.  The  kicking  of  a 
dropped  football  before  it  strikes  the  ground. 
[<  AS.  punt,  <  Jj.  pontoin-);  see  pontoon.] 


pu'ny,  piu'ni,  a.  [pu'ni-er;  pxt'ni-est.]  Weak 

and  insignificant.     [  <  OF.  puisne,  <  LL.  jx>st- 

natus,  younger.] 
pup,  pup,  n.    Same  as  puppy. 
pu'pa,  piu'pa,  n,    [pu'p^,  piu'ptor  pu'pe,  pi.'] 

The  third  stage  of  an  insect  that  undergoes  a 

metamorphosis,  as  of  a  butter- 

fiy.     [L.,  girl,  doll,  fem.  of  jni- 

jn/s,  boy.] 
pu'pili,  piu'pil,  n.    A  person 

under    the  care  of  a  teacher; 

scholar;  learner.     [<  L.  pvpil- 

lus,  pupilla,  dim.  of  pi/pi/s,  boy. 


pupa, 
Th 


girl.]  —  pu'pil-age,   n. 

te  of  being  a  pupil. 


he  state 
pu'pil^,  n.    The  opening  in  the 

iris  of  the  eye.     [  <  L.  mpiUa,  Pupa.shell.   1/7 

pupil  of  the  eye,  little  girl.] 
pup'pet,  pop'gt,  n.    A  small  figure  that  by 

means  of  wires  is  made    to    perform    mock 

drama.     [<  L.'^*' ?>Mj:;a,  girl,  doll.] 


pup'py,  pup'i,  n.    [pup'PIEs^  ;>Z.]     1.  The 

*  a  canine  mammal,  as  of  a  dog.    2.  A 

silly  fop.     [<  F.  paupee,  <  L.  pupa,  doll,  pup- 


young  of ; 


pet.]  —  pup'py-ish,  a.  —  pup'py-ism,  n. 

piir-,  por-,  prefix.    See  pro-. 

pur-'blind'',  pur'blaind",  a.  Afflicted  with 
dimness  of  vision;  near-sighted.  [<  pure, 
adv.,  4- blind.]  —  pur'blind'^iiess,  n. 

pur'chase,  pijr'ches.  I.  rt.  [pur'chased*; 
puu'cHA-siNG.]  To  buy.  II.  n.  1.  The  act 
of  purchasing,  or  that  which  is  purchased.  2. 
A  mechanical  advantage  for  moving  heavy 
bodies.  [<  OF.  imrchasier,  <  pur-,  forth,  -{- 
chacier,  pursue.] 

pure,  piur,  a.  1.  Free  from  mixture.  2.  Free 
from  moral  defilement;  refined.  3.  Absolute; 
mere;  sheer.  [<  1,.^^  pur  us,  clean.]  — pure'- 
ly,  adv.  Wholly;  very.— pure'n ess,  n.  Purity. 

purge,  purj.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [purged;  pur'- 
GiNG.]  1.  To  cleanse  or  purify;  clearfrom  accu- 
sation or  suspicion .  2 .  To  affect  or  be  affected 
with  a  cathartic.  II.  n.  A  cathartic;  also,  its 
administration  or  operation.  [<  L.*"  purgo, 
cleanse.]  —pur-ga'tlon,  v.  The  act  or  process 
of  purging.  —  pur'ga-tiv(e.  I.  a.  Efficacious 
in  purging.  II,  n.  A  cathartic.  —  pur'$(a-to- 
ry,  ?i.  [-RIES*,  ;oZ.]  R.  C.  Ch.  An  intermediate 
state  where  souls  are  made  fit  for  heaven  by  ex- 
piatory suffering. 

pu'ri-fy,  piu'ri-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -fy"ing.]  1. 1. 
1.  To  make  clear  or  pure.  2.  To  cleanse  cere- 
monially. II.  i.  To  grow  or  become  pure 
or  clean.  [  <  L.*"  purijico,  make  pure.]  —  pu''- 
ri-fi-ca'tion,  rt. 

Pu'ri-tan,  piii'ri-tan.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Puritans.  II.  w.  1.  One  of  a  sect  of  English 
Protestants  (1559)  who  advocated  popular 
rights  and  opposed  ritualism  and  all  laxity  of 
morals.  2.  One  of  the  Pilgrim  settlers  of  New 
England. 
—  Pii'^ri-tan'ic,  a.    Pu''ri-taii'ic-alt. 

pu'ri-ty ,  piQ'ri-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  pure. 
[<  L.i-^+J^  purus,  pure.] 

purl,  piJrl,  vi.  To  flow  with  a  bubbling  sound; 
ripple.     [<  Sw. /?or/a,  purl.]    pirlt. 

pur'lieu,  pur'liii,  n.  pi.  The  outskirts  of  any 
place.     [  <  OF.  puralee,  a  going  through.] 

pur-loin',  piir-lein',  vt.  To  take  by  theft; 
steal.  [<  OF.  pvrloigmer,  <  LL.  prolongo, 
PROLONG.]  —pur-Ioin'er,  n. 


flutlOre  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c  <k);    cliat;   dli  {the);  go;   sing,   iijik;  tliin. 


purple 
pyrite 


364 


pur-'pKe,  pur 'pi.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [pijr'pl(e)d; 
puk'pling.]  To  color  or  imbue  with  purple; 
become  purple.  II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  purple. 
III.  n.  1.  A  color  of  mingled  red  and  blue, 
between  crimson  and  violet.  2.  Royal  power 
or  dignity;  rank;  wealth,  3.  The  office  of  a 
cardinal.  [  <  F.  jxn/rpre,  <  L.  purjmra,  <  Gr. 
jorphyra,  purple^sheil.] 

pur'port,  pur' port.  I**,  vt.  &  vi.  To  signify; 
mean;  imply.  II.  n.  A  meaning  intended; 
import;  eignificance;  substance.  [<  OF.  pu?'- 
porfer,  intend,  <  pur-,  forth,  4-  porter,  carry.] 

pur'pose,  piJr'pus.  l.rt.&vi.  [pur'posei)' ; 
pur'pos-ing.]  To  determine,  resolve,  or  in- 
tend; have  a  fixed  design  or  determination. 
II.  n.  A  plan  intended  to  be  carried  out;  de- 
sign; settled  resolution.  [OF.,  <  Jj.jjvoposi- 
turn,  <  pro,  before,  +  pono,  place.] 

—  pur'pose-ly,  adv. 

purr,  pur.  I.  vi.  To  make  a  low  murmuring 
sound,  as  a  cat.  II.  n.  An  intermittent  mur- 
muring sound,  such  as  a  cat  makes  when  satis- 
fled  or  pleased.     [Imitative.] 

purse,  purs.  l.vt.  [pursed';  purs 'inc.]  1. 
To  contract  into  wrinkles  or  folds.  2.  To 
place  in  a  purse.  II.  n.  1.  A  small  bag  for 
carrying  money.  2.  A  treasury.  3.  A  sum 
of  money  offered  as  a  prize.  [<  F.  bourse, 
purse,  <  Gr.J'i'  byrsa,  hide.]  —  purse'sproud'^, 
rt.  — piirs'er,  n.  An  officer  having  charge  of 
the  accounts,  etc.,  of  a  vessel;  paymaster. 

pur-sue',  pur-siQ',  v.  [pur-sued';  pur-su'- 
ING.]  I.  ^  1.  To  follow  persistently;  chase; 
hunt.  2.  To  seek.  3.  To  continue;  follow  up. 
II.  i.  To  continue;  proceed.  [<  L.of  jnv- 
seqnor,  <  pro,  forward,  -f  seqvm',  follow.] 

—  pur-su'a-bl(e,  rt.  — piiv-sii'ance,  ii. 
The  act  of  pursuing.  —  pur-su'aiit.  I.  a. 
Conformable.  II,  mlv.  In  accordance;  agree- 
ably; conformably:  usually  with  «o.— pur-sii'er, 
n.  —  piir-Huit',  n.  The  act  of  pursuing;  a  busi- 
ness followed;  vocation. 

pur'sy,  pur'si,  a.    Short-breathed;  asthmatic; 

fat.     [<  h.^^  pulso,  beat.] 
pu'ru-lent,  piQ'ru-lgnt,  a.    Consisting  of  or 

secreting  pus.     [<  L.  purulentus,  <  pus,  pus.] 

—  pu'ru-lence,  n. 

pur-vey',  pOr-ve',  Tt.  &  vi.  To  furnish  or  pro- 
vide supplies.  [<  OF.  purveier,<  l,.provideo, 
])rovide.] — pur-vey'ance,  n. —  pur-vey'or,  71. 

piir'view,  pur'viQ,  n.  Extent,  sphere,  or 
scope  of  anything.  [<  OF.  paurvieu,  <paur- 
roir,  PURVEY.] 

pus,  pus,  n.  A  secretion  from  inflamed  tissues. 
[L.,  <  i'  jm  in  puteo,  rot.] 

pusb,  push.  I'.  Tt.  &  vi.  1.  To  press  against 
or  urge  forward ;  thrust.  2 .  To 
exert  pressure  in  moving.  II. 
n.  1.  A  propelling  or  thrust- 
ing pressure;  shove.  2.  An 
emergency.  3.  Activity;  en- 
ergy. [<  F.  jxntssevy  <  L. 
pvho:  see  pirLSE,  v.^  ti..„i„ 

pu'^sU-laii'i.mous,  pifl'si-  Tikff£-  :, 
lan'i-muH,  a.  Mean-spirited;  ^ors off  the  cord 
cowardly;  weak.  [Kh.piml-  without  movintr 
lus,  very  little,  -f-  ariitnus,  the  cord  from 
mind.]— pu''sll.la.iilm'l-ty,n.   the  stick. 

puss,  pus,  77.  1.  A  cat.  2.  A  bare  or  rabbit. 
[Perhaps  imitative  of  a  cat's  "spitting."] 


—  piis'sy,  n.  [PTJS'siEs^,  pL]  Puss:  a  di- 
minutive. 

pus'tule,  pus'tiul,  n.  A  small  pimple  contain- 
ing pus.     [<  h.  pustida,  <  pvs,  pu».] 

put,  put,  V.  [put;  put'ting.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
set,  lay,  or  place.  2.  To  bring  into  a  particu- 
lar state  or  form;  express;  render.  3.  To  com- 
mit; entrust.  4,  To  set  or  apply.  5.  To  urge. 
II.  i.  To  direct  one's  course.  ['<  AS.  ]X)(ia>i, 
push.] 

pu'ta-tiv(e,  piii'ta-tiv,  a.  Supposed;  re- 
ported; reputed.  [<  F.putatif,  <  L.  pu(o, 
think,  prune.] 

pu'tre-fy,  piu'trg  fai.  vt.  &  ri.    [-fied;  -fy"- 


Pyramid. 
ING.]  To  cause  to  decay  with  fetid  odor;  rot; 
decay;  decompose.  [<  L.^^ puh'eo,  be  putrid, 
-\-facio,  make.]  —  pii^tre-fac'tion,  71.  —  pu''- 
tre-fac'tiv(e,  a.— pii-tres'cence,  «.— pii- 
tres'cent,  a.    Becoming  putrid. 

pu''trid,  piu'trid,  a.    Bemg  in  a  state  of  putre- 
faction.    [Klj.putridus,  <  putreo,  be  rotten.] 
—  pu-trid'i-ty,  n.    pu'trid-nes-st. 

piit'ter,  put'er,  vi.    [Colloq.]    To  trifle;  potter. 

put'ty,  puff.  I.  vt.  [put'tied;  put'ty-ing.] 
To  fill  up  or  stop  with  putty.  II.  n.  A  prepa- 
ration of  whiting  and  oil  for  filling  cracks,  etc. 
[<  OF.  2)0tee,  calcined  tin.] 

puz'zle,  puz'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  ("puz'zled;  puz'- 
ZLiNG.]  To  confuse  or  perplex;  mystify;  to 
be  perplexed.  II.  )i.  1.  A  perplexing  prob- 
lem. See  illus.  in  preceding  column.  2.  A 
quandary.     [For  opiwscd,  <  oppose.] 

pyg'my,  pig'mi.  I.  a.  Diminutive;  dwarfish. 
pyg-me'anj.  II.  n.  [pyo'mies*,  ;j/.]  A 
dwarf.  [<  Gr.  Pygpiaios,  <  pygini,  a  meas- 
ure =  \^\  inches,  ofig.  a  flst.] 

py-ja'iiias,  «.  pi.   [Anglo»Ind.l    Pajamas.. 

pyr'a-mid,  pir'a-mid,  n.  1.  A  solid  struc- 
ture of  masonry  with  a  square  base,  and 
with  triangular  sides 
meeting  in  an  ajx'x. 
See  illus.  above.  2. 
Any  structure  or 
solid  of  such  form. 
[<  (Jr.  mr(imi((i-)ii, 
pyramiu,  of  P^gynt. 
ofig.]  —  py-raiii'l- 
dal,  a.  pyr''a- 
inid'ictt  pyr^'a- 
iiild'ic-alt. 

pyre,  pair,  n.  Aheap 
of  combustibles  ar- 
ranged forburniiura 
dead  body.  [<  Gr. 
pyi'a,  <  jyyr,  fire.] 

pyr'ite,  pir'ait,  n. 
[PY-Ri'TEs,  pi-rai'ttz 


Python.    1/30 
pi."]     A  compound  of 


popfl,  98k;  at,  air;  el^mfint,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  $,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^?r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


365 


pyroteclinic 
q.uake 


iron  and  sulfur,  of  a  pale  yellow  color.  [< 
Gr.*-  pyrites,  flint,  <  pyr,  fire.] 

py^ro-tech'nic,  pai'ro-tec'nic,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  tireworks.  [<  Gr.  py7\  fire,  +  techne., 
art.]  py"ro-tecli'nic-ali.—  py"ro-tech'- 
nicw,  n.     Fireworks.— py'^ro-tech-'iiist,  n. 

py'thon,  pai'then,  n.  1.  A  large  non=venom- 
ous  serpent  that  crushes  its  prey  in  its  folds. 


See  illus.  on  preceding  page.    2.  A  soothsayer 
or  soothsaying  spirit.     [L.] 

—  pyth'on-es8,  n.  The  priestess  of  the  Del- 
phic oracle.— py-thon'ic,  a. 
pyx,  pix,  n.  1.  B.  C.  Ch.  A  vessel  in  which 
the  host  is  preserved.  2.  A  receptacle  for 
coins  at  the  British  mint.  [  <  L.  pyxis,,  <  Gr. 
pt/xis,  box,  <  pyxos,  boxwood.] 


Q 


Q,  q[,  kin,  n.  [ques,  Q's,  or  gs,  kiuz,  pi.]  A 
letter:  the  seventeenth  in  the  English  alphabet. 

quacks  cwac.  I',  t'i.  To  utter  a  quack.  II. 
/>.    A  croaking  sound,  as  of  a  duck.      [Imit.] 

quack''.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  false  or  un- 
founded pretensions,  as  to  medical  skill.  II. 
n.  A  pretender,  as  to  medical  skill;  a  charla- 
tan. [<  QUACK. 1]  —quack,  a.— quack'er-y, 
n.    [-IKSI,  «;.]    Ignorant  or  fraudulent  practise. 

quad,  owed,   n.     [Colloq.]     Same  as  quadrat. 

quad'ran''gl(e,  cwed'rari"gl,  n.  1.  A  plane 
figure  having  four  sides  and  four  angles.  2.  A 
court,  square  or  oblong,  as  within  a  public  build- 
ing. [<  L.  quadrangulus,  <  quattuor,  four, 
+  angiili/s,  angle.]  —  quad-ran'gu-lar,  a. 
Havinpf'fonr  angles. 

quad'rant,  cwed'rant,  ti.  1.  The  quarter  of 
a  circle,  or  of  its  circumference.  2.  An  instru- 
ment having  a  graduated  arc 
of  90°,  with  a  movable  radius 
for  measuring  angles  on  it. 
[OF.,  <  L.  quadran{t-)s,  < 
qiiattuoA  four.] 
—  quad'rant-al,  a. 

quad'rat,  cwed'rat,  n. 
Piiiit.  A  piece  of  type»metal 
lower  than  the  letters  for 
spacing:  abbreviated  quad. 
[OF.;  see  QUADRATE.] 

quad'rate,  cwed'ret,  v. 
[quad'ra"ted<i;  quad'ra"- 
TiNG.]  I;!.  ^.  To  divide  into 
quarters.  II.  i.  To  corre- 
spond or  agree;  square.— quad'rate,  a.  Square. 
— quad'rate.  n.  Something  square;  In  anatomy, 
a  bone  suspending  the  lower  jaw  In  certain  verte- 
brates. [<  OF.  quadrat,  <  L.  quadratus,  pp.  of 
quadro,  square.]  — quad-rat'ic.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  square.  II.  7i.  Alg.  1.  An  equa- 
tion of  the  second  degree,  a,  pi.  The  part  of 
algebra  that  treats  of  quadratic  equations. 

quad-reu'ni-al,  cwed-ren'i-al,  a.  Occur- 
ring once  in  four  years;  comprising  four  years. 
[<  Ij}-^  quattuor,  four,  +  annus,  year.] 

quadri-.  A  combining  form.  [<L.  quattuor, 
four.] — quad''ri-lat'er-al.  I.  a.  Four*sided. 
II.  n.  A  figure  formed  from  four  straight  lines. 
Seeillus.  in  next  column.— quad-ril'lion.M.  A 
cardinal  number:  (1)  In  the  French  (and  U.  S.) 
system  of  numeration,  1  followed  by  15  ciphers. 
(2)  In  the  English  system,  1  followed  by  24  ciphers. 
A  word  of  four 


Gunner's  Quad- 
rant. 


•i-8yl'Ia-bl(e, 
qua-drille',  cwa-dril',  n. 


-quad 

svllables 


1.  A  square  dance 


for  four  or  more  couples.   2.  Music  for  such  a 

dance.     [F.] 
quad-roon',  cwed-ruu',  n.    A  person  having 

one»fourth  negro    and    three»fourths 

white  blood.     [<  Sp.  cuarteron,  < 

ciiarto,  fourth.] 
quadru-.    A  combining 

form:  Same  as  quadri-. 
—  quad-ru'ina-na,  n. 

pi.    An  order  of  quadru- 

manous  animals,  including 

monkeys.     1+  L.   manriH, 

hand.]—  quad-ru 'ma- 
nous,    a.      Four-handed; 

having  all  four  feet  hand=" 

like,  as  monkeys.- quad'-   „„'^  j f,  „H  ^' 

ru-ped.      lU   Vvlng  l^t^'^lZ' 


A  B  C  D, 


four  feet. 


An  anl- 


K 

ordinary 

mal  having  four  feet;  espe-  Tals';  Ea'bdfc!  cSl 
claly,  a  four-footed  mam-  piete  quadilateral,  or 
mal.  L-f  L.  pes,  foot.]  —  W^sided;  A,  B,  C,  D, 
quad-ru'ped-al,  a.—  e,  F,  its  vertices;  AI, 
quad'ru-pl(e.  I.  vt.  &  BH,  EI,  its  diagonals 
Vi.  [-PL(e)d; -PLING.]  To  or  axes;  G,  H,  I,  its 
multiply  by  four;  become  centers, 
quadruple.  II.  a.  1.  Con- 
sisting of  four  united  or  of  four  parts.  2.  Mul- 
tiplied by  four.— quad'ru-plex,  a.  Four- 
fold.—quad-ru'pli-cate.  I.  vt.  [-CA'TEDd; 
-ca'ting.]  To  double  twice;  quadruple.  II,  a. 
Math.    Fourfold.— quad-ru''pli-ca'tion,  n. 

quaffs  cwgf,  vt.  &  vi.  To  drink,  especially 
with  relish"  or  copiously.  [<  Gael,  ciiach, 
cup.]  [under  the  foot;  boggy. 

quag'gy,  cwag'i,  a.    Yielding  to  or  quaking 

quag'raire",  cwag'mair",  n.  Marshy  ground 
that  gives  way  under  the  foot;  bog.  [  <  quake 
-i-MiRE,  n.] 

quail,  cwel,  v.  II.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  shrink 
or  lose  courage.  2.  To  subdue-  crush.  II, 
i.  1.  To  shrink  from  facing  trial  or  pain.  2. 
To  decline;  slacken. 
[<  AS.  cwelan,  die.] 

quail,  n.  An  Old 
World  or  American 
bird  valued  for  the 
table;  a  bob»white  or 
similar  bird.  [<  OF. 
qvaille.'] 

quaint,     cwent,     a. 
Pleasingly  odd  or  old- 
fashioned.       [<    L.o*" 
cognitus,  known.] 
-ly,  adv.    -neHs,  n. 

quake,  cwek.    I.  vi. 


European  Migratory 

Quail.    1/7 

[quaked';  qua'king.] 


flutlure  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  cliat;   dh.  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


qualify- 
quench 


366 


To  be  agitated  with  quick,  short,  repeated  mo- 
tions; shake.  II.  n.  A  shaking,  tremulous 
motion,  quickly  repeated.  [<  AS.  cwacian, 
shake.]  —  qua'ker,  n.  1.  One  who  quakes. 
'>J.  [Q-1  A  member  of  the  Society  of  Fnends.— 
Qiia'kcr-ish,  a. 
qual'i-fy,  cwel'i-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  fit  for  a  i>articular  place,  office,  or 
occupation.  2.  To  limit  or  modify;  mitigate.  3. 
Gram.  To  restrict  in  application.  II.  i.  To  take 
the  steps  necessary  for  entering  upon  a  func- 
tion, employment,  etc.  [<  L.^+f  qualis^  such; 
and  see  -fy.] — qual'i.fl''a-bl(e,  a. — quaF'i-fl- 
ca'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  qualifying.  3.  That 
which  fits  a  person  or  thing  for  something,  3. 
A  rostrictlon;  mitigation.  —  quaFi-fied,  pa. 

1 .  Competent.  2.  Kestrlcted. 
qual'i-ty,  cwel'i-ti,  n.  [-ties',  pi.']  1.  Es- 
sential proj^erty;  a  distinguishing  element  or 
characteristic.  2.  Degree  of  goodness;  rela- 
tive excellence.  3.  Amoral  trait.  4.  Capacity; 
function.     [<  L.*"  qualitas,  <  qualis,  such.] 

q.ualm,  cwflm,  n.    1.  A  feeling  of  sickness. 

2.  A  twinge  of  conscience.    [<  AS.  cwealm, 
death.]  — qualm'ish,  a. 

quan'da-ry,  cwen'da-ri,  n.  [-ries*,  pi."]  A 
state  of  hesitation  or  perplexity.  [Ult.  <  Ice. 
vandr,  difficult.] 

quan'ti-ty,  cwen'ti-ti,  n.  [-ties',  pi"]  1. 
The  condition  of  being  so  much.  2.  A  certain 
mass,  volume,  or  number.  [<  L.^quantitas,< 
qiianhis.,  how  much.]  —  quan'ti-ta-tiv(e,  a. 

quar"an-tine',cwer"an-tin'.  l.vt.  [-tined'; 
-tin'ing.]  To  subject  to  quarantine,  II.  n. 
The  enforced  isolation  for  a  fixed  period  of  per- 
sons, ships,  or  goods  arriving  from  places  in- 
fected with  contagious  disease;  also,  a  place 
designated  for  sucn  isolation;  enforced  isola- 
tion.   [<  L.I' + OF  quadraginta,  forty.] 

quar'rel,  cwer'el.  I.  v.  [-reled  or  -reller; 
-KKL-iNG  or  -REL-LiNG.^  To  engage  in  a  quar- 
rel; dispute;  fall  out;  disagiee.  II.  n.  An  un- 
friendly, angry,  or  violent  dispute;  also,  the 
cause  of  dispute.  [<  L.*"  querela^  complaint.] 
—  quar'rel-HOine,  a. 

quar'ry,  cwer'i,  vt.  [quar'ried;  quar'ry- 
iXG.]    To  take  from  a  quarry. 

quar'ry  1,  n.  [quar'ries',  pli\  -An  excava- 
tion from  which  stone  is  taken  by  cutting, 
blasting,  or  the  like. 

quar'ry 2,  n.  A  beast  or  bird  hunted  or  killed, 
as  in  llie  chase, 

quart,  cwSrt,  n.  1.  A  measure  of  capacity; 
the  fourth  part  of  a  gallon,  or  two  pints,  2.  A 
vessel  of  such  capacity.  [<  F.  quarUy  <  L, 
quartvs;  see  quarter*,  n.J 

quar'tan,  cwSr'tan,  a,  Occun-ing  every  fourth 
day,  as  a  malarial  fever,  [<  F,  quartaine,  < 
L,  qyartanus,<  quartus;  see  quaiiter',  n.] 

quar'ter,  cvvSr'4'r,  v.  l.t.  1.  To  divide  or 
separate  into  four  equal  j)art8,  2.  To  cut  or 
break  in  parts;  divide  into  regions,  etc,  3. 
To  range  over,  as  a  field.  4.  To  furnish  witl> 
quarters.    II.  i.    1.  To  be  in  quarters;  lodge. 

2.  To  change  position.    3.  To  have  the  wind 
on  the  quarter. 

quar'ter',  n.  1.  One  of  four  equal  parts  into 
which  anytliin^  is  or  may  Ikj  divided.  2.  One 
of  the  four  principal  points  of  tlie  coni})a88. 

3.  A  place;  locality;  proper  or  assigned  iMwition 


or  station;  place  of  lodging.  [OF.,  <  L.  qvar- 
tarius,  <quartus,  fourth.]  —  quar'teriday'', 
n.  A  day  when  quarterly  payments  become  due. 
q.sdeck,  n.  Naut.  The  elevated  rear  part  of  a 
war=vessel:  for  officers  only.— quar'ter-ly.  I. 
a.  1,  Containing  a  fourth  part.  2.  Occurring 
at  intervals  of  three  months.  II.  n.  [-lies«,p^] 
A  publication  Issued  once  in  every  three  months. 
111.  adv.  1 .  Once  in  a  quarter  of  a  year,  tj.  In 
or  by  quarters.  — qiiar'ter-mas^'ter,  n.  1, 
A  8taff=offlcer,  as  of  a  regiment,  having  charge 
of  providing  and  assigning  quarters,  issuing  sup- 
plies, etc.  2.  Naut.  A  petty  officer  who  assists 
the  navigator,  etc. 

quar'ter^,  n.  Mercy  shown  in  sparing  the  life 
of  a  defeated  or  captured  enemy;  hence,  clem- 
ency.    [<  F.  qnartier.] 

quar'tern,  cwer'tgm,  n.  [Eng.]  A  fourth 
part,  as  of  certain  measures  or  weights. 

quar-tet',  cwer-tet',  n.  1.  Four  things  of  a 
kind;  a  musical  composition  for  four  voices  or 
instruments,  or  the  four  persons  who  render  it. 
2.  Four  things  of  a  kind.  [<  It.  qvartetto^ 
dim.  of  quarto,  fourth.]    quar-tette':):. 

quar'to,  cwer'to.  I.  a.  Having  four  leaves 
to  the  sheet.  II.  n.  A  book  or  pamphlet 
whose  pages  are  of  the  size  of  the  fourth  of  a 
sheet:  often  written  kto  or  U°.  [ <  L.  in  quarto; 
in,  in;  quarto,  abl,  of  quartus,  fourth.] 

quartz,  cwerts,  n.  A  hard  mineral,  common 
in  rocks,  as  in  granite.     [<  Gr.  qnarz.] 

quashes  cwesh,  vt.  To  set  aside,  as  an  indict- 
ment.    [<  L.^i'+OF  cassus,  empty.] 

quasb,^',  xt.  To  suppress  forcibly  or  summar- 
ily.   [<  L.OF  5'was^o,  shake.]  > 

quasi-,  cwfi'sal-  or  cwa'sl-,  prefix.  Appearing  as 
if;  simulating  In  appearance.  L<  L.  quasi,  < 
quam,  as,-f-  si,  if.] 

quas'si-a,  cwash'ia  or  ewesh'i-a,  n.  The 
wood  of  the  bitter  ash:  used  as  atonic.  [< 
Quassi,  a  negro  slave.] 

qua-ter'na-ry,  cwa-tgr'na-ri,  a.  1.  Con- 
sisting of  four  things.  2.  Fourth  in  order. 
[<  L.  quaternarius,  <quattiior,  four.] 

qua-ter'ni-on,  n.  A  set,  system,  or  file  of 
four.     {<h.  quaternio{n-),  <  quattifor,  fonr.] 

qua'ver,  cwe'ver.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  or 
sing  in  a  tremulous  manner;  have  a  tremulous 
motion;  trill;  warble.  II.  n.  1.  A  quivering 
or  tremulous  motion.  2.  A  shake  or  trill,  as 
in  singing.    3.  Mtts.  An  eighth  note. 

quay,  kt,  n.  A  wharf  or  artificial  landing- 
place  where  vessels  may  unload.    [F.] 

queen,  cwln.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  /To  make  a  queen 
of;  act  as  a  queen.  II.  71.  ^  1.  The  wife  of  a 
king;  a  female  sovereign  of  a  kingdom;  a  wom- 
an preeminent  in  a  given  sj)here.  2.  The  piece 
that  ranks  next  to  the  king  in  chess.  3.  A 
playing-card  of  the  third  rank.  [<  AS.  eivPn, 
woman.]  —  qiieen'ly,  a.  Like  a  queen;  stately, 

queer,  cwtr,  I.  a.  1.  Being  out  of  the 
usual  course  of  events  in  minor  respects;  sin- 
gular; odd.  2.  Of  questionable  character.  3. 
[Slang.]  Counterfeit.  II.  n.  [Slang.]  Coun- 
terfeit money.  [<  LG.  q^teer,  oblique,  <  G. 
qiter.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

quell,  cwel,  rt.    1.  To  cause  to  cease  or  yield 
by  force;  put  down,    2.  To  cause  to  subside; 
calm,    f  <  AS,  civdlan,  <  cwelan^  die.] 
—  quell'er,  n. 

quenclis  cwench,  vt.    To  put  out,  as  fire,  by 


papQ,  Qsk;  at,  air;  elfm^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (cc);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  dr;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


367 


querist 
quit 


water  or  smothering  ;  cool,  as  heated  iron; 
subdue,  as  passion  or  desire;  extinguish.  [< 
AS.  cxoencan^  quench.] 

que'rist,  cwi'rist,  n.    An  inquirer;  questioner. 

quer'u-lous,  cwer'u-lus,  a.  1.  Disposed  to 
complain.  2.  Indicating  a  complaining  dis- 
position. [<  L.  querulus^  <  qiieror.,  com- 
plain.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

que'ry,  cwi'ri.  l.vt.&ri.  [que'ried;  que'- 
RY-iNG.]  1.  To  question;  doubt;  inquire  con- 
cerning; maice  inquiry.  2.  To  ply  with  ques- 
tions. II.  n.  [que'ries^,  pl.\  An  inquiry, 
or  a  memorandum  of  an  inquirj^  to  be  an- 
swered; a  doubt;  interrogation.  [<  L.  qusere^ 
imper.  of  qiixro,  seek.] 

quest,  cwest,  n.  The  act  of  seeking;  search. 
[  <  L.o''  qiigesitm,  pp.  of  quaero,  seek.] 

ques'tion,  cwes'chun.  I.  tt.  &  vi.  To  put  a 
question  to;  make  inquiry;  doubt.  II.  «.  1. 
An  interrogative  sentence  calling  for  an  answer. 
2.  A  subject  of  inquiry.  3.  A  controversy; 
difference.  4.  A  proposition  under  discussion 
in  a  deliberative  assembly.  5.  Objection.  6. 
Interrogation.  [F.,<  L.  qu3eMio(n-),<  qvaero, 
seek.]  —  ques'tion-a-bI(e,  a.  Liable  to  be 
called  in  question. 

queue,  kiu,  /?.  A  pendent  braid  of  hair  on  the 
back  of  tiie  head;  a  pigtail.  [F.,  <  L.  caitda, 
tail.]    cue:^. 

quito'tole,  cwib'l.  I.  ni.  [quib'bled;  quib'- 
BLiNG.]  To  use  quibbles ;  evade  the  truth. 
II.  ??.    An  evasion;  equivocation.     [<  quip.] 

quick,  cwic.  I.  a.  1.  Done  or  occurring 
with  celerity ;  rapid.  2.  Characterized  by 
readiness  of  movement  or  action.  3.  Intellec- 
tually alert;  sprightly.  4.  Irritable.  5.  Made 
active.  6.  Having  life.  II.  v.  1.  That 
which  has  life;  any  vital  or  sensitive  part.  2. 
A  hedge»plant;  quickset.  1.11.  adv.  Quickly; 
rapidly.  [<  AS.  cwic,  alive.]  —  quick'en,  vt.  & 
vi.  1 .  To  make  or  become  alive  or  quick,  tj.  To 
make  quicker,  livelier,  or  more  vivid;  accelerate.— 
quick'lime",  n.  Unslaked  lime.— qiiick'ly, 
adv.  In  a  quick  manner.  — quick'nesB,  7i.— 
qiiick'sand",  n.  A  bed  of  sand  so'  water* 
soaked  as  readily  to  engulf  any  person  or  animal 
that  attempts  to  rest  upon  it.-  qiiick'siF'ver, 
n.  1.  Metallic  mercury.  2.  An  amalgam  of  tin, 
used  for  the  backs  of  looking-glasses. 

quid,  cwid,  n.  1.  A  small  portion  of  chewing* 
tobacco.    2.  A  cud,  as  of  a  cow.     [Var.  of 

CUT).] 

quid'di-ty,  cwid'i-ti,  «.  [-ties^,  ^j/.]  1.  The 
essence  of  a  thing.  2.  A  trifling  distinction. 
[  <  LL.  quidditas,  <  L.  quid,  which.] 

qui'et,  cwai'et.  1^.  vt.  &  vi.  To  bring  to  a 
state  of  rest;  become  quiet  or  still.  II.  a.  1. 
Being  in  a  state  of  repose.  2.  Silent.  3. 
Tranquil.  4.  Gentle  or  mild  of  disposition. 
5.  Undisturbed  by  din.  III.  n.  Freedom 
from  motion,  noise,  etc.;  calm.  [<  L.  qvies 
{quiet-),  rest.]  —  qui-es'cent,  a.  1 .  Being  in 
a  state  of  repose.  2.  Resting  free  from  anxiety. 
—  qui'et-ly,  «rZ?7.— qui'et-ness,  %.- qui'e- 
tiide<  M.— qiii-e'tiis,  n.  1.  A  silencing  or 
suppressing;  death;  repose,  tj.  A  final  discharge 
or  quittance. 

quil(l,  cwil,  vt.  To  make  or  iron  (a  garment  or 
fabric)  with  rounded  plaits  or  ridges. 

quill,  n.  1.  A  large,  strong  feather  of  a  bird; 
a  hollow,  sharp  spine  of  a  porcupine.    2.  A  pen. 


Branch  of  Cincho- 
na   Calisaya,    a 
source  of  Qiulnin. 
a.  the  flower;  h.  a 
dehiscent  fruit. 


3.  A  flute,  rounded  ridge,  or  cylindrical  fold, 
as  in  a  ruff  or  ruifle.     [<  F.  quille,  keel.] 

quilt,  cwilt.  I<i.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  stitch  through 
and  tlirough  at  intervals  or  in  lines  or  figures. 
2.  To  wad  or  stuff  with  something  stitched  or 
fastened  in  place.  II.  n.  A  bedcover  made 
by  stitching  together  firmly  two  layers  of  cloth 
or  patchwork  with  some  soft  and  warm  sub- 
stance between  them.  [<  OF.  cuilte,  <  L. 
cidcita,  quilt.]  —  qiiilt'er,  w. 

quince,  cwins,  n.  A  small  tree  of  the  rose 
family;  also,  its  fruit,  used  for  preserves.  [< 
Gr.L  +  oF  icydonion,  <  Kydonia,  town  in  Crete.] 

quin^i-a,  cwin'i-a,  n.    Quinin  :  old  name. 

quin'in,     (  cwin'in  or  cwin'ain,  n.    A  bitter 

quin'ine,  i  alkaloid    contained  in  cinchona* 
bark,  or  its  salts:  used  for  ma- 
larial affections.      [F.,  <   Sp. 
quina,  <  S.  Am.  qui/m,  bark.] 

quin''qua-ges'i-ina,  a.  Fif- 
tieth.   [L.,  <  qitinqi/e,  fiye.] 

—  Quinquajjesiina 
Sunday,  the  fiftieth  day  be- 
fore Easter. 

quin-quen'ni-al,  a.  Oc- 
curring every  five  years; 
lasting  for  five  years.  [< 
L.  quinque,  five,  +  o-nnus, 
year.] 

quin'sy,cvvin'zi,  w.  Inflam- 
mation of  the  tonsils.  [< 
F.  esquinancie,  <  Gr.  hjn- 
anche,  <  kyon  {kyn-),  dog, 
+  anchd,  choke.] 

quin^tal,  cwin'tal,  n.  1.  A 
mass  of  100  kilograms,  ij.  A  hundredweight.  [F.] 

quin-tes'sence,  cwin-tes'gns,  n.  A  con- 
centrated extract;  the  most  essential  part  of 
anything.     [F.] 

quin-tet',       I  cwin-tet',  n.    A  musical  com- 

quin-tette',  i  position  arranged  for  five  voices 
or  instruments;  also,  the  five  persons  perform- 
ing it.     [<  It.  quintetto,  <  quinto,  fifth.] 

quin-til'lion,  cwin-til'yun,  n.  In  the  French 
(U.  S.)  system  of  numeration,  1  followed  by 
18  ciphers;  in  the  English  system,  1  followed  by 
30  ciphers.     [<  L.  quintus,  fifth,  -\-  million.] 

quint'' tu-pl(e,  cwin'tiu-pl.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[-pl(e)d;  -PLiNG.]  To  multiply  by  five.  II. 
a.  Multiplied  by  five.  [<  L.  quintus,  fifth, 
-4-  -plus,  -fold.] 

quip,  cwlp,  TO.  A  sneering  or  mocking  remark. 
[<  W.  chwip,  quick  turn,  <  chwiiHo,  whip.] 

quire,  cwair.  I.  vt.  [quired;  quir'ing.] 
To  fold  into  quires.  II.  n.  The  twentieth 
part  of  a  ream  of  paper;  24  (or  25)  sheets.  [< 
L.oF  quaterni,  by  fours.] 

quirk,  cwgrk,  n.  1.  A  short  or  sharp  turn; 
twist.  2.  A  quaint  turn  of  the  fancy;  caprice. 
[<  ^.chwired,  <  chwiori,  turn  quickly.] 

quit,  cwit.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [quit  or  quit'ted''; 
quit'ting.]  1.  To  cease  or  desist;  let  go:  re- 
sign; forsake;  abandon.  2.  To  acquit;  free  or 
clear.  II.  a.  Discharged,  released,  or  absolved ; 
clear;  free.  [<  F.  quitter,  ult.  <  L.  quies,  rest.] 

—  quU'claim'',  1.  vt.  To  relinquish  or  give 
up  all  claim  or  title  to.  II.  n.  A  full  release  and 
acquittance  given  by  one  to  another.— quit's 
rent'',  w.  A  rent  formerly  paid,  as  by  a  frno- 
holder,  whereby  he  was  released   from  feudal 


fiutjure  (future);    aisle;   au   (o«t);    ail;   c  (k);   chat;   dli  (<Ae);    go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


quite 
rack 


368 


services.— quit'tance,  n.      1.    Discharge   or 
release,    ij.  Recompense  or  requital. 

quite,  cwait,  adv.  1.  To  the  fullest  extent; 
fully;  totally.  2.  To  a  great  or  considerable 
extent.     [  <  L.^  quietus,  at  rest.] 

quiv'er,  cwiv'gr,  vi.  To  move  or  be  agitated 
with  a  tremulous  motion.     [Cp.  quaver.] 

quiv'er •,  n.  A  portable  case  or  sheath  for 
arrows.     [<  0¥  qtdvre,  coivre.] 

quiv'er^,  n.  The  act  of  quivering;  a 
shaking. 

Quix-ot'ic,  cwix-et'ic,  a.  Pertaining 
to  Don  Quixote,  the  hero  of  a  Spanish 
romance  ridiculing  knight=errantry; 
hence  [q-],  ridiculously  chivalrous  or 
romantic— quix'ot-ism,  n. 

quiz,  cwiz.    I.  vt.   &  vi.    [quizzed; 
QUiz'ziNG.]     1.  To  make  game  of.    2.        _ 
To  peer  at.    3.  To  examine  (a  student  Quiver 
or  class)  by  questions,  as  in  the  study  ^ 
of  medicine.    II.  n.    1.  An  absurd  or  puzzling 
question  or  suggestion.     2.  One  given  to  quiz- 
zing.    [Prob.  <  QUESTION.] —quiz'zi-cal,  a. 

quod,  cwed,  n.    A  quad  or  quadrangle. 

quoin,  cwein  or  cein,  n.  1.  A  stone  or  pro- 
jection, as  at  the  angle  of  a  building.  2.  A 
wedge,  or  wedge-like  piece,  as  for  fastening  a 
form  of  type.  See  illus.  in  next  column.  [< 
F.  coin:  see  coin,  n.] 

quoit,  cweit,  n.  1.  A  disk  of  iron,  for  pitch- 
ing. 2.  /;/.  A  game  played  by  throwing  these 
disks  at  a  short  stake,    [<  OF  cotter,  push.] 


quon^dam,  cwen'dam,  a.  Former.  [L.,  for- 
merly.] 

quo'rum,  cwO'rum,  7i.    1.  Such  a  number  of 
members  of  any  body  as  is  nec- 
essary for  the  legal  transaction 

of  business.    2.  [Eng.]  Certain  

designated  justices  of  the  peace.   C^fm(^~^^ 
[L.,  of  whom,  gen.  pi.  of  qui.,  f| 

who.]  C^^^^^i  2 

quo'ta,  cwo'ta,  n.    A  propor-  tH^^^M  " 
tional    part    or  share   required  printers'  Metal 
for  making  up  a  certain  number        Quoins, 
or  quantity.     [It.,  <  L.  qtiota.,       i.  a    loose 
fern,  of  quotu.<!.,  how  many.]  quoin.  2.  A  pair 

quote,   CWOt,    vt.    &    vi.      [quo'-    of    quoins    and 

ted;-;  QUo'TiNG  ]  1.  To  repeat,  J.^yCkr/up"! 
as  the  words  of  a  book  or  of  a  ^    *^ 

speaker;  to  cite  as  authority;  make  a  quota- 
tion. 2.  To  give  the  market  price  of.  [< 
IAj.^^  quota.,  divide  into  chapters,  <  L.  qtiotus; 
see  QUOTA.]  —  quo'ta-bl(e,  a. —  quo-ta'tlon, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  quoting.  »J.  The  words  or 
price  quoted.— quo'ter,  n. 

quothll,  cwoth,  vt.  Said  or  spoke.  [<  AS.  cweth- 
an,  say.] 

quo-tid'i-an,  cwo-tid'i-an.  I.  a.  Recurring 
or  occurring  every  day.  II.  «.  A  fever  whose 
paroxysms  return  every  day.  [<  L.^  quot, 
how  many,  -f  dies,  day.] 

quo'tient,  cwo'shgnt,  n.  Math.  The  result 
obtained  by  division.  [<  L.  quotiens.,  how 
often,  <  quott  how  many.] 


R 


liabbets. 


R,r,ar,n.  [ars,  R'e,  or.ff'8,flrz,;)?.]  A  letter: 
the  eighteenth  in  the  English  alphabet. 

rato'bet,  rab'et.  1^.  vt.  Joinery.  To  cut  a 
rectangular  groove  in.  II. 
n.  A  recess  in  or  near  the 
edge  of  one  piece,  to  receive 
the  edge  of  another  piece: 
also,  a  joint  so  made.  [< 
F.  robot,  plane.] 

rab'bi,     <  rab'i  or  rab'ai,  rab'in,  n.    Master; 

rab'bin,  j  teacher:  a  Jewish  title.  [<  Heb. 
rabbi,  <  r(?6a6,  be  great.]  — rab-bin'ic,  rab- 
bin'ic-al,  a. 

rab'bit,  rab'it,  n.  A  small  rodent  resembling, 
but  smaller  than,  the  hare.     [Cp.  OD.  robbe.] 

rabble,  rab'l,  n.  A  rude  crowd;  mob;  the 
populace.     [Prob.  ult.  <  L.  ratio,  rave.] 

rab'id,  rab'id,  a.     1.  Affected  with  rabies; 
mad.     2.  Violent;    furious;  raging.      [<   L. 
rabidus,  <  rabio,  rave.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
—  ra'bi-eH,  n.    Hydrophobia. 

rac-coon',  rac-cdn',  n.  An  American  noctur- 
nal carnivore  related  to  the  bears.  See  illus. 
in  next  column.  [<  Am.  Ind.  arathcone,  rac- 
coon.]   ra-coon't. 

race,  res,  v.  [hackd»;  ra'cino.]  I.  ^  1. 
To  cause  to  move  swiftly.  2*  To  contend 
against  in  a  race.    II.  i.     1.   To  be  engaged 


in  the  bueinees  of  racing  horses.  2.  To  move, 
as  machinery,  at  an  accelerated  rate  of  speed. 
[<  AS.  rsesan,  rush,  <  rigs,  rush.]  —  ra'cer, 
n.  1 .  One  who  or  that  which  races,  ti.  One  of 
various  snakes. 

racei,  w.  1.  A  continued 
series  of  descendants 
from  a  common  parent  or 
stock.  2.  Lineage;  pedi- 
gree. {¥.,  <  OHO.  reiz, 
line.]  — ra'cial,  re'sial  or 
re'shlal,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  race 
or  descent,    -ly,  adv. 

race*,  n.  1.  A  competi- 
tive trial  of  speed.  2. 
Movement  or  progression, 
of  water;  sluice.     [<  AS.  rxs,  rush.] 

ra-ceme',  ra-slm',  n.  A  flower-cluster  in 
which  the  flowers  are  arranged  at  intervals  on 
an  elongated  common  axis.  [  <  L.  racemus, 
cluster.]  —  rac'e-niose",  ras'g-mOs",  a. 

rack's  rac,  vt.  1.  To  torture  by  the  rack; 
torture;  pain.  2.  To  stretch  or  wrench  apart; 
tear;  strain.     [<  AS.  raxan,  stretch  oneself.] 

rack",  vt.  To  draw  off  from  the  lees,  as  liquor. 
[<  OF.  raqver,  rack.] 

rack^',  vt.  To  proceed  or  move  with  the  gait 
called  rack.    [<  Ice.  reka,  drive.] 


Itaccoon.    Vss 
\.  A  swift  current 


pai)fl,  «jsk:  at,  Air;  el«mgnt,  th6y,  us|ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


369 


rack 
rain 


racki,  rac,  n.  1.  A  machine  for  stretching  or 
making  tense;  an  instrument  of  torture.  2. 
An  open  grating,  framework,  or  the  like,  in  or 
on  which  articles  may  be  placed.  3.  A  bar  or 
the  like  having  teeth  that  engage  with  those 
of  a  gear=wheeT. 

rack^,  n.  A  quadruped's  motion  resembling 
the  pace,  two  feet  on  a  side  being  lifted  from 
the  ground  at  once. 

rack^,  n.  Thin,  flying,  or  broken  clouds;  any 
floating  vapor.     [  <  Ice.  rek,  drift.] 

rack"*,  n.  Same  as  wrack:  obsolete  except  in  the 
phrase  to  go  to  rack  and  ruin. 

rack'er,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  racks. 

rack'et"*,  vi.  1.  To  make  a  loud,  confused,  or 
clattering  noise.  2.  To  engage  in  any  stirring 
or  noisy  sport  or  action;  revel;  carouse. 

rack'et',  n.  An  implement  for  striking  a 
ball,  as  in  tennis.  [<  Ar.^p+F  rdkat,  palm  of 
the  hand.] 

rack'et^,  n.  1.  A  clattering,  vociferous,  or 
confused  noise  ;  commotion  ;  fuss.  2.  Any 
scheme  or  proceeding;  a  frolic;  spree.  [< 
Gael,  racaid,  <  rac,  cackle.] 

ra'cy,  re'si,  a.  [ra'ci-kr;  ra'ci-est.]  1. 
Having  a  pungent  interest;  spicy;  piquant.  2. 
Having  a  characteristic  flavor  assumed  to  be 
indicative  of  origin,  as  wine.  3.  Pertaining 
to  race,  type,  or  origin.     [<  racei,  7i.] 

ra'di-al,  re'di-al.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ray  or 
to  a  radius.    11.71.    A  radiating  part,    -ly,  adiJ. 

ra'di-ance,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being  radiant; 
brightness;  effulgence,    ra'di-an-cy:}:' 

ra'di-ant,  a.  Emitting  or  issuing  in  rays,  as 
of  light  or  heat ;  beaming,  as  with  joy,  kind- 
ness, or  love.—  ra'di-ant-Iy,  adv. 

ra'di-ate,  re'di-et.  I.  vt.  &  ti.  [-a'ted  ; 
-A'TiNG.]  To  send  out  in  rays  or  direct  lines 
from  a  point  or  surface;  issue  in  rays.  II.  a. 
Divided  or  separated  into  rays;  having  rays; 
radiating.  [<  L.  radiatiis,  pp.  of  radio,  < 
radius,  ray.]  —  ra'Mi-a'tioii,  «.  The  act  of 
radiating,  or  the  state  of  being  radiated.— rn''- 
di-a'tov,  n.  That  which  radiates,  aS  a  set  of 
steam »plpe8  that  heats  by  radiation. 

rad'i-cal,  rad'i-cal.  I.  a.  1.  Proceeding 
from  the  root  or  foundation  ;  essential.  2. 
Thoroughgoing;  unsparing;  extreme.  3.  Math. 
Pertaining  to  the  root  or  roots  of  a  number. 
II.  n.  1.  One  who  carries  his  ideas  to  their 
furthest  application  ;  an  extremist.  2.  The 
primitive  or  underived  part  of  a  word;  a  root; 
radicle.  3.  Math.  A  quantity  of  which  the 
root  is  to  be  extracted  or  used  in  calculation. 
[F.,  <  LL.  radicalis,  <  L.  radix,  root.] 

—  rad'i-cal-ly,  arfi'.— rad'i-cal-ness,  n. 
—  ra<l'i-cel,  n.  A  rootlet.— rad'i-cl(e,  n.  A 
diminutive  root  or  rootlet.  [graph. 

ra'di-o-grapti,  n.    An  X=ray  picture;  skia- 

rad'ista.,  rad'ish,  n.  An  annual  plant  or  its 
pungent  edible  root.     [  <  L.*"  radix,  root.] 

ra'di-us,  re'di-us  or  rg'di-us,  n.  [ra'di-i,  re'- 
di-ai  or  ra'di-i,/>^.]  1.  A  straight  line  from  the 
center  of  a  circle  or  sphere  to  its  periphery. 
2.  The  bone  of  the  forearm  on  the  same  side 
as  the  thumb.     [L.] 

raffle,  raf'l.  l.vt.&vi.  [raf'pled  ;  rap'- 
FLIN6.]  To  dispose  of  by  a  raffle  ;  take  part 
in  a  raffle.  II.  n.  A  form  of  lottery.  [<  G.o^ 
raffeln,  intens.  of  raffen,  snatch.] 


To  transport  by  a  raft; 

Timber  Raft  with 
Sails,  formerly 
common  on  the 
Great  Lakes. 


raft,  rgft.    I.  vt.  &  vi 
travel     by     raft. 
II.  n.   A  float  of 
logs     or    planks 
fastened    togeth- 
er.    [< 
Ice. 
rapfr. 
rafter." 

raft'er 
;?.    A  timber  or 
beam       giving 
form,  slope,  and 
support  to  a  roof.     [<  AS.  rspfter.} 

rag,  71.  1.  A  torn  piece  of  cloth;  fragment. 
2.  2^^-  Tattered  or  shabby  clothing.  [<  Ice. 
rdg{/,  tuft.]  —  ras'fiPd,  a.  1 .  Rent;  frayed.  2. 
Wearing  shabby  garments;  having  a  shabby  ap- 
pearance; rough;  jagged.  [fellow. 

rag'a-muffln,  n.    A  worthless  or  ragged 

rage,  rej.  I.  vi.  [raged;  ra'ging.]  1.  To 
be  furious  with  auger.  2.  To  speak  or  act 
with  violence;  rave.  II.??.  1.  Violent  anger. 
2.  Extreme  violence  or  intensity,  as  of  a  fever 
or  a  storm.  3.  Any  object  eagerly  sought 
after;  fad.  [<  F.rager,  <  LL.  ?'a6io,  rave,  < 
L.  rabies;  see  rabies.] 

ra-gout',  ra-gu',  ;?.  A  highly  seasoned  dish 
of  meat  and  vegetables.     [<  F.  ragout.] 

raid,  red.  I.  vf.  &  vi.  To  invade  suddenly; 
make  a  raid.  II.  n.  A  hostile  or  predatory  in- 
cursion; foray.     [<  Ice.  7'eidh;  cp.  road.] 

rail',  rel,  t'^.  1.  To  shut  in  as  with  rails.  2. 
To  lay  down  rails  upon.  —  rail'eri,  ti. 

rail2,  vi.  To  use  scornful,  insolent,  or  abusive 
language;  scold.  [<  F.  railler,  <  L.  rado, 
scrape.]  — rail'er^,  w.—  raiding,  pa. 

rail^  n.  1.  A  bar,  usually  of  wood  or  iron, 
resting  on  supports.  2.  One  of  a  series  of 
parallel  bars, 
resting  upon 
cross'ties,  form- 
ing a  support  and 
guide  for  wheels, 
as  of  a  railway. 
[<  L.OF  7'egula, 
rule.] 

raiF,??,.  A  marsh- 
haunting  wading 
bird.  [<  F.  7'dle,  ^  .,  ^ 

<  rater,  rattle.]  Rail  Fence. 

raiding,  rel'ing,  n.  1.  A  series  of  rails;  a 
balustrade.    2.  Rails,  or  material  for  rails. 

raiFler-y,  rel'gr-i  orral'gr-i,  ??.  Merry  jesting 
or  teasing;  banter.     [<  F.  raillerie,  jesting.] 

rail'road'',  rel'rOd".  I*",  vt.  To  hurry  on; 
rush.  II.  n.  A  graded  road,  having  metal 
rails  supported  by  sleepers  or  ties,  for  the  pas- 
sage of  cars.    ra'iFway'':):. 

rai'mentll,  re'ment.n.  Wearing  apparel;  clothing. 

[<  ARRAYMENT^  n.,  <  ARRAY,  V.] 

rain,  ren.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  pour  down  like 
rain;  shower.  II.  7i.  1.  The  condensed 
vapor  of  the  atmosphere  falling  to  the  earth  in 
drops.  2.  The  fall  of  such  drops;  also,  a  fall 
of  anything  in  the  manner  of  rain.  [<  AS. 
regn,  rln.,  rain.]  — rain'bow'',  ren'bO",  n..  An 
arch  of  refracted  light,  seen  usually  at  the  close  of 
a  shower,  exhibiting  the  spectrum  colors.  — 
rain'y,  a.    [rain'i-er;  rain'i-est.J 


flut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au 


{ouX)\   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  ith€)\   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


raise 
range 


370 


raise,  rez,  vt.  [raised;  rais'ing.]  1.  To 
move  upward  ;  cause  to  rise;  erect.  2.  To 
make  greater;  exalt;  promote.  3.  To  make  to 
grow  or  spring  up;  produce;  revivify.  4.  To 
rouse;  excite;  alarm.  5.  To  take  off;  put  an 
end  to,  as  a  siege.     [<  Ice.  reisa,  <  rlsa,  rise.] 

rai'sin,  re'zn,  n.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun  or 
in  an  oven.  [F.,  <  L.  racemus,  bunch  of 
grapes.]  [chief.     [<  Sans,  rajan,  king.] 

ra^Ja,  ra'Jali,  rfl'jQ,  n.    A  Hindu  prince  or 

ralce',rek.  l^.vt.&vi.  [raked;  ka'king.]  1. 
To  scrape  or  scratch  to- 
'  gether.  2.  To  stir  or  loosen 
with  a  rake;  use  a  rake. 
3.  To  view  or  examine 
searchingly;  make  a  search; 
ransack.  4.  To  fire  along 
the  length  of,  as  of  a  ves- 
sel or  aline  of  soldiers.  II. 
n.  A  toothed  implement 
for  drawing  together  loose 
material,  or  making  a  sur- 
face loose  or  smooth. 

rake^.  I',  vi.  To  stand  out 
of  perpendicular  incline.  II. 
n.  Inclination  from  the  perpendicular  or  hori- 
zontal. [<  Old  Sw.  raka,  reach;  cp.  AS.  reccan, 
stretch.] 

rake^.  I*.  vi.  To  play  the  rake;  live  a  lewd, 
dissolute  life.  II. «.  A  dissolute,  lewd  man; 
debauchee.     [  <  Ice.  reikall,  wandering.] 

ra'kislli,  re'klsh,  a.  Naut.  Having  the  masts 
unusually  inclined;  as,  a  rakish  yesml.  -lyi, 
adv.    -ness^,  n. 

ra'kislis,  a.  Dissolute;  profligate;  dashing; 
jaimty.    -ly",  ac^^i.    .ness^,  ^, 

ral'ly',  ral'i.  I.  tit.  &  vi.  [ral'lied;  rai/ly- 
iNo.J  1.  To  reunite  and  reanimate;  call  togeth- 
er for  any  common  purpose.  2 .  To  summon  up ; 
revive;  restore.  II.  n.  [RAL'LIES^  pi.]  1.  A 
prompt  assembling  or  reassembling,  as  of  scat- 
tered troops.  2.  A  rapid  recovery.  [<  F.  ral- 
lier,  <  re-  -f  allier^  ally.] 

ral1y3,  vt.&vi.  To  attack  with  raillery;  joke; 
tease;  banter.     [<  F.  raillier;  see  rail^,  v.] 

ram,  ram,  vt.  &  vi.  [rammed;  ram'ming.]  1. 
To  strike  with  or  as  with  a  ram;  butt;  batter. 
2.  To  press  closely  together;  stuff. 

S  n.  A  male  sheep,  or  a  male  of  any  ovine 


Bakes. 
1.  Sulky  rake. 
Garden»rake. 
Lawnsrake. 


American  Merino  Ram. 
animal.  [<  AS.  ram,  ram.] 
raiu>,  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  driving,  forcing, 
or  cruBhlng  by  heavy  blows  or  thrusts,  as  a 
projection  from  the  bow  of  a  war-vessel;  also, 
a  war-vessel  constructed  for  ramming.  See 
IIlus.  in  next  column.    2.  An  instrument  for 


raising  water  by  pressure  of  condensed  air. 
liydraulic  ram:;.    [<  AS.  ?■«?«,  <  ram, 
male  sheep.]  —  raiii'iiier,  n. 
ram'blt^e,  ram'bl.    l.vi.    [ram'bl(e)d;  ram'- 


Ramle. 


Ram  "  Katahdln  "  of  the  TJ.  S.  Navy. 
BLiNG.]  1.  To  walk  about  freeiy  and  aimlessly; 
roam.    2.  To  act  or  talk  aimlessly.    II.;?.  1. 
The  act  of  rambling;  a  leisurely  stroll.    2.  A 
meandering  path;  maze.    [Var.  freq.  of  roam.] 

—  ram'bler,  n. 

ram'^ie,  ram'I, «.   A  shrubby  Chinese  and  East- 
Indian  perennial  of  the  net- 
tle family;  a  fine  fiber  yield- 
ed by  its  stem.     [Malay.] 

ram'i-fy,  ram'i-fai,  v. 
[-fied;-fy'ing.]  To  divide 
or  subdivide  into  branches. 
[  <  F.  ramifler,  <  L.  ramus, 
branch;  and  see -ft.] 

—  ram'^i-fi-ca'tion,  n. 
ra'miose,    re'mOs   or   rg'- 

mos,  a.  Branching;  full 
of  branches;  branch-like. 
[<  L.  rarnosvs,  <  rarnus, 
branch.]  ra^'moust. 
ramp,  ramp.  V-.vi.  1.  To  rear  up;  spring;  leap. 
2.  To  rage;  storm;  also,  to  frolic;  romp.  3. 
To  grow  luxuriantly  and  rankly.  II.  «.  A 
slope  or  inclination^    [  <  F.  ramper.  creep.] 

—  ram'pasre,  n.  Boisterous  agitation  or  ex- 
citement. —  ram^pan-cy,  n.  Extravagance  In 
action  or  feeling.— rani'pant,  n.  1 .  Exceeding 
all  hounds.     »i.  Rearing;  leaping. 

ram'part,  ram'pQrt,  n.  1.  The 
embankment  surrounding  a  fort. 
2.  A  bulwark.  [<  F.  rempart, 
<  remparer,  defend.] 

ram'rod*,  ram'red",  n.  A 
straight  rod  used  to  drive  home 
the  charge  of  a  muzzledoading 
gun  or  pistol.  Rampant. 

ran.  ran,/w;?.ofRtJK.W.      ^  __      Lion  rampant. 

rancli,  ranch,  n.    An  establish- 
ment for" rearing  or  grazing  cattle  and  other 
stock  in  large  l.erds.     f  <  Sp.  rancho,  mess.] 

—  ran-ciie'ro,  n.  A  herdsman  on  a  ranch. 
ranrli^inant^. 

ran^cid,  ran'sid,  a.  Having  the  smell  of  oily 
substances  that  have  begun  to  snoil ;  rank.  [  < 
L.  rancidus,  <  ranceo,  be  rancia.]  —  ran-cld'- 
i-ty,  n.    ran'cid-ne88t. 

ran'cor,  raij'c§r,  n.  Bitter  enmitv;  malice; 
spitefulness.     [OF.,  <  L."-  ranceo,  be  rancid.] 

—  ran'cor-ons,  a. 

ran'dom,  ran'dum.  I.  a.  Done  without  aim 
or  nurpose;  casual.  II.  «.  Something  done 
without  method.     [<  OF.  randon,  force.] 

ranv.  rang,  imp.  of  king',  v. 

range,  renj,  v.    [ranged;  ran'ginq.]    1. 1. 

1.  To  pass  through,  by,  or  over;  wander  along. 

2.  To  arrange;  array.    3.  To  classify;  rank. 


papfl,  ^Bk;  at,  ftlr;  el^mgnt,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rfkle;  bat,  ©r; 


371 


range 
ration 


II.  i.  1.  To  lie  in  the  same  direction.  2.  To 
have  equal  rank  or  place.  [<  F.  rangei\  < 
rang,  rank,  <  G.  ring,  ring.] 

range,  renj,  n.  1.  The  area  over  which  any- 
thing moves  or  is  distributed.  2. A  tract  of  land 
for  grazing  cattle.  3.  The  extent  to  which  any 
power  can  be  made  effective;  as,  the  range  of 
voice  or  of  a  firearm.  4.  A  place  for  shooting 
at  a  mark.  5.  A  line  or  row;  class  or  series. 
6,  A  cooking'Stove.— ran'ger,  ??.  1.  One  of 
an  armed  band,  designed  to  protect  or  ravage  a 
country.    2.  A  gamekeeper.  3.  A  hunting*dog. 

rank',  rank,  ^J.  I.  ^.  1.  To  place  in  an  order, 
class,  or  grade.  2.  To  form  in  line;  range.  3. 
To  take  precedence  of  in  respect  to  rank.  II. 
i.    To  have  rank. 

rank,  a.  1.  Very  vigorous  and  flourishing  in 
growth.  2.  Strong  and  disagreeable  to  the 
taste  or  smell;  intense  or  thorough,  in  unfavor- 
able sense.     [<  AS.  ranc,  strong.] 

rank,  n.  1.  A  series  of  objects  ranged  in  a 
line  or  rows;  a  line  of  soldiers  side  by  side.  2. 
Relative  position;  grade;  degree.  3.  High  de- 
gree or  position.     [<   F.  rang;  see  range,  v.] 

ran'kl(e,ran'kl,vi.  [ran  kl('e)d;ran'kling.] 
To  irritate;  inflame;  cause  lingering  distress; 
fester.     [Freq.  <  rank,  a.] 

ran'sackS  ran'sac,  vt.  &  vi.  To  search 
through;  explore  or  rummage  every  part  of. 
[<  Ice.  ra?m,  house,  +  saka,  hurt,  seek.] 

ran'som,  ran'sum.  I.  vt.  To  secure  the  re- 
lease of  for  a  price.  II.  n.  1.  The  consider- 
ation paid  for  the  release  of  a  person  or  prop- 
erty captured  or  detained.  2.  Release  pur- 
chased, as  from  captivity.  [<  F.  ran(on,<  L. 
redempfio{n-),  redemption.] 

rant,  rant.  I**,  vi.  To  speak  jn  loud,  vio- 
lent, or  extravagant  language;  rave.  II.  n. 
Declamatory  and  bombastic  talk.  [<  OD. 
ranfen,  be  enraged.]  —  rant'er,  n. 

rap,  rap.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [rapped';  rap'ping.] 
To  strike  sharply  and  quickly.  II.  n.  A  sharp 
blow ;  a  knock  or  its  sound.  [  <  Sw.  rappa,  rap.] 

ra-pa'cious,  ra-pe'shus,  a.  Given  to  plunder 
or  rapine;  extortionate;  grasping.  —  ra-pac'i- 
ty,  n.    ra-pa^cious-nesst. 

rapei,  n.  Forcible  violation;  a  capturing,  or 
snatching  away,  by  force. 

rape^,  ?i.  Either  of  two  weedy  Old  World  an- 
nuals allied  to  the  turnip.  [<  L.  rapt/m,  turnip.] 

rap'id,  rap'id.    I.  a.     1.  Having  great  speed; 
swift.    2.  Quickly  done  or  completed.     II. 
n.  A  descent  in  a  river  less  abrupt  than  a  water- 
fall.    [<  L.  rapidus,  <  rapio,  seize.] 
—  ra-pid'i-ty,  w.— rap'id-ly,  adv. 

ra'pi-er,  re'pi-gr,  n.  A  light,  long,  and  nar- 
row sword  for  thrusting.  [<  F.  rapiere,  <  Sp. 
raspade7-a, 
raker.] 

rap^ine , 
rap'in,  n. 
The  taking 
of  property 
by  superior  force;  spoliation.  [F.,  <  L.  rapina., 
plunder,  <  ra2no,  seize.] 

rapt,  rapt,  pa.  Enraptured;  transported,  as  with 
}tus,j)Y).  of  rapio,  ravish.] 
rap'ture,  n.    1.  The  state  of  being  rapt 


ecstasy. 


Spanish  Rapier, 


or  transported:  ecstasy.   2.  An  act  or  expression 
of  excessive  deHght.  —  rap'tur-ou8,  a. 


rare^,  rar,  a.  [rar'er;  rar'est.]  1.  Of  in- 
frequent occurrence.  2.  Exceptionally  valua- 
ble; choice.  3.  Rarefied.  [F.,  <  L.  rants., 
rare.] —  rar'e-fy,  vt.&  vi.  To  make  rare  or  less 
dense;  expand  by  the  dispersion  of  the  particles. 
—  rare'ly,  adv.— rar'i-ty,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  rare;  something  valued  for  its  scarceness. 

rare2,  rar,  a.  [U.  S.]  Not  thoroughly  cooked. 
[<  AS.  hrer,  underdone.] 

ras'cal,  rgs'cal,  n.  An  unprincipled  fellow^; 
a  knave.  "[<  OF.  rascaille,  <  L.  rasus;  see 
RASH,  «.]  —  ras-cal'i-ty,  w.  [-ties^,  p/.]  1. 
The  quality  of  being  rascally,  ti.  A  rascally 
act.— ras'cal-ly,  a.    Knavish;  base. 

rase,  rez,  vt.    Same  as  raze. 

rasb,  a.  1 .  Acting  without  due  caution ;  reck- 
less; precipitate.  2.  Exhibiting  recklessness. 
[Of  Scand.  origin.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

rasb,  n.  A  skin«eruption.  [<  L.of  rasus,  pp. 
of  rado,  scrape.] 

rash'er,  rash'gr,  w,  A  thin  slice  of  meat.  [< 
RASH,  a.,  as  being  hastily  roasted.] 

rasp,  rgsp.  I«.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  scrape  or 
grate,  as  with  a  rasp.  2.  To  treat  roughly; 
affect  harshly.  II.  n.  1.  A  file»like  tool 
having  coarse  pyramidal  pro- 
jections for  abrasion.  2.  A 
rasping-machine.  [<  OUG. 
LL  +  oF  raspon,  collect.] 

rasp'ber^ry,  raz'ber"i,  n. 
[-liiEs^,  pi.]  1.  The  fruit  of 
certain  brambles,  having  a 
thimble»shaped  berry.  2.  A 
plant  producing  raspberries. 
[<  RASP,  w.,  +  berry,  -n.] 

ra'8ure§,  re'zhur,  n.    Erasure. 

rat,  rat.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [rat'- 
TEDd;  rat'ting.]  1.  [Colloq.]  To  replace 
union  with  nonunion  workers.  2.  To  work 
for  less  than  union  prices.  II.  n.  1 .  A  rodent 
infesting  houses,  barns,  ships,  etc.  2.  A 
workman  who  works  for  less  than  the  estab- 
lished wages,  or  who  takes  the  place  of  a 
striker.     [<  AS.  rset,  rat.] 

ratcll'et,  rach'gt,  ti.  A  notched  wheel,  the 
teeth  of  which  engage  with  a  pawl.  See  illus- 
tration at  PAWL.    ratcli'et»wheel''$. 

ratei,  ret,  v.  [ra'ted*";  ra'ting.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  set  an  estimate  upon.  2.  To  determine  a 
tax  or  liability  on;  assess.  II.  i.  To  be  es- 
timated; have  rank  or  value. 

rate^d,  vt.  &  vi.  To  reprove  with  vehemence; 
rail  at;  scold.     [<  Sw.ra^a,  blame.] 

rate,  n.  1.  The  measure  of  a  thing,  by  its 
relation  to  a  standard.  2.  Degree  of  vali;e; 
price.  3.  The  rank  or  class  of  a  vessel.  4. 
A  tax.     [OF.,  <  L.i-i-  ratus,  fixed.] 

rathi'er,  radh'gr,  adv.  1.  With  preference; 
more  willingly.  2.  With  more  reason.  3. 
Somewhat.     [<  AS.  hrathor,  sooner.] 

rat'i-fy,  rat'i-fai,  vt.     [-fied;  -FyiNG.]     To 

give  sanction  to;  make  valid;    confirm.      [< 

F.  ratifier,  <  L.  ratus,  fixed,  -f  facio,  make.] 

—  rat''i-fi-ca'tion,  n.    The  act  of  ratifying. 

ra^tio,  re'shio  or*  rg'shi-O,  n.  1.  Relation  of 
degree,  number,  etc.;  proportion;  rate.  2. 
The  relation  between  two  numbers  or  magni- 
tudes of  the  same  kind.     [L.,  <  ratus,  fixed.] 

ra^tion,  re'shun  orrash'un,  n.  A  fixed  allow- 
ance or  portion,  as  of  food,  for  a  day. 


l^irt  of  the  Sur- 
face of  a  Rasp. 


fiutlfire  (future);   aisle;   au  (puXy,    ©II;  c  (k);  cliat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin, 


rational 
react 


372 


venomous 


ra'tion-al,  rash'un-al,  a.  1.  Possessing  the 
faculty  of  reasoning.  2.  Conformable  to  rea- 
son; judicious.  3.  Pertaining  to  the  reason; 
attained  by  reasoning.     [OF.,  <  L.  rationalis, 

<  ra(io(n-),  reason.]  —  ra''tio-na''ie,  n.  A 
rational  exposition  of  principles.— ra'tion-al- 
isni,  n.  The  formation  of  opinions  by  relying 
upon  reason  alone,  independently  of  authority  or 
of  revelation.— ra'tion-al-ist,  «.— ra'^tion- 
al'i-ty,  «.— ra'tion-al-ly,  adiK 

rat'line,  rat'lin,  n.  One  of  tlie  small  ropes 
fastened  across  the  shrouds  of  a  ship,  used  as 
the  rounds  of  a  ladder.  [<  kat,  n.,  4-  line, 
n.]    rat'Un$. 

ra-toon',  ra-tun'.  I.  vi.  To  sprout  from 
a  root  planted  the  previous  year.  II.  n.  A 
new  shoot  from  the  root  of  a  cropped  plant. 
[<  Wmd.  ratun.]    rat-toon'$. 

rats'toane",  n.  Rat^poison,  as  arsenious  oxid. 

rat-tan',  |  rat-tan',  n.     1.  The  flexible  stem  of 

ra-tan',  (  a  palm  growing  in  East  India,  Afri- 
ca, and  Australia.  2.  A  cane  or  switch  of  rat- 
tan .     [  <  Malay  rotan,  rattan .] 

rat'tle,  rat'l.  I.vt.&vL  [rat'tled;  kat'- 
TLiNG.]  1.  To  make  a  series  of  hard,  sharp 
sounds  in  rapid  succession;  clatter.  2'.  To 
utter  or  produce  in  a  rapid  and  noisy  manner. 
II.  «.  1.  A  series  of  short,  sharp  sounds  in 
rapid  succession.  2.  A  plaything,  implement, 
etc.,  adapted  to  produce  a  rattling  noise.  3. 
Rapid  and  noisy  talk;  chatter.  [<  AS.  *hr3e- 
telan.'j  —  rat'tle-snake",  n. 
American  snake,  having 
loose  bony  rings  on  the 
tall,  that  rattle  when  sha- 
ken. 

rav'age,  rav'yj.  I.  vt. 
[kav'aoed;  kav'a-oino.] 
To  lay  vvaste;  despoil.  II. 
n.  Violent  and  destruc- 
tive action,  or  its  result; 
ruin;    desolation.       [P., 

<  ravir  (<  L.   rapio), 
snatch.] 

rave,    rev,    vt.     &    vi. 
[raved;    ra'vino.]      1, 
To  say  or  utter  wildly  or 
incoherentlv.    2.  To  ex-     Rattlesnake.    V22 
press  oneself  with  passion  or  with  immoderate 
zeal.     [<  OP.  raver,  <  L.  rabio,  rave.] 

rav'el,  rav'l,  vt.  &  vl.  [rav'ei.ep  or  -elled; 
RAv'EL-iNG  or  -EL-LiNG.]  1.  To  take  apart 
the  fibers  or  threads  of ;  disengage;  disentangle; 
unravel.  211.  To  become  tangled,  involve(l,or 
confused.  [<  MD.  rarden.  tangle.]  —  rav^'I- 
inir.  n.  1.  A  thread  or  threads  raveled  from  a 
fabric,  tj.  The  act  of  raveling,  or  the  process 
of  being  raveled,    rav^el-liiigt. 

rav'en,  rav'n.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  capture  by 
force;  ravage.  2.  To  eat  voraciously;  prey 
upon;  tear.  II.  n.  The  act  of  plundenng; 
spoliation.  [<  L.op  ra/nwa,  plunder.]  rav'- 
inj.—  rav'en-er,  w.— rav'en-lnn,  jm.  Seek- 
ing eagerly  for  prey.  — rav'en-oiiM,  a.  Furi- 
ously voracious;  extremely  greedy  or  eager. 

ra'ven,  re'vn.  I.  a.  Black  and  shining,  like 
the  plumage  of  a  raven.  II.  n.  A  large  crow- 
like bird.  See  illus.  in  next  column.  [<  AS. 
hr^fn^  raven.] 

ra-vine',  ra-vin',  n.    A  deep  gorge,    [P.] 

rav'ish',  rav'lsh,  vt.      1.  To  transport  with 


delight;  enrapture.  2.  To  violate.  3l!.  To 
seize  and  carry  off  by  violence.  [<  P.  ravir 
(ra?:m-),  ravish,  snatch.] — rav'ish-ment,  n. 

raw,  re,  a.  1.  Not  cooked.  2.  Not  covered 
with  whole  skin; 
abraded.  3.  Bleak: 
chilling.  4.  In  a  nat- 
ural state;  crude.  5. 
Newly  done;  fresh. 
6.  Inexperienced.  [< 
AS.  hreaic,  raw.] 

—  raw  '  s  boil  e<l'', 
a.  Having  large  bones 
and  little  flesh;  bony;  Raven.    V24 

gaunt.— raw'hide'',  * 

n.  A  hide  dressed  without  tanning;  also,  a  whip 
made  of  such  hide.— ra>v'ly,  adv. 

TB>Y,  re,  vt.  &  vi.  To  provide  with  rays;  send 
or  go  out  as  rays.     [<  L.^  radio,  radiate.] 

rayi,  w.  1.  A  narrow  beam  of  light;  line  of 
radiating  force.  2.  One  of  several  lines  radia- 
ting from  an  object.  3.  A  ray=like  part,  as 
a  spine  of  a  fish's  tin.  4.  A  raylike  flower. 
[OF.,  <  L.  radins,  ray.]  —  ray'less,  a. 

ray2,  «.  A  vertebrate  having  the  body  depressed 
and  forming  with  the  expanded  pectoral  fins  a 
flat  disk.     [<  L.f"  raia,  ray.] 

raze,  rez,  vt.  [razed;  ra'zing.]  To  level 
with  the  ground;  demolish.  [<  1,.^^*^  rado, 
scrape.]    rasei. 

ra-zee',  ra-zi'.  I.  vt.  [ra-zeed';  ra-zee'- 
iNG.]  To  make  lower  by  cutting  down,  as 
a  ship  of  war;  reduce;  abridge.  ^  II.  n.  A  ves- 
sel that  has  been  razeed. 

ra'zor,  re'zgr,  n.  A  cutting»implement  for 
shaving  off  the  beard  or  hair.— ra'zorsstrop'', 
n.    A  strop  for  sharpening  razors.  [scale. 

re',  re,  n.    Mus.    The  second  note  of  the  musical 

re-,  prefix.  Back;  backward;  again;  again  and 
again;  against;  anew;  over;  opposite.  [<  L.  re-, 
red:] 

Numerous  compounds.  In  which  re-  has  its  un- 
modlfled  meaning  of  back,  agai7i,  ojieic,  are 
practically  self^explalnlng  In  connection  with 
the  definitions  of  their  root»word8.  Compounds 
of  re-  which  have  special  meanings  will  be  found 
In  vocabulary  place. 

reacliS  rich,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  stretch  out,  as  the 
hand.  2.  To  take,  move,  or  present  with  or 
as  with  the  outstretched  hand;  hand;  deliver; 

Sass.  3.  To  touch  or  come  within  touching 
istance  of;  also,  to  hit  with  a  missile  or  as  a 
missile.  4.  To  arrive  at;  come  to;  attain.  5. 
To  adjoin.  6.  To  obtain  access  to;  Influence; 
move;  affect.  II.  i.  1.  To  thrust  or  stretch 
out  the  hand,  foot,  or  something  held;  put 
forth  one's  powers  to  secure  something.  2. 
To  extend  so  as  to  touch,  approach,  affect, 
attain,  or  equal  something.  [<  AS.  rScan, 
reach.] 

reach,  n.  1.  The  act  or  power  of  reaching; 
also,  the  distance  one  is  able  to  reach,  as  with 
the  hand,  an  instrument,  or  missile,  or  by 
thought,  influence,  etc.  2.  A  point,  position', 
or  result  attained  or  attainable.  3.  An  unbro- 
ken stretch,  as  of  a  stream;  a  vista  or  expanse. 

re-act''',  rg-act',  vi.  1.  To  act  in  response.  2. 
To  act  in  a  manner  contrary  to  some  preceding 
action;  exert  mutual  chemical  action,  as  two  or 
more  substances. —  re-ac'tlon,  rg-ac'shun,  ii. 
1,  Reverse  or  return  action.  2.  The  mutual 
action  of  chemical  agents,  or  its  result.    3*  Any 


papfi,  ^k;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th^y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  ob;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


373 


read 
recapitulate 


action  in  response  to  a  stimulus.— rc-ac'tion- 
a-ry.  I.  a.  Tending  to  react  or  retrograde,  or 
of  the  nature  of  reaction.  W.n.  A  reactionist. 
—  re-ac'tion-ist,  w.  One  who  favors  reaction; 
an  ultraconservative.  —  re-act'iv(e,  a.  Per- 
taining or  tending  to  reaction. 

read,  rtd,  v.  [read,  red,  reading,  rld'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  perceive  the  meaning  of  (characters 
written  or  printed);  peruse.  2.  To  utter  aloud 
from  manuscript  or  print.  3.  To  discover  or 
understand,  as  marks,  signs,  etc. ;  interpret  or 
explain,  as  anything  mysterious.  II.  i.  To 
note  or  apprehend  the  cliaractsrs  or  contents, 
as  of  a  booli;  gain  information,  as  from  boolvs; 
utter  aloud  the  contents,  as  of  a  book  or  manu- 
script. [<  AS.  rsedan.,  advise,  read.]  — read, 
red,  joa.  Informed  by  reading  or  as  by  reading; 
acquainted  with  books  or  literature.— read'^a- 
bil'i-ty,  rld"n-bil'i-ti,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  readable.  read'a-bKe-nesst.  — 
read'a-bl(e,  rid'a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  read; 
easy  and  pleasant  to  read;  legible.— read'a-bly, 
rTd'a-bli,ari?j.— readier,  rid'er,  n.  1.  One  who 
reads.  2.  A  text«book  containing  matter  for 
exercises  in  reading. 

read'i-ly,  red'i-li,  adv.  1.  In  a  ready  manner; 
promptly;  easily.    2.  Willingly. 

read'i-ness,  red'i-nes,  w.  i.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  ready.  2.  The  quality  of  being 
quick  or  prompt;  facility;  aptitude.  3.  A  dis- 
position for  prompt  compliance;  willingness. 

readying,  rld'ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  reading; 
study;  scholarship.  2.  Matter  which  is  read 
or  is  designed  to  be  read.  3.  The  indication 
of  a  graduated  instrument,  as  a  thermometer. 
4.  The  form  in  which  any  passage  or  word  ap- 
pears in  any  copy  of  a  work.  5.  An  interpre- 
tation; dehneation;  rendering. 

read'y,  red'i,  a.     [read'i-er;    read'i-kst.] 

1.  Prepared  for  use  or  action.  2.  Prepared  in 
mind;  willing.  3.  Likely  or  liable;  about;  as, 
ready  to  sink.  4.  Quick;  prompt.  5.  At 
hand;  immediately  available;  convenient; 
handy.     [<  AS.  r^erfe,  ready.] 

re-a'gent,  re-e'jgnt,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 

reacts;  a  chemical  agent. 
re'al,  ri'al,  a.    1,  Actual;  genuine;  veritable. 

2.  Relating  to,  consisting  of,  or  arising  out  of, 
lands;  as,  rm/ property;  r*'^;;  estate.  [OF.,  < 
LL.  realis,  of  the  thing  itself.] —  re-aFi-ty, 
re-al'i-tl,  n.  [-ties»,  pL]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  real;  actuality;  being;  also,  that  which  is 
real.- re'al-ize,  rl'al-aiz,  ?;.  L-ized;  -i'zing.] 
I,  t.  1.  To  perceive  as  a  reality;  feel  or  appre- 
ciate fully  and  vividly.  2.  To  make  real  or  con- 
crete; cause  to  appear  real.  3.  To  obtain  as  a 
profit  or  return;  convert  into  cash.  II.  i.  To 
convert  property  into  cash;  sell  out  for  ready 
money,  re'al-iset.— i'e''al-i''za-bl(e,  a. 
That  can  or  may  be  realized. —  re'''al-i-za'- 
tioii  [or  -sa^tioii],  n.—  rc'al-Iy,  rI'ul-1,  adv. 
In  reality;  ac-  - 
tually.                 ^^BSS^SSS9IHi^5B  / 

realm,  relm,         T~  - .— ^^ 

n.      A    king-  Keamers.  ^B^B 

dom;  empire;  {•  A  reamer  for  wheel=  *^^^^» 
domain        [<  reamer  tor  metal^woik. 

OF.  realme,  <  L.  regalis;  see  regal,  a.] 
re'al-ty,  ri'al-ti,  «.  [-Tms\  pL]  Real  estate. 
ream,  rim,  vt.  To  enlarge  or  taper  (a  hole)  by 
cutting  away  material.  [<  AS.  rpman,  <  rum, 
roomy.]  reem^.— ream'er,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  reams;  a  reaming»tool.    rim'inerj. 


ream,  n.    Twenty  quires  of  paper;  480  sheets. 

reap',  rip,  t\  1.  t.  1.  To  cut  down  and  gath- 
er in,  as  grain.  2.  To  cut  the  growth  from  or 
gather  the  fruit  of,  as  a  field.  3.  To  obtain  as 
the  result  of  action  or  effort.  II.  i.  1.  To 
cut  and  gather  grain.  2.  To  receive  a  return 
or  result.     [<  AS.  i-Tpan,  reap.]  — reap'er,  n. 

I.  One  who  reaps.    2.  A  reaping=machine. 
rear,  rtr,  v.    I.  t.    1.  To  raise;  elevate;  set  or 

buildup;  erect.  2.  To  bring  up;  nurture  and 
train;  educate,  as  children;  also,  to  breed,  as 
domestic  animals.  II.  i.  To  rise  upright,  as 
a  horse  upon  its  hind  legs.  [<  AS.  rseran.,  < 
rlsan,  rise.] 

rear,  a.    Being  in  the  rear;  last;  hindmost. 

rear,  n.  The  hinder  or  hindmost  part  or  posi- 
tion.    [<  L.OF  retro,  <  re-,  back.] 

rea'son,  ri'zn,  v.  I.  t.  To  examine;  prove 
or  influence  by  reasoning;  argue;  persuade  or 
dissuade.  II.  i.  To  use  the  reason;  give  rea- 
sons; argue.  —  rea'son-er,  n. 

rea'son,  ».  1.  A  proof;  argument;  motive; 
principle.  2.  A  cause  or  condition.  3.  The 
entire  mental  or  rational  nature  of  man;  mind; 
intellect.  4.  A  reasoning,  reasonable,  or  ra- 
tional condition.  5.  A  reasonable  act  or  prop- 
osition. [OF.,  <  L.  ratio,  reckoning,  reason.] 
—  rea'8on-a-bl(e,  rt'zn-a-bl,  a.  Sensible; 
rational;  moderate;  fair,  -ness,  «.— rea'son- 
a-bly,  ftffv.  —  rea'soii-ing,  rl'zn-ing,  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  adducing  or  combining  reasons; 
also,  the  reasons,  proofs,  or  arguments  employed. 

re''as-sure',  rt"a-8hur',  vt.  To  restore  to 
courage  or  confidence;  reestablish.  —  re^'as- 
snr'auce,  n. 

re-bel',  re-bel',  vi.  [re-belled';  re-bel'- 
LiNG.]  To  oppose  by  force  the  government  or 
laws  of  the  land;  resist  any  authority.  [<  L.^ 
re-,  again,  4-  belhwi,  war.] 

reb'el,  reb'el,  a.    Rebellious;  refractory. 

reb'el,  n.  One  who  rebels.  —  re-bel'lion,  rg- 
bel'yun,  n.  The  act  of  rebelling;  organized  re- 
sistance to  a  government  or  to  any  lawful  au- 
thority.— re-beFliou8<  re-bel'yus,  a.  Being  in 
rebellion;  pertaining  to  a  rebel,  rebels,  or  rebel- 
lion; Insubordinate,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

re-bound'**,  re-baund',  vi.  To  bound  back; 
recoil.  —  re-bound',  n.    A  recoil. 

re-bufT,  re-buf '.  I',  vt.  To  reject  or  refuse 
abruptly  or  rudely.  II.  n.  A  sudden  repulse; 
curt  denial;  check;  defeat. 

re-buke',  r§-biuk'.  I.  vt.  [re-buked";  re- 
bit'king.]     To  reprove    sharply;    reprimand. 

II.  n.  A  sharp  reproof .  [<  OF.  re-,  again, 
+  bouquer,  stop,  <  houque,  mouth.] 

re'bus,  rt'bus,  n.  [re'bus-es,  j^/.]  A  puzzle 
representing  a  word,  phrase,  or  sentence  by 
letters,  numerals,  pictures,  etc.     [F.] 

re-but',  rebut',  vt.  &  vi.  [re-but'ted'';  re- 
but'ting.]  To  disprove;  refute.  [<  F.  re-., 
again,  +  tx)iiter,  thrust.]  — re-but'tai,  n. 

re-cal'ci-trant,  a.  Not  complying;  rebel- 
lious.    [<  L.  re-,  back,  <  calcitro,  kick. 

re-call',  re-cel'.  l.vt.  1.  To  call  back;  coun- 
termand; revoke.  2.  To  recollect.  II.  «.  1. 
A  calling  back;  a  signal  to  call  back  soldiers, 
etc.    2.  Revocation,  as  of  an  order. 

re-cant'-i,  r§-cant',  vt.  &  vi.  To  withdraw  or 
retract,  as  a  declaration  or  opinion.  [<  L.^f 
re-,  again,  -\- canto,  sine.]  — re"can-ta'tion,  n. 

re"ca-pit'u-late<',  ri"ca-pit'yu-let,  vt.  &  vi. 


flut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;   dli  (the);   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


yecaptur^ 
reconcile 


374 


To  repeat  concisely;  review  briefly;  sum  up. 
[Ult.  <  L.  re-,  again,  -f-  caput,  head.]  —  re-"- 
ca-pit'^u-Ia'tion,  71.—  re^^ca-pit^u-la-to- 
ry,  a. 

re-cap'ture,  r§-cap'chur  or  -ti^r.  I.  vt.  To 
capture  again.  II.  n.  The  act  of  retaking;  a 
prize  retaken.  [fashion  anew. 

re-cast',  rt-cgst',  vt.    To  cast  again;  form  or 

re-cede'i,  T^-std'^vi.  [re-ce'ded<';  re-ce'- 
niNG.]  To  move,  tend,  or  incline  backward; 
withdraw.     [<  L.  re-,  back,  -f  cedo,  yield.] 

re-cede'2d,  ri-sid',  vL    To  cede  back. 

re-ceipt',  r§-8it'.  I"*,  vf.  &  vi.  To  give  a  re- 
ceipt for.  II.  w.  1.  The  act  of  receiving  or 
that  which  is  received.  2.  A  written  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  payment  of  money.  3.  A  recipe. 
[<  L.  receptus,  pp.  of  recipio;  see  receive.] 

re-ceiv(e',  rg-stv',  vt.  [re-ceived';  re-ceiv'- 
ino.]  1.  To  get  or  take  (something  given 
or  delivered);  accept;  admit;  hold.  2.  To  ad- 
mit or  welcome,  as  a  guest.  [  <  L.^  recijno,  < 
re,  back,  +  capio,  take.]  —  re-ceiv'a-l)l(e,  a. 
—  re-ceiv'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
ceives, especially,  a  bell-shaped  glass  for  holding 
or  excluding  gas  or  air. 

re'cent,  ri'sgnt,  a.  Pertaining  to  time  not 
long  past;  modern;  fresh;  new.  [OF.,  <  L. 
recen{t-)s,  fresh.]  -ly,  adv.  —  re'cen-ey,  n. 
re'eent-nessj. 

re-cep'ta-cl(e,  re-sep'ta-cl,  w.  Anything  that 
serves  to  contain  or  hold  other  things.  [OF., 
<  lj.receptaculum,<  receptus ;see.-KEC¥,VTio-ii.\ 

re-cep'tion,  re-sep'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
receiving,  or  the  state  of  being  received;  re- 
ceipt. 2.  A  formal  social  entertainment.  [<L. 
receptio(n-),  <  recijno,  receive.]  —  re-cep'tiv(e, 
re-sep'tlv,  a.  Able  or  Inclined  to  receive,  take  In, 
or  hold.— re''cep-tiv'i-ty,  n.  re-cep'tiv(e- 
nennU 

re-cess',  r§-pe8'  or  rt'ses,  n.  1.  A  depression 
in  a  wall;  niche;  alcove;  nook.  2.  A  time  of 
cessation  from  employment.  [  <  L.*^*"  recedo, 
recede.]  [ceding;  withdrawal. 

re-ces'sion^,  re-sesh'un,  n.    The  act  of  re- 

re-ces'sion2,  rt-sesh'on,  w.  The  act  of  ceding 
again;  a  giving  back. 

rec'i-pe,  re8'i-i)e,  n.  [rec'i-pes,  pi."]  A  for- 
nnila;  medical  prescription.     [L.,  take.] 

re-clp'l-ent,  rg-sip'i-gnt.  I.  a.  Receptive. 
II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  receives.  [<  L. 
recipio,  ppr.  recipien{t-)s,  receive.] 

re-cip'ro-cal,  rg-sip'ro-cal,  a.  Mutually  done 
or  communicated;  mutual;  alternating.  [<  L. 
reciprocus,  returning.]     -ly,  adv. 

re-cip'ro-cate,  rg-sip'ro-ket,  vt.  F-ca'ted*'; 
-CA'TiNo.]  To  move  or  pass  to  and  fro;  give 
and  take  mutually;  interchange.  [<  L.  recip- 
roco,  reverse.]  —  re-c!p"ro.ca'tIon,  n.  A  mu- 
tual giving  and  returning;  iiltematlon;  alternate 
motion.  — iM'c"i-i>rof'i-ly,  res'I-pros'l-tl,  n. 
Keclprornl  obligation  or  action. 

re-cite'd,  r§-8alt',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  relate.  2. 
To  speak  from  memory;  repeat  (a  lesson).  3. 
To  quote;  cite.  [<  L.*  recito,  <  re-.,  again,  -f 
cito,  CITE.]—  re-cl'tal,  rg-sai'tal,  n.  The  act 
of  reciting;  a  declamation;  narration.— rec"l- 
ta'tion,  res'l-tfi'shun,  n.  The  act  of  repeating 
from  nii'inory;  the  reciting  of  a  lesson  to  a  teach- 
er, or  thti  nii'ctlng  or  a  class  for  that  purpose.- 
rec"i-la-llve',  res'l-tu-ttv',  n.  Mux.  Lan- 
guage uttered  as  In  ordinary  speech,  but  In  inu- 
Bical  tones.—  re-ci'ter,  n. 


recks  rec,  rl.  (z  ri.  To  have  a  care  for;  have  care 
or  thought;  heed;  mind.    [<  AS.  recall,  care.] 

reck'less,  a.  1.  Foolishly  heedless  of  dan- 
ger; rash.   2.  Indifferent.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  w. 

reck'on,  rec'n,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  count;  com- 
pute: often  with  up.  2.  To  consider;  esteem. 
3.  To  place  to  the  account  of.  II.  i.  1.  To 
count  or  depend  {on  or  upon).  2.  To  calculate. 
3.  To  settle  accounts  {with).  [<  AS.  recenian 
in  gerecenian,  explain.]  —  reck'on-er,  n.  — 
reck'on-ing,  rec'n-lng,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
counting;  computation;  a  settlement  of  accounts. 
2.  Account;  score,  as  at  an  inn. 

re-Claim',  r§-clem',  t7.  l.  To  demand  or  to 
obtain  the  return  of.  2.  To  reform  (a  person); 
bring  (wild  land)  to  a  cultivated  state;  tame  (an 
animal).     [<  L.  re-,  again,  -j-  clamo,  call.] 

—  re-olaiin'a-bl(e,  a. 

re-cline',  r§-clain',  ^'^.  [RE-CLrNED';RE-CLi'- 
NiNG.]  To  assume  a  recumbent  position;  lean; 
lie  down;  rest;  repose.  [<  L.*"  reclino,  <  re-, 
back,  -f  clino,  lean.] 

re-cluse',  re-clus'.  I.  a.  Secluded  from  the 
world;  solitary.  II.  n.  One  who  lives  in  re- 
tirement or  seclusion.  [F.,  <  L.  re-,  back,  + 
claudo,  shut.]  — re-clu'sion,  n. 

rec'og-nize,  rec'eg-naiz,  tt.  [-nized;  -ni'- 
zingJ  1.  To  know  as  identical  with  some- 
thing previously  known.  2.  To  avow  knowl- 
edge of;  acknowledge  formally.  3.  To  confess; 
admit.  [<  L.  re-,  agxiwi, -\- cognoseo,  know.] 
rec'og-nise:}:.  —  rec"og -  ni"' tion,  rec'eg- 
nlsh'un,  n.  The  act  of  recognizing;  acknowledg- 
ment; salutation.  — rec'og-ni"za-bI(e,  rec'- 
eg-nafza-bl,  a.  rec'og-ni"8a-bI(ei.  —  re- 
coe'ni-zance  or  -sance,  re-ceg'nl-zans,  n. 

I.  Laxo.  An  acknowledgment  "or  obligation  of 
record,  with  condition  to  do  some  particular  act, 
as  to  appearand  answer,  till.  Recognition;  avowal. 

re-coil',  r§-ceil'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  start 
back  as  in  dismay  or  loathing;  shrink.  2.  To 
rebound;  move  or  draw  back;  retreat.  II.  n. 
A  shrinking  back;  a  rebound.  [<  F.  reeuler, 
draw  back.] 

rec"Ol-lect'",  rec"§l-lect',  vt.  &  vi.  To  re- 
vive in  memory;  call  to  mind;  recall.  [<  L. 
recollectus,  <  re-,  again,  -{■  colligo,  collect.] 

—  rec"ol-lec'tioii,  n.  The  act  or  power  of 
recollecting;  something  remembered.        [again. 

re"col-lect'2'i,  rl"cgl-lect',  vt.  To  collect 
rec"oiii-inend''>,  rec"em-mend',  vt.  1.  To 
commend  to  the  favorable  attention  of  another; 
make  acceptable.  2.  To  counsel.  [<L.*'rf-, 
again  ;  and  see  commend.]  —  rec"oin-nien- 
(la'rion,  n.  The  act  of  recommending,  or  that 
which  recommends.  —  rec"oin-iiiend'a-to- 
ry,  a.  Serving  to  recommend. 
rec'om-pense,  rec' era -pens.  I.  vt. 
[-PENSED';  -PEN'siNo.]  1.  To  return  to;  re- 
pay; requite.     2.   To  pay    for;    indemnify. 

II.  n.  An  equivalent  for  anything  given,  done, 
or  suflFered;  payment  or  repayment.  [<  L.*' 
re-,  again ;  and  see  compensate.] 

reo'on-cUe,  rec'§n-sail,  vt.  [-oiled  ;  -ci'- 
i>iNo.]  1.  To  restore  to  friendship ;  harmo- 
nize. 2.  To  bring  to  agreement;  adjust;  set- 
tle.    [<  L.P  re-,  again;  and  see  conciliate.] 

—  rec'oii-ci"Ia-bl(e,  a.  rec'ou-ciIe"a- 
bl(et.  —  rec'on-ci"In-bly,  adv.  —  rvc^on- 
cile"meiit,  n  —  rec"oii-cll"i-a'tloii,  w. 
The  act  of  reconciling,  or  the  state  of  being  rec- 
onciled; atonement. 


popA,  98k;  at,  iiir;  element,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  t  (ec);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


S75 


i^ecoiidite 
redout 


rec'on.-dite,  rec'en-dait,  a.  Eemote  from 
ordinary  or  easy  perception ;  abstruse;  secret; 
profound.  [<  L.  re-,  again,  -f  condo,  bring 
together.] 

re-con'nais-sance,  re-cen'i-sans,  n.  The  act  of 
reconnoiterlng;  a  survey,  as  of  an  enemy's  po- 
sition, strength,  etc.    [F.] 

rec''on-noi''ter  or  -tre,  rec'o-nei'tgr,  vt. 
To  examine  by  the  ej^e;  survey,  as  for  military, 
engineering,  or  geological  purposes.  [<  L.of 
re-,  again,  -|-  cognoseo,  know.] 

re'^con-sid'er,  vt.  To  consider  again,  espe- 
cially with  a  view  to  a  reversal  of  previous 
action.— ^  re''con-8id''er-a'tion,  n. 

re-cord'-^,  re-cerd',  vt.  1.  To  make  a  record 
of.  2.  To  fix  in  mind.  3.  To  indicate; 
register,  as  a  thermometer.  [  <  L.^  re-,  again, 
+  corid-),  heart.]  —  re-cord'er,  n.  1 .  One 
who  records.    ^.  A  municipal  magistrate. 

rec'ord,  rec'grd,  n.  1.  A  copy  of  a  docu- 
ment; register;  written  memorial.  2.  One's 
personal  history,  as  an  index  of  character.  3 . 
The  authorized  register  of  achievements;  also, 
the  best  recorded  achievement.    4.  Testimony. 

re-count'",  re-caunt',  vt.  To  tell  the  par- 
ticulars of;  relate  in  detail;  recite.  [<  L.^^re-, 
again,  -f-  cmnimto,  compute.] 

re-count'2d,  rt-caunt',  vt.    To  count  again. 

re'count,  n.    A  repetition  of  a  count. 

re-course',  rg-cOrs',  n.  Resort  for  help  or 
security  in  trouble.     [<  L.*"  recursiis,  return.] 

re-cov'eri,  rg-cuv'gr,  v.  I.  t.  To  obtain 
again;  regain;  retrieve;  obtain  by  legal  process. 
II.  i.  1.  To  regain  health,  prosperity,  etc.  2. 
To  succeed  in  a  lawsuit.  [<  L.o*"  recupero,  re- 
gain.]—re-cov'er-y,  //.  [-lEsS^/.]  The  act 
of  recovering;  restoration. 

re'^cov'er^,  rt'cuv'gr,  vt.    To  cover  again, 

rec're-ant,  rec're-ant.  I.  a.  Apostate; 
false;  craven;  cowardly.  II.  n.  A  cowardly 
or  faithless  person.  [OF.,  craven,  <  L.  re-, 
again,  -\-  credo,  believe.]  —  rec're-an-cy,  n. 
The  quality  of  being  recreant. 

rec're-ateS  rec're-et,  vt.  [-a"ted<>;  -a"ting.] 
To  impart  new  vigor  to;  refresh.  [<  L.  re-, 
again,  +  c7'eo,  create.]  —  rec'^re-a'tioni,  n. 
Refreshment;  diversion.— rec're-a-tivce,  a. 

re'^scre-ate'^d,  ri'^cre-et',  vt.  To  create 
anew. —  re'^scre-a'tion^,  n. 

re-criin'i-nate§<',  re-crim'i-net,  vt.  &  vi.  To 
accuse  in  return;  repel  one  accusation  with 
another.  [<  L.  re-,  again,  +  criminor,  crim- 
inate.] —  re-crim'^i-na'tion,  n. —  re-crim'i- 
na-tivfe,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  recrimination. 
re-crim  'i-na-to-ryt.  —  re-criin '  i-na'"- 
tor,  n. 

re-cruit',  re-crut'.  I<>.  vt.  &  vi.  To  repair 
with  fresh  supplies,  as  of  soldiers;  gain  or  raise 
new  supplies;  build  up  ;  refresh.  II.  n.  1. 
A  newly  enrolled  soldier  or  sailor.  2.  A  fresh 
supply  of  something  necessary  or  useful.  [< 
OF.  recruter,  for  recluter,  mend.]  —  re-cruit'- 
ment,  n. 

rect'an''gl(e,  rect'an'gl,  n.  Math.  A  right= 
angled  parallelogram.  [F.,  <  L.  rectus,  right, 
-}-  angnlns,  angle.]  —  rect-an'gu-lar,  a.  Hav- 
ing one  right  angle  or  more. 

rec'ti-fy,  rec'ti-fai,  t'^.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.]  1. 
To  correct;  amend.  2.  To  purify  by  repeated 
distillations.  [  <  L.^l+of  rectus,  right,  -\- facto, 
make.]  —  rec''ti-fl-ca'tion,    n.      The  act  or 


process  of  rectifying.— rec'ti-fi'^er,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  rectifies;  a  refiner  or  com- 
pounder of  spirituous  liquors. 

rec'^ti-lin'e-ar,  rec"ti-lin'g-ar,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  consisting  of  a  right  line  or  lines;  straight. 
rec^ti-lin^e-alt. 

rec'ti-tude,  rec'ti-tiud,  n.  1.  Uprightness  in 
principles  and  conduct.  2.  Freedom  from 
error;  accuracy.  \¥.,  <lu.  rectitudo,<  rectus, 
straight,  riglit.] 

rec'tor,  rec'ter,  n.  The  clergyman  of  a  parish 
or  the  head  of  certain  educational  institutions. 
[L.]  — rec'to-ry,  rec'to-ri,  «.  [-ries*,  ^;.]  1. 
A  rector's  dwelling.  »^.  |Eng.]  The  parish  do- 
main, with  Its  buildings,  lands,  and  revenue. 

rec'tum,  rec'tum,??.  [rec'ta,  jo/.]  The  ter- 
minal portion  of  the  alimentary  canal.     [NL.] 

re-cum'bent,  rg-cum'bgnt,  a.  Reclining  ; 
leaning.  [<  L.  re-,  back,  -f-  cubo,  lie.]— re- 
ciini'ben-cy,  n.  The  state  of  being  recumbent. 
re-cum'bencet.— re-ciiin'bent-ly,  adv. 

re-cu'per-ate,  rg-kiu'pgr-et,  vt.  &  vi.  [-A"- 
ted'':  -a'ting.]  To  recover;  regain;  to  regain 
health  or  strength.    [<  L.  recupero,  recover.] 

—  re-cu''per-a'tion,  n.  — re-cu'per-a- 
tiv(e,  a.  Tending  or  pertaining  to  recovery. 
re-ca'per-a-to'^ryt. 

re-cur',  rg-ciJr',  vi.  [re-curred';  re-cur'- 
RiNG.]  1.  To  happen  again  or  repeatedly.  2. 
To  come  back  or  return,  as  to  the  mind.  [< 
L.*"  re-,  back,  -\-  curro,  run.]  — re-cur'rence, 
re-cur'ens,  n.  The  act  or  fact  of  recurring;  re- 
course." re-cur'ren-cyl:.— re-cur'reiit,  a. 
Recurring;  running  back. 

red,  red.  I.  vt.  [red'cediIj  red'ding.]  To 
make  red.  II.  a.  Of  a  bright  color  resem- 
bling blood.  III.  11.  A  color  like  that  of 
fresh  human  blood;  a  red  pigment.  [<  AS. 
redd,  red.]  —  red'den,  red'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To 
make  red;  flush.— red'disli,  red'Ish,  a.  Some- 
what red.— red'ness,  TO.— red  tape,  formal 
and  tedious  offtcial  procedure:  from  the  tying  of 
public  documents  with  red  tape. 

re-deem',  rg-dim',  t;^.  1.  To  purchase  back; 
recover,  as  from  captivity;  deliver,  as  from 
sin.  2.  To  make  good,  as  a  promise.  3.  To 
make  amends  for,  [<  L.^  7'ed-,  back,  -\-  emo, 
buy.]  —  re-deem'a-bl(e,  a. —  re-deem'er,  n. 
1.  One  who  redeems.  2.  [R-]  Jesus  Christ,  the 
Savior.— re-demp'tioii,  re-demp'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  redeeming,  or  the  state  of  being  redeemed. 
—  re-demp'tivCe,  a.  Serving  to  redeem,  or 
connected  with  redemption,  re-deinp'to-ryt. 

red/:liot",  a.    Heated  to  redness;  intense. 

red'o-lent,  red'o-lgnt,  a.  Full  of  or  diffusing  a 
pleasant  fragrance;  odorous.  [OF.,  <  L.  red-, 
again,  -\-  oleo,  smell.]  — red'o-lence,  n.  red'- 
o-len-cyt. 

re-doub'le,  rg-dub'l,  vt.  &  vi.  To  double 
again;  increase  greatly;  repeat  frequently. 

re-doul>t'a-bl(e,  rg-daut'a-bl,  a.    Inspiring 
fear;     formidable;     valiant. 
[<  F.  redovtable,<  redouter, 
fear.]   re-doubt'ed:|:;  re- 
dout'a-bl(et. 

re-dound'-i,  rg-daund',  vi. 
To  contribute;  conduce,  as  to 
one's  credit.  [<  L.  red-, 
back,  -f-  unda,  wave.] 

re-dout',     |rg-daut',  n.    Fort. 

re-doubt',  (fortification;  an  earthwork. 
F.  redoute,  retreat,  redout.] 


flut|are  (future);   aisle;   au  (fmt)\    eil;  c  (k);  cliat;   dli  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  tliin. 


redress 
refract 


376 


Branch  of  Redwood. 


re-dress'i,  rg-dres'.  I',  vt.  To  right,  as  a 
wron^;  make  reparation  to  (a  person).  II.  n. 
Satistaction  for  wrong  done;  reparation.  [< 
OF.  redresser,  straighten.]  —  re-dress'er,  n. 

re-dress'2t,  ri-dres',  vt.  &  vi.    To  dress  again. 

re-duce',  re-diiis',  vt.  [re-duced"  ;  re-du'- 
ciNG.]  1.  To  bring  to  a  specified  form  or  con- 
dition. 2.  To  diminish;  lower;  degrade;  subdue. 
3.  To  bring  into  a  class,  order,  etc.  4.  To 
change  the  denomination  of;  as,  to  reduce 
pounds  to  pence.  [<  L.o^  re-,  back,  +  dt/co, 
lead.]  —  re-du'cer,  n. —  re-dii'ci-bl(e,  a.—  re- 
fluc'tion,  n.    The  act  of  reducing,  or  Its  result. 

re-dun'dant,  re-dun'dant,  a.  1.  Being  more 
than  is  required.  2.  Verbose ;  tautological. 
[<  L.OF  redundo,  overflow.]  — re-dun'dance, 
re-diiii'dan-cy,  n.    Excess;  surplus. 

re-du-'pli-cate*',  vt.  &  vi.  To  redouble.—  re- 
dii'^pli-ca'tioii,  w.  —  re-du''pli-ca-tiv(e, 
a.    Double. 

red'"WOOd'',  red'wud",  n.    An  immense  Cali- 
fornia tree  of  the  pine  family, 
or  its  wood.     Se-q,uoi'a:|:. 

reed,   rtd,   n.    1.  Bot.    The 
stem    of    certain    tall 
grasses  growing  in  wet 
places,  or  the  grasses 
themselves.       2. 
Mus.  A  thin  elastic 
plate  or  tongue  of 
reed,  wood,  or  metal 
nearly  closing  an  opening,  as  of  an  organ^pipe; 
also,  a  rustic  musical  pipe.  [  <  AS.  hreod,  reed.] 

reef,  rlf,  vt.  To  reduce  the  size  of,  as  a  sail, 
by  folding  and  fastening  down. 

reefs  n-  A  ridge  of  rocks  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  [<  D.  n/,  reef,  <  rijven, 
rend.]  —  reePy,  a.    Full  of  rocks  or  reefs. 

reef2,  n.  The  folded  part  of  a  sail.  [<  MD. 
rif,  reef  of  a  sail.]  — reePer,  n. 

reek',  rtk,  vt.  &  vi.  To  expose  to  smoke;  emit 
vapor. 

reel* ,  rtl.  I.  vt.  To  wind  on  a  reel  or  bobbin, 
as  yarn.  II.  n.  A  rotary  device  for  winding 
rope,  yarn,  etc.     [<  AS.  reol,  reel.] 

reeP.  I.  vi.  To  stagger;  dance  the  reel.  II. 
n.  A  lively  dance,  or  its  music.  [<  Gael. 
Hghil,  reel.] 

re"en-force'",  rfen-fors',  vt.  To  give  new 
force  or  strength  to,  as  with  troops,  re^in- 
force't-—  re'^en-force'iiient,  n.  1 .  The  act 
of  re(!nf()rclng.  ii.  Increase  of  force;  a  fresh 
body  of  troops.    re"iii-force'mentt. 

re^en-force'^S  vt.    To  enforce  over  again. 

re-fec'tiou,  re-fec'shun,  fi.  Refreshment  by 
food;  a  slight  meal.  [OF.,  <  L.  re-,  again,  -f- 
facio,  make.]  —  re-fec'to-ry,  n.  [-mm^,  pi.] 
A  room  for  eating. 

re-fer',  rg-ffir',  v.  [re-ferued';  re-fer'- 
RiNo.]  I.  t.  1.  To  direct,  as  for  information; 
hand  over  for  consideration.  2.  To  assign; 
attribute.  II.  i.  1.  To  have  reference;  allude. 
2.  To  give  a  reference.  3.  To  have  recourse: 
apply;  appeal.  4.  To  point  out  by  marks  of 
reference.     [  <  L.''  re-,  back,  -{-.fero,  bear.] 

—  rePer-a-bK*!,  a.  re-fer'rl-bKet.— 
rer'er-«»e',  n.  A  person  to  whom  a  thhm  Is 
referred.— roPc'r-eiice,  >i.  1.  The  act  of  re- 
ferrlnK;  allusion.  »i.  A  note  or  mark  that  n'fers. 
3«  One  who  or  that  whldi  Is  or  may  be  referred 
to;  also,  a  testimonial.     4.  The  state  of  beluR 


referred  or  related:  in  phrases  with  or  in  ref- 
erence to. 

re-flne',  rg-fain',  vt.  &  vi.  [re-fined';  ke- 
fi'ning.]  1.  To  make  or  become  fine  or  pure; 
make  or  become  courteous  or  cultured.  2. 
To  make  subtile  or  overnice  distinctions. —  re- 
fined', joa.  Purified;  courteous;  cultured;  sub- 
tile; recondite.— re-fi'ner,  n.— re-fi'ner-y, 
71.  A  place  where  some  crude  material  Is  purified. 

re-fine'ment,  re-fain'mgnt,  n.  1.  Fineness; 
delicacy;  culture.  2.  The  act  of  refining; 
purification.  3.  A  nice  distinction;  fastidi- 
ousness, [again;  repair. 

re-fit'i,  ri-fit',  Dt.  &  vi.     To  fit  or  be  fitted 

re-flect'<',  rg-flect',  v.  I.  i.  1.  To  turn  or 
throw  off  or  back,  as  rays  of  light.  2.  To  re- 
turn an  image  of.  II.  i.  1.  To  send  back 
rays,  as  of  light  or  heat.  2.  To  turn  back  the 
thoughts  upon  the  past;  think;  ponder.  3. 
To  cast  reproach;  blame.  [<  L.^^  re-,  back, 
-\-flecto,  bend.]  —  re-flec'tion,  rg-flec'shun,  n. 
1.  The  act  of  reflecting.  2.  The  result  of  re- 
flecting; an  Image  thrown  by  reflection.  3.  Con- 
sideration of  or  meditation  upon  past  knowledge 
or  experience.  4.  The  casting  of  blame;  cen- 
sure, re-flex'iont.— re-flect'iv(e,  a.  1. 
Meditative.  3.  Having  the  quality  of  reflecting 
light,  heat,  etc.— re-flect'or,  n.  That  which 
reflects,  as  a  mirror;  a  reflecting  telescope. 

re-flex',  re-flex'.  I',  vt.  To  bend  back;  turn 
back.  Il.'ri'flex',  a.  Turned  or  thrown  back- 
ward; reflective.  III.  ri'flex",  n.  Reflection, 
or  an  image  produced  by  reflection;  a  mere 
copy.  [<  L.  reflexus,  bent  back.]  —  re-tlex'- 
iv(e,  re-flex'lv.  a.  Reflected  upon  or  referring 
to  itselfor  Its  subject;  as,  a  reflexive  verb  (whose 
object  denotes  the  same  person  or  thing  as  Its 
subject).— re-flex'ive-Iy,  adv. 

ref'lu-ent,  reflu-gnt,  a.  Flowing  or  rushing 
back.  [<  L.  re-,  again,  +fluo,  flowf]  —  reP- 
lu-ence,  n. 

re'flux",  rl'flux",  n.  A  flowing  back;  ebb. 
[F.,  <  L.  re-,  again,  -{-Jluo,  flow.] 

re-forin'i,  reform'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make 
better  morally;  free  from  evils  or  abuses.  II. 
n.  An  act  or  result  of  reformation;  change 
for  the  better.  [<  F.  reformer,  <  L.  refoi-mo, 
<  re-,  again,  -\-fo7'mo,  form.] 

—  ref''or-lna'tiou^  ref'Sr-m^'shtxn,  n. 
The  act  of  reforming,  or  the  state  of  being  re- 
formed; moral  or  religious  restoration  or  revival; 
especially,  |R-]  the  establishment  of  Protestant- 
ism In  the  sixteenth  century. 
—  re-foriii'a-tiv(e,  o. 
Reforming  or  tending  to  re- 
form.— re  -  form  '  a  -  to  - 
ry.  I.  a.  Having  a  tend- 
ency to  produce  reforma- 
tion.     II.   n.      1-R1ES»,  pi.] 

An  Institution  for  the  refor- 
nuitlon  of  offenders.— re- 
fonii'er,  ti. 
re-fomi'2,  rt-fSrm',  vt.  & 
vi.  To  form  again;  come 
again  into  form  or  order. 

[<  RK-  -|-  FORM.] 

—  re^for-ina'tionS,  n. 

re-fract''',rg-fract',  ?'/.  To 
bend  from  a  direct  course; 
turn  aside.    [<  L.  re-,  back,  -\-frango,  break.] 

—  re-frnc'lion,  n.  The  change  of  direction 
of  a  ray,  as  of  light  or  heat.—  re-l'rat'f 'i  v(e,  <i. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  refraction.— re-fract'or, 
n.    A  refracting  telescope. 


An  K.xperlment 
sliowlng  the  Ke- 
fra<rtion  of  Llglit. 


papfi,  <j8k;  at,  air;  el§mfint,  they,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


377 


refractory 
regular 


re-frac'to-ry,  re-frac'to-ri,  a.  Not  amenable 
to  control;  uisobedient;  unmanageable;  ob- 
stinate.—  re-frac'to-ri-Iy,  adv. —  re-frac'to- 
ri-ness,  n. 

re-frain',  re-fren',  vt.  &  vi.  To  hold  within 
bounds;  abstain  from  action;  forbear.  [<  L.^ 
re-,  back,  -{-frenum,  bit.] 

re-frain',  n.  A  strain  repeated  at  intervals, 
as  in  a  song;  a  burden.  [P\,  <  L.  re-.,  back,  -f- 
frango,  break.] 

re-fresh'S  re-fresh',  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
become  fresh  again;  reinvigorate,  or  be  rein- 
vigorated.  [Ult.  <  L.  re-,  again,  +  LL. 
friscus.,  <  OHG.  frisc,  fresh.]  —  re-fresh'er, 
n.— re-fresli'inent,  n.  1.  The  act  of  refresh- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  refreshed.  3.  That 
which  refreshes,  as  food  or  drink. 

re-frig'er-ate,  re-frij'gr-et,  vt.  [-a'ted^; 
-A'TiNG.]  To  cause  to  become  cold;  cool.  [<L. 
re-.,  again,  -\-  frigero,  cool.]  —  re-frig'er-ant, 
re-frlj'er-ant,  a.  Cooling.— re-frig'^er-a/- 
tion,  n.  A  cooling.— re-frig'er-a^'tor,  n. 
That  which  makes  or  keeps  cold;  a  box  or  room 


.— re- 
II. 


for  keeping  articles  cool  by  means  of  Ice.- 
frig'er-a-to-ry.  I.  a.  Keduclng  heat. 
n.    That  which  reduces  heat. 

reft,  reft,  imp.  &  pp.  of  reave,  v. 

refuge,  refiuj  or  -yuj,  n.  Shelter  or  protec- 
tion; that  which  shelters  or  protects.  [F.,  < 
L.  re-,  back,  -\-fvgio,  flee.]  —  ref'^u-gee',  ref "- 
lu-jl',  n.    One  who  flees  to  a  refuge. 

re-furgence,  r§-ful'jgn8,  n.  Splendor;  bril- 
liant radiance.  [OF.,  <  L.  re-,  back,  -\-fvlgeo, 
shine.]  re-fuFgen-cy:}:.— re-ful'gent",  a. 
Shining;  brilliant;  splendid. 

re-fund'i",  rg-fund',  «)^.  To  pay  back.  [<  L. 
re-,  back,  -\-fundo,  pour.] 

re-fund'2'i,  ri-fund',  vt.    To  fund  anew. 

re-fuse'i,  T§-fiViz',  vt.  &vi.  [ke-fused';  be- 
FU'siNG.]  To  decline;  reject;  deny;  repel. 
[<  F.  refuser,  <  L.  refusus,  poured  back.] — 
re-fu'sal,  n.  1.  The  act  of  refusing.  2.  The 
privilege  of  accepting  or  rejecting;  an  option. 

re-fuse'2^  ri-fiuz',  vt.  &  vi.    To  fuse  again. 

refuse,  ref'ius  or  -yiis.  I.  a.  Eejected  as 
worthless.  II.  w.  Anything  worthless;  rubbish. 

re-fute',  re-fiut',  vt.  [RE-Fu'TEDd;  ke-fu'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  disprove  (a  statement).  2.  To 
prove  (a  person)  to  be  in  error;  confute.  [< 
L.*"  refuto,  repel.]  —  ref'u-ta'tion,  n.  The  act 
of  refuting;  disproof.    re-fu'taU. 

re-gain',  re-gen',  vt.  To  recover;  gain  anew. 
[  <  OF.  re-,  again,  +  gaigner,  gain.] 

re'gal,  ri'gal,  a.  Belonging  to  or  fit  for  a 
king;  royal.  [OF.,  <  L.  regalis,  royal.]  -ly, 
a(«».— re-gal'i-ty,  rg-gal'l-ti,  n.    Royalty. 

re-gale',  re-gel',  vt.  [re-galed';  re-ga'- 
LiNG.]  To  entertain  royally;  delight;  feast. 
[  <  F.  re-,  again,  +  OF.  galer,  rejoice.] 

re-ga'li-a,  r§-ge'li-a  or  -gg'li-a,  n.  pi.  Deco- 
rative emblems  of  royalty,  "or  of  some  society, 
order,  or  rank.     [LL.,  <  L.  regalis,  regal.] 

re-gard',  re-gard'.  I^.  vt.  1.  To  observe 
closely;  give  need  to;  consider.  2.  To  hold 
in  esteem  or  reverence.  3.  To  take  into  ac- 
count; relate  to.  II.  n.  1.  Respect;  atten- 
tion; notice.  2.  Common  repute.  3.  Refer- 
ence; as,  with  (or  in)  regard  to.  4.  A  cour- 
teous greeting  or  message.  [F.,  <  regarder, 
look.]  —  re-gard'ful,  a.  Having  or  showing 
regard.  — re-gard'ful-ly,  adv.  —  re-gard''- 


iiijr,  prep.  In  reference  to;  with  regard  to.  — 
re-gard'Iess,  a.  Having  no  regard  or  consid- 
eration; heedless;  negligent. 

re-gat'ta,  re-gat'a,  n.    A  boat-race.    [It.] 

re'gen-cy,  ri'jgn-si,  n.  [-cIE8^jo;.]  1.  The 
government  or  office  of  a  regent.  2.  A  body 
of  regents,    re'gent-sliip:}:. 

re-gen'er-ate,  re-jen'er-et.  l.vt.  [-a"ted<'; 
-A "TING.]  1.  To  reproduce.  2.  Tlieol.  To 
renew  spiritually.  II.  a.  1.  Having  new  life; 
restored.  2.  Spiritually  renewed;  regenerated. 
[<  L.  re-,  again,  -f-  genero,  generate.] —re- 
gen'er-a-cy,  n.  The  state  of  being  regener- 
ate.—re-geu'"er-a'ti  on,  n.  The  act  of  re- 
generating, or  the  state  of  being  regenerated. 

re'gent,  ri'jgnt,  n.  1.  One  who  rules  in  the 
name  and  place  of  a  sovereign.  2.  An  educa- 
tional officer,  as  of  a  university.  [OF.,  <  L. 
rege?i(t-)s,  ppr.  of  rego,  rule.] 

reg'i-cide,  rej'i-said,  n.  1.  The  killing  of  a 
king  or  sovereign.  2.  The  killer  of  a  kmg  or 
sovereign.  [<  L.  rex  (reg-),  king,  -|-  caedo., 
kill.]  —  reg'i-cF'dal,  a. 

r^'^gime',  re"zhim',  n.  System  of  govern- 
ment or  administration;  social  system.     [F.] 

reg'i-mezi,  rej'i-men,  n.  A  systematized 
course  of  living,  as  to  food,  clothing,  etc.; 
government;  control.     [L.] 

reg'i-ment,  rej'i-mgnt,  n.  A  body  of  soldiers 
commanded  by  a  colonel.  [OF.,  ult.  <  L.  reQO, 
rule.]  — reg'^i-men'tal.  I.  a.  Of  or  pertam- 
Ing  to  a  regiment.  II.  n.  Military  uniform: 
now  always  In  the  plural,    -ly,  adv. 

re'gion,  ri'jun,  n.  A  country  or  district;  area. 
[OF.,  <  L.  7r-gio{n-),  territory,  region.] 

reg'is-ter,  rej'is-tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  re- 
cord or  make  an  entry,  as  in  a  register;  enroll. 
2.  To  denote  according  to  a  scale.  II.  n.  1. 
An  official  record,  or  the  book  containing  it; 
roll;  list;  schedule.  2.  A  registrar.  3.  A  reg- 
istering apparatus ;  a  device  for  regulating  the 
admission  of  heated  air  to  a  room.  4.  Mi/s. 
The  compass  of  a  voice  or  an  instrument.  5. 
Print.  Exact  correspondence  of  the  lines,  etc., 
on  the  opposite  sides  of  a  sheet.  [<  L.i' ?'e- 
aesta,  records.]  —  reg'is-trar,  n.  The  author- 
ized keeper  of  a  register  or  of  records.—  reg''- 
is-tra'tion,  n.    The  act  of  entering  In  a  reg- 


istry;   enrolment.— reg'is-try,    rej'Is-tri,    n. 

1 .  Registration.    "2,  A  rei  " 
or  the  place  where  it  is  kept. 


[-TRIES*,  jt)L]     1.  Registration.    "2*  A  register, 


reg'nant,  reg'nant,  a.  Reigning;  dominant; 
commanding.     [<  L.  regno,  reign.] 

re'gress,  rl'gres,  n.  Passage  back;  return. 
[<  L.  re-,  back,  4- firrarfior,  go.]  —  re-gres'- 
sioii,  n.    The  act  of  moving  back  or  returning. 

re-g;ret',  rg-gret'.  l.vt.  [re-gret'ted'';  re- 
gret'ting.]  To  look  back  to  with  distress; 
lament  over;  grieve;  remember  with  longing. 
II.  n.  1.  Distress  of  mind  in  recalling  some 
past  event;  a  wishing  that  something  had  not 
happened;  remorseful  sorrow.  2.  [Colloq.] 
A  polite  declination:  commonly  in  the  nlural. 
[<  OF.  regretter,  bewail.]  —  re-gret'rul,  a. 
-ly,  flrf?'.- re-gret'ta-bKe,  a.  That  Is  to  be 
regretted.— re-jrret'ta-bly,  adv. 

reg'u-lar,  reg'yu-lar.  I.  a.  1.  Made  ac- 
cording to  rule;  symmetrical;  normal.  2.  Uni- 
formly recurring;  methodical;  orderly;  au- 
thorized; customary;  permanent.  3.  Gram. 
Following  the  rule,  as  in  inflection.    4.  Mil. 


ftut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   {out);    ©11;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  (the);   go;  sing,   iiik;  tliin. 


regulate 
relieve 


d-rd 


Belonging  to  a  standing  army.  II.  n.  A 
soldier  belonging  to  a  standing  army.  _[<  L.^ 
regularis,  <  regula,  rule.]  —  reg'"u-lar'i-ty ,  n. 
Tlie  state,  quality,  or  character  of  being  regular. 
rt^er'u-lar-nesst. 

reg'u-late,  reg'yu-let,  vt.  [-la"ted<1;  -la"- 
TiNG.]  To  dispose,  order,  or  govern  by  rule  or 
system;  put  or  keep  in  good  order;  adjust  ac- 
cording to  a  standard.— reg^'u-la'tion,  reg'yn- 
le'8hun,n.  1.  The  act  of  regulating,  or  the  state 
of  being  regulated.  <J.  A  rule  prescribed  for  con- 
duct.—refir'ii-la-tiv(e,  a.  Tending  or  serving 
to  regulate;  regulating.— r eg' u-la''tor,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  regulates;  especially,  a  clock 
of  superior  mechanism  and  accuracy. 

re-hearse',  r§-hgrs',  vt.  &  vi.  [re-hearsed'^; 
RE-HEARs'iNG.]  1.  To  act  Or  repeat  for  prac- 
tise or  improvement;  practise.  2.  To  tell  or 
say  over  again;  relate.  [<  OF.  reherser,  har- 
row again.]  —  re-hears'al,  n. 

reign,  ren.  I.  vi.  1.  To  hold  and  exercise 
sovereign  power.  2.  To  exercise  a  controlling 
influence.  II.  n.  1.  Sovereignty;  dominion; 
control ;  influence.  2.  The  time  of  a  sovereign's 
rule.  [<  F.regne,  <Ij.  fegnum,  <  rego.rale] 

re'^im-burse'S  rl"im-b firs',  vt.  To  pay  back; 
refund ;  indemnify.     [  <  F.  rembmrser,  repay.] 

—  re''ini-bur8e'meiit,  n. 

rein,  ren.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  manage  with  the 
rein;  hold  in  check;  obey  the  rein.  II.  ?i.  A 
strap  attached  to  the  bit  for  controlling  a  draft* 
animal.     [<  F.  rene,  <  L.  retineo,  hold  back.] 

rein'deer",  ren'dtr",  n.   [rein'dber",  pl.^  A 
deer  of  northern  regions,  used 
as  a  draft-  and  pack»aninial 
[Ult.  <  Lapp  reino,  pasturage 

-f-  DEER.] 

refill -force', 
-mentf  etc. 
Same  as  reen- 
FORGE,  etc. 

reins,  renz,  n.  pi. 
The  kidneys;  in- 
ward parts; 
hence,  the  affec- 
tions and 
sions. 
L.  ren,  kidney.]  ^ 

re'^in-state'd,  rl'in-stgf 
place;  repair. 

re-lt'er-ate,  re-it'^>r-et,  vt.  [-a'ted"";  -a"- 
TiNO.]    To  say  or  do  again  and  again;  repeat. 

—  re-it''er-a'tion,  n.    Repetition. 
re-Ject''*,  r§-ject',  vt.     To  refuse;  repel;  de- 
cline; deny;  discard.     [<  L.  re-,  back,  -\-jacio, 
throw.] —  re-ject'er,    n.       re-ject'or$.— -  re- 
jec'tion,  n.    The  act  of  rejecting. 

re-joice',  re-jeis',  v.  [re-joiced'';  re-joi'- 
ciNG.]  I.  t.  To  flll  with  joy;  gladden.  II. 
i.  To  be  glad.  [<  F.  rejonir,  rejoice.]  —  re- 
joi'ciiiff,  n.     The  feeling  or  expression  of  jo;^'. 

re-join',  r§-jein',  v.  I.  t.  To  come  again 
into  company  with;  return  to;  reunite.  II. 
i.  To  answer  to  a  reply.  [<  F.  rejoindre, 
rejoin.]  —  re-joln'der,  n.  An  answer  to  a  re- 
ply: also,  any  reply  or  retort. 

re-ju've-nate,  rg-jO'vg-net,  vt.  [-na'ted''; 
-na'tino.]  To  make  young  or  as  if  young 
again.  [  <  rk-  -f  L.  jvrenix.  young.]  — re-Ju''- 
ve-na'tlon,«.— re-JH"v«'-in'M'oence, «.  A 
renewal  of  youth.— re-jii"ve-nes'ceiit,  a 
iWi.  ' 


[OF.,  < 


Reindeer.    Voo 
vt.    To  restore;  re- 


re  laps(e',  rg-laps'. 


To  lapse  back, 


as  into  disease  after  partial  recovery;  decline; 
backslide.  II.  n.  A  relapsing;  lapse  into  a 
former  evil  state.  [<  L.  re-,  back,  -f  labor, 
slide.] 

re-late',  rg-let',  v.  [re-la'ted"*;  re-la'ting.] 
I.  t.  1.  To  narrate;  tell.  2.  To  connect,  as 
by  blood  or  marriage,  or  in  thought.  II.  i. 
To  be  in  connection  or  association;  have  refer- 
ence or  regard;  refer.  [<  Ij.^""^  relatus,  re- 
lated, <  re-,  back, -4-  latus,  borne.]  — re-la'ter, 
n.  re-la'tori.— re-la'tion,  re-16'8hun,  «.  1. 
The  state  of  being  related;  interdependence;  con- 
nection. 2.  Reference;  regard;  allusion.  3.  The 
act  of  relating;  an  account  or  recital.  4.  Con- 
nection by  blood  or  marriage;  kinship.  5,  A 
relative.— re-Ia'tion-ship,  n.  The  state  of 
being  related;  connection  by  blood  or  otherwise. 

rel'a-tiv(e,  rel'a-tiv.  I.  a.  1.  Having  connec- 
tion; pertinent.  2.  Eesulting  from  or  depend- 
ing upon  relation.  3.  Gram.  Referring  or 
relating  to  an  antecedent  noun.  II.  n.  1. 
One  who  is  related;  a  kinsman.  2.  A  relative 
word  or  term;  a  relative  pronoun. 

re-lax'S  re-lax', -y.  I.  ^  1.  To  slacken;  loosen; 
mitigate;  "remit;  ease.  2.  To  relieve  from 
constipation.  3.  To  make  languid.  II.  i. 
To  become  lax  or  loose;  become  less  rigorous. 
[<  F.  relaxer,  <  L.  re-,  again,  -\-laxus,  loose.] 
— re"lax-a'tioii,  n.  The  act  of  relaxing,  or 
the  state  of  being  relaxed;  Indulgence;  recrea- 
tion; diversion. 

re-lay',  ri-le',  vt.    To  lay  again. 

re-lay',  rg-le',  n.  A  fresh  set,  as  of  horses  or 
men.     [<   Y.  relais,  <relaisser,re\e&m.'\ 

re-lease'i,  rg-lis'.  I.vt.  [re-leased'';  re- 
LEAs'iNG.]  1.  To  free  from  restraint,  obliga- 
tion, or  penalty;  liberate.  2.  To  relinquish,  as  a 
legal  right  or  claim.  II.  n.  The  act  of  re- 
leasing; discharge;  relinquishment.  [<  L.*' 
re-,  again,  -f  laxus,  loose.] 

re-lea8e'2',  rl-lls',  vt.    To  lease  again. 

rel'e-gate,  rel'g-get,  vt.  [-ga'ted"*;  -ga'- 
TiNG.J  To  consign  to  obscurity;  put  back  or 
away;  banish.  [<  L.  re-,  back,  +  lego,  send.] 
—  rel"e-ga'tion,  n. 

re-lent'<*,  rg-lent',  vi.  To  soften  in  temper;  be- 
come compassionate;  yield.  [<  F.  ralentir.']— 
re-lent'less,  a.  Pitiless.  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 

rel'e-vant,  rel'g-vant,  a.  Fitting;  pertinent. 
[F.]  —  rel'e-van-cy,  n.    rel'e-vancej. 

re-li'a-l>l(e,  rg-lai'a-bl,  a.  That  may  be  relied 
upon;  trustworthv.— re-Ii"a-bil'i-ty,  n.  The 
quality  of  being retlable.  re-Ii'a-bKe-ness^. 
—  re-li'a-bly,  orif.  ,   . 

re-li'ance,  rg-lai'ans,  n.  The  act  of  relying; 
confidence.— re-ll'aiit,  a.    Confident. 

rel'ic,  rel'ic,  n.  Some  remaining  portion  or 
fragment  of  that  which  has  vanished  or  is 
destroyed;  a  sacred  or  cherished  memento.  [< 
F.  reliqiie,  <  L.  re-,  back,  -f-  U/'Quo,  leave.] 

rel'lct,  rel'ict,  n.  A  widow;  rarely,  a  widower. 
[OF.,  <  L.  relictm,  left  behind.] 

re-lier,  rg-ltf,  n.  1.  The  act  of  relieving,  or 
the  state  "of  being  relieved;  removal  of  evil, 
hardship,  or  trial;  alleviation;  comfort.  2. 
That  which  relieves,  as  charitable  aid.  3.  The 
release,  as  of  a  sentinel  by  a  substitute;  also, 
the  substitute.  4.  The  projection,  or  apparent 
projection,  as  of  a  figure,  from  a  surface;  ele- 
vation; exalUition.     [F.,  <  relever,  relieve.] 

re-lie v(e',  rg-ltv',   vt.       [re-likv(e)d';   re- 


papfl,  cfsk;  at,  Sir;  el§mgnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  5r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


379 


ireligion 
rendezvous 


LTEv'iNG.]  1.  To  free  wholly  or  partly  from 
something,  as  pain  or  trouble.  2.  To  alleviate; 
lessen,  as  pain  or  trouble.  3.  To  soften,  lighten, 
or  enliven,  as  style.  4.  To  bring  out  into  re- 
lief or  prominence.  5.  3Iil.  (1)  To  reenforce. 
(2)  To  release,  as  a  sentinel,  by  substitution. 
[  <  F.  releTei\  <  L.  7'e-,  again,  -f-  levis,  light.] 

re-lig'ion.  re-lij'un,  n.  1.  A  system  of  faith 
and  worship.  2.  Conscientious  devotion  in 
practise;  scrupulous  care;  piety.  [F.,  <  L. 
religioin-),  <  re-,  again,  -f-  i^SfO,  gather.]  — 
re-lig'ious,  re-lij'us,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
trolled by  religion;  devout;  faithful;  conscien- 
tious; pious,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

re-lin'quislx',  rg-lin'cwish,  vt.  To  withdraw 
from;  let  go;  surrender;  abandon;  quit.  [< 
L.OF  re-,  back,  -j-  linquo,  leave.]  —  re-lin'- 
quisli-ineut,  n. 

rel'i-q.ua-ry,  reri-cwg-ri,  «.  [-ries*,^/.]  A 
repository  for  relics. 

rerisliS  rel'ish,  r.  I.  t.  1.  To  like  the  taste 
of;  enjoy.  2.  To  impart  flavor  to.  II.  i.  To 
yield  or  have  a  flavor,  especially  an  agreeable 
flavor.     [<  OF.  re-,  again,  -f  lecher,  lick.] 

rel'isli,  w.  1.  A  pleasing  taste;  appetite;  li- 
king: commonly  with /or.  2.  The  flavor,  es- 
pecially when  agreeable,  in  food  or  drink.  3. 
Something  that  relishes;  a  slight  savory  dish. 

re-luc'tant,  a.  1.  Disinclined;  unwilling; 
averse.  2.  Marked  by  unwillingness.  [<  L. 
re-,  again,  -f-  luctor,  strive.]  —  re-Iiic'tance, 
n.    The  state  of  being  reluctant;  unwillingness. 

re-ly',  re-lai',  t!i.  [ue-lied';  re-ly'ing.]  To 
depend  on;  repose  confidence:  v/iiiion  or vpoit . 
[<  \jJ  re-,  back,  -f  ligo,  bind.] 

re-main',  re-men',  ri.  To  be  left  behind;  con- 
tinue; abide;  stay.  [<  L.^f  re-,  back,  +  ni(t- 
neo,  remain.]  —  re-niain'der,  n.  That  which 
remains;  something  left,  as  after  subtraction  or 
expenditure.— re-mains',  re-menz',?i.;jZ.  That 
which  is  left  behind,  as  a  corpse  or  skeleton;  also, 
an  author's  posthumous  works. 

re-mand',  r§-mgnd'.  I'l.  xt.  To  order  or 
send  back;  recommit.  II.  w.  Recommittal, 
as  of  an  accused  person  to  custody.  ,  [<  L.  re-, 
back,  4-  mando,  order.] 

re-mark',  r§-mQrk'.  V-.vt.&vi.  1.  To  ex- 
press by  speech  or  writing;  make  remarks.  2. 
To  take  particular  notice  of.  II.  n.  A  com- 
ment or  saying;  observation;  notice.  [<  F. 
re-,  again,  -|-  marqver,  mark.]  — re-mark'a- 
bUe,  a.  Worthy  of  special  notice;  conspicuous; 
distinguished,  —  re-mark'a-bly,  adv. 

rem'e-dy,  rem'g-di.    1.  vt.    [-died;-dt-ing.] 

I.  To  cure  or  heal.    2.  To  repair;  correct. 

II.  n.  [-dies^  pi.']  That  which  cures  or  re- 
lieves, as  a  medicine.  [<  L.^  re-,  again,  + 
medeor,  heal.] — re-me'di-a-bl(e,  a.— re-me'- 
di-al,  a.—  reni'e-di-less,  a. 

re-memljer,  r§-mem'ber,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To 
retain  or  cherish  in  the  memory;  recollect.  2. 
To  have  or  exercise  remembrance.  [<  F.  re- 
member, <  L.  re-,  again,  +  memo}',  mindful.] 
—  re-mem'brance, «.  1.  The  actor  power 
of  remembering;  memory.  2.  The  period  with- 
in which  one  can  remember.  3.  That  which  is 
remembered.  4.  A  memento;  keepsake. —re- 
inem'bran-cer,  n.    A  reminder;  memento. 

re-mind''!,  re-maind',  vt.  To  bring  to  mind; 
recall :  with  qf.  —  re-mind'er,  n. 

rem"i-nis'cence,   rem'i-nis'ene,    n.     The 


calling  to  mind,  or  that  which  is  recalled.  [OF., 

<  L.  re-,  again,  -f  memini,  remember.] 
—  rem"i-iiis'ceiit,  a. 

re-miss',  r§-mis',  a.  Slack  or  careless;  dila- 
tory; negligent.     [<  L.  remissus.]     -ness,  n. 

re-mit',  re-mit',  v.  [re-]wit'ted<i;  re-mit'- 
TiNG.]     I.  ^.     1.  To  send  in  return;  transmit. 

2.  To  annul  the  penalty  of;   pardon;  forgive. 

3.  To  refrain  from  exacting.  4.  To  abate;  re- 
lax. 5.  To  refer  or  submit.  II.  i.  To  abate 
for  a  time,  as  a  fever.  [<  L.*^^  re-,  back,  -\- 
mitto,  send.]  —  re-mis'sion,  rg-mish'un,  «. 
The  act  of  remitting;  abatement;  pardon.  —  re- 
init'inent,  n.  The  act  of  remitting;  a  remit- 
tance, re-mit'tali.— re-niit'tance,  M.  The 
act  of  remitting,  or  that  which  is  remitted,  as 
money.  — re-mit'teiir,  a.  Having  remissions, 
as  a  fever.— re-iiiit'ter,  n.    re-mit'tort. 

rem'nant,  rem'nant,  n.  That  which  remains; 
a  small  remainder.  [  <  L.of  remaneo,  re- 
main.] [rearrange. 

re-mod'el,  ri-med'el,  t'^.    To   model  again; 

re-mon'strate,  rg-men'stret,  vi.  [-stra"- 
TEiW;  -stra"ting.]  To  present  a  verbal  or 
written  protest;  expostulate  (j.vilh  a  person, 
a(7ai«*i;  a  thing).  [<  Ij.^'re-,  again,  ■\- mon- 
siro,  show.] — re-mon'strance,  n.  1.  The 
act  of  remonstrating.  '2.  Expostulatory  counsel 
or  reproof.— re-inon'strant.  I.  a.  Of  or  like 
a  remonstrance.    II.  m.   One  who  remonstrates. 

re-morse',  re-mers',  v.  The  anguish  caused 
by  a  sense  of  guilt.  [<  L.of  re-,  \i&ck,-\-mor- 
deo,  bite.]  —  re-morse'ful,  a. — re-morse'- 
lesH.  a.     Pitiless;  cruel;  conscienceless. 

re-mote',  rg-mot',  a.  1.  Distant  in  space, 
time,  or  relation.  2.  Not  obvious;  slight.  [< 
L.  rvmoveo,  remove.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

re-move',  rg-muv'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  move 
or  take  away.  2.  To  destroy  or  put  an  end  to. 
3.  To  change  from  one  place  to  another,  as 
one's  residence;  move.  II.  w.  1.  A  removal. 
2.  An  interval.  3.  A  course,  as  at  dinner.  [< 
L.OF  re-,  again,  -f-  moveo,  move.]  —  re-mov'-a- 
bl(e,  (7.— re-mov'al,  n.   The  act  of  removing. 

re-mu'ner-ate,  rg-miii'ner-et,  vt.  [-a"ted''; 
-A'TiNG.]  To  compensate;  pay;  reward.  [< 
L.  re-,  again,  -j-  munns  (muner-),  gift.]  —  re- 
mu"ner-a'tion,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  remunera- 
ting, '■i.  That  which  remunerates;  recompense. 
— re-mu'uer-a-tiv(e,  a.  Profitable,  re- 
niu'ner-a-to"ryi. 

ren-coun'ter,  ren-caun'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To 
meet  by  surprise,  as  a  foe.  II.  7i.  A  sudden 
hostile  collision;  unexpected  encounter.     [Ult. 

<  L.  re-,  again,  -f-  in,  to,  -{-  contra,  against.] 
ren-con'trei- 

rend,  rend,  vt.  &  vi.  [rent  or  rend'ed^; 
rend'ing.]  1.  To  separate  or  be  sundered 
into  parts  by  force;  tear.  2.  To  remove  forci- 
bly.    [  <  AS.  rendan,  tear  down.] 

ren'der,  ren'dgr.  vt.  1.  To  make  of  a  speci- 
fied character.  2.  To  furnish;  give.  3.  To 
interpret,  express,  or  represent.    4.  To  return; 

five  back.  5.  To  melt  and  clarify,  as  lard. 
<  F.  rendre,  give  back,  surrender.]  —  rend'er, 
w.  — ren'der-a-ble,  a.— ren-di'tion,  ren- 
dish'un,  n.  1.  A  translation;  interpretation.  *i. 
A  surrendering.  3.  The  act  of  rendering,  or  the 
amount  rendered. 
ren'dez-vous,  ren'de-vu  or  rflA'de-vii.  I. 
vt.&vi.  [-voused;  -vous-iNG.]  To  assemble 
at  a  given  place.    II.  n.     [ren'dez-vous,  pl.\ 


fiut|ure    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   ©il;   c   (k);    cliat;    db   itho)',   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


renegrade 
represent 


380 


An  appointed  place  of  meeting;  a  meeting,  or 
an  appointment  to  meet.  [F.,  <  rendez'vous^ 
assemble  yourselves.] 

ren'e-gade,  ren'g-ged,  n.  An  apostate;  a 
deserter.    [<  ^^.renegadoJ]  ren'^e-ga'doi. 

re-new',  rg-niu',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  make  or 
become  new;  regenerate.  2.  To  begin  over 
again.  —  re-new'a-bl(e,  a.  — re-new'al,  n.— 
re-new^'e<l-Iy,  ad».  1.  Repeatedly;  again.  2. 
With  fresh  vigor. 

ren'net,  ren'§t,  n.  The  dried  stomach  of  a 
calf:  used  for  curdling  milk.  [<  AS.  rennan^ 
run.] 

re-nounce',  rg-nauns',  xt.  [re-nounced"  ; 
ke-noun'cing.]  To  refuse  to  acknowledge 
longer;  forswear;  abandon.  [<  L.^  re-^  back, 
+  nuntins,  messenger.] 

ren'o-vate,  ren'o-vet,  vt.  [-va'ted*";  -va"- 
TING.]  To  make  as  good  as  new ;  renew ;  cl  ean ; 
purify.  [<  L.  r€-„  again, +  novus,  new.] — ren"- 
o-va'tion,  n. 

re-nown',  rg-naun',  n.  High  distinction; 
fame.  [  <  L.^  re-,  again,  +  iwmen,  name.]  — 
re-no  wnecl',  a.    Having  renown;  famous. 

rent",  rent,  v.  I.  t.  To  obtain  or  let  out  for 
rent;  hire.    II.  i.    To  be  rented  or  leased. 

rciit2,  imp.  &  pp.  of  rend,  v. 

rents  n.    A  hole  or  slit  made  by  rending. 

rent^,  n.  The  pjayment  periodically  made  for 
the  use  of  any  kind  of  property.  [  <  F.  rente.] 
—  rent'a-bl(e,  «.— rent'al,  n.  The  rev- 
enue derived  from  rented  property. 

re-nun''ci-a'tlon,  re-nun"si-e'shun  or  -shi- 
e'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  renouncing.  2.  A 
declaration  in  which  something  is  renounced. 
[0F.,<  L.  renuntio,  renounce.] 

re-pair'»,  rg-par'.  1.  vt.  1.  To  restore  to  a 
sound  state;  mend.  2.  To  make  amends  for. 
II.  n.  1.  Restoration;  reparation.  2.  Con- 
dition after  repairing.  [  <  L.  re-,  again,  ^paro, 
make  ready.]  —  rep'a-ra-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of 
repair  or  reparation.  re-pair'a-bl(et.— rep''- 
a-ra'tion,  n.  The  act  of  making  amends;  In- 
demnity. 

re-pair'2.  I.  vi.  To  betake  oneself;  resort; 
return.  III.  n.  The  act  of  repairing,  or  the 
place  to  which  one  repairs.  [<  L.i^+of  re-, 
again,  -f  patria,  fatherland.] 

rep''ar-tee',  rep"ar-tt',  n.  A  witty  or  apt  re- 
ply; sharp  rejoinder.  [<  OF.  repartie,  <  re- 
partir,  reply.] 

re-past',  rg-pgst',  n.  The  act  of  taking  food, 
or  the  food  taken;  a  meal.  [OF.,  <  L.  re-, 
again,  -|-  pastus,  pp.  of  pasco,  feed.] 

re-pay',  rg-pe',  vt.  &  vi.  To  pay  back;  pay 
again;  requite;  retaliate.— re-pay'ment,«. 

re-peal',  rg-ptl',  I.  vt.  To  rescind,  as  a  law; 
revoke.  II.  «.  The  act  of  renealing.  [<  F. 
rappeler,  recall.]  —  re-peal'a-ul(e,a. 

re-peat''',  rg-ptt',  vt.  1.  To  do  or  say  over; 
reiterate.  2.  To  recite  from  memory.  [<!..'•" 
re-,  again,  +  jyeto,  seek.  |  re-pent'ed-ly,  aili\ 
— re-peat'cr,  n.  1 .  A  niccliaiilNin  for  n-peatlng 
some  action,  as  a  watch  that  can  be  made  to  strike 
at  any  time  the  last  hour,  or  a  repeating  flreann. 
2.  One  who  repeats  his  vote  at  an  election. 

re-pel',  rg-pel',  V.  Fke-pelled';  ke-pel'lino.] 

I.  ^    To  force  to  keep  back;  check;  repulse. 

II.  i.  To  have  a  repulsive  character  or  tend- 
ency. [<  L.  re-,  back,  +  pello,  drive.l  —  re- 
pePlentf  a.    Serving  or  tending  to  repel. 


re-pent'*',  rg-pent',  vt.  &  vi.  To  feel  repent- 
ance for;  experience  sorrow  for  sin,  with  desire 
to  amend;  regret.  [<  L.*"  re-,  back,  again,  -|- 
paeniteo,  repent.]— re-pent'ance,  n.  A  turning 
with  sorrow  from  a  past  sinful  course  or  action; 
loosely,  regret.— re-peiit'ant,  a.  Showing  or 
characterized  by  repentance.— re-pent'er,  n. 

rep'er-to"ry,  rep'gr-to'ri,  «..  [-ries*,  j9^.]  A 
repository;  collection.  [<  F.  repertoire,  <  L.^i- 
reperio,  find  again.] 

rep'e-tend",  rep'e-tend",  n.  That  part  of  a 
circulating  decimal  which  is  repeated  indefi- 
nitely. [  <  L.  repeto,  repeat.]  —  rep"e-ti'tion, 
rep'e-tish'un,  n.  The  act  of  repeating,  or  that 
which  is  repeated. 

re-pine',  rg-pain',  vi.  [re-pineb';  re-pi'- 
NiNG.]  To  be  discontented;  complain;  mur- 
mur.   [<  RE-  -f-  PINE,  ?'.]  —  re-pi'ner,  n. 

re-place'S  rg-ples',  vt.  1.  To  put  back  in 
place.  2.  To  take  or  fill  the  place  of;  put  a 
substitute  in  place  of.  3.  To  refund;  repay. 
[<  RE-  +  PLACE.]  —  re-place'ment,  n. 

re-plen'isll',  rg-plen'ish,  vt.  To  fill  again; 
supply  or  stock  abundantly.  [<  L.of  re-, 
again,  -|-  plenus,  full.]  — re-pleii'ish-ment,  n. 

re-plete',  rg-pltt',  a.  Full  to  the  uttermost; 
abounding.     [  <  L.^f  re-,  again,  -j-  pleo,  fill.] 

—  re-ple'tion,  n. 

re-plev'in,  rg-plevMn,  n.  An  action  to  regain 
possession  of  personal  property  unlawfully  de- 
tained.    [OF.,  <  replevir,  pledge.] 

re-ply',  re-plai'.  l.vt.&vi.  [re-plied;  re- 
ply'ing.]  To  say  or  do  in  return;  make  a  re- 
ply. II.  n.  [re-plies'S;>A],  Something  ut- 
tered, written,  or  done  in  return;  an  answer. 
[<  L.F  re-,  again,  -\-  plico,  fold.] 

re-port''',  rg-pOrt',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  bear  or 
bring  back;  relate.  2.  To  state  as  a  fact;  cir- 
culate publicly.  3.  To  prepare  a  record  of. 
4.  To  certify  formally  or  officially.  5.  To  in- 
form against.  II.  i.  1.  To  tender  a  report. 
2.  To  serve  as  a  reporter.  3.  To  appear  and 
announce  oneself,  as  a  soldier  for  duty.  [< 
<  L.*"  reporto,  <  re-,  again,  -\-  porto,  carry.] 

re-port',  n.  1.  That  which  is  reported;  an 
announcement.  2.  A  published  narration; 
official  statement.    3.  A  sudden  loud  noise. 

—  re-port'er,  n.    One  eniploj-ed  by  a  news- 
paper to  gather  and  report  news  for  publication. 

re-pose',  rg-poz'.  I.  vti  &  vi.  [re-posed'; 
RE-PO'siNG.T  1.  To  lay  down  in  a  posture  of 
rest;  refresh  by  rest.  2.  To  place  or  base,  as 
confidence  or  hope;  trust;  confide.  3.  To  lie; 
recline;  rest.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  reposing, 
or  the  state  of  being  at  rest ;  sleep,  re-po'- 
salt.  2.  Calmness;  composure.  [<  L. '•'•*•■' 
re-,  again,  -\-  patiso,  pause,  rest.] 

re-pos'i-to-ry ,  re-pez'i-to-ri,  n.  [-ries»,  ;>/.] 
A  place  in  which  goods  are  or  may  be  stored. 
[  <  L.  re-,  back,  -f  2>ono,  place.] 

rep"re-h.end'<',  rep're-hend',  vt.  To  chide 
shar{)ly;  object  to  forcibly;  blame.  [<L.  ?'f-, 
again,  -\-  prehemio,   seize.]  —  rep"re-hen'8|. 

»Il'8l« 


bl(e, 


rep"re-lieii'8ion. 


rep'Te 


lien'Hiv(e,  <j.  Indicating  or  conveying  reproof. 
rep"re-sent'i'',  rep"rg-zent',  vt.  1.  To  bring 
before  the  mind;  portray  or  dejjict.  2.  Toact 
as  authorized  agent  for;  st^uul  in  the  place  of; 
also,  to  ai)pear  as  an  instance  of.  [  <  L.  rej)rse- 
sento,  <  re-,  again,  +  prxsento,  present.] 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usfge;  It,  %,  x  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  vr; 


381 


represent 
rescue 


—  rep^'re-sen-ta'tioni,  rep"rg-zen-t6'shun, 
n.  1 .  The  act  of  representing,  or  the  state  of 
being  represented,  "i.  That  which  represents; 
a  likeness ;  model ;  description ;  dramatic  per- 
formance. 3.  Representatives  collectively.— 
rep''re-8ent'a-tiv(e.  I.  a.  1.  Qualified  to 
represent,  "i.  Acting  in  the  capacity  of  agent. 
II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  represents;  a 
member  of  a  representative  body :  in  the  United 
States,  a  member  of  the  popular  branch  of  Con- 
gress or  of  a  state  legislature. 

re^'pre-senf  2d,  rl'pre-sent',  vt.  To  present 
again.  —  re''pres-en-ta'tion2,  ri'prez-en-te'- 
shun,  n.    A  second  presentation. 

re-press'it,  r§-pre8',  vt.  To  keep  forcibly 
under   restraint;    press    back;   crush;    quell; 


overpower.     [<  L.  re-,  back,  -{-premo,  press.] 
—  re-pres'sion,  n.  The  act  of  repressing,  or 
the  condition  of  being  repressed.— re-press'- 


iv(e,  a.  [time. 

re-press'2t,  rt-pres',  vt.    To  press  a  second 

re-priev(e',  rg-priv'.  I.  vt.  [re-priev(e)d'; 
RE-PRiEv'iNG.]  To  suspcnd  temporarily  the 
execution  of  a  sentence  upon  ;  relieve  for  a 
time  from  danger  or  trouble.  II.  w.  1.  The 
temporary  suspension  of  a  sentence.  2. 
Temporary  relief  or  cessation  of  pain  or  ill; 
respite.     [<  F.  reprmiver;  see  reprove.] 

rep'^ri-mand',  rep"ri-mgnd'.  F.  vt.  To 
reprove  sharply;  especially"  to  reprove  publicly 
and  officially.  II.  n.  Severe  reprooi,  public 
or  private.     [<  F.  repHmande.,  reproof.] 

re-print''',  re-print',  vt.    To  print  anew. 

re'print",  ri'print',  n.  An  eclition  of  a  printed 
work  that  is  a  verbatim  copy  of  the  original. 

re-pri''sal,  re-prai'zal,  n.  1.  Forcible  seizure 
from  an  enemy  by  way  of  retaliation  or  in- 
demnity. 2.  The  property  thus  seized  3.  Any 
form  of  retaliation.  [<  F.  represaille,  <  L. 
re-.,  again,  +  prehendo.,  seize.] 

re-proacli',  re-proch'.  I',  vt.  To  censure 
severely  ;  blame  ;  upbraid.  II.  n.  1.  The 
act  of  reproaching,  or  the  words  of  one  who 
reproaches.  2.  A  cause  of  blame  or  disgrace. 
[<  F.  reprochei\  <  L.  re-,  again,,  +  ^ro«e, 
near.]  —  re-proach'a-bl(e,  a.  —  re-proach'- 
ful,  a.    -ly,  a(7?;.— re-proach'less,  a. 

rep'ro-Tjate,  rep'ro-bet.  I.  vt.  [-ba"ted<'; 
-ba'ting.]  1.  To  disapprove  with  strong  dis- 
like; reject.  2.  To  abandon  as  hopelessly 
wicked.  II.  a.  Abandoned  in  sin  ;  utterly 
depraved.  III.  n.  One  lost  to  all  sense  of 
duty  or  decency.  [<  lu.  re-,  again, -f- j^ro&o, 
prove.]  —  rep'^ro-ba'tion,  n.  The  act  of  rep- 
robating, or  the  condition  of  being  reprobated. 

re''pro-duce",  rfpro-diiis',  vt.  1.  To  pro- 
duce again.  2.  To  produce  (off spring) ;  tore- 
new  (a  lost  part).  3.  To  make  a  copy  of.  [< 
RE-  4-  PRODUCE.]— re'^pro-duc'tion,  n.  1. 
The  act  or  power  of  reproducing.  2.  That  which 
is  reproduced;  a  copy.  —  re^'pro-cluc'tivCe,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  employed  in,  or  tending  to  repro- 
duction.   re''pro-diic'to-ryt. 

re-prove',  rg-priiv',  vt.  To  censure  authori- 
tatively, openly,  and  directly;  blame;  rebuke. 
[  <  L.^  reprobo,  condemn.]— fe-prooP,  rg-prQf, 
n.    The  act  of  reproving;  blame;  censure. 

rep'tiKe,  rep'til.  I.  a.  Crawling;  groveling; 
base.  II.  rt.  1.  An  animal  that  moves  on 
its  belly  or  by  means  of  short  limbs.  2.  A 
groveling,  abject  person.  [F.,  <  L.  reptilis,  < 
reptus,  pp.  of  repo,  creep.] 


re-puto'lic,  rg-pub'lic,  n.  A  state  in  which 
the  sovereignty  resides  in  the  people,  and  the 
administration  is  lodged  in  officers  elected  by 
the  people ;  a  community ;  commonwealth.  [< 
L.F  respnblica,<  res,  affair,  -\-pnblica,  public, 
of  the  people.]  —  re-puVlic-an,  n.  One  who 
advocates  or  upholds  a  republican  form  of  gov- 
ernment; [r-  or  R-]  a  member  of  a  republican 
party.— re-pub'Iic-an-ism,  n. 

re-pub'lislxS  rt-pub'lish,  vt.  To  publish 
again;  issue  a  reprint  of. —  re-pub'^li-ca'tion, 
n.  The  act  of  republishing,  or  that  which  is  re- 
published. 

re-pu'di-ate,  rg-piu'di-et,t'^.  [-a'tec^;  -a'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  refuse  to  acknowledge  or  pay; 
disclaim;  disavow.  2.  To  cast  off;  discard; 
put  away.  [<  L.  remidimn,  divorce.] — re- 
pu'''<li-a'tion,  n.  The  act  of  repudiating,  or 
the  state  of  being  repudiated. 

re-pug'nant,  re-pug'nant,  a.  Offensive  to 
taste  or  feeling;  inconsistent;  opposed;  an- 
tagonistic. [OF.,  <  L.  re-,  back,  -|-  jmgnxis, 
fist.]  —  re-pug'nance,  n.  A  feeling  of  aver- 
sion and  resistance,    re-pug'nan-cyt. 

re-pulse',  rg-puls'.  I.  vt.  [re-pxilsed';  re- 
puLs'iNG.]  1.  To  beat  or  drive  back.  2.  To 
repel  resolutely  or  harshly.  II.  n.  The  act 
of  repulsing-  rejection;  refusal.  [<  L.  re- 
pnlsvs,  pp.  of  repello,  repel.]  —  re-puPsion,  n. 
The  act  of  repulsing,  or  the  state  of  being  re- 
pelled; aversion.— re-piil'8iv(e,  a.  Exciting 
feelings  of  dislike,  disgust,  or  horror ;  causing 
aversion. 

re-pute',  rg-piiit'.  I.  vt.  [re-pu'ted^;  re- 
pu'ting.]  To  hold  in  general  opinion;  reckon; 
estimate.  II.  n.  Reputation  ;  estimation  ; 
honor.     [<  L.*"  re-,  agam,  -\-puto,  think.] 

— rep'u-ta-bl(e,rep'yu-ta-bl.rt.  1.  Having 
a  good  reputation;  estimable;  honorable.  2.  Con- 
sistent with  honorable  standing. —  rep'u-fa- 
bly,  arf».— rep''ii-ta'tion,  n.  The  estimation 
in  which  a  person  or  thing  is  held  by  others;  re- 
pute.-re-pu'ted-ly,  odv. 

re-quest',  r§-cvvest'.  I<'.  vt.  To  express  a  de- 
sire for;  ask;  solicit.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of 
requesting;  entreaty;  petition.  2.  That  which 
is  asked  for.  3.  The  state  of  being  sought 
after.     [  <  L.  re-,  again,  -f-  qnaero,  seek  ] 

re'qui-em,  rl'cwi-em,  n.  A  hymn,  dirge,  or 
mass  for  the  dead.     [L.,  ace.  of  requies,  rest.] 

re-quire',  rg-cwair',  vt.    [re-quired';   re- 
quir'ing.]  1.  To  demand,  or  to  request  author- 
itatively; claim.    2.  To  have  imperative  need 
of;  want.     [<  L.^f  re-,  again,  +  qxise.ro,  seek.] 
—  re-fluire'inent.  n. 

req'ui-sit(e,  rec'wi-zit.  I.  a.  Required  by 
circumstances;  indispensable.  II.  n.  Ane- 
cessity ;  requirement.  [  <  L.  re-,  again,  -|- 
qusero,  seek.] — req"ui-si'tion,  n.  1.  Any 
formal  request,  summons,  or  demand.  3.  The 
state  of  being  required. 

re-quite',  rg-cwait',  vt.  [re-qui'ted"*  ;  re- 
QUi'TiNG.]  To  repay;  retaliate  upon;  punish, 
[<  RE-  +  QUIT,  -?).]  —  re-qui'tal,  n. 

re-scind'<',  rg-sind',  vt.  To  make  void;  abro- 
gate ;  repeaL  [<  L.^  re-,  again,  -|-  sdndo, 
cut.]  —  re-scis'sion,  n.   The  act  of  rescinding, 

res'cue,  res'kiu.  I.  vt.  [res'cued;  res'cu- 
iNG.]  To  deliver  from  injury,  calamity,  or 
destruction;  liberate;  save.  11.  n.  The  act. 
of  rescuing;  deliverance.  [<  L.^+o^  re-,  again, 
-f-  excvfio,  drive  out.]  — res'cii-er,  n. 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ^11;   c  (k);    chat;   ait  (the);  go;   sing,   i^k;  thm. 


research 
respite 


382 


re  searcli',  r§-6grch',  n.  Continued  and  dili- 
gent investigation. 

re  sem1>lie,r§-zem'bl,  ij^  [-bl(e)d; -bling.] 
To  be  similar  to;  be  of  the  same  or  like  nature. 

L<  F.  re-,  again,  +  semMer,  seem.]  —  re-sem'- 
Iniice,  n.  The  quality  of  resembling;  that 
wlilch  resembles,  semblance;  likeness. 

re-sent'<J,  rg-zent',  vt.  To  feel  or  show  resent- 
ment at;  be" indignant  at.  [<  F.  re-,  again,  -f 
sentir,  feel.]  —  re-sent'ful,  a.— re-sent'ment, 
n.  Anger  and  ill  will  In  view  of  real  or  fancied 
Injtiry;  persistent  displeasure. 

re-serv(e',  rg-zgrv'.  I.  vt.  [re-8ebv(e)d'; 
KK-sEuv'iNG.]   1.  To  hold  back  for  future  use. 

2.  To  except  from  something  granted.  II. 
w.  1.  That  v\Tiich  is  reserved.  2.  Silence  or  reti- 
cence as  to  one's  feelings,  opinions,  or  affairs. 

3.  A  body  of  troops  reserved  for  emergencies. 
[<  L.''  re-,  hack, -\- servo,  keep.]  —  res^er-va'- 
tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  reserving,  or  that  which 
Is  reserved.  "2,  A  tract  of  land  reserved,  as  for 
an  Indian  tribe.— re-8erv(e)d',  pa.  1.  Show- 
ing or  characterized  by  reserve  of  manner;  dis- 
tant; undemonstrative.  "2.  Retained;  kept  back. 
— re-Mcrv'ed-ly,  ndv.—re-ser\'ed-ness,n. 

res'er-voir",  rez'qr-vwer",  n.    A  receptacle 


Reservoir. 
where  something,  as  water,  is  kept  in  store. 
[<  F.  reservoir,  <  L.^  reservo,  reserve.] 

re-side',  rg-zaid',  vi.  [ke-si'ded'';  re-si'- 
niN(i.]  1.  To  make  one's  abode;  live;  dwell. 
2.  To  exist  as  an  attribute  of;  inhere,  [  <  L.^ 
re-,  again,  +  sedeo,  sit.]  —  res'l-dence,  rez'i- 
dens,  n.  1.  The  place  where  one  resides.  2. 
The  act  of  residing.— reM'i-dent.  I.  a.  Having 
a  residence.  II.  7j.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
18  resich-nt.    ti,  A  diplomatic  ri'presentatlve. 

res'i-due,  rez'i-dln,  n.  A  remainder  or  sur- 
plus after  a  part  has  been  separated  or  other- 
wist;  treated,  f  <  L.  residuum,  <  resideo,  re- 
side.] —  re>iild^u«al,  rg-zij'u-al  or  -zid'yu-al, 
a.  re<>HidMi-a-ryt.— re-fiid'u-uin,n.  [-u-a, 
pi.  1    That  which  remains  after  subtraction. 

re-slg^',  re-zain',  rt.  &  vi.  1.  To  give  up  or 
back;  surrender.  2.  To  abandon  tne  use  or 
enjoyment  of;  relinquish.  3.  To  yield  with 
confidence.   \  <  L.»'  re-,  back,  +  signum,  sign.] 

—  »'«»«'^lir-na'tlon,  rez'Ig-nC'shun  or  res"-, 
n.  1 .  The  act  of  resigning,  as  an  office  or  trust, 
or  the  formal  do<-ument  declaring  such  act.  2. 
The  qimllty  of  l)clng  suhmissive;  unresisting  ac- 
quiescence, lis  In  the  divine  will.—  rr-HiRiied', 
pit.    CharBct^Tized  by  resignation;  submissive. 

res'in,  rez'ln,  «.  An  amorphous  substance  that 
exudes  from  plants.     [<  Uf  redna,  resin,] 

—  rcH'In-onii,  a. 

re-siat'i,  r^zlst',  vt.  &  vi.     To  oppose,  strive 


against,  or  obstruct;  withstand.  [<  L.^  re- 
sisto,  <  re-,  back,  -j-  sisto,  set.]  —  re-sist'ance, 
ft.  1 .  The  act  of  resisting.  3.  Any  force  tend- 
ing to  hinder  motion.— re-sist'less,  a. 

res'o-lute,  rez'o-lQt,  a.  Having  a  fixed  pur- 
pose; determined;  consantt;  steady, 

res'^o-lu'tion,  rez"o-lu'shun  or  -liu'shun,  n. 

I.  The  act  of  resolving.  2.  The  state  of  be- 
ing resolute;  active  fortitude,  res'o-lute- 
nessij:.  3.  The  purpose  or  course  resolved 
upon;  a  resolve;  determination.  4.  Chemical, 
mechanical,  or  mental  analysis;  separation  of 
anything  into  its  component  parts.  5.  A  prop- 
osition offered  to  or  adopted  by  an  assembly. 

re-solv(e',  rg-zelv'.  l.vt.&vi.  [re-solv(e)d'; 
RE-soLv'iNG.1  1.  To  make  up  one's  mind; 
determine.  2.  To  render  or  become  fixed  in 
purpose.  3.  To  pass,  as  a  resolution,  4.  To 
separate  into  parts;  analyze.  II.  n.  1.  Fix- 
edness of  purpose;  resolution,  2.  A  fixed  de- 
termination; a  resolution,  [<  L.^f  re-,  again, 
-\-  solve,  loosen,]  —  re-8olv'a-bl(e,  a. 

res'o-nant,  a.  Sending  back  or  prolonging 
sound;  reverberating.  [<  L.^  re-,  back, -P 
sono,  sound.]  —  res'o-nance,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  resonant;  resonant  sound. 

re-sort',  rg-zert'.  1^.  vi.  1.  To  go  frequently 
or  habitually;  repair.     2.  To  have  recourse. 

II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  frequenting  a  place;  a 
place  resorted  to  or  frequented,  2.  A  recourse; 
refuge.    [<  1^.^^  re-,  again,  -|-  sortior,  obtain.] 

re-sound''',  rg-zaund',  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  repeat, 
as  a  sound:  echo  or  reecho,  2.  To  celebrate; 
acclaim,  II.  i.  1.  To  emit  aloud,  prolonged, 
or  far-reaching  sound.  2.  To  exhibit  reso- 
nance.    [<  L.^re-,  back,  -f-  sono,  sound.] 

re-source',  rg-sOrs',  n.  1.  That  which  is  re- 
sorted to  for  aid  or  support;  resort.  2.  pi. 
One's  available  property;  any  natural  advan- 
tages.    [OF.,  <  L.  re-,  again,  -f  »urgo,  rise.] 

re-spect',  rg-spect'.  I-*,  tt.  1.  To  have  def- 
erential regard  for;  treat  with  consideration; 
hold  sacred,  2.  To  have  relation  or  reference 
to,  II.  n.  .1.  The  act  of  esteeming  or  hon- 
oring; esteem;  honor;  regard.  2.  A  special 
aspect,  feature,  or  relation.  [<  L.  re-,  back, 
+  specio,  look.]  —  re-8pect'a-Dl(e,  a.  1 .  De- 
serving of  respect;  of  good  name  or  repute.  2. 
Being  of  moderate  excellence;  fairly  good.— re- 
8pect"a-bil'i-ty,  n.  re-»pecl'a-bl(e- 
nessj.— re-8pect'fiil,  «.  Marked  by  or  mani- 
festing respect,  -ly,  rtf/r.— re-spect'inir, 
prep.  In  relation  to;  regarding.— re-»pect'- 
1  v(e,  a.  Pertaining  severally  to  each  of  a  group, 
considered  one  by  one.— re-8pect'iv(«*-Iy,  ndv. 

re-spire',  rg-spoir'.  vt.  &  vi.  [re-spired'; 
re-spir'ing.]  1.  To  breathe  in  and  out;  send 
forth  in  exhalations.  2.  To  have  life;  live. 
[<  L.f  respiro,  <  re-,  back,  +«;4/-o.  breathe.l 
—  re-8prr'a-bl(e,  rg-siKiir'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of 
being  respired.— re8"pi-ra'tion,  res'nl-rf- 
shun,  71.  Tlie  process  of  inhaling  air  Into  the  lungs 
and  expelling  it;  hreathiiig.— re-»pir'a-to-ry» 
re-spalr'u-to-ri  or  res'pi-ru-to'ri,  a. 

res'pitie,  res'pit.  I.  vt.  [res'pit-ed*';  bes'- 
piT-iNo.]  1.  To  grant  delay  in  the  execution 
of  a  penalty  upon;  reprieve.  2.  To  relieve  by 
a  pause  or  an  interval  of  rest.  II.  «.  !• 
Temporary  intermission;  an  interval  of  rest; 
postponement;  delay.  2.  Temporary  sus- 
pension of  the  execution  of  a  sentence;  re- 


papA,  9ak;  at,  ftir;  clement,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


383 


resplendent 
retort 


prieve.  [<  OF.  respite  <  L.  re-,  back,  -f 
specio,  look.] 

re-splen'dent,  rg-splfn'dgnt,  a.  Shining 
with  brilliant  luster;  splendid;  gorgeous.  [< 
L.  re-,  again,  +  splendeo,  shine.]  —  re-splen''- 
dence,  re-splen'den-cy,  n.    Splendor. 

re-spond'^<i,  re-spend',  vt.  &  vi.  To  answer; 
reply;  act  in  "response  or  sympathy;  corre- 
spond. [<  L.  re-,  again,  +  spondeo,  promise.] 
—  re-spond'ent,  n.  One  who  responds;  a  de- 
fendant. —  re-sponHe%  n.    An  answer;  reply. 

re-spon'si-tolCe,  re-spen'si-bl,  a.  1.  An- 
swerable for  the  discharge  of  a  duty,  trust,  or 
debt.  2.  Having  capacity  to  perceive  the  dis- 
tinctions of  right  and  wrong.  3.  Able  to 
meet  obligations,  -ness,  n.—  re-spon'^si-bil'- 
i-ty,  n.  T-TiEsi,  joZ.]  1.  The  state  of  being  re- 
sponsible or  accountable.  *i.  That  for  which 
one  Is  answerable;  a  duty  or  trust.  3.  Ability  to 
meet  obligations.— re-spou'si-bly,  adv. 

re-spon'siv(e,  a.  Inclined  or  ready  to  re- 
spond; correspondent.     -\y,adv.    -ness,  n. 

resti,  rest.  I'',  rt.  &  ri.  1.  To  cause  to  cease 
from  labor  or  exertion;  cease;  desist.  2.  To 
place  on  a  support.  3.  To  repose;  sleep;  be 
quiet;  be  still  in  death.  4.  To  trust.  11./?.  1. 
Cessation  from  exertion  or  motion  of  any  kind. 
2.  Freedom  from  disquiet;  peace.  3.  Sleep; 
death.  4.  That  on  which  anything  rests.  5. 
A  stopping'place.  6.  Mus.  A  pause,  or  an  in- 
terval of  silence.  [<  AS.  rest,  rest.]— rest'fiil, 
a.  Full  of  or  giving  rest.  —  rest'less,  a.  Hav- 
ing no  rest;  uneasy;  sleepless. 

rest^.  I"!,  ri.  To  be  and  remain;  continue;  be 
left.  11.  n.  1.  That  which  is  leftover;  a  re- 
mainder. 2.  Those  remaining;  the  others. 
[<  L.F  resto,  remain,  <  re-,  back,-f  *to,  stand.] 

res'tau-rant,  res'to-rant,  n.  A  place  where 
refreshments  are  provided.    [F.] 

res"'ti-tu'tion,  res'ti-tiii'shun,  n.  The  act  of 
restoring  or  making  good;  indemnification ;  res- 
toration. [F.,  <  L.  re-y  again,  +  statuo,  set  up.] 

rest'iv(e,  rest'iv,  a.  1.  Impatient  of  control; 
unruly.  2.  Restless;  fidgety.  3||.  Stubborn; 
balky.     [<  F.  restif,  <  rester,  remain.]  • 

re-stbre',  r§-8t0r',  vt.  [re-stored'  ;  re-stor'- 
iNG.]  1.  To  bring  back  to  a  former  state,  po- 
sition, etc.  2.  To  reproduce  as  originally  ex- 
isting. 3.  To  return.  4.  To  make  restitution 
or  amends  for.  [<  OF.  rest(yrer,<  L.  resiaxiro, 
restore.]  —  res'^to-ra'tion,  res'to-rg'shun,  n. 
The  act  of  restoring  or  that  which  is  restored.— 
re-8tor'a-tiv(e,  re-stor'a-tlv.  1.  a.  Tending 
or  able  to  restore.  VS.,  n.  That  which  restores. 
—  re-8tor'er,  n. 

re-strain',  rg-stren',  vt.  1.  To  hold  back; 
repress.  2.  To  hinder;  restrict.  [<  L.  re-, 
back,  -4-  stringo,  bind.]  —  re-straint',  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  restraining,  or  the  state  of  being  re- 
strained,  tj.  That  which  restrains;  a  restriction. 

re-strict'"*,  r§-8trict',  vt.  To  hold  or  keep 
within  limits  or  bounds;  confine.  [<  L.  re-, 
back,  ■\- stringo,  bind.]  —  re-stric/tion,  n.  1 . 
The  act  of  restricting,  or  the  state  of  being  re- 
stricted; limitation.  2.  That  which  restricts;  a 
restraint.  — re-strict'iv(e,  a.   -ly,  adv. 

re-sult',  rg-zult'.  I"!,  vi.  1.  To  be  a  result  or 
outcome;  follow.  2.  To  have  an  issue;  issue. 
II.  n.  The  outcome  of  an  action;  consequence; 
eflfect.  [<  h.^ resiilfo,  rebound.]— re-sult'ant. 
I.  a.  Arising  or  following  as  a  result.  II.  n. 
That  which  results;  a  consequence. 


re-sume',  rg-ziam',  vt.  &  vi.  [re-sumed'; 
re-su'ming.]  1.  To  begin  again  after  cessa- 
tion or  interruption.  2.  To  reaesume;  reoccu- 
py;  take  back.  [<  L.^  re-,  back,  again,  -\- 
snmo,  take.]  — re-sunip'tion,  re-zump'shun,  n. 

res"ur-rec'tion,  rez'ur-rec'shun,  n.  1. 
Theol.  A  rising  again  from  the  dead.  2.  Any 
rising  again;  renewal;  restoration.  [OF.,  < 
L.ii'  re-,  again,  -\-surgo,  rise.] 

re-sus'ci-tate,  rg-sbs'i-tet,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ta'- 
ted"!;  -ta"ting.]  To  bring  or  come  back  to 
life;  revivify;  revive.  [<  L.  re-,  again,  -j-  sub, 
nnder,-fato,  summon.]— re-sus^ci-ta'tlon,/?. 

re-tair,  rt-tel'.  I.  vt.  To  sell  in  small  quan- 
tities, li.  n.  The  selling  of  goods  in  small 
quantities.     [OF.,  shred.]  — re-tail'er,  n. 

re-tain',  rg-ten', -?;<.  1.  To  liold;  keep;  main- 
tain. 2.  To  engage  beforehand,  as  a  lawyer, 
by  a  fee.     [<  L.*^^  re-,  back,  -f-  teneo,  hold.] 

—  re-tain'er,  n.  1 .  One  retained  In  the  serv- 
ice of  a  person  of  rank.  2.  One  who  retains. 
3.  A  retaining  fee.— re-ten'tion,  re-ten'shun, 
11.  The  act  or  power  of  retaining.—  re-ten'- 
tiv(e,  a.    Having  power  or  tendency  to  retain. 

re-tal'i-ate,  rg-tal'i-et,  vt.  &  vi.  [-a"ted<'; 
-A "TING.]  To  give  like  for  like;  repay  evil 
with  a  similar  evil.  [<  L.  re-,  again,  -(-  talis, 
such.]  —  re-tal"i-a'tioii,  rg-tal"i-e'shun,  n.— 
re-tal'i-a-tiv(e,  a.  — re-tal'i-a-to-ry,  a. 

re-tard',  rg-tard',  vt.  To  cause  to  move  more 
slowly;  hinder;  postpone.  [<  L.f  re-,  again, 
4-  tardus,  slow.]  —  re"tar-da'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  retarding,  or  the  state  of  being  retarded. 

retch.',  rech,  vi.  To  make  an  effort  to  vomit; 
heave.     [<  AS.  7ir«c«n,  spit.] 

ret'i-cence,  ret'i-sgns,  n.  The  habit  of  being 
reserved  in  speech.  [OF.,  <  L.  re-,  again,  -[- 
ta^eo,  be  silent.] —ret'i-cent,  ret'i-sgnt,  a.  Ha- 
bitually silent  or  reserved  in  utterance. 

re-tic'u-late,  rg-tic'yu-let.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-la'- 
TED'';  -la  "TING.]  To  make  into  or  like  net- 
work; form  a  network.  II.  a.  Having  the 
form  or  appearance  of  network;  netted,  re- 
tic'u-la"tedt;  re'ti-formj  (rt'ti-ferm  or 
ret'i-).  —  re-tic'u-lar,  a.  Like  a  network. — re- 
tic"ii-la'tioii,  w.  — ret'i-cule,  «.  A  small 
bag,  used  by  women  to  carry  needlework,  etc. 

ret'i-na,  ret'i-na,  n.  The  inner  coat  of  the 
eye,  which  receives  the  optical  image.  [  <  L. 
refe,  net.] 

ret'i-nue,  ret'i-niu,  n.  1.  The  body  of  re- 
tainers attending  a  person  of  rank.  2.  A  train 
of  results.     [<  F.  retenue,  <  retenir,  retain.] 

re-tire',  rg-tair',  ?;.  [re-tired';  re-tir'ing.] 
I.  t.  To  withdraw  from  circulation;  remove 
from  active  service.  II.  i.  1.  To  go  into 
privacy  or  seclusion;  drawback;  go  away.  2. 
To  go  to  bed.    [ <  F.  re-,  back,  -f  tirer,  draw.] 

—  re-tire'ment,  n.    A  retiring;  a  secluded 
state   or  place.  —  re-tir'- 
ing, pa.    1.  Shy;  modest; 
quiet,   "i.  Pertaining  to  one 
who  retires. 

re-tort'i,  rg-tert',  vt.  &  vi. 
1 .  To  return  or  direct  back ;   ft 
say  in  sharp  rejoinder;  re-  *"      i^ct^^ 
ply  sharply     2.  To  bend  ,^^f'''^\    , 

back.        [of.,     <     L.    re-,     ^.  retort;  a^adapter; 

back,  -f-  torqueo,  twist.] 
re-toirt'i  ,n.    A  vessel  with  a  bent  tube,  for  the 
heating  of  substances,  or  for  distillation. 


flutlfire    (future);   aisle;   au   {mi);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;   db   (^Ae);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


retort 
review 


384 


re-tort'2^  re-tert',  n.    A  retaliatory  speech. 

re-toucli'S  ri-tuch',  vt.  To  add  new  touches 
to;  modify;  revise. 

re-trace's  rg-tres',  vt.  To  trace  back;  trace 
over  again;  follow  backward,  as  a  path. 

re-tract''',  r§-tract',  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  take  back 
or  recall;  disavow.  2.  To  draw  back  or  in. 
[<  L.f  re-,  back,  +  traho,  draw.]  —  re-tract'- 
iKe,  a.  That  can  be  drawn  back  or  in,  as  claws. 
re-tract'i-bl(et.  —  re-trac'tion,  n.  The 
act  of  retracting,  or  the  state  of  being  retracted. 

re-treat',  r§-trit'.  I^.  vi.  1.  To  withdraw 
from  a  position;  retire;  recede.  2.  To  go  into 
retirement.  3.  To  curve  backward.  II.  n. 
1.  The  act  of  retreating.  2.  Retirement;  se- 
clusion. 3.  A  quiet  place:  refuge.  [<  F. 
retraite,  <  L.  re-,  back,  ^-  traho,  draw.] 

re-trench.",  r§-trench',  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  cut 
down  or  reduce;  curtail.  2.  To  restrict  or 
terminate.  3.  To  pare  away.  II.  i.  To  re- 
duce expenditures.  [<  F.  retrancher,  <  re-, 
again,  -{-(rancher,  cut.J  —  re-trench'ment,  n. 

ref'ri-'bu'tion,  ret'n-biu'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  requiting;  requital;  punishment.  [OF.,  < 
L.  re-,  again,  -\-  tnlmo,  allot.]  —  re-trib'u- 
tiv(e,  re-trlb'yu-tiv,  a.  Tending  to  reward  or 
punish.— "re-trib'u-to"ry,  a. 

re-trieve',  rg-triv',  vt.  [re-tkieved';  re- 
TRiEV'iNG.]  1.  To  bring  back  to  an  improved 
condition;  restore;  reestablish.  2.  To  atone 
for.  3.  To  search  for  and  bring  to  hand,  as 
game:  said  of  dogs.  [<  F.  re-,  again,  + 
trouver,  find.] — re-triev'a-bl(e,  a.— re-triev'- 
a-bly,  adv. —  re-triev'al,  n. —  re-triev'er,  n. 
A  dog  trained  to  retrieve  game. 

Tetro; prefix.  Back;  backward.  [ <  L.  retro-,  < 
retro,  backward.]  -  re"tro-cede'<i,  ri"tro-sid, 
V.  I.  t.  To  cede,  grant,  or  give  back.  II.  i.  To 
go  back;  recede.— re"tro-ces'8ion,  n.—ret'" 
ro-erade,  ret'ro-gred  or  rl'tro-.  I,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-GKA'DEDd;  -gra'ding.]  To  movc,  Of  cause  to 
move,  backward;  recede;  deteriorate.  II.  a.  1. 
Going,  moving,  or  tending  backward.  "Z.  De- 
clining to  a  worse  state,  [-f  L.  gradior,  step. J  — 
re^tro-jTres'sion,  n.  A  going  backward;  re- 
treat; degeneration,  ret^ro-gra-da'tioni.— 
re"tro-jrres'8iv(e,  a. 

ret'ro-spect,  ret'ro-spect,  n.  A  view  or  con- 
templation of  something  past.—  ref'ro-spec'- 
tion,  n.  A  calling  to  remembrance.— refro- 
8pec'tiv(e,  a.  las  a  nose.    [F.] 

re-trou8"86',rg-tnl"8e',rt.  Turned  up  at  the  end, 

re- turn',  re-tum',  v.  1. 1.  1.  To  put,  carry, 
or  send  back.  2.  To  repay  in  kind;  repay; 
render.  3.  To  answer;  reply;  retort.  4.  To 
yield,  as  increase  or  profit;  repay.  II.  i.  1. 
To  come  or  go  back,  as  to  a  former  place  or 
state.  2.  To  come  again.  3.  To  recur;  revert. 
[<  L.*"  re-,  back,  +  torno,  round  off.]  — re- 
turii'a-bl(e,  a. 

re-turn',  rg-tOm',  n.  1.  The  act,  process,  or 
result  of  returning;  response;  answer;  retort; 
restoration;  requital.  2.  That  which  accrues; 
profit;  repayment.    3.  A  report,  list,  etc. 

re-un'ion,  rj-yfin'yun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  re- 
uniting ;  renewed  harmony,  2.  A  social 
gathering.  [OF.,  <  h.^  re-,  again,  +.  vnvn, 
one.]  —  re"u-nlte'<»,  vt.  &  vi.  To  unite,  co- 
here, or  combine  again. 

re-veal',  rg-vil',  vt.  1.  To  give  knowledge 
of ;  divulge.  2.  To  communicate  by  divine 
agency,    [<  L.*"  re-,  back,  +  velum,  veil.]  — 


rev'^e-la'tion,  rcv'e'le'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  revealing;  that  which  is  revealed,  ii,  [R-]  The 
Apocalypse. 

rev"eil-le',  rev'el-t'  or  rg-ve'lyg,  n.  A  morn- 
ing signal  by  drum  or  bugle,  for  soldiers.  [< 
F.  reveil,  an  awakening.] 

rev'el,  rev'el.  I.  vi.  [rev'eled  or  rev'- 
elled;  rev'el-ing  or  rev'el-ling.]  1.  To 
engage  in  boisterous  festivities.  2.  To  delight 
keenly;  indulge  freely.  II.  n.  A  carouse; 
revelry.  [OF.,  <  reveller,  rebel,  riot.]  —  rev'- 
el-er,  n.  rev'el-lert.- rev'el-ry,  n.  Noisy 
or  boisterous  festivity. 

re-venge',  rg-venj"'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [re- 
venged'; re-ven'ging.]  To  take  revenge  for; 
execute  revenge;  retaliate.  II.  «.  The  act  of 
returning  injury  for  injury;  retaliation.  [< 
OF,  revenger,  ult.  <  L.  re-,  again,  -f  vindico, 
vindicate.]  —  re-venge'fiil,  a.    Vindictive. 

rev'e-nue,  rev'gniu,  n.  1.  Total  current  in- 
come of  a  government.  2.  Income  from  any 
form  of  property.  3.  Return;  reward.  [<  F. 
revenv,  <  re-,  again,  -|-  venir,  come.] 

re-ver'ber-ate,  rg-vgr'bgr-et,  vt.  &  vi.  [-a'- 
TED**;  -A"TiNG.]  1.  To  rctum,  as  sound; 
reecho.  2.  To  send  or  drive  back,  as  flames 
and  heat  in  a  furnace;  repel;  reflect.  [<  L. 
re-,  again,  -f  verber,  whip.]  —  re-ver'ber-ant, 
a.  Resounding. —re-ver"ber-a'tion,  n. — 
re-ver'ber-a-tiv(e,  a.  Tending  to  orcausing 
reverberation.    re-ver'ber-a-to"ryt. 

re-vere',  rg-vir',  vt.  [re-vered';  re-ver'- 
ING.]  To  regard  with  worshipful  veneration.  [< 
L.*"  re-,  again,  +  vereor,  fear.]  ---  rev'er-eiiee, 
rev'er-ens.  I.vt.  [-enced*; -en-cing.]  To  regard 
with" reverence;  revere.  II.  n.  1.  A  feeling  of 
profound  respect;  veneration.  2.  An  act  of  re- 
spect or  obeisance.  3.  A  reverend  person.— 
rev'er-end,  «.  1.  Worthy  of  reverence.  2, 
Being  a  clergyman.— rev'er-ent,  a.  1.  Im- 
pressed with  or  feeling  reverence.  2.  Express- 
ing reverence.— rev"er-en'tial,  a.  Proceed- 
ing from  or  expressing  reverence. 

rev'er-ie,  I  rev'gr-i,  n.  [-ies»,  pL]  Abstracted 

rev'er-y,  (  and  listless  musing;  a  day-dream. 
[<  F.  reverie,  <  rever,  dream.] 

re- verse',  rg-vgrs',  v.  [re-versed'';  re- 
VERs'iNG.]  i.  t.  1.  To  turn  back  to  the  con- 
trary, or  upside  down;  invert.  2.  To  put  each 
in  the  place  of  the  other.  3.  To  cause  to  have 
contrary  motion  or  effect.  4.  To  revoke.  II. 
i.  To  change  to  the  contrary  or  to  a  former 
condition;  revert.  [<  L.*'  re-,  back,  -|-  rerto, 
turn,]  —  re-vers'al,  n.  The  act  of  reversing, 
— re-ver8'i-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  reversed. 

re-verse',  a.    Turned  backward;  reversed. 

re-verse',  n.  1.  That  which  is  directly  op- 
posite or  contrary.  2.  The  back,  rear,  or 
secondary  side,  as  of  a  coin.  3.  A  reversing, 
4.  A  vicissitude;  misfortune. 

re-ver'sion,  rg-vgr'shun,  «.     1.  A  return  to 
some  former  state  or  condition,  2.  Something 
reserved  for  future  possession  or  enjoyment. 
—  re-ver'sioii-a-ry,  a. 

re-vert''',  rg-vgrt',  v.  III.  t.  To  turn  or  throw 
back;  reverse.  II.  i.  To  return;  come  back; 
recur.     [  <  L.o*'  re-,  back,  -f  verto,  turn.] 

rev'er-y,  n.    Same  as  rkverik. 

re-vie'w',  rg-vin',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  go  over  in 
memory.  2.  To  revise  or  examine  critically, 
as  a  manuscript  or  a  book,  3.  To  take  an 
ofiicial  view  of,  as  troops,     4.   To  go  over 


papfi,  ^Bk;  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


385 


review 
rhoml) 


again;  reexamine.  II.  i.  1.  To  write  or  make 
a  review.  2.  To  look  back.— re-view'er,  n. 
A  critic  or  examiner. 

re-View',  r§-viu',  n.  1.  A  retrospective  survey. 
2.  Critical  study  or  examination;  criticism, 
etc.  3.  A  periodical  devoted  to  critical  or 
otlier  essays.    [<  L.^  re-,  again,  +  video,  see.] 

re- vile',  r§-vail',  vt.  &  vi.  [re-viled';  re- 
vi'ling.]  To  be  abusive  in  speech  or  act; 
vilify.     [<  RE-  4-  F.  avilir,  cheapen.] 

re- vise',  r§-vaiz'.  I.  vt.  [re-vised';  rb- 
vi'siNG.]  1.  To  reexamine;  review.  2.  To 
improve;  reform.  II.  n.  1.  A  revision.  2. 
Print.  A  proof  for  revision.  [<  L.^  re-,  again, 
-\-  viso,  behold.]  —  re-vi'sal,  n.  A  revise  or 
revision.  —  Revised  Version,  the  revised 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  English  (1870-'84).— 
re-vi'sion,  n.    The  act  or  result  of  revising. 

re-vive',  r§-vaiv',  v.  [rb-vived';  re-vi'- 
viNG.]  I.  t.  To  bring  to  life  again;  reanimate; 
restore;  refresh;  renew.  II.  i.  To  come  back 
to  life,  activity,  or  vigor;  be  reawakened.  [< 
L.^  re-,  again,  4-  vivo,  live.]  —  re-vi'val,  n. 
1.  The  act  of  reviving,  or  the  state  of  being  re- 
vived. «}.  A  religious  awakening.— re-vi'ver, 
«.— re-viv'i-fy,  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  new  life, 
strength,  or  spirit  to;  revive.- re-viv''i-fi- 
ca'tion,  n. 

re-voke',  r§-vOk',  vt.  &  vi.  [rb-voked";  re- 
vo'king.]  To  annul  or  make  void  by  recall- 
ing; cancel;  recall.  [<  L.*"  re-,  again,  -\-  voco, 
call.]  —  rev"o-ca-btl'i-ty,  rev'o-ca-bl(e-ne88, 
n.  —  rev'o-ca-bl(e,  a.  Capable  of  being  re- 
voked.—re  v''o-ca'tion,  71.  The  act  of  revo- 
king; repeal;  reversal. 

re-volt'<',  r§-vOlt',  v.  I.  t.  To  cause  to 
shrink  or  turn  away  with  abhorrence  or  dis- 
gust. II.  i.  1.  To  renounce  allegiance; 
mutiny.    2.  To  be  repelled  or  shocked. 

re-volt',  n.  An  uprising  against  established 
authority.  [<  F.  revolte,  ult.  <  L.  re-,  back, 
-\-  volvo,  roll.]  —  re-voit'iiig,  pa. 

rev"o-lu'tion,  rev"o-lu'shun  or  -liii'shun,  n. 
1.  The  act  or  state  of  revolving;  a  complete  cir- 
cuit made  by  a  body  around  a  cent'er.  2.  A 
round  of  successive  changes  or  events.  3.  A 
radical  change  of  government,  or  of  character, 
social  conditions,  or  the  like.  [OF.,  <  la.^^re-, 
back,  -|-  volvo,  roll,  turn.]  —  rev"o-lu'tion-a- 
rj,  a.  Pertaining  to  revolution.- re v^'o-iu'- 
tion-ist,  11.—  rev'''o-lH'tion-ize  or  -ise,  vt. 
[-IZED;  -i-ziNG.l  To  effect  a  radical  or  entire 
change  in  the  character,  government,  or  affairs 
of;  as,  to  revolutionize  a  country. 

re-volv(e',  r§-velv',  vt.  &  vi.  [re-volv(e)d'; 
RE-voLv'iNG.]  1.  To  move  in  an  orbit  about 
a  center;  move  in  a  circle.  2.  To  rotate.  3.  To 
turn  over  and  over  mentally.  4.  To  move  in 
cycles;  recur  periodically.  [<  L.  re-,  back,  + 
volvo,  turn  round.]  — 
re-volv'er,  n.  1. 
One  who  or  that  which 
revolves.  '^.  A 
repeating  fire- 
arm with  a  re- 
volvable  cham- 
ber. 

re-vul'sion,    .        „ 
r§-vul'8hon,w.  Revolver. 

A  strong  reaction;  recoil.     [OF.,  <  L. 
re-,  back,  -f-  vello,  pluck.] 
—  re-vul'8iv(e,  a.    Causing  revulsion, 


re-ward',  r§-werd'.  P.  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  a 
reward  to  or  for;  requite;  be  a  reward  for; 
recompense.  11.  n.  The  act  of  rewarding; 
something  given  in  return  ;  a  gift,  prize,  or 
recompense,  as  for  merit.  [<  OP.  rewarder, 
=  F.  regarder,  look  upon,  regard.] 

rey'nard,  re'nard,  n.  The  fox,  as  the  per- 
sonification of  cunning.     [OF.] 

rliap'so-dy,  rap'so-di,  n.  [-dies^,  pi.']  1. 
A  series  of  disconnected  and  often  extravagant 
sentences  or  utterances.  2.  Mus.  A  wild,  ir- 
regular composition.  [<  Gv.^  rhapto,  sew,  -f 
ode,  song,  ode.]  —  rhap-sod'ic-al,  o.—  rhap'- 
so-dist,  n.  — rhap'so-dize,  vt.  &  vi. 

rlxe'aS  ri'a  or  re'a,  n.    An  ostrich^like  bird  of 


Rhea— Male  and  Female 

the  plains  of  South  America.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Rhea, 
mother  of  the  gods.] 

rhe'a2,  n.  The  raraie«plant.  [E.  Ind.]  rhe'as 
grass"t. 

Rlien'isli,  ren'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  river 
Rhine,  or  to  the  adjacent  lands.  [<  G.  rhein- 
isch,  <  Ehein,  Rhine.] 

rhet'o-ric,  ret'o-ric,  n.  I.  The  art  of  dis- 
course. 2.  The  power  of  pleasing  or  persua- 
ding. 3.  Affected  and  exaggerated  display  in 
the  use  of  language.     [<  Gr.  rhetor,  orator.] 

—  riie-tor'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  rhetoric; 
oratorical ;  declamatory,  -ly,  adv.- rhefo- 
ri'claii,  n.    A  master  or  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

rheum,      l  riim,  rii'ma,  w.     1.  Catarrhal  dis- 

rheu'ma,  i  charge  from  the  nose  and  eyes. 
2.  Any  thin  watery  flux.  [<  Gr.*"  rheuma,  < 
rhed,  flow.]  —  rheu-mat'ic,  a.  —  rheu'ma- 
tisin,  n.  A  variable,  shifting  inflammation  or 
neuralgia,  aflfecting  the  n)U8Cles,  joints,  etc. 

rhi-noc'e-ros,  rai-nes'g-res,  n.  [-es,  -ez,;;/.] 
A  large  mammal,  of 
Africa  and  Asia,  with 
one  or  two  horns  on 
the  snout,  and  a  very 
thick  hide.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  rhis,  nose,  -f 
keras,  horn.]  ^  ^. 

rho"  do-den'-  Indian  Rhinoceros,  i/h  , 
dron,  rO'do-den'dren  or  red"o-,  n.  A  plant 
of  the  heath  family,  with  profuse  clusters  of 
beautiful  flowers.  [L.,  <  Gr.  rkodon,  rose,  -|- 
dendron,  tree.] 

rhoml),  remb,  n.  An  equilateral  parallelo- 
gram having  oblique  angles,  or  a  solid  bounded 
by  six  such  parallelograms.  [<  Gr.  rhombos, 
<  rhembo,  revolve.]    rhom'bust. 

—  rhom'bic,  a.  — rhom'boid,  rem'beid. 
I,  a.  Having  the  character  or  shape  of  a  rhom- 
boid, rhoin-boi'dall:.  II.  ??.  A  parallelo- 
gram of  unequal  sides  and  with  no  right  angle; 
also,  a  solid  bounded  by  such  parallelograms. 


flntgfire  (future):    aisle;   au   {out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dlt   {the);  go; 
25 


iiing,   ink;  thin. 


rbubarb 
rig 


386 


rbu'barb,  ru'bflrb,  n.  A  hardy  perennial 
herb  cultivated  for  its  fleshy  acid  stalks,  which 
are  used  in  cookery,    pie'^planft. 

rhyme,  rhy'mer.    See  kime,  etc. 

rbytbm,  rithm,  n.  1.  Regular,  harmonious 
beat  or  cadence,  as  in  music  or  poetry,  2.  Art. 
Harmonious  relation  of  parts.  [<  F,  rhythme., 

<  L.  rh7jthmus,  <  Gr,  rhythmos,  <  rhed, 
flow,]  —  rhyth'mic-al,  a.  Relating  to  or 
characterized  by  rhythm.    rhyth'micT. 

rib,  rib.  I.  vt.  [ribbed;  rib'bing.I  To  mark 
with  ridges;  strengthen  by  ribs.  II.  n.  1. 
One  of  the  series  of  bony  rods  attached  to  the 
spine,  and  nearly  encircling  the  body,  2.  A 
ridge,  strip,  or  band.     [<  AS.  ribb,  rib.] 

rib'ald,  rib'ald.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in- 
dulging in  coarse  indecency.  II.  n.  A  coarse 
and  abusive  person,  [OF,]  —  rib'ald-ry ,  rib'- 
ald-rl,  71.    Coarse  conduct  or  speech. 

rib'bon,  rib'§n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  ornament  with 
ribbons;  form  into  ribbons. 

ribnaon,  n.  A  narrow  strip  of  fine  stuff,  as 
silk,  or  something  resembling  or  suggesting 
such  a  strip.    [  <  Ir.  ribin,  <  ribe,  hair  J 

-r\c,  suffix.    Jurisdiction,    [<AS.  rice.] 

rice,  rais,  n.    An  annual  cereal  East-Indian 
grass,  widely  cultivated  on  wet  land 
mwarm  climates;  also,  the  grain  or 
seeds  of  this  plant.    [<  F.  nz,  < 
Gr.  aiyza,  rice.] 

ricb,  rich,  a.    1.  Having  large  pos- 
sessions;   wealthy;    opulent, 
Valuable;  costly,    3.  Lux- 
uriant;    abundant,      4. 
Abounding     in     desirable 
qualities,    [<  AS,  rice,  ult, 

<  O,  Celt,  rig,  king.] 
—  rich'ly,  «(Z».    Asa  rich 

person;   sumptuously;    fully; 
abundantly.—  rich'ness,  n. 

ricb'es,  rich'gz,  n.  sing. 
2)1.    Abundant  possessions; 
wealth;  abundance  of  what- 
ever  is   precious.      [<    F. 
richesse,  <  riche,  rich.] 

rick,  ric,  n.  A  stack,  as  of  hay  or  sheaves  of 
grain.    [<  AS.  hrycce,  <  hreac,  rick,] 

rick'ets,  rik'§ts,  n,  A  disease  of  early  child- 
hood, characterized  by  softening  of  the  bones 
and  consequent  deformity,  [  <  MD,  wricken., 
twist.]  —  rick'et-y,  a.  1.  Ready  to  fall;  tot- 
tering.   2.  Aflfected  with  rickets. 

ric''o-cbet',  ric"o-she'  or  -shet',  I.  vi.  [ric"- 
o-chet'ted«',  -shet'§d;  ric'o-chet'ting,]  To 
glance  from  a  surface,  as  a  cannon-ball  along 
the gtonnd  or  water;  skip.  II.  n.  Abounding, 
as  of  a  projectile  over  a  surface.     [OF.] 

rid,  rid,  vt.  [mv  (sometimes  rid'ded^);  rid'- 
DiNo,]  To  free,  as  from  a  burden  or  annoy- 
ance, [<  AS.  hi-edda7i,  deliver.]  —  rid,  pa. 
Free;  Clear.— rid'dance,  rld'ans,  7i.  The  rid- 
ding from  something  undesirable. 

rid'dcn,  pp.  of  bide,  v. 

rid'dle>,  rid'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [rid'dled;  rid'- 
DLiNG.]  1.  To  perforate  in  numerouB  places, 
2.  To  use  a  sieve;  sift  down,  II.  n.  A  coarse 
sieve.     [<  AS.  hridder.  sieve.] 

rid'dle'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  solve,  as  an  enigma; 
explain,  II.  n.  1.  A  puzzling  question  for 
solution.  2.  Any  mysterious  object  or  person. 
[<  AS.  rSdels,  <  rSdan,  counsel.] 


spikelet. 


ride,  raid,  v.  [kode  (formerly  also  rid);  rid'- 
DSN  (formerly  also  rid);  ri'ding,]  I.  ^  1. 
To  be  supported  on  and  borne  along  by,  2. 
To  traverse  on  horseback;  travel  or  pass 
through  in  any  way,  3.  To  control  imperious- 
ly. II.  i.  1.  To  be  carried,  as  on  a  horse  or 
in  any  conveyance,  2 .  To  be  borne  on  a  fluid ; 
float,  3.  To  be  supported  in  moving,  4.  To 
overlap  or  overlie,  5.  To  carry  a  rider.  [< 
AS.  7Man,  ride.] 

ride,  n.  1.  An  excursion  by  any  means  of 
conveyance,  especially  on  horseback,  2.  A 
road  intended  for  riding.— ri'der,  n.  1 .  One 
who  or  that  which  rides;  a  horseman;  a  bicyclist. 
3.  Any  device  that  rides  upon  or  weighs  down 
something  else,  actually  or  figuratively. 

ridge,  rij.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [ridged;  ridg'ing.] 
To  cover  with  ridges;  be  marked  with  ridges, 
II.  n.  1.  An  elevation  or  protuberance  long 
in  proportion  to  its  width  and  height.  2.  That 
part  or  a  roof  where  the  rafters  meet  the  ridge- 
pole,    [<  AS,  hjycg,  back  of  an  animal.] 

—  ridge'spole'',  n.    A  horizontal  timber  at 
the  ridge  of  a  roof. 

rid'i-cule,  rid'i-kiQl,  I.  vt.  [-culed;  -cu- 
LiNG.]  To  make  fun  of;  deride.  II.  n.  1. 
The  expression  of  amused  contempt;  derision. 
2.  An  object  of  mocking  merriment,  [<  L. 
ridiculum,  jest.]— ri-dic'u-lous,  ri-dic'yu-lus, 
a.  Exciting  or  calculated  to  excite  ridicule;  ab- 
surdly comical,    -ly,  adv.    -nesH,  n. 

rife,  raif,  a.  1.  Abundant;  plentiful;  preva- 
lent. 2.  Containing  in  abundance.  [<  AS, 
?%fe,  abundant,] 

riflPraff'',  rif'raf",  n.  The  populace;  rabble; 
rubbish,     [<  OF,  rifet  rqf,  every  bit.] 

ri'flei,  rai'fl,  vt.      [ri'fled;  ri'fling.] 
despoil;  pillage;  plunder:  snatch  away. 


To 

[< 

To 


OF,  ri/ier,  <  Ice,  Zin/a,  grasp.] 
ri'fle'',i',    [ri'fled;  ri'fling,]    1.  t.    1 

froove  spirally,    2.  To  cause  to  rotate  when 
ischarged,  as  a  projectile,     II.  i.    To  pro- 
vide a  firearm  with  a  spirally  grooved  bore,  [  < 
Dn.  lifle,  groove,  <  rive,  tear,] 
ri'fle,  n.     A  firearm  having  spiral   grooves 


Krag-Jorgensen  Rifle. 

1.  Section  of  U.  S.  army  magazine  rifle:  r,  cartridge 
ready  for  firing;  c^,  cartridge  in  magazine;/,  firing- 
pin;  p,  i)in  by  which  the  tngger  it)  releases  the  firing- 
pin  against  the  cartridge  and  firing  the  piece.  8. 
Cro88*8ection,  showing  magazine  (ni),  with  cartridges 
(c»);  «,  spring  forcing  cartridges  into  place. 

within  the  bore  for  imparting  rotation  to  the 
projectile,—  rPfle-man,  n. 

rift,  rift,  I*,  vt.  &  vi.  To  rive;  burst  open.  II. 
n.  An  opening  made  by  riving  or  splitting 
a  cleft;  fissure,    [<  Dn,  ri/t,  <  rive,  tear.] 

rig,  rig,  vt.  [rigged:  xHQ'ging.]  To  fit  out 
with  what  is  required  for  any  service  or  occa 
sion ;  eouip,-  rl^'jEer,  «,—  rig^jclnfc,  n.  Navt 
The  entire  cordage  system  of  a  vessel. 


popa,  ^sk;  at,  air;  elfmgnt,  th#y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  wr 


387 


rig 
riparian 


rifif^  rigi  n.    1.  The  arrangement  of  sails,  rig 
ging,  etc.,  on  a  vessel.    2.   [CoUoq.]    A  cos- 


tume; outfit.     [<  Norw.  rigga,  wrap  around.] 
riffS,  n.    [Prov.]    A  practical  joke;  a  trick;  jest. 

[Akin  to  WRIGGLE.] 

riglxt<*,  rait,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  change  so  as  to 
make  right;  correct  or  adjust.  2.  To  relieve 
from  wrong  or  injustice.  3.  To  restore  to  up- 
right position,  il.  i.  To  regain  an  upright 
position.     [<  AS.  Hhtan.,  <  riht,  right.] 

rigbt,  a.  1.  Righteous;  equitable;  just.  2. 
Not  erroneous;  true.  3.  Correct  in  judgment 
or  opinion.  4.  Proper;  fit;  suitable.  5.  De- 
sirable; fortunate.  6.  Pertaining  to  that  side 
of  the  body  which  is  toward  the  south  when 
one  faces  the  sunrise.  7.  Holding  one  direc- 
tion. 8.  Formed  with  reference  to  a  line  or 
plane  perpendicular  to  another  line  or  plane; 
as, a  right  angle.  [  <  AS.  riht,  right.]  -ness,  n . 
—  right'san^'gled,  a.  Forming  or  containing 
arlghtangle.— right'5hand''ed,a.  1.  Using 
the  right  hand  more  easily  than  the  left.  »i. 
Done  with  the  right  hand. 

rigllt,  rait,  ti.  1.  Moral  rightness;  righteous- 
ness: opposed  to  wrong.  2.  A  just  and  proper 
claim  to  anything.  3.  The  right  hand  or  side. 
4.  Anything  adapted  for  right-hand  use,  as  a 
right'hand  glove. 

right,  adv.  1.  In  accordance  with  justice  or 
moral  principle.  2.  Correctly.  3.  In  a  straight 
line.  4.  In  an  eminent  degree.  5.  Suitably; 
properly.  6.  Precisely.  \<  A.^.ii,IUe,<Hht, 
right.]  rigllt^yt.— right'eous,  a.  1.  Con- 
forming In  aispositlon  and  conduct  to  the  divine 


standard  of  right  and  justice,  ij.  Morally  right; 
equitable,  -ly,  adw.  -ness,  n.— right'ful,  a. 
1.  Characterized  by  a  right  or  just  claim.    2. 


Consonant  with  justice  and  truth.— riglit'fiil- 
ly,  adiJ.— riglit'ful-ness;  n. 

rig'id,  rij'id,  a.  1.  Resisting  change  of  form; 
stiff.  2.  Rigorous;  inflexible.  3.  Strict;  ex- 
act. [<  L.  rigidus,  <  ri^'^o,  be  stiff .]  — ri- 
ff id'i-ty,  n.  The  character  of  being  rigid;  in- 
flexibility; the  property  of  bodies  by  which  they 
resist  a  change  In  shape,    rig'id-nessi:. 

rig'ma-role,  rig'ma-rOl,  n.  Incoherent  non- 
sense.    [Ult.  <  ice.  ragmenni,  coward.] 

rig'or^,  rig'Qr,  n.  1.  The  condition  of  being 
stiff  or  rigid.  2.  Stiffness  of  opinion;  inflexi- 
bility; strictness;  harshness.  3.  Severity  of 
life.  4.  Inclemency;  asperity.  [<  L.  rigor, 
<  rigeo,  be  stiff.]  —  rig'or-ous,  a.  1 .  Marked 
by  or  acting  with  rigor;  uncompromising;  se- 
vere. 2.  Logically  accurate;  exact;  strict.  3. 
Inclement,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ri'g or2,  rai'ggr  or  rl'gor,  7i.  A  violent  chill  from 
cold  or  nervous  shock.    [L.] 

ri\e,vt.    [Colloq.]    Sameas  roil.— ri'ly,  a. 

rill,  ril,  n.    A  small  stream  of  water. 

rim,  rim.  I.  vt.  [rimmed;  rim'ming.]  To 
provide  with  a  rim.  II.  n.  The  edge  of  an 
object;  a  margin;  border.     [<  AS.  rima,  rim.] 

rimes     (raim.     I.vt.&vi.     [The  spelling 

rhyme,  \  rhyme  is  etymologically  incorrect.] 
[rimed,  rhymed;  ri'ming,  rhy'ming.]  1. 
To  put  into  rime,  or  make  rimes.  2.  To  in- 
fluence by  rime.  3.  To  harmonize.  II.  n. 
1.  A  correspondence  of  sounds  in  two  or  more 
words,  especially  at  the  end  of  lines,  as  in 
poetry.  2.  A  verse,  line,  etc.,  corresponding  in 
terminal  sound  with  another.  3.  Poetry.  [< 
AS.  riman,  count,  <  rwi,  number.]  —  ri'mer, 


rliy'mer,  n.  One  who  makes  riming  verses;  a 
mere  versifier.— vim e'ster,  rhyme'ster,  n. 
A  maker  of  inferior  verses. 

rime^.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [rimed;  bi'mingJ  To 
cover  with  rime;  congeal  into  rime,  II.  7i. 
Hoarfrost.     [<  AS.  Anm,  frost.] 

rind,  raind,  ??.  The  skin  or  outer  coat,  as  of 
fruit.     [<  AS.  Hud,  crust.] 

rin'der-pest,  rin'der-pest,  n.  An  infectious 
disease  of  cattle;  cattle=plague.     [G.] 

ringi,  ring,  r.  I.  t.  1 .  To  surround  with  a 
ring;  encircle.  2.  To  provide  or  decorate  with 
a  ring  or  rings.  II.  i.  1.  To  circle.  2.  To 
form  a  ring. 

ring2,  V.  [rang  (sometimes  rung);  rung; 
ring'ing.]  1.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  give  forth  a 
resonant  sound,  as  a  bell.  2.  To  produce,  as 
by  a  bell.  3.  To  announce  or  proclaim,  as  by 
sounding  bells.  II.  i.  1.  To  emit  a  sonorous 
sound,  as  a  bell;  reverberate;  reecho.  2.  To 
have  a  continued  sensation,  as  of  the  sounding 
of  a  bell.  3.  To  make  a  signal  with  a  bell. 
[<  AS.  hritigan,  ring.] 

ring',  ?/.  1.  Any  circular  object  having  ar. 
opening  of  nearly  its  own 
diameter.  (1)  A  circlet,  as 
of  gold,  worn  usually  on  a 
finger.  (2)  A  hoop.  (3)  A 
group  of  things  in  a  circle. 
2.  An  area  or  arena,  as  for  An  Early  Christian 
a  race  or  fight.  3.  Acorn-  FInger»rlng  with 
bination  o!  persons,  as  in  ^?|r^^'/cbrist°"' 
politics.  [<  AS.  hnng,  gram  of  Christ, 
ring.]  —  ring'sdove'',  n.  A  European  pigeon 
having  the  neck  partly  encircled  with  a  cream* 
colored  mark.—  rf  ngT'lead^'er,  n.  A  leader  of 
a  party  or  mob  In  an  unworthy  undertaking.- 
ringr'let,  n.  A  long,  spiral  lock  of  hair.— 
ring' worm'',  n.  A  skln^dlsease  appearing  in 
circular  patches. 

ring2,  n.  1.  The  sound  produced  by  a  bell  or 
the  like.    2.  Any  reverberated  sound. 

rink,  rink,  n.  An  artificial  floor  or  surface  en- 
closed for  some  sport.     [For  ring*,  n.] 

rinse,  rins.  I.  vt.  [rinsed';  rins'ing.]  To 
cleanse  by  flooding  after  washing;  also,  to  re- 
move by  such  process.  II.  ri.  The  act  of 
rinsing.  [<  OF.  rinser,  <  Ice.  hreinsa, 
cleanse,  <  hreinn,  clean.]  —  rins'er,  n. 

ri'ot,  rai'et.  I"",  vi.  To  engage  in  a  riot;  act 
riotously."  II.  n.  1.  A  disturbance  consisting 
of  turbulent  conduct  of  a  large  number  of 
persons;  tumult.  2.  Revelry;  also,  luxurious 
growth.  3.  A  jumble;  medley.  [OF.;  cp. 
OD.  revot.]  —  ri'ot-er,  w.—  ri'ot-ous,  a.  Per- 
taining to  riot;  boisterous;  profligate.    -ly,  adv. 

rip,  rip,  v.  [ripped<;  rip'ping.]  I.  ^.  1.  To 
divide  along  a  line  of  least  resistance,  as  along 
a  seam;  tear  or  cut  with  violence.  2.  To  re- 
move out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tearing.  3. 
To  saw,  as  wood,  in  the  direction  of  the  grain. 
II.  i.  To  be  rent  or  torn  open.  [<  Norw. 
7'ipa,  score.]  — rip'per,  n. 

rip,  n.  1.  A  place  torn  or  rii)ped  open.  2.  A 
saw  for  ripping  lumber.    rip'ssaw'^J. 

ri-pa'ri-an,  rai-pe'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
bank  of  a  river.  [<  L.  riparii/s,  <  ripa, 
bank.]  —  ri-pa'ri-ous,  rai-pe'ri-us,  a.  Grow- 
ing or  living  along  the  banks  of  streams,  as  an 
animal  or  a  plant. 


flutlQre   (future);   aisle;  au   (out);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


ripe 
rock 


388 


ripe,  raip,  a.  1.  Grown  to  maturity  and  fit 
for  food,  as  fruit  or  grain.  2.  FuUv  developed; 
matured.  3.  Prepared;  ready.  4.  Rosy;  lus- 
cious. [<  AS.  rijoe,  ripe.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,  ?2.— 
rVi?en,vt.&vi.  To  make,  grow,  or  become  ripe. 

rip'ple,  rip'l,  ^>.  [kip'pled;  rip'pling.]  I.  t. 
To  make  ripples  on  or  in.  II.  i.  To  move 
with  ripples,  as  running  water;  sound  like  run- 
ning water.     [<  AS.  rimpan,  wrinkle.] 

rip'ple,  n.  1.  One  of  the  wavelets  on  the  sur- 
face of  water,  produced  as  by  a  light  breeze. 
2.  Any  sound  like  that  made  by  rippling  water. 

rise,  raiz.  I.  m.  [rose  ;  bis'en  ;  ri'- 
siNG.]  1 .  To  advance  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
position.  2.  To  stand  up;  hence,  to  break  up 
for  adjournment.  3.  To  grow  upward  ;  be- 
come tall.  4.  To  swell  or  slope  upward.  5. 
To  originate;  emerge;  prosper.  6.  To  revolt. 
II.  rais  or  raiz,  n.  1.  The  act  of  rising.  2. 
Degree  of  ascent;  elevation.  3.  The  act  of 
beginning  to  be  or  appear.  4.  An  elevated 
place.  5.  Advance,  as  in  price,  rank,  etc.; 
also,  moral  elevation.     [<  AS.  rlsan^  rise.] 

ris'eii,  r\z'n,  pp.  of  rise,  v. 

ris'i-bl(e,  riz'i-bl,  a.  1.  Having  the  power  of 
laughing.  2.  Adapted  to  excite  laughter.  3. 
Pertainmg  to  laughter.  [F.,  <  L.^^  video, 
laugh.]  —  ri8''i-biPi-ty ,  n.  [-ties^,  2?^.]  A 
tendency  to  laughter,   ris'i-bles:!:. 

risk,  risk.  I',  'vt.  1.  To  expose  to  a  chance 
of  injury  or  loss.  2.  To  dare  to  undertake. 
II.  n.  1.  A  chance  of  encountering  harm  or 
loss ;  hazard ;  danger.  2.  An  obligation  of 
insurance.  [<  L.^  re-,  back,  -\- seco,  cut.]  — 
risk's^,  a.    1.  Hazardous.    3.  Venturesome. 

rite,  rait,  n.  A  solemn  or  religious  ceremony; 
ceremonious  observance.     [<  L.  ritus.,  rite.] 

rit'u-al,  rich'u-al  or  rit'yu-al.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  rites.  II.  n.  A  prescribed  form  or 
method  for  the  performance  of  a  religious  or 
solemn  ceremony  ;  any  body  of  rites  or  cere- 
monies.    [OF.,  <  L.  Htualis,  <  Htiis,  rite.] 

— rit'u-al-isni,   n.     Strenuous    insistence 
upon  ritual.— rit'u-al-ist,  a.  &  n. 

ri'val,  rai'val.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [ri'valed  or 
ri'valled;  ri'val-ing  or  ri'val-ling.]  To 
strive  to  equal  or  excel;  emulate.  II.  a. 
Standing  in  competition  or  emulation.  III.  n. 

1.  One  who  strives  to  equal  or  excel  another. 

2.  One  eqiialing  another.     [F.,  <  L.  rivales, 
near  neighbors.]  — rl'val-ry,  n.     [-ries», />/.] 

rive,  raiv,  vi.  &  vi.  [rived;  rived  or  riv'en; 
Ri'viNG.]  To  rend  asunder  by  force;  be  split 
or  rent,  as  timber.     [<  Ice.  rlfa,  rive.] 

riv'er,  riv'gr,  n.  1.  A  stream  of  water  larger 
than  a  creek,  and  discharging  into  a  large  body 
of  water.  2.  Copious  flow.  [<  F.  riviere,  < 
L.  riparius;  see  ri- 
parian.] 

riv'et,  nv'gt. .  I.  vi. 
[riv'et-ed<'  or  Riv'- 

KT-TED'';  riv'et-ing  Forms  of  Rivets. 

orRIV'ET-TINO.]     To        1.  Flat-head.     2.  Button* 

fasten    with    or    as  ^^^^ 

with  a  rivet.    II.  n. 

A  short  soft  metal  bolt,  havirtg  a  head  on  one 

end,  used  to  join  objects,  as  metal  plates,  by 

passing  it  through  holes  and  forming  a  new 

ncad  by  hammering  on  its  headless  end.    [OF., 

<  river,  clench.] 


¥#1,1 


3.  C<)unt<»r8unk  biit- 
ton«head.    4.  Boilcr-rivet. 


riv'u-let,riv'yu-let,  ??.  A  small  brook;  stream- 
let.    [  <  L.  rivulus,  dim.  of  rivus,  brook.] 

roaclli,  rOch,  n.  A  European  fish  with  red- 
dish fins.     [<  OF.  roche,  <  MD.  roch,  ray.] 

roacli^,  w.    A  cockroach.    [<  Sp.  cwmrac^a.] 

road,  rod,  n.  1.  An  open  way  for  public  pas- 
sage; a  highway.  2.  Any  way  of  advancing 
or  progressing.  3.  Any  course  or  path.  4.  A 
roadstead.     [<  AS.  rdd,  <  ridan,  ride.] 

—  road'sbed'',  n.  The  material  part  of  a 
road.—  road'stead,  n.  A  place  of  anchorage 
off  shore  without  harbor  protection.  —  road'- 
ster,  n.  A.  horse  adapted  for  u.se  on  the  road,  as 
in  light  driving;  a  bicycle  for  ordinary  roads. 

roam,  rOm,  v.  I.  t.  To  wander  over;  range. 
II.  i.  To  move  about  uncertainly  from  place 
to  place;  wander;  rove.     [Of  AS.  origin.] 

roan,  rOn.  I.  a.  Of  a  color  consisting  of 
bay,  sorrel,  or  chestnut,  thickly  interspersed 
with  gray  or  white,  as  a  horse.  II.  n.  1.  A 
roan  color.  2.  An  animal  of  a  roan  color. 
[OF.,  ult.  <  L.  rvfus,  red.] 

roar,  rOr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  a  roar,  as  a 
beast;  utter  with  a  roar;  vociferate.  II.  n.  A 
full,  prolonged,  resonant  cry;  any  loud,  pro- 
longed sound,  as  of  waves.  [<  AS.  gerar,  < 
rdrian,  roar.]  —  roar'er,  n. 

roast,  rost.  l^.vt.&vi.  1.  To  cook  by  sub- 
jecting to  the  action  of  heat,  as  in  an  oven.  2. 
To  heatexcessively.  II.  a.  Roasted.  TLL.  n.  A 
piece  of  roast  meat.   [  <  OHG.*'^  rostan,  roast.] 

rob,  reb,  V.  [robbed;  rob'bing.]  I.  t.  To 
take  away  from  wrongfully  or  inju- 
riously in  any  way.  II.  To  be^guilty 
of  robbery.  [Ult.  <  OHG.  rmbon 
(G.  rauben),  rob.]  —  rob'ber,  n.  A 
plunderer,  as  a  burglar  or  highway- 
man.—rob'ber-y,  7t.  [-iES»,p?.J  The 
act  of  robbing;  the  taking  away  of  the 
property  of  another  unlawfully,  by 
force  or  fear. 

robe,  rob.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [robed;  rob- 
bing.] To  put  a  robe  upon ;  clothe. 
II.  n.  1.  A  long,  loose,  flowing 
garment,  worn  over  other  dress.  2. 
Anything  that  covers  like  a  robe. 
3.  A  lap'Covering  for  use  in  a  car- 
riage.    [F.] 

rob'in,  reb'in,  n.    1.  A  small  Euro- 
pean bird,  with  the  forehead,  cheeks, 
and  breast  orauge»rcd;  the  redbreast. 
2.  A  North-American  thrush 
larger  than  the  English  robin. 
[<  OF.  7^oW«,dim.  of  J?obert, 
Robert.] 

ro-bust',  ro-bust',  a.    Charac- 
terized by  great  strength  or 
endurance;    rugged;  healthy 
[<    L.''   rolmstus, 
robur,  strength.] 

rock',  rec,  vt.  &  vi.  _.  _  - 
move  backward  and  forward,  ®^*P*"- 
as  on  a  swinging  base.  2.  To  sway  or  reel. 
[<  AS.  roccian;  cp.  I)n'.  roM^.]  — rock'a-way, 
11.  [U.S.]  A four*whcoled, two«8eated  pleasure 
carriage  with  standing  toj).— rock'ev,  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  rocks:  (1)  One  of  the  curved 
supports  of  a  rocklng«chalr.   (2)  A  rocking»chalr. 

rock,  )i.  1.  Anv  large  mass  of  stone.  2.  A 
firm  or  immovable  support;  defense.  3.  Some 
source  of  ruin  or  injury.    4.  Qeol.   The  con- 


Rocket. 

6,  bursting* 
charge;  o,  compo- 
sition; /,  fuse;  h, 
head,  filled  with 
stars,  powder, 
etc.;  s,  stick;  t, 
.  conical     tube 

<     romiS,    through  which  the 
gases   that   drive 
1.  To    the  rocket  upward 


papa,  gsk;  at,  Sir;  element,  tb6y,  nsfge;  it,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  eh;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


389 


rootoet 
root 


solidated  material  forming  the  crust  of  the 
earth.  [<  AS.  rocc.]  — rock'y,a.  ConsiBting 
of  or  abounding  in  rocks. 

rock'et,  reli'gt,  n.  A  firework  that  rises  by 
the  reaction  of  escaping  gases  produced  as  it 
burns.  See  illus.  on  preceding  page.  [<  It. 
rocchetto^  dim.  of  rocca^  distaff. J 

rod,  red,  n.  1.  A  shoot  or  twig;  a  straight, 
slim  piece  of  wood  or  bar  of  metal.  2.  A 
measure  of  length:  16J^  feet.     [<  AS.  rod.'] 

rode,  rod,  imp.  of  kide,  v. 

ro'dent,  rO'dgnt.  I.  a.  1.  Gnawing.  2.  Per- 
taining to  the  rodents.  II.  n.  A  gnawing 
mammal,  as  a  rat,  squirrel,  beaver,  etc.  [< 
L.  roden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  rodo,  gnaw.] 

roei,  rO,  n.  1.  The  spawn,  as  of  fishes.  2.  A 
mottled  streak  in  wood.      [<  AS.  *hrogn.] 

roe2,  n.    A  small  deer  of  Europe  and  western 
Asia.    [<  AS.  ra,  roe.]    roe's 
deer^. 

Roent'gen  ra-  s,  runt'ggn 
rez.  A  form  of  '  .diant  energy 
that  is  sent  out  wl  zn  the  cathode 
rays  of  a  glass  ti:be  of  high 
vacuum  {Crookess  tube)  strike 
upon  the  opposite  walls  of  the 
tube  or  upon  any  object  in  the 
tube:  discovered  by  W.  G.  Roent- 
gen.   X  rayst. 

By  means  of  these  rays  It  Ispos-  iipnd  of  i  T?nP 
Bible  to  see  and  photograph  the  "^*^'^'^^°®- 
shadows  of  bones,  bullets,  etc.,  through  the  fleshy 
parts  of  the  body. 

rogue,  rOg,  n.  1.  A  dishonest  person;  trick- 
ster; rascal.  2.  One  who  is  innocently  mis- 
chievous or  playful.  [<  OF.  rof^we,  rude.] — 
rogn'er-y,  rog'er-i,  n.  [-ie8»,  »/.]  1.  Knavery 
or  dishonesty.  2.  Playful  mischlevousness.— 
rogru'ish,  rog'lsh,  a.  1,  Playfully  mischie- 
vous.   3.  Knavish,    -ly,  adv.    -uess,  n. 

roil,  roil,  vt.  1.  To  render  muddy.  2.  To  vex  or 
irritate.  [<  OF.  roeler{¥.  rmler);  see  roll,  v.] 

role,  r51,  n.  A  part  or  character  taken  by  an 
actor;  any  assumed  character  or  function.    [F.] 

roll,  rol,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  move  onward  while 
rotating;  turn  about  continually.  2.  To  wrap 
round  and  round  upon  itself;  cause  to  take  a 
spherical  or  cylindrical  shape.  3.  To  smooth 
out  or  operate  upon  with  a  roller.  4.  To  move 
along  on  rollers  or  wheels.  II.  i.  1.  To  move 
onward,  like  a  wheel  or  as  on  wheels.  2.  To 
undulate;  fluctuate;  sway.    3.  To  reverberate. 

roll,  n.  1.  Anything  rolled  up  in  cylindrical 
form.  2.  A  list  or  register.  3.  Any  article  of 
food,  as  bread  rolled  or  doubled  together  in 
making.  4.  A  roller.  5.  A  rolling  movement 
or  sound.  6.  A  trill.  [<  F.  role,  <  L.  rotula, 
dim.  of  rota,  wheel.]  —  rolFer,  n.  1 .  Any 
cylindrical  article  or  device  that  rolls.  *}.  A 
long  bandage  done  up  In  a  roll.  3.  One  who 
rolls.  4.  A  rolling  wave.— roIPingsinilP',  n. 
An  establishment  In  which  metal  Is  made  Into 
sheets,  rods,  etc.,  by  working  It  between  rollers. 

Rodman,  rO'man.  I.  a.  1.  Relating  to  Rome 
or  the  Romans.  2.  Resembling  a  Roman  in 
character;  noble;  stern.  3.  Roman  Gatholic. 
II.  n.  1.  A  citizen  of  Rome  or  of  the  ancient 
Roman  Empire.  2.  Print.  A  style  of  perpen- 
dicular type,  as  that  in  which  these  words  are 
printed.  [<  F.  romain,  <  L.  Rcmmnus,  < 
Eoma,  Rome.]  —  Roman  Catholic,  pertain- 


ing to  the  Church  of  Rome,  of  which  the  Pope 
is  the  head.—  Ro'man-isin,  n.  The  dogmas, 
forms,  etc.^  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.— 
Ro'inan-ist,  n.  A  member  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church.—  Ro'niish,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  Chuvch. 

ro-mance',  ro-mans',  vi.  [ro-manced'*;  ro- 
man'cing.]  To  indulge  in  visionary  fabrica- 
tions; tell  fanciful  stories. 

Ro-mance',  \  ro-mgns'  or  -mans',  -man'ic,  a. 

Ro-m.an''i.c,  (  Pertaining  to  the  languages,  as 
Italian,  French,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  popular  Latin. 

ro-mance',  ro-mans',  n.  1.  A  form  of  ideal- 
istic prose  fiction;  any  extravagant  story.  2. 
A  poetical  tale  of  chivalry.  3.  Delight  in  what 
is  chivalrous,  adventurous,  fanciful,  or  myste- 
rious.    [<  L.^!-*^  Bomanicus,  Roman.] 

— ro-man'cer,  ro-man'ser,  n.  A  writer  of  ro- 
mance; an  extravagant  story-teller.— ro-nian'- 
tic,  ro-man'tlc,  a.  1.  Relating  to  romance;  fan- 
ciful; visionary.    2.  Fictitious  and  improbable. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  Romance  peoples. 
romp,  remp.    I',    vi.    To  play  boisterously. 

II.  n.  1.  One  who  romps.  2.  Noisy,  exci- 
ting play  or  exercise.     [For  ramp,  v.  &  n.] 

rood,  rud,  n.  1.  A  cross  or  crucifix.  2.  A 
square  land-measure:  one-fourth  of  an  acre. 
[<  AS.  rod,  rood.] 

roof,  ruf.  I*,  vt.  1.  To  cover  with  a  roof.  2. 
To  shelter;  house.  II.  n.  1.  The  exterior 
upper  covering  of  a  building.  2.  Any  top 
covering,  as  of  a  car  or  even.  3.  A  dwelling; 
home.  [<  AS.  rfiof,  ;  >of .]  —  rooPless,  a. 
Shelterless.— roof  tree ' ,  ■>..  The  ridge-pole  of 
a  roof;  hence,  the  roof. 

rook*,  ruk,  «.  An  Old  "World  crow.  [<  AS. 
hrdc,  rook.]  —  rook'er-y,  n.  [-ies^,  pi.)  1.  A 
colony  of  rooks.  2.  A  breedingsplace  of  sea* 
birds,  seals,  etc.  3.  A  rambling  building;  alow 
neighborhood. 

rook2, 71.    Chess.    Same  as  castle. 

room,  rum.  1.  vi.  To  occupy  a  room;  lodge. 
II.  n.  1.  Free  or  open  space.  2.  An  apart- 
ment.    3.  Suitable  or  warrantable  occasion. 

4.  A  person's  place,  function,  or  office.  [  <  AS. 
rum,  <  rum,  wide.]  — roomful ,  n.  As  many  or 
as  much  as  a  room  will  hold;  also,  a  number  of 
persons  present  In  a  room.— rooin'mate'^,  n. 
One  who  occupies  a  room  with  another  or  others. 
—  room'y,  a.  Having  abundant  room;  spacious. 

roost,  rust.  1'^.  vt.  &  vi.  To  perch  upon:  sit 
or  perch.  II.  n.  A  perch  upon  which  fowls 
rest  at  night;   hence,  any  temporary  resting- 

?lace.  [<  AS.  hrost,  roost.]  —  roost'er,  n. 
he  male  of  the  domestic  fowl. 

root^i,  rut,  V.  I.t.  1.  To  plant  and  fix  in  the 
earth  by  roots.  2.  To  fix  or  imprint  deeply 
and  durably.  II.  i.  1.  To  enter  the  earth,  as 
roots.    2.  To  be  firmly  fixed. 

root2<i,  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  turn  or  dig  up  with  the 
snout.  2.  To  tear  up  or  out;  eradicate.  [< 
AS.  wrotan,  root;  akin  to  wrdt,  snout.] 

root,  71.  1.  The  underground  part  of  a  plant, 
from  which  it  derives  nourishment;  popularly, 
any  underground  growth.  2.  Tnat  from 
which  anything  derives  origin,  life,  or  growth. 
3.  A  fundamental  or  elementary  part  of  a 
word.  4.  Math.  A  quantity  that,  taken  a 
specified  number  of  times  as  a  factor,  will  give 
another  quantity  called  its  power.  [<  AS.  7Vt, 
<  Ice.  rot,  root.]  —  root'let,  w.    A  small  root. 


flutl^re  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli   (^^e);   go;   siiiK,   iipik;   tliin. 


rope 
round 


390 


rope,  rop.  l.vt.  [roped^;  ko'ping.]  1.  To 
tie  up  or  unite  with  rope.  2.  To  enclose  or 
border  with  a  rope.  II.  n.  1.  A  construction 
of  twisted  fibers,  so  intertwined  as  to  form  a 
thiclc  cord  J  technically,  a  cord  of  one  inch  or 
more  in  diameter.  2.  A  collection  of  things 
plaited  or  united  in  a  line.  3.  A  slimy  or 
glutinous  filament  or  thread.  [<  AS.  rap, 
rope.]  —  rope'5dan'''cer,  n.  One  who  per- 
forms on  the  tight  rope.— rope''walk",  n.  A 
long  alley  formerly  used  for  the  spinning  of  rope* 
yarn  and  laying  of  rope.—  ro'py,  ro'pi,  a.  That 
may  be  drawn  into  threads;  stringy. 

ro'sa-ry,  ro'za-ri,  w.  [-bies^^;/.]  1.  A  string 
of  beads  for  keeping  count  of  devotions,  or  a 
series  of  prayers  counted  by  the  beads.  2.  A 
chaplet  or  garland.     [Ult.  <  L.  rosa,  rose.] 

rose,  rOz,  n.  1.  A  hardj,  erect,  or  climbing 
shrub  of  numerous  varieties,  or  its  flower.  2. 
A  light  pinkish  crimson,  like  the  color  of  many 
roses.  3.  Full  bloom;  flush.  [<  liA^  rosa, 
rose.]  —  ro'se-ate,  a.  Of  a  rose»color ;  rosy.— 
rose'sbec^tle,  rose'sbug'',  rose'scha''- 
fer,  n.  One  of  various  beetles  Injurious  to 
roses.- rose'bud",  n.  1.  The  bud  of  a  rose. 
ij,  A  young  girl.— rosesbush.w.  Arose«=bear- 
Ing  shrub  or  vine.— ro-sette',  ro-zet',  n.  An 
ornament  resembling  a  rose.—  roseswater,  n. 
A  toilet  water  having  a  rose«llke  fragrance.  — 
rose'wood",  n.  A  hard,  close-grained,  dark- 
colored,  fragrant  Brazilian  cabinet-wood. 

rose'ma-ry,  rOz'mg-ri,  n.     An  erect,  ever- 
green, bushy,  fragrant  shrub  of 
the  mint  family,  with  usually  blue 
flowers.    [<  L.  ros,  dew,  -f  mar- 

inUS,  MARINE.] 

roseo-,  prefix.  Rose-red.  [<  L. 
roneuH,  rosy.] 

ros'in,  rez'in,  n.  Resin,  especially 
that  remaining  after  the  distilla- 
tion of  oil  01  turpentine  from 
crude  turpentine.  [Var.  of  resin.] 

—  ro8'in-y,  a. 
ros'ter,  res'tgr,  n.    A  list  of  ofli- 

cers  and  men  enrolled  for  duty- 
hence,  any  register  or  list  of 
names.    [<  D.  rooster,  list.] 

ros'trum,  res'trum,  n.  [ros'trums*  or  -tra, 
»/.]  A  pulpit  or  platform;  public  orators  col- 
lectively. [<  L.  rostrum,  beak  :  from  the 
beaks  of  captured  ships  embellishing  the 
orators'  platform  of  the  Roman  forum.] 

ro'sy,  ro'zi,  a.  [ro'si-er;  ro'si-est.]  1. 
Like  a  rose;  rose-red;  blooming;  blushing. 
2.  Made  of  roses.  [<AS.  riisig,  <  r5««,ro8e.J 

—  ro'si-ly,  «rfr.— ro'si-ness,  n. 

rot,  ret.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    [rot'ted<>;  rot'ting.] 

1.  To  make  or  become  rotten:  corrupt;  decaj'. 

2.  To  induce  the  disease  called  rot.  3.  To 
become  morally  rotten.  II.  n.  1.  That  which 
is  rotten,  or  the  process  of  rotting.  2.  A 
parasitic  disease  affecting  sheep,  3.  A  form 
of  decay  in  plants.  [<  AS.  rotian,  rot.]  — - 
rot'tcn,  rnt  n,  a.  1.  Decomposed  by  natural 
process;  putrid.  *J.  Fusoimd;  liable  to  break.  3. 
Ilntrustworthy:  treacliorous.  4.  Aftlleted  with 
the  rot.  —  rol'KMi-Htoiie",  n.  A  soft,  friable 
rock,  used  as  a  pollslilng-niaterlal. 

ro'tate,  rO't6t.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [RO'TA'TEDd; 
ro'ta'tino.]  1.  To  turn,  or  cause  to  turn,  on 
its  axis,  as  a  wheel.  2.  To  alternate  or  change 
about,  as  crops.     II.  a.    Wheel-shaped;  cir- 


Rosemary. 


cular.  [<  L.  roto,  pp.  rotatus,  turn,  <  rota, 
wheel.]  —  rc/ta-ry,  rO'ta-ri,  a.  Pertaining  to 
rotation;  turning  round  on  its  axis,  like  a  wheel. 

—  ro'ta^^ted,  pa.  1,  Turned  around.  3,  Ro- 
tate.—ro-ta'tion,  ro-t^'shrrn,  n.  1.  The  act 
or  state  of  rotating;  rotary  motion.  3.  Change 
by  alternation.— ro'ta-tiv(e,  ro'ta-tlv,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  causing  rotation,    ro'ta-to-ryj. 

rote,  rOt,  n.  Repetition  of  words  or  sounds  as 
a  means  of  learning  them,  with  slight  attention 
to  the  sense.     [OF.] 

rot'ten,  ret'n,  a.    See  rot. 

ro-tund',  ro-ttmd',  a.  1.  Rounded  out : 
spherical;  plump.  2.  Full=toned,  as  a  voice 
or  utterance.  3.  Complete;  entire.  [<  L. 
rotundus,  <  rota,  wheel.]  —  ro-tun'da,  n.  A 
circular  building  or  hall,  surmounted  with  a 
dome.  —  ro-tiind'i-ty,  n.     ro-tund'nesst. 

rou'ble,  ru'bl,  n.    Same  as  rible. 

roucfae,  rush,  n.    Same  as  ruche. 

rouge,  ruzh.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [rouged;  rou'- 
GiNG.l  1.  To  tint  with  or  apply  rouge.  2§. 
To  blush.  II.  a.  Red.  III.  n.  Any  cos- 
metic for  coloring  the  skin  pink  or  red.  [F., 
<  L.  rubers,  ruby.] 

rougli'S  ruf,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  make  rough; 
roughen.    2.  To  make  or  shape  roughly. 

rougb,  a.  1.  Having  an  uneven  surface;  not 
smooth.  2.  Characterized  by  rude  or  violent 
action.  3.  Unkind;  harsh.  4.  Rude;  crude. 
5.  Hastily  formed  or  done.  [<  AS.  rUh, 
rough.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,  n.— rough'en,  r^. 
&  VI.    To  make  rough;  become  rough. 

rougb',  n.  1.  A  crude,  incomplete,  or  rough 
condition.    2.  A  general  or  uncritical  view. 

rough.^,  n.  A  low,  rude,  and  violent  fellow; 
a  ruffian;  rowdy.     [For  ruffian.] 

rou-lette',  ru-let',  n.  A  gambling  game  in 
which  a  rotating  disk  is  employed.     [F.] 

round<^,  raund,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  give  a  curved 
form  to.  2.  To  travel  or  go  around.  3.  To 
fill  out  roundly  or  gracefully.  II.  i.  1.  To 
become  round.  2.  To  reach  completion.  3. 
To  go  through  a  circuit.     4.  To  turn  about. 

round,  a.  1.  Being  circular  or  spherical,  or 
approximately  so;  curved.  2.  Liberal;  ample. 
3.  Easy  and  free;  brisk.  4.  Free  from  frac- 
tions; also,  divisible  by  ten,  disregarding  the 
smaller  denominations.  [<  L.^  rotundus,  < 
rota,  wheel.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

round,  n.  1.  Something  that  is  round,  as  a 
globe,  ring,  or  cylinder;  an  orb;  a  sphere.  2. 
A  series  of  recurrent  movements;  a  circuit; 
routine;  one  thing  or  movement  in  a  series. 
3.  A  short  melody,  in  which  several  voiges 
join  at  intervals. 

round,  round,  adv.  1.  On  all  sides;  around. 
2.  With  a  rotating  motion.  3.  Through  a  cir- 
cle or  circuit.     [Short  for  around.] 

round,  prep.  On  every  side  of,  or  nearly  so; 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  encircle.  —  roiind'a- 
bout''«  a.  Circuitous;  Indirect. —  roun'del- 
ay,  n.  1,  A  simple  melody.  '2.  A  musical  set- 
ting of  a  poem  with  a  recurrent  refrain.— 
roinuPliiiiid",  n.  A  stvle  of  handwriting  in 
which  the  teiidenev  is  to  make  all  curves  round. 

—  rouiid'iHii.  u.  Somewhat  round. —round 
robin,  a  number  of  signatures,  as  to  a  petition, 
written  In  a  circle  so  as  to  avoid  giving  promi- 
nence to  any  single  name.  —  rouud'»up", 
round '  -up',  n.  The  bringing  together  of  herds,  as 
for  branding;  the  herd  so  collected. 


papA,  98k;  at,  &lr;  elfm«nt,  th6y,  asfge;  It,  %,  t  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rfile;  but,  Or; 


391 


rouse 
ruffle 


rouse,  rauz,  v.     [roused;  rous'ing.]    I.    t. 

I.  To  waken  abruptly:  startle.  2.  To  excite 
to  vigorous  action.  II.  i.  To  be  aroused,  as 
fro:n  sleep;  start.     [<  S\v.  n/*a,  rush.] 

rouse!!,  n.  A  full  draft  of  liquor;  a  bumper.  [< 
Sw.  mis,  drunkenness.] 

rout,  rant.  F.  vt.  1.  To  defeat  disastrously; 
put  to  flight.  2.  To  drive  or  drag  forth  forci- 
bly, as  from  hiding.  II.  n.  1.  A  disorderly  and 
overwhelming  defeat  or  flight.  2.  A  disor- 
derly assemblage;  rabble.  3.  A  disturbance  of 
the  public  peace,  [<  OF.  route,  <  L.  ruptm, 
pp.  of  rumpo,  break.] 

route,  rut  07'  raut,  n.  A  course;  road;  way. 
[<  OF.  route,  way,  path.] 

rou^'tine'',  ru'tin',  71.  A  detailed  method  of 
procedure,  regularly  followed.  [OF.,  dim.  of 
route,'  see  route.] 

roveS  rov,  v.  [roved;  ro'ving.]  I.  t.  To 
roam  over  or  about.  II.  i.  To  wander  from 
place  to  place.     [<  rovku.] 

rove^,  vt.  Textile.  To  join  (slivers)  and  draw 
into  thread;  reeve.     [<  reeve,  v;.] 

ro'ver,  «.  One  who  roves;  a  wanderer;  pirate. 
[<  D.  roover,  robber.] 

row,  rO,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  propel,  as  a  boat,  with 
oars.    2.  To  be  transported  by  means  of  oars. 

row^,  n.  A  trip  in  a  rowboat;  also,  a  turn  at 
the  oars.  [  <  AS.  rowan,  row.]  —  row'slock'', 
n.    Any  device  In  which  an  oar  plays. 

row^,  n.  An  arrangement  of  things  in  a  line. 
[<  AS.  raw,  line.] 

row^,  ran,  n.  A  noisy  disturbance  or  quarrel. 
[Abbr.  <  ROU3E2.]  —  row'dy,?;.  [row'dies^ 
pl.'\  One  Inclined  to  create  disturbances.— row'- 
dy-ish,  a.    row'dyl:.— row'dy-ism,  11. 

row'el,  rau'el,  n.  A  spiked  or  toothed  wheel, 
as  on  a  spur;  also,  the  spur  so  furnished.  [< 
L.LL+OF  rota,  wheel.] 

row'en,  rau'en,  71.  A  second  cutting  of  hay; 
aftermath.     [For  roughings,  <  rough,  a.] 

roy'al,  rei'al.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  mon- 
arch; kingly.    2.  Like  a  kmg;  princely;  regal. 

II.  n.  1.  A.  size  of  paper,  19  X  24for  writmg, 
20  X  25  for  printing.  2.  A  sail  next  above  the 
topgallantsail.     [F.,  <  L.  regalis;  see  regal.] 

—  roy'al-isin,M.  Adherence  to  the  princi- 
ples or  cause  of  royalty.— roy'al-ist,  n.  A  sup- 
porter of  a  royal  dynasty.— roy'al-Iy,  adv.— 
roy'al-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  ja?.]  1.  Regal  authority; 
sovereignty.  2.  Royal  persons  collectively.  3. 
A  share  of  proceeds  paid,  as  to  an  author  or  in- 
ventor, by  ttiose  doing  business  under  some  right 
belonging  to  him.  4.  A  tax  or  seigniorage.  5. 
Domain  or  province. 

rub,  rub,  tJ.  [rubbed;  rub'bing.]  1.  t.  1. 
To  move  or  pass  over  with  friction  and  pres- 
sure. 2.  To  cause  to  graze,  grate,  or  scrape. 
3.  To  polish  or  erase  by  friction.  II.  i.  1. 
To  move  along  a  surface  with  friction  and 
pressure.  2.  To  get  along  with  difficulty. 
[Cp.  Gael.  7'ub,  rubj 

rub,  rub,  n.  1.  A  rubbing.  2.  Something 
that  rubs;  a  hindrance. 

rub'toer ,  rub'gr.  I.  a.  Made  of  india»rubber. 
II.  n.  1.  Caoutchouc  or  india-rubber.  2. 
Anything  used  for  rubbing,  erasing,  etc.  3. 
An  article  made  of  india-rubber.  4.  One  who 
rubs.    5.  The  odd  or  decisive  game  in  a  series. 

rub'bisll,  rub'ish,  w.  Waste,  refuse,  or  broken 
matter;  trash. 


rub'ble,  rub'I,  ri.    1.  Rough  pieces  of  broken 

stone.    2.  Masonry  built  of  irregular  stone. 
ru'bi-cund,  ru'bi-cond,  a.    Red,  or  inclined 

to  redness;  rosy.  [<  L.^  rwWc«;irfw«,  red.] 
ru'ble,  ra'bl,  n.     The  Russian  monetary  unit; 

a  silver  coin  worth  about  77  cents,  or  a  paper 

note  worth  about  51  cents.     [<  Rus.  rubr%j\ 
ru'bric,  rii'bric,  n.     1.  A  liturgical  direction 

or  rule,  as  in  a  prayer-book  (formerly  written 

or  printed  in  red).   2.  Liturgical  or  other  rules 

collectively.     [<  h.^rubrica,  red  earth.] 
ru'by,  rfi'bi.    I.  a.     Pertaining  to  or  like  a 

ruby;  being  of  a  rich  crimson.    II.  n.    1.  A 

transparent  gem-stone  of  a  deep-red  color.  2. 

Any  gem  of  great  value.     3.  A  rich  red  like 

that  of  a  ruby.     [<  L.^+*"  rubeus,  red,    < 

7'ubeo,  be  red.] 
rucbe,  rush,  n.    A  quilted  or  ruflled  strip  of 

fine  fabric,  worn  about  the  neck  or  wrists  of  a 

woman's  costume,    [F.]    rouch.e|. 
rud'der,  rud'gr,  n.   A  broad  flat  device  hinged 

vertically  at  the  stern  of  a 

vessel  to   direct   its  course; 

hence,  anything  that  guides 

or  that  directs  a  course.     [< 

AS.  7'dther,  oar.] 
rud'dy,a.  [rud'di-er;  rud'- 

Di-EST.]     Tinged    with    red; 

especially,  having  a  healthy 

glow;  rosy.     [<  AS.7-u(ii,  < 

rvdn,  redness.]  —  rud'di-ly , 

of/».— rud'di-ness,  n. 
rude,  rud,  a.    [ru'der;  ru'- 

DEST.]     1.  Rough  or  abrupt; 

severe  or  tempestuous;  offen- 
sively blunt  or  uncivil,    2. 

Uncultivated;   uncouth.     3. 

Unskilfully   made   or  done. 

[F.,  <  L.  rudis,  rough.] 

-ly,  adv.    -nes8,  n. 

ru'di-ment,  ru'di-mgnt,  ». 

ciple,  step,  stage,  or  condition.    2.  A 

mentary  part,  organ,  etc.;  a  germ.     [F. 


Rudder  of 
a  Single»screw 

Steamer. 
,  rudder;  s,  screw. 

1.  A  first  prin- 
rudi- 
.   -      .      „  ^  .     .  <  L. 

riidimentuTn,  first  attempt,  beginning.] 

—  ru''Mi-iiien'ta-ry,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  rudiment,  ti.  Germinal ; 
undeveloped;  abortive.    ru'''di-inen'talt, 

rue,  Tu,vt.&vi.  [rued;  ru'ing.]  To  have  cause 
to  be  sorry  for;  feel  remorse;  grieve;  pity.  [< 
AS.  hreowan,  grieve.] —  rue'ful,  a.  1.  De- 
plorable; sorrowful.    '2.  Expressing  pity. 

rue,  71.    A  small  bushy  herb  with  bitter  leaves; 
a  bitter  draft.     [F.,    <   L, 
ruta,  rue.] 

ruflf,  ruf.  I',  vi.  To  become 
ruffled;  stand  out  like  a 
ruff.  II.  «.  1.  A  plaited, 
crimped,  or  fluted  collar  or 
frill.  2.  A  ruffle.  3.  A  nat- 
ural collar  of  projecting 
feathers  around  the  neck,  as 
of  a  bird;  also,  a  bird  hav- 
ing such  a  collar,  as  the 
ruffed  sandpiper.  [Short 
for  RUFFLE,  7i.\  — Tuffed,  a. 
Having  a  ruff,  ruffle,  or  frill. 

ruf'fi-an,  ruf'i-an  or  ruf'yan, 
brutal  fellow;  marauder.    [OF.,  <  OD.  roffen, 
pander.]  — ruPfl-an-ism,  w.— ruffl-an-ly,  a. 

ruffle,    ruf'l,   v.     [ruf'fled  ;  ruf'fling.] 


Ruff.   1/10 
n.    A  lawless, 


fiutl^ire   (future);   aisle;   au   (put);   eil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dh   {th€);   go;  sing,  i^k;   thin. 


rufde 
rusli 


302 


[< 


1.  t.    1.  To  make  into  or  furnish  with  raffles. 

2.  To   erect   in    a   ruff.     3.  To   disarrange: 
rumple.    4.  To  vex.    II.  i.   1.  To  be  rumpled 
or  msordered.    2.  To  become  offended. 
D.  ruifelen^  rumple.] 

ruffle,  ruf  1,  n.    1.  A  plaited  strip;  frill.    2. 

A  temporary  discomposure.  [rufus.  red.] 

ru'fous,  ru'fus,  a.    Dull»red  ;  tawnv.     [<  L. 
rug;,   rug,  n.     1.  A  heavy    textile    fabric,  or 

dressed  skin,  to  cover  a  portion  of  a  floor.    2. 

A  heavy  lap»robe.     [<  Svv.  mgg,  rough  hair.] 
rug'ged,  rug'§d,  a.     1.    Bough,  steep,  and 

rocky;    uneven.      2.  Shaggy;   unkeraj^t.      3. 

Rough  in  temper  or  action ;  stern.  4.  Wrinkled ; 

frowning.    5.  Lacking  culture;  rude.  [<  Sw. 

riigg^  rough  hair.] 
ru'in,  ru'in.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  inflict  ruin  upon; 

bring  ruin;  also,  to  fall  into  ruin.    11.  n.    1. 

Total  destruction  of  value  or  usefulness.    2. 

That  which  remains  of  something  demolished 

or  decayed.    3.  A  condition  of  desolation.    4. 

That  which  causes  destruction.     [<L."'rw- 

i7ia,   ruin.]  —  ru^'in-a'tion,    n.  '  The  act  of 

ruining;  something  that  ruins. — rn^in-ous,  a. 

Causing  or  tending  to  ruin;  falling  to  ruin, 
rule,  rul,  ?j.    [ruled;  ru'ling.]    1.  t.    1.  To 

control;  govern.     2.  To   settle  or  establish. 

3.  To  make  conformable  to  a  rule;  order.  4. 
To  mark  with  lines,  as  with  a  ruler.  II.  i.  To 
be  in  command;  lay  down  a  rule;  control. 

rule,  n.  1.  Controlling  power;  authority.  2. 
A  regular  course  of  procedure.  3 .  A  direction ; 
enactment;  prescribed  form,  or  the  like.  4. 
A  ruler;  printers' 
straight  strip  of 
metal.  [<  L.of 
reaula,  <  rego, 
rule.] — ru'Ier,  n. 

1.  One  who  rules.  „„.  n  i  t>  i 
"Z.   A    Straight.  Parallel  Ruler, 
edged  strip  for  guiding  a  marking-Implement;  a 
rule;  rullng-machlnc.  [Prob.  Gipsy.] 

rum,  rum,  a.     [Colloq.  Eng.]    Queer;  strange. 

rum,  n.  An  alcoholic  liquor  distilled  from  fer- 
mented molasses  or  cane-juice.  [Short  for 
Prov.  Eng.  rvmlniUion,  rum.] 

rum'bl(e,  rum'bl.  l.vf.&vi.  [rum'bl(e)d; 
BUM'BLiNG.]  1.  To  make  a  continuous  low, 
rolling  sound,  as  thunder.  2.  To  move  along 
with  such  a  sound.  3.  To  be  in  or  cause  com- 
motion. II.  71.  A  muffled  roar;  hence,  any 
confused  noise.     [Ult.  <  Svv.  rclma,  low.] 

ru'tai-naixt,  rfi'mi-nant.  I.  a.  1.  Chewing 
the  cud.  2.  Drowsily  quiet.  II.  n.  An  ani- 
mal that  has  a  stomach  with  four  complete  cav- 
ities, the  food  received  into  the  first  oeing  re- 
turned to  the  mouth,  chewed  over  again  and 
swallowed,  and  digested  in  the  other  compart- 
ments.    [<  L.  r?/m<'n,  throat.] 

ru'xni-nate,  rn'mi-net,  vt.  &  vi.    [-na"tei)'>; 

-NA'TiNo.l     1.  To  chew,  as  a  cud  ;   chew  the 

cud.    2.  To  meditate  or  reflect  upon  ;  muse. 

[<  L.  ivtniino,  pp.  rumitiatm;  see  ruminant.] 

—  ru^'iiil-un'tion,  n. 

rum'xnage,  rum'Qj.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [uum'- 
maoed;  rum'ma-ging.]  To  ransack  thorough- 
ly; turn  over,  toss  about,  and  disarrange  things 
in  search.    II.  n.    1.  Any  act  of  rummaging. 

2.  An  upheaval  or  stirring  up.    [<  roomaoe, 

<  ROOM,  n.] 


ru'mor,  rQ'mgr.  I.  vt.  To  report  abroad. 
II.  n.  An  unverified  report  passmg  from  per* 
son  to  person  :  sometimes  persouilied.  [OF., 
<  L.  rumor,  noise.]    ru'inour+. 

rump,  romp,  n.  The  buttocks  or  hmder  parts; 
the  Tag-end  of  anything.     [<  Ice.  rumpr.] 

rum'pi(e,  rum'pl.  I.  vi.  [RrM'PL(E)D;  rum'- 
PLiNG.]  To  form  into  rumples.  II.  n.  1. 
An  irregular  wrinkle  or  fold;  a  rumpled  fabric. 

2.  The  condition  of  being  rumpled.  [<  AS. 
rirnpan,  wrinkle.]  [row.     [<  rumble.] 

riim^piis,  rum'pus,  n.    A  disturbance;  wrangle; 

run,  run.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [ran;  run:  run'ning.] 
1.  To  go  swiftly;  speed  along.  2.  To  travel; 
proceed;  move  or  flow.  3.  To  be  active.  4. 
To  continue  in  existence;  extend.  5.  To  be 
reported.  6.  To  exist  on  an  average.  7.  To 
accomplish  by  running.  8.  To  make  one's 
way  through.  9.  To  mold.  11.  n.  1.  The 
act  of  running;  a  going  rapidly.  2.  A  trip 
or  journey.  3.  A  course;  succession.  4.  An 
act  of  flowing;  also,  a  brook.  [<  AS.  ryne, 
path.]  — run'a-way''.  I.  a.  1.  Escaped; 
fugitive.     3.  Caused  by  running  away.    II.  n. 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  runs  away.  2.  An 
act  of  running  away.— riin'ner,  n.  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  runs. 

3.  That  part  on 
which  an  object 
runs  or  slides.  3. 
Bot.  A  slender, 
prostrate  stem  dis- 
posed to  root  at  the 
end  and  nodes.— 
run'round'',  n. 
A  circumscribed 
Inflammation  of 
the  skin. 

run'dKe,  run'dl.n. 
A  rung,  as  of  a  ladder.    [<  OF.  rondel,  some- 
thing round.]    run'deli. 

rund'let,  rond'let,  n.  A  small  barrel,  or  the 
measure  of  wine  it  contains.    [<  OF.  roridele.] 

rung,  rung,  n.  Around,  as  of  a  ladder  or  chair; 
a  rod,  spoke,  etc.    [<  AS.  hrung,  pole.] 

rung,  imp.  &pp.  of  ring",  v. 

run'leti,  ron'let,  n.     A  little  stream;  rivulet. 

run'let2,  n.    Same  as  rundlet. 

runt,  runt,  n.  A  stunted  animal;  dwarf.  [< 
Sc.  rind,  <  AS.  hrlther,  homed  beast.] 

ru-pee',  ru-pi',  n.  The  standard  monetary  unit 
of  British  India,  worth  about  48  cents.  [Ult.  < 
Sans,  rupya,  silver,  <  rupa,  beauty.] 

rup'ture,  rup'chur  or  -tiOr.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[rup'tured;  rup'tur-ing.J  To  separate  the 
parts  of  by  violence;  suffer  a  breach  or  break. 
ll.  n.  1.  The  act  of  rupturing.  2.  A  ruptured 
muscle;  hernia.  3.  Breach  of  peace  and  con- 
cord.   [F.,  <  L  rvptura,  <  rumpo,  break.] 

rubral,  ru'ral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  country; 
nistic.    [F.,  <  L.  ruralis,  <  rvs,  country.] 

ruse,  rQz,  n.  An  action  intended  to  mislead  or 
deceive.    [F.,  <  ruser,  trick.] 

rush',  rush,  vt.  &  vi.  1 .  To  drive  or  push  with 
violent  haste;  hurry.  2.  To  enter  precipitately. 
[Cp.  AS.  hi'iscan,  make  a  noise,  Q.  rauschen, 
rush.]  —  rush'er,  n. 

rusliS  n.  1.  A  grass-like,  usually  aquatic 
herb,  having  soft,  pliant  stems  3  to  4  feet  high. 

2.  A  thing  of  little  or  no  value.  [<  L.'*^  i'u$- 
<n/m,  butcher'e-broom.]  —  rujjh'Iight",  n.  A 
candle   made  by  dipping  a  rush   In  tallow.— 


Runners  (r,  r)  of  the 
Strawberry. 


p«p<i,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  t  file;  but,  ©r; 


a^s 


rush 
sacred 


rusU^y,  a.   [kush'i-er;  kxjsh'i-kst.]  Abound- 
ing In  or  made  of  rushes. 

rusll^,  rush,  ?i.  1.  The  act  of  rushing.  2.  Ex- 
traordinary haste  or  pressure. 

rusk,  rusk,  n.  A  kind  of  light,  sweetened 
bread  or  biscuit.  [<  Sp.  rosea,  screw,  twist 
of  bread.] 

Russ,  ras,  a.  &  n.     [Poet.]    Russian. 

rus'set,  ru8'§t.  I.  a.  1.  Of  a  reddish  or  yel- 
lowish brown  color.  2.  Made  of  russet  material. 
II.  n.  1 .  A  color  formed  by  combining  orange 
and  purple.  2.  Russet  cloth,  clothing,  etc.  3. 
An  apple  of  a  greenish  color,  mottled  with 
brown.     [<  F.  rousset,  ruddy.] 

Rus'sian.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Russia.  II.  n. 
An  inhabitant  of  Russia. 

rust,  rust.  F.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  affect,  or  be- 
come affected,  with  rust.  2.  To  impair  by  in- 
action. II.  n.  The  reddish  or  yellowish  coat- 
ing caused  on  iron  by  oxidation;  also,  any  sim- 
ilar coating,  as  of  plants  under  fungous  disease. 
[<  AS.  rust,  <  redd,  Ted.] 

rus'tic,  rus'tic.  I.  a.  1.  Rural ;  hence,  plain ; 
homely.  2.  Pertaining  to  some  irregular  style 
of  work  or  decoration  appropriate  to  the  coun- 
try. II.  n.  A  countryman;  peasant.  [<  F. 
rustique,  <  L.  rusticm,  <  rus,  country.] 

—  rns'ti-cate,  vt.  &  vi.  [-CA-xEUd;  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  To  send  or  banish  to  the  country;  dwell 
in  or  go  into  the  country.— riis^'ti-ca'tion,  n. 
—  riis-tic'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  jo/.]  Rustic  sim- 
plicity; homeliness. 

rus'tle,  rus'l.    I.  vt.  &vi,   [rus'tled  ;  kus'- 


TLiNG.]  1.  To  make  or  move  with  a  rustle. 
2.  To  move  with  a  rustling  sound.  II.  7i.  A 
quick  succession  of  small,  light,  frictional 
sounds.  [Freq.  <  Sw.  rusta,  stir,  O.  Sw. 
ruska,  shake.] 

rust'y,  rust'i,  a.  [eust'i-er;  rust'i-est.] 
Covered  or  affected  with 
rust.  2.  Consisting  of 
rust.  3.  Having  the  ap- 
pearance of  rust.  4.  Im- 
paired by  inaction.  [< 
AS.  nistig,  <  rust;  see 
RUST.]  —  rust'i-ly,  adv.— 
rust'i-ness,  n. 

rut,  rut.  I.  vt.  [rut'ted<J; 
rut'ting.]  To  make  ruts 
in.  II.  n.  A  sunken 
track  made  by  a  wheel; 
any    beaten   track.     [For 

ROUTE.] 

ru'^ta-lja'ga,    ru"ta-be'- 

ga,  n.    A  cultivated  plant 

or    its    edible     yellowish 

root:  allied  to  the  common 

turnip.     [Said  to  be  Sw.] 
ruth II,  ruth,  n.   Sorrow;  pity. 

I  <  Ice.  hrygth,  <  hryggr,  sorrowful.]  —ruth'- 

less,  (I.    Merciless. 
rye,  rai,  n.    The  graiu  or  seeds  produced  by  a 

cereal  grass  nearly  allied  to  wheat ;  also,  the 

plant.    See  illus.  above.     [<  AS.  ryge,  rye.] 
ry'ot,  rai'gt,  w.    In  India,  a  tenant;  peasant.    [< 

Hind,  rail/at,  <  Ar.  raHya,  a  subject.] 


Eye. 

a,  a  part  of  the  head 
in  maturity. 


s 


S,  s,  es,  n.  [s's,  S's,  or  Ss,  e8'§z,  pL]  The  nine- 
teenth letter  in  the  English  alphabet. 

Sab'a-oth,  sab'|-eth  or  sa-ha'oth,  7i.pl.  Armies. 
[<  Heb.  tsebaoth,  pi.  of  tsaba,  army.] 

Sab1>atll,  sab'ath,  ??.  1.  The  seventh  day  of 
the  week,  appointed  as  a  day  of  rest.  2.  Sun- 
day. 3.  A  period  of  rest  and  peace.  [<  Heb. 
shabbdth,  <  shabdth,  rest  from  labor.] 

—  8ab"ba-ta'ri-an.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Sabbath  or  its  observance.  W,  n.  A  strict 
observer  of  the  Sabbath;  one  who  observes  the 
seventh  day  as  the  Sabbath.  — Sab-bat'ic-al, 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  Sabbath.    Sab-bat'ict. 

sa'ber,  ( s  e  ' 

sa'bre, )  bgr 

I.     Tt.  [SA'- 

BERED,      sa'-  Saber. 

BRED  ;      SA'- 

BER-iNG,  sa'bring.]  To  strike  or  arm  with  a 
saber.  II.  n.  A  heavy  cavalry  sword,  often 
curved.     [<  P.  sabre.'] 

sa^ble,  se'bl.  I.  a.  Sable«colored;  black  or 
dark-brown.  II.  n.  1.  A  Siberian  carnivore 
related  to  the  marten  ;  also,  its  fur.  2.  The 
color  black;  hence,  mourning.  [OF.,  <  Rus. 
soboll,  sable.] 

sa'^toot',  sg"b5',  n.  A  wooden  shoe,  as  of  a 
French  peasant.  See  illus.  in  next  column.  [F.] 

sac,  sac,  n.  Biol.  A  membranous  pouch;  a 
cavity  or  receptacle.     [F.] 


sac^cha^rine,  a.  Pertaining  to  orlikesugar; 

sweet.    [<  Gr.i'+*'  sakchar,  sakcharon,  sugar.] 

sac'^er-do'tal,  sas"gr-do'tal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  priest  or  priesthood.  [<  L.  sacerdos, 
priest.] 

sa'cliein,  se'chem  or  sa'-, 
n .  A  Noith "American Ind lan 
chief.     [Am.  Ind.] 

sa'^chet',  sg"she',  n.  A  small 
ornamental  bag  for  perfumed 
powder.     [P.] 

sacks  sac.  I',  vt.  To  put  into,  cover  with, 
or  carry  in  a  sack.  II.  w.  1.  A  bag  for  hold- 
ing bulky  articles.  2.  A  measure  or  weight  of 
varying  amount.  3.  A  loose  garment  with 
sleeves.     [<  AS.  sacc,  ult.  <  Heb.  saq,  sac] 

—  8ack'cloth'%  n.  1.  A  coarse  cloth  used 
for  making  sacks,  etc.  sack'ingi:.  i2.  Coarse 
cloth  worn  in  penance.—  sack^ful,  n.  Enough 
to  fill  a  sack. 

sack^.  I',  vt.  To  plunder  or  pillage  (a  town 
or  city).  II.  n.  The  pillaging  of  a  captured 
town  or  city;  booty  obtained  by  pillage. 

sack'but,  n.  1 .  A  primitive  wind-instrument. 
2.  Bib.  A  stringed  instrument. 

sac'ra-ment,  sac'ra-mgnt,  n.  A  solemn  re- 
ligious rite,  as  baptism,  or  the  Lord's  Supper. 
[OF-.,  <  L.  sacramenttim,  oath.]  —  sac^'ra- 
men'tal,  a.— sac^'ra-men'ta-ry,  a. 

sa'cred,  se'cred,  a.    1.  Set  apart  or  dedicated 


Sabot. 


fiutjure    (future);   aisle;  au   (owt);   ell;    c-  (k);    chat;    dh   {the);   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


sacrifice 
salad 


394 


to  religious  use;  hallowed.  2.  Pertaining  or 
relateato  deity  or  religion.  3.  Consecrated; 
inviolable.    [<  L.^  sacro,  <  sacer,  holy.] 

sac'ri-fice,  eac'ri-faiz,  v.  [-ficed;  -rrciNc] 
I.  t.  To  offer  as  a  sacrifice;  give  up;  surren- 
der.   II.  i.    To  make  a  pious  offering. 

sac'ri-fice,  sac'ri-fais,  n.  1.  The  act  of  ma- 
king an  offering  to  a  deity,  in  worsliip  or  atone- 
ment. 3.  That  which  is  sacrificed.  3.  A  giv- 
ing up  of  some  cherished  object.  4.  Loss  suf- 
fered without  return.  [F.,  <  L.  sacer,  sacred, 
-4-/fldo,  make.]  — 8ac''ri-fl'cial,  6ac"ri-fish'al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  sacrifice. 

sac'ri-lege,  sac'ri-lej,  n.  The  profaning  of 
anything  sacred.  [OF.,  <  L.  sace7%  sacred,  + 
leffO,  pick.]— 8ac"ri-le'giou8,  sac'ri-li'jus,  a. 
Of  the  nature  of  sacrilege;  Impious. 

sac'ris-tan,  sac'ris-tan,  n.  An  officer  having 
charge  of  a  sacristy.  [<  F.  sacristain,  <  L. 
mcer,  sacred.]  —  sac'ris-ty,  sac'ris-ti,  n. 
[-TIES«,  pi.]  A  room  In  a  religious  house  for  the 
sacred  vessels  and  vestments. 

sad,  sad,  a.  [sad'der;  sad'dest.]  1.  Feel- 
ing or  expressing  grief  or  sorrow.  2.  Causing 
sorrow  or  pity;  distressing.  3]!.  Dark»colored ; 
somber.     [<  AS.  saed,  sated.]  —  sad'den,  r^. 


■sad'ly,  adv. 
[sad'dled;   sad' 


&  vi.    To  render  or  become  sad.- 
— sad'ness,  n. 

sad'dle,  sad'l.  I.  vt. 
DLiNG.]  1.  To  put  a  sad- 
dle on,  as  a  horse.  2.  To 
load,  as  with  a  burden. 
II.  n.  1.  A  seat  or  pad  to 
support  a  rider.  2.  The 
two  hind  quarters  or  the 
loins  of  a  carcass,  as  of 
mutton  or  venison.  [< 
AS.  sadol,  saddle.]— sad'- 
dle:baK8'%  n.  pi.  A  pair 
of  pouches  attached  to  a 
saddle.  —  s.  s  bo^v,  n.  A 
pommel.— HadMIcr,  n.  A 
maker  of  saddles.— sad'- 
dler-y,  n.  t-iEs«,  p/.]  1. 
Saddles,  harness,  and  fit- 
tings, collectively.  •?.  The 
business  of  a  saddler.—  s.s 
tree,  n.  The  frame  of  a 
saddle. 

»ad'si"ron,  sad''ai'urn,  n. 
A  flat-iron. 

safe,  sef.  I.  fl.  1.  Free  from  danger  or  evil. 
2.  Unharmed.  3.  Not  hazardous;  prudent. 
4.  Not  likely  to  disappoint.  II.  n.  A  strong 
lron«and.8t«;el  receptacle,  usually  fireproof, 
for  protecting  valuables;  any  place  of  safe 
storage.  [  <  OF.  saitf,  <  L.  solvus,  whole.]  — 
8afe^con'^duct,  n.  Inter.  Law.  An  ofllclal 
document  given,  assuring  protection  on  a  jour- 
ney or  voyage,  as  In  time  of  war.— safe'- 
fuard",  n.  One  who  or  that  which  guards  or 
ccps  In  safety.  — gafe'ty,  sCf'tl  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  safe.  — gafe'ty«valve'', 
n.  A  val\  e  in  a  steam-boiler,  etc.,  for  relieving 
excessive  pressure. 

sartron,  safrun.  I.  a.  Of  the  color  of  saf- 
fron. II.  n.  1.  The  dried  orange-colored 
itigmas  of  the  saffron-plant,  used  for  coloring 
purposes.  2.  An  autiiiun-flowering  species  of 
crocus.  8.  A  deep  orange  color.  [<  Ar.J' 
za'faran,  <safra,ye\\ow.) 

mag,  sag,  vt.  &  vi.    [saooed;  sag'gino.]    To 


English  Hunting- 
saddle. 
1.  Knee-puflf,  and  2, 
thigh-puff,  of  the  flap. 


Garden  Sage. 
,  the  flower;  b 


bend  or  cause  to  bend  downward,  especially  in 
the  middle.     [<  Sw.  mcka,  settle.] 

sa-|^a^cious,  sa-ge'shus,  a.  Keen;  shrewd; 
wise;  quick  of  scent,  as  abound.  [<  L.  sagio, 
perceive  quickly.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  «.— sa- 
gac'i-ty,  so-gas'i-ti,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sagacious;  ready  and  accurate  judgment. 

sage,  sej,  a.  1.  Characterized  by  calm,  far- 
seeing  wisdom  and  prudence.  2.  Befitting  a 
sage;  profound.     [F.] 

sag;ei,  n.  A  venerable  man  of  experience, 
prudence,  and  foresight. 

sage^,  n.  A  plant  of  the  mint  family,  used  for 
flavoring  meats,  etc.     [<  F.  sauge.] 

Sag'^it-ta'ri-us,  saj"i-te'ri-u8  or  sg" 
git-tn'ri-us,    n.    -     \ 
Astron.    1.  A  zo-   % 
diacal     constella-    .a  ^ 
tion,  the  Archer. 
2.  The  ninth  sign 
of  the  zodiac,  with 
the     symbol      $ . 
[L.] 

sa'go,  se'gO  or  sg'- 
go,  n.  A  farina- 
ceous food  pre- 
pared from  inner 
portions  of  vari- 
ous palms,  [< 
Malay  sagi/.l 

sa^hib,  su'ib,  n. 
Master;  lord;  Mr.; 
sir.  [Hind.,  <  Ar. 
sahib.]  " 

said,  sed,  imp.  &  pp.  of  say,  v. 

sail^  sel,  v.  I.  t.  To  manage  the  motion  of 
on  the  water;  navigate,  it.  i.  1.  To  be 
driven  forward  on  the  water  by  the  wind:  said 
also  of  mechanical  propulsion,  as  by  steam. 
2.  To  travel  by  water.  3.  To  begin  a  voyage. 
4.  To  float,  as  a  cloud.  [<  AS.  seglian,  < 
segL  sail.]  —  saiPer,  n.  A  vessel  that  sails.— 
saiPor,  n.    A  seaman;  mariner. 

sail,  n.   1.  A  piece  of  canvas,  etc.,  attached,  as 

■  to  the  mast  or  yards  of  a  vessel,  to  secure  its 

propulsion  by  the  wind.     2.  A  sailing  vessel 

or  craft.   3.  A  trip  in  a  sailing  vessel.    [<  AS. 

segl.,  sail.]  —  saiPooat'',  n.    A  small  boat  pro- 

Eelled  by  a  sail  or  sails.- saiPscIoth'',  n.  Any 
eavy  fabric  suitable  for  sails. 

saint,  sent.  F.  vt.  To  canonize;  venerate  as 
a  saint.  II.  a.  Holy;  canonized:  as  a  title, 
abbreviated  to  St.  III.  n.  1.  A  holy,  godly, 
or  sanctified  person.  2.  Such  a  person  who 
has  died  and  oeen  enrolled  among  those  ven- 
erated by  certain  churches,  as  the  Ponian  Cath- 
olic. 3.  Any  one  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.  4. 
An  angel. —  sainPed,  a.  Numbered  among 
the  saints;  consecrated;  beatified. -sniiit'Il- 
ness,  n.  The  quality  of  being  saintly.—  saint'- 
ly,  a.    Like  a  saint;  godly;  holy. 

sake,  sek,  n.  1.  Purpose  of  obtaining  or  ac- 
complishing. 2.  Interest;  regard.  [<  AS. 
sacu.,  strife^] 

sa-laam',  sa-lflm'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  greet  with 
or  make  a  salaam.  II.  71.  A  respectful  Ori- 
ental salutation  approaching  prostration.  [< 
Ar.  (talam,  <  salm,  salutingj 

saPad,  sal'ad,  n.  A  dish  of  green  herbs  or 
vegetables,  usually  uncooked  and  served  with 
a  dressing.    [  <  F.  salade,.  <  L.^^  sal,  salt.] 


popfl,  gak;  at,  ftlr;  elfmfint,  th§y,  nsfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rflle;  bnt,  flr; 


395 


salam 
sanctity 


saPa-ried 


Ma-Iam',  v.  &  n.    Same  as  salaam. 

sara-xnan'^der,  eara-man"dgr, 
like  amphibian  without 
scales,  formerly  fabled  to 
live  in  and  extinguish  fire. 
[<  Gr.i'+F  salamandra,  sal 
amander.]  —  sal'^a-man'- 
drinCe,  a. 

sal'a-ry,  sal'a-ri,  n. 
[-RiEs^,  pi.']  A  periodical 
allowance  as  compensation 
for  services.  [Kl^fi^  sala- 
riiim,  <  salarius,  of  salt.]  - 

sale,  eel,  n.  1.  The  act  of  selling.  2.  An 
auction.  3.  Opportunity  of  selling;  market. 
[<  AS.  sola,  <  sellan,  sell.]— sa-'la-blCe,  a. 
Alarketable.— sales'man,  n.  [-men,  pl.l  A 
man  who  sells  goods.— sales'woni ''an,  7i./em. 

sal'^e-ra'tus,  sarg-re'tus,  n.  Potassium  or 
sodium  bicarbonate,  for  use  in  cookery;  cook- 
ing'soda.    [<  NL.  sal  aeraius.,  aerated  salt.] 

sali-eut,  se'li-gnt.  I.  a.  1.  Standing  out 
prominently;  striking.  2.  Extending  beyond 
the  general  line;  projecting.  3.  Leaping; 
springing.  II.  n.  A  salient  angle,  as  of  a 
fortification.    [<  F.  saiUant,  <  L.  salio,  leap.] 

sa'line,  se'lain  orsa-lain',  a.  Constituting  or 
consisting  of  salt;  containing  salt;  salty. 

sa-li'va,  sa-lai'va  or  -li'va,  n.  The  fluid  se- 
creted by  the  glands  of  the  mouth;  spittle.  [L.] 
—  sal'i-va-ry,  sal'i-ve-ri,  a.  —  sal'i-vate, 
sal'i-vgt,  vt.  [-VA'TEDd;  -va'ting.]  To  produce 
salivation  In.— sal^'i-va'tion,  n.  An  abnor- 
mally increased  flow  of  saliva. 

sariow,  sal'O,  a.  Of  an  unhealthy  yellow- 
ish color.     [<  AS.  salo,  sallow.]    -ness,  n. 

sal'low,  n.  Any  one  of  various  willows.  [< 
AS.  sealh,  sallow.] 

saFly,  sal'i.  I.  vi.  [sal'lied;  sal'ly-ing.] 
To  make  a  sally;  set  out  with  spirit.  II.  n. 
[sal' LIES'',  pi.]  1.  A  rushing  forth,  as  of  be- 
sieged troops  against  besiegers;  sortie.  2.  A 
going  forth,  as  on  a  walk.  3.  A  sudden  over- 
flow of  spirits.    [<  L.o^sa^io,  leap.] 

salxn'on,  sam'un,  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the  North 
Atlantic,  brownish 
above,  silvery  on  the 
sides,  with  black 
spots.  2.  A  color  of 
a  reddish*  or  pink- 
ish-orange tint.  [<  Salmon.  1/37 
F.  saumon.,  <  L.  salmo(n-),  salmon.] 

sa"lon',  sg'iefi',  n.  An  apartment  in  which 
company  is  received;  a  drawing-room;  hence,  a 
fashionable  reception.     [F.] 

sa-loon',  sa-lun',  n.  1.  A  drawing-room  or 
assembly-room.  2.  [U.S.]  A  grog-shop.  [< 
F.  salon;  see  salon.] 

salt,  sSlt.  I<J.  vt.  To  apply  salt  to;  cure  or 
season  with  salt.  II.  a.  1.  Flavored  with 
salt;  briny.  2.  Cured  with  salt.  3.  Contain- 
ing salt.  III.  n.  1.  A  widely  distributed 
compound  of  chlorin  and  sodium,  abundant 
in  sea-water.  2.  Chem.  A  compound  of  any 
base  with  an  acid.  [ <  AS.  sealf,  salt.]  —  salt'- 
cel"lar,  ri.  A  small  receptacle  for  table-salt.— 
salt'ness,  n. 

sal'ta-to-ry,  a.     Moving  by  leaps;  leaping. 

salf'pe'ter,  I  sSlfpt'tgr,  w.     Niter.    [<  L.f 

salt'pe'tre, )  sal,  salt,  -\-petra,  rock.] 


sa-lu'bri-ous,  sa-lu'bri-us,  o.    Conducive  to 
health;  healthful;  wholesome.    [<  L.salvbris, 
<  salvs,  health.]   -ly,  adv. —  sa-lu'bri-ty,  sa- 
lu'bri-tf,  fi.    sa-lu'bri-ous-nessl:. 
sal'u-ta-ry,  sal'yu-tg-ri,  a.  Calculated  to  bring 
about  a  sound  condition  by  correcting  evil  or 
promoting  good ;  corrective;  beneficial;  health- 
ful.   [<  L.  salutaris,  <  salus,  health.] 
sal"u-ta'tlon,  sal "yu-te'shun,  n.    The  act  of 
saluting;   a  greeting.  —  sa-lu"ta-to'ri-an,  n. 
;      One  who  delivers  a  salutatory. —  sa-lu'ta-to- 
]      i*y.  I.  «.  Pertaining  to  salutation.  II.  n.  [U.S.] 
I      [-KIES1,  pl.'\    The  opening  oration  at  the  com- 
}      mencement  In  a  school  or  college. 
sa-lute',  sa-lut',  v.  ^sa-lu'ted^;  sa-lu'ting,] 

1.  ^    1.  To  accost  m  welcome  or  reverence. 

2.  To  honor  with  an  oflicial  salute.    II.  i. 
To  offer  a  salute.     [<  L.  salnto,  salute.] 

sa-lute',  n.  1.  A  greeting  by  display  of  mili- 
tary, naval,  or  other  oflicial  honors.  2.  The 
act  of  or  attitude  assumed  in  giving  a  military 
salute.    3.  A  salutation.    4.  A  kiss. 

sal'vage,  sal'v§j,  n.  1.  The  saving  of  a  ship, 
cargo,  etc.,  from  loss.  2.  That  which  is  res- 
cued from  shipwreck;  also,  compensation  to 
the  rescuers.     [OF.,  ult.  <  L.  salvus,  safe.] 

sal-va'tion,  sal-ve'shun,  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  saved.  2.  Deliverance  from  sin  and 
penalty,  realized  in  a  future  state.  3.  Any 
means  of  deliverance  from  evil.  [<  LL.  saiva- 
fio(n-),  <  salvo,  save.] 

salv(e,  sflv,  w.  1.  A  thick,  adhesive  ointment 
for  local  ailments.     2.  Anything  that  heals 


or  mollifies.     [<  AS.  seal/,  salve.J 
sal'ver,  sal'vgr,  n.    A  tray,  as  of  silver. 


[< 


Sp.  salva,  <  salvar,  save.] 

sal'vo,  sal'vO,  n.  A  simultaneous  discharge 
of  artillery.     [<  It.  salva,  a  salute.] 

same,  sem,  a.  1.  Having  individual  or  spe- 
cific identity;  identical.  2.  Similar  in  kind; 
equal.  [  <  Ice.  samr,  same.]  —  same'ness,  n. 
1 .  Lack  of  change  or  variety.  3.  Close  simi- 
larity.   3.  Identity. 

saiu'pl(e,  sam'pl.  I.  vt.  [sam'pl(e)d;  sam'- 
PLiNG.]_^  To  test  by  means  of  a  portion  or  speci- 
men. II.  w.  A  portion,  part,  or  piece  taken 
as  a  representative  of  the  whole.  [<  OF.  ex- 
ample, example.]  —  sam'pler,  n.  1 .  One  who 
tests  by  samples;  one  who  exhibits  samples.  3. 
Formerly,  a  piece  of  needlework  as  a  sample. 

san'a-tiv(e,  san'a-tiv,  a.  Healing;  sanatory. 
[<  L.  sanatus,  pp.  of  sano,  heal.]  —  san"a- 
to'ri-um,  n.  A  health  retreat.— san'a-to- 
ry,  a.    Curative. 

sanc'ti-fy,  saijc'ti-fai,  t!^.  [-pied;  -fy"ing.] 
1.  To  make  holy;  purify.  2.  To  set  apart 
as  holy;  consecrate.  [<  F.  sanctifier,  make 
holy.]  —  sanc"tl-fl-ca'tion,  71.  The  act  of 
sanctifying,  or  the  state  of  being  sanctified. 

sanc'ti-mo-ny ,  sa^c'ti-mo-ni,  n.  A  show  of 
holiness;  exaggerated  gravity  or  solemnity. 
[<  L.OF  sanctimonia,  holiness.]  —  8anc"tl- 
mo'ni-ous,  a.    -\y,adv.    -ness,  n. 

sanc'tion,  sa^c'shun.  I.  vt.  To  approve 
authoritatively;  approve;  countenance,  ll.  n. 
1.  Final  and  authoritative  confirmation;  iustifi- 
cation;  confirmation.  2.  A  formal  decree. 
[F.,  <  Tv.  sanctio(n-),  decree.] 

sanc'ti-ty,  saijc'ti-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  pi.]  The 
state  of  being  holy;  holiness;  sacrednees:  sol- 
emnity,   sanc'ti-tudet. 


flut|flre    (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   ©11;    c   (k);    chat;    db   (<Ae);   go;  bIuk,  i^k;    thin. 


sanctuary 
Satan 


896 


Sandals. 


sano'tu-ar'^y,      8aijc'chu-[or  -tju-Jer'i,    n. 

[-IES»,  pZ.]    1.  A  holy  or  sacred  place.     3.  A 

Slace  or  refnge;  asylum;  hence,  immunity.  [< 
'.  sanctuaire,  <  L.^  sanctus,  holy.] 

sanc'tnm,  sanc'tum,  n.  A  Bacred  spot;  collo- 
quially, a  private  room,  as  of  an  editor.    [L.] 

sand,  sand.  I^.  vt.  To  sprinkle,  cover,  or 
mix  with  sand.  II.  n.  1.  A  hard,  granular, 
comminuted  rock -material  finer  than  gravel 
and  coarser  than  dust.  2.  pi.  Sandy  wastes. 
3.  [Slang,  U.  S.l  Grit;  courage.  [<  AS. 
sand,  sand.]  —  8and'pa''per,  n.  Stout  paper 
coated  with  sand,  for  smoothing  or  polishing. 
—  sand'stone^^  n.  A  rock  consisting  chiefly 
of  quartz  sand  cemented  with  silica.  — sand'y, 
a.  1,  Consisting  of  or  covered  with  sand.  3, 
Yellowi8h»red  in  color. — sand'i-nes8,  n. 

san'dal,  san'dal,  n.  1.  A  foot'covering,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a 
sole  only,  held  to  the 
foot  by  thongs.  2. 
A  light  slipper  or 
oversnoe.  T  <  Gr. 
mndalion,  dim.  of 
mndalon,  sandal.] 

san '  dal  -  "wood  " , 
san'dal-wud",  n. 
The  fragrant  wood 
of  any  one  of  several 
East  -  Indian  trees. 
[Ult.  <  Sans.  Chan-  l.  Roman  Bandal.  2.  Egyp- 
dana.']  tia^  sandal. 

•and'wicli.sand'wich.  I«.  vt.  To  place  be- 
tween two  layers.  II.  n.  Two  thin  slices  of 
bread,  having  between  them  meat,  cheese,  or 
the  like.    [<  the  4th  earl  of  8andwich.\ 

sane,  s6n,  a.  1.  Mentall^r  sound.  2.  Pro- 
ceeding from  a  sound  mmd.  [<  L.  sanvs^ 
whole.]    -ly,  adv.    -neas,  n. 

Hanir«  sang,  imp.  of  stng,  v. 

8aii*ga-ree',  san'ga-rl'.n.  Red  wine  and  water, 
Bpiccd  and  sugared.   [<  ^T^.sangr'ui, '  bleeding.'] 

»nnHr"sfroid',  sQn'-frwii',  n.  Calmness  of  de- 
iMcaiior  amid  trying  circumstances.    [F.l 

san'guinie,  sa^'gwin,  a.  1.  Of  buoyant 
disposition;  hopeful;  confident.  2.  Having 
the  color  of  blood;  of,  like,  or  full  of  blood.  [< 
!>  J  sanguineus.  <  sangvis,  blood.]  —  san'^sui- 
na-ry,  san'Kwl-ne-rl,  a.  1,  Attended  with  blood- 
shed.   2.  Hloodthlrsty.    3.  Consisting  of  blood. 

San'he-drin,  (  san'h§-drin,  -drim,  n.    The 

San'he-drinx,  f  supreme  council  of  the  Jew- 
ish nati(m.  [<  Heb.  sanked?1n,  <  Gr.  syne- 
drion,  <  sijn,  with, -{- hedra,  seat.l 

•an'i-ta-ry,  san'i-tc-ri,  a.  1.  Relating  to 
the  preservation  of  liealth.  2.  Same  as  san- 
atory. [<  L.  sanifas;  see  sanity.]  — san''- 
i-ta'rl-nn,  san'l-tC'rl-an,  a.  &  7t.— nan^i-ta- 
rl-Iy,  r/f/r.— 8an''l-ta'ri-nin,  san'i-te'ri-uni 
or  -tcj'rl-um,  n.  I-vmsi  or  -iu-a,  pi.]  A  B&n&U)- 
num.— Haii^'l-ta'tion,  n.  The  practical  appli- 
cation of  sanitary  science. 

•an'i-ty,  san'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being  sane. 
[<  L.  sanitas,  <  /fom/«,  whole;  see  sank.] 

«ank,  sank,  imp.  of  sink,  v. 

iianM/,  Hrtn  or  HHnz,  prqa.    Without.    [F.] 

San'skrlt,  san'skrit,  n.  The  ancient  and  clas- 
hical  language  preserved  in  the  Hindu  sacred 
writings.    [<  Sans,  samskrita,  perfect.] 

•ap,  sap,  vt.  A  vi.  [sAPPKU';  sap'pino.I  1. 
To  make  weak;  enervate;  impair.  2.  MU.  To 
undermine,  as  a  wall,  by  digging.—  sap/per,  n. 


sapi,  n.  1.  The  liquid  juice  of  plants.  2.  Any 
vital  fluid;  vitality.   [<  AS.  ^ap.]— sap'less,  a. 

sap^,  n.  Mil.  A  deep,  narrow  ditch  in  con- 
nection with  siege-works.    [<  LL.^sapa,  hoe.] 

sa'pi-ence,  ee'pi-gns,  w.  Wisdom  or  knowl- 
edge. [¥.,<  L.  sapientia,  wisdom.]  sa'pl- 
en-cyt.— sa'pi-ent,  a.  Wise. 

sap^lin^,  sap'ling,  n.    A  young  tree. 

sa-pon'I-fy,  sa-pen'i-fai,  vt.  [-riED ;  -fy'- 
ING.]  To  convert  into  soap.  [<  L.  sapo{7i-), 
soap,  +  -FY.]— sap'^o-na'ceous,  a.  Of  the 
nature  of  soap.— sa-pon''i-fi-ca'tion,  n. 

sap'phire,  eaf'air  or  eaf'gr,  n.  1.  A  hard, 
transparent,  colored  mineral  cut  for  a  gem : 
usually  blue.  2.  Deep  pure  blue.  [Ult.  < 
Heb.  sappir,  sapphire. T" 

sap'py,  sap'i,  a.  1.  Full  of  sap;  juicy.  2. 
Immature;  silly.— sap'pi-ness,  w. 

Sar'a-cen,  sar'a-sen,  n.  A  nomad  Arab;  a 
Moslem  enemy  of  the  medieval  Christians. 
[<  hx.^'^  sharqin.  Oriental.]— Sar^'a-een'ie,  a. 

sar^casm,  sflr'cazm,  n.  A  keenly  ironical  or 
scornful  utterance.  [<  Gr.  sarkazo,  tear  flesh, 
sneer.]  —  sar-cas'tic,  a.  Taunting;  cutting. 
sar-cas'tic-alt.-  sar-cas'tic-al-ly,  adv. 

sar-copli'a-gus,  sOr-cef'a-gus,  n.    [-gi,  -jai 


Sarcophagus. 

or  -gt,  pi.]    A  stone  coffin   or  a   chest-like 

tomb.    [<  Gr.  sarx,  flesh,  -\-phagei7i,  eat.] 
sar-din(e',  sQr-din',  n.    A  small  herring-like 

fish  preserved  in  oil.     [F.] 
sar'di-us,  sQr'di-us,  n.    1.  A  red  gem  stone. 

2.  A  stone  in  the  breastplate  of  the  Hebrew 

high  priest,  sar'dinel:;  sard$. 
sar-don^ic,  sflr-den'ic,  a.    1.  Insincere  and  • 

derisive  ;  sneering.    2.  Unnatural  or  forced, 

as  laughter.    [<  Gr.^  sardanios,  bitter.] 
sar'do-nyx,  eflr'do-nix,  n.  A  variety  of  onyx 

consisting  of  alternate  layers  of  chalcedony  and 

reddish  carnelian. 
sar^'sa-pa-riiaa,  sdr'sa-pa-ril'a,  n.     The 

dried  roots  of  a  tropical  American  climbing 

riant;  also,  a  preparation  made  from  them. 
<  Sp.  zarzaparilla,  <  zarza,  bramble,  -f 

parra,  vine.] 
sarse'net,  sflrs'net,  n.   A  fine,  thin  silk,  used 

for  linings.     [<  LL.  sara- 

cenatus,  <  Saracenys,  Sara- 
cen.]   sarce^net^:. 
sash.!,  sash,  w.    A  frame,  as 

of  a  window,  in  which  glass 

is  set.    [<  L.*'  capsa,  case.] 
sasli',   n.    An   ornamental 

band,  worn  as  around  the 

waist.  [  <  Per.  s/iasf,  girdle.] 
sas'sa-fjras,  sas'a-fras,  v. 

A  tree  of  the  laurel  family; 

also,  the  bark  of  the  roots, 

an  aromatic  stimulant.     [< 

L.i^p  saxifraga.]  ,  -  ^  prnlt 

Mat .  sat.  imp.  of  sit.  v.  Batet.    .'/thp  ci^safrag 
Sa'tan,  sd'tan,  n.   The  chief    "^  ^^'^  Bassafnu. 

of  evil  spirits;  the  devil.    [<  Heb.  sUtSn,  ene- 


popfi,  98k;  at,  ftir;  element,  thfiy,  us^ge;  It,  g,  t  (ee);  o,  6h;  ©rat^r,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but, 


397 


satcliel 
saw 


my.]  — sa-tan'ic,  a.  Devilish;  infernal;  wick- 
ed,   sa-tan'ic-alt.— sa-tan'ic-al-ly,  adv. 

satcll'el,  sach'el,  n.    A  small  hand-bag. 

sate',  set,  v<.  [sa'ted'';  sa'ting.]  To  satisfy 
the  appetite  of;  satiate.     [Abbre.  of  satiate.] 

sate^ll,  imp.  of  sit,  v. 

sat'ei-lite,  sat'el-ait,  n.  A  secondary  planet, 
as  the  moon,  revolving  round  a  primary;  an  ob- 
sequious attendant.    [F.,  <  L.  satelles,  guard.] 

sa'tl-ate,  se'shi-et.  I.  xt.  &  vi.  [sa'ti-a"- 
TED**;  sa'ti-a'ting.]  To  gratify  to  the  utmost; 
satisfy  desire  or  need  to  or  beyond  the  utmost 
limit.  II.  a.  Filled  to  satiety;  satiated.  [<L. 
satio.,  pp.  satiatus,  <  satis,  enough.]  —  sa'tia- 
bl(e,  a.— sa-ti'e-ty,  sa-tal'§-tl,  n.  [-ties*,  pZ.] 
Repletion;  surfeit,    sa'^ti-a'tiont. 

sat'in,  sat'in,  n.  Asilk  fabric  of  thick  texture, 
with  glossy  face  and  dull  back.  [F.]  —  saf'i- 
net',  sat'i-net',  n.  1.  A  strong  fabric  with  cot- 
ton warp  and  woolen  filling,    3.  A  thin  satin. 

sat'ire,  sat'air,  n.  The  employment  of  sar- 
casm, irony,  or  ridicule;  any  writiuj^  in  which 
vice  or  folly  is  held  up  to  ridicule.  [F.  J— sa-tir'- 
ic,  sa-tir'ic-al,  sa-tlr'ic, -al,  a.— sa-tir'ic- 
al-ly,  adv.—  sat'i-rist,  sat'i-rist,  «.  A  writer 
of  satire.— sat'i-rize,  vt.  [-kized;  -ui'zing.] 
To  treat  with  sarcasm;  ridicule,   sat'i-riset. 

sat'is-fy,  sat'is-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  gratify  to  the  full;  content.  2.  To  free 
from  doubt  or  anxiety.  3.  To  pay  off  or  dis- 
charge. II.  i.  To  give  satisfaction.  [<  F. 
satisfaire,  <  L.  satis,  enough,  -\-facio,  make.] 

—  safis-fac'tion,  w.  1.  Complete  gratifl- 
cation.  3.  The  making  of  amends  or  payment. 
3.  That  which  satisfies.— gat''is-fac'to-ry,  a. 
Giving  satisfaction ;  atoning.—  sat'^is-fac'to- 
ri-ly,  art?).- sat'^is-fac'to-ri-ness,  n. 

sa'trap,  se'trap  orsat'rap,  n.  A  governor  of  a 
province  in  ancient  Persia;  hence,  any  petty  ruler 
under  a  despot.    [<  Gr.  satrapos.'] 

sat^u-rate,  sach'u-ret  or  sat'yu-ret.  I.  vt. 
[-ra'ted"*  ;  -RA"TiNG.]  To  soak  or  imbue 
thoroughly;  fill  to  the  utmost.  II.  a.  Satu- 
rated.   [<  L.  saluratusy  pp.,  <  satur,  full.] 

—  sat'u-ra-bl(e,  a. —  gat'^u-ra'tiou,  n. 
The  act  of  saturating;  complete  impregnation. 

Sat'ur-day,  sat'iir-de,  n.  The  seventh  or  last 
day  of  the  week.  [<  AS.  Sseterdseg.,  <  L. 
Saturyius,  Saturn,  +  AS.  daeg,  day.] 

Sat'urn,  sat'ijrn,  n.  1.  The  planet  next  be- 
yond Jupiter.  2.  Myth.  Thegodofeeed=time 
and  harvest.  [<  L.  Saturnus,  <  satus,  pp.  of 
sero,  sow.]  — Sa-tiir'ni-an,  a.  —  8at'ur-nin(e, 
a.  1 .  Under  the  Influence  of  the  planet  Saturn; 
gloomy;  morose.    "Z,  LS-]  Pertaining  to  Saturn. 

sat'yr,  sat'^jr  or  se'tgr,  n.  Gr.  3Iyth.  A  wood- 
land deity,  having  goat'like 
ears,  pug-nose,  short  tail, 
and  budding  horns.  [<  Gr. 
satyros,  a  satyr.]  —  sa-tyr'- 
ic,  sa-tir'lc,  a. 

sauce,  SOS.  I.  vt.  [sAtxcEDt; 
SAU'ciNG.]  To  dress  with 
sauce;  season;  give  zest  to. 
TL.  n.  1.  An  appetizing  ac- 
companiment of  a  meal.  2.  HpadofaSifv 
A  dish  of  fruit>pulp  stewed  "^^^  °^  ^  ^^'^ 
and  sweetened.     [F.,  <  L.  salsa,  salt  food.] 

—  saii'cer,  sS'ser,  n.  A  small  dish  for  hold- 
ing a  cup,  or  in  which  to  serve  fruits,  etc.—  sau'- 
cy,  sS'sI.  a.  [SAU'ci-EK;  SAu'ci-EST.l  1.  Disre- 
spectful to  superiors;  Impudent,  tj.  Piquant; 
sprightly.- sau'ci-ly,  arfw.— sau'ci-ness,  n. 


saun'ter,  san't^r.  I.  vi.  To  walk  in  a 
leisurely  or  lounging  way  ;  stroll.  II.  n.  1. 
A  careless,  leisurely  manner  of  walking.  2. 
An  idle  stroll.  [<  OF.  s'aventurer,  for  se, 
self,  4-  aventurer,  adventure.] 

sau'ri-an,  se'ri-cm,  or  sau'-,  n.  A  lizard,  or  a 
lizard'like  reptile.     [<  Gr.  sauros,  lizard.] 

sau'sage,  se'sgj,  n.  Finely  chopped  and 
highly  seasoned  meat,  commonly  stuffed  into 
the  prepared  entrails  of  some  animal.  [<  F. 
saucisse,  <  L.  salsus,  pp.  of  salio,  salt.] 

sav'age,  sav'ej.  I.  a.  1.  Wild  and  untamed; 
uncivilized;  primitive.  2.  Enraged;  cruel.  II. 
n.  A  wild  and  uncivilized  human  being;  bru- 
tal person;  barbarian.  [<  F.  sauvage,  <  L. 
sUvaiicus,  <  silva,  wood.]  -ly,  adv.  —  sav'- 
age-ry,  n.  1,  The  state  of  being  savage. 
sav'age-nesst.    i2<  Savages  collectively. 

sa-van^'na,     ;  sa-van'a,  n.    A  treeless  plain. 

sa-van'nahi,  I  [<  O.  Sp.  savana,  sheet.] 

sa'^vaut',  sg"van',  n.  [sa'vants'  or  SA'vANs't, 
pL]    A  man  of  special  learning.    [F.] 

save,  sev,  V.  [saved;  sa'ving.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  make  safe;  rescue;  protect.  2.  To  prevent 
waste  of.  3.  To  prevent;  excuse.  II.  i.  1. 
To  avoid  needless  waste;  be  economical.  2. 
To  be  preserved.  [<  F.  sauver,  <  L.  salvus, 
safe.]  — sa'ver,  n. 

save,  prep.  &  conj.    Excepting;  unless. 

sa'ving,  se'ving.  I.  prep.  &  co-nj.  1.  With 
the  exception  of;  save.  2.  Without  disrespect 
to.  II.  pa.  Redeeming;  economical;  quali- 
fying. III.  n.  1.  Preservation;  redemption. 
2 .  Avoidance  of  waste  •  economy.  3 .  pi.  Sums 
laid  away. —  sa'vingssbank'',  n.  An  institu- 
tion for  receiving  and  Investing  savings  and 
paying  Interest  on  deposits. 

Sa'vior,     |  se'vi^r,  n.    1.  Jesus  Christ,  the 

Sa'viour,  f  Redeemer.  2.  [s-]  One  who  saves 
or  rescues.     [<  LL.*"  salvator,  savior.] 

salvor,  se'vgr,  v.  I.  t.  1||.  To  have  the  flavor 
of.  2.  To  season.  II.  i.  To  have  a  specified 
flavor  or  quality.  [<  F.  savourer.,  <  L.  sap&r, 
taste.]    sa'vourt. 

sa'vor,  71.  Flavor;  relish;  specific  quality; 
flavor,  sa'vour:}:.— sa'vor-y,  se'ver-i,  a.  1. 
Appetizing.    3,  In  good  repute. 

sa'vor-y,  n.    A  hardy  annual  aromatic  herb. 

sawS  se,  V.  [sawed  or  sawn;  saw'ing.]  1. 1. 
To  cut,  shape,  or  fashion  with  a  saw.    II.  ?. 

I.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw.  2.  To  use  or  make 
motions  like  one  using  a  saw. 

saw",  imp.  of  see,  v. 

sa'Wi  ,n.  1 .  A  cutting«instrument  with  pointed 
teeth  arranged  con- 
tinuously along  the 
edge  of  the  blade.  2. 
A  machine  for  oper- 
ating a  saw  or  gang 
of  saws.  [<  AS. 
saga,  saw.]  —  saw'- 
<lu8t'%  11.     Small 

fragments,    as     of 

wood,  cut  or  torn  out 

\lor\Jrn7  r ru;-- 1-  Hand-saw.  3.  Meat=saw. 
port  to  sustain  wood  In  sawing.— saw'niill", 

II.  1.  An  establishment  for  sawing  logs  into 
lumber.  *J.  A  large  sawlng-machlne.  —  »B.w'a 
set'',  n.  An  Instrument  to  give  set  to  the  teeth 
of  a  saw.  — sawder,  se'ygr,  n.    1.  One  who 

[Western  U.  S.]  A  fallen  tree  the 


saws  logs.    a. 


flutjfire   (future);   aisle;  au   (out);   ell;   c  (k):   cbat;   dli  (^^e);  go;  sing,  iigik;  tbin. 


saw 
scanty- 


Purple  Saxifrage. 


root  end  of  which  rests  on  the  bottom  of  a  stream, 
the  top  rising  and  falling  with  the  current. 

saw2,  ee,  n.  A  proverbial  or  familiar  saying. 
[<  AS.  sagu^  <  secgan;  see  say,  v.'] 

sax^i-frage,  8ax'i-fr§j,  n.    A  perennial  herb, 
growing  lu  rocky  places. 
[F.,  <  L.  saxvm,  stone, 
-\-frango^  break.] 

Sax'on,  sax'un.  I 
Pertaining  to  the 
Haxons.  II.  n.  1. 
One  of  a  Teutonic 
tribe  that  conquered 
England  in  the  5th 
and  6th  centuries.  2. 
An  Anglo-Saxon.  3.  A  native  of  Saxony.  4. 
The  language  of  the  Saxons.    [<  AS.  Seaxan.'\ 

say,  se,  ^^  [said,  sed;  say'ing.]  I.t.  1.  To 
speak;  utter:  also,  to  declare  either  orally  or 
in  writing.  2.  To  suppose.  II.  i.  To  make 
an  assertion.     [<  AS.  secgan,  say.] 

say,  n.  What  one  has  said  or  has  to  say.— 
Hay'ing:,  n.    An  utterance;  a  maxim. 

scab,  scab,  n.  1.  A  crust  formed  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  sore.  2.  A  contagious  disease  among 
wheep.  [  <  L.AS  scabies,^  itch.]  —  scabbed,  a. 
—  scab'by,  «.  —  scab'bi-ness,  n. 

scab^bard,  scab'ard,  n.  A  sheath,  as  of  a 
sword.     [<  OF.  escauhei\  scabbard.] 

scarf  old,  scaf'old,  n.  1.  A  temporary  ele- 
vated struc- 
ture for  the 
support  of 
workmen, 
materials, 
etc.,  as  in 
building.  2. 
A  platform 
for  the  exe- 
cution of 
criminals. 
[<  F.  echa- 
faud,  scaf- 
fold.] 

—  scaf- 
fold-iugr,  11 

scald,  sceld. 


C^ 'S^ 


Exposure  of  the  Dead  on  Scaffolds 

by  Sioux  Indians. 
,  A  scaffold,  or  system  of  scaffolds. 
I"*,  vt.  To  burn  with  a  hot  fluid ; 
cook  slightly  in  hot  liquid;  cleanse  with  very 
hot  water.  II.  n.  An  act  of  scalding,  or  the 
injury  inflicted  by  it.  [<  L.o*"  ex^  out,  + 
caldiis,  hot.] 
scale!,  skel,  v.     [scaled;  sca'ling.]     I.  t. 

1.  To  clear  of  or  to  cover  with  scale  or  scales. 

2.  To  pare  down.    II.  t.     1.  To  come  off,  as 
scales  or  flakes.    2.  To  become  crusted. 

scale^,  vt.  1.  To  surmount  by  climbing.  2. 
To  make  a  drawing  of,  accoraing  to  a  scale. 

3.  To  reduce  according  to  a  scale.    [<  L.'-'- 
ticala,  ladder.] 

scaled,  vt.    To  weigh. 

scale',  n.  1.  Zool.  One  of  the  thin,  flat,  mem- 
branous outgrowths  of  the  skin  of  fishes  or 
reptiles.  See  illus.  in  next  column.  2.  Any 
incrustation,  as  of  iron-rust;  scab,  [<  AS. 
ifceale,  scale.] 

scale^,  n.  1.  The  niled  lines  on  a  measure, 
or  a  measure  so  ruled.  2.  A  system  of  fixed 
units  of  measurement.  3.  Any" graded  series; 
a  gradation.  4.  Afus.  The  tones  or  notes  in 
an  octave  or  more.    [  <  L.  scala,  ladder.] 


^ 


Scales  of  Fishes. 
Principal  types  of  scales  nsed 
n    classification:     1.  Cycloid. 
Ctenoid.    3.  Ganoid.    4.  Un- 


with  scallops.  II. 
n.  1.  A  bivalve 
having  a  subcircu- 


Mnnll  pointed  knife 


scale^,  7h  1.  The  platform  or  pan  of  a  weigh- 
ing-instrument or  balance;  also,  the  balance 
itself.  2.  p/.  Any  form  of  , 
weighing-machine.  [<  - 
AS.  scale,  bowl.] 

sca-lene^      sca-ltn',     a. 
Having   sides   no   two  of 
which    are    equal. 
[<  L.  scalenus,  un- 
even.] 

Mcal'Iioii,  scaryun, 
n.  Same  as  SHALLOT. 

scariop,  scel'up. 
I',  vt.  1.  To  cook 
in  a  scallop;  bake, 
as  oysters,  with 
crums  and  season-    ,         .        ,        i   *       ..u 

iiirr       O     rvr,    oV,.^,^a    dcr  surface  of  E  scalc  froHi  the 
mg.      a.lO   shape    lateral    line    of   Labrichthys 
laticlavius,  showing  a  mucus- 
bearing  dnct  (a)  ramifying  into 
several  orifices  on  the  surface. 

lar  shell  with  radiating  ribs  and  wavy  edge; 
also,  its  shell,  formerly  worn  as  a  pilgrim's 
badge.  2.  One  of  a  series  of  semicircular 
curves  along  an  edge.  [<  OF.  escalope,  <  D. 
schelp,  shell.]    scollop:):. 

scalp,  scalp.  I',  vt.  To  tear  or  remove  the 
scalp  from.  II.  n.  The  skin,  or  skin  and  hair, 
of  the  top  of  the  skull.     [=  scallop.] 

scal'pel'',  scal'per,  n.   A 
used  in  dissec- 
tions   and    in 
surgery.     [F.J 

sca'ly,   ske'li,  scalpel  for  Dissecting. 

a.      Covered 

with  scales;  of  the  nature  of  a  scale;  incrusted; 
scurfy.—  sca'li-iiess,  n. 

scanipt,  scamp,  vt.  To  perform  carelessly  or  dis- 
honestly.   [<  Ice.  skamta;  see  scant,  «.] 

scamp,  n.  A  confirmed  rogue;  rascal.  [< 
OF.  escamper;  see  scamper,  ■?>.] 

scam'per,  scam'pgr.  I.  vi.  To  hurry  to 
escape;  hasten  away.  II.  n.  A  hurried  flight. 
[<  li.oF  ex,  out,  -f-  camjms,  field.] 

scan,  scan,  vt.  &  vi.  [scanned;  scan'ning.] 
1.  To  read  metrically;  conform  to  metrical 
rules.  2.  To  scrutinize.  [<  L.*"  scando, 
climb.] 

scan^dal,  scan'dal,  ii.  1.  The  heedless  or 
malicious  dissemination  of  evil  reports:  slan- 
der. 2.  Reproach  caused  by  disgraceful  con- 
duct. [ <  Gr.oF  gkandalon,  snare.]  — scan'dal- 
ize,  soan'dal-aiz,  i«.  I-ized; -i'zing.]  l.To 
shock  tlio  fei'llngs  of.  '2.  To  traduce;  malign. 
3.  To  l)riiiK  into  reproach.  scaii^daUiset* — 
Hcaii'dal-oiiM,  '/.  Causing  scandal;  disgrace- 
ful; Injurious  to  reputation. 

scan-so'ri-al,  scan-so'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  adapted  for  climbing.  [<  L.  scansofitis,  < 
scansus,  pp.  of  scando,  climb.] 

scant,  scant,  I'',  vt.&vi.  To  restrict  or  limit; 
stint;  become  scanty;  lessen;  fail.  II.  a.  1. 
Scarcely  enough.  2.  Insufllciently  supplied. 
[<  Iw.  skamta,  dole  out.] 

scantling,  scant'ling,  v.  Timber  less  than 
5  inches  in  breadth  and  thickness,  used  for 
studding,  etc, 

scant'y,  scant'l,  a.  [scant'i-kr:  scant'i-bst.] 
Limited  in  extent;  restricted  in  quantity  or 
number.— scant'!- ly,  adv. —  scant'i-ness,  n. 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  &ir;  elfm^nt,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rille;  hot,  Or; 


scape 
scbool 


scape,  skep,  n.  A  steni'like  part,  rising  from 
a  subterranean  or  depressed  stem,  as  in  the 
dandelion;  also,  the  shaft  of  a  feather  or  of  a 
column.     [F.,  <  L.  scapus,  stem.] 

scape'goat",  skep' got",  n.  1.  Bib.  A  goat 
upon  wnich  the  sins  of  the  people  were  sym- 
bolically laid,  and  which  was  then  sent  away 
into  the  wilderness.  2.  A  person  made  to 
bear  blame  for  others.  [person. 

scape'grace",   skep'gres',  n.    A  graceless 

scap'u-la,  scap'yu-la,  n.  [-LiE,  -li  or  -le,  pi.'] 
The  shoulder-blade.  [LL.,  <  L.  scapulse, 
shoulder-blades.]  —  scap'u-lar,  v.  R.  V.  Oh. 
A  narrow  strip  of  cloth  crossing  the  shoulders, 
worn  by  members  of  Iloraan  Catholic  orders. 

scar,  scdr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [scarred;  scar'- 
RiNG.]  To  mark,  or  becomed  marked,  with  a 
scar.  II.  ti.  The  mark  left  on  the  skin  after 
tlie  healing  of  a  wound;  any  mark  of  past  in- 
injury,  abrasion,  etc.     [<  L.^  eschara,  scab.] 

scarce,  scars,  a.  1.  Rare;  infrequent.  2. 
Scant.  —  scarce'ly,  adc.  Barely;  not  quite; 
hardly,  scarcel:!— scar'ci-ty,  scar'sl-tl,  7i. 
Scantiness;  Insufficiency,     scarce'nesst. 

scare,  scar.  I.  vf.  &  vi.  [scared;  scar'- 
iNG.l  To  frighten,  or  take  fright.  II.  n. 
Sudden  fright;  panic.  [<  Ice.  skjarr,  timid.] 
— scare'crow'',  n.  1.  Any  Image  set  up  to 
scare  crows  from  growing  crops,  ti.  A  cause  of 
false  alarm.    3.  A  wretched»looking  person. 

scarr,  scQrf,  vt.  To  unite  with  a  scarf 'joint; 
also,  to  cut  a  scarf  in. 


1.  A  lapped  joint  made  as 


^ 


"IIL 


scarf  1,  n.  Carp. 
by  beveling  oif 
or  notching  two 
timbers  at  the 
ends,  and  bolt- 
ing them  togeth- 
er, scarf's 
joint'^t.  2. 
One  of  the  tim- 
bers so  cut.  [< 
Sw.  ska?f.  seam, 
<     Ice.     skera, 

si^rhln.    l.A  Scarf^jolnts. 

long  and  wide  band,  especiallj  when  worn 
about  the  head  and  neck.  2.  A  necktie.  [< 
OHG.OF  scharpe,  scrip.] 

scarf'sskin'',  n.    The  epidermis. 

scar'i-fy,  scar'i-fai,  v<.  [fied; -ft"inu.]  1. 
To  scratch  or  make  slight  incisions  in.  2.  To 
criticize  severely.  [<  Gr.i'+F  skaripliaornai, 
sketch.]  —  scar'^i-fl-ca'tion,  n. 

scar'^la-ti'na,  scar"la-ti'na,  n.  An  infec- 
tious fever  characterized  by  a  diffused  scarlet 
rash,    scarlet  feverj. 

scar'let,  scar'let.  I.  a.  Of  a  scarlet  color. 
II.  n.  1.  A  brilliant  red,  inclining  to  orange. 
2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  color.  [Ult.  <  Per. 
saqalat,  scarlet  cloth.] 

scarp,  scflrp.  I*,  vt.  To  cut  to  a  steep  slope. 
II.  n.  Any  steep  slope.  [<  OF.  escarper, 
cut  steep.] 

scatlie,  (  skedh,  scath.      I.  vt.      [scathed; 

scatli,  iscA'THiNG.]  To  injure  severely; 
harm.  II.  n.  Severe  injury.  {<  A^.  sceathan, 
injure.]  —  scathe'less,  a.  Free  from  harm. — 
sca'thiug:,  pa.  Damaging;  merciless  in  severity. 

soat'ter,  scat'gr,  v.    I.  t.    1.  To  cast  about 


¥ 


irregularly;  strew.  2.  To  disperse;  defeat. 
II.  i.    To  disperse.    [<  AS.  scateran.] 

scav'en-ger,  scav'en-jgr,  w.  A  street-cleaner; 
an  animal  that  feeds  on  carrion.  [ME.  scavager, 
<  OF.  scawageour.,  <  escavage,  inspection.] 

scene,  sin,  n.  1.  A  landscape,  etc.,  as  pre- 
sented to  one's  view.  2.  The  place  repre- 
sented on  the  stage  of  a  theater.  3.  A  division 
of  an  act  of  a  play.  4.  The  canvas  setting  for 
a  play.  5.  Any  striking  exhibition  or  display, 
as  of  passion.     [OF.,  <  Gx.^  skene,  stage.] 

—  8ce'ner-y,  sl'ner-l,  n.  [-ies«,  joZ.]  Natural 
or  theatrical  scenes  collectively .—scen'icsen'Ic 
or  sl'nlc,  rt.  1.  Artistic.  2.  Picturesque.  3. 
Relating  to  stage  scenery. 

scentd,  sent,  v.  I.  i.  1.  To  perceive  by  the 
(>ense  of  smell.  2.  To  render  odorous;  per- 
fume. II.  i.  To  hunt  by  scent,  as  dogs.  [< 
F.  sentir,  discern  by  the  senses.] 

scent,  w.  1.  An  odor,  pleasant  or  unpleasant. 
2.  The  effluvium  by  which  an  animal  can  be 
tracked.     3.  The  sense  of  smell. 

scep'ter,  /  sep'tgr.      I.  vt.    To   invest   with 

scep'tre,  i  royal  power.  II.  n.  1.  An  orna- 
mental staff  as  the  badge  of 
command  or  sovereignty.  2. 
Hence,  kingly  office  or  power. 
[<  Gr.L+*'  skeptron,  <  skepto, 
prop.] 

scep'tic,  -al,  scep'ti-cism, 
etc.    Same  as  skeptic,  etc. 

sclied'ule,  skej'ulorsked'yul. 

1.  vt.  [-uled;  -u-ling.]  To 
enter,  as"  in  a  schedule.  II.  w. 
A  written  or  printed  statement; 
inventory.  [OF.,  <  LL.  sched- 
ida,  small  leaf  of  paper.] 

sclieme,  sktm.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[schemed;  sche'ming.I  To 
form  a  scheme;  plan:  devise. 
II.  71.  l.A  plan  of  something 
to  be  done;  plot;  device.  2.  A 
list  or  arrangement;  schedule; 
table.     [<  Gm."^  schema,  form.] 

—  schie'iner,  n. 
scliisni,  sizm,  n.    A  division  of  a  church  into 

factions,  or  a  portix)n  separated  by  a  factional 
division.  [<  Gr.^+F  schisma,  split.] —schis- 
inat'ic,  a.  &  w.— scliis-inat'ic-al,  a. 

scMst,  shist,  n.  Any  rock  that  readily  splits 
or  cleaves.  [<  Gr.^  +  ^  schistos,  <  schizo,  cleave.] 

sclioFar,  scel'ar,  n.  l.A  pupil;  learner.  2.  A 
person  eminent  for  learning.  [  <  Gr.^'^'^^  schole, 
school.]— 8chol'ar-ly,  a.  Like  a  scholar; 
learned;  erudite.— schol'ar-ship,  n.  1.  Learn- 
ing. 3.  Maintenance  for  a  student  awarded  by 
an  educational  Institution.— scho-las'tic,  sco- 
las'tic,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to  scholars  or  schools. 

2.  Pedantic— scho-las'ti-cisiii,  ii. 
scho'li-um,  sco'li-um,  n.     [-ums^  or -a,  ;;^.] 

An  explanatory  marginal  note. 
school^,  scul.  1.  rf.  To  instruct  in  a  school ; 
train;  discipline.  II.  n.  1.  An  educational  in- 
stitution. 2.  A  schoolhouse  or  schoolroom.  3. 
A  school-session.  4.  The  pupils  in  an  edu- 
cational institution.  5.  A  body  of  disciples;  a 
sect,  etc.  6.  Any  sphere  or  means  of  instruc- 
tion. [<  AS.  scolu,  school.]  —  school'boy'', 
school'girl'',  «.  A  boy  or  girl  attending 
school.— 8chool'fel''low,  ?i.  A  schoolmate. 
—  scliool'house'',  n.    A  building  In  which  a 


Scepters. 
1.  King's  Scep- 
ter.    3.   Emper- 
or's Scepter. 


fiatjflre  (future);   aisle;   an   (owt);    ell;  c  (k);  chat;   dli  (the);   go;  sing,  ii^K;  thin. 


school 
Scotcli 


400 


Schooner»yacht. 
1.  Foretopmastsstaysail  or  jib»top- 
sail.  2.  Jib.  3.  Forestaysail.  4.  Fore 
gaff'topsail.  5.  Foresail.  6.  Maintop- 
mast^staysail.  7.  Main  gaff^^topsail.  8. 
Mainsail. 


school  is  conducted.  —  sch  ooFm  an ,  w.  One  of 
the  theologians  of  the  middle  ages. —  schooF- 
ina8'''ter,  n.  A  man  who  teaches  school.— 
school'inate'',  n.  A  fellow  pupil.— school'- 
mis^'tress,  n.  A  woman  who  teaches  school. 
scliool^,  scul.  I.  vi.  To  run  together  in  a 
school,  as  fish.  II.  n.  A  large  company,  as 
of  fish;  shoal.  [<  AS.  scolu;  see  schooli.] 
schoon'er,  sciin'gr,  n.  A  fore-and-aft  rigged 
vessel  having  two  or  more 
masts.  [Orig.  scooner,  <  scoon, 
skim,  <  Norw.  skmi-  A 

na,  hurry.] 
sci-at'ic,  saiat'ic. 
I.  a.  Per 
taining  to  or 
affecting  the 
hip  or  its 
nerves.  II. 
n.  A  sciatic 
nerve  or 
part.  [  <  F. 
sciatique, 
ult.  <  Gr.  is- 
chion,  hip.] 
— 8ci-at'- 
i  -  c  a  ,  71 . 
Neuralgia  of 
the  hip  and 
thigh. 

sci'euce,  sai'gns,  n.  1.  The  sum  of  universal 
knowledge.  2.  The  system  of  knowledge  con- 
cerning some  subject  or  group  of  subjects.  [F., 
<  L.  scientia,  <  scio,  know.]  —  sci^'en-tific, 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  used  In  science.  2. 
Systematic;  exact.  3.  Versed  in  science.—  sci''- 
en-tiPic-al-ly,  adv.— nci'en-tist,  n.  One 
versed  in  science;  a  savant. 

Hciin'i-tev,  7?.  Same  as  simitar,   scim'i-tart. 

scin-tiria,  sin-til'a,  n.  A  spark;  hence,  a 
trace;  iota.  [L.]— scin'tll-lant,  a.  Emitting 
sparks;  scintillating.  —  8cin'til-late,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-LA'TEDd;  -la'ting.]  To  scnd  forth  sparks  or 
like  sparks;  flash.  —  scin^'til-la'tion,  n. 

sci^o-list,  sai'o-list,  n.  A  pretender  to  scien- 
tific attainment.  [<  LL.  sciolus,  <  L.  scio, 
know.]  — scl'o-lism,  n.    Charlatanism. 

sci'on,  sai'gn,  n.  1.  A  piece  cut  from  a  twig 
or  slioot,  as  for  grafting.  2.  A  shoot.  3.  A 
child  or  descendant.     [F.] 

Mcis'sor,  slz'gr,  vt.  &  vi.    To  cut  with  scissors. 

scis'sors,  siz'grs,  n.  7?;.  A  cutting4mplement 
with  handles  and  a  pair  of  pivoted  blacfes.  [  < 
F.  cisoiref),  ult.  <  L.  scissi/s,  pp.  of  sdndo.,  cut.] 

Sclav,  Sclav'ie,  etc.    Same  as  Slav,  etc. 

scle-ro'sis,   scle-rO'sis,  n.     The   thickening 
and  hardening  of  a  tissue.     [  < 
Gr.  sM^rosis,  <  sWros,  liard.] 

— gcle-rot'ic,  sclg-rot'lc 
n.   1.  Dense;  hard,  as  the  white 
of  the  eye.     'Z,  Pertaining  to 
sclerosis.    II,  n.    The  white  of 
the  eye.    Hclc-rot'i-cat< 

scoff,  Bcef  01'  scSf.  I',  vt. 
&  vi.  To  treat  with  deri- 
sion or  scorn;  mock.  II. 
n.  An  expression  or  an 
object  of  contempt  or  deri- 
sion. 

scold,  scold.    I<i.  vt.  &  vi. 
To  reprove  or  find  fault  with  harshly  or  noisily 
II.  n.    One  who  scolds,  especially  a  virago. 


Modern  Sconce  of 
Wrought  Iron. 


scoFIop,  etc.    Same  as  scallop,  etc. 

sconce,  scens,  n.  1.  A  protecting  shelter  or 
covering.  2.  A  bulwark;  fort.  3.  A  helmet. 
4.  The  head ;  skull ;  brains.  5 .  An  ornamental 
wall-bracket  for  holding  a  light;  a  lantern.  See 
illus.  in  preceding  column.  [<  OF.  esconce, 
hiding-place.] 

scoop,  scQp,'?'.  l^'.vt.&vi.  To  lade  out,  remove, 
or  excavate  with  a  scoop;  use  a  scoop;  hol- 
low out;  dig.  II.  7i.  1.  A  shovel-like  im- 
plement for  handling  coal,  dredging,  dipping, 
etc.  2.  An  act  of  scooping.  3.  A  hollow. 
[<  AS-skopa.] 

scope,  scOp,  n.  A  range  of  view  or  action; 
outlook;  capacity  for  achievement;  aim.  [< 
Qr  LL+it  skopos;  see  -scope.] 

-scope,  siifflx.  Manlf ester;  Indicator:  chiefly  in 
names  of  instruments  of  observation;  as,  tele- 
scope,  microscope,  etc.    l<  Gr.  skopos,  watcher.l 

-scopy,  suffix.  Observation:  chiefly  In  names  of 
sciences,  etc.;  as,  microscopy.  [<  Gr.  -skopia,  < 
skopos;  see  -scope.] 

scorchS  scorch,  vt.  &  vi.  To  burn,  or  be 
burnt,  superficially;  singe;  wither  or  shrivel  by 
heat.     [  <  Norw.  skrokkna,  shrivel.] 

score,  scor.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [scoked;  scok'ing.] 
1.  To  mark  with  cuts,  notches,  lines,  or  stripes; 
groove.  2.  To  scourge;  censure;  upbraid.  3. 
To  form  or  to  obliterate  by  incising,  marking, 
etc.  4.  To  keep  accountof ;  keep  score  or  tally ; 
win  points,  as  in  a  game.  II.  n.  1.  An  account 
kept,  as  by  notches;  record;  debt.  2.  A  grudge; 
difference.  3.  A  tally.  4.  The  notes  of  a  music- 
al composition.  5.  The  number  twenty.  6.  A 
notch,  cut,  line,  etc.  [<  AS. '^cor,  twenty,  < 
scoren,  pp.  of  sceran,  cut.]  —  scor'er,  n. 

sco'ri-a,  sco'rl-a,  n.  [-M,  -f  or  -6,  p^.^  Fragmen- 
tary lava;  slag.    [L.,  <  Gr.  skdria,  refuse.] 

scorn,  seem.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  hold  in  or  treat 
with  extreme  contempt.  II.  n.  1.  Extreme 
contempt;  disdain.  2.  The  expression  of  such 
a  feeling;  derision.  3.  An  object  of  supreme 
contempt.  [<  OF.  escarn,  <  OHG.  seem, 
mockery.]  —  scorn'er,  w.— scorn'fiil,  a.  Full 
of,  expressing,  or  producing  scorn,    -ly,  adv. 

scor'pi-on,  scSr'pi-on,  n.  Any  one  of  many 
tropical  ar- 
thropods, from 
2  to  8  inches 
long,  of  lob- 
ster-like form, 
and  having  a 
poisonous 
sting.     [F.,  < 

Scot>,  scet,  n.  A  native  of  Scotland.  —  Scots. 
I.  a.  Scottish.  II.  n.  The  Scottish  dialect.— 
Scots'iiian,n.  AScotchman.— Scot'ti-oisni, 
scot'I-slzm,  71.  A  fonn  of  expression,  or  an  Idiom 
peculiar  to  the  Scotch.  Scot'l-cismJ.— Scot'- 
tish,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  Scot- 
land or  Its  people. 

Hoot'll,  «.  An  assessment;  tax.  [<  AS.  scot,  < 
srotcu,  pp.  of  scer)ta7t,  shoot.] —scot'free,  a. 
Free  from  scot;  untaxed. 

scotcliS  scoch,  vt.  1.  To  cut  with  shallow  in- 
cisions. 2.  Hence,  to  wound  slightly.  3.  To 
dress,  as  stone,  with  a  pick. 

scotch!,  7^  A  superficial  cyt;  scratch.  [Form 
of  scuATcn,?;.;  confused  with  scutch.] 

Scotch!',  ,j.    1.  The  people  of  Scotland:  used 


papfi,  Qsk;  at,  air;  elfimgnt,  thfey,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


401 


scoundrel 
scrip 


as  a  plural.  2.  One  of  the  languages  spoken 
by  Scots.  [For  Scottish.]  —  Scotch,  a.  Scot- 
tish.—Scotch'man,  n.    A  Scot. 

scoun'drel,  scaun'drel.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  a  scoundrel.  II.  n.  A 
thoroughgoing  rascal.  [Ult.  <  AS.  scunian, 
shun.]  — scoun'drel-ism,  n. 

scour >,  scaur,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  clean  a  surface 
by  thorough  washing  and  rubbing.  2.  To 
purge.  3.  To  become  bright  or  clean  by  rub- 
bing. [<  L.OF  excuratus^  carefully  attended 
to.]  —  scour'eri,  n. 

scour",  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  traverse  thoroughly; 
move  in  careful  search.  2.  To  skim  or  scurry 
along.  [<  L.OF  excurro^  <  ex,  out,  +  curro, 
run.]— scoiir'er2,  n. 

scourge,  scurj.  I.  vt.  [scourged;  scour'- 
GiNG.^  To  punish  with  a  scourge;  lash.  II.  n. 
A  whip;  hence,  severe  punishment.  [<L.of 
ex-,  intensive,  -f-  corrigia,  thong.] 

scouts  scaut.  Id.  vL  &  vi.  To  follow  and 
spy  upon;  go  or  act  as  a  scout.  II.  w.  A  per- 
son sent  out  to  observe  and  get  information,  as 
of  the  position  or  strength  of  an  enemy.  [  < 
OF.  escoute,  <  escouter  ( <  L.  ausculto),  listen.] 

scouted,  vt.  To  reject  with  disdain;  spurn. 
[<  Ice.  skuti,  a  taunt.] 

scow,  scau,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  boat  with  flat  bottom 
and  square  ends.    [<  D.  schouw,  scow.l 

scowl,  scaul.  I.  vi.  To  frown  deeply  or  for- 
biddingly; hence,  to  look  threatening;  lower. 
II.  n.  A  lowering  of  the  brows;  gloomy  as- 
pect.    [  <  Dn.  skule,  scowl.] 

scrab^l(e,  scrab'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [scrab'- 
bl(e)d;  scrab'bling.]  1.  To  scribole.  2. 
To  scramble.    II.  n.    A  scrambling. 

scrag,  scrag,  n.  1.  Something  thin  or  lean  and 
rough  or  coarse;  a  neck-piece.  2.  A  remnant. 
[<  Sw.  dial,  skraka,  great  dry  tree.]  — scrag'- 
sred,  a.  Rough;  shaggy;  scrawny,  scrag'- 
glyt;  scrag'gryt. 

scraiu^bl(e,  scram'bl,  v.  [scram'bl(e)d; 
scram'bling.]  1.  t.  To  prepare  hurriedly  or 
confusedly.  II.  i.  To  clamber  with  hands 
and  feet;  struggle  in  a  disorderly  manner. 
[Freq.  of  scramb,  var.  of  scramp,  a  form  of 
scrape,  v.] 

scram'blCe,  n.  The  act  of  scrambling;  any 
disorderly  performance. 

scrap,  scrap,  n.  1.  A  small  piece;  fragment. 
2.  A  brier  extract.  3.  Old  or  refuse  metal. 
[<  Ice.  skrap,  trifles.]  —  scrap'sbook'',  n.  A 
book  In  which  printed  scraps  are  pasted. 

scrape,  screp,  «?.  [scraped';  scra'ping.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  scratch  with  a  hard  surface  or  edge. 
2.  To  draw  over  a  surface  roughly.  3.  To  re- 
move by  scraping.  4.  To  accumulate  little 
by  little.  II.  i.  1.  To  rub  anything  with  a 
hard  instrument.  2.  To  practise  economy.  3. 
To  bow  awkwardly  with  a  backward  motion 
of  the  foot.  4.  To  play  unskilfully,  as  on 
a  violin.      [<  Ice.  skrapa,  scrape;    akin  to 

SHARP,  a.] 

scrape,  n.    1.  The  act  or  effect  of  scraping. 

2.  A  predicament. 
scratch,  scrach.    I',  vt.  &  vi.    1.  To  make 

scratches   on,  as  with  claws  or  nails.    2.  To 

move  by  scraping.  3.  To  write  awkwardly.  4. 

To  erase  or  cancel  by  scratches.    II.  n.     1. 

A  shallow  mark,  groove,  furrow,  or  channel. 


2.  A  slight  flesh-wound.  3.  Athletics.  The 
line  from  which  contestants  start.  [Ult.  <  Gr. 
charasso,  scratch.] 

scrawl,  screl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  write  hastily 
or  illegibly.  II.  n.  Irregular,  ill-formed,  or 
unskilful  writing.     [Contr.  of  scrabble.] 

scraw'ny,  scre'ni,  a.  Lean  and  bony;  skinny. 
[Cp.  gcrag,  w.] 

screak,  scrlk.  I',  vi.  To  creak;  screech. 
II.  n.    A  screech;  also,  a  creak. 

scream,  scrim.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  in  a 
loud  and  shrill  voice;  emit  a  piercing  or  pro- 
longed sound.  II.  n.  A  loud,  shrill,  pro- 
longed cry  or  sound.    [<  Ice.  skrsema,  scare.] 

screecb,  scrlch.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  shriek.  II. 
n.  A  shrill,  harsh  cry;  shriek.  [<  Ice. 
skrsekja,  shriek.] 

screed,  scrid,  n,  1.  A  harangue.  2.  Along 
strip  or  shred.     [Var.  of  shred,  «.] 

screen,  serin.  I.  vt.  1.  To  shield  from 
observation  or  annoyance.    2.  To  sift.    II.  n. 

1.  Anything  that  separates  or  cuts  off,  as  a 
light  partition.  2.  A  sieve  or  riddle,  for  sift- 
ing.    [<  F.  ea^an,  OF.  escren,  screen.] 

screw,  scrQ.  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  tighten  or  fasten 
by  means  of  a  screw.  2. 
To  treat  with  oppression  or 
extortion.  3.  To  twist; 
distort.  II.  i.  1.  To  turn 
in  the  manner  of  a  screw, 

2.  To  twist  about.    3.  To 
practise  oppression. 

screw',  n.  1.  A  cylinder, 
as  of  metal,  grooved  in  an 
advancing  spiral  on  its  out- 
er surface;  also,  a  hollow 
cylinder  having  such  a 
groove  on  its  inner  surface. 
2.  Anything  having  the  action  of  or  resembling 
a  screw,  as  a  screw-propeller.  3.  A  turn  of  a 
screw.  4.  An  extortioner.  5.  Pressure;  force. 
[<  OF.  escroue,  <  L.  scrobis,  trench.]— screw's 
dri^'ver,  «.    A  tool  for  driving  screws. 

screw",  n.    [Eng.]   A  worthless  horse.    [Var, 

of  SHREWl,  /?.] 

scriblJle,  scrib'l.   I.  vt.  &  vi.    [scrib'bled; 

scrib'bling.]  To  write  hastily  and  carelessly; 
scrawl  with  unmeaning  lines.  II.  ti.  1. 
Hasty,  careless  writing.  2.  Any  scrawl. 
[Freq.  of  scribe,*.]  —scrib'bler,  n. 

scribe,  scraib.  I.  vt.  [scribed;  scri'bing.] 
To  mark  or  scratch  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
II.  /?.  1.  An  ancient  Jewish  instructor  in  the 
Mosaic  law,  acting  also  as  a  writer  and  in- 
terpreter. 2.  A  penman.  3.  A  scrivener.  [F., 
<  L.  scriba,  <  scribo,  write.] 

scrinx'mage,  scrim'gj,  n.  A  rough-and- 
tumble  contest;  fracas.   [Corr.  of  skirmish,  n.] 

scrimp,  scrimp.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  be  sparing 
or  niggardly  toward  or  of;  skimp;  stint.  II. 
a.  Scanty;  short.  III.  n.  A  miser;  niggard. 
[Akin  to  SHRINK.] 

scrip  1,  scrip,  n.  1.  A  provisional  document 
certifying  that  the  holder  is  entitled  to  receive 
something  else,  as  shares  of  stock,  bonds,  etc. 
2.  A  scrap  of  paper  containing  writing.  [JFor 
script.] 

scrip",  w.  A  wallet  or  small  bag;  satchel.  [< 
Ice.  skreppa.  bag.] 


3.    Thum  b- 
screw. 


flutgure  (future);   aisle;   au  (out);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   db  {the);   go;  sing,  i^k;  thin. 


script 
sea 


402 


script,  script,  n.  1.  Writing  of  the  ordinary 
cursive  form.    2.  Type  or  printed  matter  in 

imitation  of  handwriting.    [<  OF.  escript,  < 
L.  scj'iptum,  <  scribo  (pp.  scriptus),  write.] 

scrlp'ture,  ecrip'chur  or  -tjtjr,  n.     1.  The 

eacred  writings  of  any  people;  specifically  [S-], 

the  Bible:  often  in  the  plural.    2.  A  text  from 

the  Bible.    [<  L.of  scHptura^  <  scribo,  write.] 

—  Scrip'tur-al,  a. 

scriv'en-er,  scriv'n-er,  n.  One  who  draws  deeds, 
contracts,  and  other  writings;  a  clerk.  [<  OF. 
escrivai7i,  <  LL.  scribanus,  <  L.  scribo,  write.] 

scroru-la,  scref'yu-la,  n.  A  morbid  con- 
stitutional condition  that  predisposes  the 
system  to  the  development  of  glandular  tu- 
mors. [<  L.  scrofulse.,  <  8crofa,  breeding 
sow.] — scroPu-Ious,  a. 

scroll,  scrol,  n.  1.  A  roll  of  parchment,  paper, 
etc.,  containing  writing.  2. 
Anything  resembling  a 
parchment  roll.  3.  Any 
spiral  line  used  as  an  orna- 
ment.     [<    OF.    escroele, 

scribl  scrub.  l.'Vt.&vi.  Scroll(Def.3). 
[scrubbed;  scrub'bing.]  To  rub  vigorously; 
cleanse  by  hard  rubbing.  II.  a.  Stunted;  in- 
ferior; mean.  III.  n.  1.  A  stunted  tree  or 
shrub;  brush;  jungle.  2.  A  small,  mean,  or 
worthless  thing.  [<  AS.  sci^ob,  shrub.]  — 
scriib'by,  a.  Stunted;  worthless,  scrubbed^. 

scru'ple,  scru'pl,  vt.  &  vi.  [scru'pled; 
scKu'i'LiNG.l  To  entertain  scruples  concern- 
ing; doubt;  hesitate.—  scru'pu-lous,  scrii'piu- 
lus,  «.  1.  Nicely  conscientious.  3.  Exact;  pre- 
cise,   -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

scru'ple,  n.  1.  Doubt  or  uncertainty  regard- 
ing a  question  of  moral  right  or  dutj^.  2.  An 
apothecaries'  weight  of  twenty  grams.  3.  A 
minute  quantity.  [<  L.o^  scrupulus,  dim.  of 
scrupvs,  sharp  stone.] 

scru'ti-ny,  scru'ti-ni,  n.  [-nies*,  pi."]  The 
act  of  scrutinizing;  close  investigation. — scru'- 
ti-nize,  scru'ti-nalz,  vt.  &  vi.  [-nized;  -ni"- 
ziNG.J    To  observe  carefully  In  detail.    >ui8e|. 

scud,  scud.  I.  vi.  [scud'ded<i;  scud'ding.] 
To  move,  run,  or  fly  swiftly;  run  rapidly  before 
the  wind.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  scudding.  2. 
Light  clouds  driven  rapidly  before  the  wind. 
[<  Dn.  skyde,  scud.] 

scuffle,  scuf'l.  I.  vi.  [scup'fled;  scuf'- 
FLiNG.]  1.  To  struggle  roughly  or  confusedly. 
2.  To  make  one's  way  by  struggling.  II.  n. 
A  disorderly  struggle;  confusea  fracas.  [Freq. 
of  scurF,  t?.,  <  Sw.  skttfa,  shove.] 

scull,  scul.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  Boating.  To  use  a 
scull  or  sculls.  II.  n.  1.  A  long  oar  worked 
over the 

stern,  r-r^^^^  ■— i^n 

fi'gh^  Scull, 

short-handled  spoon-oar.    3.  A  small  boat  for 
sculling.     [<  scull,  bowl.]  —  scull'er,  n. 

scul'ler-y,  scul'er-i,  n.  [-ies*,  />/.]  A  room 
where  kitchen  utensils  are  kept  and  cleaned. 
[<  L.^'+oF  scutella,  tray.]  —  scul'llon,  scul'- 
yun,  n.    A  servant  who  cieanB  pots  and  kettles. 


scul'pin,  scul'pin,  n.  An  inferior  fish  with 
large,  spiny  head. 

sculp'ture,  sculp'chur  or  -ti^r.  I.  vt. 
fscuLP'TURED;  scuLP'TUR-iNG.]  1.  To  fash- 
ion, as  statuary;  portray  in  sculpture.    II.  n. 

1.  The  art  of  fashioning  figures  of  stone  or 
bronze  by  modeling,  carving,  or  casting.  2. 
Any  sculptured  work.     [F.,  <  L.  sculptura, 

<  sculpo,  carve.]  — sculp'tor,  n.  One  v\ho 
designs  or  executes  statues  by  carving,  model- 
ing, or  graving.— scul  p'tur-al,  a. 

scum,  scum,  n.  Impure  or  extraneous  matter 
that  rises  to  the  surface  of  boiling  or  ferment- 
ing liquids;  froth;  refuse.     [<J)n.  skum.'] 

scup'per,  scup'er,  n.  Nant.  A  hole  or  gutter 
bordering  a  deck,  to  let  water  run  off.  [< 
OF.  esaipir,  <  L.  exspuo,  spit  out.] 

scurf,  scijrf,  n.  Loose  scarf -skin  thrown  off 
in  minute  scales,  as  in  dandruff.  [<  AS.  scurf, 

<  sceo7fan,  scrape.]  —  scurfy,  a. 
scur'ril-ous,  scur'il-us,  a.   Grossly  offensive 

or  vulgar;  opprobrious.  [<  L.  scurrilis,  < 
scurra,  jester.]  scur'rile:!:.  —  scur-ril'i- 
ty,  n.    Coarse,  vulgar  abuse. 

scur'ry,  scur'i.  I.  vl.  &  vi.  [scur'ried; 
scub'ry-ing.]  To  move,  or  cause  to  move, 
precipitately;  scamper.  II.  n.  [scur'ries^, 
pi.]  1.  A  precipitate  movement.  2.  A  flurry; 
whirl.    [<  BCOUR2,  v.]    skur'ryit. 

scur'vy,  scur'vi,  a.  [sour'vi-er;  scur'vi- 
EST.]  Meanly  low  or  contemptible;  base. 
[For  SCURFY.]  —  8cur'vi-ly,  adv. 

scur'vy,  n.  A  disease  characterized  by  livid 
spots  under  the  skin,  by  swollen  and  bleeding 
gums,  and  by  great  prostration :  caused  by  con- 
tmued  use  of  salted  meats.  [<  LL.  sco?butus 
(see  scorbutic);  confused  with  scurvy,  a.] 

scutcb'eon,  scuch'un,  n.   1.  An  escutcheon. 

2.  A  shield.     [Contr.  of  escutcheon.] 
scu-tel^um,  skiu-tel'um,  n.    [-la,  pi.]    A 

small  shield  or  plate;  scale.  [<  L.  scutum, 
shield.] 

scut'tlei,  scut'l.  I.  vt.  [scut'tled;  scut'- 
TLiNG.]  To  sink  (a  ship)  by  making  holes  in 
the  bottom.  II.  n.  1.  A  small  opening  or 
hatchway,  as  in  the  roof  of  a  house.  2.  Any 
hole.     [  <  D.oi''  school,  lap,  bosom.] 

scut'tle^.  I.  vi.  To  scurry.  II.  n.  A  hurried 
run.     [Freq.  of  scud.] 

scut'tle^,  n.  A  metal  hod  for  holding  coal; 
coal'scuttle.    [<  L.^s  scutella,  tray.] 

scytbe,  saidh,  n.    A  long  curved  blade  for 
mowing,  reaping,  etc.,  fastened 
at  an  angle  to  a  long  bent  han-     v^^^s^^^N.  j 
die  or  snath.     [<  AS.  slt/)e.]         <^^^<^ 


-,  pr^x.  Apart. 
<  L.  SB;  by  one- 
self, <  se,  oneself.] 
sea,  st,  n.  1.  The 
great  body  of  salt 
water  covering  the 
larger  portion  of 
the  earth's  surface. 
2.  A   considerable 


Scythe  and  Its  Snath. 
6,  blado  or  scythp  proper;  n, 
nibs  or  handJes;  s,  snath;  t,  head 
of  the  blade,  showing  the  tang. 

body   of    oceanic   water 


partly  enclosed  by  land.  3.  The  swell  of  the 
ocean.  4.  That  which  resembles  or  suggests 
the  sea.  [<  AS.  sSe,  sea.]  —  sea'board". 
I.  a.  Bordering  on  the  sea.  II.  n.  The 
seashore  or  seacoast.—  sea'»breeze'',  n.  A 
breeze  blowing  from  the  sea  toward  the  land.— 


papA,  98k;  at,  air;  elfimfint,  th€y,  usfge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  or;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or^ 


403 


seal 
second 


sea'coast",  n.    The  seashore.—  sea'tar^er, 

n.  A  seaman.— sea'tar^'inir,  a.  Following 
the  sea  as  a  calling.  — sea^gro'^iiiir,  a.  1. 
Adapted  for  use  on  the  ocean.  2.  Skilful  in 
navigation;  seafaring.- seasgreeii.  I.  a.  Of 
a  bluTshagreen  color.  II.  7i.  A  deep  bluish  green, 
as  seaswater  —  seasgrull,  n.  Any  gull  or  large 
tern.— seashog,  n.  A  porpoise.— seatliorse, 
n.  1 .  A  small  fish  having  a  head  resembling  that 
of  a  horse.  2.  A  hippopotamus.  3.  A  walrus. 
—  seadevel,  n.  The  level  continuous  with  that 
of  the  surface  of  the  ocean  at  mean  tide.—  seas 
lion,  n.  One  of  various  large,  eared  seals.— sea'- 
inan,n.  A  mariner;  sailor.— sea'inaii-sliip,^. 
Skillln  na-vlgation.—  seasine'w,  n.  A  gull,  espe- 
cially the  European  mew.—  sea:rooni,  n.  Suffi- 
cient offing  for  a  vessel  to  be  maneuvered.—  seas 
serpent,  n.  A  snake=llke  animal,  of  monstrous 
size,  believed  by  many  to  inhabit  the  ocean  In 
very  limited  numbers.— sea'shore'',  n.  Land 
adjacent  to  or  bordering  on  the  ocean.— sea'- 
sick''',  a.  Suffering  from  seasickness.— sea'- 
sick^'ness,  7i.  Nausea,  dizziness,  and  prostra- 
tion caused  by  the  motion  of  a  vessel.—  sea^- 
side''.  I.  a.  Beside  the  sea.  II.  n.  The  sea- 
shore, especially  as  a  place  of  resort.— seas 
urchin,  n.  A  marine  animal  with  a  variously 
shaped  shell  bearing  numerous  spines.—  sea'- 
^vard.  I.  a.  Being  toward  the  sea.  II.  adv. 
In  the  direction  of  the  sea.  sea'wardst.- 
sea'weed'',  n.  A  plant  living  or  growing  In 
the  sea.—  sea'vror^'tliy,  a.  In  fit  condition 
for  a  voyage:  said  of  a  vessel.—  sea^wor^'thi- 
ness,  71. 
seal>,  etl.  I.  vt.  1.  To  fasten  up  with  a  seal; 
close  tightly;  keep  secret.  2.  To  affix  a  seal 
to;  stamp  a  seal  upon;  confirm.  II.  //.  1.  An 
instrument  k.  *,  a  .* 

used  for  ma-  KJ^r^>--r-^^ 

king   an   im-  -<=^>  tt^--..    . 

pression  upon 
wax  or  the 
like;  also,  the 
impression  so 
made,  or  the 
wax,  wafer, 
or  the  like, 
bearing  such 
impression 
and  affixed  to 
a  document. 
2.  Anything 
that  fastens 
or  closes  se- 
curely, as 
against  interference  or  leakage.  3.  A  pledge; 
authentication.  [  <  OF.  seel,  <  L.  sigillum,  dim. 
of  signum,  mark,  sign.]  — seal'er,  n.  An  offi- 
cial who  inspects  weights  and  measures,  or  one 
deputed  to  affix  official  seals.— seal'ings^vax'', 
n.  A  mixture,  as  of  shellac  and  turpentine  with 
a  pigment,  used  for  making  seals,  as  on  letters. 

seal^.  I.  vi.  To  hunt  seals.  II.  n.  An 
aquatic  car- 
n  i  vorous 
mammal  of 
high  lati- 
tudes, yield- 
ing valuable 
fur.  [<  AS. 
seol,  seal.] 

seam,  sIm.  I.  vt.  &vi.  To  unite  by  a  seam; 
inflict  a  furrow  upon;  become  fissured.  II.  n. 
A  visible  line  of  junction  between  parts;  a 


Seal  uf  Ma>,-ucliusetts. 


Fur  Seal.    Vao 


crack;  fissure;  scar;  wrinkle.     [<  AS.  seam, 

<  siwiati,  sew.]  —  seam'Iess,  a.  Having  no 
seam.-  seam'stress,  slm'stres,  ji.  A  woman 
skilled  In  needlework.— seam'y,  a. 

sear,  sir.  I.  vi.  To  wither;  cauterize;  make 
callous;  harden.  II.  a.  Dried  or  blasted; 
withered.     [<  AS.  searian,  wither.] 

searcll,  sgrch.  It.  vt.  &  vi.  To  explore  thor- 
oughly; scrutinize;  try;  examine;  seek  or  look 
carefully.  II.  n.  The  act  of  seeking  or  look- 
ing diligently;  investigation;  inquiry.  [<  F. 
chercher,  seek.]  —  search'slight''',  n.  A  pow- 
erful electric  arc^light  set  In  a  reflector,  and  so 
mounted  that  a  beam  of  Intensely  brilliant  light 
may  be  thrown  In  various  directions  for  search 
or  signaling.- s.swarrant,  n.  A  warrant  di- 
recting an  officer  to  search  a  place  for  things 
alleged  to  be  unlawfully  concealed  there. 

sea''son,  sl'zn,  v.  I.  i.  1.  To  give  relish  or 
zest  to.  2.  To  render  more  suitable  for  use; 
prepare.  3.  To  mitigate;  moderate.  II.  i. 
To  become  dry  or  fit  for  use;  mature. 

sea^son,  «.  1.  A  division  of  the  year,  as 
spring,  summer,  autumn,  or  winter.  2.  A 
period  of  time.    3.  A  fit  time.     [<  F.  saison, 

<  L.  satio(n-),  planting,  <  sero,  sow.]  —  sea'- 
son-a-bl(e,  a.  Being  In  keeping  with  the  sea- 
son.— sea'son-a-bly,  adv.—  sea'son-ing, 
11.  1.  The  act  or  process  by  which  something,  as 
lumber,  Is  rendered  fit  for  use.  3.  Something 
added  to  food  to  give  relish.    3.  Acclimation. 

seat,  sTt.  1<^.  vf.  1.  To  place  on  a  seat;  cause 
to  sit  down.  2.  To  have  seats  for.  3.  To  lo- 
cate. 4.  To  fix  a  seat  on  or  in;  equip  with 
seats.  II.  1).  1.  That  on 
which  one  sits;  a  chair, 
bench,  etc.  2.  That  part  of 
the  body,  of  a  garment,  or 
of  any  support,  on  which 
one  rests  in  sitting.  3.  The 
place  where  anything  is  situ- 
ated; site.  4.  The  manner 
of  sitting,  as  on  horseback. 
[<  AS.  saet,  place  to  sit  in 
ambush,  <  sittan,  sit.] 

se^cant,  sl'cant.  I.  a.  Cut- 
ting; intersecting.  II.  n. 
Math.  A  straight  line  that 
intersects  a  curve  or  figure, 
cutting.] 

sfe-cede',  s§-sid',  vi.  [se-ce'ded<*  ;  se-ce'- 
DiNG.]  To  withdraw  from  a  body;  separate. 
[<  L.  se-,  aside,  +  cedo,  go.]— se-ce'der,  n.— 
se-ces'sion,  se-sesh'un,?i.  The  act  of  seceding. 

se-clude',  sg-cliid',  vt.  [se-clu'ded^;  se-clu'- 
DiNO.]  To  remove  and  keep  apart,  as  from 
society.     [<  L.  se-,  aside,  -f  daiido,  shut.] 

—  se-clu'ded,  joa.  —  se-clu'sion,  se-clu'- 
zhun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  secluding;  solitude;  re- 
tirement.   2.  A  secluded  place. 

sec'ond<i,  sec'und,  vt.  To  support;  promote; 
join  with  another  to  offer  a  motion,  resolu- 
tion, etc. 

sec'ond,  a.    1.  Next  in  order  after  the  first. 

2.  Of  inferior  quality  or  value  ;  subordinate. 

3.  Another;  other.  4.  Mus.  Lower  in  pitch. 
[F.,  <  L.  secundns,  following,  <  sequor.  fol- 
low.] —  sec' ond-ar'''y.  I.  a.  Subordinate; 
second.rate.  II.  «.  [-ies',  p?.l  1.  An  assistant; 
deputy.  2.  Anything  secondary.— sec' ond- 
ar^i-ly,  adv.—  sec'ondsclass'^,  a.  Ranking 
next  below  the  first  or  best.— s.shand,  a.    Re- 


Marble  Seat  of 
the  Chief  Priest. 
Dionysian  Thea- 
ter. Athens. 

[<  L.  secan(t-)s, 


fiat|fire  (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ell;  c  (k);   cliat;   dh  (the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


second 

seedy 


404 


ceived  from  or  through  another;  previously  used; 
not  new:  not  direct.— s.shand,  n.  The  hand 
that  marks  the  seconds  on  a  clock  or  watch. 
secondsshandi.— sec'ond-ly,  adv.  In  the 
second  place.— s.srate,  a.  Second»hand.  —  s. 
Hisrlit,  a  faculty  claimed  by  certain  persons  of 
foretelling  the  future. 

sec'ondi,  sec'und,  n.  1.  The  one  next  after 
the  first.  2.  An  attendant,  as  in  a  duel.  3. 
pi.  An  article  of  merchandise  of  second  grade. 

sec'ond^,  n.  1.  A  unit  of  time,  Veo  of  a 
minute.  2.  A  unit  of  angular  measure,  Veo 
of  a  minute  of  arc.  [<  F.  seconde.,  <  LL. 
secunda,  <  L.  secundus;  see  second,  o.] 

se'cret,  ei'cret.  I.  a.  1.  Kept  separate  or 
hidden.  2.  Affording  privacy,  secluded.  3. 
Close=^mouthed.  11.  n.  1.  Something  not  to 
1)8  told.  2.  A  thing  undiscovered  or  unknown. 
3.  An  underlying  reason.  [F.,  <  L.  se-,  aside, 
+  cerno.,  separate.]  —  se'cre-cy,  si'cr§-si,  //. 
[ciESi.joZ.]  1 .  The  condition  of  being  secret.  2. 
Secretiveness.    3.  Privacy;  retirement. 

sec're-tar'^y,  8ec're-ter"i, «.  [-iessjo/.]  1. 
One  who  attends  to  correspondence,  keeps 
records,  etc.  2.  An  executive  officer  who 
manages  a  department.  3.  A  writing»desk. 
[<  F.  secretaire.,  <  LL.  secretarius,  <  L.  se- 
cretus;  see  secret,  a.] 

se-crete',  se-crit',  vt.  [se-cre'ted<1;  se-cre'- 
TiNG.]  To  remove  or  keep  from  observation; 
conceal;  hide. — se-cre'lion,  s§-cri'shun, /?.  1. 
The  process  by  which  materials  are  separated 
from  blood  or  sap  and  elaborated  Into  new  sub- 
stances, '.i.  The  substance  secreted,  as  saliva  or 
milk.  3.  The  act  of  concealing.— se-cre'- 
tivCe,  se-cri'tiv,  a.  1 .  Inclined  to  secrecy.  3. 
Producing  secretion.- 8e-cre'tiv(e)-ne88,  «. 
—  se-cre'to-ry,  a.    Pertaining  to  secretion. 

sect,  sect,  71.  1.  A  body  of  persons  distin- 
guislied  by  peculiarities  of  faith  and  practise; 
a  denomination.  2.  A  party  or  faction.  [< 
F.  secte.,  <  L.  secta,  way,  school,  <  seco.,  cut.] 

—  sec-ta'ri-an,  sec-t^'ri-an.  I,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  sect;  bigoted.  II.  n.  One  who  is  secta- 
rian.—sec-ta'ri-an-isin,  w.— sect'a-ry,  n. 
[-KIE9,  pZ.]    A  sectarian. 

sec^tile,  sec'til,  a.  Admitting  of  being  cut. 
[<  L.  secfilis,  <  seco,  cut.] 

sec'tion,  sec'shun,  n.  1.  A  separate  part  or 
division;  a  portion.  2.  A  view  of  something, 
as  a  machine,  as  if  cut  by  an  intersecting  plane. 
3.  Pi  int.  Tlie  character  §,  indicating  a  sub- 
division. [F.,  <  L.  sectioin-),  <  seco,  cut.]  — 
HPC'tion-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  section; 
local,    ii.  Made  up  of  sections. 

sec'tor,  scc'tgr,  n.    A  part  of  a  circle  bounded 
by  two  radii  and  the  arc  subtended 
by  them.     [L.  cutter,  <  seco,  cut.] 

sec'u-lar,  sec'yu-lar,  a.  1.  Per- 
Uiining  to  this  world  or  the  pres- 
ent life.  2.  Brought  about  in 
the  course  of  ages,  3 .  Not  bound 
by  monastic  vows.  [<F.S€Culiej\ 
<  L.  saecularis,  <  sseculum,  age.l       oector. 

—  sec''ii-lar'i-ty,n.— Bec'u-lar-ize,8ec'- 
yu-lar-alz,  vt.  [-izkd;  -i'zino.1  To  render  sec- 
ular; make  worldly.  sec'u-Iar-iset.— sec''- 
u-Iar-l-za'lor  -sa'jtion,  n. 

8e•cure^  sg-kiOr'.  I.  vt.  [sk-cttred';  se- 
cur'ingJ  1.  To  make  secure;  protect;  guar- 
antee. 2.  To  fasten;  close.  8.  To  obtain  or 
acquire.  II.  a.  1.  Guarded  against  danger. 
2.  Free  from  fear,  apprehension,  etc.;  confi- 


dent; careless.  [<  L.  securus,  <  se-,  without, 
+  cvra,  care.]  -ly,  adv. —  se-cur'a-bl(e,  a. 
—  se-cii'ri-ty,  se-kiu'ri-ti,  n.  [-ties»,  pi.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  secure,  se-cure'nesst.  2. 
One  who  or  that  which  secures;  surety. 

se-dan',  se-dan',  n.  A  closed  chair,  for  one 
passenger,  carried  by  two 
or  more  men  by  means  of  i 
poles  at  the  sides.  [  <  Se- 
dan, in  France.]  se-dan'': 
chair ''J. 

se-date^  s§-det',  a. 
Characterized  by  ha- 
bitual composure;  sober; 
staid.  [<'L.sedatus,  pp.  of 
sedo,  allay.]  —  sed'a-tiv(e, 
sed'a-tlv.  I.  a.  Having  a 
soothing  tendency;  in  medl-  bedan. 

cine,  allaying  irritation;  assuaging  pain.  II.  n. 
Any  means  of  allaying  irritation  or  soothing  pain. 

sed'en-ta-ry,  sed'en-tg-ri,  a.  1.  Sitting  much 
of  the  time;  sluggish.  2.  Characterizecfby  sit- 
ting. [<  L.  sedentarius,  <  seden{t-)s, -ppr.  of 
sedeo,  sit.] 

sedg^e,  sej,  n.  Any  coarse,  rush»like  or  flag* 
like  herb  growing  in  a  wet  place.  [  <  AS.  secg, 
cutter,  <  Tent,  base  seg,  cut.]  — sedg'y,  a. 

sed'i-ment,  sed'i-mgnt,  n.  Matter  that  set- 
tles to  the  bottom  of  a  ]ic|uid.  [<  'L.^^  sedi- 
mentinn,  settling.]  — sed'^i-men'ta-ry,  a. 

se-di'tion,  se-dish'un,  n.  Popular  disorder  or 
commotion  tending  toward  insurrection.  [OF., 
<  L.  seditio(n-),  <  sed-,  aside,  -f  itio,  going.] 

—  se-di'tiou8,  se-dish'us,  a. 
se-duce',  se-diOs',  vt.     [se-duced";  se-dxt'- 

ciNG.]  1.  To  draw  into  error  or  evil;  lead 
astray.  2.  Specifically,  to  entice  to  surrender 
chastity.  [  <  L.  sedvco,  <  se-,  aside,  +  duco, 
lead.] — se-duc/tion,  se-duc'shun,  n. — se-due'- 
tiv(e,  a.    Tending  to  seduce;  enticing. 

sed'u-lous,  sed'yu-lus,  a.  Constant  in  appli- 
cation or  attention;  assiduous.  [<  L.  sedulvs, 
diligent,  <  sedeo,  sit.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

see,  si,  i;.  [saw;  seen;  see'ing.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  perceive  by  the  eye;  observe.  2.  To  un- 
derstand; comprehend.  3.  To  ascertain  or 
find  out.  4.  To  call  on  or  visit.  5.  To  meet; 
receive.  6.  To  escort;  II.  i.  1.  To  have 
the  power  of  sight.  2.  To  have  mental  per- 
ception; comprehend.  3.  To  make  inquiry. 
[<  A^.seon,  see.] 

see,  st,  n.  Episcopal  or  papal  jurisdiction;  a 
bishop's  or  pope's  office;  the  territory  em- 
braced within  such  jurisdiction.  [<  OF.  se, 
sed,  <  L.  sedes,  seat,  <  sedeo,  sit.] 

seed'',  sTd,  tj.  I.  ^  1.  To  sow  with  seed.  2. 
To  remove  seeds  from.  II.  i.  1.  To  sow 
seed.    2.  To  go  to  seed;  shed  the  seed. 

seed,  n.  1 .  The  ovule  from  which  a  plant  may 
be  reproduced.  2.  That  from  which  anything 
springs;  a  first  principle;  source.  3.  Off- 
spring; children.  [<  AS.  seed,  <  sdwan,  sow.] 

—  Heed^b^I^l'^  «.  £ot.  The  germ  or  embryo 
within  a  seed;  also,  the  ovule.— secd'liiiff.  n. 
I ,  A  plant  grown  from  a  seed,  as  distlugufshed 
from  one  propagated  by  grafting.  '<i.  A  very 
small  or  young  tree  or  plant.— seeds'nian,  n. 
A  dealer  in  soeds.— s.diine,  7i.  The  proper 
time  for  sowing  seed.—  s.svenAel*  «.  The  part 
of  a  plant  that  contains  the  seeds;  pericarp. 

seed'y,  std'i,  a.    [seed'i-er;  seed'i-ebt.]  1. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  &ir;  elfm^nt,  thfiy,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (oe);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  ftr;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


405 


seeing* 
semblance 


Abounding  with  seeds;  going  to  seed.  2.  Poor 

and  ragged;  shabby. 
eee'in^,  si'ing,  co)ij.    Considering;  since. 
seek,  sik,  V.    [sought,  sSt;  seek'ing.]    I.  t. 

1.  To  go  in  search  of.  2.  To  strive  for;  en- 
deavor. 3.  To  inquire  or  appeal  for.  II.  i. 
To  look:  search.     [<  AS.  secan,  seek.] 

seem,  stm,  vi.  To  create  or  give  the  impression 
of  being;  appear.  [<  Ice.  ssema,  conform  to.] 
—  seem'er,  w.— seem'iiig.  I.  pa.  Having 
the  appearance  or  semblance  of  reality;  apparent. 
II.  n.  Appearance;  semblance. —  seem'ing- 
ly,  adv. 

seem'ly,  stm'li,  a.  [seem'm-er;  seem'li- 
EST.]  Proper;  decorous.  [<  Ice.  ssemiligr, 
<  sainr,  same.]  —  seem'li-ness,  n. 

»een,  sin,  pp.  of  see,  v.  [prophet. 

seer,  sir,  n.       One  who  foretells  events;    a 

SJee'saw'',  si'se".  I.  rt.  &  ri.  To  act  in  an 
alternating  manner.  II.  a.  Moving  to  and 
fro;  vacillating.  III.  7^  1.  A  sport  in  which 
persons  sit  or  stand  on  opposite  ends  of  a 
balanced  plank  and  oscillate  it  up  and  down. 

2.  A  plank  or  board  balanced  for  this  sport. 

3.  Any  up-and-down  orto=and=fro  movement. 
[Reduplication  of  saav*,  v.] 

seetlie,  stdh,  vt.  &  vi.  [seethed  or  formerly 
sod;  seethed  or  formerly  sod'den  or  sod; 
seeth'ing.]  To  boil  or  steep;  be  in  a  state  of 
ebullition.     [<  AH.  seothan.,  boil.] 

seg'ment,  seg'mgnt,  n.     1.  A  part  cut  off;   a 
section.    2.  Geom.  A  part  of  a 
figure  cut  off;  the  part  of  a  cir- 
cle included  within  a  chord  and 
its  arc.    [<  L.  segmentttm,  <       _ 
fieco,  cut.]  Segment. 

seg're-gate,  seg're-get.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-ga"- 
TEDd;  -G A  "ting.]  To  Separate,  or  become  sep- 
arated; isolate.  II.  a.  Separated  or  set 
apart  from  others;  select;  solitary.  [<  L.  ser/- 
regatus,  pp.  of  segrego,  separate,  <  se-.,  aside, 
4-  grex  {greg-),  flock.]  —  seai^re-ga'tion,  n. 

Seid^itz,  sed'lits,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  Seidlitz,  Bohemia:  designating  alkaline 
waters  that  are  found  there,  or  powders  possess- 
ing similar  properties,  called  Seidlitz  pow- 
ders.   Sed'litzt. 

sei'gnior,  si'nygr,  n.  A  lord;  in  southern 
Europe,  equivalent  to  English  sir.  [<  F.  seig- 
neur, <  L.  senior,  compar.  of  senex,  old.]  sei'- 
gneur$.  —  sei'gnior-age,  n.  1.  A  charge 
made  by  a  government  for  coining  bullion;  also, 
the  difference  between  the  cost  of  buUion  and  the 
face  value  of  coin  made  from  it.    ii.  A  royalty. 

seine,  sen,  ti.  Any  large  encircling  fish^net. 
[<  L.^^  sagena,  seme.] 

seiz(e,  stz,  v.     [seiz(e)d;   seiz'ing.]     I.  t. 

I.  To  grasp  suddenly  or  forcibly.  2.  To  take 
possession  of  by  force.  3.  To  come  upon  or 
affect  suddenly  and  powerfully.  4.  JVaut.  To 
bind  by  turns  of  cord;  lash.  II.  i.  To  take 
forcible  or  sudden  possession.  [<  OHG.i^+J'' 
sezzan,  set.]— seiz'a-bl(e,  a.— sei'zure,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  seizing.  2.  A  sudden  or  violent  attack. 

seldom,  sel'dum.    Ij.  a.    Rare;  infrequent. 

II.  adv.  At  widely  separated  intervals;  infre- 
quently.    [<  AS.  seldum,  <  seld,  rare.] 

se-lect',  se-lect'.  P.  vt.  &  vi.  To  take  in 
preference  to  another  or  others;  choose.  II. 
a.    1.  Chosen   in  preference  to  others.     2. 


[Colloq.]  Exclusive.  [<  L.  se-,  apart, -f- ^eg-o, 
pick.]  —  se-lec'tion,  s§-lec'shun,  «,.  1.  The 
act  of  selecting;  choice.  2.  Anything  selected; 
a  collection  made  with  care.— se-lect/ivCe,  a. 
Pertaining  to  selection;  tending  to  select. 

sel-e^ni-um,  sel-1'ni-um  or  -e'ui-um,  n.  A 
non»metallic  chemical  element,  varying  greatly 
in  electrical  resistance  under  the  mfluence  of 
light  and  heat.     [<  Gr.  selene,  moon.] 

self,  self.  I.  a.  Same;  particular;  identical. 
II.  n.  [selves,  selvz,  p/.]  1.  An  individual 
known  or  considered  as  the  subject  of  his  own 
consciousness;  any  thing  considered  as  having 
a  distinct  personality.  2.  Personal  advantage. 
[<  AS.  self.) 

Self  affixed  to  certain  personal  pronouns  and 
pronominal  adjectives  gives  forms  tliat  (1)  ex- 
press emphasis;  as,  I  myself  will  go;  or  (2)  are 
used  reflexlvcly;  as,  he  has  hurt  himself. 

Self  is  a  frequent  Initial  element  in  compound 
words,  being  ( 1)  sometimes  the  object  of  a  verb 
contained  In  the  second  element,  as  in  self  o&h- 
horrence  (the  act  of  abhorring  oneself),  and  (2) 
sometimes  Its  subject  or  agent,  as  In  se?/Vdiffusive 
(diffusive  by  Its  own  power).  Most  of  these 
words  do  not  require  definition  other  than  that 
given  under  the  second  element,  taken  In  con- 
nection with  this  note. 

— self'scoii-ceit',  n.  An  unduly  high  opinion 
of  oneself;  vanity;  egotism.—  s.sconeeited,  a. 
—  s.sconscious,  a.  Unduly  conscious  that  one 
is  observed  by  others.  —  s.sdefeiise.  w.  De- 
fense of  oneself,  one's  property,  or  one's  reputa- 
tion.-s.sdeiiial,  «.  The  act  or  power  of  de- 
■s.sesteem. 


s.sdeiiyina:« 

elf  or  of  one's  attain- 


k 


nying  oneself. 

n.  A  good  opinion  of  oheseT 
ments  or  powers.  — s.sevident,  a.  Carrying 
its  evidence  or  proof  In  Itself.—  s.sexistence, 
n.  Inherent,  underlved,  independent  existence:  an 
attribute  of  God.— s.sexisteiit.  «.— s.sinter- 
est,  n.  One's  own  Interest  or  advantage,  or  the 
principle  of  seeking  It.—  s.:Iove,  n.  The  desire 
that  leads  one  to  seek  to  promote  his  own  well* 
being.— s.spossessed, «.—  s.spoHsession,  n. 
Presence  of  mind;  self»command.— s.si'igriit- 
eoiis,  a.  Righteous  in  one's  own  estimation; 
Pharisaic.  —  selfsame'',  a.  Identical.  —  s. 
will«  n.  Pertinacious  adherence 
to  one's  own  will  with  disregard 
of  the  wishes  of  others.  —  s.s 
M  illed,  a.    Headstrong. 

self'isli,  selfish,  a.  1.  Caring 
only  or  chiefly  for  self.  2. 
Characterized  by  undue  love  of 
self.    -ly.  adv.    -ness,  n. 

sell,  sel,  vt.&  vi.  [sold;  sell'- 
iNG.]  1.  To  transfer  property 
to  another  for  valuable  consid- 
eration; dispose  of  by  sale.  2. 
To  give  up  for  a  price;  be  sold. 
[<  AS.  sellan,  give.] 
—  sell'er,  n. 

sel'vage,   sel'vgj,  n.    1.  The 
edge  of  a  woven  fabric  so  fin- 
ished that  it  will  not  ravel.    2.    ,,    .      „ 
An  edge.     [<  MD.  selfegge.  <    ^^'*","nrp""*' 
self  self,  +  egge,  edge.^  '  sel'-      i/tL  code  of 

Vedge^.  distanee=signals, 

selves,  SPlvz.n.  Plural  of  self,  ?i.  «  represents  the 

sem'a-pliore,    sem'a-for,    n.  pennant;  b,  the 

An  apparatus  for  making  sig-  ^^^^''  <'•  t^«  ^S. 

nals,  as  with  movable  arms.     [<   Gr.  sema, 

sign,  4-  phero,  bear.] 
sem'blance,  sem'blans,  n.    1.  Mere  show; 

pretense.    2.  Looks;  likeness;  image.    [F.] 


iiiiiiii|iiii 


fiutifire  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    eil;  c  (k);  cliat;  dli  (<Ae);   go;  sing,  iigik;  tliin. 


semi- 
separate 


406 


semi-,  prefix.  Half;  partly.  [<  L.  semi-,  half.] 
—  sem''i-an'nu-al,  sem'i-an'yu-al,  a.  Half- 
yearly,  -ly,  adv.  — sem'i-breve'^,  n.  Mus. 
A  note  equal  to  half  a  breve;  a  whole  note.— sem'- 
i-cii'''cle,  71,  1,  A  halfecircle;  an  arc  or  a  seg- 
ment of  180°.  2.  Any  semicircular  structure.— 
sein''''i-cir'cii-lar,  a.— seni'i-co'^lon,  n.  A 
mark  (;)  of  punctuation,  indicating  a  greater  de- 
gree of  separation  than  the  comma. -seni^'i- 
nu'id.  I,  a.  Fluid,  but  thick  and  viscous.  II. 
n.  A  thick,  viscous  fluid.  —  sem'^i-lii'nar,  a. 
Resembling  or  shaped  like  a  half=moon;  crescen- 
tic.     sem''i-lu'nate1:.—  sem''i-month'ly. 

1,  a.  Taking  place  twice  a  month.  II.  n.  A 
publication  issued  twice  a  month.  —  sem'i- 
aua'^ver,  M.  Mim.  A  sixteenth  note.— sem'- 
i-tone,  n.  Mus.  Half  a  major  tone. —  sein''i- 
vov'el,  n.  A  sound  having  the  character  of 
both  a  vowel  and  a  consonant,  and  used  as  either, 
asrc  or  ?/.  — sein^'i-'week'ly.  I.  a.  Issued  or 
recurring  twice  a  week.  II.  n.  A  publication 
issued  twice  a  week. 

sexn-'i-nal,  sem'i-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  repro- 
duction; germinal;  propagative.  [OF.,  <  L. 
seminalis,  <  semen.,  seed.] 

sem'i-na-ry,  sem'i-ng-n.    I.  a.    1.  Seminal. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  seminary.  II.  n.  [-ries«, 
pl^  1.  A  special  scliool,  as  of  theology.  2. 
The  place  where  anything  is  nurtured.  [<  F. 
seminaire,  <  L.  seminaHum,  seed-plot.] 

Sexn-it'ic,  sem-it'ic.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
descendants  of  Shem,  including  Assyrians, 
Phenicians,  Arabs,  Alsyssinians,  etc.  II.  n. 
The  Semitic  languages  collectively. 

sem'^pi-ter'nal,  sem'pi-tgr'nal,  a.  Ever- 
lasting.    [  <  L.*'  sempiternus,  everlasting.] 

Neiiip'Htress,  semp'stres,  7i.    A  seamstress. 

sen'ate,  sen'gt,  n.  1.  [S-]  That  branch  of  a 
legislative  body  which  is  designed  to  be  the 
more  stable  or  conservative.  2.  A  legislative 
body;  council.  [<  L.*"  senatus,  <  senex,  old]. 
—  sen'a-tor,  n.  A  member  of  a  senate.— 
sen''a-to'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  befitting 
a  senator  or  senate.— sen'a-tor-ship,  n. 

send,  send,  v.  [sent;  send'ing.]  1.  t.  1. 
To  cause,  authorize,  or  command  to  go;  des- 
patch ;  forward  ;  throw  ;  cast ;  hurl.  2.  To 
grant;  inflict;  bestow.  II.  i.  To  despatch 
an  agent,  message,  or  messenger.  [<  AS. 
sendan,  send.] 

sen'e-sclial,  sen'g-shal,  n. 
household  of  a  medieval 
prince  or  noble;  a  steward. 
[(3F.,  <  LL.  senescalcus, 
steward.]  ■ 

se'niKe,  sl'nil  or  -nail,  a. 
Pertaining  to,  characteris- 
tic of,  or  affected  by  old 
age;  infirm;  weak.  [OF., 
<  Jj.  senilis.,  <  senex.,  old.] 
iiiTi-ty,  se-niri-tl, «. 

se'nior,  si'nier  or  stn'yur.  I.  a. 
Older  in  years  or  office;  elder.  2. 
[U.  S.]  Pertaining  to  the  closing 
year  of  a  college  course.  II.  n. 
1.  An  elder;  elderly  person.  2. 
[U.  S.]  A  member  of  a  senior  wild  Senna, 
class.  [L.,  compar.  of  senex.,  old.]  „  the  pods 
— 8e'''iii-or'i-ty,  8l"nl-er'l-tl,  «.      ' 

sen^na,  sen'a,  n.  A  leguminous  plant,  used 
medicinally  as  a  purgative.  See  illus.  above. 
[<  Ar.  sen  a.] 

He-fior',  B6-nyor',  n.    A  gentleman;  Mr.;  sir.  [Sp., 


An  official  in  the 


<  L.  senior,  sekiok.]  — se-iio'ra,  s6-ny5'ra,  n. 
A  lady;  Mrs.;  madam.— se^'no-ri'ta,  se"nyo-rI'- 
ta,n.    A  young,  unmarried  lady;  miss. 

sen-sa'tiou,  sen-se'shun,  n.  1.  The  con- 
scious Slate  resulting  from  the  stimulation  of 
some  organ  of  sense.  2.  That  which  produces 
interest  or  excitement;  an  excited  condition.  3. 
A  condition  of  mind;  emotion.  [F.,  <  L.  sensa- 
^w«,  intelligent.]  —  sen-sa'tion-al,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  emotional  excitement.  2.  Pertaining 
to  pliysical  sensation.  3.  Causing  unnatural 
emotional  excitement;  melodramatic;  trashy. 

sense,  sens,  n.  1.  The  faculty  of  sensation. 
2.  Any  one  of  the  five  senses.  3.  Bodily 
feeling.  4.  Realization.  5.  Good  or  natural 
judgment.  6.  Signification.  7.  A  consensus 
of  opinion.  [<  F.  sens,  <  L.  s'insus,<  sensus, 
pp.  of  seniio,  feel.]  —  sense'less,  a.  Without 
sense;  unconscious;  also,  foolish;  meaningless.  — 
sen'^si-bil'i-ty,  w.  [-ties*,  pl.^  1.  The  ca- 
pability of  sensation;  power  to  feel.  !4.  Sensi- 
tlveness.— sen'si-bUe,  a.  1 .  Possessed  of  good 
mental  perception;  discreet.  3.  Capable  of  phys- 
ical sensation;  sensitive.  3.  Appreciable.— sen'- 
si-tiv(e,    a.     1.  Excitable  or  impressible;  In 

Photography,  capable  of  being  affected  by  light, 
t.  Pertaining  to  the  senses  or  sensation.- sen'- 
si-tiv(e-nes8,  n.    8en''si-tiv'i-ty$. 

sen^su-al,  sen'shu-al,  a.  1.  Unduly  in- 
dulgent to  the  appetites;  lewd.  2.  Fleshly; 
carnal. —  sen'sii-al-ist,  n.  A  sensual  person. 
—  sen'^su-al'i-ty,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sensual.- sen'sii-ous,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  senses.  '2.  Having  a  warm  appreciation  of 
the  refinements  of  luxury. 

sent,  sent,  imp.  &  pp.  of  send,  v.-. 

sen'tence,  sen'tgns.  I.  vt.  [sen'tenced*  ; 
sen'ten-cing.]  To  pass  sentence  upon.  II. 
n.  1.  Gram.  A  related  group  of  words  ex- 
pressing a  complete  thought.  2.  Law.  A 
final  judgment.  3.  A  determination;  opinion. 
4.  A  maxim.  [F.,  <  L.  sententia,  opinion.] 
—  sen-ten'tial,  sen-ten'shal.a.  iSram.  Per- 
taining to  a  sentence. —  sen-ten'tiouH,  sen- 
ten'shus,  a.  1.  Abounding  In  terse  sentences; 
axiomatic.  2.  Habitually  using  terse,  laconic,  or 
axiomatic  language,    -ly,  adv.    -neMS,  n. 

sen'ti-ent,  sen'shi-gnt.  I.  a.  Possessing  the 
powers  of  sense  or  sense»perception.  II.  n. 
One  capable  of  sensation  or  perception.  [< 
L.  sentio  (ppr.  sentien{t-)s),  feel.] 

sen'ti-ment,  sen'ti-mgnt,  n.  1.  Noble,  ten- 
der, or  artistic  feeling,  or  susceptibility  to 
such  feeling.  2.  Rational  feeling.  3.  A 
feeling  of  personal  sympathy  or  admiration 
toward  one  of  the  opposite  sex.  4.  An 
opinion  or  judgment:  expressive  thought.  [F., 

<  L.J'i-  sentio,  feel.]  —  sen'^tl-inen'lal,  a. 
Characterized  by  sentiment;  emotional.—  sen''- 
ti-iiieu'tal-i8iii,  N(>n'^ti-ineii-tal'i-ty,  n. 
The  state  of  being  sentimental,  or  its  manifesta- 
tion.—sen''!  i-iii»Mi'tal-ly,  adv. 

sen'ti-nel,  sen'ti-nel,  n.  A  soldier  on  guard, 
to  warn  of  danger;  any  guard  or  watch.  [< 
F.  se/tfinelle,  ult.  <  L.  semita,  path.] 

sen'try,  sen'tri,  n.  [sen'tries*,  pf.]  1.  A 
sentinel.    2.  The  watch  kept  by  a  sentinel. 

septal,  sep'al  or  si'pal,  n.  One  of  the  individ- 
ual leaves  of  a  calyx.     [<  L.  separ,  separate.] 

sep^a-rate,  sep'o-rgt,  v.  [-ra'tkd'';  -ra"- 
TiNG.]  1. 1.  1.  To  disconnect;  dissever.  2. 
To  keep  apart.  3.  To  consider  separately. 
II.  i.    To  be  disconnected.     [<  L.  se-,  apart, 


papfi,  98k;  at,  Sir;  element,  thfiy,  us^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rflle;  but,  in; 


407 


separate 
sermon 


-f  paro,  prepare.]  — 8ep'a-ra-bl(e,  sep'a-ra-bl, 
a.  Capable  of  being  separated  or  divided.— 
sep'^a-ra'tion,  sep'a-re'shun,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  separating;  division.  2.  The  state  of  being 
disconnected.—  sep'a-ra''tor,  n. 

sep'a-rate,  sep'a-ret,  a.  Existing  or  consid- 
ered apart  from  others;  unconnected. 

se'pi-a,  si'pi-a  or  ee'pi-a.  I.  a.  Dark'brovvn 
with  a  tinge  of  red.  II.  n.  1.  A  dark  brown 
pigment  prepared  from  the  ink  of  the  cuttle- 
fish. 2.  A  picture  done  in  this  pigment.  3. 
The  ink  of  the  cuttlefish;  a  cuttlefish;  cuttle- 
bone.     [L.,  <  Gr.  sepia „  cuttlefish.] 

se'poy,    si'pei,    n.      A    native    East=Indian 
soldier  equipped  and  trained  in 
European   style.      [Ult.    <  Per. 
sipahi,  <  sipdh,  soldiers.] 

sep'sis,    sep'sis,    n.    Poisonous 
putrefaction    or    infection.      [- 
Gr.  sepsis,  <  sepo,  make  putria. 

sept,  sept,  n.  A  branch  of  a 
tribe  rnled  by  a  hereditary 
chief;  clan.  [Corr.  of  sect,  «.]  /j 

Sep-tem1)er,  sep-tem'bgr, 
n.  The  ninth  month  of  the 
year,  having  30  days.  [<  F. 
Septembre,  <  L.  September,  < 
septem,  seven.] 

sep'ten-a-ry,  sep'ten-e-ri,  a. 
,1.  Consisting  of,  pertaining 
to,  or  being  seven.  2.  Septen- 
nial. [<  L.  septenarius,  < 
septem,  seven.] 

sep-ten'ni-al,  sep-ten'i-al, 
a.  1.  Recurring  every  seven 
years.  2.  Con  turning  seven 
years.  [<  L.  septem,  seven, 
-4-  annus,  year.] 

sep'tic,  sep'tic,  a.  Pathol. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  sepsis; 
productive  of  putrefaction; 
putrid.  sep'tic-al$.  [< 
Gr.  septikos,  <  sepo,  rot.] 

sep-til'lion,  sep-til'yun,  n. 
A  cardinal  number:  in  the 
French  system  (also  U.  S.)  1  followed  by  24  ci- 
phers; in  the  English  system,  1  followed  by  42 
ciphers.     [<  sept- -|- milliox.] 

sep"'tu-ag"e-na'ri-aii,  sep'tiu-aj'§-ne'ri- 
an,  n.  A  person  70  years  old,  or  between  70 
and  80. —  sep''tu-ag'e-iia-ry,  a.  [<  L.  sep- 
tuaaenarius,  <  sept'uaginta,  seventy.] 

Sep'tu-a-gint,  sep'tiu-a-jint,  n.  An  old 
Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament  Scrip- 
tures. [<  L.  septvaginta,  seventy:  reported 
to  have  been  made  by  se'centy  (translators).] 

sep'tum,  sep'tum,  n.  [sep'ta,  pl?\  A  divi- 
ding wall;  partition.     [L.,  <  sepes,  fence.] 

sep'tu-pl(e,  sep'tiu-pl,  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
seven  ;  sevenfold.  2.  Multiplied  by  seven ; 
seven  times  repeated.  [F.,  <  L.  septem,  seven, 

4-  -plus,  -PLE.] 

sep'ul-clier,  I  sep'ul-kgr.  I.  vt.  To  place 
sep'ul-clire,  (in  a  sepulcher;  entomb.  II. 
n.  A  burial'place,  as  m  a  rock;  tomb.  [< 
Ijfi^  sepulcrum,  burial  place,  tomb.]  — se-pui'- 
chral,  sep-TJl'kral,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  a  sepul- 
cher. 2.  Dismal;  funereal.— sep'ul-ture,  n. 
The  act  of  entombing;  burial. 
se'q.uel,  sl'cwel,  n.    A  continuing  and  conclu- 


Sepoy. 


ding  portion,  as  of  a  story;  result;  event;  up- 
shot. [<  LL.F  sequela,  result,  <  seqiurr,  fol- 
low.] 

se'q.uence,  si'cwgns,  n.  1.  Succession  or 
successiveness.  2.  Arrangement.  3.  A  series. 
4.  Loosely,  an  effect  or  consequence.  [<  F. 
sequence,  <  LL.  sequentia,  <  L.  sequor  (ppr. 
seqi(en(t-)s),  follow.] —se'quent,  a.  1.  Fol- 
lowing in  the  order  of  time.    2§.  Consequent. 

se-ciues^ter,  s§-cwe8'ter,  v.  I.t.  1.  To  put 
aside;  separate;  seclude.  2.  To  sequestrate; 
confiscate.  II.  i.  Law.  To  disclaim  or  re- 
nounce. [  <  LL.^  sequestra;  see  sequestrate.] 
—  se-ques'tered,  iJa.    Retired;  secluded. 

se-q.ues'trate,  s§-cwes'tret,  vt.  [-tra'ted"*; 
-tra'ting.]  Law.  (1)  To  seize,  especially 
for  the  use  of  the  government;  confiscate.  (2) 
To  take  possession  of  for  a  time.  [<  LL.  se- 
questro,  surrender,  lay  aside.]  —  se-ques'tra- 
bl(e,  a.  Liable  to  sequestration.-  seq^'^ues- 
tra'tion,  n.    Seizure;  confiscation. 

se'q.um,  st'cwin,  n.  Formerly,  a  gold  coin  of 
the  Venetian  republic,  worth  $2.25.     [F.] 

se-quoi'a,  se-cwei'a,  n.    See  kedwood. 

se-ra'glio,"'se-rfl'lyO  or  se-ral'yO,  n.  1.  The 
old  palace  of  the  sultans  at  Constantinople. 

2.  A  harem.  [<  It.  serraglio,  <  L.sera,  lock.] 
ser^apb,  ser'af,  n.    [ser'aphs  or  ser'a-phim, 

pi.]  An  angel  of  the  highest  order.  [<  Heb. 
seraphim,  <  sdraph,  burn.]— ser-aph'ic,  ser- 
af 'Ic,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  seraph;  angelic. 

sere,  v.  &  a.    Same  as  seak. 

ser'''e-nade',  ser''§-ned'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-na'- 
DED'';  -NA'DiNG.]  To  entertain  or  honor  with 
a  serenade;  engage  in  or  tender  a  serenade. 
II.  n.  An  evening  song,  usually  rendered^  as 
'  a  tribute  in  the  open  air  at  night.  [<  F.  sere- 
nade, <  It.  serene  (<  L.  serenus),  clear,  bright.] 

se-rene',  s§-rin',  a.  1.  Clear,  or  fair  and 
calm.  2.  Marked  by  peaceful  repose.  3.  Of 
exalted  rank.  [<  L.  serenus,  clear.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.— se-ren'i-ty,  n.   [-ties«,  p/.] 

serf,  sgrf,  n.  1.  A  person  whose  service  is 
attached  to  the  estate  on  which  he  lives; 
loosely,  a  peasant.  2.  One  in  servile  subjec- 
tion.    [F.,  <  L.  servus,  slave.] —serPdom,??. 

serge,  sgrj,  n.  A  strong  twilled  stuff  of  silk 
or  worsted.     [F.,  <  Gr. ^  Sei'ikos,  Chinese.] 

ser'geant,  sflr'jgnt,  n.  1.  A  non»commis- 
sioned  military  ofticer  ranking  next  above  a 
corporal.  2.  One  of  various  minor  oflicials. 
[<  F.  sergent,  <  L.  servio,  serve.]  —  ser'- 
eeantsatsarms',  n.  An  executive  officer  in 
legislative  bodies  who  enforces  order,  etc.— 
ser'gean-cy,  ser'geant-cy,  n. 

se'ti-al,  a.  &  n.    See  under  series. 

se'^ri-a'tiin,  st'rl-g'tlm  or  s^'rl-g'tlm,  adv.  One 
after  another;  In  connected  order;  serially.  [LL.] 

se'ri-es,  si'ri-iz  or  si'riz,  n.  An  orderly  ar- 
rangement of  one  thing  after  another;  a  con- 
nected succession.  [L.,  <  sero,  join.]  —  se'ri- 
al,  sl'rl-Ql.    I.  a.    1,  Of  the  nature  of  a  series. 

3.  Published  in  a  series  at  regular  Intervals.  3. 
Successive.  II.  n.  A  literary  composition  pub- 
lished in  parts  In  successive  Issues. 

se'ri-ous,  si'ri-us,  a.  1.  Grave  and  earnest 
in  quality,  feeling,  or  disposition;  thoughtful; 
sober.  2.  Being  or  done  in  earnest.  3.  Of 
great  importance.     [<  L.^^^  seri^is,  serious.] 

ser'mon,  sgr'mun,  n.  A  religious  discourse, 
based  on  a  text  of  the  Bible;  any  serious  dis- 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli   (the);  go;   sing,   ii^k;  thin. 


serous 
seven 


408 


course.      [F.,   <  L.  sermo{n-),  discourse.]  — 

ser^inon'ize,  vt.  &  vi. 
se'rous,  si'rus,  a.    Pertaining  to,  producing, 

or  resembling  serum. 
ser'pent,  sgr'pgnt,  n.    1.  A  scaly,  limbless 

reptile;  a  snake,  especially  when  of  large  size. 

2.  Anything  of  serpentine  form  or  appearance. 

3.  An  insmuating  and  treacherous  person. 
[F.,  <  L.  serpe7i{t-)s,  creeping.]  —  ser'pen-tine, 
ser'pen-tln  or  -tain.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like 
a''8erpent;  zigzag  or  sinuous;  crawling  sinuously. 
II.  w.  A  variously  colored  or  mottled  marble* 
like  rock. 

ser'rate,       Iser'et  or  -gt,    ser'e"t§d,    a. 

eer'ra'^ted,  i  Toothed  or  notched  like  a  saw. 
[  <  L.  serratvs,  <  serra,  saw.] 
—  ser-ra'tion,  n. 

ser'ried.,  ser'id,  pa.  Compacted 
in  rows  or  ranks,  as  soldiers.  [< 
L.F  sero,  join.] 

se'rum,  sl'rura  or  ser'um,  «•    A   _     , ,     „ 
watery  animal  fluid,  as  the  watery   Douhly  feer- 
portion  of  the  blood.    [L.J  rate  Leaves 

serv'ant,   sgrv'ant,   n.      1.  A     ofaniLim. 
person  employed  to  labor  for  another;  a  do- 
mestic; bondman,    2.  Any  one  devoted  to  the 
service  of  another.    [F.,  <  LL.  servien(t-)s.,  < 
L.  servio,  serve.] 

serve,  sgrv,  v.  [served  ;  serv'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  be  in  the  employment  of;  work  for.  2. 
To  aid.    3.  To  be  subordinate  to;  be  of  use. 

4.  To  content;  satisfy.  5.  To  treat;  requite. 
6.  To  carry  on  the  services  of.  7.  To  manipu- 
late; handle.  8.  To  wait  on- arrange.  II.  i. 
1.  To  act  as  a  servant  or  employee;  be  in  sub- 
jection. 2.  To  perform  the  duties  of  any  sta- 
tion. 3.  To  be  sufficient  and  effective  for  a 
purpose.  [<  F.  servir.,  <  L.  servio,  serve.]  — 
Merv'ice,  sgrv'ls,  M.  1.  The  work  or  position 
of  a  servant;  work  performed  for  the  benefit  of 
another,  ii.  One's  otllclal  work;  public  or  stated 
religious  exercise;  military  or  naval  duty.  3.  A 
set  of  vessels,  utensils,  etc.,  for  a  specific  use,  as 
at  table.— serv'ice-a-bl(e,  a.  —  serv'iKe, 
serv'il,  a.  1.  Slavish;  abject.  2.  Pertaining  to 
sfaves  or  servants.  3.  Being  of  a  subject  class. 
4.  Obedient.— ser-vil'i-ty,«.  Cringing  sub- 
mission; slavlshness.- serv'i-tor,  n.  A  serv- 
lng»man;follower.— serv'i-tiide,sgrv'l-tiud,n. 
1,  The  condition  of  a  slave;  bondage.  'Z.  A  state 
of  subjection  to  anything.    3.  Menial  service. 

ses'siKe,  ses'il,  a.  Immediately  attached  by 
its  base,  without  a  stalk,  as  a  leaf.  [<  L.  ses- 
silis.  <  sedeo,  sit.] 

ses'sion,  sesh'un,  n.  1.  The  sitting  together 
of  an  organized  body  for  the  transaction  of 
business.  2.  The  time  during  which  a  de- 
liberative assembly  or  court  remains  sitting, 
3.  Any  one  of  certain  courts.  [F.,  <  L,  ses- 
tdo(n-),  <  sessus;  see  sessile,] 

MesH'pooF't,  n.    A  cesspool, 

set,  set,  V.  [set  ;  set'ting,] 
cause  to  sit  or  rest  on  a  seat, 
place.     3.  To  appoint  ;  settle 

1)rice).  5.  To  adjust ;  arrange  ;  place  ;  put, 
[I.  i.  1.  To  pass  below  the  horizon;  dechne; 
sink;  fade.  2.  To  congeal;  solidify.  3.  To 
become  fixed.  4.  To  tend;  incline.  5.  To  ex- 
ert one's  powers.  6.  To  fit.  [<  AS.  setfan, 
set,  causal  of  ftiftan,  sit.]  —  8et'»oflr'',  n.  1 .  An 
offset  or  counterpoise.  2.  A  decorative  con- 
trast or  setting.    3.    A  counter-claim.  —  »et'- 


1.  t.    1.  To 

2.  To  put  in 
4.  To  fix  (a 


ter,  n.  1,  One  who  or  that  which  sets.  a.  One 
of  a  breed  of  hunting«dogs.  —  set'ting,  7i.    1. 

The  act  of  anything  that  sets.  2.  An  Insertion. 
3,  That  in  which  something  is  set;  a  frame;  en- 
vironment. 

set,  pa.  1.  Fixed;  unyielding;  obstinate.  2. 
Established  or  prescribed.  3.  Fully  formed 
and  regular.    4.  Rigid ;  stationary. 

sets  n.  1.  A  collection;  series;  group;  class. 
2.  The  act  or  result  of  giving  fixed  form,  po- 
sition, or  direction.    3.  The  act  of  sinking  be- 


low the  horizon,  as  a  heavenly  body, 
cutting;  seedling.     [<  set,  -j?.     Def. 


4.  A 
var. 
of  SEPT,  n.    Def.  3,  <  AS.  setl.] 

set^,  n.  Adaptation  or  adjustment,  as  of  a  gar- 
ment, to  the  figure;  fit.     [<  sit,  ^.] 

se-ta'ceous,  sg-te'shins.  Of,  like,  or  cov- 
ered with  bristles;  bristly.  [<  L.  seta,  a  hair, 
bristle.] 

sexton,  8l't§n,  n.  Surg.  A  bristle,  or  a  few 
threads,  passed  through  a  fold  of  the  skin  and 
left  there  to  produce  an  issue  for  relief  of  sub- 
jacent part«.     [<  F.  seton,  <  L.  seta,  bristle.] 

se'tose'',  si'tos",  a.  Setaceous;  bristly.  [< 
L.  setosus,  <  seta,  bristle.]    se'tous^. 

set-tee',  set-ti',  n.  A  long  wooden  seat  with 
a  high  back.     [Var.  of  settle,  n.] 

set'tlei,  set'l,  v.  [set'tled;  set'tling,]  1. 1. 
1.  To  cause  to  become  fixed,  2.  To  determine 
in  the  mind.  3.  To  still ;  calm.  4.  To  people; 
colonize.  II.  i.  1.  To  become  clarified,  as  a 
liquid;  sink  to  the  bottom,  as  dregs.  2.  To 
come  to  rest.  3.  To  subside.  4.  To  fix  one's 
home  or  abode.  5.  To  determine.  [<  AS. 
setlan,  <  setl,  bench.]  —  set'tle;  n.  Same  as 
settee. 

set'tled'?;.  [This 
word,  though  ety- 
mologically  dif- 
ferent from  set- 
tle^, has  become 
popularly  so  iden- 
tified with  it  that 
many  of  the 
meanmgs  of  each 
combine  the  two 
senses    and    can 


Settee  of  Carved  Oak. 


not  be  closely  discriminated.]  [set'tled; 
set'tling.]    l.t.    1.  To  put  in  order;  arrange. 

2.  To  appomt;  set.  3.  To  decide.  4.  To  pay. 
II.  i.  1.  To  adjust  differences.  2.  To  pay 
one's  bill.  [<  AS.  sahtlian,  reconcile,  <  saht, 
settlement,  <  sacan,  contend.]  —  set'tle-meiit, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  settling.  2.  A  colonized  region. 

3,  An  accounting,  as  of  a  debt.— set'tler.  n. 

1.  A  colonist,  ti.  A  pan,  etc.,  In  which  settlings 
are  obtained.— MCt't I inir,  ".  1.  The  act  of  set- 
tling.   2.  pi.  Dregs;  sediment. 

set'sto'',  set'-tQ",  n.    A  bout,  as  at  boxing. 
sev'en,  sev'n.    I.  a.    Consisting  of  one  more 
than  six.    II.  n.    1.  The  sum  or  one  and  six. 

2.  The  symbol  of  that  number,  as  7  or  VII. 
—  sev'en-teen'',  sev'n-tin".  I,  a.  Consisting 
of  seven  more  than  ten.  II,  n.  The  sum  of 
ten  and  scvon,  or  the  symbols  representing  this 
number,  as  17  or  XVII.—  sev'en-teenlh'''.  I. 
a.  1.  Seventh  in  order  after  the  tenth.  2.  Being 
one  of  seventeen  eqiml  parts.  II.  n.  One  of 
seventeen  equal  part«  of  anything.—  Hcv'tmth, 
sev'nth.  I.  a.  1,  Next  In  order  after  the  sixth. 
♦J.  Being  one  of  seven  equal  parts.  II.  n. 
One  of  seven  equal  parts;  the  quotient  of  a  unit 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  elgmfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  rule;  bat,  6r; 


409 


sever 
sliady 


divlded  by  seven.— sev'en-ti-eth,  sev'n-tl-eth. 
I.  a.  1.  Tenth  In  order  after  the  sixtieth.  »i. 
Being  one  of  seventy  equal  parts.  II.  n.  One 
of  seventy  equal  parts;  the  quotient  of  a  unit 
divided  by  seventy. —  sev'en-ty,  sev'n-ti.  I. 
a.  Consisting  of  ten  more  than  sixty,  or  of  seven 
times  ten.  II.  n.  [-ties»,  pl.^^  The  sum  of 
ten  and  sixty,  or  the  symbols  representing  this 
number,  as  TO  or  LXX. 

sev'er,  sev'gr,  v.  I.  t.  To  disjoin;  separate; 
cleave  asunder.  II.  i.  To  part  from  one 
another;  go  asunder.  [<  F.  setrer,  <  L. 
sepaiv,  separate.] —sev'er-aiice,  sev'gr-ans, 
n.  The  act  of  severing;  separation;  partition. 

sev'er-al,  sev'gr-ali  «•  1-  Being  of  an  in- 
definite but  small  number;  divers.  2.  Con- 
sidered individually;  pertaining  to  an  individ- 
ual; single;  separate.  [OF.,  <  L.  separo,  sep- 
arate.] —  sev'er-al-ly,  adv. 

se-vere',se-vir',  a.  1.  Hard  to  bear;  painful; 
trying.  2.  Rigorous  in  the  treatment  of  others; 
unsparing;  harsh;  merciless.  3.  Conformed  to 
rigid  rules;  marked  by  pure  and  simple  excel- 
lence. 4.  Serious;  grave;  sedate.  [<¥. severe, 
<  L.  severtis,  severe.]  — se-vere-'ly,  adv.—»e- 
ver'i-ry,  8§-ver'l-ti,  7i.  [-ties«,  joZ.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  severe,    se-vere'uesst. 

sew,  80,  V.  [sewed;  sewed  or  sewn;  sew'- 
iNG.]  I.  t.  To  make,  mend,  or  fasten,  as 
with  needle  and  thread.  II.  i.  To  occupy 
oneself  with  sewing.     [<  AS.  seowian,  sew.] 

se-w'age,  siii'gj,  n.  1.  The  waste  matter 
carried  off  in  sewers.     2.  Loosely,  sewerage. 

sew'eri,  so'gr,  fi.      One  who  sews  or  stitches. 

sew'er^,  siii'gr,  n.     A  conduit  to  carry  off 
drainage,  as  of  a 
city;    any   large 
drain.      [<   OP.  ttfC 
seuwiere.]  c 

—  sew'er- 
asre,  n.  1.  A  sys- 
tem of  sewers,  ti.     n 
Loosely,  sewage.     " 

sex,  sex,  n.  1. 
The  physical  dif- 
ference between 
male  and  female; 
the  character  of 
being  male  or 
female.  2.  Males 
or  females  of  a 
group,  collect- 
ively. 3.  Women 
in  general ;  wom- 
ankind: usually, 
with  the  detinite  article,  the  sex.  [<  L.^  sexus., 
sex.]  —  sex'less,  a.    Having  no  sex;  neuter. 

sex-,  sexi-.  Combining  forms.  [<  L.  sea?, 
six.]— sex''a-ge-na'ri-an,8ex"a-j§-ne'ri-an,??. 
A  person  between  sixty  and  seventy  years  of  age. 
—  sex-asr'e-na-ry,  sex-aj'e-ne-ri.  I.  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  number  sixty.  1 1,  n.  A 
sexagenarian.— sex'tant,  sex'tunt,  n.  1.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  angular  distance,  as  In 
determining  latitude  at  sea.  2.  Math.  The  sixth 
part  of  a  circle;  an  arc  of  60  degrees.—  sex-til'- 
I ion, sex-til 'yun,  n.  A  cardinal  number:  Q)  In  the 
French  system  (also  U.  S.),  the  seventh  power  of 
a  thousand,  represented  by  a  figure  1  followed  by 
21  ciphers.  (2)  In  the  English  system,  the  sixth 
power  of  a  million,  represented  by  a  figure  1  fol- 
lowed by  36  ciphers;  also,  the  symbols  represent- 
ing either  of  these  numbers. 


City  Sewer, 
c,  compressed«air  pipe;  d,  drain; 
p,   water-pipes;    w,    water»main; 
wc,  wire  cables. 


Log  Shack. 


Sex^^a-ges'i-ma,  sex"a-jes'i-ma,  n.  The 
second  Sunday  before  Lent.  [  <  L.  sexagesi- 
nnis,  sixtieth.]  ~sex''a-ges'i-nial,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  founded  on  the  number  sixty. 

sex'ton,  sex'tgn,  n.  A  janitor  of  a  church ;  also, 
formerly  a  grave»digger.  [Corr.  of  sacristan.] 

sex'tu-ple,  sex'tiu-pl,  a.    Sixfold.     [F.] 

sex'u-al,  sex'yu-al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  sexes,  or  sex;  characterized  by  sex. —  sex"- 
ti-al'i-ty,  n.— sex'u-al-ly,  adv. 

sh.ab'by,  shab'i,  a.  [soab'bi-er;  shab'bi- 
est.]  Threadbare;  rao:ged;  mean;  paltry.— 
shab'bi-Iy,  adv. —  shab'bi-ness,  n. 

sliack,  shac,  n.    [N.  Am.]     A  rude  cabin, 
of     logs.       [< 
shake.] 

s  b  a  c  k '  1  (e , 
shac'l.  I.  rf. 
[shack 'l(e)d  ; 
shack'ling.] 
To  restrain  or 
fasten,  as  with 
shackles;  fetter. 
II.  n.  1.  A  fet- 
ter; gyve.  See 
illus.  below.  2. 
A  fastening,  as  a  link  for  coupling  railway- 
cars.    [<  AS.  sceacel,  <  sceacan,  shake.] 

shad,  shad,  n.    A  deep»bodied  food-fish. 

sliad^dock,  shad'gc,  n.  A  tropical  fruit  akin 
to  the  orange;  also,  the  tree  yielding  it. 

shade,  shed,  v.  [sha'ded<i;  sha'ding.]  I. 
/.  1.  To  screen  from  light  and  heat,  as  of  the 
sun;  dim;  darken;  overshadow;  cloud.  2.  To 
shield  or  protect.  3.  To  blend  by  gradations, 
as  colors;  modify.  II.  i.  To  pass,  blend, 
change,  or  soften  by  gradations. 

shade,  7? .  1.  Relative  obscurity  from  inter- 
ception of  the  rays  of  light;  gloom;  darkness; 
obscurity;  the  state  of  being  outslione.  2.  A 
shady  place;  secluded  retreat.  3.  A  screen 
that  shuts  off  light,  heat,  air,  dust,  etc.  4.  A 
gradation  of  color;  slight  degree;  minute  dif- 
ference. 5.  Art.  The  unilluminated  part  of 
a  picture.  6.  A  disembodied  spiritj  ghost;  in 
the  plural,  the  abode  of  departed  spirits;  Hades. 
7.  Something  unreal;  a  semblance;  shadow. 
[<  AS.  scead,  shade.]  — shade'les.s,  a. 

shad'ow,  shad'O.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  cast 
a  shadow;  shade;  darken.  2.  To  foreshow  or 
typify  dimly:  often  with  forth  or  out.  3.  To 
follow  as  a  spy;  dog.  II.  n.  1.  Partial  dark- 
ness caused  by  the  interception  of  light;  also, 
the  surface  or  portion  of  a  surface  thus  dark- 
ened; shade;  gloom;  dark- 
ness; obscurity;  sadness. 
2.  Something  shadowy; 
type  or  symbol;  a  reflected 
image;  ghost.  3.  A  faint 
trace;  slightest  degree. 
Shelter;  covert;  pro  tec-  Shackles  for  the 
tion.    [<  AS.  sceadu,  shad-  Legs. 

ow.]  —  shad'ow-y,  a.  1.  Full  of  shadows; 
producing  shade;  dark.  2.  Like  a  shadow;  ob- 
scure; vague;  unreal;  ghostly.  3.  Shadowing 
forth;  symbolical. 

sha'dy,  she'di,  a.  [sha'di-er;  sha'di-est.] 
1.  Full  of  shade;  casting  a  shade;  shaded  or 
sheltered.  2.  Dubious;  suspicious. — sha'di- 
ly,  arfr.—  aha'Ai-net^H,  n. 


)t  a  surface  thus  aark- 

S-JLJ 


fiiitiure    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    oil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli    {t?ie)\   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


shaft 
sharp 


410 


Shah  of  Persia. 


shafts  ehgft,  n.  1.  A  missile  weapon  having 
a  stock  or  stem;  a  spear;  dart;  arrow;  also,  the 
stock  or  stem,  without  the  head.  2.  The 
part  of  a  column  between  capital  and  base; 
the  trunk  of  a  tree;  an  axle,  handle,  thill,  or 
the  like.    [<  AS.  sceafU  <  scafan,  shave.] 

shaft^,  n.  A  well'like  excavation  connected 
with  a  mine;  the  tunnel  of  a  blast»furnace. 
[<  AS.<5  sceaft,  shaft^,  w.] 

shag,  shag.  I.  vt.&vi.  [shag'ged"*;  shag'- 
GiNG.]  To  make  or  become  shaggy;  roughen. 
II.  n.  A  rough  coat  or  mass,  as  of  hair.  [< 
AS.  sceacga,  hair.]  ~  shag'bark'',  n.  The 
white  hickory.  8helPbark'''i.  — shaK'gred, 
a.  Shaggy;  scrubby.— shag'gy,  a.  [shag^gi-ee; 
shag'gi-est.]  Having,  consisting  of,  or  resem- 
bling rough  hair  or  wool ;  rugged ;  rough.  — 
sliag'gi-Iy,  arZt\— sliag'gi-ness,  n. 

sha-green',  sha-gi-tn',  n.  1.  The  rough  skin 
of  various  fishes:  used  for  polishing.  2.  A 
rough'grained  oriental  leather.  [<  Turk.^'  +  F 
sdqhrl.  shagreen.] 

shall,  sha,  n.  A  king  or  ruler;  honored  personage. 
[Per.]    schaht. 

shake,  shek.  I.  tit.  &  vi. 
[shook;  SHAKEDt;  sha'ken; 
sha'king.]  1.  To  move  rap- 
idly to  and  fro  or  up  and  down ; 
agitate;  jolt;  wave;  brandish; 
tremble;  quiver;  trill.  2.  To 
weaken;  impair;  shatter.  II. 
n.  1.  A  shaking;  concussion; 
agitation;  vibration;  shock; 
jolt.  2.  The  state  of  being 
shaken;  a  trembling;  tremor.  [<  AS.  sceacan, 
shake.]— sharker,  she'kgr,  n.  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  shakes.  "Z,  [S-]  A  member  of  a 
communistic  celibate  religious  sect  In  the  United 
States.— sha'ky,  a.  [sha'ki-eb;  sha'ki-est.] 
Habitually  shaking  or  tremulous;  tottering;  weak; 
unsound.— sha'ki-ly,  arfw.— sha'ki-ness, «. 

shale,  shel,  n.  A  fragile  argillaceous  rock  re- 
sembling slate.     [<  G.  schale,  shell.] 

shall,  shal,  v.  [should  (sHOLDt,  sholde+).3 
[A  defective  auxiliary  verb  having  no  partici- 
ples, imperative,  or  infinitive.]  1.  Am  to,  or 
are  to:  expressing  simple  futurity.  2.  [shalt, 
2dj)er.  sing.;  shall,  3d  per.  sing.  &  pi.]  Art 
to,  is  to,  or  are  to:  expressing  subjection  to  a 
command,  obligation,  promise,  or  permission. 
Shall  and  will  are  used  as  auxiliaries  in  the 
simple  future  tense  as  follows:  I  shall;  thou  wilt; 
he  will;  we  shall;  you  will;  they  will.  As  auxili- 
aries expressing  a  promise,  determination, threat, 
command,  or  permission,  their  use  Is  precisely 
the  opposite,  as  follows:  I  will;  thou  shalt;  he 
shall;  we  will;  you  shall;  they  shall.  Various 
exceptions  discriminate  fine  shades  of  meaning. 
[<  AS.  sceal,  I  am  obliged.] 

shal'lop,  shal'ep,  n.  An  open  boat  of  any 
size;  specifically,  a  rowboat  for  two  oarsmen. 

shal-lot%  ehal-'let',  n.  An  onion»like  culinary 
vegetable.     [<  Gr.oF  Askaldn,  in  Syria.] 

shariow,  shal'n.  I.  vf.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
grow  shallow.  II.  a.  Lacking  depth ;  shoal ; 
superficial.    III.  v.    A  shallow  place;  shoal. 

sha  I  til,  shalt,  sd  per.  .sing.  pres.  iwt.  of  shall,  r. 

sha^y,  she'li,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  shale. 

Sham,  sham.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  [shammed;  sham'- 
MiNG.]  To  pretend  falsely;  simulate;  feign. 
II.  a.  Pretended;  counterfeit;  mock.  III.  n. 
A  false  pretense;  imposture;  deception;  decep- 


tive imitation;  a  pretender.    [Corr.  of  shame.] 

sham''bl(e,  sham'bl.  I.  vi.  [sham'bl(e)d; 
sham'bling.]  To  walk  with  shuffling  gait. 
II.  n.    A  shambling  walk;  shuffling  gait. 

sham'bles,  n.  pi.  A  slaughter-house;  for- 
merly, a  meat»market.  [<  L.^s  scamellum, 
little  bench.] 

shame,  shem.  I.  rf.  [shamed;  sha'ming.] 
1.  To  make  ashamed;  mortify;  abash;  dis- 
grace. 2.  To  impel  by  a  sense  of  shame:  with 
into  or  onto/.  II.  n.  1.  A  painful  sense  of 
guilt  or  degradation.  2.  The  restraining  sense 
of  pride  or  modesty.  3.  That  which  brings 
reproach;  a  disgrace'.  [<  AS.  scamv,  shame.] 
—  sliaine'fiil,  a.  Deserving  shame  or  dis- 
grace; disgraceful;  scandalous;  Indecent,  -ly, 
adv.  -ness,  72.— shanie'less,  a.  Immodest; 
Impudenr.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

shame^faced^^,  sbem'fest",  a.  Bashful; 
showing  shame  or  bashfulness  in  one's  face. 
[<  AS.  scumu,  shame,  +  fxst.,  fast.]  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

$*liaiii'iny,  sham'l,  n.  Same  as  chamois,  sham'- 
oist;  suain'oyf. 

sham-poo',  sham-pu'.  I.  vt.  To  wash  and 
rub  or  knead  thoroughly,  as  the  skin  of  the  head 
or  body.  II.  n.  The  act  or  process  of  shampoo- 
ing.    [<  Hind,  champna.,  press.] 

sham'rock,  sham'rec,  n.    Any  one  of  several 
trifoliolate  plants,  as  the  white  clo- 
ver, accepted  as  the  national  em- 
blem of  Ireland. 

shank,  sha^ik,  rt.  The  leg  between 
the  knee  and  the  ankle;  the  sbaft 
of  a  tool  connecting  with  the  han- 
dle.   [<  AS.  scawca,  shank.] 

sha'  n't,  shgnt.  [Colloq.]  Shall 
not:  written  also  shan't. 

shan'ty,  shan'ti,  n.  [shan'ties^, 
pi.]    A  hut,  cabin,  or  rickety  dwell- 


ing,   shan'teet. 
shape,  shep.    I.  vt.  &  vi. 


[shaped' 


Shamrock. 


(rarely  sha'pen,  anciently  sho'pen);  sha'- 
PING.J  To  mold;  form;  model;  adjust;  adapt; 
modify;  imagine.  II.  w.  Outward  form  or  ex- 
pression; configuration;  contour;  guise;  aspect; 
statement.  [  <  AS.  sceapan,  shape.]  —  shape'- 
le»H%  a.  Having  no  definite  shape;  lacking  sym- 
metry; formless,  -ly,  ad».  -nesH,  n.— sfaape'- 
ly,  a.  [shape'li-ee;  shape'li-est.]  Having 
a  pleasing  shape;  graceful;  symmetrical.  — 
shape'Ii-ucss,  n. 

Hliardll,  shard,  «.  1.  A  broken  piece,  as  of  an 
earthen  vessel;  a  potsherd.  2.  A  hard,  thin 
shell  or  a  wing»cover.    [<  AS.  sceran,  shear.] 

share,  shQr,  ?'.  [shared;  shar'ing.]  1. 1.  1. 
To  give  a  part  of  to  another  or  others;  divide: 
followed  by  vith.  2.  To  enjoy  or  endure  in 
common;  participate  in.  3.  To  divide  into 
portions;  distribute;  apportion:  with  between 
or  among.  II.  i.  To  nave  a  part  or  a  share; 
participate.  —  shar'er,  n. 

shared  n.  A  portion;  allotted  or  equitable 
part.    [<  AS.  scearu,  <  sceran,  shear.] 

shared, «.  A  plowshare;  a  blade,  as  of  a  cul- 
tivator.   [<  AS.  scear,  <  sceran,  shear.] 

shark,  shark,  n.  A  voracious  cartilaginous 
fish  having  lateral  cill'openings.  See  illus.  on 
next  page.  [<  Gr.^  Karcharias,  a  kind  of 
shark.] 

sharp,  sharp.    I».  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  sharpen.  2. 


papfl,  98k;  at,  ftir;  element,  thSy,  uefge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rllle;  but,  Or; 


411 


shatter 
sheers 


Mus.  To  raise  in  pitch,  as  by  a  half  step;  sing 
or  play  above  the  right  pitch.  3.  To  act  the 
sharper.    II.  a.    1.  Having  a  keen  edge  or  an 


White  Shark.    Vaoo 

a,  mouth;  6,  tooth. 

acute  point.  2.  Keen  of  perception  or  dis- 
cernment, 3.  Ardent;  quick;  eager,  as  the 
appetite;  impetuous;  vigilant.  4.  Afflictive; 
poignant;  censorious;  acrimonious;  rigorous; 
stern;  sarcastic;  bitter.  5.  Shrill.  6.  Pinch- 
ing- cutting,  as  cold.  7.  Having  a  stinging 
acid  or  pungent  taste.  8.  Distinct,  as  an  out- 
line; not  blurred  or  hazy.  9.  Mus.  Being 
above  the  proper  or  indicated  pitch;  sharped. 
III.  n.  1.  Mns.  (1)  A  character  (%)  used  on 
a  natural  degree  of  the  staff  to  make  it  repre- 
sent a  pitch  a  half  step  higher.  (2)  The  tone 
so  indicated.  2 .  A  long  and  slender  needle.  3 . 
A  sharper.  IV.  adv.  1.  In  a  sharp  manner; 
sharply.  2.  [Colloq.]  Promptly;  exactly;  on 
theiustant.  [<  AS.  scear/?.]  -\y,adv.  -ness,^. 
—  sharp'eii,  sharp'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  be- 
come sharp.—  sharp'er,  n.    A  swindler. 

shat'ter,  shat'gr,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  break  into 
many  pieces;  fall  or  fly  in  pieces;  smash;  shiv- 
er. 2.  To  break  the  health  or  tone  of,  as  the 
body  or  mind;  defeat,  as  an  army  or  a  plan;  de- 
range; dissipate;  disorder.  3.  To  have  a 
sound  as  of  breaking  or  crashing. 

shave,  shev,  v.  [shaved;  sha'ven  or  shaved; 
sua'ving.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  make  bare  or  smooth 
by  scraping;  remove,  as  hair  or  beard,  with  a 
razor.  2.  To  remove  from  the  surf  ace  with  an 
edged  instrument:  sometimes  with  off.  3.  To 
skim  along  the  surface  of;  graze  past;  slice 
very  thin.    4.  To  cheat;  fleece;  strip.    II.  n. 

1.  The  act  of  shaving.  2.  A  knife  or  blade, 
mounted  between  two  handles,  as  for  shaving 
wood.    3.  A  shaving.     [<  AS.  scqfan,  shave.] 

—  sha'ver,  M.    1.  One  who  shaves;  sharper. 

2.  [Colloq.]  Alad.— sha'ving,  7i.  1.  The  act 
of  one  who  shaves.  3,  A  thin  paring  shaved 
from  anything. 

shaTVl,  shel,  n.  A  wrap,  as  a  square  of  cloth, 
worn  over  the  upper  part  of  the  body.  [  <  Per. 
shal,  shawl.] 

shell,  shl,  n.    A  female;  woman. 

she,  pron.  [her  or  hers,  po^s.;  her,  obj.:, 
THEY,  nom.  pi.;  their  or  theirs,  poss.  pi.; 
them,  obj.  pl^  This  or  that  woman  or  female 
named  or  understood;  the  feminine  pronoun  of 
the  3d  person.     [<  AS.  seo,  fern,  of  se,  that.] 

sheaf,  shif,  n.  [sheaves,  shivz,  pl.'j  A  quan- 
tity of  the  stalks  of  cut  grain  or  the  like,  bound 
together.    [<  AS.  sceaf,  <  scufan.,  shove.] 

shear,  shir,  vt.  &  vi.  [sheared  or  shore  ; 
sheared   or   shorn;    shear'ing.]     To   clip 


close  with  shears  or  scissors.    [<  AQ.scera/), 
shear.]  — shear'er,  n. 

shears,  shirz,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  1.  Any  large 
cutting*  or  clipping»in- 
strument  workea  by  the 
crossing  of  cutting  edges, 
as  for  shearing  sheep.  2. 
Same  as  sheers.  [<  AS. 
sceara,  <  sceran,  shear.]        sheep.shears. 

sheath,  shith,  n.  An  en- 
velope or  case,  as  for  a  sword;  scabbard.  [< 
AS.  scedth,  sheath.]  —  sheathe,  shtdh,  vt. 
[sheathed;  sheath'ing.]  To  put  Into  or  as 
Into  a  sheath;  cover;  conceal;  protect  with  cov- 
ering.—sheath'ins:,  shidh'ing,n.  1.  A  casing, 
as  of  a  building.  *i.  The  act  of  one  who  sheathes.- 
sheath^less,  shith'les.a.  Destitute  of  a  sheath. 

sheave,  shiv,  n.  A  pooved  pulley ""wheel ;  also, 
a  puUeywheel  and  its  block. 

sheaves,  shIvz,  n.    Plural  of  sheaf. 

shed,  shed,  vt.  &  vi.  [shed;  shed'ding.]  1. 
To  throw  off;  cast  off;  molt.  2.  To  suffer  or 
cause  to  flow  out,  as  tears  or  blood;  emit.  3. 
To  turn  off  or  aside,  as  rain  ;  flow  off.  4.  To 
divide;  separate:  obsolete  except  in  weaving. 
[ <  AS.  sceddan,    separate.]  —  shed'der,  n. 

shedi,  n.  That  which  sheds,  as  a  sloping  sur- 
face: the  act  of  shedding;  a  parting. 

shed^,  w.  A  small  low  building;  cabin;  hut. 
[Var.  of  SHADE.] 

sheen !l,  shtn,  a.    Shining;  bright;  radiant. 

sheen,  n.  A  glistening  brightness,  as  if  from 
reflection.  [<AS.  «c?n€,  bright.]  — sheen'y, 
a.    Having  a  sheen;  shining. 

sheep,  ship,  n.  sing.  &pl.    1.  A  small  rumi- 


Sheep.    V.30 

nant  quadruped  highly  prized  for  its  flesh  and 
wool.  2.  Leather  made  from  its  skin,  sheep'- 
skin^'ij:.  [<  AS.  scedp,  sheep.]  —  sheep's 
cote'',  n.  A  small  enclosure  for  the  protection 
of  sheep.—  s.sfold,  n.  A  place  where  sheep  are 
enclosed  at  night.— sheep'ish,  a.  Awkwardly 
diffident;  abashed,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

sheer,  shir,  vi.  To  swerve  from  a  course;  turn 
aside;  slope  away.     [<  D.  scheren,  shear.] 

sheer,  a.  1.  Unmitigated;  absolute;  down- 
right; utter.  2.  Exceedingly  thin  and  fine,  as 
a  fabric.  3.  Perpendicular;  steep.  [<  Ice. 
skserr;  cp.  AS.  sclr.,  clear.] 

sheer,  n.  1.  The  upward  curve  of  the  lines 
of  a  vessel's  hull.  2.  A  swerving  or  curving 
course. 

sheers,  shIrz,  n.  An  ajpparatus  of  poles  or 
spars    and   hoisting'tackle,   used  for  raising 


flutgfire  (future);   aisle;   au   (cmt);  ell;  c  (k);    cbat;   db  (^Ae);  go;  sins,  \tfk\  thin. 


sbeet 
shindy 


412 


heavy  weights,  as  in  loading  a  vessel.    [Var. 
of  SHEARS.]    shears^:. 

Sheet,  shit.  I'^.  vt.  1.  To  cover  or  envelop 
as  in  a  sheet  or  sheets;  shroud.  2.  To  furnish 
with  sheets.  3.  To  spread  out  into  a  sheet  or 
sheets;  expand,  II.  n.  1.  A  very  thin  and 
broad  piece  of  any  substance,  as  of  paper  or 
metal,  or  of  cloth  for  abed;  any  broad,  flat  sur- 
face, as  of  water.  2.  A  rope  or  chain  from  a 
lower  corner  of  the  sail  to  extend  it  or  move  it; 
a  sail.     [<  AS.  scefe,  sheet,  <  sceat,  corner.] 

—  sheet'san^chor,  «.  One  of  two  anchors 
for  use  only  In  emergency;  figuratively,  a  sure 
dependence.  —  sheet'ing,  n.  1,  The  act  of 
sheeting,  in  any  sense.  2.  Material  for  making 
sheets  for  beds. 

sheik,  shik  or  shek,  n.  In  Mohammedan 
countries,  a  venerable  man ;  the  head  of  a  tribe. 
[<  Ar.  sheikh,  <  shakha,  old.]  scheik:}:; 
shaik:;:;  sheikht;  sheyk:}:- 

shek'el,    shek'el,    n.      1.   An  Assyrian  and 
Babylonian  weight.    2.  A  He- 
brew silver  coin  worth  about  60 
cents.     [  <  Heb.  sheqel^  <  shd- 
qaU  weigh.] 

shelf S  shelf,  n.  [shelves,^/!.] 
A  board  or  slab  set  horizontally 
into  or  against  a  wall.  [<  AS. 
fcyife,  shelf.]  —  shelPfuI,  n.  Shekel. 

shelf^,  n.  A  flat  projecting  ledge,  as  of  rock; 
a  reef;  shoal.— shelPy,  a. 

shell,  shel,  V.  1.  t.  1.  To  enclose  in  or  di- 
vest of  a  shell ;  separate  from  the  cob,  as  In- 
dian corn.  2.  To  bombard  with  shells.  II.  i. 
To  cast  off  the  husk  or  shell.— shell'er,  n. 

shell,  n.  1.  A  hard  structure,  incasing  an  ani- 
mal, egg,  or  fruit.  2.  A  hollow  structure,  ves- 
sel, or  framework;  a  light  racing  rowboat.  3. 
A  hollow  metallic  projectile  filled  with  an  ex- 
plosive ;  a  metallic  cartridge»case  for  breech* 
loading  small  arms.  4.  [Poet.]  The  lyre.  [< 
AS.  scell,  shell.]  —  shell'silsh'',  n.  Any  aquatic 
animal  having  a  shell,  as  a  mollusk  or  a  crusta- 
cean.— HliellMess,  a  —  sIielFy,  a. 

sheriac'',  shel'ac"  or  shel-lac',  n.  Crude  lac 
melted  into  plates  or  cakes  for  varnish.  f< 
SHELL  -I-  LAc»,  n.]  shelTLack'^t;  shell': 
laCt. 

sherter,  shel'tgr.  I.  vt.  To  cover  from  harm 
or  danger;  screen;  shield;  house.  II.  n.  A 
l)lace  of  safety  ;  refuge  ;  retreat ;  security  ;  a 
cover  from  the  weather;  house ;  lodging ; 
home.  [<  AS.  sq/ld,  shield,  -)-  truma,  bat- 
talion.]—  8hel'ter-le88,  a.  1.  Destitute  of 
shelter;  homeless.    <}.  Affording  no  shelter. 

shel'tie,  shel'tl,  n.  [Scot.]  A  Shetland  pony. 
Hhel'tyt. 

shelve •,  shelv,  vt.  [shelved;  shelv'ing.] 
1.  To  lay  on  the  shelf  ;  postpone  :  put  aside; 
retire.    2.  To  provide  or  fit  with  shelves. 

shelve'^,  ?;i.  To  incline  gradually.— shel'vy,  a. 

Shekel,  sht'Ol,  «.  The  underworld;  place  of 
departed  spirits.     [<  Heb.  she'ol,  cave.] 

shep'herd,  shep'grd,  w.  1.  A  keeper  of 
sheep.  2.  Figuratively,  a  pastor,  leader,  or 
guide.— shep'herd-ess,  ji.  fern. 

sher'bet,  shgr'bet,  n.  1.  A  flavored  water- 
ice.  2.  An  Oriental  drink  of  fruit»juice 
sweetened  and  diluted  with  water.  [Turk.,  < 
Ar.  sharbaU  <  shariba,  he  drank.] 


sherd,  shgrd,  n.  A  fragment  of  pottery ;  shard : 
otten  in  composition;  as,  potsherd. 

sher'ifif,  sher'if,  n.  The  chief  administrative 
officer  of  a  county,  who  executes  the  mandates 
of  courts,  etc.  [<  AS.  sci7e  (see  shire)  + 
f/erefa,  officer.]  —  shei'iff-al-ty,  ??.  [-ties*, 
pL]  The  ofiice.  functions,  jurisdiction,  or  terra 
of  office  of  a  sheriff.  s1icrMfl-liood:t;  sher'- 
iff-shipt;  sliriev'al-tyt. 

sher'ry,  sher'i,  n.  [-ries^,  pl.^  The  wines  of 
Jerez,  in  Andalusia,  Spain,     sher'rist. 

sliewji,  sliew'bread^',  etc.    Same  as  show. 

shib'too-leth,  shib'o-leth,  «.  A  party  test- 
word.     [Heb.;  sae  Jndges,  xii,  4-(i.] 

shield,  shtld.  F.  rt.  To  protect:  defend; 
guard.  II.  n.  1.  A  broad  piece 
of  defensive  armor,  commonly 
carried  on  the  left  arm;  a  large 
buckler.  2.  A  defense  or  de- 
fender; shelter.  [<  AS.  scild, 
shield.] 

shift'*,  shift,  vt.  &  vi.  To  change, 
as  in  position,  form,  or  character; 
substitute;  try  expedients;  man- 
age; evade;  equivocate.  [<  AS. 
saftan.,  divide.]  — -shift'er,  n. 

shift,  n.  1.  The  act  of  shifting. 
2.  A  substitute;  expedient;  arti- 
fice; trick;  evasion.  3.  An  un- 
dergarment; chemise.  4.  A  relay 
of  workmen;  also,  the  working 
time  of  each  gang.  — shift'less,  a. 
Inefficient;  incapable;  improvi- 
dent, -ly,  adv.  ^ness,  n.  — > 
shift'y,  a.  [shift'i-er;  shift'i- 
EST.l  1,  Full  of  expedients;  alert; 
capable,  ti.  Artful;  tricky;  fickle. 
—  Hhift'i-ness,  n. 

8liil-la'lali,  shl-i6'la,  n.  A  stout  cudgel.  [< 
Shillelagh,  barony  in  Ireland.]  shil-le'Iahl:; 
t^liil-la'lyt. 

shining:,  shilMng,  n.  1.  A  current  silver 
coin  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, worth  24  cents. 
2.  [U.  S.]  A  former 
denomination  of 
money,  varying  in 
value  from  12i  to  16f 
cents.  3.  The  Span- 
ish real,  worth  12f 
cents.  [<  AS.  scil- 
linq.'] 

shiriy»shal''ly, 
shil'i'Shari.  I.  vi.  [shil'lt-shal'lied; 
shil'ly-shal"ly-ing.]  To  vacillate;  trifle. 
II.  11.  Weak  vacillation;  irresolution.  [Varied 
corruption  of  shall  /.] 

shi'iy,  adv.    Same  as  shyly. 

shim'mer,  shim'gr.  I.  vi.  To  emit  a  trem- 
ulous light;  glimmer.  II.  n.  A  tremulous 
shining  or  gleaming;  glimmer.  [<  AS.  «cim- 
nan,  <  scima,  glimmer.] 

shin,  shin.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [shinned;  shin'nino.] 
To  climb,  as  a  pole,  by  the  clasp  of  hands 
and  legs;  also,  to  walk  or  trot  about.  II. 
n.  1.  The  front  part  of  the  log  below  the 
knee;  also,  the  shin-bone.  2.  The  lower  leg 
or  shank.    [<  AS.  scina,  shin.] 

Bhiu'dy,  shln'dl,  n.  [shin'dies*,  jo?.]  1.  [Slang.] 
A  riotous  quarrel;  row.  *J.  The  game  of  hockey. 
shln'ny^.    [Perh.  of  Glpay  orlg.] 


Reverse  of  a 
Norman 
Shield, 
a,  straps  for 

the    hand;     b, 

shoulder* 

strap. 


Lord  Baltimore  Shilling, 
coined  in  Maryland  in 
1659.  (One-half  actual 
size.) 


popfl,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  uafge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  wr; 


413 


shine 
ship 


sMne,  shain.     I.  vt.  &  vi.     [suone  ;    shi'- 
NiNG.]    To  give  light;  beam:  glow;  gleam;  be 
conspicuous  or  ilkistrious.   II.  n.  Brightness; 
fair  weather;  suushine.     [<  AS.  scinan.] 
—  slii'ner,  «.— shinning,  a.  &  n. 

shin^gle,  ship'gl,  vt.  [shin'gled  ;  shin'- 
GLiNG.]  1.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  shingles. 
2.  To  cut  (the  hair)  short,  all  over  the  head. 

shin'gle,  n.     One  of  certain  thin,  tapering 

fieces  of  wood,  used  in  courses  to  cover  roofs. 
<  L."'  schiclia,  splinter,  <  scindo,  cleave.] 
sWny,  shai'ni,  a.    [shi'ni-er  ;  shi'ni-est.] 
Glossy. 


ship,  ship.  V.  [shipped';  ship'ping.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  transport  by  ship  or  other  mode  of  con- 
veyance. 2.  To  receive  or  fit  in  place  on  ship- 
board ;  hire,  as  sailors.  II.  i.  To  go  on 
board  ship ;  enlist  as  a  seaman .  [  <  AS .  scipian, 
<  scip,  ship.] 

ship,  n.  A  large  seagoing  vessel  with  usually 
three  masts,  carrying  square  sails.  [<  AS. 
scip,  ship.]  —  sliip'board'',  n.  The  side  or 
deck  of  a  ship ;  hence,  a  vessel :  only  in  phrase 
on  shipboard  or  a:sliipboara.  —  sliip'- 
mas'^ter,  7i.  The  captain  or  master  of  a  mer- 
chant ship.— ship'mate'',  n.   A  fellow  sailor. 


PaBTS  of  a  rULL*KIGGED  MERCHANT  SHIP. 


5.  Stem»post.    6.  Counter.    7.  Taflfrail.    8. 

5.  Hull.    14.  Keel.    15.  Entrance.    16.  Bow. 

Bobstays.    22.   Bowsprit.    23.  Martingale. 

Jib=boom.    28.  riying=jib  boom.    29.  Pole. 

Flying  jib.    34.  Standing  or  outer  jib. 


1.  Rudder.  3.  Rudder»horn.  3.  Rudder»pendant.  4.  Steps. 
Run.  9.  Channels.  10.  Bulwarks.  11.  Waist.  12.  Spar-deck.  1 
17.  Stem.  18.  Cutwater.  19.  Hawse-hole.  30.  Billet=head.  21. 
24.  Backrope.  2.5.  Flying  martingale.  26.  Martinpale^stays.  27 
30.  Foreskysailxstay.    31.  Foreroyal^stay.    32.  Flying=jib  stay.      -  .     _  _ 

35.  Innersjib  stay.  36.  Inner  jib.  37.  Foretopmast^staysail  stay.  38.  Foretopmast*staysail.  39.  B'orestay. 
40.  Flying»jib  sheet.  41.  Jib^sheet.  42.  Foresail  or  forecourse.  43.  Clew=gamets.  44.  Fore=brace.  45. 
Foreyard.  46.  Lower  foretopsail.  47.  Clewlines.  48.  Lower  foretopsail»yard.  49.  Upper  foretopsail.  50. 
Upper  foretopsaiUyard.  51.  Foretopgallantsail.  52.  Foretopgallant=yard.  53.  Foreroyal.  54.  Foreroyal= 
yard.  55.  Foreskvsail.  56.  Foreskvsail=yard.  57.  Forestruck,  main=»truck,  mizzen=truck.  58.  Foreskysail» 
brace.     59.  Foreskysailmast.    60.  ^oreroyal*brace.    61.  Fpreroyalmast.    62.  Mainskysail^stay.    63.  Foretop- 

fallant=brace.  64.  Foretopgallantmast.  65.  Mainroyal»stay.  66.  Mainroyal*8taysail.  67.  Foretopmast= 
ead.  68.  Foretopmast.  69.  Maintopgallant»stay.  70.  Maintopgallant=staysail.  71.  Foremast=>head.  72. 
Topmast=shrouds.  73.  Maintopmast=stay.  74.  Futtock^shrouds.  75.  RoyaUbackstays.  76.  Topgallant=back- 
stays.  77.  Skysail=backstays.  78.  Topmast^backstays.  79.  Lower  shrouds.  80.  foremast.  81.  Mainstay. 
82.  Maintopmast»staysail.  83.  Lower  foretopsail*brace.  84.  Deckshouses.  85.  Upper  foretopsail^brace.  86. 
Mainsail.  87.  Main=yard.  88.  Lower  maintopsail.  89.  Lower  maintopsail«yard.  90.  Upper  maintopsaU.  91. 
Upper  maintopsail»yard.  92.  Maintopgallantsail.  93.  Maintopgallant=yard.  94.  Mainroj^al.  95.  Mainroyal* 
yard.  96.  Mainskysail.  97.  Mainskysail=yard.  98.  Mainskysail»pole.  99.  Mainskysailmast.  100.  Main- 
skysail^braces.  101.  Mainroyal»brace.  102.  Mainroyalmast.  103.  Mizzenskysail*brace.  104.  Mizzensky- 
sail'stay.  105.  Maintopgallantmast.  106.  Mizzenroyal=stay.  107.  Maintopmast«head.  108.  Mizzentop- 
gallant*brace.  109.  Maintopgallant*brace.  110.  Upper  maintopsail»brace.  HI.  Mizzentopgallant*stay. 
112.  Upper  mizzentopsail^brace.  113.  Mizzentopmast«stay.  114.  Maintopmast.  115.  Mainmast=head.  116. 
Maintop,  foretop,  mizzentop.  117.  Lower  mizzentopsail*brace.  118.  Main=>gaff.  119.  Maintrysail.  120. 
Mainmast.  121.  Mizzenstay.  122.  Crossjack.  133.  Cross jack»yard.  124.  Lower  mizzentopsail.  125.  Lower 
mizzentopsail«yard.  126.  Upper  mizzentopsail.  127.  Upper  m'izzentopsailoyard.  128.  Mizzentopgallantsail. 
129.  Mizzentopgallant-yard.  130.  Mizzenroyal.  131.  Mizzenroyal*yard.  138.  Mizzenskysail.  133.  Mizzen- 
skysail«=yard.  134.  Mizzenskysail»pole.  135.  Mizzenskysail»mast.  136.  Mizzenroyalmast.  137.  Mizzentop- 
eallantmast.  138.  Mizzentopmast»head.  139.  Monkey*gaff  (to  which  the  national  colors  are  hoisted).  1&. 
Mizzentopmast.    141.  Mizzenmastshead.    143.  Mizzenmast.    143.  Spanker«boom.    144.  Spanker.    145.  Spanker* 

CI.    146.  Monkey*gaff  vangs.    147.  Spanker«vangs.    148.  Spanker=boom  topping.Iift.    149.  Lower  spanker* 
m  topping»lift.    150.  Chart*house.    For  studdingsails,  see  illus.  under  STUDDINGSAIL. 

ftut|nre   (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dh   (the);  go;  sing,  iiik;   thin 


-ship 
shot 


414 


—  ship'inent,  n.  The  act  of  shipping,  or  that 
which  Is  shipped.— ship'per,  rt.— ship'ping, 
n.  1.  Ships  collectively.  2.  The  act  of  ship- 
ping.— 8hip'8hape^%  a.  &  adv.  Well  arranged; 
orderly;  neatly.  —  ship' wreck'".  I',  vt.  To 
wreck,  as  a  vessel;  ruin;  destroy.  II.  n.  The 
partial  or  total  destruction  of  a  ship  at  sea; 
destruction;  ruin.— 8hip'wrigllt'^  n.  A  shlp^^ 
carpenter  or  «=builder.— sliip'yard,  w.  An  en- 
closure or  yard  where  ships  are  built  or  repaired. 

-ship,  suffix.  Condition;  office;  profession;  as, 
friendship;  consuL^^i?;^.     [<  AS.  -scipe.^ 

shire,  shir  or  shair,  n.  A  county.  [<  AS. 
scire,  <  scirian,  cut  off.] 

shirk,  shgrk.  I',  vf.  &  vi.  To  avoid  or  evade, 
as  work  or  obligation.  TL,  n.  1.  One  who 
shirks.    2t.  A  trickster;  adventurer. 

shirr,  shgr.  I.  tt.  1.  To  gather  on  parallel 
gathering'threads.  2.  To  poach  in  cream.  II. 
n.    A  fulling  or  gathering  by  threads. 

—  shirred,  i^a. 

shirt,  shgrt,  n.  A  cotton  or  linen  undergar- 
ment of  men.  [<  Ice.  skyrta,  skirt.]  —  shirt'- 
ing,  n.    Material  used  for  making  shirts. 

shist,  sliist'ic,  etc.    Same  as  schist,  etc. 

shiv'eri,  shiv'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  break  sud- 
denly into  fragments;  shatter.  II.  n.  A  splin- 
ter; sliver. —  shiv'er-yi,  a.    Brittle. 

shiv'er^.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  tremble,  as  with 
cold  or  fear;  shake;  vibrate;  quiver.  II.  «. 
A  shivering,  shaking,  or  quivering  from  any 
cause. —  8hiv'er-y2,  a.    Chilly;  tremulous. 

shoali,  shol.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  grow 
shallow.  II.  a.  Of  little  depth;  shallow. 
III.  n.  A  shallow  place  in  any  body  of  water; 
a  sand'bank  or -bar.  [<  Ice.  skjalgr,  oblique.] 
— shoal'y,  a.  Abounding  In  shoals.— shoal'i- 
ness,  n.    slioaFness:!:. 

shoal^.  I.  vi.  To  throng  in  shoals  or  multi- 
tudes. II.  n.  An  assemblage  or  multitude; 
throng,  as  of  fish.     [<  AS.  scdlu.] 

shoat,  shot,  n.    A  young  hog. 

shocks,  shoe.  I',  vt.  To  shake  by  sudden 
collision;  jar;  give  a  shock  to;  horrify;  dis- 
gust. II.  n.  1.  A  violent  collision  or  con- 
cussion; impact;  blow.  2.  A  sudden  and 
violent  effect  on  mind  or  nerves;  agitation; 
startling  emotion.  [<  MD.  schock,  <  V  of 
SHAKE.] —shock'Ing,  pa.  Causing  a  mental 
shock;  striking  as  with  horror  or  disgust;  re- 
pugnant; distressing.  -  -ly,  adv.    •ness,  n. 

shock^.  V-.  vt.  &  vi.  To  gather  (grain)  into 
a  shock  or  shocks.  II.  n.  A  collection  of 
sheaves  of  grain,  stalks  of  maize,  or  the  like, 
set  together  upright  in  a  field. 

shock^.  I.  a.  Shaggy;  bushy.  II.  n.  A 
coarse  tangled  mass,  as  of  hair.  [Var.  of  shag.] 

Hhod,  shed,  imp.  &  pp.  of  shoe,  v. 

shod'dy.  I.  a.  [shod'di-er;  shod'di-kst.] 
Made  of  or  containing  shoddy;  sham.  II.  ti. 
1.  Fiber  or  cloth  manufactureil  of  shredded 
woolen  rags.  2.  [Colloq.]  Vulgar  assumption 
or  display;  sham.     [Prob.  <  shed,  v.] 

shoe,  shQ.  I.  vt.  [shod;  shod  or  shod'- 
den;  shoe'ino.]  To  furnish  with  shoes  or 
the  like.  II.  w.  [shoes,  ;)i.]  An  outer  cov- 
ering, as  of  leather,  for  the  human  foot;  pro- 
tectfon,  as  of  iron  on  the  hoof  of  an  animal,  or 
under  a  sleigh -runner.    [<  AS.  sceS,  shoe.] 

—  Hho'er,  n.—  ghoe'ma-ker,  n. 
•hone,  shOn,  imp.  &  pp.  of  shikb,  v. 
shook,  shuk,  imp.  &  pp.  of  shake,  v. 


shook,  n.  A  bundle,  of  barrel  staves,  shaped 
and  chamfered,  in  order  for  setting  up.     [Var. 

of  SHOCK2,  n.] 

shoot,  shut,  V.  [shot;  shoot'ing.]  I.  t.  1. 
To  hit,  wound,  or  kill  with  a  missile.  2.  To 
propel  with  sudden  force;  discharge,  as  a  pro- 
jectile or  a  firearm;  cause  to  grow  forth;  pro- 
trude. 3.  To  rush  or  glide  rapidly  over  or 
through;  as,  to  shoot  rapids.  II.  i.  1.  To 
discharge  a  projectile  from  a  weapon  ;  dart 
along  swiftly;  flash  along,  as  a  bird  or  a  star. 
2.  To  extend  rapidly  in  length  by  or  as  by 
growth.  3.  To  jut  out;  protrude.  [<  AS. 
sceotan,  shoot.]  —  shoot'er,  n. —  shoot'ing,  n. 

shoot,  w.  1.  A  young  branch  or  sucker  of  a 
plant;  offshoot.  2.  A  narrow  passage  in  a 
stream;  a  rapid.  3.  An  inclined  passage 
down  which  anything  may  be  shot;  a  chute. 
4.  The  act  of  shooting;  a  shot.  5.  A  shoot- 
ing-match, or  shooting  party.  6.  The  thrust 
of  an  arch.    7.  A  shoat. 

shop,  shop.  I.  vt.  [shopped';  shop'ping.] 
To  visit  shops  or  stores  for  inspection  or  pur- 
chase of  goods.  II.  n.  1.  A  place  for  the 
sale  of  goods  at  retail.  2.  A  place  for  making 
or  repairing  any  article,  or  the  carrying  on  of 
any  artisan  craft.  [<  AS.  sceoppa,  booth.]  — 
sliop'per,  n.— shop'ping,  n. 

shore,  shor,  vt.     [shored;    shor'ing.]     To 
prop,  as  a  wall,  by  a  vertical  or 
sloping  timber. 

shores  n.  A  beam  set  endwise 
as  a  prop.  [<  AS.  scoren,  pp. 
of  sceran,  cut.] 

shore^,  n.  The  coast  or  land 
adjacent  to  an  ocean,  sea,  lake, 
or  large  river.  [<  AS.  score, 
<  sceran,  cut.]  —  shore'less, 
a.    Boundless. 

shoreil,  shor,  imp.  of  shear,  ». 

shorn,  shorn,  pp.  of  shear,  v. 

short,  short.  I.  a.  1.  Of 
slight  or  moderate  length, 
height,  or  duration;  not  long 
or  tall;  brief;  deficient;  inade- , 
quate;  scant.  2.  Abrupt;  curt;  Method  ot^rrop 
petulant.  3.  Not  having  or  Sore  (")  ^ 
not  being  in  possession  at  the 
time  of  sale,  as  stocks.  4.  Breaking  or  crum- 
bling easily;  friable;  crisp.  11.11.  1.  The  com- 
pressed substance  or  pith  of  a  matter.  2 .  Any- 
thing that  is  short;  a  short  syllable,  vowel,  or 
time;  a  deficiency.  III.  adv.  In  a  short  man- 
ner. t<  AS.  *feo7'^  short.]— 8hort'age,8h6rt'gj, 
n.  The  amount  by  which  anything  Is  short; 
doflclcncy.  — short'coiii^'iiiK,  n.  Failure;  re- 
missness; delinquency.— short'en,  sh6rt'n,  vt. 
&  vi.  1.  To  make  or  become  short  or  shorter; 
curtail;  reduce;  dinilnish;  lessen;  contract;  con- 
fine; restrain.  2.  To  make  brittle  or  crisp,  as 
pastry.— short'h and'',  n.  Stenography  or 
phonography.—  siiort'slived",  shfirt'-luivd", 
a.  Living  or  lasting  but  a  short  time.—  short'- 
ly.  rt(/r.  1.  At  the  expiration  of  a  short  time; 
quickly;  soon.  2.  In  few  words;  briefly.  3. 
Curtly;  abruptly.— short'ness,  7i.— short'* 
siffhf'cd,  a.  1,  Unable  to  see  dearlv  at  a 
distance;  near-sighted.  *i.  Lacking  foresight  or 
capacity  of  discernment.    -ly,  adv.    •ness,  n. 

shots  shet,  r^  [shot'ted";  shot'ting.]  To 
load  with  shot. 

shot^  imp.  &  pp.  of  SHOOT. 


by 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  element.  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rille;  birt,  «r; 


415 


shot 
shroud 


shot,  shet,  n.  [shot  or  shots'^,  jyl.]  1.  A 
missile,  as  a  ball  of  iron,  or  a  bullet,  or  pellet 
of  lead,  to  be  discharged  from  a  firearm; 
also,  such  spherules  or  pellets  collectively. 
2.  The  act  of  shooting;  any  stroke,  hit,  or 
blow.  3.  One  who  shoots;  a  marksman,  4. 
The  distance  traversed  or  that  can  be  traversed 
by  a  projectile;  reach;  range.  [<  AS.  ge- 
sceof,  <  sceotan,  shoot.] 

sliote.  n.    Same  as  shoat. 

should,  shud,  imp.  of  shall:  used  (1)  in  in- 
direct discourse  to  express  simple  futuritv, 
from  the  standpoint  of  past  time;  (2)  to  de- 
note supposition  or  concession;  and (3) obliga- 
tion, usually  milder  than  ought.  [<  AS.  scolde, 
pret.  of  sculan,  owe.] 

shoul'der,  shol'dgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To 
assume  as  something  to  be  borne;  sustain; 
bear.  2.  To  push  with  or  as  with  the  shoulder 
or  shoulders.  II.  n.  1.  The  part  of  the  trunk 
between  the  neck  and  the  free  portion  of  the 
arm  or  fore  limb;  also,  the  joint  connecting 
the  arm  or  fore  limb  with  the  body.  2.  An 
enlargement,  projection,  or  offset.  [<  AS. 
scvlder,  shoulder.] —shoul'dersblade'',  n. 
The  scapula. 

Shout,  shout.  I<>.  vt.  &vi.  To  utter  with  a 
shout;  utter  a  shout;  cry  out  loudly.  II.  n. 
A  sudden  and  loud  resonant  outcry. 

shove,  shuv.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [shoved;  shov'- 
iNG.]  To  push  along,  as  on  a  surface;  press 
forcibly  against;  jostle.  II.  ??.  The  act  of 
pushing  or  shoving;  a  strong  push.  [<  AS. 
scqflan,  shove.] 

shoV'el,  shov'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [shov'eled  or 
shov'elled;  shov'el-ing  or  shov'el-ling.] 
To  take  up  and  move  or  gather  with  a  shovel ; 
work  with  a  shovel.  II.  n.  A  flattened  scoop 
with  a  handle,  as  for  digging.  [<  AS.  scojt., 
<  scofen,  pp.  of  scufan.,  shove.] 

shOTV,  sho,  V.  [showed;  shown  or  showed; 
show'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  present  to  view; 
exhibit;  expose;  explain;  reveal;  tell;  prove; 
demonstrate.  2.  To  make  (something)  known 
to  (a  person);  explain  to;  convince.  3.  To 
confer;  bestow.  II.  i.  To  become  visible  or 
known;  appear;  seem.  [<  AS.  scedwian, 
see.] — show'ing,  w.  Show;  display;  presen- 
tation; statement. 

show,  n.  1.  That  which  is  shown;  a  public 
spectacle;  exhibition.  2.  The  act  of  showing; 
display;  parade;  pretense;  semblance.  3.  That 
which   shows;    an  indication;  promise;  sign. 

t<  AS.  scedwe,  <  scedwian,  see.]  —  showb- 
ill, n.  A  poster  announcing  a  play  or  show.  — 
show'bread'',  n.  In  the  Jewish  ritual,  the 
loaves  of  unleavened  bread  set  forth  in  the  sanc- 
tuary, and  changed  every  Sabbath.  — show's 
case'',  n.  A  glass  case  protecting  articles  ex- 
posed as  for  sale. 

show'er,  shau'gr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  sprinkle;  dis- 
charge in  a  shower;  pour  out;  rain;  scatter. 

show'eri,  n.  A  fall  as  of  rain,  hail,  or  sleet, 
of  short  duration;  abundant  supply.  [<  AS. 
scur,  shower.]  — show'ersbath",  n.  An  ar- 
rangement for  showering  water  all  over  the  body, 
or  a  bath  taken  in  that  way.  —  show'er-y,  a. 
Abounding  with  showers;  resembling  a  shower. 
— show'er-i-ness,  n. 

Show'er^,  sho'gr,  n.    One  who  shows. 

show'y,  sho'i,  a.    Making  a  great  display; 


Shn 


gay;  splendid;  ostentatious.  —  show'i- 
y,  orf?7.— show'i-ness,  n. 

shrank,  shrank,  imp.  of  shrink,  v. 

shrap'nel,  shrap'nel,  n.  A  shell  filled  with 
bullets  to  be  scattered  by  its  explosion;  such 
shells  collectively.     [<  Brit.  Gen.  Shrajmel.] 

shred,  shred.  I.  vt.  [shred  or  shred'ded**; 
shred'ding.]  To  tear  or  cut  into  shreds.  II. 
n.  A  small  strip  torn  or  cut  off;  a  bit;  fragment; 
particle.    [  <  AS.  scredde,  <  screddian,  shred.] 

shrew*,  shru,  n.  A  vexatious,  scolding  wom- 
an.   [<  AS.  sa-edrva,  lit.  a  biter.] 

shrew^,  n.    A  diminutive  mouse-like  animal. 
[<   AS.  scred- 
«'«.]  shrew':     ^  -^ 
mouse":;:. 

shrewd, 
shrud,  a.  1. 
Having  keen 
insight;  sharp; 
sagacious.  2  . 
Artful; sly.  3,. 

Keen  or  sharp;  ■^ 

biting.    4t.  Shrewish;  also,  vexatious;  vicious. 
[ME.  shreived.  pp.  of  schrewen.,  curse.] 
—  shrewd'ly,  arf?;.— shrevrd'ness,  n. 

shrew'ish,  a.    Like  a  shrew;  illotempered. 
-ly,  adv.    -uess,  n. 

Shriek,  shrlk.  It.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  with  a 
shriek;  utter  a  shriek.  II.  w.  A  sharp,  shrill 
outcry,  as  of  agony  or  terror ;  a  scream.  [  <  Ice. 
shri^a,  shriek.]  [absolution. 

shrift,  n.    The   act  of  shriving;  confession; 

shrike,  shraik,  n.  A  rapacious  bird  with 
hooked  bill,  short  wings,  and  long  tail. 
hutch'er=hlrd"1:. 

shril(l,  shril,  a.  Sharp  and  piercing,  as  a  sound. 
[  <  Norw.  sknjla,  crv  shrilly.]  —  8hril(l'y ,  a. 
Rather  shrill.— shrild'y.  adv.  In  a  shrill  man- 
ner,   shrildt.  — shrild'ness,  n. 

shrimp,  shrimp,  /?.  A  slender,  long»tailed, 
lobster-like  crustacean. 

shrine,  shrain.  I.vt.  [shrined;  shri'ning.] 
To  enshrine.  II.  n.  A  receptacle  for  sacred 
relics;  a  place,  as  a  chapel,  of  peculiar  sanctity. 
[  <  L.AS  scj'iniuni,  box.] 

shrink,  shri^k,  vt.  &  vi.  [shrank,  shrunk; 
shrunk;  shrunk'en,  formerly  shrinked'; 
shrink'ing.]  1.  To  d?;^w  together;  contract; 
diminish.  2.  To  draw  back;  withdraw;  recoil. 
[<  AS.  scnncan,  shrink.]  —  shrink'age, 
shrlnk'lj,  n.  Contraction;  also,  the  amount 
lost  by  contraction. 

shrive,  shraiv,  vt.  &  vi.  [shrove,  shrived; 
shriv'en,  shrived;  shri'ving.]  H.  C.  Ch. 
To  grant  or  receive  absolution  upon  confes- 
sion.   [  <  AS.  serif  an,  <  L.  scribo,  write.] 

shriv'el,  shriv'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [-eled  or  -elled; 
-EL-iNG  or  -EL-LING.]  To  shrink  and  wrinkle; 
wither;  contract. 

shroud<},  shraud,  vt.  1.  To  dress  for  the  grave; 
clothe  in  a  shroud.  2.  To  envelop;  veil;  con- 
ceal; shelter. 

shroud* ,  n.  A  dress  or  garment  for  the  dead ; 
winding-sheet.     [<  AS.  sc7'ud,  garment,] 

shroud^,  n.  One  of  a  set  of  ropes  fitted  in 
pairs  and  constituting  part  of  the  standing 
rigging  of  a  vessel ;  also,  a  guy.  Usually  in  the 
plural.  See  illus.  on  next  page,  [<  Ice. 
skrudh,  rigging,] 


flutlflre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ell;   c   (k);    chat;   dh   {tM)\   go;   sing,   I^k;  tliin. 


shrove 
siege 


416 


shrove,  shrov,  imp.  of  fHEivE,  v. 

Shrove'tide,  shrov'toid,  n.    Literally,  con- 
fession'tinie;     the 
three  days  immediate- 
ly preceding  Lent. 

—  Shrove  Sun- 
day, S.  ^londay, 
S.  Tuesday,  the 
Sunday,  Monday,  and 
Tuesday  immediately 
preceding  Lent, 

shrub  1,  shrub,  n.  A 
woody,  perennial 
plant  smaller  than  a 
tree;  abash.  [<  AS. 
scroh,  shrub.] 

— shrub'ber-y,??. 
[-TIES*, /)/.]  1,  Shrubs 
collectively.  2.  A 
shrubby  place;  a  col- 
lection   of     shrubs.  — 


Shrouds  and  their  Con- 
nections, 
c,  shrouds;  g,  ratlines;  h, 
topmasts  backstays. 


shrub'by.  a.    [shrtjb'bi-ee;   shrub'bi-est.] 

1.  Containing  many  shrubs;  covered  with  shrubs. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  like  a  shrub  or  shrubs; 
stunted.— shrub'bi-ness,  n. 

shrub'*,  n.  A  beverage  of  sweetened  fruit=»juice, 
sometimes  with  spirits.     fUlt.  <  Ar.  sharab.] 

shrug,  shrug,  l.vt.&vi.  [shrugged;  shrug'- 
GiNG.]  To  draw  up  (the  shoulders),  as  in  dis- 
pleasure. II.  n.  The  act  of  shrugging  the 
shoulders.    [<  Dn.  skrvkke,  skrugge,  stoop.] 

shrunk,  imp.  &  pp.  of  shrink. 

shrunk'en,  shrunk'n,  pa. ;  also  pp.  of  shrink. 
Contracted  and  atrophied. 

shud^der,  shud'^r.  I.  vi.  To  tremble  or 
shake,  as  from  fright  or  cold;  shiver;  quake. 
II.  n.  The  act  of  shuddering;  convulsive 
shiver,  as  from  horror  or  fear;  aversion,  tremor. 
—  shud'der-ingr,  pa.  Having  or  causiiug  a 
shudder. 

Shuffle,  shuf'l,  V.  [shuf'fled;  shuf'fling.] 

1.  t.    1.   To  shift;  mix;   confusej  disorder, 

2.  To  make  up  fraudulently  or  hastily;  also,  to 
put  aside  carelessly,  II.  i.  1.  To  change  the 
relative  position  of  cards  in  a  pack;  change 
position;  shift  ground;  evade;  prevaricate.  2. 
To  scrape  the  feet  along;  struggle  along  awk- 
wardly. [Freq,  of  shove.]  —  shuPfler,  n.— 
shurfliuK,  pa.  1.  Marked  by  awkward  or 
clumsy  movements.    *J.  Prevaricating. 

shurne,  n.    A  shuffling;  evasion. 

shun,  shun,  vi.    [shunned;  shun'ning.]    To 

avoid;  refrain  from,     [<  AS,  sainian.] 
shunt,  shunt.    F.  vt.  &vi.    To  turn  aside; 

in  railroading  and  electricity,  to  switch.    II.  ?i. 

1.  A  turning  aside;  the  act  of  using  a  switch 
or  shunt.     2.  A  switch,     [<  AS.  scT/ndan, 

■  hasten;  akin  to  shun,]  —  shunt'er,  n, 
shut,  shut,  V.    [shut;  shut'ting.]    I.  ^.    1. 
To  close,  as  a  door,  lid,  or  valve;  stop;  obstruct, 

2.  To  bar  out;  exclude.  3.  To  keep  in;  con- 
fine; enclose;  restrain;  iniprison.  4.  To  close, 
fold,  or  bring  together.  5.  To  obscure  or  hide 
from  sight.  II.  e.  To  close  itself ;  be  or  be- 
come closed;  have  the  effect  of  closing  or 
fastening,    [<  AS.  scyttan,  <  scedtan,  shoot.] 

Shut, /ja.  1.  Made  fast  or  closed.  2.  Not  so- 
norous; dull, 

•hut'ter,  shut'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
shuts;  a  hinged  cover  for  a  window;  a  curtain 
for  a  photographic  lenB. 

•hut'tle,  shut'l,  n.    A  device  used  in  weaving 


to  carry  the  weft  to  and  fro.  [<  AS.  scyttds, 
bolt  of  a  door,  <  sceotan.,  shoot.]  —  shut'tle- 
cock'^  n.  A  rounded  piece  of  cork,  with  a 
crown  of  feathers,  used  in  the  game  of  battle- 
dore and  shuttlecock;  also,  the  game  itself. 

shyi,  shai.  I.  ri.  [shied;  shy'ing.]  To  start 
suddenly  aside:  said  of  a  horse.  II.  a.  [shy'- 
er;  shy'est;  or  shi'er;  shi'est.]  1.  Easily 
frightened;  timorous;  coy.  2.  Circumspect; 
watchful;  wary.  III.  n.  A  starting  aside,  as 
infear.  [<  AS.  sceoA,  shy.]  •\y,adv.  -ness,n. 

shy2.  I.  vt.  To  throw  with  a  sidelong  motion ; 
fling  carelessly,  as  a  stone,  II.  ?/.  A  careless 
or  sidelong  throw;  fling. 

shy'ster,  shai'ster,  7i.  A  lawyer  who  practises 
in  an  unprofessional  or  tricky  manner.  [<shy,  a.] 

si,  st,  n.  Mus.  The  seventh  note  of  the  dia- 
tonic scale. 

sih^i-lant,  sib'i-lant.  I.  a.  Made  with  a 
hissing  sound;  hissing.  II.  n.  A  hissing  sound, 
as  of  s,  z,  etc.  [<  L.  sibilo  (ppr.  sibilan{t-)s), 
hiss,  <  dbilus,  hissing.]  —  sib'i- lance,  n. 

sib'yl,  sib'il,  n.  1.  Anc.  Myth.  A  prophetess. 
2.  A  sorceress.  [<  Gr.^  sibylla.]  —  sib' yl- 
line,  a.    Of,  pertaining  to,  or  like  a  sibyl. 

sick,  sic,  a.  1.  Affected  with  disease;  ill.  2. 
Nauseated.  3.  Surfeited.  4.  Languishing. 
[<  AS.  seoc,  sick.]  —  sick'en,  v.  I.  t.  To 
make  sick;  disgust;  weary.  II.  J.  1.  To  grow 
ill;  be  disgusted  or  wearied.  2.  To  deteriorate. 
—  sick'ish,  a.  — sick'ly,  a.  1.  Habitually 
Indisposed;  ailing.  »J.  Faint.  3.  Mawkish.— 
sick'li-ness,  w.— sick'ness, n.  1.  Illness; 
nausea.    2.  A  particular  form  of  disease. 

sick^le,  sic'l,  n.  A  reaping  implement  with  a 
long,  curved  blade 
mounted  on  a  short 
handle.  [<  AS. 
sicel.,  <  L.  seciila, 
<  seco,  cut.] 

side,  said.  I.  vi. 
[si'DED'i;  si'ding.] 
To  range  oneself  on  the  side  of;  take  the  part 
of.  II.  a.  Situated  at  or  on  one  side;  lateral; 
hence,  minor.  III.  n.  1.  Any  one  of  the 
bounding  lines  or  surfaces  of  an  object.  2.  A 
lateral  part  of  a  surface  or  object.  3.  One  of 
two  or  more  contrasted  surfaces,  parts,  or 
places,  4.  A  faction;  sect.  5.  One  of  two  op- 
posite opinions.     [<  AS.  side,  <  sld,  wide.] 

—  side'board^^  n.  A  piece  of  dining-room 
furniture  for  holding  tableware. —  side'linar. 
I,  a.    Having  a  slanting  or  oblique  position  or 


Sickle. 


motion,     II.   adv.     STdewise. -^side'Ioug^ 

I,  a.  Incllnlngortendlngto  one  side;  lateral.  1 


I. 


adv.  In  a  lateral  or  oblique  direction.  —  side' 
track''.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  LU.  S.]  To  run  upon  a 
siding;  divert  from  the  main  issue:  reduce  to  In- 
activity. II.  n.  A  railroad  siding.— siile'walk". 

n.     A  path  for  the  use  of  foot-passengers  at 


passengei 
side'wise".     I.  a. 


n.     A  path  for  the 
the  side  of  the  street. 

Sideward;  sidelong.  II.  adv.  1.  Toward  or 
from  the  side.  '^.  On  one  side  only,  side^- 
ways^n— si'dinjr,  n.  1.  A  rallway.track 
by  the  side  of  the  main  track.  2.  The  boarding 
that  covers  the  side  of  a  wooden  house.—  si'dle, 
vt.  &  vi.  [si'dled;  bi'dlinq.]  To  move,  or 
cause  to  move,  sidewlse, 

si-de're-al,  8ai-di'r§-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
stars;  constituted  of  or  containing  stars.  [< 
L.  ttidm  (sider-\  star.]  —  8ld'er-al$. 

siege,  sTj,  n.  The  besieging  of  a  town  or  a 
fortified  place.    [<  F,  siege,  <  L,  sedeo,  sit.] 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  el«mgnt,  thSy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  ©rat^r,  Sr;  full,  rOle;  bm.  Or; 


417 


sienna 
silo 


si-en'na,  si-en'a,  n.  1.  A  brownish  orange= 
yellow  clay  used  as  a  pigment.  2.  Orange^ 
yellow.    [<  It.  Sieiia  (city  in  Italy).] 

sier'ra,  sier'a,  n.    A  mountain  range.     |Sp.] 

sies'ta,  sies'ta,  n.    A  mid=day  nap.     [Sp.J 

sieve,  siv,  n.    1.  A  utensil  or  apparatus  for  sift- 
ing, consisting  of  a  frame 
provided  with  meshes,  as 
of  wire.     2.  A  garrulous 
person.  [  <  AS.  sife,  sieve.] 

siftd,  sift,  V.  I.  t.  i.  To  sep- 
arate with  a  sieve.  2.  To 
examine  minutely;  scruti-  Sieve, 

nize.  II.  i.  1.  To  fall  or  pass  through  a 
sieve.  2.  To  practise  scrutiny.  \<  A^.sifta7i' 
sift.]— sift'er,  n. 

sigh,  sai,  V.  I.  t.  To  utter  with  eighs.  II. 
i.  1.  To  utter  a  sigh;  lament.  2.  To  yearn 
strongly;  long.     [<  AS.  .wan,  sigh.] 

sigh,  n.  A  deep  and  long«drawn  respiration, 
as  an  expression  of  sorrow,  anxiety,  etc. 

sight,  suit.  F.  vt.  1.  To  discover  by  look- 
ing. 2.  To  furnish  with  sights,  as  a  gun.  3. 
To  aim,  as  a  gun.  II.  /?.  1.  The  faculty  of 
seeing;  vision.  2.  A  view;  spectacle;  show. 
3.  The  limit  of  eyesight.  4.  The  point  of 
view;  estimation.  5.  Insight.  6.  A  device  to 
assist  aim,  as  on  a  gun,  leveling»instrument, 
etc.  [<  AS.  gesihth,  sight,  <  s€5«,  see.] — 
sight^less,  a.  1.  Blind.  3l|.  Invisible.— 
sight'Iy,  a.  1,  Pleasant  to  the  view;  comely. 
ii.  Affording  a  grand  view  or  prospect.— siglit'- 
see'^ing,  n.    The  visiting  of  objects  of  Interest. 

sign,  saiu.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  To  affix  one's  signa- 
ture to;  write  one's  name  as  a  signature;  also, 
to_  make  signs;  signal.  II.  n.  1.  A  panto- 
mimic gesture.  2.  An  inscription  or  represen- 
tation to  indicate  a  place  of  business.  3.  An 
arbitrary  mark;  symbol.  4.  A  token;  em- 
blem.   [<  LJ  signum,  sign.] 

sig'nal,  sig'nal.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [sig'naled  or 
-nalled;  siG'NAL-iNGor -nal-ling.I  To  make 
signals;  communicate  by  signals.  II.  «.  Re- 
markable; conspicuous.  III.  ji.,  A  sign 
agreed  upon  or  understood,  and  used  to  con- 
vey information.  [P.,  <  L.^^  signum,  sign.] 
— sigr'nal-ize,  8lg'nal-aiz,v.  [-ized;  -i'zing.1 
To  render  noteworthy.— sig'nal-ly,  adv.  In  a 
signal  manner;  eminently. 

slg'na-ture,  sig'na-chur  or  -titir,  n.  The 
signing  of  one's  name,  or  the  name  signed,  in 
toKen  of  agreement  or  acknowledgment.    [F., 

<  L.i'i'  signatus,  pp.  of  signo,  sign.] 
sig'net,  sig'net,  n.    A  seal;  private  seal  of  a 

sovereign.  [P.,  <  L.^^  signum,  mark.] 
sig-nin- cant,  sig-nif'i -cant,  a.  1.  Having 
or  expressing  a  sense.  2.  Having  some  covert 
meaning.  3.  Important;  momentous.  [<  L. 
signum,  sign,  -f  facio,  make.] —sig-niPi- 
cance,  n.  Expressiveness;  meaning;  conse- 
quence. sig-niPi-can-cvJ.-  sig''ni-fi-ca'- 
tioii,  n.  That  which  Is  signified;  meaning;  the 
act  of  signifying.  —  8ig-uifi-ca-tiv(e,  a. 
sig'ni-fy,  sig'ni-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -ft"ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  make  known  by  signs  or  words;  be- 
token in  any  way.  2.  To  amount  to;  matter. 
II.  ^.    To  be  of  importance.  [signor. 

si'jfiiior,  sl'nygr,    n.      Same    as    seignior  or 
Hi'srnor,  n.    Anglicized  form  of  the  Italian  title 
Hignore:  equivalent  to  sir  or  Mr.    \  <  It.  sU/nore, 

<  L.  senior;  see  senior.]-  si-gno'ra,  n.   The 


equivalent  to  madam  or  Mrs.    [It.]  —  sF'gno- 
ri'na,  n.    The  equivalent  to  miss.    [It.] 

si'lage,  sai'l^g,  n.    Same  as  ensilage. 

sl'lence,sai'lgns.  l.vt.  [si'lenced*;  si'len- 
ciNG.]  1.  To  render  silent.  2.  To  put  to  rest; 
quiet.  II.?;.  1.  The  state  of  being  silent;  a 
keeping  still  and  mute.  2.  Absence  of  sound 
or  noise.  3.  Secrecy;  oblivion.  [P.,  <  L. 
silentium,  <  sil€n{t-)s,  ppr.  of  sileo,  be  still.] 

si-lent,  a.     1.  Noiseless;  still;  unspoken.    2. 
Not  speaking;  mute.     3.  Making  no  mention 
or  allusion.    4.  Free  from  activity;  calm. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

si'Iex,  sai'lex  or  sl'lex,  n.    Same  as  silica. 

sil'^hou-ette',  siru-et',  n.  A  profile  drawing 
or  portrait  having  its  out- 
line filled  in  with  uniform 
color,  often  cut  out,  as  from 
cardboard  ;  a  shadow  -  pic- 
ture.    [P.] 

sil'l-ca,  sil'i-ca,  n.  A  white 
or  colorless,  extremely  hard, 
crystalline    substance,    the 
principal     constituent     of 
quartz  and  sand.      [<   L. 
silex  (silic-),  flint.]  —  si-lic'- 
ic,  sl-lis'Ic.rt.    Pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  silica.— si- 
li'cioiis,    8i-lish'u8,  a.     1.    Methofi  of  Takint? 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  ^  silhnnpttes    ^ 
silica.      »J.    Pertaining  to  a        teHnouettes 
class  of  sponges.- si I'i-con,  n.    A  non«n 
lie  element:  the  base  of  silica. 

sl-lique',  si-lIc'  or  sil'ic,  n.    A  narrow 
two=valved  pod  or  fruit  produced  by 
plants  of  the    mustard    family  only. 
[P.  <  L.  siliqna,  pod.]     sin-q.uat. 

silk,  silk.  I.  a.  Silken;  silky.  II. 
n.  1.  A  fine,  delicate,  glossy,  fibrous 
substance  produced  by  the  larvae  of 
silkworms,  to  form  their  cocoons.  2. 
Cloth  or  garments  made  of  silk.  3. 
Anything  silky.  [Ult.  <  Gr.  Serikos, 
<  Seizes,  a  people  of  Asia.]  —  silk'en, 
a.  1 .  Made  of  or  like  silk.  2.  Luxuri- 
ous.—silk'woriii'",  n.  The  larva  of  a 
certain  moth  that  produces  a  dense  silk- 
en cocoon.  See  Illus.  below.— silk'y,«.  cni/,.,» 
[silk'i-er;silk'i-est.]  Like  silk;  silken.  fei'i<iue. 

sill,  sil,  n.  A  horizontal  member  forming  the 
foundation,  or  part  of  the  foundation,  of  a 
structure  of 
any  kind.  [< 
AS.  syll,  sill.] 

siiai-touh, 
sil'i-bub,  ??.  A 
dish  made  of 
milk  and  wine 
or  cider,  form- 
i  n  g  a  soft 
curd,  siiaa- 
bubt;  syl'- 
la-bubj. 

sil'ly,  a.  [sil'- 
li-er;  sil'li- 
EST.]  Desti- 
tute of  ordina- 
rv  good  sense*  Silk»worm  (1)  and  Moth  (2). 
foolish;  stupid.  [<  AS.  sselig,  fortunate.] 
—  sil'Ii-uess,  n. 

si'lo,  sai'lo,  n.    Any  close  pit  in  which  fodder. 


fifit|Qre  (future);    aisle;    on    {md);    oil;   c  (k);    oliat;    dh  {the);    go;   sing,   ink;   tlii 


silt 
singular 


418 


grain,  or  other  food  is  stored.  [Sp.,  <  L.  si- 
rus,  <  Gr.  svvs,  a  pit  for  com.] 

silt,  silt.  I"!,  vt.  &  vi.  To  obstruct  witli  sedi- 
ment. II.  n.  Fine  earthy  sediment  carried 
and  deposited  by  water.     [<  LG.  dlen,  filter.] 

Hil'va,  sil'van,  etc.    Same  as  sylva,  etc. 

sil'ver,  sil'vgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  coat  or  plate 
with  silver  or  the  like.  2.  To  imj)art  a  sil- 
very hue  to.  II.  a.  1.  Made  of  silver.  2. 
Resembling  silver  :  having  a  pure,  bell=like 
tone.  III.  n.  1.  A  white,  ductile  metallic 
element:  one  of  the  precious  metals.  2.  Silver 
coin  or  silverware.  3.  The  luster  or  color  of 
silver.  [<  AS.  seolfor,  silver.]  —  sil'ver-ing, 
n.  A  plating  or  covering  of  silver.— si I'ver- 
nin\th'%  n.  A  worker  in  silver;  a  maker  of  sil- 
verware.—sil'ver-ware'"',  n.  Articles  made 
of  silver.— si I'ver-y,  a.  Containing,  adorned 
with,  or  like  bilver. 

sim^i-an.  I.  a.  Like  an  ape  or  monkey. 
II.  n.    An  ape  or  monkey. 

sini^i-lar,  sim'i-lar,  a.  Bearing  resemblance 
to  one  another  or  to  something  else;  like.  [<  L. 
similis^  similar.]  —  sim^'i-lar't-ty,  n.  [-ties^, 
pl.^  A  state  of  resemblance  or  coincidence.— 
sim'i-lar-ly,  adv. 

sim'i-le,  sim'i-li  or  -le,  n.  A  rhetorical  figure 
expressing  comparison  or  likeness,  by  the  use 
of  such  terms  as  like^  as,  so,  etc.  [L.,  <  sifni- 
lis,  similar.] 

si-miri-tude,  si-mil'i-tiud,  fi.  1.  Similarity. 
2.  That  which  is  similar.  3.  A  simile.  [F., 
<  L.  flimilitudo,  likeness.] 

sim'i-oid,  sim'i-ous,  a.    Same  as  simian,  a. 

sim^i-tar,  sim'i-tar,  n.  An  Oriental  sword  or 
saber  of  ex- 
treme curve. 
l<  OF. simi 
terre,  corr, 
of  Per. sham-  Turkish  Simitar.  "\ 

nail,'  -\-  shtr,  lion.]  scim^i-tar:;:;  scim'i- 
ten. 

sim'mer,  sim'gr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  boil,  or  cause 
to  boil,  gently  or  with  a  singing  sound.  [< 
Sw.  dial,  snmma,  buzz  (imitative).] 

sim'o-ny,  sim'o-ni,  n.  Traftic  in  sacred  things; 
the  purchase  or  sale  of  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment. [<  Gr.  /S'im^n,  Simon  :  see  Acts  y'm, 
18, 19.]  —  si-mo'ni-ac,  si-mO'ni-ac,  n. 

sl-]nooni%  si-mQm',  n.  A  hot,  dry,  and  ex- 
hausting wind  of  the  desert,  as  in  Africa  and 
Arabia.  [<  Kr.  sarnunw<  sarnma,  he  poi- 
soned.]   si-moon't* 

sim'per,  sim'pgr.  I.  vi.  To  smile  in  a  silly, 
self-conscious  manner.  II.  w.  A  silly,  self- 
conscious  smile.     [  <  Norw.  sempe?',  smart.] 

sim'pKe,  sim'pl.  I.  a.  [sim'pler;  sim'- 
PLKST.]     1.  Consisting  of  one  thing;  single. 

2.  Not  complex  or  complicated.  3.  Plain; 
unadorned.  4.  Sincere  ;  artless  ;  unsophisti- 
cated. 5.  Silly  ;  feeble-minded.  II.  n.  1. 
That  which  is  simple.    2.  A  medicinal  i)lant. 

3.  A  simpleton.  1B\,  <  Ij.  simplex,  lit.  one- 
fold.] —  Sim' p I (e- ton,  sim'pi-tQn.  n.  A  weak- 
minded  or  silly  P<'rson.—  Miiii-plir'i-ty,  sini- 
plls'l-tl,  71.  f-TiKs*,  pi.]  The  state  of  being  sim- 
ple. Hlni'pl(c-iH>sHt.— Nini'pli-t'y,  vv.  I-kikd; 
-fy'in(j.  I  To  render  Hlmple  or  more  intelligible. 
—  Hlni^'pif-fl-ca'tiou,  «.— Hiiii'ply,«rfr. 

sim'u-late,  sim'yii-lgt,  vt.    [-la"tem<i  ;  -la'- 


i.^r^^ 


TING.]  To  assume  the  form  of ;  imitate  ; 
counterfeit;  mimic.  [<  L.  simulo  (pp.  simu- 
latus),  <  «imife,  similar.] —8iin''u-Ia'tion,/i. 

sim'^ul-ta'ne-ous,  6im"ul-te'n§-u6,  a.  Oc- 
curring, done,  or  existing  at  the  same  time. 
[<  L.^^  simvl,  together.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

sin,  sin.  I.  vt  &  vi.  [sinned;  sin'ning.]  To 
commit  sin ;  transgress  or  disregard  the  moral 
law  or  any  duty.  II.  n.  Any  transgression 
of  a  rule  or  requirement  of  rectitude  or  duty;  a 
fault;  error;  offense.  [<  AS.  .<t?//?.]  —  sin'ful, 
a.  Consisting  in  or  tainted  with  sin:  wicked.- 
siu'Iess,  a.  Having  no  sin;  guiltless;  innocent. 
—  sin'ner,  «,.    1.  One  who  has  sinned.    2.  An 

,  irreligious  person. 

since,  sins.  I.  adv.  1.  From  a  past  time  up 
to  the  present.  2.  After  and  in  the  mean 
time.  3.  Before  now.  II.  prep.  Ever  after, 
or  at  a  time  after.  III.  conj.  1.  From  and 
subsequently  to  the  time  when.  2.  Seeing 
that;  because.  [<  AS.  siththan,  <sith,  after, 
+  thain,  dat.  of  thaet,  that.] 

sin-cere',  sin-sir',  a.  1.  Being  in  reality  as  in 
appearance.  2.  Intending  precisely  what  one 
says  or  what  one  appears  to  intend.  [<  L.  sin- 
certis,  probably  <  sin,  one,  wholly,  -(-  c€r?io, 
separate.]  —  sin-cere'iy,  adv.—  sin-cer'i-ty, 
sin-ser'i-tl,  7i.    siu-cere'ness:t. 

sine,  sain,  w.  The  perpendicular  dropped  from 
one  end  of  a  circular  arc  upon  the  radius  of  the 
other  end ;  the  ratio  of  this  perpendicular  to  the 
radius.     [  <  L.  sinvs,  bend.] 

si'ne-cure,  sai'ng-kiiir  or  sin'§-,  n.  An  office 
or  position  having  emoluments  with  few  or  no 
duties.     [<  L.  sine,  without,  -+-  ci/ra,  care.] 

sin'ew,  sin'yu.  I.  rt.  1.  To  strengthen  or 
knit  together,  as  with  sinews.  2.  To  make 
strong  or  robust.  II.  «.  1.  A  tendon  or  other 
fibrous  cord.  2.  Strength.  [<  AS.  sinv, 
sinew.] —sin'ew-y,  a.  1.  Characteristic  of 
a  sinew.     2.  Well  braced  with  sinews;  strong. 

sing;,  sing,  v.  [sang  or  sung;' sung;  sing'- 
ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  utter  as  a  song.  2.  To 
charm  with  singing.  II.  i.  1.  To  utter  a 
song.  2.  To  have  a  sensation  of  buzzing  or 
humming.     [<  AS.  singan,  sing.] 

singe,  sin j.  "l.vt.  [singed;  singe'ing.]  1. 
To  burn  slightly;  scorch.  2.  To  parch.  II. 
n.  1.  The  act*  of  singeing.  2.  A  heat  that 
singes.   [<  AS.  sengan,  cans,  of  singan,  sing.] 

sing'eri,  sing'gr,  n.    One  who  sings;  a  poet. 

sin'ger^,  sin'jgr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
singes. 

sin'gl(e,  siy'gl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  r8iN'GL(E)D; 
sin'gi.ino.]  1.  To  choose  (one)  from  others. 
2.  To  separate.  II.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  one 
only;  individual.  2.  Alone;  unmarried.  3. 
Singular;  uncommon.  III.  n.  A  unit;  one. 
[OF.,  <  L.  singvlus,  single.]  —  sin'f?l(e» 
liaii(I''e(l,  <t.  Without  assistance;  unaided.— 
N.siicarted,  a.  Of  sincere  and  frank  dispo- 
sition.-siii'trlte-ness,  «.— siii'arly,  "'^p- 

sing'song",  ?(.  1.  Monotonous  inflection  or 
cnuence.     2.  Inferior  verse;  doggerel. 

sin'gu-lar,  sii.i'giu-Iar.  I.  a.  1.  Standing 
by  Itself;  isolated;  hence,  peculiar;  odd;  re- 
markable. 2.  Denoting  a  unit;  single.  II. 
n.  (tram.  The  singular  number,  or  a  word 
in  that  numlxT.  f  <  L.  singvlaris,  <  singidits; 
see  SINGLE.)— Hiii^itu-laVl-ty,  n.     [-ties*, 


j)ttp<l,  e^sk;  at,  jilr;  el^ui^iit,  th^y,  wsfge;  It,  |,  f  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  riile;  but,  Or; 


419 


sinister 
skeleton 


pl-\  i.  The  state  of  being  singular;  uncom- 
monness.  tJ.  A  peculiarity.  3.  A  singular  or 
remarkable  thing.  —  sin'gii-lar-ly,  adv. 

sin'is-ter,  sin'is-tgr,  a.  1.  Situated  on  the 
left.  2.  Boding  disaster:  inauspicious.  3. 
Evil.  [<  L.F  miisfer,  left.]  —  sin'is-tral,  a. 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  turned  toward  the  left  side 
or  left  hand,  sin^is-troset;  siii'^is-tro'- 
sali;  sin'is-troust. 

sink,  sipk,  v.  [sank  or  sunk;  sunk  or  sunk'- 
en;  sink'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  submerge,  as  in 
water.  2.  To  excavate  downward.  3.  To 
cause  to  descend.  4.  To  debase  or  degrade. 
5.  To  diminish;  depress;  dissipate;  suppress. 
II.  i.  1.  To  descend  by  force  of  gravity,  as 
through  a  liquid  or  fluid.  2.  To  fall  or  fail. 
3.  To  set;  decline.  4.  To  cower;  droop; 
shrink.     [<  AS.  sincan,  sink.]  — sink'er,  n. 

sink,  71.  A  basin  connected  with  a  drain,  to 
receive  waste  water,  etc. ;  a  cesspool,  or  the 
like;  hence,  a  low  resort. 

sin'u-ate,  sin'vu-et,  vt.  [-a"ted<>;  -a'ting.] 
To  curve  in  and  out;  turn;  wind.  [<  L.  sini/o 
(pp.  sinuatus),  <  sinus,  curve.]  —  sin^'u-a'- 
tion,  ?'.    A  winding. 

sin-'u-ous,  sin'yu-us,  a.  Characterized  by 
bends  or  folds;  winding.  [<  L.  simtosus,  < 
sinus,  bend.] — 8in''u-os'i-ty,  n.  1.  Sinnous 
quality.    2.  A  winding;  deflection. 

sip,  sip.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [sipped';  sip'ping.]  To 
take  (a  liquid)  with  the  lips  in  verv  small  drafts. 
II.  n.  1.  A  mere  taste.  2.  The  act  of  sip- 
ping.    [<  AS.  *syp)xin,  <  supan,  sup.] 

si'pbon,  sai'fon.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  draw  off  by 
or  pass  through  a  siphon.  II. 
n.  A  bent  tube  used  for  draw- 
ing liquids  over  the  interven- 
ing side  of  a  vessel.  [F.,  < 
Gr.  siphon.} 

sir,  sgr,  n.    1.  The  conventional 
term  of  respectful  address  to 
men.    2.  [S-]  [Eng.]  A  title  of 
baronets  and  knights.     [<  P.    Siphon. 
&  OF.  sire,   <  L.  senio?';  see 

SENIOR.] 

sire,  sair.  I.  r;^.  [sired;  sir'ing.]  To  beget: 
now  used  chiefly  of  animals.  II,  7h  1.  An 
ancestor  or  progenitor.  2.  A  form  of  address 
to  a  king  or  prince.     [OF.  &  F. ;  see  sir.] 

si'ren,  sai'ren,  «.  1.  A  fabulous  sea^nymph, 
half  woman  and  half  bird,  that  lured  sailors  by 
song  to  destruction.  2.  Hence:  (1)  A  fasci- 
nating, dangerous  woman.  (2)  A  sweet  singer. 
3.  A  fog'horn.  [<  L.  siren,  <  Gr.  seiren, 
siren.]  — si'reii,  a. 

sir'loin'',  sgr'loin",  n.  A  loin  of  beef.  [<  F. 
«?<r,  over;  and  see  loin.]     sur'loin''':]:. 

sii*'iiamct,  ".    Same  as  surname. 

si-roc'co,  si-rec'o,  n.  The  simoom:  so  called 
around  the  Mediterranean.  [<  It.  sirocco,  < 
Ar.  sharq,  east.] 

8ir'ralill,  sir'a,  n.  Fellow;  sir:  used  In  contempt 
or  annoyance.    [<  sir.] 

sir'up,    I  sir'up,  n.    A  thick  sweet  liquid,  as 

syr'up,  (  the  boiled  juice  of  fruits,  sugar»cane, 
etc.     [<  Ar.  1'  +  *'  shardb,  sirup.] 

sis'ter,  sis'tgr,  ii.  1.  A  female  person  hav- 
ing the  same  parents  or  parent  as  another.  2. 
Hence,  a  woman  or  girl  allied  by  some  associa- 
tion, as  a  nun.       [<  AS.  srveostor,  sister.]  — 


sis'ler-hood,  n.  1.  A  body  of  sisters  united 
by  some  bond.  5i.  The  sisterly  relationship.— 
His'tersiusla^v'',  n.  [sisteks»in«i.aw,  pL] 
A  sister  by  marriage.— sis'ter-ly,  a. 

sit,  sit,  V.  [sat  or  (archaically)  sate;  sat;  sit'- 
ting.]  I.  t.  To  have  or  keep  a  seat  upon. 
II.  i.  1.  To  rest  upon,  take,  or  occupy  a  seat. 
2.  To  perch  or  roost.  3.  To  remain  in  a  seated 
position.  4.  To  hold  a  session.  5.  To  be 
becoming;  fit;  suit.  [<  AS.  si^tew,  sit.]  —  sit'- 
tine^  n-  1  •  The  act  or  position  of  one  who  sits; 
hence,  a  seat.  '^.  A  single  period  of  uninter- 
rupted application.  3.  A  session  or  term.  4. 
An  incubation. 

site,  salt,  n.  1.  Situation,  with  regard  to  sur- 
roundings. 2.  A  plot  of  ground  set  apart  for 
some  specific  use.     [F.,   <  L.  situs,  <  situs. 


pp.  of  sino,  put.] 
itlu 


e,  r.  &  11.    Scythe:  also  old  form. 

sit'u-ate,  sich'u-et  or  sit'yu-et.  I.  rt.  [-a'- 
TED*!;  -A'TiNG.]  1.  To  fix  a  sitc  for.  2.  To 
locate.  II.  a.  Situated.  [  <  LL.  situo,  place, 
<  L.  situs,  site.]  — sit'^ii-a'tion,  7i.  1.  The 
place  in  which  something  is  situated;  locality. 
a.  Condition;  status.  3.  A  post  of  employment. 
4.  A  complication;  crisis. 

hUz,  sits,  n.    A  sitting;  as,  a  sitz  bath.    [G.] 

six,  six.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more  than 
five.  II.  n.  1.  The  sum  of  five  and  one. 
2.  The  symbols  6  or  VI.  [<  AS.  six,  six.]  — 
six'folo'",  rtd?^  — six'pence,  n.  A  British 
silver  coin  of  the  value  of  six  English  pennies, 
or  about  12  cents.— si x'teen''.  I.  o.  Consist- 
ing of  six  more  than  ten.  II.  n.  1.  The  sum 
of  ten  and  six.  ti.  The  symbols  16  or  XVI.— 
six'teeuth'',  a.  &  «.— sixth.  I.  a.  l.Next 
in  order  after  the  fifth,  ti.  Being  one  of  six 
equal  parts.  II.  n.  1.  One  of  six  equal  parts. 
"Z,  3tus.  The  Interval  between  any  note  and  the 
sixth  note  above  or  below  It  on  the  diatonic  scale. 
—  sixth'Iy,  orf?'.  — six'ty.  I.  «.  Consisting 
of  ten  more  than  fifty.  II.  «.  The  sum  of  ten 
and  fifty;  also,  the  symbols  representing  it,  as  60 
or  LX.— six'ti-etli,  a.  &  n. 

sizei,saiz.  1.  vt.  [sized;  si'zing.]  1.  To 
gage  the  size  of .  2.  To  distribute  or  classify 
according  to  size.  II.  n.  1.  Comparative  mag- 
nitude or  bulk.  2.  One  in  a  series  of  graded 
measures.     [<  F.  assise,  measure,  allowance.] 

size^.  I.  vt.  [sized;  si'ziNG.]  To  treat  with 
size.  II.  n.  A  solution  of  gelatinous  ma- 
terial, used  to  glaze  a  surface,  as  of  paper,  si'- 
z.i.JX^X.    [<  Old  It.  sisa,  glue.] 

sizz,  siz,  vi.   [Imit.]  To  make  a  hissing  sound. 

siz'zle,  slz'l.  \,vt.  &  vi.  [siz'zled;  siz'zling.] 
To  emit  a  hissing  sound  under  the  action  of  heat. 
II.  n.  A  hissing  sound  as  from  frying  or  effer- 
vescence.   [Freq.  of  sizz.l 

skate,  sket,  vi.  [ska'ted*;  ska'ting.]  To 
move  over  ice  or  other  smooth  surface  on 
skates.—  ska'ter,  n. 

skate  I,  n.  A  flat»bodied  fish  having  a  pointed 
snout.     [<  Ice.  skata,  skate.] 

skate^,  n.  A  contrivance  for  the  foot,  enabling 
the  wearer  to  glide  rap- 
idly   over  ice    or  other 
smooth  surface.     [<  D. 
schaats,  skates.] 

skein,  sken,  n.    A  fixed 


Skate. 


quantity  of  yarn  or  thread,  doubled  and  knot- 
ted.    [<  Ir.  sgainne,  <  sgain,  rend.] 
skel^et-on,  skel'et-Qn.       I.    a.      Consisting 
merely  of  a  framework  or  outline;  attenuated. 


flfit|ure   (future);    aisle;    on    (o?/t);    oil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dlt   (t?w);   ^o;   sins,   iiik;   tliin. 


skeptic 
slag 


420 


II.  n.  1.  The  framework  of  an  animal  body, 
composed  of  bone  and  cartilage.  2.  Any 
open  framework.  3.  A  mere  sketch  or  out- 
line.    [<  Gr.  skeleton^  dried  body.] 

skep'tlc,  /  skep'tic,  ?«.    1.  One  who  questions 

scep'tic,  1  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  relig- 
ion, especially  of  the  Christian  religion.  2. 
One  who  doubts  anything.  [  <  Gr.  skeptikos, 
reflective,  <  skej)tomai,  consider.]  —  skep'tic- 
al,  a.  scep'tic-aU.  —  skep'ti-cisin,  n. 
scep'ti-cisiiil:. 

sketcb,  skech.  I*,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  a  sketch. 
II.  n.  An  incomplete  but  suggestive  delinea- 
tion; outline;  a  short  literary  or  dramatic  com- 
position. [<  L.^'+^  schedinm,  <  schedius, 
made  suddenly.]  —  sketch'y ,  a.  Like  a  sketch ; 
rough;  unfinished. 

ske^V,  skiu.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  put  askew; 
move  obliquely;  sidle.  II.  a.  Askew.  III. 
n.  1.  A  distortion;  perversion.  2.  A  squint. 
[<  D.  schuwen,  <  schuw,  shy.] 

skew'er,  skiu'gr.  I.  vt.  To  run  through  with  a 
skewer.  II.  n.  A  long  pin,  as  of  wood,  used 
chiefly  for  fastening  meat  to  keep  it  in  shape 
while  roasting.     [<  skiver,  n.] 

ski^a-grrapli,  skai'a-grgf  o?-  ski'a-grgf,  ti.  A 
permanent  8hadow»=picture  produced  by  Roent- 
gen rays  passing  through  the  object  and  falling 
upon  a  sensitive  photographic  film.  Compare 
fltjoroscope;  Roentgen  rays.  [<  Gr.  skia, 
shadow,  4-  grapho.,  write.]  ra'di-o- 
graph^'t;  sliad.'ow-grapli''$;  sko'to- 
grapli'^t. 

ski'a-HCope,  skara-8c5p  or  skl'a-scop,  n.  See 
FLTTOKOscoPE.  [<  Gr.  8kia,fiti9.Aoyf,-\-skoped, 
view.J 

skid,  skid,  n.    1.  One  of  a  pair  of  timbers  to 

support  a  heavy  tilting  or  rolling  object.    2. 

Naut.  A  fender  over  a  vessel's  side.      3.  A 

-  shoe  or  drag  on  a  wagon-wheel.  [  <  Ice.  skidh., 

small  stick  of  wood.] 

skif(f,  skif,  n.  A  small,  light  rowboat.  [< 
OF.  esquif,  <  MHG.  skif,  ship.] 

skill,  skil,  n.  The  familiar  knowledge  of  any 
science,  art,  or  handicraft,  with  practical  effi- 
ciency. [<  Ice.  «A;iZ,  knowledge.]  — skilled, 
a.  Expert;  proficient.— skillful,  a.  1.  Hav- 
ing skill;  clever;  dexterous;  able.  2,  Showing 
or  requiring  skill,    skillfull:. 

skiriet,  skil'gt,  n.  A  small  kettle  or  frying- 
pan.    [<  Ij.^^  scutdla,  <  scidra,  dish.] 

skim,  skim,  vt.  &  vi.  [skimmed;  skim'ming.] 
1.  To  remove  floating  matter  from  the  sur- 
face of  a  liquid.  2.  To  move  lightly  over 
the  surface  of;  hence,  to  glance  over  super- 
ficially. [For  SCUM,  v.]  —  sklm'mer,  n.  1 . 
A  flat  ladle  or  other  utensil  for  skimming,  'i. 
One  who  Hkims.  —  Hkiiii':niilk'%  «.  Milk  from 
which  the  cream  has  been  removed.  — Hkiiii'- 
iniiiff,  n.  1,  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which 
skims.    2,  That  which  is  skimmed  off. 

skin,  skin.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [skinned;  skin'- 
NiNo.]  1.  To  strip  the  skin  from.  2.  To 
cover  or  become  covered  with  skin.  II.  ti. 
1.  The  membranous  external  covering  of  an 
animal.  2.  A  pelt.  3.  A  vessel  made  of  skin. 
4.  An  outside  layer;  memlmine.  [<  AS.  *■d;//^ 
<  Ice.  nkifiit,  skin.]— Hkln'sdeep'',  a.  &  adv. 
SuperHcial;  Huperflciiilly.  — Mklii'flliil",  n.  A 
miser.  — Ilk  In' I  ess,  a.  Destitute  of  skin. — 
Mkin'iier,    «.  -Hkln'ny,    a.      Iskin'ni-kr; 


SKiN'Ni-EST.]  1.  Consisting  of  or  like  skin.  '■Z. 
Wanting  flesh  so  that  the  skin  is  wrinkled. 

skip,  skip.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [skipped';  skip'- 
PiNG.]  To  jump  lightly  over;  pass  over;  omit; 
caper;  spring.  II.  n.  1.  Alight  bound  or 
spring.  2.  A  passing  over  without  notice. 
[Prob.  <  Ir.  sgiob,  snatch.] 

skip'peri,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  skips. 

skip'per^,  n.  The  master  of  a  small  trading- 
vessel.     [<  D.  schipper,  sailor,  <  schip.  ship.] 

skir'misll,  skgr'mish.  I*,  vi.  To  fight  in  a 
preliminary  way.  II.  n.  A  light  combat,  as 
between  small  parties.  [<  F.  escarmauche., 
fight.]  —  skir'mish-er,  n. 

skirt,  skgrt.  P.  vt.  &  vi.  To  lie  along  the 
edge  of;  be  on  or  move  along  an  edge  or 
border.  II.  n.  1.  That  part  of  a  garment 
that  hangs  from  or  below  the  waist;  a  petti- 
coat; the  loose  hanging  part  of  various  things. 
2.  Margin;  border.     f<  Ice.  skyrta,  shirt.] 

skit'tisb,  skit'ish,  a.  1.  Easily  frightened; 
timid.  2.  Capricious;  uncertain;  tricky.  [< 
Sw\  skutta,  leap,  <  skjuta,  shoot.] 

skulks  skulk,  vi.  To  move  about  a  place 
furtively  or  slyly.     [<  Dn.  skidke,  skulk.] 

skull,  skul,  n.  The  framework  of  the  head  of 
a  vertebrate  animal;  cranium.     [<  Ice.  skal.] 

skulFcap''!,  skul'cap",  n.  A  plant  of  wet 
shady  places,  with  large  solitary  blue  flowers. 

skulF'Cap'''',  rt.  Acapcloselyfittingtheskull. 

skunk,  n.  An  American  nocturnal,  burrowing 
carnivore,  with  a  bushy  tail 
and  large  anal  glands  that 
secrete  a  liquid  of  very  of- 
fensive odor.  [<  Am.  Ind. 
segankv.'\ 

sky,  skai,  71.    [skies^,  pi."] 

1.  The  blue  vault,  or  a  part 
of  it,  that  seems  to  bend 
over  the  earth.  2.  The  up- 
per regions  of  the  atmos- 
phere. 3.  Heaven.  [<Ice. 
sky,  cloud.]  —  sky'lark'', 
n.  A  lark  that  mounts  singing  toward  the  sky.— 
sky'Iark'^iiiar,  n.  Boisterbus  sport  or  frolick- 
ing.—skv'light'',  n.  A  window  facing  sky- 
ward.—sky'=rock'''et,  n.    A  rocket  used  for 

)lay  and  discliarged  skyward.— sky'sail", 
A  light  sail  above  the  royal  In  a  square-rigged 

vessel.  — sky'ward,   a(h\     Toward   the   sky. 

sky'wardsl:. 
Slab,  slab,  n.     1.  The  outside  cut  made  from 

a  log  in  sawing  it  into  boards.    2.  Any  flat 

plate-like  substance.  [<  Norw.  sletp,  slippery.] 
slab'ber,  slab'gr,  vt.  &  vi.      To  wet  with 

saliva;  spill  or  drip  from  the  mouth.     [<  MD. 

dabberen,  freq.  of  slabben,  slaver.] 
slacks        I  slac,  slac'n,  V.    I.  ^    1.  To  make 
slack'en,  j  slack;  loosen;  relax;   retard.    2. 

To  slake,  as  lime.    II.  «.  1.  To  become  slack, 

remiss,  or  negligent.     2.  To  slake. 
slack,  a.      1.    Hanging  or  extended  loosely. 

2.  Remiss;  careless.  3.  Lacking  activity  or 
urgency.  4.  Listless;  feeble;  sluggish.  [< 
AS.  sli€C,  slack.]— slack,  adr.-  slack'ness,  ji. 

slacks?/.  The  part  of  anything,  Jis  a  rope, 
that  is  slack  or  loose;  also,  a  slacK  condition. 

slack^,  H.  Small  coal;  coal-dirt  or  -screenings. 
[  <  a.  schlacke,  slack.] 

slag,  n.     1.  Metallic  dross  separated  in  the 


Skunk 


M'i 


paiHi,  ask;  at,  air;  clgmfint,  thfey,  us^ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rfile;  but,  Or; 


421 


slake 
sleet 


reduction  of  ores.     2.  Volcanic  scoria.     [< 
Svv.  slagg,  refuse.] 
slake,  slek,  v.    [slaked';   sla'king.]    I.  t. 

1.  To  render  inoperative  or  harmless;  quench; 
appease.  2.  To  mix  with  water,  as  lime.  3. 
To  make  slack.  II.  i.  To  become  disinte- 
grated by  absorbing  and  combining  with  water: 
said  of  lime.     [<  AS.  sleacian,  <  slsec,  slack.] 

slam,  slam.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [slammed;  slam'- 
MiNG.]  To  pull  or  push  to,  or  strike  against 
something,  with  violence  and  a  loud  noise; 
bang.  II,  n.  A  closing  or  striking  with  a 
bang.     [<  Sw.  sldmma,  slam.] 

slan'der,  slan'dgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  injure 
by  maliciously  uttering  a  false  report;  defame; 
calumniate.  II.  n.  A  false  tale  or  report 
uttered  with  malice;  defamation.  [<  Gr.i-i'+op 
skandalon,  snare.] —slan'der-er,  w.— slan'- 
der-ou8,  a.  1 .  Uttering  slander,  '■i.  Con- 
taining or  constituting  slander;  calumnious. 

slangr,  slang,  n.  Inelegant  and  unauthorized 
popular  language.  [<  sling,  v.] — slang'y, 
slane'l,  a.— slang^i-ness,  n. 

slant,  slant.  I**,  vt.  &  ri.  To  give  an  oblique 
or  sloping  direction  to;  incline;  lean.  II.  a. 
Lying  at  an  angle;  sloping.  III. /*.  A  slant- 
ing direction,  course,  or  plane;  slope;  incline. 
[  <  Sw.  sldnta,  slant.] 

slap,  slap.  I.  vt.  [slapped';  slap'ping.]  To 
deal  a  slap  to  or  with.  II.  n.  A  blow  de- 
livered with  the  open  hand  or  with  something 
flat.  III.  adv.  [Colloq.]  Abruptly;  plump. 
[  <  LG.  slapp,  <  slappen,  slap.] 

slasll,  slash.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  strike  with  a 
long  sweeping  stroke  or  strokes,  as  with  a  cut- 
ting instrument  or  with  a  whip;  slit;  gash.  II. 
n.  A  sweeping  random  cut  or  stroke;  a  slit  or 
gash.     [<  OF.  esdescher,  sever.] 

slat,  slat,  n.  A  thin,  flat,  and  narrow  strip,  as 
of  wood.     [<  OF.  esdat,  splinter,  chip.] 

slate,  slet.  I.  vt.  [sla'ted^I;  sla'ting.]  1. 
To  roof  with  slate.  2.  To  put  on  a  political 
slate.  II.  n.  1.  Any  kind  of  rock  that  splits 
readily  into  even  layers:  also,  a  piece  of  such 
rock  shaped   for  roofing,  writing  upon,  etc. 

2.  U.  S.  Polit.  A  list  of  candidates,  made  up 
beforehand  for  nomination  or  appointment. 
[<  OF.  esdat;  see  slat,  w.]  —  sla'ty,  sle'ti,  a. 
Composed  of  or  like  slate. 

slat'tern,  slat'grn,  n.  A  negligent  or  untidy 
woman.  —  slat'tern-Iy,  a.  &  adv. 

slaugh^ter,  sle'tgr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  kill  wan- 
tonly or  savagely,  especially  in  large  numbers. 
2.  To  butcher.  II.  n.  1.  Wanton  or  savage 
killing;  massacre.  2.  Butchering.  [<lce.  sldtr, 
a  slaughtering.]  —  slaiigh'tershouse",  n.  A 
place  where  animals  are  butchered. 

Slav,  slgv,  n.  A  member  of  one  of  various 
people  of  northern  or  eastern  Europe,  as  a 
Russian,  Bulgarian,  Croatian,  Pole,  Servian, 
etc.     [<  G.  sklave.~\ 

slave,  slev.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [slaved;  sla'ving.] 
To  work  like  a  slave;  toil;  drudge.  II.  n.  A 
person  in  slavery;  bondman;  drudge.  [<  F. 
esdave,  <  G.sklave,<  Sklave,  Slav.]— slave'- 
liold^er,  n.    An  owner  of  slaves. 

slav'er,  slav'gr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  dribble  saliva 
over;  drivel:  drool.     [<  Ice.  s^a/ra,  slaver.] 

Sla'veri,  sle'vgr,  n.  A  person  or  a  vessel  en- 
gaged in  the  slave-trade. 


slav'er",  slav'gr,  n.    Drivel. 

sla'ver-y,  sle'vgr-i,  «.  l.  Involuntary  servi- 
tude; complete  subjection  of  one  person  to 
another.  2.  Mental,  moral,  or  spiritual  bond- 
age, as  to  appetite.    3.  Drudgery. 

Slav'ic,  slgv'ic,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  Slavonic. 

sla'vish,    sle'vish,  a.      1.   Pertaining  to  or 

befitting  a  slave;  servile;  base.    2.  Enslaved. 

—  sla'visli-ly,  adr.— sla'vish-ness,  n. 

Sla-vCni-an,  sla-vo'ni-an.  I.  a.  1.  Re- 
lating to  Slavonia,  a  crownland  of  Austria* 
Hungary.  2.  Slavonic.  II.  n.  1.  A  native 
of  Slavonia.    2.  A  Slav. 

Sla-von'ic,  sla-van'ic,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
Slavs  or  their  languages.    2.  Slavonian. 

slaw,  sle,  n.  Cabbage  sliced  or  chopped,  and 
served  raw  or  cooked  as  a  salad.     [<  D.  slaa, 

<  salaad,  salad.] 

slay,  sle,  vt.     [slew;  slain;  slay'ing.]    To 

kill,  especially  by  violence.      [<  AS.  sledn, 

slay.]  — -  slay'er,  n. 
slea'zy,  sle'zi,  a.    Thin  and  flimsy.     [<  G. 

sddeissig,  worn  out,  <  sdUeissen,  rend.] 
sled,  sled.     I.  vt.  &  vi.    [sled'ded"*;  sled'- 

DiNG.]    To  convey  on  a  sled;  use  a  sled.    II. 

/).    A  vehicle  on  runners,  designed  for  use  on 

snow  and  ice.     [<  D.  slede,  <  V  of  slide.] 
sledges  slej,  n.    1.  A  vehicle 

mounted  on  runners,  or  a  drag* 

like    vehicle   for  travel  over 

snow  and  ice.    2.  A  sled.    3. 

[Eng.]     A  hurdle. 

[For  SLED,  n.] 
sledge^,    n.      A 

heavy  hammer  for 

blacksmiths'    use, 

or     for    breaking 

stone,  etc.   [<AS. 

slecg,  <  sledn, strike.']  sledge'^lxam'^mer:^. 
sleek,  sltk.   l^.vt.   1.  To  make  smooth,  even, 

or  glossy.      2.  To   soothe:    mollify.      3.   To 

smooth  over.     II.  a.     1.  Smooth  and  glossy. 

2.  Smooth-spoken  ;  oily;  flattering.     [<  Ice. 

slik)\  sleek,  <  v  in  slink,  v.] 
sleep,  slip,  V.     [slept;  sleep'ing.]    I.  t.  To 

rest  or  repose  in  (sleep);  as,  to  sleep  the  sleep 

of  death.    II.  i.     1.  To  be  asleep;  slumber. 

2.  To  be  dormant,  quiet,  or  benumbed.     [< 

AS.  slsepan,  sleep.] 
sleep,  n.     1.  A  state  or  period  of  complete  or 

partial    unconsciousness  ;    slumber.     2.  Any 

condition  of  inactivity  or  rest.     [<  AS.  sl^p, 

<  sliepan,  sleep.]  —  sleep'i-ness,  ti.  Drowsi- 
ness.—sleep'ingscar'',  n.  A  passenger  rail- 
way»car  with  accommodations  for  sleeping.- 
sleep'Iess,  a.  Unable  to  sleep;  wakeful;  wide 
awake;  restless;  unquiet,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 
Wakefulness;  insomnia.- sleep'y,  a.  [sleep'- 
i-EK  :  sleep'i-est.1  Inclined  to  sleep  ;  drowsy; 
sluggish;  dull;  heavy;  conducive  to  sleep. 

sleep'eri,  slip'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  sleeps;  fig- 
uratively, a  dead  person.  2.  [U.  S.]  A  sleep- 
ing-car.    [<  AS.  slwpere,  <  sWpan,  sleep.] 

sleepier 2,  n.  A  heavy  beam  resting  on  or  in 
the  ground,  as  a  support  for  a  roadway,  rails, 
etc.     [<  Norw.  sleip.] 

sleet,  sin.  I<».  vi.  To  deposit  or  let  fall 
sleet.  II.??.  A  drizzling  or  driving  of  partly 
frozen  rain,  or  rain  that  freezes  as  it  falls. 
[Perh.  <  Norw.  sletta.,  slap.]  — sleet'y,  sllt'i,  a. 


Siberian  Post=sledge. 


fintlfire  (future);    aisle;    au   (owt);    ell;   c  (k);   chat;    db  {th€)\    go;  sing,   ink;  thin. 


sleeve 
slop 


422 


sleev(e,  sit  v.  I.  vt.  [sleev(e)d  ;  pleev'- 
iNG.]  To  furnish  with  a  sleeve.  II.  n.  1. 
The  part  of  a  garment  that  covers  the  arm. 
2.  Mech.  A  tube  surrounding  something.  [< 
AS.  sl('fe,  prob.  <  slupan,  slip.] 

sleigb,  sle,  ?i.  A  light  vehicle  with  runners, 
for  use  on  snow  and  ice.  [<  D.  slede,  <  y  of 
SLIDE.]  —  sleigh'ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  riding 
in  a  sleigh,  ii.  The  condition  of  the  roads  that 
admits  of  using  a  sleigh. 

sleigbt,  slait,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
skilful  in  manipulation.  2.  A  juggler's  trick. 
[<  lev.  slaegdh,  <  sZa?.^;-,  cunning.] —sleight 
ol"  hand,  legerdemain." 

slen^der,  slen'dgr,  a.  1.  Slim;  thin;  feeble; 
frail.  2.  Having  slight  foundation.  3.  Mod- 
erate; insignificant.  [<  OF.  esdencii'e,  <  MB. 
dinder,  slender,  <  dinderen.,  drag.]  -ly,  adv. 
-iiess,  n. 

Hiept,  slept,  imp.  &  pp.  of  sleep,  v. 

slei^v,  slu,  imp.  of  slay,  v. 

slice,  slais.  I.  vt.  [sliced';  sli'cing.]  1. 
To  cut  into  thin  pieces.  2.  To  cut  from  a 
larger  piece.  3.  To  sunder;  split.  II.  n.  1. 
A  piece;  especially,  a  thin,  broad  piece  cut  off 
from  a  larger  body.  2.  One  of  various  tools 
for  slicing.     [<  OHG.o*"  s^zan,  slice.] 

slick,  slik.  I',  vt.  To  make  smooth,  trim, 
glossy,  or  oily.  II.  a.  1.  Smooth;  slippery. 
2.  Flattering;  obsequious.     [Var.  of  sleek.] 

slid,  slid,  imp.  &pp.  of  slide,  v. 

slide,  slaid.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [slid;  SLiDor  slid'- 
den;  sli'ding.]  1.  To  pass  along  over  a  sur- 
face with  a  smooth,  slipping  movement.  2. 
To  move  easily  and  smoothly.  3.  To  pass 
gradually.  II.  n.  1.  Something  that  slides. 
2.  The  act  of  sliding.  3.  A  place  where  per- 
sons or  things  slide.     [<  AS.  sUdan,  slide.] 

sligllt,  slait.  Id.  vt.  1.  To  manifest  inten- 
tional neglect  of.  2.  To  do  imperfectly  or 
carelessly.  II.  a.  1.  Of  small  importance; 
inconsiderable.  2.  Slender  ;  frail.  III.  v. 
A  disparaging  or  neglectful  action.  [<  OD. 
slicht.,  plain.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

sli'ly,  adv.    Same  as  slyly. 

slim,  a.  [slim'meu;  slim'mest.]  1.  Small  in 
thickness  in  proportion  to  height  or  length. 
2.  Having  little  logical  strength  ;  weak.  3. 
Constructed  unsubstantially  ;  flimsy.  [<  Ir. 
sHm,  thin,  or  MD.  slim,  bad.] 

slime,  slaim.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [slimed;  bli'mino.] 
To  smear,  cover,  or  become  covered,  with 
slime.  II.  n.  Any  soft,  sticky,  or  dirty  sub- 
stance, as  mud.  [  <  AS.  slim,  slime.]  —  sll'my , 
a.  [sli'mi-er;  sli'- 
Mi-EST.]  1.  Cov- 
ered or  bedaubed 
with  slime.  2.  Con- 
taining slime.  3. 
SUme.llke;  hence, 
nauseous. 

sling,  sling.   I.  vt. 

[SLUNO;  SLINO'- 

ing.]  1.  To  fling 
from  a  sling;  hurl; 
fling.  2.  To  hang 
up  as  in  a  sling. 
II.  «.  1.  A  strap 
or  pocket  with 


Sling. 

a,  the  manner  of  holding 
the  sling. 


String  attached  to  each  end,  tor  hurling  a 
or  other  missile.    2.  One  of  various  com 


tions,  as  of  rope,  for  suspending  or  hoisting 
something.  3.  A  sudden  throw;  cast;  fling. 
[<  AS.  «/^wp'a/^  sling.]  —  sling'er,  n. 

slink,  slipk,  t'i.  [slunk  or  slank;  slink'ing.] 
To  creep  away  or  steal  along  furtively.  [< 
AS.  slincan,  creep,  <  V  of  G.  schleichen,  creep.] 

slip,  slip.  I.  vt.&,vi.  [slipped*  or  slipt; 
slip'ping.]  1.  To  cause  to  glide  or  slide.  2. 
To  let  loose;  go  free.  3.  To  lose  one's  foot- 
ing. 4.  To  err.  5.  To  escape  ;  leave  slyly. 
II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  slipping;  a  sudden  slide. 
2.  A  lapse  in  conduct;  a  fault.  3.  A  small 
narrow  piece  of  something;  strip.  4.  A  space 
or  passage  long  in  proportion  to  its  width.  5. 
A  cutting  from  a  plant.  6.  Something  that 
may  be  slipped  on  or  off.     [<  AS.  sUpanA 

—  slip'sKnot'%  11.  1.  A  bow-knot.  ij.  A 
running  knot.—  slip'ncr,  v.  A  low  light  shoe, 
for  Indoor  wear.  —  slip'per-i-iiess,  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  slippery.— glip'per-y, 
a.  1,  Having  a  surface  so  smooth  that  bodies 
slip  easily  on  It.  3.  Elusive;  tricky.- glip'- 
shod,  rt.    Down  at  the  heel;  slovenly. 

slit,  slit.  I.  tt.  [slit  or  slit'ted*"  ;  slit'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  make  a  long  incision  in.  2.  To 
cut  lengthwise  into  strips.  II.  i}.  A  cut  that 
is  relatively  long  ;  also,  a  long  and  narrow 
opening.     [<  AS.  slUe,  <  slltan,  slit.] 

sliv'er,  sliv'gr  or  slai'vgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1. 
To  cut  or  split  into  long  thin  pieces.  2.  To 
cut  or  break  off.  II.  /?.  1.  A  splinter.  2. 
Corded  textile  fibers  drawn  into  a  fleecy  strand. 
[<  AS.  slifan,  cleave.] 

slob'ber,  v.  &  n.    Same  as  slabber. 

sloe,  slo,  n.  A  small  plum-like  astringent 
fruit;  also,  the  shrub  that  bears  it;  the  black- 
thorn.    [<  AS.  sld,  sloe.] 

slo'gjan,  slO'gan,  n.  A  battle-  or  rallying-cry : 
originally  of  the  Highland  clans.  [<  Gael. 
sluagh,  army,  -|-  gairm,  yell.] 

sloid,    I  sleid,    n.      A    system  of  elementary 

sloyd,  f  manual  training  originating  in  Swe- 
den, having  exercises  graduated  from  the 
simplest  use  of  tools  to  the  most  complete  join- 
ery.   [<  Sw.  slojd,  skill.]    slojdt. 

sloop,  slup,  n.    A  single-masted  fore-and-aft 
rigged  vessel,  of  broad 
beam.      [<   D.    sloep, 
perhaps   <    OF.    cha- 

lUJ)e,  SHALLOP.] 

slop,  slop,  v.  [slopped' 
or  slopt;  slop' ping.] 

1.  ^  1.  To  cause  to 
dash  over;  spill.  2. 
To  make  sloppy.  II. 
i.    To  dash  over;  spill. 

slop^  7).    1.  A  liquid 
that  has  been  slopped. 

2.  pi.  Waste  and  dirty 
water.  3.  pi.  Thin 
liquid  food;  any  weak 
beverage.  [<  AS. 
aloppe,  droppings  of  a 
cow,  <  slilpan,  slip.] 

—  slop'py,  slep'I,  a. 

fSLOP'l'I-ER;       SLOP'PI- 

EST.l     Muddy;  splashy;  slovenly. 
hIop-,   h.  /)/.    [Naut.  or  Colloq.T     Cheap  ready- 

11111(1. •  cloihiiiir;  anions  s;iilnis.  clotlics,  iR'ddlng, 
ric.  j-  lee.  .\/c/i/,i\  -  -'f/'/"'.  slip.  slop'< 
.sh«»|»".  "•   A  ^-li"!'  "••i-  >li''  ^:'lr,,f  clifaiM-lothing. 


Sloop. 


popA,  c^sk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rQle;  but,  ur; 


423 


slope 
smatter 


—  s.swork,  n.  Manufacture  of  cheap  ready* 
made  clothing:  also,  any  cheap  work. 

slope,  slop.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [sloped';  slo'ping.] 
To  incline  or  be  inclined ;  slant.  II.  n.  Any 
slanting  surface  or  line;  a  declivity  or  acclivity. 
[<  AS.  slope?},  pp.  of  sW.pen,  slip.] 

slots  sl^t^  n.  A  long  narrow  groove  or  open- 
ing; slit.  [<  Pi-S-slaL  pret.  of  sUfan,  slit.] 

slot'',  ?i.  The  trail  of  an  animal,  as  a  deer.  [< 
Ice.  sloth,  trail.] 

sloth.,  sloth  or  sloth,  ??.  1.  Disinclination  to  ex- 
ertion ;  laziness.  2.  A  slow^moving  tree- 
dwelling  mammal  of  tropical  America.  [<  AS. 
slaw,  slow.]  —  sloth'fnl,  a.  Sluggish;  lazy; 
indolent.—  sloth'f  ul-ly,  adt^ 

sloucli,  slouch.  IK  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  hang  or 
droop  in  a  careless  manner.  2.  To  have  a 
downcast  or  clownish  look  or  manner.    II.  ti. 

1.  A  movement  or  appearance  caused  as  by 
depression  or  drooping.  2.  An  awkward, 
heavy,  clownish  fellow.     [<  Ice.  slokr.] 

sloughs  sluf,  vt.  &  vi.  To  cast  off,  or  be  cast 
off,  as  dead  tissue. 

slough^ ,  slau,  n.  A  place  of  deep  mud  or  mire ; 
bog.  [  <  AS.  sloh,  <  Ir.  sloe,  hollow,  <  slug- 
aim,  1  swallow.] —  slough'yi,   a.    Swampy. 

slough^,  sluf,  n.  1.  Dead  tissue  separated 
and  cast  off  from  the  living  parts.  2.  A  skin, 
as  of  a  serpent,  that  has  been  shed.  [  <  v  of 
SLIP.]  —  slough'y2,  sluf'i,  a.  Containing  dead 
tissue;  tending  to  slough. 

slov'en,  sluv'en  or  sluv'n,  n.  One  habitually 
untidy.  [  <  MD.  slof,  negligent  man.]  —  slov'- 
eii-li-ues!^,  «.— slov'eu-ly,  a.  &  adv. 

slow,  slO.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  slacken  in  speed. 
II.  a.     1.  Having  small  velocity;  not  quick. 

2.  Behind  the  standard,  as  a  timepiece.  3.  Not 
hasty.  4.  Mentally  sluggish.  [<  AS.  sldtv, 
slow.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

sludge,  si uj,  w.    Slimy  mud;  slush.    [Prob.< 

D.  slijk,  dirt.] 
slue,  slu.    I.vt.&vi.    [slued;  SLu'iNG.J    To 

sling  around;  turn  about.    II.  n.    A  slumg  or 

turning.     [Cp.  Ice.  snua,  turn.]    slew:}:, 
slug,  slug,  vt.  &  vi.   [Slang.]    To  strike  heavily  or 

brutally.    [<  AS.  sloh,  pret.  of  slean,  smite.] 
slug^,  n.     Any  small   rounded   or   irregular 

chunk  of  metal ;  especially,  one  used  as  a  bullet 

or  missile.     [Prob.  <  Dn.  slug,  sluggish.] 
slugs  n.    1.  A  gastropod  of  elongated  form 

having  no 

visible 

shell.      2. 

A    slug- 
gard; 

drone.    [<  Z 

Dn.    slug. 


sluggish."] 

s  1  u  g  '  - 

g  a  r  d  , 

slug'ard, 
A  per- 


Slugs. 
1.  Common  slug.    2.  Sea  sluj?. 

son  habitually  lazy  or  idle;  a  drone.     [<  Dn. 

slug,  sluggish.] 
slug'gish.,  slu^'ish,   a.     1.  Slow;  inactive; 

torpid.    2.  Habitually  idle  and  lazy.     [<  Dn. 

slug,  sluggish.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
sluice,  sliis.    I.  vt.     [sluicedS  slui'cing.] 

To  operate  with  a  sluice;  wash  in  a  sluice. 

II.  n.    Any  artificial  channel  for  conducting 


water,  or  the  stream  so  conducted;  a  flood= 
gate;  flume.     [<  L.*' ea;c/M(/o,  exclude.] 


Section  of  a  Miner's  Sluice. 

slum,  slum,  n.  A  low,  filthy  quarter  of  a  city 
or  town.     [<  Akin  to  slump.] 

slum'her,  slum'ber.  1.  vi.  1.  To  sleep.  2. 
To  l)e  inactive.  II.  n.  Sleep;  especially,  light 
sleep.     [<  AS.sltnna,  slumber.] 

slump,  slump.  I',  vi.  To  break  through  a  crust 
and  sink  down;  collapse.  11.  n.  A  breaking 
through ;  collapse.  [Akin  to  Dn.  slvmjye, 
stumble  suddenly.] 

i^lllng,  slung,  i/»p.  &  pp.  of  sling,  v. 

siung'=sliof ,  sluiig'=shetS  ?<.  A  weight  at- 
tached to  a  thong  or  cord;  a  ruffian's  weapon. 

slunk,  slunk,  imp.  &  pp.  of  slink,  v. 

slur,  slur.'  I.  vt.  [slurred;  slur'ring.]  1. 
To  slight;  disparage.  2.  To  suppress;  con- 
ceal. 3.  To  run  together,  as  words.  4.  To 
smear;  soil.  11.  n.  1.  A  disparaging  remark 
or  insinuation;  disparagement;  stigma.  2. 
Mus.  A  curved  line  (  w  or  ^ )  indicating  that 
tones  so  tied  are  to  be  sung  to  the  same  syllable. 
3.  A  blur.     [<  MD.  sleuren,  train.] 

slush,  slush,  n.  1.  Soft,  sloppy  material,  as 
melting  snow  or  soft  mud.  2.  Greasy  material 
used  for  lubrication,  etc.  [For  sludge.]  — 
slusli'y,  slush'i,  a. 

slut,  slut,  «.  1.  A  female  dog;  bitch.  2.  A 
slatternly  woman.  [<  Sw.  dial.  s^(?<a,  slut,  < 
slota,  droop.]  — si ut'tlsh,  a.  Slatternly;  dirty. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

sly,  slai,  a.  [sli'er  or  sly'er;  sli'est  or  sly'- 
EST.]  Artful  in  doing  things  secretly;  cun- 
ning; crafty.  [<  Ice.  slaegr,  sly,  perhaps  <  v 
of  SLAY,  v.}    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

smacks  smac.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  give  or  make 
a  smack.  II.  n.  A  quick  sharp  sound,  as  of 
the  lips;  a  noisy  kiss;  a  sounding  blow  or  slap. 
[  <  MD.  smacken,  strike.] 

smack^.  I',  vi.  To  have  a  taste  or  flavor. 
II.  n.  1.  A  suggestive  tincture,  taste,  or  fla- 
vor.   2.  A  mere  taste.  [<  AS.  smsec,  taste.] 

smack^,  n.  A  small  coasting*  or  fishings  vessel. 
[<  MD.  smacke,  smack.] 

small,  smel,  a.  1.  Diminutive;  little;  slight; 
unimportant.  2.  Paltry;  mean.  3.  Mildly  al- 
coholic: as  swa^^  beer.  [<  AS.  smael,  small; 
cp.  Goth,  smals,  small.]  —small  arms,  port- 
able firearms.— s.  fry,  small  people  or  things.— 
small'isb,  a.  —  small'ness,  n.  —  smalF- 
pox'S  n.  An  acute,  specific.  Infectious  disease 
characterized  by  deep=seated  pustules.— s.  talk, 
trivial  conversation. 

smart,  smflrt.  1^.  vi.  To  experience  an  acute 
painful  sensation,  bodily  or  mental.  II.  a.  1. 
Quick  in  thought  or  action;  clever.  2.  Imper- 
tinently witty.  3.  Stinging;  pungent.  III.  ?2. 
An  acutestinging  sensation;  distress;  suffering. 
[<  AS.  smeortan.]    -ly,adv.    -ness,  n. 

smash,  cmash.  IS  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  break  in 
pieces;  shiver;  shatter.  2.  To  put  out  of  shape; 
crush.  II.  «.  An  act  or  incident  of  smashing; 
destruction,     [<  Sw.  di&l.  smaska,  smack.] 

smat'ter,  smat'gr,  vt.  &  vi.    To  have  but  a 


fIut|Qre  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c  (k);    cliat;   dli   (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


smear 
snake 


424 


smattering  of;  talk  superficially.  [<  Sw. 
miattra,  crackle.]  —  siiiat'ter-er,  n.  —  siiiat'- 
ter-ingr,  n.  A  superficial  degree  or  kind  of 
knowledge. 

smear,  emir.  l.vt.  To  bedaub  or  cover  with 
a  viscous  substance.  II.  n.  A  soiled  spot 
made  by  some  viscous  or  fluid  colored  sub- 
stance.    [<  AS.  swey-w,  grease.] 

smell,  smel,  v.  [smelled  or  smelt;  smell'- 
ING.]  l.t.  1.  To  perceive  by  means  of  the  nose 
and  its  olfactory  nerves;  scent.  2.  To  test  by 
odor.  II.  i.  1.  To  emit  an  odor  or  perfume. 
2.  To  be  malodorous.  3.  To  use  the  sense  of 
smell;  sniff;  snuff.  [Akin  to  D.  srneulen^  < 
LG.  snielen^  smolder.]  —  smelFer,  n. 

smell,  n.  1.  That  sense  by  means  of  which 
odors  are  perceived.     2.  An  odor;  perfume. 

smelt*',  smelt,  vt.  &  vi.  To  reduce  (ores)  by 
fusion  in  a  furnace.  [<  D.  smelten,  melt,  or 
Dn.  smelte.]  —  smelt'er,  n. 

smelt,  n.    A  small  silvery  food-fish,  of  north- 
em  seas.    [<AS. 
smelt,  smelt.] 

smi'lax,  smai'- 
lax,  n.  A  delicate 
twining  plant  of 

fr'om'luth-'AS:        American  Sn,.!..   V. 
ca,  with  greenish  flowers.  [  <  Gr.i-  smilax,  yew.] 

smile,  smail.  I.  vi.  [smiled;  smi'ling.]  1.  To 
give  a  smile;  wear  a  cheerful  aspect.  2.  To 
show  approval,  ll.n.  1.  A  pleased  or  amused 
expression  of  the  face,  characterized  by  lateral 
upward  extension  of  the  lips.  2.  A  pleasant 
aspect.  3.  Favor;  blessing.  [<  Sw.  smila, 
smile.] 

smirch.,  smsrch.    I',  vt.     1.  To  soil;  smear. 

2.  To  defame.  II.  n.  The  act  of  smirch- 
ing.    [  <  AS.  smeHan,  smear.] 

smirk,  smgrk.  I',  vi.  To  smile  in  a  silly  or 
affected  manner.  II.  n.  An  affected  or  artifi- 
cial smile.     [<  AS.  smercian,  smirk.] 

smite,  smalt,  vt.  [smote  or  smit;  smit'tkn 
orsMiT;  smi'ting.]  1.  To  strike  (something) 
with  sudden  force.  2.  To  cut  or  break  by  a 
blow ;  afflict;  devastate.  4.  To  affect  powerful- 
ly with  sudden  feeling.  [<  AS.  «m^an,  stroke.] 

smitll,  smith,  n.  One  who  shapes  metals  as  by 
hammering.  [<  AS.  smith,  smith.] — smith'- 
er-y,  n.  [-ies«,  p/.]  A  smith's  shop.— smith'y, 
n.  L-iesi,  p/.l  1 .  A  place  where  a  smith  works; 
a  forge.   "Z.  A  smith. 

smock,  smec,  n.  1.  A  woman's  undergar- 
ment: chemise.  2.  A  smock-frock.  [<  AS. 
smoc!]  —  Hmock'sfrock^',  n.  An  outside  gar- 
ment resembling  a  shirt,  worn  by  field-laborers. 

smoke,  smok,  v.  [smoked';  smo'kinq.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  affect  with  smoke;  cure  or  flavor  by 
smoke.  2.  To  inhale  and  exhale  the  smoke  of, 
as  tobacco.  II.  i.  1.  To  give  out  smoke.  2. 
To  use  tobacco,  etc.,  by  burning  for  inhalation. 

3.  To  send  smoke  out  unsuitjibly,  as  a  stove. 
smoke,  n.    1.  The  vapor-like  products  of  the 

burning  of  coal,  woou,  etc.;  less  properly, 
fumes,  steam,  etc.  2.  Anything  transient  and 
unsubstantial.  3.  The  act  of  smoking  a  pipe, 
etc.  [<  AS.  smoca,  <  sm^dcatu  smoke.]  — 
Minoke'IeHH,  a.  Having  or  emitting  no  smoke. 
—  smo'ker,  n.  1,  One  who  or  that  which 
smokes.  t2.  A  smoking-car.— gmoke'tHtack^'', 


n.    An  upright  pipe  through  which  the  smoke. 
from  a  boiler-furnace  is  discharged  into  the  air. 
— siiio'ky,  a.  [smo'ki-er;  smo'ki-est.]   Giving 
forth,  mixed  with,  or  like  smoke;  liable  to  smoke. 

smol'^der,  smol'dgr,  vi.  1.  To  burn  and  smoke 
in  a  smothered  way.  2.  To  exist  ia,a  latent  or 
suppressed  state.     [<  AS.  swwian,  smother.] 

smooth,  smudh.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
become  smooth;  soften;  extenuate.  II.  a.  1. 
Having  a  surface  without  irregularities;  not 
rough.  2 .  Having  no  impediments  or  obstruc- 
tions; easy.  3.  Calm  and  unruflled.  [<  AS. 
smothe,  smooth.]    -ly^adv.    -ness,n. 

8inote,  smot,  i7np.  of  smite,  v. 

smoth'er,  smudh'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  suffo- 
cate; stifle.  2.  To  be  covered  without  vent  or 
air,  as  a  fire.  3.  Figuratively,  to  be  covered 
up  or  suppressed.  II.  n.  1.  That  which 
smothers.  2.  The  state  of  being  smothered. 
[<  AS.  stno?'ia?),  smother.] 

sinoiiPder,  smol'der,  vL    Same  as  smolder. 

smudge,  smoj.  I.  vt.  [smudged;  smudg'- 
iNG.  I  To  smear;  soil;  fumigate.  II.  n.  1. 
A  soiling;  smear;  stain.  2.  A  smoky  fire,  as 
for  driving  away  insects,  etc. —  smud^'y,  a. 

smug'gle,  smug'l,  v.  [smug'gled;  smug'- 
GLiNG.J  I.  ^.  1.  To  take  (merchandise)  into 
or  out  of  a  country  without  payment  of  lawful 
duties.  2.  To  bring  hi  or  introduce  illicitly  or 
clandestinely.  II.  i.  To  practise  smuggling. 
[<  LG.  smuggeln,  <  y  of  Ice.  smjuga,  creep.] 
—  smug'srier,  «.  1.  One  who  smuggles.  2. 
A  vessel  used  in  smuggling.— smug'gliiig,  n. 

smut,  smut,  l.vt.&vi.  [smut'ted"";  smut'- 
ting.]  1.  To  blacken  or  be  stained  as  with 
soot  or  smoke.    2.  To  affect  with  smut,  as 

r wing  grain.  3.  To  pollute;  defame.  II.  ;j. 
The  blackening  made  by  soot,  smoke,  or 
other  dirty  substance.  2.  Obscenity.  3.  A 
disease  induced  in  higher  plants  by  parasitic 
fungi.     [<  AS.  smitta,  spot.]  —  smut'ty,  a. 

smutch,  V.  &  n.    Soil;  smudge. 

snack,  snac,  n.  [Colloq.]  1 ,  A  portion  or  share. 
"Z.  A  Slight,  hurried  lunch.  [Akin  to  ME.  snack- 
en,  snatch.] 

snarfle,  snaf'l,  fi.  A  horse's  bit,  jointed  in  the 
middle.   [  <  D.  snavel,  dim.       c^  fn 

of  MD.  snabbe,  bill  of  a       \\                (/ 
bird.]  t(^^^~-t fe^ 

snag,  snag.    I.  vt.    To  in-  \±:yT\  W<^ 

J' me  or  impede  by  a  snag.        11  |\ 

■J.  n.      1.  A  jagged  or        U'    «    ,  i. 
stumpy  knot  or  protuber-  bnaffle-blt. 

ance.  2.  The  root  or  remnant  of  a  tooth.  3. 
A  branch  of  a  deer's  antler.  4.  [U.  S.]  A 
tree-trunk  stuck  in  a  river's  bed;  hence,  an  im- 
pediment.] <  Norw.  snag.]  —  snagged,  snagd, 
snag'sry?  «•    Full  of  snags,  knots,  or  stubs. 

snail,  snel,  n.  1.  A  gastropod  mollusk  with 
a  sjjiral  shell.  2.  A 
slow  or  lazy  person. 
[<  AS.  snsegl,  snail.] 
— snaiFspace",  ti. 
A  very  slow  move- 
ment.— H. spaced,  a.         _,  ,,.,£,     ,,     , , 

snake,  snek.  I.  vt.  Edible  Snail.  Vs 
[snaked';  sna'king.]  1.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
To  haul  along  the  ground,  as  a  log.  2.  To 
effect  by  snakelike  motion.  3.  A^avt.  To 
fasten  by  winding  spirally  with  cords.  II.  n. 
1.  A  seri)ent.    2.  A  lizanl.    3.  A  treacherous 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  el^m^nt,  th$y,  usfge;  I 


t.  F. 


<»h;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  fii 


425 


snap 
snow 


fir  insimmting  perwon.  [<  AS.  *'Maw.  snake, 
<  m'lcan^  sneak.] —snake'sroot",  «.  Any 
one  of  various  plants  supposed  to  cure  snake* 
bites.  — siia'ky,  sne'ki,  a.  1.  Of  or  like  a 
snake;  serpentine.    3.  Insinuating;  treactierous. 

snap,  snap,  v.  [snappki)*  or  snapt;  snap'- 
piNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  strike,  press,  shut,  etc., 
withi  a  snap.  2.  To  break  suddenly  with  a 
cracking  noise.  3.  To  seize  suddenly.  II.  i. 
1.  To  emit  a  sharp,  cracking  sound.  2.  To 
part  with  a  snap.     [<  D.  snapj^n,  snap.] 

snap,  n.  1.  A  sharp,  quick  sound.  2.  A 
sudden  breaking  of  anything.  3.  Any  device 
that  closes  with  a  snapping  sound.  4.  A  sud- 
den effort  to  seize  with  the  teeth.  5.  A  brief 
spell,  as  of  cold  weather.  — snap^drag'^on,  n. 

1.  .A  plant  having  solitary  axillary  flowers, 
likened  to  dragons'  heads.  2.  A  game  in  which 
raisins,  etc.,  are  snatched  from  burning  brandy. 
—  siiap'per,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
snaps,  as  a  cracker.  t2.  A  large  f  ood=fish  of  the 
Gulf  coast.  3.  A  snappingturtle.— siiap'pish, 
a.  1.  Apt  to  speak  petulantly  or  tartly.  'Z.  Dis- 
posed to  snap,  as  a  dog.    -ly,  adv.    'HCHn,  n. 

snare,  snar.  l^vLSoti.  [snared;  snar'ing.] 
To  catch  with  a  snare;  use  snares.  II.  ??.  1. 
A  device,  as  a  noose,  for  catching  birds  or  other 
animals.  2.  An  allurement;  wile.  3.  A  cord 
to  produce  a  rattling  on  a  drum^head.  [<  AS. 
snear,  string,  <  4/  of  OIIG.  snerhan,  bind.]  — 
siiare'sdrnm'',  n.  A  small  drum  having 
snares  stretched  across  one  head. 

snarls  snQrl.  I.  tt.  &  vi.  To  growl  harshly, 
as  a  dog ;  speak  angrily.  II.  n.  A  harsh, 
angry  growl.    [  <  MD.  snarren.]  —  snarl'er,  n. 

snarP.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  To  put  or  get  into  a 
snarl  or  tangle.  II.  n.  A  tangle,  as  of  hair  or 
yarn;  hence,  any  entanglement.  [Freq.  of 
snare.] 

snatcll,  snach.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  seize  sud- 
denly, hastily,  or  eagerly;  catch  something 
with  a  sudden,  eager  motion.  II.  n.  1.  An 
act  of  snatching;  a  grab.  2.  A  portion  snatched 
or  grabbed.    3.  A  quibble.     [<  snack,  ^.] 

snatll(e,  snedh,  n.  The  long  curved  handle 
of  a  scythe.  Written  also  snead,  sneed,  etc. 
|'<  A'^.snsed,  perhaps  <  snithan,  cut.] 

sneak,  sntk.  I',  vi  1.  To  move  or  go  in  a 
stealthy  manner.  2.  To  act  with  covert 
cowardice  or  servility.  II.  71.  One  who  sneaks; 
a  mean,  cowardly  fellow.  [  <  AS.  s;?Ioan,creep.] 
sneak'ert.  —  sneak'ing,  pa.    1 .  Cringing. 

2.  Secretly  entertained  or  cherished,  as  a  fancy. 
sneer,  snir.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To   utter  with  a 

sneer;  affect  by  a  sneer;  express  contempt  by  a 
sneer.  II.  n.  1.  A  grimace  of  contempt  or 
derision.  5*.  A  contemptuous  insinuation;  a 
fling.     [<  D.  snaerre,  snarl  like  a  dog.] 

sneez(e,snTz.  l.vi.  [sneez(e)d;  sneez'ing.] 
To  drive  air  forcibly  through  the  nose,  by  a 
spasmodic  involuntary  action.  II.  n.  An  act 
of  sneezing.     [<  AS.  fneosan.,  sneeze.] 

snick'er,  snik'^jr.  I.  vt.  &vi.  To  laugh  slyly 
and  foolishly;  giggle.  [Imitative.]  snig'- 
gert.    II.  n.    A  half-repressed  laugh. 

sniff,  snif .    I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  breathe  through  the 

I  nose  in  short,  quick  inhalations:  sometimes  as 

an  expression  of  contempt,  suspicion,  etc.   II. 

n.    1.  An  act  of  sniffing.    2.  Perception  by 

or  as  by  sniffing.     [<  Bn.  snive,  sniS.] 

snip,  snip,  V.     [snipped';  snip'ping.]     I.  t. 


To  cut  with  a  short,  light  stroke  of  scissors  or 
shears;  also,  to  produce  by  such  cutting.  II. 
i.  To  make  snips;  clip.  [<  D.  snippet), 
snip.] — snip,  M.  1.  An  act  of  snipping;  a 
clip.  2.  A  small  piece  snipped  off.  3.  Any- 
thing small;  specifically  (pi.),  small  shears. 

snipe,  snaip,  n.    A  small  shore=bird  having  a 
long  beak,  and  esteemed 
a    game  =  bird.       [<    Ice. 
snipa,  snipe,  <  y  of  snip.] 

sniv'el,     sniv'l.      I.    ri. 

[sNIV'KI.ED  OrSNIV'EI.LEI); 

sniv'el-ing  or  sniv'ei.- 
LiNG.]  To  cry  in  a  snuffling 
manner;  run  at  the  nose; 
snuffle;  make  affectedly 
tearful  professions.    II.  n.  _^^^ 

1.  Discharge  from  the  nose.  -.,.,    '""T^'T""     ,, 

2.  The  act  of  sniveling.  Wilson's  Snipe.  1/9 
[<  AS.  snofl,  mucus.]  —  sniv'el-er,  n.  sniv'- 
el-lert. 

snob,  sneb,  n.  A  vulgar  pretender  to  gentility. 

[<  Ice.  snapr,  dunce.]  —  snob'ber-y,  n.    The 

characteristics  of  snobs.—  snob'bish,  a. 
Niiooze,  snuz.     I.  vi.     [snoozed;  snooz'ing.1 

IColloq.]  To  sleep  lightly;  doze.   II.  w.  [Colloq.] 

A  short  and  light  sleep.    [Imitative,] 
snore,  snOr.    I.  vi.    [snored;  snor'ing.]    To 

breathe  noisily  in  sleep.    II.  n.    An  act  of 

snoring.     [<  AS.  snora.] 
snort,  snert.    P.  vi.   To  force  the  air  violently 

and  noisily  through  the  nostrils,  as  spirited 

horses.    II.  n.    The  act  or  sound  of  snorting. 

[<  D.  snoi'ken,  <  V  of  snore.] 
snout,  snaut,  n.     1.  The  forward  projecting 

part  of  a  beast's  head;  muzzle.    2.  A  nozle 

or  the  like.     [ME.  snute;  cp.  G.  schnauze,  D. 

muit,  Sw.  snut.'\ 
snow,  sno,  r.     I.  t.    1.  To  cover  or  obstruct 

with  snow.    2.  To  let  fall  like  snow.    II.  i. 

To  let  snow  fall. 
snow,  n.     1.  Precipitation  taking  the  form  of 

fcrfOTmed  ^pt   ]^[       ^^         JP» 

fromaque-      ^  T        r.      T, 

ous    vapor  Snow  Crystals, 

in  the  air,  and  usually  falling  in  irregular 
masses  or  flakes.  2 .  Something  that  resembles 
snow.  3.  A  fall  of  snow.  [<  AS.  snmv, 
snow.] — snow'ball''.  V.vt.&vi.  To  throw 
snowballs.  II,  w.  A  small  round  mass  of  snow, 
to  be  thrown  as  In  sport. —  snow'bird",  n. 
A  small  bird,  as  the  flnch,  of  northern  North 
America,  commonly  seen  in  flocks  during  win- 
ter.—snow'sbliiid^',  a.  Affected  with  snow- 
blindness.— s.^bliiidness,  n.  An  Impairment 
of  vision,  caused  by  exposure  of  the  eye  to  the 
glare  of  snow.— s.sbound,  a.  Hemmed  in  or 
confined  in  place  by  snow.— s.=drift,  n.  A  pile 
of  snow  heaped  up  by  the  wind.—  snow'drop'', 
11.  A  low  European  early*blooming  bulbous 
plant.  — snow'flake'',  11.  One  of  the  small 
feathery  masses  in  which  snow  falls.— s.splo'w^ 
n.  1.  A  large  plow«like  structure  for  clearing 
railway etracks  of  snow.  3.  An  A»shaped  8now= 
scraper  for  clearing  roads.- 8. sshed,  n.  A  tim- 
ber structure  built  over  portions  of  a  railway,  as 
a  protection  from  snowslldes.- s.sghoe,  n.  A 
device,  usually  a  network  of  sinew  in  a  wooden 
frame,  to  be  fastened  on  the  foot  as  a  support  in 
walking  over  snow.— sncw'slide'',  n.  An 
avalanche.—  s.sstorm,  n.    A  storm  with  falling 


flutiure  (future);    aisle;   au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;  db  {th€)\   go;  sing,  ink;  tliiu. 


snub 
soggy 


426 


snow.— s.swhite,  a.  AVhiteassnow.— snow'y, 
a.    [SNOW'i-EE;  SNOW'i-EST.)    1.  Abounding  111 
or  full  of  snow.    »i.  Snow-white;  spotless. 
snub,  snub.    I,  rt.     [snubbed;  snxib'bing.] 

1.  To  check  contemptuously;  rebuff;  slight. 

2.  To  bring  to  a  sudden  stop.  3.  To  nialvc 
fast.  II.  a.  Short;  pug:  said  of  the  nose. 
III.  n.  1.  An  act  of  snubbing.  2.  A  snub 
nose.     [<  Ice.  snubba,  snub.] 

snuffs  snuf.  IS  vt.  &  vi.  To  draw  in  (air  or 
8cent)  through  the  nose;  catch  the  scent  of; 
f^mell;  sniff;  take  snuff.  II.  n.  1.  An  act  of 
snufHng;   sniff;  also,  perception  by  smelling. 

2.  Pulverized  tobacco  to  be  inhaled  into  the 
nostrils.  [  <  MD.  snuf  en;  cp.  sniff.]— sniiiPy, 
(t.    Pertaining  to  or  like  snuff;  soiled  with  snuff. 

snuff2.  I».  Tt.  To  crop  the  snuff  from  (a 
wick).  II.  n.  The  charred  portion  of  a  wick. 
[<  Sw.  dial,  snoppa,  snip.] 

snuffle,  snuf'l.  I.  -vi.  [snup'fled;  snuf'- 
FLiNG.]  To  breathe  with  difficulty  and  some- 
what noisily  through  the  nose;  also,  to  talk 
through  the  nose;  snivel.  II.  n.  1.  An  act 
of  snuffling,  or  the  sound  made  by  it.  2.  pi. 
Nasal  catarrh.     [Freq.  of  snuffS  t;.] 

snug,  snug,  V.  [snugged;  snug'ging.]  I.  t. 
To  make  snug,  smooth,  or  neat  and  trim.  II. 
i.    To  snuggle.' 

snug,  a.  [snug'ger;  snug'gest.]  Close  or 
compact;  comfortably  sheltered  or  situated; 
cozy.  [<  Ice.  snoggr.,  smooth.]  —  snug'ger-y, 
n.  L-iE8»,joZ.]  [Colloq.]  A  cozy  and  comfortable 
place  or  room.  — snug'jgle,  vt.  &  vi.  [sntjg'- 
oled;  snug'gling.]  To  draw  close;  nestle; 
cuddle. 

SO,  80.  I.  adv.  1.  To  this  or  that  extent.  2. 
In  such  a  manner.  3.  Just  as  said  or  implied. 
4.  Very.  5.  Because;  therefore.  6.  There- 
abouts. II.  conj.  Provided  that.  [<  AS.swd, 
so.]  —  so'sso''',  a.  &  adv.    Passable;  tolerable. 

soaks  sOk,  V.  1.  f.  1.  To  saturate;  steep; 
drench.  2.  To  suck  in;  absorb.  II.  i.  1. 
To  lie  or  remain  in  liquid  till  saturated.  2. 
To  permeate.  [<  AS.socian,  <  sUcan,  suck.] 
—  soak,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  soaking,  or 
the  liquid  In  which  something  Is  soaked. 

soap,  sOp.  I'^.vt.  To  rub  with  soap;  put  soap 
on.  II.  n.  Any  compound  formed  by  the 
union  of  a  fatty  acid  with  a  base:  used  for 
cleansing  purposes.  [<  AS.  sape;  akin  to  sap, 
resin,  or  tuep,  sap.]  —  soap'sbiiVble,  n.  An 
Inflated  bubble  of  soap«8uds,  forming  a  hollow 
globule.  —  Hoap'stoiie'',  ?i.  Steatite.  —  s.  s 
HudH,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  Soapy  water,  especially 
when  worked  Into  a  foam.—  soap'y,  a.  [soap - 
i-br;  soAP'i-EST.l  J  ,  Kesembllng  or  consisting 
of  soap,    ti.  Smeared  with  soap. 

soar,  sOr.  I.  vi.  1.  To  float  aloft  tlirough  the 
air  on  wings,  as  a  bird.  2.  To  rise  in  thought; 
aspire.  II.  n.  A  range  of  upward  flight.  [  < 
F.  essorer,  <  L.  ex,  out,  -\-  aura,  breeze,  air.] 

sob,  sob.  l.vi.  [sob(be)d;  sob'bing.]  1.  To 
weep  with  short,  catching  inspirations.  2.  To 
make  a  sound  like  a  sob,  as  the  wind.  II.  n. 
The  act  or  the  sound  of  sobbing;  also,  any 
similar  sound.     [Imitative;  cp.  AS.  w^/lfan.] 

so'ber,  sO'bgr.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  To  make  or 
become  sober;  render  grave  or  thoughtful; 
grave  and  serious.  II.  a.  1.  Possessing  prop- 
erly controlled  faculties.     2.    Grave;  Bedate. 

3.  Not  drunk.    4.  Moderate  in  the  use  of  in- 


toxicating drink,  [<  L.i'i' ,«o6?7?/.«,  <  .se-  priv. 
-f  ebrius,  intoxicated.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n. 
—  so-bri'e-ty,  «.    The  state  of  being  sober. 

8o''bri''quet',  so'bri'ke',  n.  A  fanciful  or 
humorous  appellation.    [F.J    sou'^bri'^qiiefj. 

so'cia-bl(e,  so'sha-bf  or  -shia-bl.  I.  a.  1. 
Inclined  to  seek  company;  social.  2.  Com- 
panionable; genial.  II.  n.  [U.  S.]  An  in- 
formal social  gathering.     [F.,  <  L.  sociabilis, 

<  socivs  ;  see  society.]  —  8o'cia-bl(e-ne88, 
n.    so''cia-bil'i-ty1:.— 8o'cia-bly,  adv. 

so'cial,  sO'shal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  society. 
2.  Disposed  to  hold  friendly  intercourse;  com- 
panionable. 3.  Constituted  to  live  in  society. 
[<  L.  socialis,  <  socivs;  see  society.]  —  so'- 
cial-isin,  n.  A  theory  of  civil  polity  that  aims 
at  the  public  collective  ownership  of  land  and 
capital,  and  the  public  collective  management  of 
all  industries.— so'cial-ist,  n.  One  who  ad- 
vocates socialism.— so'^cial-is'tic,  a. 

so-d'e-ty,  so-8ai'§-ti,  «.  [-ties*,  p^.]  1.  The 
collective  body  of  persons  composing  a  com- 
munity. 2.  Any  body  of  persons  connected 
by  some  tie.  3.  The  more  favored  class  of  a 
community.  4.  Comjianionship;  association; 
fellowship.  [<  F.  societe,  <  L.  societas,  < 
socius,  companion,  <  sequor,  follow.] 

so'^ci-oFo-gy,  sCshi-el'o-ji,  n.  The  science 
that  treats  of  the  origin  and  history  of  human 
society  and  social  phenomena. 

sock,  sec,  n.    A  short  stocking.     [<  AS.  socc, 

<  L.  soccus,  slipper.] 

sock'et,  8ek'§t,  n.  A  cavity  or  an  opening 
specially  adapted  to  receive  aijd  hold  some  cor- 
responding piece.     [  <  L.<^^  soccus,  slipper.] 

So-crat'ic,  so-crat'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
characteristic  of  Socrates,  a  Greek  sage.  So- 
CT&X'iC-BlX. 

sod,  sed.  I.  vt.  jsod'ded^  ;  sod'ding.]  To 
cover  with  sod.  II.  n.  Grassy  surface 'Soil 
held  together  by  matted  roots;  turf.  [From 
its  SODDEN  condition  in  wet  weather.] 

so^da,  sO'da,  n.  1.  A  white  alkaline  com- 
pound, the  basis  of  salt.    2.  Soda-water.    [It., 

<  soUdo  (<  L.  solidus),  solid.]  —  so'dasfoun''- 
taiu,  n.  An  apparatus  from  which  soda-water 
is  drawn.—  s.sivater,  n.  An  effervescent  drink 
consisting  of  water  strongly  charged  under  pres- 
sure with  purified  carbon-dloxld  gas. 

so-dal'i-ty,  so-dal'i-ti, .  n.  [-ties*,  pi.}  A 
brotherhood.  [<  L.  sodalitas,  <  sodalis, 
companion.] 

sod'den,  sed'n,  pa.  Soaked  with  moisture; 
soggy.    [<  AS.  soden,  pp.  of  seothan,  boil.] 

so^di-um,  so'di-um,  n.  A  silver-white  alka- 
line metallic  element:  the  base  of  soda. 

so'fa,  sO'fa,  n.  A  long  seat,  upholstered  and 
having  a  back  and  raised  ends,  or  sometimes 
l)illows.     [<  Turk,  sofa,  <  saffa,  put  in  line.] 

soft,  66ft  or  seft.  I.  a.  1.  Being  of  a  sub- 
stance that  yields  easily  to  pressure  with- 
out fracture;  pliable;  ductile.  2.  Smooth 
and  delicate;  mild;  gentle;  placid;  tender; 
weak ;  effeminate.  3.  Sibilant.  II.  adv. 
Softly.  111.  interj.  Proceed  softly;  be  quiet 
or  slow.  [<  AS.  s^te,  soft.]  —  soPlen,  sef'n, 
rt.  &  ri.  To  make  soft;  become  soft  or  softer.— 
Mot't'ly,  adv.  &  interj.—  »oft'nem»,  n. 

sog'gy,  seg'i,  a.  [sog'gi-er;  soq'gi-est.] 
Saturated  with  water  or  moisture;  soaked.  [Cp. 
Ice.  s6ggr,  wet;  akin  to  soak.] 


papfi,  98k;  at,  iir;  element,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  5r;  full,  rule;  hot,  ©r; 


427 


soi^disant 
solvent 


soi'^scIF'sant'.  swa'=di"zaiV,  a.  Self»stjied;  pre- 
tended: usually  implying  false  pretense.    [  F.J 

soil!,  seil,  r.  I./.  1.  To  make  dirty;  befoul. 
2.  To  manure.  U.  i.  To  become  soiled;  tar- 
nish.    [<  F.  souUle7\  ^  L.  sus,  swine.] 

soiF,  vt.  To  feed,  as  stalled  cattle,  with  freshly 
cut,  green  food.     [<  F.  sonler,  fill.] 

soils  n.  That  portion  of  the  surface  of  the 
earth  in  which  plants  grow;  the  ground  in  gen- 
eral ;  native  land.     [  <  L.^  sohini,  bottom.] 

soiF,  n.    That  which  soils;  foul  matter. 

soi'^ree',  swa"ro',«.  Aneveningsoclal  party.  [F.] 

so'journ,   sO'jurn  or  so-jurn'.    I.  ri.   Tore- 
side  or  dwell  temporarily.    II.  n.   Temporary 
residence,  as  of  one  in  a  foreign  land.     [  <  F. 
sejonrner,  <  L.  «?/6,  under,  +  dinrrms,  daily.] 
—  so'journ-er,  M.  [scale.    Ilt.l 

sol,  sol,  n.    Mkh.    The  fifth  note  of  tlie  diatonic 

soFace,  sel'es.  I.  vt.  [sol'aced'  ;  sol'a- 
ciNG.]  1.  To  cheer  in  trouble.  2.  To  allevi- 
ate, as  grief.  II.  n.  Comfort  in  grief,  trouble, 
or  calamity.     [<  L.solaiimn,  solace.] 

so^ar,  sO'lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  connected 
with  the  sun  ;  determined  or  measured  by  the 
sun.     [<  Ij.  Solaris,  <  sol,  sun.] 

sold,  sold,  trrw.  &  pp.  of  sell,  v. 

soldier,  sed'gr  or  sel'dgr.  I.  rt.  1.  To  unite, 
as  two  metallic  substances,  by  solder.  2.  To 
unite;  repair.  II.  ?i.  1.  A  fusible  alloy  used 
for  joining  metals.  2.  Anything  that  unites. 
[<  L.^  solido,  consolidate.] 

soFdier,  sOl'jgr.  I.  ri.  1.  To  be  a  soldier. 
2.  To  make  a  mere  show  of  working;  shirk. 
II.  n.  1.  A  person  engaged  in  military  serv- 
ice. 2.  A  brave,  skilful,  or  experienced  war- 
rior. 3.  A  shirk.  [OF.,  <  LL.  soldarius,  < 
soldus,  hire.]— 8ol'dier-ly,  a.  Brave;  martial. 
—  8ol'dier-y,  n.  1.  Soldiers  collectively. 
2.  Military  service. 

sole,  sol.  I.  vt.  [soled  ;  so'ling.]  To  fur- 
nish with  a  sole;  resole,  as  a  shoe.  II.  n.  1. 
The  bottom  of  the  foot.  2.  The  bottom  of 
a  shoe,  boot,  etc.  3.  The  lower  part  of  a 
thing.     [<  AS.  sole,  <  L.  solea,  sandal.] 

sole,  a.  1.  Being  alone  or  the  only 'one.  2. 
Unmarried;  single.  3.  Absolute.  [<  OF. 
sol,  <  L.  soltis,  alone.]  —  sole'ly,  adv. 

sole2,    n.    A   flatfish ;    also,  one   of  various 
flounders.     [F.,  <  L.  solea, 
<  solea,  sandal.] 

sore-cism,  S6l'§-8izm,  n. 

1 .  A  violation  of  grammat- 
ical rules  or  of  the  approved 
idiomatic  usage  of  lan- 
guage. 2.  Any  incongruity. 
f<  Gr.  soloikos,  speaking 
incorrectly.] 

sol^emn,   sel'em,   a.     1. 
Impressive;  awe-inspiring. 

2.  Religious;  sacred.  3. 
Marked  by  gravity.  [<  F. 
solemiel,  <  L.  sdlemnis,  annual.]  —  sol'em- 
ness,  n.  soFemu-nesst.— so-lem'ni-ty, 
n.  L-TiES«,  pl.^  1.  The  state  of  being  solemn. 
♦J.  A  thing  of  a  solemn  nature;  religious  rite; 
legal  formality.— soFem-iiize,  sel'em-naiz,  vt. 
[-NIZED;  -Ni'ziNG.]  To  perform  With  ceremoni- 
ous  or  solemn  rites.— sol'emn-ly,  adv. 

SO-lic'it<i,  so-lis'it,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  ask  for 
earnestly;  make  entreaty.  2.  To  beg  of  per- 
sistently.   3.  To  excite  desire  in;  allure.     [< 


American  Sole,  i/ao 

1.  Upper  side.    2. 

Lower  side. 


F.  soUiciter,  <  L.  sollicito,  agitate,  solicit.l-- 
so-lic''i-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Importunity,  ij.  Al- 
luring or  enticing  influence,— so-lic'it-or,  n. 
\  .  An  attorney  at  law;  legal  adviser,  ti.  A  per- 
son who  solicits.— so-lic'it-ous,  a.  Full  of 
anxiety  or  concern,  as  for  the  attainment  of 
something,  -ly,  adv.  -iiess,  n.— so-Iic'i- 
ttide,  n.  Solicitous  condition. 
SOFid,  sel'id.  I.  o.  1.  Compact,  firm,  and 
unyielding.  2.  Substantial ;  stable.  3.  Not 
hollow.  4.  Sound  ;  not  sickly.  5.  Having 
three  dimensions  — length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness. II.  n.  1.  A  mass  of  matter  of  which 
the  shape  can  not  be  changed  permanently  and 
greatly  without  fracture.  2.  A  magnitude  that 
has  length,  breadth,  and  thickness.  [<  F. 
solide,  <  L.  solidus,  dense.]  — so-lid'i-fy,  vt.  & 
vi.    [-FIED;  -FY'iNG.1    To  uiakc  or  heconie  solld. 

—  80-lid''i-fi-ca'tioii,  m.— wo-Iid'i-ty,  n. 
The  state  of  being  solid:  (1)  The  property  of  oc- 
cupying space.  (2)  Extension  in  the  three  di- 
mensions of  space.  (3)  Incompressibility.— soF- 
id-ly,  o</?'.— soFid-ness,  n. 

so-liFo-quy,  so-lil'o-cwi,  n.  [-quies^,  pi.] 
A  talking  to  oneself;  a  monologue.  [<  L.'-'' 
solus,  alone,  -\-  loquor,  talk.]  —  so-lil'o-quize, 
vi.  [-QTJiZEO; -Qui'zrxG.]  To  discourse  to  one- 
self.   so-liFo-quiset. 

sol'^i-taire',  sel'i-tar',  n.  1.  A  diamond  or 
other  gem  set  alone.  2.  One  of  many  games 
played  by  one  person.  [F.,  <  L.  solitarius, 
solitary,  <  solus,  alone.] 

soFi-ta-ry,  seri-tg-ri.  I.  a.  1.  Living  or 
being  alone.  2.  Secluded;  lonely.  3.  Made 
or  done  alone.  4.  Lonesome.  5.  Single, 
II.  n.  [-RiES»,  pi.]  A  hermit;  recluse.  [< 
L.*"  solitarius,  solitary,  <  solus,  alone.]  —  soFi- 
tiide,  n.  1,  Loneliness;  seclusion.  '2.  A  de- 
serted place.— soFi-ta-ri-Iy,  adw.— soFi-ta- 
ri-ne8S,  n. 

so'lo,  sO'lO,  n.  Mus.  A  composition  or  pas- 
sage for  a  single  voice  or  instrument;  also,  its 
rendition.  [It.,  <  L.  solus,  alone.]  —  so'lo-ist, 
n.    One  who  performs  a  solo. 

soFstice,  sel'stis,  n.  1.  The  time  of  year 
when  the  sun  is  at  its  greatest  declination, 
either  north  or  south,  usually  on  June  21  and 
December  22:  called  the  summer  and  winter 
solstices.  2.  Either  of  the  points  midway 
between  the  equinoxes;  hence,  a  culminating 
point;  epoch.  [F.,  <  L.  sol,  sun,  +  sto,  stand.] 

—  sol-stFtial,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  solstice. 
soFu-liFe,  sel'yu-bl,  a.    1.  Capable  of  being 

dissolved.  2.  Susceptible  of  being  solved  or 
explained.  [F.,  <  L.solubilis,  <  solvo,  solve.] 

—  soF'ii-biFi-ty,  n.    soFii-bKe-iiesst. 
so-lu'tion,  so-lu'shun,  n.    1.  The  change  of 

matter  from  the  solid  or  gaseous  into  the  liquid 
state  by  combination  with  a  liquid.  2.  The 
combination  of  a  non*liquid  substance  with  a 
liquid.  3.  The  act  or  process  of  solving.  [F., 
<  L.  solutio{n-),  <  solvo,  loosen.] 
8Olv(e,B0lv,rt.  [solv(e)d:  soLv'iNG.]  1.  To 
free  from  perplexing  difficulties.  2.  To  obtain 
an  answer  to  by  calculation  or  process  of 
reasoning.     [<  L"op  solvo,  loosen,  solve.] 

—  soWa-biFi-ty,  solv^a-bl(e-ness,  n. 

—  solv'a-bl(e,  a.  That  may  be  solved. 
soFvent,  sel'vgnt.    I.  a.     1.  Having  means 

snflicient  to  pay  all  debts.  2.  Having  the  power 
of  dissolving.  II.  n.  A  fluid  capable  of  dis- 
solving substances.— soFven-cy,  sel'vgn-si,  n. 


flutlQre  (futnre);    aisle;   au   {out);    oil;   c  (k);   chat;   dh  (the);    go;  eing,   ink;  tliin. 


somber 
sorcsis' 


428 


som'ber,  *  som'bsr,  a.      1.    Dusky;  murky; 

sombre,  f  gloomy.  2.  Somewhat  melancholy; 
depressing.  [<¥.sombre.^  -ly,  adv.  -ness,?i. 

some,  eom.  I,  a.  1.  Of  indeterminate  or 
moderate  quantity  or  amount.  2.  Not  defi- 
nitely known.  3.  Part,  but  not  all.  11.  pron. 
1.  A  portion.  2.  Certain  particular  ones  not 
specifically  designated.  III.  adv.  In  an  ap- 
proximate degree;  about.     [<  AS.«wm,  some.] 

—  80ine'bod''y,  7i.  1,  A  person  unknown 
or  unnamed.  3.  A  person  of  consequence  or 
importance.— some'liow'',  adii.  In  some  way. 
—  Mome'thinK.  I.  "•  1 .  A  particular  thing  in- 
definitely conceived  or  stated,  tj.  Some  portion 
or  quantity.  3.  A  thing  having  real  existence 
or  importance.  II.  adv.  Somewhat.— some'- 
time'',  adv.  1.  At  some  time.  3.  Same  as 
SOMETIMES.— some'tiiiies'',  adv.  At  times; 
occasionally.— some' what".  I.  7i.  More  or 
less;  something.  If.  adv.  In  some  degree.— 
aome'where^^,  adv.  1.  In  or  to  some  place 
unspecified  or  unknown.     2.  Approximately. 

som^er-sault,  I  som'gr-selt,  -set,  n.    A  leap 

8om.''er-set,  f  in  which  a  person  turns  heels 
over  head  and  lights  on  his  feet.  [<  F.  sou- 
bresai/f,  <  L.  svper,  over,  -f  saltus,  leap.] 

8om-naxa'bu-lism,  sem-nam'biu-lizm,  n. 
The  act  of  walking  and  performing  other 
actions  during  sleep.  [<  L.  somnus.,  sleep,  -|- 
ambulo,  go  about.]  —  som-nam'bu-list,  n. 
One  affected  with  somnambulism.— soiii-nif'- 
er-ou8,  sem-nlf  er-u8,  a.  Tending  to  produce 
sleep;  narcotic.  soin-nif'ic:t*  — soin'no- 
lence,  sem'no-lens,  71.  soin'no-Ien>cyt«— 
Honi'no-lent,  a.  1.  Inclined  to  sleep;  drowsy. 
3,  Tending  to  Induce  drowsiness. 

son,  sun,  n.  1.  A  male  offspring,  infant,  or 
adult.  2.  A  male  descendant.  3.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  a  country  or  place.  [  <  AS.  sunn, 
son.]  —  sonsinslaw,  n.  The  husband  of  one's 
daughter.— son'ship,  n. 

so^nant,  sO'nant.  I.  a.  1.  Sounded;  into- 
nated; voiced.  2.  Sounding;  resonant.  II. 
71.    A  sonant  letter.     [<  L.  sofw.,  sound.] 

so-na'ta,  so-nfl'ta,  n.  An  instrumental  com- 
position, for  the  piano,  in  three  or  four  move- 
ments.   [It.,  <  sonare.,  <  L.  sotio,  sound.] 

song,  seng  or  sSng,  n.  1.  The  rendering  of 
vocal  music;  any  melodious  utterance.  2.  A 
musical  composition.  3.  Poetry;  verse.  4. 
A  mere  trifle.     [  <  AS.  mnff,  <  singan.,  sing.] 

—  Hongr'sspar'^row,  «.  A  common  North* 
Ameri(!an  sparrow,  noted  for  Its  song.— son b'- 
Hter,  ».  A  person  or  bird 
given  to  singing.  —  sonff'- 
MtreHH,  n.  fern. 

qon'net,  sen'et,  71.    A  poem 

of  fourteen  lines;  any  short 

song  or  poem.     | F.| 
so-no'rous,   so-no'rus,   a. 

1.  ('apable  of  sound'vibra- 

tions;    sounding.    2.  Loud 

and  full'Bounding;  resonant. 

[<    L.    mfnoruH.    <    wwo, 

sound.]    -ly,  adv.   -nens,  ?/. 
soon,  sOn,  adv.     1.  At  a  fu- 
ture time  not  long  distant.  2. 

With  haste  and  celerity.    3. 

Early.     [<  AS.  «5wa,  soon.] 
soot,    3Ut  or  sQt.     I-*,    vt. 

To     soil     or     cover     with  Song-sparrow.  1/4 

BOot.    II.  n.    A  black  substance,  essentially 


carbon,  as  from  the  inside  of  chimneys.  [  < 
AS.  sd(,  soot.]  —  soot'y,  sut'i,  a.  [soot'i-er; 
soot'i-est.I  1.  Blackened  or  stained  by  soot. 
ii.  Producing  or  consisting  of  soot.    3.  Black. 

—  soot'i-ness,  «.       ^ 

soothll,  siith,  7^.    Truth; reality.  [<  AS.sr5<A,true.] 

—  sooth'say'^er,  n.       One  who  claims  to 

have  supernatural  insight.—  sooth'say'^ing:,  w. 

soothe,  siJdh,  vt.  [soothed;  sooth'ing.]  1. 
To  reduce  from  excitement  to  a  quiet  state.  2. 
To  mitigate.  3.  To  humor.  [<  AS.  ge-so- 
t/nan,  confirm,  <  sofh,  true.]  —  sooth'er,  71. 

sop,  sep.  I.  vf.  &  vi.  [sopped';  sop'ping.] 
To  dip  and  moisten  or  soak  in  a  liquid;  soak 
in,  as  a  liquid;  take  up  by  absorption.  II. 
n.  1 .  Anything  dipped  and  softened  in  liquid, 
as  bread.  2.  Anything  given  to  pacify.  3. 
Any  soggy  mass.     [<  AS.  f»7pan,  sup.] 

soph.'ism,  sef'izm,  ti.  1.  A  false  argument 
used  to  deceive.  2.  The  doctrine  or  method  of 
the  sophists.  [<  Gr.  sophiS7/ia,  <  sopMzd, 
teach,  <  sophos,  wise.]  — soph'ist,  71.  One  who 
argues  cleverly  but  fallaciously.  —  so-phis'tic, 
80-phis'tic-al,  so-fls'tic,  -al,  a.  Relating  to  or 
of  the  nature  of  sophistry;  fallacious;  quibbling. 

—  so-phis'tic-al-ly,  adv.  —  so-phis'ti- 
cate,  r^-  L-ca"ted<1; -ca'ting.]  1.  To  beguile 
with  sophistry;  mislead,  ii.  To  alter  deceptively; 
adulterate;  render  artificial. —  8o-phi8'''ti- 
ca'tion,  n.  —  soph'ist-ry,  n.  [-ries»,  pL] 
Subtly  fallacious  reasoning  or  disputation. 

soph'o-more,  sef'o-mor,  n.  In  American  col- 
leges, a  student  in  the  second  year  of  a  four- 
year  course. —  soph'^o-mor'ic,  a. 

8o'por,  so'pSr,  n.  Pathol.  Deep  lethargic  sleep. 
[L.l  — 8o''por-iPer-ous,  a.     Bringing  sleep. 

—  so^por-iPic,  so'per-if'ic  or  sep'oril'lc.  I. 
a.  Causing  or  tending  to  produce  sleep.  II.  71. 
A  medicine  that  produces  deep  sleep. 

so-pra'no,  so-prfl'nO,  n.  [-nos»  or  -ni, -nt, 
pL]  Mus.  1.  A  woman's  or  boy's  voice  of 
nigh  range.  2.  The  music  intended  for  such 
a  voice.  3.  A  person  having  such  a  voice.  [It., 
<  sopra,  above,  <  L.  supra;  see  supra-.] 

sor'cer-y,  ser'sgr-i,  n.  [-ies»,  pl.'\  Magic; 
witchcraft;  witchery.  [<  0¥ .  soi'cerie.,  <  sor- 
cier,  <  L.  sor(t-)8,  fate.] — sor'cer-er,  7<.  A 
wizard;  conjurer.— sor'cer-ess,  11. fern. 

sor'did,  ser'did,  a.  1.  Meanly  avaricious; 
mercenary.  2.  Vile;  base;  squalid.  [<  L.*" 
sordidus.,  squalid.]    -ly,  adv. 

sore,  sOr.    I.  a.    [sor'er;  sor'est.] 
lug  a  sore.   2.  Aggrieved ;  touchy. 
3.  Clausing  extreme  distress;  also, 
very  great;  extreme.     II.  n.     1. 
A  bruised  or  inflamed  place  on  an 
animal  body.     2.  A 
painful     memory  ; 
trouble.    [<  AS.  wr, 
painfiii.]      -ly,   a(lr. 
-ni'HM,  //. 

sor'glium,  sor'gum,  n. 
I      stout  cane-like  grass,  culti- 
i      vated  for  its  saccharine  juice; 

mola.sses  prepared  from  its  juice.    [  < 
Sp.  sorqo,  <  LL.  surgimu  sorghum.] 

so-ror'i.cide,  so-rer'i-said,  it.  1.  Sorghum. 
The  killing  of  a  sister.  2.  One  who  kills  a 
sister.     (  <  L.  soror,  sister,  -\-  riedo,  kill.] 

so-ro'sis,  so-ro'sis,  n.  1.  A  compound 
fleshy  fruit,  as  in  the  pineapple.  2.  [U.  S.]  A 
women's  club  or  society.    [  <  Gr.  sdros,  heap.] 


papfi,  UKk;  at,  air;  el^mgnt,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erater,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


429 


sorrel 
so-w 


sor'reli,  ser'el.  I.  a.  Of  a  reddish^  or  yellow- 
ish'brown.  II.  n.  1.  A  reddish^  or  yellow- 
ish'browii  color.  2.  A  8orrel=colored  animal. 
[OF.,  <  sor,  <  MLG.  sor,  withered.] 

sor'rel^,  n.  Any  one  of  several  low  perennial 
herbs  with  acid  leaves.  [<  F.  siirelle,  <  mr 
( <  G.  sauer),  sour.] 

sor'row,  ser'O.  I.  m.  To  feel  sorrow ;  be  sad. 
II.  v.  1.  Pain  or  distress  of  mind;  grief; 
trouble.  2.  An  affliction;  trial.  3.  Lamenta- 
tion. [<  AS.  sorg,  care.]  —  sor'row-ful,  a. 
Sad;  unhappy;  doleful;  mournful. 

sor'ry ,  ser'i,  a.  [sor'ri-er;  sor'ri-est.]  1. 
Grieved  or  pained;  also,  feeling  some  slight  re- 
gret. 2.  Poor;  paltry.  3.  Melancholy;  dis- 
mal. [<  AS.  sarig,  <  sa}\  pain.]  —  sor'ri-ly, 
ser'i-li,  ad».— sor'ri-ness,  n. 

sort,  sort.  I'^.ft.  1.  To  separate  into  grades 
or  sizes.  2.  To'put  in  a  grade  or  rank  apart 
from  others.  II.  n.  1.  A  kind;  species; 
class.  2.  Form  of  being  or  acting;  manner. 
[<  LJ  sor{t-)s,  lot,  condition.] 

sor'tie,  ser'ti,  n.  A  sally  of  troops  from  a 
besieged  place  to  attack  the  besiegers.  [F.,  < 
sortir,  go  forth.] 

sot,  set,  n.  A  person  stupid  by  habitual  drunken- 
ness. [<  OF.  sot,  foolish.]— sot'tish,  a.— sot'- 
ti!!ih-ly,  adv.— HOt'tish-ncHS,  n. 

sou,  8U,  n.  A  former  French  coin,  equal  to  about 
one  cent  in  United  States  money.    [F.] 

sou-cliong',  su-sheng'  o^-su'sheng,  n.  A  va- 
riety of  black  tea,  or  the  infusion  made  from  it. 
[F.,  <  Chin,  siao,  small,  -{-chvng,  plant.] 

sougb.,  sau  or  suf.  I.  vL  To  blow  with  a 
signing  sound,  as  the  wind.  II.  ?>.  A  deep, 
murmuring  sound,  as  of  the  wind  through  tree* 
tops.     [<  Ice.  sugr,  whistling  sound.] 

soiiKlit«  sSt,  imp.  &  pp.  of  SEEK,  V. 

soul,  sol,  n.  1.  The  incorporeal  part,  or  the 
spiritual  nature,  of  man.  2.  A  spiritual  being. 
3.  The  vital  principle.  4.  The  essence  or  heart 
of  anything.  5.  Nobleness;  generosity.  [<  AS. 
sdioel,  soul.]  — soul'ful,  a.  Full  of  that  which 
appeals  to  or  satisfies  the  higher  feelings;  emo- 
tional; spiritual.— soul'less,  o.  1.  Having  no 
soul.    !i.  Heartless;  unemotional. 

sound.i'',  saund,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  send 
forth  a  sound.  2.  To  make  audible.  3.  To 
make  known.  II.  i.  To  send  forth  a  sound; 
be  conveyed  by  sound;  give  a  signal  by  sound. 
[<  F.  sonnei\  <  L.  scno,  sound.] 

sounded,  V.  I.  ^  1.  To  try  the  depth  of.  2. 
To  examine  or  test.  II.  i.  To  sink  a  weight 
in  order  to  ascertain  depth.     [<  F.  sonder.] 

sound,  a.  1.  Normal;  unhnpaired;  healthy. 
2.  Perfect  of  its  kind.  3.  Founded  in  truth; 
right.  4.  Correct  in  views.  5.  Solvent.  6. 
Thorough.  [<AS.gesu7i(l.]  -ly, adv.  •ness,7i. 

sound!  ^  ^^ .  1 .  The  sensation  produced  through 
the  organs  of  hearing.-  2.  The  waves  that 
carry  sound.  3.  The  vibration  of  some  sound- 
ing body.  4.  Noise  of  any  specified  quality. 
5.  Ear'shot.    [<  F.  son,  <  L.  sonus,  sound.] 

sound^,  n.  A  long  and  narrow  body  of  water, 
more  extensive  than  a  strait,  connecting  larger 
bodies.     [<AS.simd,  <  swimman,  swim^ 

sound^,  n.  The  air-bladder  of  a  fish.  [<  AS. 
su?id,  swimming,  <  swimman,  swim.] 

sound"*,  M.  Surg.  A  probe.  [<  F.  sonde,  < 
fionder;  see  sound",  ^.] 


sound,  adv.  Soundly;  profoundly:  said  of 
sleeping. 

sound^mg,  saund'ing.  I.  pa.  Giving  forth 
a  sound,  ll.  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that 
which  sounds.  2.  Measurement  of  the  depth 
of  water;  also,  the  depth  of  water  as  sounded. 

soup,  sup,  n.  Liquid  food  made  by  boiling 
meat,  vegetable^,  etc.,  in  water,  with  seasoning. 
[<  F.  soiipe,  <  D.  sop.'] 

sour,  saur.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become 
sour,  bitter,  or  morose.  II.  a.  1.  Sharp  to 
the  taste;  acid.  2.  Made  acid  by  fermenta- 
tion. 3.  Austere;  morose.  III.  n.  Something 
sour.    [<  AS.  sur,  sour.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

source,  sors,  n.  That  from  which  anything 
proceeds;  place  where  found  or  whence  taken; 
origin;  fountainhead.  [F.,  <  OF.  sardre  (< 
L.  surgo),  rise.] 

souse,  saus,  vt.  &  vi.  [soused';  sous'ing.] 
To  dip  into  a  liquid  suddenly;  plunge;  splash. 

souse,  n.  1.  Pickled  meats,  as  the  head,  feet, 
and  ears  of  swine.    2.  A  plunge  in  water. 

souse,  adv.    With  a  plunge;  all  over. 

south,  south.  I.  a.  Situated  in  a  southern  di- 
rection; facing  south;  southern.  II.  n.  1. 
That  one  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass  which  is  directly  opposite  to  north. 
2.  A  region  lying  southward.  III.  adv.  1. 
Toward  or  at  the  south.  2.  From  the  south. 
[  <  AS.  suth,  south;  orig.  an  adv.  akin  to 
gujti.]  —  south-east'',  n.  That  point  of  the 
compass  midway  between  south  and  east.— 
south^'east'er,  n.  A  gale  from  the  southeast.— 
80Utli''ea8t'er-ly,  a.  &  rtf?».— south^'east'- 
erii,«.— south'er,  saudh'gr.ri.  A  gale  from  the 
south.  —  sonth'er-ly,  sudh'er-li,  a.  1.  Situ- 
ated in  or  tending  toward  the  south,  -i.  Proceed- 
ing from  the  south. —  south'er-Iy,  adv.— 
80Htli'er-li-iies8,«.— 80uth'inK,8audh'ing, 
71.  Difference  of  latitude  measurea  toward  the 
south.— south'roii,  sudh'rgn,  ti.  A  personwho 
lives  In  the  south.— south'ward,  south' ward. 

I.  a.  Situated  in  or  toward  the  south.  II.  ad?J. 
In  a  southerly  direction.  80uth'ward-ly:t; 
south'wardsl:.- south'^west'.  I,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  facing  the  southwest,  'i.  Pro- 
ceeding from  the  southwest.  II.  n.  That  part 
of  the  horizon  which  Is  midway  between  south 
and  west.  —  south'^west'er-ly,  a.  &  adv.— 
80uth'''we8t'ern,  a. 

south.'ern,  sudh'grn,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
south  or  a  place  relatively  in  the  south.  2. 
Proceeding  from  the  south,  as  a  wind.  [  <  AS. 
sutherne,  <  suth,  south.] —south'ern-er,  v. 
One  born  or  residing  in  the  south. 

sou''ve-nir',  6u"vs-nir',  n.  A  memento; 
keepsake.     [F.,  <  souvenir,  recollect.] 

sov'er-eign,  suv'gr-§n.  I.  a.  1.  Exercising  or 
possessing  supreme  jurisdiction  or  power;  roy- 
al. 2.  Preeminent;  paramount.  3.  Superior  ni 
efficacy ;  potent.  11.  n.  1 .  One  who  possesses 
supreme  authority;  a  monarch.  2.  An  English 
gold  coin  of  the  value  of  $4.85.  [<  OF.  sov- 
rain,  <  LL.  superanus,  <  L.  sniper,  over.]  — 
80v'er-eign-ty,  w.  [-TiEs^.isZ.]  1.  The  state 
of  being  sovereign;  supreme  authority.  2.  The 
supreme  power  In  a  state.    3.  A  sovereign  state. 

SOW,  s5,  V.  [sowed;  sown  or  sowed;  sow'- 
iNG.]  I.  ^  1.  To  scatter,  as  seed;  figura- 
tively, to  disseminate.    2.  To  plant  with  seed. 

II.  i.  To  scatter  seed  for  a  harvest.  [<  AS. 
sdivan,  sow.]  —  sowVr,  «.— sow'ing,  «. 


flutgfire    (future);    aisle;    an    {o>i\)\    oil;    c    (k);    cliat;    dli    {the);   go;   sing,  ink;    tliin. 


sow 
spasm 


430 


sow,  sau,  n.    1.  A  female  hog.    2.  A  small 


Essex  Sow. 


bug,  found  under  logs,  stones,  etc.     sows 
bug:|:.    [<  AS.  ^t/g-w,  sow.] 

soy,  sei,  n.  A  sauce  or  liquid  condiment  pre- 
f»ared  in  China  and  Japan  from  a  bean  of  the 
same  ^ame.     [<  Jap.  si'yan,  soy.] 

spa,  spQ,  n.  Any  locality  frequented  for  its 
mineral  springs.     [<  Spa^  in  Belgium.] 

space,  spes.  l.vt.&vi.  [spaced^;  spa'cing.] 
To  set  apart  by  spaces;  also,  to  arrange  into 
spaces.  II.  n.  1.  An  interval  between  points 
or  objects.  2.  Continuous  or  unlimited  ex- 
tension. 3.  An  interval  of  time;  period.  4. 
An  occasion  or  opportunity.  [<  L.*"  spaiium, 
space.]  —  spa'cious,  spe'shus,  a.  1 .  Of  indef- 
inite or  vast  extent,  ti.  Affording  ample  room; 
capacious,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

spades  sped,  n.    An  implement  used  in  dig- 
ging in  the  ground.                   . 
[<  AS.  spadu.]  —  rg^         '^=^    "~~a 
spadc'ful,  n.   As  ' ^ 


much  as 
will  hold. 
spade^,  n.  A  fig- 
ure like  a  heart, 
with  a  triangular 
handle,  on  a  play- 
ing-card. [<  Sp. 
espada,  appar.  < 
espada,  sword.] 


1.  A  Common  Spade.  2.  A 
Perforated  Ditching-spade. 
3.  A  Draln.spade. 


HpakCf  spC'k  [Archaic  or  Poet.],tmp.  of  spbak,  v. 

span,  span.  I.  vt.  [spanned-  span'ning.] 
1.  To  measure  with  an  expanded  hand.  2. 
To  extend  over.  II.  n.  1.  The  extreme 
space  over  which  the  hand  can  be  expanded : 
aoout  9  inches;  figuratively,  any  small  interval 
or  distance.  2.  The  space  or  distance  between 
the  8upj)ort8  of  an  arch.  3.  A  pair  of  matched 
horses,  etc.  [<  AS.  A.v>a?ma»,  oind.]  —  Hpaii'- 
woriii",  n.  The  larva  of  a  species  of  moth,  that 
|>ro>:r(!ss('H  ))y  alternately  looping  and  stralghten- 
iiij;  Its  l)0(ly.    iii<'nH^iir-iiiff:\%'oriii'':t. 

span'glCe,  spay'gl.  I.  rt.  [span'ol(e)i); 
span'oling.]  To  adorn  with  spangles.  II. 
n.  1.  A  small  bit  of  brilliant  tin*  or  metal- 
foil,  used  for  decoration  in  dress.  2.  Any 
small  sparkling  object.     [<  AS.  spange.] 

Span^iard,  si)aii'yard,  n.  A  native  or  natural- 
ized citizt^n  or  Spain. 

span^iel,  span'yel,  n.  1.  One  of  a  breed  of 
(logs  having  large  pendulous  ears  and  long 
silky  hair.  2.  A  sycophant.  [<  Sp."P 
Kxpanol,  Spanisli.] 

Span'ish,  span'ish.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Spain,  the  Spaniards,  or  their  language.  II. 
n.    The  language  of  Spain  and  her  colonies. 


spank,  spank,  v.  [spanked*;  spank'ing.] 
I.  t.  To  slap  forcibly  on  the  buttocks.  II.  i. 
To  move  briskly,  as  a  horse.— spank'er,  n. 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  spanks.  "2.  JSaut.  A 
f  ore»and*af  t  sail  extended  by  two  spars  from  the 
after  side  of  the  mizzenmast.—  spank'iiiK,  pa. 
Moving  rapidly;  swift;  dashing. 

span^ner,  span'gr,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
spans;  specifically,  a  form  of  wrench. 

sparS  spQr,  tt.  [sparred;  spar'ring.]  To 
furnish  with  spars. 

spar2,  vi.  1.  To  engage  in  boxing.  2.  To 
defend  oneself  in  boxing. 

spar ' ,  n.  A  round  timber  for  extending  a  sail ; 
a  mast,  yard,  boom,  or  the  like.  [<  AS. 
*spearra.\ 

spar'-^,  n.  The  act  or  practise  of  boxing,  as  by 
pugilists.  [<  OF.  esparer,  kick.]  spar'- 
ring;. 

spar^,  n.  A  vitreous,  crystalline,  easily  cleav- 
able,  lustrous  mineral.  [<  AS.  spser'  in  spsev 
Stan,  chalkstone.]  —  spar'ry,  a. 

spare,  spar,  v.  [spared;  spar'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  be  chary  of.  2.  To  forbear  to  injure 
or  punish;  permittolive.  3.  To  dispense  with; 
hence,  to  bestow.  II.  i.  1.  To  be  lenient  or 
forgiving;  hence,  to  refrain.  2.  To  be  frugal. 
[  <  AS.  spartan,  <  spatr,  spare.] 

spare,  a.  1.  That  can  be  spared  or  used  at 
will.  2.  Held  in  reserve.  3.  Thin;  lean. 
4.  Not  abundant.  [<  AS.  spxr,  spare.]  -ly, 
adv.  -ness,  71.— spare'rib'',  n.  A  piece  of 
pork  consisting  of  ribs  somewhat  closely 
trimmed.— spar'inir,  a.  1,  Scanty;  slight. 
a.  Frugal;  stingy. 

sparky  spQrk.  I',  xt.  &  ti.  To  throw  out 
sparks;  sparkle;  scintillate.  II.  n.  1.  An 
incandescent  particle  thrown  off  from  a  red- 
hot  or  burning  body.  2.  Any  glistening  or 
brilliant  point  or  transient  luminous  particle. 

t<  AS.  spearca,  spark.]  ~8park'l(e,  spflrk']. 
.vt.&vi.  [8pabk'l(k)d;  spabk'ling.]  Toemit 
sparks;  flash  as  with  sparks.  II.  n.  A  spark; 
gleam.—  spark'Ier,  «.— spark'Iingr,  pa. 
spark^.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  woo;  court.  II.  n. 
A  man  fond  of  gallantry;  lover;  suitor.  [Cp. 
Ice.  sparkr,  lively,  sprakki,  dandy.] 
spar'row,  spar'o,  n.     One  of  various  small 

Elainly  colored  birds,  as  the  common  European 
ouse-sparrow  or  the  American  song'sparrow. 
[<  AS.  spearwa.] —  spar' row '.h&-wk'\  ?}.    A 
small  falconold  bird 
that  preys  on  spar- 
rows. 
sparse,    spflrs,   a. 
Scattered  at  consid- 
erable   distances 
apart;    thinly    dif- 
fused.      [<     L.OF 
spargo    (pp.    spar- 
SKs),  scatter.]    -ly, 

Spar'tan,8par'tan.       Sparrow.hawk.    i/,2 
I.  a.    Pertaining  to  Sparta  or  the  Spartans; 
heroically    brave   and   enduring.     II.  w.     A 
native  or  citizen  of  Sparta,  in  ancient  Greece; 
lience,  one  of  exceptional  valor  and  fortitude. 

spasm,  spazm,  n.  Any  eud^pn  or  convulsive 
action  or  effort,  as  of  the  muscles;  a  con- 
vulsion, r<  iir. ^  spasfnos,  <  */?a5,  draw.] 
MpaM-moa'ic,  (f. 


spar'rowshawk'^  7i.    A 

4r\ 


1 .  Of  the  nature  of  a  spasm; 


\>u\)a,  osk;  at,  ftlr;  el^m^nt,  tUdy,  usfge;  It,  j,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rflle;  \>vt,  pr\ 


431 


spat 
speed 


convulsive.  '■Z,  Violent,  or  impulsive  and  transi- 
tory. «<pa8-inod'ic-aU.— spas-inod^ic-al- 

ly,  adv. 

spat^  spat.  l.rf.&  vi.  [spat'ted"*;  spat'- 
TiNG.]  To  spawn,  as  shell*fish.  II.  ?i.  1. 
Spawn  of  shell'fish.  2.  A  young  oyster.  [< 
SPAT,  imp.  of  spit'.] 

spat>,  spat.  I<i.  ft.  &  vi.  [U.  S.]  To  slap 
lightly;  also,  to  engage  in  a  petty  quarrel  or 
dispute.  II.  n.  1.  A  slight  blow;  slap.  2. 
A  splash;  spatter.  3.  A  petty  dispute.  [Prob. 
imitative;  cp.  pat',  n.] 

Hpat^,  imp.  &  pp.  of  SPIT,  v. 

spa'tial,  spe'shal,  a.  Pertaining  to  space; 
involving  or  having  the  nature  of  space.  [< 
L.  spaHum,  space.]    spa'cial:;:. 

spat'ter,  spat'gr.  I.  %•(.  &  vi.  To  sprinkle 
or  scatter  something  in  drops.  II.  n.  1. 
The  act  of  spattering;  a  splash.  2.  A  pat- 
tering noise.     [Freq.  of  spot,  v.] 

spavin,  spav'in,  «.  A  disease  of  the  hock* 
joint  of  horses,  stiffening  the  joint.  [<  OF. 
esparvai?}.]  —  spav'ined,  a. 

spawn,  spSn.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  deposit 
eggs  or  roe.  2.  To  produce  as  offspring. 
II.  n.  1.  The  eggs  of  fishes,  amphibians*, 
mollusks,  etc.,  especially  in  masses.  2.  Prod- 
uct; yield.  3.  Very  small  fish.  [<  OF. 
espanndre,  <  L.  expando;  see  expand.] 

speak,  spik,  v.  [spoke  (spake');  spo'ken 
(spoke);  speak'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  utter,  as 
a  word;  articulate.  2.  To  cause  to  be  known; 
reveal.  II.  i.  1.  To  use  language  orally; 
talk.  2.  To  make  a  speech.  [<  AS.  specan, 
sprecan,  speak.]  —  speak'er,  n.  1.  One  who 
speaks;  an  orator.  *J.  [S-]  The  presiding  officer 
of  any  one  of  various  legislative  bodies.— 
!i<»peak'er-8hip,  «.  The  office  of  Speaker  in 
a  legislative  assembly.— speak'ing,  pa.  E.y- 
pressive;  vivid;  telling. 

spear,  spir,  v.  I.  f.  To  pierce  with  a  spear. 
II.  I.    To  send  forth  spires,  as  a  plant. 

spear,  n.  1 .  A  weapon  consisting  of  a  pointed 
head  on  a  long  shaft.  2.  A  similar  barbed  in- 
strument, for  catching  fish.  3.  A  spire  of 
grass.  [<  AS.  spere,  spear.]  —  spear'man,  n. 
[SPEAR'MEX.  pL]  A  man  armed  with  a  spear. 
—  spear'mint",  n.  An  aromatic  herb  of  wet 
places,  similar  to  peppermint. 

spe'Cial,  spesh'al,  a.  1.  Singular  or  unique; 
particular.  2.  Designed  for  a  specific  purpose. 
3.  Distinguishing;  differential.  [<  L.^  ftpe- 
ciaHs,  <  species;  see  species.]— spe'cial-ist, 
n.  A  person  devoted  to  some  one  line  of  study 
or  proiessional  work.— spe"ci-al'i-ty,  spesh  - 
I-al'l-tl,  n.  [-TIES*,  pl.^  Specific  or  individual 
character;  peculiarity.— spe'cial-ly,  spesh'al-i, 
adv.  1.  In  a  special  manner;  particularly,  ti. 
For  a  specific  purpose.-  spe'cial-ty,  spesh'al- 
tl,  n.  [-TIES*,  pL]  An  occupation  or  study  lim- 
ited to  one  particular  line;  an  article  dealt  in 
exclusively  or  chiefly. 

spe'cie,  spi'she  or  spT'shi-t,  n.  Coined  money; 
coin.     [L.,  abl.  s.  of  species;  see  species.] 

spe'ci-es,  spt'shi-Tz  orspI'shQz,  n.sinr/.  &  pi. 
1.  A  group  of  animals  or  plants  subordinate 
to  a  genus.  2.  A  kind;  sort;  variety;  form. 
[L.,  look,  form,  kind,  <  specio,  behold.] 

spe-ciric,  spe-sif'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Definite  or 
determinate;  particular.  2.  Pertaining  to  a 
siK'cies.  3.  Peculiar;  special,  spe-cif'ic- 
alX.    II.  n.    Anything  specific  or  adapted  to 


effect  a  specific  result.  [<  L.^  species  (see 
species)  ■]- facio,  make.]  — spe-ciPic-al-Iy, 
adv. 

spec'i-fy,  spes'i-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.] 
1.  To  state  in  full  and  explicit  terms.  2.  To 
embody  in  a  specification.  [<  L.^^*^  species, 
SPECIES,  -jrfacio,  makej  —  spec'^i-fl-cli'tion, 
spes'i-fl-ke'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  specifying. 
ii.  A  definite  and  complete  statement. 

spec'i-xnen,  spes'i-men,  n.  One  of  a  class  of 
persons  or  things  regarded  as  representative  of 
the  class;  an  example;  sample.  [L.,  <  specio, 
behold.] 

spe'cious,  spl'shus,  a.  Appearing  right  and 
true;  plausible.  [<  L.^  speciosics,  fair.]  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

speck,  spec.  I',  vt.  To  spot;  speckle.  II. 
7i.  A  small  spot;  a  little  stain;  any  very  small 
thing.     [<  AS.  specca,  speck.] 

—  speck'le.     I.   vt.     [speck'led;  speck'- 
LiNG.]  To  besprinkle  with  spots.  II.  ?i.  A  speck. 

spec'ta-cl(e,  spec'ta-cl,  n.  1.  That  which  is 
exhibited  to  public  view.  2.  pi.  A  pair  of 
glasses,  with  hinged  bows  to  secure  them  be- 
fore the  eyes.  [F.,  <  L.  speciaculum,  <  specio, 
freq.  of  specio,  see.] — 8pec-tac'u-lar,8pec-tac'- 
yu-lar,  a.  Characterized  by  grand  scenic  display. 

"Ids 


spec-ta'tor,  spec-te't^r,  n.  One  who  beholds 
or  looks  on;  an  eye-witness. 

spec'ter,  /  spec'tgr,  n.    A  ghost;  apparition. 

spec'tre,  f[<  l^.^  spectrum,  vision,  appari- 
tion.] —  spec'tral,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  a  spec- 
ter; ghostly.    »i.  Pertaining  to  the  spectrum. 

spec'tro-scope,  spec'tro-scOp,  n.  An  optic- 
al instrument  for  forming  and  analyzing  the 
spectra  of  the  rays  emitted  by  bodies  or  sub- 
stances.—  spec^'^tro-scop'ic,  a. 

spec'toum,  spec'trum,  n.     [spec'tra,  pi."] 

1.  An  image  formed  by  rays  of  refracted  light 
displaying  the  colors  of  the  rainbow.  2.  The 
image  of  a  bright  object  seen  after  the  eye  is 
withdrawn.     [L. ;  see  specter.] 

spec'u-lar,  spec'yu-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
speculum  or  a  mirror;  reflecting.  [<  Y,.  spec- 
vlans,  <  speculum,  mirror.] 

spec'u-late,  spec'yu-let,  vi.  [-la'ted'^;  -la'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  theorize;  conjecture.  2.  To 
make  an  investment  involving  a  risk,  but  with 
hope  of  gain.  [<  L.  speculalus,  pp.  of  sjiec- 
w/ar,  behold,  <  #);edo,  see.]  —  spec^'u-la'tion, 
ir.  1,  The  act  of  theorizing;  a  theory.  *i.  A 
more  or  less  risky  Investment.  — spec'u-la- 
tiT(e,  a.  1,  Given  to  speculation.  ^.Strictly 
theoretical,  spcc'u-la  -  to'^ry  t.  —  spec '  u  - 
la'^tor,  n.    One  who  speculates,  in  any  sense. 

spec'u-lum,  spec'yu-Ium,  n.  [-la,  pL]  1. 
A  mirror  of  polished  metal.  2.  A  surgeon's 
exploring  instrument,  fitted  with  a  mirror  and 
light.     [L.,  <  specio,  see.] 

sped,  imp.  &  pp.  of  speed,  v. 

speech.,  spich,  n.    1.  The  power  of  speaking. 

2.  Conversation;  talk.  3.  A  public  address; 
discourse.  4.  A  tongue  or  language.  [<  AS. 
spiec,  speech,  <  sprecan,  speak.]  —  speech'- 
less,  a.    1.  Mute;  dumb.    2.  Silent. 

speed,  spid.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [sped  or  speed'- 
ED<1;  speed'ing.I  To  urge  on  or  advance  with 
swiftness;  expedite;  despatch;  progress.  II. 
n.  1.  Celerity;  swiftness.    2.  Rate  of  motion. 

3.  Progress;  degree  of  prosperity.  [<  AS. 
spM,     <    spbwan,  succeed.] —«peed'y,     a. 


f|at|Ore  (future);   alele;  au  (owt);    ©II;  c  (k);  chat;   dh  (/Ae);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


speiss 
spin 


432 


[8peed'i-er;  speed'i-e8t.]  1.  Swift;  immedi- 
ate. 3.  Without  delay.  — speed'i-ly,  adv.— 
speed'i-ness,  n. 

speiss,  spais,  n.  A  metallic  compound,  as  of 
copper,  iron,  and  nickle  with  arsenic  and  sul- 
fur, used  in  smelting.    [<  G.  sjieise,  lit.  food.] 

spell',  spel,  V.  [spelled  or  spelt;  spell'- 
iNG.]  1.  t.  1.  To  give  the  letters  of  (a  word) 
in  their  order.  2.  To  decipher.  3.  To  fasci- 
nate; bewitch.  II,  i.  To  frame  words  out 
of  letters.  [<  AS.  si>dlian,  disclose,  <  spel, 
narrative.]  —  spelPer,  n.  1.  One  who  spells. 
tJ.  Aspellfngsbook.— spell'iiig:,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  one  who  spells;  also,  orthography.  ^.  The  way 
In  which  a  word  Is  spelled.— spell'ingsbook'', 
n.    A  book  of  exercises  in  spelling. 

Hpell^,  rt.  [spelled;  spell'ing.]  [CoUoq.]  To 
relieve  temporarily  from  duty.    [<  AS.  spelian.} 

spells  n-  1-  A  turn  of  duty  in  relief  of  another. 
2.  Any  relatively  short  period  of  time. 

spell^,  n.  An  incantation;  charm;  hence,  fas- 
cination. [  <  AS.  spel,  tale.]  —  spelPbound'', 
a.    Bound  as  by  a  spell. 

spelt,  spelt,  n.  A  cereal  intermediate  between 
wheat  and  barley.     [<  AS.  S2^lt.] 

sperter,  w.    Zinc:  a  commercial  term. 

Spen-ce'ri-an,  spen-si'ri-an,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  Herbert  Spencer,  an  English  philosopher. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  system  of  free-hand  pen- 
manship. 

spend,  spend,  v.    [spent;  spend'ing.]    I.  t. 

1.  To  payout,  as  money,  in  making  purchases. 

2.  To  squander;  waste.  3.  To  pass  or  em- 
ploy, as  time.  4.  To  exhaust;  use  up.  II. 
4.  1.  To  disburse  money.  2.  To  waste  or 
wear  away.  [<  L.^**  sjmido,  in  expendo,  dis- 
pendo;  see  expend.] — spend'thriu'',  w.  One 
wlio  is  wastefuUy  lavish  of  money. 

sperm,  spgrm,  n.  1.  A  sperm-whale.  2.  Sper- 
maceti. [Short  for  spermaceti.]  —  sperm's 
oil",  n.  Oil  obtained  from sjjernicwhale  blubber. 
—  s.swhale,  n.   A  whale  of  warm  seas,  having 


Sperm»whale.   Vaoo 

the  head  high  and  truncate  In  front,  and  teeth  in 
the  lower  jaw  only. 

sper'^ma-ce'ti,  spgr'ma-st'ti  w  -set'i,  v.  A 
white,  brittle,  fatty  substance  contained  in  so- 
lution in  the  head  of  the  sperm-whale.  [F., 
<  L.  speinna,  seed,  spawn,  -+-  ceti,  gen.  s.  of 
celus,  whale.] 

spe-w,  spin,  rt.  &  vi.  To  vomit  up;  vomit; 
cast  forth.     [<  AS.  sjiHivan,  spit.]    spuef. 

sphere,  sftr.  I.  rt.  [sphehed;  sphku'inu.] 
1.  To  place  in  a  sphere.  2.  To  make  spheric- 
al; encircle.  II.  ii.  1.  A  solid  every  part 
of  whose  surface  is  equidistant  from  a  point 
within  called  the  center.  2.  Any  approxi- 
mately globular  body;  a  globe;  star.    3.  Field 


of  action,  influence,  or  existence.  [<  F.  sphere, 
<  L.  sphaera  ( <  Gr.  sphaira),  sphere.]  — 
gpher'ic,  sfer'ic,  a.  1,  Pertaining  to  the 
heavenly  bodies;  hence,  celestial.  3.  Spherical. 
—  spher'ic-al,  a.  I.  Shaped  like  a  sphere; 
globular,  tj.  Pertaining  to  a  sphere.-  splier'- 
ic-al-ly,  ad?7.  — spher'ic-al-nes8,  «.— 
sphe-ric'ity,  sfe-ris'i-ti,  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  sphere;  spherical  fonn.—  splie'roid,  sfi'reld, 
n.  A  body  having  nearly  the  form  of  a  sphere.— 
splie -roi'dal,  a.  sphe-roi'dict;  sphe- 
roi'dic-alt.— spher'ule,  sfer'ul,/i.  Aminute 
sphere;  globule. 

sphina:,  sfinx,  n.  [sphinx'es,  sfi^ix'ez,  or 
sphin'ges,  sfin'jez  or -ges,  j)l-^  !•  [s- or  S-] 
Gr.  Myth.  A  winged  monster,  with  a  woman's 
head  and  a  lion's  body,  that  destroyed  those 
unable  to  guess  riddles  she  propounded.  2. 
A  mysterious  or  enigmatical  person.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  sphinx,  <  sphingo,  strangle.] 

spice,  spais.  I.  vt.  [spiced*;  spi'cing.]  To 
season  with  spice;  add  zest  to.  II.  n.  1. 
An  aromatic,  pungent  vegetable  substance, 
used  to  flavor  food  and  beverages.  2.  That 
wjiich  gives  zest  or  adds  interest.  [<  OF. 
e^pice,  <  L.  species;  see  species.]  —  spi'cy, 
spai'sl,  a.  [spici-ek;  spi'ci-est.]  1.  Contain- 
ing, flavored,  or  fragrant  with  spices.  3.  Produ- 
cing spices.    3.  Having  zest  or  pungency. 

spic'ule,  spic'yul,  n.  A  small,  slender,  sharp- 
pointed  body.  [<  Tu.  spicidum,  dim.  of  spic- 
vm,  point,  spike.]  —  spic'u-lar,  spic'u-lar,  a. 
Of  or  like  a  spicule;  bearing  spicules;  sharp, 
pointed;  acute. 

spi'der,  spai'dgr,  n. 
1.  An    insect -like  .V:::i;  •.;-;•. 

creature,  that  spins 
a  thread  and  makes 
webs   to    catch    its    ., 

Erey.  2.  A  long- 
andled  frying-pan; 
also,  one  of  various 
other  implements. 
[ME.  spiimere,  spi- 
fher,  <  AS.  spinnat}. 


Common  Spider.   J/g 


spin.] 

spig'ot,   spig'gt,  n. 
A  plug  or  faucet  for  the  bung-hole  of  a  cask. 
[<  Ir.  spiocuid,  dim.  of  spice,  spike.] 

spike,  spaik.  I.  vt.  [spiked'  ;  spi'king.] 
To  fasten  with  spikes  ;  provide  with  spikes. 
II.  II.  1.  A  stout  piece  of  metal,  like  a  large 
nail.  2.  An  ear,  as  of  grain.  3.  A  flower- 
cluster  in  which  there  are  numerous  flowers 
arranged  doselv  on  an  elongated  common  axis. 
[  <  L.  .s/y/m,  spike.]  —  spike'let,  n.  A  second- 
ary spike,  as  In  grasses.— Hpi'ky,  8parkl,a.  Re- 
8enil)linga  spike;  pointed. 

spUce'nard,  spaik'nard,  71.   An  ancient  fra- 

frant  and  costly  ointment  prepared   mainly 
rom   a  j)lant  of  the  same  name.      [<  L.** 
splca,  spike,  +  nardus,  nard.] 
spile,  spoil,  n.     1.  A  large  timber  driven  into 
the  ground  to  serve  as  a  foundation  ;   a  pile. 
2.  A  wooden  pin;  a  spigot.     [<  D.  si)ijl,  bar.] 
spill,  snil,  r.     [spilled  or  spilt  ;  spill'ino.j 
I.  t.     1.  To  suffer  to  fall  or  run  out,  as  a 
li(iuid.    2.  To  cause  to  be  shed.    II.  i.    To 
run  out;  be  wasted.     [<  AS.  spillan,  destroy.] 
spin,  si)in.    I.  rt.&vi.    [spi:n,  formerly  span; 
spun:  spin'nino.I     1.  To  draw  out  and  twist 
2.  To  form  by  drawing  out  and 


into  threads. 


papA,  9Bk;  at,  ftir;  element,  th£y,  asfge;  it,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  4»r;  full,  rule;  but,  iir; 


433 


spinacli 
splice 


twisting.  3.  To  compose;  tell.  4.  To  whirl; 
twirl.  II.  n.  An  act  ot  spinning;  a  rapid  whirl- 
ing.    [<  AS.  spinnan^  spin.]  —  spindlier,  n. 

spin'ach.,  /  spin'ej,  n.    A  garden  annual  pot* 

spin'age,  (  herb  or  its  fleshy  leaves.  [  <  LL.o^ 
spinacia,  <  L.  spina^  thorn.] 

spin'dl(e,  spin'dl.  I.  vi.  [spin'dl(e)d  ; 
spin'dling.]  To  grow  long  and  slender.  II. 
n.  A  slender  rod  or  pin,  especially  one  that 
rotates,  and  on  which  something  may  be 
wound.     [<  AS.  spindle,  <  spirwan,  spiii.] 

—  spin'dKesleeged'',  a.  Having  long, 
slender  legs,  s.sshaiikedt.— spin'dliiig,  a. 
Long  and  thin. 

spine,  Spain,  n.  1.  The  spinal  column  of  a 
vertebrate;  back'bone.  2.  Bot.  Astiff,  sharp= 
pointed  woody  process;  thorn.  3.  A  project- 
ing eminence  or  ridge.  [<  OF.  espine,  <  L. 
.</?i«a,  spine.] —spi'iial,  spai'nal,  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  back»bone.  'i.  Pertaining  to  a 
thorn;  thorny.— spi'nous,  spa'nus,  a.  1.  Hav- 
ing spines,  "i.  Spine»like;  prickly.  8pi'uo8e''t. 
—  spi'iiy,  rt.  [sPi'Ni-KR;  spi-Ni-EST.]  1.  Hav- 
ing spines;  thorny,    ti.  Difficult;  perplexing. 

spin'et,  spin'et,  n.    A  musical  instrument  of 
the  harpsichord 
class. 

spin^ster,  spin'- 
stgr,  ?^  An  unmar- 
ried woman,  espe- 
cially when  no 
longer  young.  [  < 
AS.  spin  V  an, 
spin.] 

spir'a-cle,  spir'a- 
cl  or  spuir'a-(tl,  n. 
A  breathing=hole, 
as  of  an  insect,  or 
the  blowhole,  as  of  a  whale.  [OF.,  <  L. 
spiraculum,  air=hole,  <  sjmv,  breathe.] 

spi'ral,  spai'ral.  I.  a.  1.  Winding  about 
and  constantly  receding  from  a  center.  2. 
Winding  and  advancing;  helical.  3.  Winding 
and  rising  in  a  spire.  II,  n.  Anything  of 
spiral  form.—  spi'ral-ly,  adv. 

spire^,  spair,  n.  1.  The  tapering  or  pyramidal 
roof  of  a  tower;  also,  a  steeple.  2.  A  slender 
stalk  or  blade,  as  of  grass.  3.  The  summit  of 
anything.     [<  AS.  «pir,  stalk.] 

spire^,  n.  A  spiral;  whorl;  twist.  [F.,  <  L. 
spira,  coil,  wreath.] 

spir'it,  spir'it.  I**,  vl.  To  carry  off;  kidnap. 
II.  n.  1.  The  part  of  man  that  has  intelli- 
gence and  is  invisible  and  incorporeal.  2.  A 
rational  being  not  connected  with  a  material 
body  ;  the  Deity  or  the  third  person  of  the 
Trinity,  called  the  Holy  Spint.  3.  A  ghost. 
4.  Ardor ;  dash.  5.  Pervading  influence. 
6.  Distilled  liquor,  especially  alcohol.  [<  L.^ 
spiHfMs,  breathing,  <  spiro,  breathe.]  —  spir'- 
it-ed,  rt.  Full  of  spirit;  animated..— .sipir'it- 
less,  a.    Having  no  spirit;  listless;  dead. 

spir'i-tu-al,  sijir'i-chu-al  w -it-yu-al,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  spirit,  as  distinguished  from  mat- 
ter. 2.  Affecting  the  soul.  3.  Coming  from  the 
Divine  Spirit;  holy;  pure.  4.  Sacred;  religious. 
[  <  L."' + OF  spiritus,  spirit  .] — spir'i-tii-al-isiii , 
71.  1.  The  belief  that  departed  spirits  commu- 
nicate with  men,  or  the  practises  connected  with 
that  belief.  "2,  PMlox.  The  doctrine  that  there 
are  substances  or  beings  not  cognizable  by  the 


Spinet. 


senses.  3.  The  state  of  being  spiritual.—  spir'- 
i-tii-al-ist,  «.  — spir'^i-tu-al-is'tic,  a.— 
spir'^i-tu-al'l-ty,  n.     [-ties*,  pi.]     1.  The 

state  of  being  spiritual.  3.  That  which  belongs 
to  the  Church.—  spii-^i-tii-al-ize,  vt,  [-ized; 
-I'ziNG.]    To  render  spiritual. 

spir^'i-tii-elle',  splr''i-tlu-el',  a.  Characterized 
by  refinement,  grace,  and  delicacy:  said  of  wom- 
en.   [F.] 

spir^i-tu-ous,  spir'i-chu-us  or  -it-yu-us,  a. 
Containing  alcohol;  intoxicating;  distilled. 

spirt,  V.  &  11.    Same  as  spukt. 

spir'y,  spalr'I,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  spire.  3. 
Abounding  In  spires.    3.  Having  a  spire. 

spit^,  spit.  I.xt.  &  vi.  [spit;  spat:  formerly 
sometimes  spit'ted^;  spit'ting.]  1.  To 
eject  (saliva,  etc.)  from  the  mouth.  2.  To 
come  down  in  scattering  drops  or  flakes.  II. 
n.  1.  Spittle;  saliva.  2.  An  act  of  spitting. 
[<  AS.  sinttan,  spsetan,  spit.]  —  spit'tle,  n. 
The  fluid  secreted  by  the  glands  of  the  mouth; 
saliva;  spit.—  spit-toon',  n.  A  receptacle  for 
expectorations. 

spit^.  I.  vi.  [spit'ted'';  spit'ting.]  1.  To 
transflx  with  a  spit:  2.  To  string  on  a  stick. 
II.  11.  1.  A  pomted  rod  on  which  meat  is 
turned  and  roasted.  2.  A  point  of  low  land 
extending  into  the  water.    [<  AS.  spitu,  spit.] 

spite,  spait.  I.  vt.  [spi'ted'^;  spi'ting.]  To 
vex  maliciously;  thwart.  II.  w.  1.  Malicious 
bitterness  prompting  to  vexatious  acts ; 
grudge.  2.  That  which  is  done  in  spite. 
[Abbr.  of  despite,  w.]  —  spite'ful,  a.  Filled 
with  spite;  prompted  by  spite. 

spitz,  spits,  n.  One  of  a  breed  of  small  Pom- 
eranian dogs 
with  a  tapering 
muzzle.  [G.,  < 
spitze,  point.] 
spitz's 
dog'^t. 

splash,  splash. 
IKrt.&vi.  1. 
To     make    a 

splash.     2.   To  o   -.     i  / 

spatter,  wet,  or  ^'P^^^-    /20 

soil  with  a  liquid  dashed  about.  II.  n.  1. 
The  act  or  noise  of  splashing.  2.  A  spot  made 
by  a  liquid  or  color  splashed  on.  [Var.  of 
PLASH, -y.]  —  splash'y,  a.     Slushy;  wet. 

splay,  sple,  a.  Spread  out;  displayed;  hence, 
broad  and  clumsy,  as  a  foot.  [Abbr.  <  dis- 
play, -y.]  —  splay'foot'',  a.  Having  splay 
feet,    s.sfootedl:. 

spleen,  splln,  n.  1.  An  organ  found  in  most 
vertebrates,  near  the  stomach,  that  produces 
certain  modifications  in  the  blood.  2.  Ill 
temper;  spitefulness.  3.  Lowness  of  spirits. 
[<  L.  splefi  (<  Gr.  splen),  spleen.] 

splen'did,  splen'did,  a.  1.  Giving  out  or  re- 
flecting brilliant  light.  2.  Magnificent;  im- 
posing. 3.  Illustrious.  [<  h.^  splendidus,  < 
splendeo,  shine.]  —  splen'dor,  splen'dgr,  n.  1 . 
Exceeding  brilliancy  from  emitted  or  reflected 
light.  5i.  Magnificence;  pomp.  3.  Preeminence; 
Illustriousness.    splen'dourt. 

sple-net'ic,  spl§-net'ic  or  splen'e-tic.  I.  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  spleen.  2.  Fretfully 
spiteful;  peevish.  U.  n.  One  suffering  from 
disease  of  the  spleen;  a  peevish  person. 

splice,  splais.  I.  vt.  [spliced*;  spli'cing.] 
To  unite  so  as  to  form  one  continuous  piece. 


fiutiure    (future);    aisle;    au    (owt);    oil;    c    (k);    cliat;    dli    {the);   go;  sing,  ink;    tl»i 


splint 
sprang 


434 


Partially  Formed 
Splices. 
1.  An  eye«splice.    ' 
A  short   splice   in 


II.  n.    A  union  of  the  ends  of  joined  parts, 

especially  of  ropes,  made  by  intertwining  tlio 

strands.     [<    D.    splitseti, 

<  splijte?!,  split.] 
splint,  splint.    F.  vt.    To 

confine    or    support    with 

splints,  as  a  fractured  limb. 

II.  n.     A  thin  flat  piece 

split  o£f ;  a  thin  strip,  as  of 

wood,  to  hold  a  fractured 

limb  in  place;  splinter.  [< 

Sw.  splinfa,  splint.] 
— splint'sbone'', «.  One 

of  tlie  small    rudimentary   ^,         ^     -^  ^ 

lateral  bones  on  the  legs  of    three=stranded   rope, 

the  horse,  etc.  ^-  ^  cut»sphce. 

splin'ter,  splin'tgr.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    1.  To  split 

or  separate  into  splinters  or  fragments.    2.  To 

support  by  splints.    II.  n.    A  sharp  piece  split 

off  from  a  solid  body.     [Freq.  of  splint.] 
split,  split,  V.     [split  or  split'ted^;  split'- 

TiNG.]    I.  t.    1.  To  tear  asunder;  rend.    2. 

To  divide  longitudinally;  rive.   3.  To  disrupt; 

divide.      II.    i.      1.    To   suffer   disruption; 

cleave  apart.    2.  To  disagree.  [<  Dn.  spliite.] 
split,  n.    1.  The  act  or  result  of  splitting;  a 

longitudinal  fissure.    2.  Schism;  rupture. 
Hplurge,  splOrj.     1.   vi.    [splttkged;    spluk'- 

oiNG.]  To  make  a  splurge.   II.  n.  A  conceited, 

ostentatious,  personal  display.    [Imitative.] 
splut'ter,  splut'gr.     I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  speak 

hastily  and  confusedly.    II.  n.    A  noise  as  of 

spluttering;  bustle.     [Var.  of  sputter.] 
spoil,  spoil.    I.vt.&vi.     [spoiled  or  spoilt; 

spoiL'iNG.]  1.  To  impair  or  destroy  the  value, 

usefulness,  or  beauty  of;  become  tainted  or 

I)utrid.    2.  To  practise  robbery;  despoil.    II. 

n.    1.  Plunder  seized  by  violence;  booty.    2. 

The  act  of  pillaging.     [<  L.^  sjx)lh(tn,  booty.] 
spoke,  spok.     I.  vt.     [spoKEDt;  spo'king.] 

To  supply  with  spokes.    II.  n.    1.  One  of  the 

radial  members  of  a  wheel.    2.  The  rung  of  a 

ladder.     [<  AS.  »paca,  spoke;  cp.  spike,  n.] 
Mpoke,  spok,  imp.  of  speak,  v.:  In  old  usage,  also 

past  participle.— spo'keu,  pp.  of  speak,  v. 
spokes'man,  spOks'in^n,  n.  [-men,  pL]  One 

who  speaks  in  the  name  and  behalf  of  others. 
spo^li-a'tion,  spO"li-g'shun,  tt.    1.  The  act 

of  pillaging  or  despoiling.    2.  Destruction.  [< 

L.  liiHdk).  despoil. ]—8po'Ii-a''tor,  71. 
spon'dyl,  spen'dil,  n.    A  vertebra.     [<  Gr. 

sponge,  spunj,  V.      [sponged;   spon'oing.] 

I.  /.  1.  To  cleanse  or  operate  upon  or  absorb 
with  a  sponge.  2.  To  wipe  out;  expunge.  3. 
To  get  by  mean  device  or  at  another's  expense. 

II.  i.  1.  To  live  in  mean  dependence  on 
another.  2.  To  gather  sponges.  3.  To 
absorb.— Hpon'^er,  11. 

sponge,  n.  1.  A  fixed  (usually  marine) 
animal  with  porous  body.  2.  The  skeleton 
or  network  of  elastic  fibers  that  remains  after 
the  removal  of  the  living  matter  from  certain 
sponges.  3.  Leavened  dough.  4.  One  who 
lives  at  the  expense  of  another.  [<  (}r.i'+"»'" 
s/)ongia,     apongox,     sponge.]  —  Mpoii'jjy,     a. 

|SPON'GI-KR;       SPON'GI-KST.]        Like     ti     spoUgl'; 

elastic;  porous;  absorptive.— Mpoii'Ki-ii(>NH,  //. 
spon^SOn,  spen'syn,  //.    A  curved  proiectiou 
or  bulge  from  the  hull  of  a  vessel,  as  for  the 
training  of  a  gun.    See  illus.  in  next  column. 


spon'sor,  spen's§r,  n.  One  who  makes  him- 
self responsible  for  another;  a  godfather.   [L., 

<  sponsas,  pp.  of  sponcfeo,  promise.] 
spon-ta^ne-ous,  spen-te'ng-us,  a.    1.  Done 

or  acting  from  one's  own  impulse;  voluntary. 

2.  Indigenous.  3. 

liioL   Apparently 

arising      without 

external      cause. 

[<     LL.    sponta- 

neiis,  <  L.  sponte, 

of  free  will.]  -ly, 

adv.    -ness,  71.— 

spon^'ta-ne'i- 

ty,      spen"ta-nl'i- 

tf,  71.    t-TIESi,  pi.] 

Spontaneous  qual- 
ity. 

spool,  spul  I  vt  Sponsons  of  the  U.  S.  Cruiser 
To    wind     on    a  "  San  Francisco." 

spool.  11.71.  1.  A  small  cylinder,  commonly 
of  wood,  upon  which  threador  the  like  may  be 
wound.  2.  The  quantity  of  thread  held. by  a 
spool.     [<  D.  spoel,  spool.] 

spoon,  spun,  91.  A  utensil  having  a  shallow 
ovoid  bowl  and  a  handle,  used  in  serving  or 
eating  food.  [<  AS.  spon,  chip.] —spoon'- 
bill,  71.  1.  A  bird  related  to  the  Ibis.  ♦J.  A 
variety  of  duck.— spoonsful,  «. 

spoor,  spur,  71.  [S.  Afr.  D.l  A  track;  trail;  foot- 
print,   i  <  I),  spoor,  track.] 

spo-rad'ic,  spo-rad'ic,  a.  Occurring  here  and 
there;  separate;  isolated.     [<  Gr.  spwadikos, 

<  ,<:pora^,  <  speiro,  scatter.] 

spore,  spOr,  71.  1.  The  reproductive  body  in 
rtowerless  plants.  2.  Biol.  A  minute  body  that 
develops  into  a  new  individual.  3.  A  germ. 
[  <  Gr.  fipora,  seed,  sowing.] 

sport'',  sport,  V.  1. 1.  To  display  ostentatiously. 
II.  i.    To  play;  frolic;  make  sport;  jest. 

sport,  //.  1.  Diversion;  pastime.  2.  A  par- 
ticular game,  play,  or  outdoor  diversion.  3. 
Pleasantry;  raillery.  4.  A  mockery.  [Abbr. 
of  disport.]  —  sport'ful,  a.—  8port'iv(e,  a. 
Relating  to  or  fond  of  sport  or  play;  frolicsome. 
—  sports'maii,  71.  [-men,  jd/.T  A  person  who 
is  fond  of  fleld=sports,  as  hunting  and  fishing.— 
sportN'mnn-like,  ^r.  — sportM^iiiaii-ship, 
71.    The  art  or  practise  of  field-sports. 

spot,  spot,  V.  [spot'ted**;  spot'ting.]  I.  t. 
To  mark,  stain,  or  soil  in  or  with  spots.  II. 
i.    To  make  a  stain  or  discoloration. 

spot,  71.  1.  A  particular  place  or  portion  of 
small  extent.  2.  A  locality.  3.  A  stain; 
blemish;  reproach.  [<  v  of  spit»,  r.]— spot'- 
less,  a.  Free  from  spot  or  stain;  Innocent;  pure. 
— spot'ted,  spot'ed,  pa.  1,  Discolored  In  spots, 
ri.  Characterized  by  spots.- Hpot'tj-,  spot'I,  «. 
Having  many  spots;  spotted. 

spouse,  spauz,  w.  A  partner  in  marriage;  one's 
husband  or  wife.  [<  l..*^*\<t>)orm/,s;  see  spon- 
sor.]—spoii'sal,  spau'zal.  [Poet]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  marriage.    II.  «.   Marriage;  espousal. 

spout,  spaut.  P.  rf.  &  ri.  1.  To  pour  out 
copiously;  spurt  forth.  2.  To  declaim.  II.  n. 
1.  A  tube,  trough,  etc.,  for  the  discharge  of  a 
liquid.    2.  A  continuous  stream  of  fluid. 

sprain,  spren.  I.  vt.  To  cause  a  sprain  in; 
overstrain.  II.  n.  A  violent  straining  01 
twisting  of  the  ligaments  surrounding  a  joint. 
[  <  L.«'P  expnnu):  see  express,  v.] 

HpraiiVt  sprang,  imp.  of  spring,  r.      , 


papfi,  ejsk;  at,  air;  elf mgnt,  they,  U8§ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


435 


sprat 
sputter 


sprat,  sprat,  71.    A  herring^like  fish.    [<  D. 

Sprot^   <  V  of  SPROUT.] 

sprawl,  sprel.    I.  vt.  &  v'l.     1.  To  lie  or  move 

with  the  hmbs  stretched  out  ungracefully.    2. 

To  spread  out  irregularly,  as  vines.    II.  n. 

The  act  or   position    of  sprawling.     [<  AS. 

spreawlian,  sprawl.]  [fine  particles. 

spray,  spre,  vt.  «fe  vi.  To  disperse  (a  liquid)  in 
spray  1,  n.     1.  Water  or  other  liquid  dispersed 

in  fine  particles.    2.    An  atomizer.     [<  V  of 

.SPREAD.] 

spray 2,  n.  A  small  branch  bearing  dependent 
branchlets  or  flowers.     [<  Dn.  sprag?^ 

spread,  spred,  v.  [spread;  spread'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  extend  the  parts  over.  2.  To  dis- 
tribute about.  3.  To  publish.  4.  To  expand; 
unfold.  II.  I.  1.  To  become  dispersed.  2. 
To  be  distributed.  3.  To  be  thrust  apart.  [< 
AS.  sprxdaiu  spread.] 

spread,  72.  1.  The  act  of  spreading.  2.  An 
open  expanse.  3.  The  extent  of  expansion. 
4.  A  covering. 

spree,  spri.  \.m.  To  get  drunk.  II.  n.  1.  A 
drinking'spell;  drunken  carousal.  2.  A  gay 
frolic.     [Cp.  Ir.  spre^  spark,  animation.] 

sprig,  sprig,  11.  1.  A  shoot  or  sprout  of  a  tree 
or  plant.  2.  An  offshoot  from  an  ancestral 
stock.     [  <  MLG.  spnk,  twig.] 

si>riaflit+.  "•    Same  as  sprite. 

spright'ly,  sprait'li,  a.  [spright'li-er; 
j*PKi(iHT'i,i-EST.]  Full  of  animation  and 
spirits;  vivacious;  lively.  [<  spright,  sprite, 
72.]  —  spright^li-ness,  n. 

spring,  spring,  V.  [sprang  or  sprung; 
sprung;  spring'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  Toreleasethe 
spring  of.  2.  To  do  or  cause  to  act  unexpect- 
edly and  suddenly.  3.  To  bend  by  force; 
strain.  II.  i.  1.  To  bound;  leap.  2.  To 
move  or  rise  up  suddenly.  3.  To  proceed; 
originate.  4.  To  be  warped  or  bent.  [<  AS. 
spnngan,  spring.] 

spring,  n.  1.  An  elastic  body  or  contrivance 
that  yields  under  stress,  and  returns  to  its  nor- 
mal form  when  the  stress  is  remcrved.  2. 
Elastic  quality  or  energy.  3.  Recoil.  4.  A 
cause  of  action.  5.  A  jump;  bound.  6.  The 
season  in  which  vegetation  starts  anew.  7.  A 
flow  or  fountain,  as  of  water.  8.  A  springing. 
[<  AS.  spring,  <spnngan,BpT'mg.]—spring^y, 
spring'!,  a.  [sprixg'i-er;  spking'i-est.]  1. 
Elastic.  2.  Spongy;  wet.  — spring'i-ness,  ?/. 
—  spriiiK'slialt'',  71.  A  convulsive  movement 
of  the  hind  legs  of  a  horse,  as  in  walking. 

spring'bok",  spring'bek",  n.  A  South^Afri- 
can  gazel,  with  a  white  stripe  down  the  back. 
[S._  Afr.  D.] 

springe,  sprinj,  ?i.  A  snare  or  noose,  arranged 
witli  a  ><pring.     [<  spring,  v.]    spring:}:. 

sprin'klce,  sprin'kl.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  [sprin'- 
kl(e)d;  sprin'kling.]  To  scatter  in  drops  or 
small  particles;  rain  in  scattering  drops.  II.  n. 
A  falling  in  drops  or  particles,  or  that  which  so 
falls ;  a  sprinkling ;  hence,  a  small  quantity.  [  < 
AS),  sprengan,  make  spring.]  —  sprin'kler,  7?. 
— sprin'kliiis:,  n.  1.  That  which  is  sprinkled; 
a  small,  scattering  quantity,  ii.  The  act  of  scat- 
tering drops  of  liquid. 

sprint,  sprint.  F.  vi.  To  run,  as  in  a  sprint. 
II.  n.  A  short  race  run  at  the  top  of  one's 
speed.  —  sprint'er,  71. 


sprit,  sprit,  n.  1.  A  small  spar  for  stretching 
a  sail.  2.  The  bowsprit.  [<  AS.  spredt,  < 
spreotan,  sprout.]  —  sprit'sail,  n.  A  sail  ex- 
tended by  a  sprit. 

sprite,  sprait,  n.  A  fairy,  elf,  or  goblin.  [<r. 
esprit.  <  L.  spiritus,  spirit.] 

sprock'et,  sprek'§t,  ?i.  1.  A  projection,  as 
on  the  periphery  of  a  wheel,  or  engaging  with 
the  links  of  a  chain.  2.  A 
wheel  bearing  such  pro- 
jections. 

sprout'',  spraut,  v.  I.  t. 
To  cause  to  put  forth 
shoots.  II.  i.  1.  To  de- 
velop shoots.  2.  To  grow. 
[<  a  var.  of  AS.  spreotan, 
sprout.] 

sprout,  n.  A  new  shoot  or 
bud  on  a  plant. 

spruce,  spriis,  vf.   &  vi. 
[spruced'  ;       spru'cing.]    gjc  ^le  Sprocket. 
To  make  oneself  spruce. 

spruce,  a.    Having  a  smart,  trim  appearance. 

spruce,  n.  An  evergreen  tree  having  needle- 
shaped  leaves  and  pendulous  cones;  also,  its 
wood. 

sprung:,  sprung,  imp.  &  pp.  of  spring,  v. 

spry,  sprai,  a.  Quick  and  active;  agile.  [< 
S\v.  dial,  sprygg,  active.] 

»pue,  vt.  &  vi.    Same  as  spbw. 

spume,  spium.  I.  vi.  [spumed;  spu'ming.] 
To  froth;  foam.  II.  «.  Froth;  foam;  scum. 
[F.,  <  L.  simma,  foam.]  —  spu-mes'cenoe,  n. 
Frothiness.— spu'mous,  a.  Foamy,  spu'iiiyt. 

Mpiin,  spun,  imp.  &  pp.  of  spin,  v. 

spunk,  spunk,  «.  1.  [Colloq.]  Quick,  ardent 
temper;  courage;  pluck.  2.  Punk.  [<  Gael. 
s>x)nc,  tinder,  <  L.  spongia;  see  sponge,  n.] 

—  Hpiiiik'y,  a.    [spunk'i-ek;  spunk'i-est.] 
[Colloq.]    Spirited;  courageous;  touchy. 

spur,  spur.     I.  vt.     [spurred  ;   spur'ring.] 

1.  To  goad  by  use  of  the  spur.  2.  To  fur- 
nish with  spurs.  II.  n.  1.  A  pricking  or 
goading  instrument 
worn  on  a  horse- 
man's heel.  2. 
Anything  that  in- 
cites or  urges.  3, 
A  stiff  sharp  spine,  I^^Q  Spur. 

as    on    the  leg  of    a  domestic  cock.      4.   A 
projecting  crag,  ridge,  or  the  like.     [<  AS. 

SJX)?-a,   <  \,'  of  SPURN,  v]. 

spurge,  spur],  n.  A  plant  having  fertile  flow- 
ers with  3»lobed  ovaries  on  long  pedicels. 

spu'ri-ous,  spiu'ri-us, «.  Not  genuine;  false; 
counterfeit.  [<  L.  spurivis,  spurious.]  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

spurn,  spurn,  vt.     1.  To  reject  with  disdain. 

2.  To  drive  back  or  away  as  by  kicking.     [  < 
AS.  speornan,  kick.] 

spurts  spurt.  F.  vt.&vi.  To  force  out  or 
come  forth  in  a  jet;  squirt.  II.  d.  1.  A  sud- 
den gush  of  liquid.  2.  Any  sudden  outbreak. 
[<  AS.  spnttan.,  sprout.] 

spurt2.  Id.  vi.  To  make  a  sudden  and  ex- 
treme effort.  II.  n.  An  extraordinary  effort 
of  brief  duration.     [<  Ice.  spretta,  start.] 

sput'ter,  sput'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  spit  out 
with  vehemence  and  irregular  noise.  2.  To 
speak  in  a  confused,  explosive  way.    II.  ?i. 


fifitfure  (future);    aisle;    an    (out);   oil;   c   (k);    eliat;    dl»   (//k;);   s* 


iiii^-,    ink;   thin, 


spy 
squire 


436 


A  sputtering;  jabbering.     [Freq.  of  spout,  v.] 

8Py»  spcii,  V.  [spied;  spy'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To 
discover;  see  by  looking  carefully.  ^2.  To 
espy.  II.  i.  To  act  as  a  spy;  investigate;  pry. 
[<  OB.G. ^^  spehon,  watch.] — spy'sglass'',  n. 
A  small  terrestrial  telescope. 

spy,  n.  [spiES^,  pi.]  1.  One  who  enters  an 
enemy's  military  lines  covertly  to  get  informa- 
tion.    2.  One  who  watches  others  secretly. 

squab,  scweb.  I.  a.  1 .  Fat  and  short.  2.  Half* 
grown.  II.  n.  1.  A  young  pigeon.  2.  A  fat, 
short  person.     [Cp.  Sw.  dial,  sqvabb,  fat  flesh.] 

squabble,  scweb'l.  I.  vi.  [squab'bled; 
squab'bling.]  To  engage  in  a  petty  wrangle; 
quarrel.  II.  n.  The  act  of  squabbling;  a 
petty  wrangle.  [<  Sw.  skvajypa.,  chide,  < 
skvajyi),  splash.] 

squad,  sewed,  n.  A  small  group  of  persons; 
a  small  detachment  of  troops  or  police.  [< 
OF.  esquadre.'] 

squad^ron,  n.  1.  An  assemblage  of  war» 
vessels  smaller  than  a  fleet;  one  of  the  divi- 
sions of  a  fleet.  2.  A  division  of  a  cavalry 
regiment.     [<  li.^^' squadrone.] 

squal'id,  scwel'id,  a.  Having  a  mean,  pov- 
erty-stricken appearance.  [<  L.  squalidu8.,< 
squaleo.,  be  foul.]  —  sqiiaPid-ly,  adv.—  sqiial'- 
id-nes8,  n.    sqiia-lid'i-ty:^. 

squall,  scwel.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  cry  loudly, 
as  an  angry  child. 

squall',  71.  A  loud,  screaming  outcry.  [< 
Ice.  skvala,  scream.] 

squall^,  71.  A  sudden  burst  of  whid.  [<  Sw. 
sqvcU,  rush  of  water,  <  sqva/a,  gush.]  — 
squalPy,  a.    Stormy;  blustering. 

squal'or,  "scvvel'gr  or  scwe'ler,  n.  The  state 
of  being  squalid.     [L.,  <  sqaaleo,  be  foul.] 

squan'der,  scweu'dgr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  spend 
money,  etc.,  lavishly  and  wastefully.—  squan'- 
der-er,  n. 

square,  scwar,  v.      [squared:  squar'ing.] 

1.  t.  1.  To  make  square.  2.  To  form  into  a 
right  angle.  3.  To  balance,  as  accounts; 
make  even.  4.  To  cause  to  conform;  adapt. 
5.  Math.  To  multiply  (a  number  or  quantity) 
by  itself.     II.  i.     1.  To  be  at  right  angles. 

2.  To  fit;  agree. 

square,  a.  1.  Being  a  square;  loosely,  ap- 
proaching a  square  in  form.  2.  Characterized 
by  a  right  angle.  3.  Just;  equitable.  4. 
Balanced;  even.  5.  Absolute.  6.  Solid;  satisfy- 
ing. -\y,adv.  -ne»»,n. —  Hqiiare'srigged",  «. 
HavInK  the  principal  sails  extended  by  horizontal 
cross.yards:  said  of  ships,  brlKS,  etc. 

square,  n.  1.  A  figure  having  four  equal 
sides  and  four  right  angles.  2.  Any  object 
that  is  square  or  nearly  square.  3.  An  instru- 
ment by  which  to  measure  or  lay  out  right 
angles.  4.  A  town  or  city  block.  [<  OF.  es- 
quare,  esqvarre,  <  L.  ex,  out,  -f  OF.  quarre, 
square,  <  L.  quadra.,  <  qnattuor.,  four.] 

squaHhS  scwosh,  vt.  &  vl.  [Colloq.]  To  beat 
or  press  Into  a  pulp;  be  mashed  Into  a  soft  mass. 
l<  OF.  enquacher,  crush.] 

squa8li> ,  n.  The  fleshy  edible  fruit  of  various 
trailing  annuals  of  the  gourd  family;  also,  any 
one  of  the  plants  that  bear  this  fruit.  [  <  Am. 
Ind.  (ixqnoith,  pi.  of  axq,  green,  raw.] 

squasli'^,  n.  1.  A  soft  or  unripe  object.  2. 
A  crushed  or  mashed  object.    3.  The  sudden 


fall  of  a  heavy,  soft,  or  bursting  body.— 
squash'y,  a. 

squat,  scwet.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [squat'ted"1  or 
squat;  squat'ting.]  1.  To  crouch,  or  cause 
to  crouch,  in  a  sitting  posture.  2.  To  settle  on 
a  piece  of  land  without  right.  II.  a.  1. 
Short  and  thick.  2.  Being  in  a  squatting  po- 
sition. III.  n.  A  squatting  attitude  or  posi- 
tion. [<  F.  esquatir,  <  es-  intens.  -f  quatir^ 
press  down.]  — 8quat''ter,  71.  One  who  settles 
on  land  without  right  or  without  permission.  — 
squat'ty,  scwet'i,  a.  Disproportionately  short 
and  thick. 

squaw,  scwe,  n.  An  American  Indian  woman 
or  girl.     [<  Mass.  Ind.  sqtia,  woman.] 

squawk,  scwek.  I',  vi.  To  utter  a  shrill, 
harsh  cry,  as  a  duck.  II.  n.  1.  A  harsh  cry, 
as  of  certain  birds.  2.  The  black»crowned 
night*heron.     [For  squeak.] 

squeak,  scwik.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  or 
effect  with  a  squeak;  make  a  squeak.  II.  n. 
A  thin,  sharp,  penetrating  sound.  [<  Sw. 
sqvdka,  croak.] 

squeal,  scwil.  I.  vi.'  1.  To  utter  a  sharp, 
shrill,  somewhat  prolonged  cry.  2.  [Slang.] 
To  turn  informer.  II.  n.  A  shrill,  prolonged 
cry,  as  of  a  pig.     [Ult.  <  Ice.  skvala,  scream.! 

squeam^isb.,  scwtm'ish,  a.  Easily  disgusted 
or  nauseated;  unduly  scrupulous.  [<  Ice. 
sveimr,  a  bustle.] 

squeez(e,  scwiz,  v.  [squeez(e)d;  squeez'- 
iNG.]  I.  /.  1.  To  press  closely;  compress. 
2.  To  draw  forth  by  pressure.  3.  To  crowd. 
II.  i.  To  force  one's  way  by^pressing;  push. 
[<  AS.  cwesari,  crush.] 

squeez(e,  ?>.  The  act  or  process  of  squeezing. 

squelcbS  scwelch,  vt.  &  vi.  To  disconcert; 
be  crushed  or  subdued,     [Var.  of  quelch;  akin 

to  QUELL.] 

squib,  scwib.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [squibbed;  squib'- 
BiNG.]  To  attiick  by  means  of  squibs ;  lam- 
poon. 11.71.  1.  A  mild  lampoon;  pithy  para- 
graph. 2.  A  tubular  case  filled  with  gunpow- 
der, as  for  firing  a  charge.     [Var.  of  swipe.] 

squid,  n.  A  ten-armed  cuttlefish,  especially 
one  of  the  small  species.     [Cp.  squirt.] 

squill^  scwil,  n.    The  sliced  bulb  of  a  medici- 
nal plant  of  the  lily  family,  hav- 
ing   diuretic    and    expectorant 
l)ropertie8.      [<  F.  sqville,  <  L. 
nqintla,  squill.] 

squill^,  7>.  1.  A  crustacean; 
shrimp.  2.  A  mantis.  [<  L. 
squilla,  squill.] 

squint,  scwint.  I'^.vt.&vi.  1. 
To  maV.e  or  be  cross-eyed.  2. 
q"'o  look  with  half-closed  eyes, 
or  with  a  side  glance.  II.  a. 
Having  a  squint ;  looking  oblique- 
ly. III.  7).  1.  An  affection  of 
the  eyes  in  which  their  axes  are 
difl'erently  directed;  strabismus. 
2.  The  act  of  squinting.  [<  Sw. 
>iri7ika,  shrink.]  —  sqiilnt'seye",  squill. 
n.    Stniblsinus. 

squire,  scwair.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  attend  upon 
as  a  squire.  II.  71.  An  esquire;  justice  of 
the  {K'ace;  lawyer  or  prominent  citizen;  at- 
tendent,  as  of  a  knight,  or  of  a  lady.     [= 

K.SQUIRE,  «.] 


papA,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  thfey,  U8§ge;  It,  j,  t  (ee);  <>,  oli;  »rat«r,  «r;  full,  rfilf;  but,  Or; 


437 


squirm 
stalk 


squirm,  scwijim.  I.  vL  1.  To  bend  and 
twist  the  body;  wriggle;  writhe.  2.  To  climb 
by  shinning.  II.  n.  A  squirming  motion;  a 
wriggle.     [V"ar,  of  squir,  ult.  =  whib.] 

squir'rel.  scwir'el  o?"  scwgr'el,  n.  A  slender 
rodent,  with  a  very  long  bushy  tail.  [Ult.  < 
Gr.  skiouros,  <  skia,  shade,  -|-  oura,  tail.] 

squirt,  scwgrt.  I'',  vt.  &  vi.  To  force  out  in 
a  spurting  stream.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  squirt- 
ing or  spurting.  2.  A  syringe  or  squirt'gun. 
[<  LG.  sivirtjen,  squirt.] 

stab,  stab.  l.Tt.&vi.  [stabbed;  stab'- 
BiNG.]  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  weapon; 
wound  with  a  dagger.  II.  n.  A  thrust  made 
with  any  pointeil  weapon;  a  wound  made  by 
stabbing.     [Perhaps  <  Ir.  stob,  stake.] 

sta'ble,  ste'bl.  I.  vt.  &  ri.  [sta'bled;  sta'- 
BLiNG.]  To  lodge  in  a  stable.  II.  n.  A  build- 
ing set  apart  for  lodging  and  feeding  horses 
or  cattle.  [<  L.of  stabuhmi,  <  sto,  stand.]  — 
Hta'bliiiR,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  stables. 
*^.  Room  or  accommodation  In  a  stable. 

sta'ble,  a.  1.  Standing  firmly  in  place;  fixed. 
2.  Marked  by  fixedness  of  purpose.  3.  Hav- 
ing durability  or  permanence.  [F.,  <  L.  sta- 
bilis,  <  sto,  stand.]  —  sta-bil'i-tv,  n.  The  state 
of  being  stable,  sta'ble-iiesst.  — sta'bly, 
adv.    In  a  stable  manner;  so  as  to  be  firm. 

stac-ca'to,  stac-ca'to,  a.  Miis.  1,  Played  In 
an  abrupt,  disconnected  manner.  2.  Marked  by 
abrupt,  sharp  emphasis.    [It.] 

stack,  stac.  I',  vt.  To  gather  or  place  in  a 
pile;  pile  up  in  a  stack.  II.  ?).  1.  A  large 
orderly  pile  of  unthrashed  grain,  hay,  or  straw  : 
commonly  conical.  2.  Any  systematic  pile  or 
heap.  3.  A  vertical  main  smokcflue.  [< 
Ice.  stakki%  stack.] 

staf(f,  stgf,  n.     [staves,  stflvz,  staf(f)s,  })l.] 

1.  A  stick  or  piece  of  wood  carried  for  some 
special  purpose.  2.  A  shaft  or  pole.  3.  Mil. 
A  body  of  officers  attached  to  a  commander. 
4.  The  combined  lines  and  spaces  used  in 
written  or  printed  music.    [<  AS.  staef,  stick.] 

stag,  stag,  n.  1.  The  red  deer,  especially  the 
matured  male. 

2.  The  male 
of  other  large 
deer.  [  <  Ice. 
steggr,  male 
animal,  < 
.stlffa,  mount.] 

stage,  stej.  I. 
?;^.  [staged; 
sta'ging.]  1. 
Theat.  To 
mount  or  ar- 
range for  the 
stage.  2.  To 
exhibit  on  the 
stage.  II.  n. 
1.  The  raised 
platform,  with 
scenery,  etc., 
on  which  the 
performance  takes  place  in  a  theater.  2.  The 
profession  of  ah  actor.  3.  A  scene  of  action. 
4.  An  elevated  platform;  staging.  5.  A  step 
or  degree.  6.  One  of  several  regular  stopping* 
places  in  a  route.  7.  A  large  four-wheeled 
conveyance,      stage' 5Coacll'''t.      [<    OF. 


Full  grown 
Royal  Stag.   V50 


eiita(/e,  <  L.  ,sto,  stand.]  —  sta'ger,  n.  A  stage- 
horse.— sta'ging,  n.  A  scaffolding  or  tempo- 
rary platform. 

stag'ger,  stag'sr,  ?;.  I.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  reel. 
2.  To  cause  to  hesitate.  II.  i.  1.  To  move 
unsteadily  to  one  side  and  the  other;  reel.  2. 
To  waver.  [<  Ice.  stakra,  freq.  of  staka, 
push.]  —  stag'ger,  n.    A  reeling  motion. 

stag'nant,  stag'nant,  a.  1.  Standing  still; 
not  liowing;  hence,  foul  from  long  standing. 
2.  Sluggish.  [F.,  <  L.  stagtio,  stagnate,  < 
stagnum,  pool.]  —  stag'iian-cy,  n.  A  stag- 
nant condition. —  stag'nate,  vi.  [stag'na"- 
TEDd;  stag'na'ting.1  1.  To  be  or  become  stag- 
nant,   ti.  To  become  Inert.—  stag-iia^tion,  n. 

staid,  st6d,  imp.  &  pp.  of  stay,  v. 

staid,  a.  Steady  and  sober;  sedate.  [<  staid, 
pp.  of  STAY,  v.]    -iy,  adv.    -ness,  ?<. 

stain,  sten,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  a  stain  upon; 
discolor.  2.  To  color  by  the  use  of  a  dye  or 
stain.  II.  i.  To  take  or  impart  a  stain.  [Abbr. 

of  DISTAIN.] 

stain,  7i.  1.  A  discoloration  from  foreign 
matter,  etc.  2.  A  dye  used  in  staining.  3.  A 
moral  taint;  tarnish.— stain'Iess,  a. 

stair,  star,  n.  1.  A  step,  or  one  of  a  series  of 
steps.  2.  A  series  of  steps:  usually  plural. 
[<  AS.  stae.gei\  <  sUgan,  climb.]  —  stair'- 
case",  n.    A  set  of  stairs.    stair'way"t. 

stakei,  stek.    I.  rt.    [staked'  ;   sta'king.] 

1 .  To  fasten  or  support  by  means  of  a  stake. 

2.  To  mark  the  boundaries  of  with  stakes. 
II.  n.  1.  A  stick  or  post,  as  of  wood,  sharp- 
ened for  driving  into  the  ground.  2.  A  j)ost 
to  which  a  person  is  bound  to  be  burned  alive. 
[<  AS.  staca,  stake.] 

stake^.  V-.vt.  To  put  at  hazard;  wager;  risk. 
II.  n.  1.  Somethnig  wagered  or  risked;  a 
prize  for  competition.  2.  The  condition  of 
being  in  hazard  or  in  question.  3.  An  inter- 
est.    [Special  use  of  stake^,  w.] 

sta-lac'tite,  sta-lac'tait,  n.  An  elongated 
pendulous,  icicle»like  form 
in  which  certain  minerals 
are  sometimes  deposited, 
as  from  the  roof  of  a  cave. 
[<  Gr.  stalaktos.,  drop- 
ping, <  sfala-fso,  drop.]  — 
stal"ac-tit'ic,  -al,  a. 

sta-lag'mite,  sta-lag'- 
mait,  n.  An  incrustation 
on  the  floor  of  a  cavern: 
the  counterpart  of  a  sta- 
lactite. [<  Gr.  stalagnios, 
dropping,  <  sfdlasso, 
drop.]  —  stal"ag-iiiit'ic, 
-a I,  a. 

stale,  stel,  a.  Having  lost 
freshness ;  deteriorated ; 
vapid;  stagnant ;  decayed; 
worn  out;  trite.  [<  OF. 
estale,  <  MD.  stel,  old.] 
—  staie'ness,  n. 

stalki,  stek.  I.  vt.  &  V: 
stealthily,  for  the  purpose  of  killing,  asm  hunt 
ing.  2.  To  pace  in  a  dignified  manner.  II.  n. 
1.  The  act  of  stalking  game.  2.  A  stately 
step  or  walk.  [  <  AS.  staelcan,  walk  slowly,  < 
stelan,  steal.]  — stalii'er,  n. 

stalk^,  n.     1.  The  stem  or  axis  of  a  plant,  es- 


Stalactites  and 
Stalagmites. 

h,  stalactites  in  a 
cave;  c,  stalagmites; 
d,  a  stalactitic  column. 

1 .  To  approach 


fiutiure    (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ©il;   c   (k);    chat;   dh   {th€)\   go;   sing,  ink;    thin. 


stall 
starboard 


4^d 


peciaily  when  herbaceous.  2.  A  supporting 
part;  stem.     [Akin  to  Ice.  stUkr^  stalk.] 

stall,  stel.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  place  or  keep 
in  a  stall,  as  cattle  for  fattening.  2.  To  furnish 
with  stalls.  3.  To  fix  or  stick  in  mire  or  snow, 
as  a  wagon.  II.  ??.  1.  A  compartment  in 
which  a  horse  or  bovine  animal  is  confined  and 
fed.  2.  A  small  booth,  enclosed  seat,  etc.  [< 
AS.  steal,  <  V  of  stand.] —fln'gersstall'',  ??. 
A  cover  to  protect  an  injured  finger.  —  ataWt 
feed'',  vt.  To  feed  (as  cattle)  in  a  stall  or  stable; 
fatten.  — s.sfed,  a. 

stal'lion,  stal'yun,  n.    An  uncastrated  male 


Hackney  Stallion,    i/eo 


horse;  also,  some  other  equine  animal.    [< 
0#.  estalon,  <  LL.  stallnm,  stall.] 

stal'wart,  stel'wart  or  stal'wart,  a.  1.  Large 
and  strong.  2.  Muscular;  brawny.  [<  AS. 
stselwyrthe.  good,  serviceable.] 

sta^xnen,  ste'men  or  stg'men,  n.  [sta'mens, 
rarely  stam'i-na,  pl.^  The  organ  that  contains 
the  pollen  in  a  flower.     [L.,  <  sto,  stand.] 

—  Htain'i-na,  n.  [Originally  the  plural  of  .sto- 
men,  now  commonly  construed  as  a  singular.l 
1.  Strength;  vigor.  '2.  The  supporting  part  of 
a  body.— staiii'i-nal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to.  a 
stamen.  ^.  Relating  to  stamina.  —  stam'i- 
natc,  a.    Having  stamens. 

stam'mer,  stam'j^.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter 
with  a  stammer.  II.  n.  A  halting,  defective 
utterance;  a  stutter.  [<  AS.  stamnr,  stam- 
mering.] —  8tam'mer-er,  n. 

stamps  stamp,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  by  im- 
pressing. 2.  To  impress  upon  anything  by  a 
stamp.  3.  To  affix  a  postage  stamp  upon.  4. 
To  bring  down  quickly  and  heavily,  as  the 
foot.  5.  To  crusn  (ores).  6.  To  stigmatize; 
brand.  II.  i.  To  strike  the  foot  forcibly 
upon  the  ground.     [<  AS.  stempan,  stamp.] 

stamp,  71.  1.  A  mark  made  by  stiimping;  de- 
vice ;  design.  2.  An  implement  or  machine 
for  stamping.  3.  Any  characteristic  mark. 
4.  Kind;  sort.    5.  The  act  of  stamping. 

stam-pede^,  stam-pid'.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [stam- 
pe'dki)'':  htam-pe'dino.]  To  cause  a  stam- 
pede. II.  n.  1.  A  sudden  starting  and  rush- 
ing off  through  panic.  2.  Any  sudden,  im- 
pulsive, tumultuous  movement  on  the  part  of  a 
crowd.  [<  Am.  8p.  estampida,  <  Sp.  estam- 
pida,  crasn.] 

stanch,  stgnch.  I',  vi.  To  stop  or  check  the 
flow  of  (blood),  as  from  a  wound.  II.  a.  1. 
Constant ;   faithful ;   hearty.    2.  Strong  and 


L.  xtag)io;  see 


vigorous.     [  <  OF.  estanchev, 
stagnant.]    staunch:;;. 

stan'chion,  stan'shun,  n.  1.  An  upright  bar 
or  timber  forming  a  principal  support.  2.  One 
of  a  pair  of  upright  timbers  used  to  confine 
cattle  in  a  stall.  [<  LIj.^^\^tantia,  chamber, 
<  L.  stan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  sto,  stand.] 

stand,  stand,  v.  [stood;  stand'ing.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  place  upright.  2.  To  put  up  with; 
bear.  II.  i.  1.  To  rest  erect;  be  or  remain 
upright.  2.  To  be  in  a  particular  condition. 
3.  Togo;  step;  pass.  4.  To  be  situated;  lie. 
5.  To  rest  upon;  depend.  [<  AS.  standan, 
stand;  cognate  with  L.  nfo,  stand.]  —  stand'- 
ing. 1.  pa.  t.  Kemaining  erect,  tj.  Main- 
tained for  regular  or  permanent  use.  3.  Stag- 
nant. 4.  Permanent.  II.  n.  1.  Relative  posi- 
tion. '^.  A  station.  3.  Duration.  4.  The  act 
of  one  who  stands.— stan<l'i>oint",  n.  A  po- 
sition from  which  things  are  viewed  or  regarded. 
—  stand'still,  ?i.  A  complete  pause;  halt;  rest. 

stand,  n.  1.  A  structure  upon  which  things 
may  stand  ;  platform  ;  small  table,  etc  2. 
Position;  place.  3.  The  act  of  standing.  4. 
A  halt;  hesitation;  resistance. 

stand'ard,  stand'ard.  a.  Having  the  accuracy 
or  authority  of  a  standard. 

stand'ard^,  n.  1.  Any  established  measure 
of  extent,  quantity,  or  value.  2.  Any  type, 
model,  or  example' for  comparison. 

stand'ard^,  v.    An  upright  timber,  post,  etc. 

stand'ard^,  ti.  A  flag,  ensign,  or  banner, 
considered  as  an  emblem. 

stan'za,  stan'za,  w.  Pros.  A^roup  of  rimed 
lines,  forming  one  of  a  series  of  divisions  in  a 
poem.     [It.,  abode,  <  LL.  stantia,  chamber.] 

sta'ple,  ste'pl,  a.  1.  Regularly  and  constantly 
produced  or  sold.  2.  Commercially  estab- 
lished. 

sta'pleS  n.  1.  A  well-established  article  of 
commerce.  2.  A  chief  element  or  main  factor. 
3.  The  fiber  of  cotton  or  wool.  4.  Raw  ma- 
terial.    [<  OF.  estaple,<  MD.  Mapel,  market.] 

sta'ple^,  71.  A  U'snajjed  piece  of  metal  with 
pointed  ends:  often  driven  into  wood,  to  serve 
as  a  fastening.     [  <  AS.  slapel,  <  staj)an,  step.] 

star,  stQr,  V.  [starked;  star'ring.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  set  with  stars.  2.  To  mark  with  an 
asterisk.    II.  i.    To  act  ag  a  dramatic  star. 

star,  n.  1.  A  celestial  body  so  distant  as  to 
appear  like  a  luminous  point.  2.  A  figure  hav- 
ing radiating  points,  generally  five.  3.  An 
asterisk  (*).  4.  An 
actor  who  plays  the 
leading  part.  [  <  AS. 
it(eo7Ta,  star.]  — star'- 
llah",  n.  A  marine 
animal  having  radia- 
ting arms.  —  Htnr'- 
less,  a.  Being  with- 
out stars  or  starlight. 
— star'lia:ht,«.  The 
light  given  by  a  star 
or  stars.  —  star'ry, 
stdr'l,  a.  [star'ri-er; 
star'bi-est.I  1,  Per- 
taining to,  set  with,  or 
lighted  by  stars.  *i. 
Sbining.  . 

star '  board,     stflr'- 
bOrd.    I",  rf.    To  put  or  turn  (the  helm)  to 
the  starboard.    II.  a.    Pertaining  to  the  right 


Starfish. 

Under  side  of  a  starfish:  m, 

mouth;  s,  suckers. 


papfi,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  U8§ge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


439 


starch 
stay 


of  a  vessel.  III.  n.  That  pide  of  ;i  vessel  on 
the  right  hand  of  one  facing  the  how.  [<  A8. 
sfear,  rudder,  +  hord,  side.  | 
starcb.,  starch.  I',  vt.  To  apply  starch  to. 
II.  n.  1.  A  white  odorless,  tasteless  sub- 
stance found  in  the  seeds,  pith,  or  tubers  of 
plants.  2.  A  gummy  solution  of  the  above, 
as  prepared  for  use  in  stiffening  clothes  in  the 
laundry.  3.  Figuratively :  Stiffness ;  back- 
bone.    {<  A.^.  stearc,  strong.]  —  starch'y,  a. 

I.  Stiffened  with  starch;  stiff;  formal;  precise. 
ti.  Farinaceous. 

stare,  star.  I.  n.  [stared;  star'ing.]  To 
fix  the  eyes  in  a  steady  gaze,  as  expressing 
amazement,  horror,  admiration,  or  insolence. 

II.  n.  A  steady,  fixed  gaze  with  wide*open 
eyes.     [<  AS.  stciHan,  stare.] 

stark,  stark.  I.  a.  1.  Stiff  or  rigid,  as  in 
death;  figuratively,  stubborn;  inflexible.  2. 
Complete;  utter,  tl.adv.  Completely; utterly. 
[<  AS.  St  ear  c,  stiff.] 

startling,  star'ling,  n.  1.  An  Old  World 
bird,     brown 

glossed  with     \v  f  \\Vw^a^ 

black.    2.  A      \\  --  — —  <-^'-^^~  \\ 

s  i  m  i  1  a  r 
American 
bird. 

start<i,  start, 
V.  1.  t.  1. 
To  originate 
motion  or  ac- 
tion in.  2.  To 
originate;  be- 
gin. 3.  To 
call  forth; 
evoke.   II.  i. 

1.  To  make 
an  involun- 
tary startled 
movement ; 
move  sudden- 
ly. 2.  To  set 
out;  proceed. 
3.  To  become 
loose.     [ME. 

to  £'4?/°         .Common  Starlings.    1/5 
ruin,  D.  st07ien,Gr.  stilrzen,  precipitate.] 

start,  n.  1.  A  quick,  startled  movement  or 
feeling.  2.  A  beginning.  3.  Distance  in  ad- 
vance; lead.  4.  Impetus  at  the  beginning  of 
■motion. 

start1(e,  start'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [start'lCe)d; 
start'ling.]  To  arouse  or  excite  suddenly; 
be  suddenly  aroused  or  excited.      [Freq.  of 

START,  v.} 

starv(e,  starv,  vt.  &  vi.  [starved;  starv'- 
iNG.]  1.  To  reduce  to  a  state  of  extreme 
hunger;  famish.  2.  To  kill  by  depriving  of 
nourishment.  [<  AS.  steorfa?!,  die.]  —  star- 
va'tion,  rt.— starv(e'lingr,  n.  A  person  or 
animal  that  is  starving  or  emaciated. 

state,  stet.  I.  vt.  [sta'ted'';  starting.]  To 
set  forth  explicitly,  as  in  speech  or  writing. 
II.  a.     1.  Pertaining  to  the  state;  public. 

2.  Intended  for  or  used  upon  occasions  of 
ceremony.  III.  n.  1.  Mode  of  existence; 
condition;  situation.  2.  A  commonwealth; 
nation.     3.  A  community  forming  part  of  a 


federal  monarchy  or  republic;  especially  [S], 
one  of  the  United  States.  4.  Civil  govern- 
ment. 5.  Ceremonious  style;  dignity.  [< 
L.oF  statKS,  <  sfo  (supine  statiini).,  stand.]  — 
8ta'ted«  pa.  Established  ;  regular ;  fixed.— 
sta'ted-ly,  «rfr.— statedly.  I,  o.  [state'- 
li-er;  state'li-est.)  Lofty;  dignified.  II. 
adv.  Loftily.— state'li-ness,  w.— state'- 
nient«  ».  1.  A  summary  of  facts;  narration. 
'2.  That  which  is  stated.— state'room'',  n. 
A  private  sleeplng=apartment,  as  in  a  vessel.— 
states'iiian,  n.  [-men,  pl.^  One  who  is 
skilled  in  the  science  and  art  of  government.— 
states' III  au-ship,  n.  The  art  or  skill  of  a 
statesman. 

stat'ic,         (static, -al,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to 

stat'ic-al,  S  bodies  at  rest  or  forces  in  equilib- 
rium, 2.  Acting  as  weight,  but  not  moving. 
[<  Gr.  statikos,  causing  to  stand.]  —  stat'ics, 
n.    The  science  of  bodies  at  rest. 

sta'tion,  stc'shmi,  I.  vt.  To  assign  to  a 
station.  II.  n.  1.  An  assigned  location.  2. 
An  established  place  or  building  serving  as  a 
starting=point,  stage,  or  stopping=place,  as  on 
a  railway.  3.  Social  condition ;  rank;  stand- 
ing. [F.,  <  L.  statio(n-),  <  sio,  stand.]  — 
sta'tion-a-r5%  a.  1 .  Remaining  in  one  place. 
ti.  Fixed.  3.  Exhibiting  no  change  of  character 
or  condition.— sta'tion-er,  n.  A  dealer  in 
stationery.—  sta'tion-er^'y,  n.  Writing.ma- 
teriais  in  general;  especially,  note=paper  and 
envelopes. 

sta'tist,  ste'tist, «.  A  statistician,  [< state,  w.] 

sta-tis'tics,  sta-tis'tics,  n.  pi.  Systematized 
numerical  facts  collectively.     [<  STATisf  " 

—  sta-tis'tic-al,  a.  sta-tis'tici.— ma- 
tis'tic-al-ly,  f«/».— stat''is-ti'cian,  n.  One 
skilled  In  collecting  and  tabulating  statistics. 

stat'ue,  stach'u  or  stat'yu,  n.  A  plastic  work 
representing  a  human  or  animal  figure, 
generally  in  marble  or  bronze,  [F.,  <  L. 
statua,  <ifto,  stand.] — stat'u-a-ry,  w.  [-ries», 
pl.'\  1.  Statues,  collectively  considered.  2.  A 
statue^maker.  3.  The  art  of  making  statues.- 
stat^'u-esque',  a.  Resembling  a  statue.- 
•  stat'^u-ette',  n.    A  smaH  statue. 

stat'ure,  stach'ftr  or  stat'yjjr,  n.  The  natural 
height  of  an  animal  body:  used  especially  of 
man.     [F.,  <  L.  statiira,  <  sto,  stand.] 

sta'tus,  ste'tus  or  stg'tus,  n.  1.  State,  con- 
dition, or  relation.    2.  Relative  position.    [L.] 

stat'ute,  stach'iit  or'  stat'yfit,  71.  A  legislative 
enactment  duly  sanctioned  and  authenticated ; 
any  authoritatively  declared  ordinance  or  law. 
[<  F.  statut,  <  LL.  statutnm,  <  L.  sto., 
stand.] — stat'u-to-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
statute;  created  by  legislative  enactment. 

staunch,  stgnch,  v.,  «.,  &  n.    Same  as  stanch. 

stave,  stev.  1..  vt.  [staved  or  stove;  sta'- 
viNG.]  1.  To  break  in  the  staves  of ;  smash. 
2.  To  furnish  or  fit  with  staves.  II.  n. 
[staves,  stevz,  pL]  1.  A  curved  strip  of 
wood,  forming  a  part  of  the  sides  of  a  barrel, 
tub,  or  the  like.  2.  Mus.  A  staff.  3.  A 
stanza;  verse.     [<  AS.  stsef.,  staff.] 

staves,  stuvz,  n.    Plural  of  staff. 

stay,  ste,  V.  [stayed  or  staid;  stay'ing.] 
I.  ^.  1.  To  stop  the  progress  of.  2.  To  be 
a  support  to;  prop.  3.  To  postpone,  II.  i. 
1.  To  remain;  tarry.  2.  To  halt,  [<  MD.«f 
staeye,  stay.] 

stay,  n.  1.  The  act  or  time  of  staying.  2. 
That  which  checks  or  stops.    3.  A  prop;  snp- 


flut|flre  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  {the)\  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


stead 
step 


440 


l)ort;  especially,  a  rope,  bar,  etc.,  for  holding 
a  mast,  or  the  like,  in  jwsition. 
stead,  sted,  n.    1.  Place  of  another  person  or 
thing:  preceded  by  in.     2.  Place  of  support; 
service.    [<  AS.  stede,  place,  or  staeth,  harbor; 

both  <    4?  of  STAND.] 

stead^'fast,  (  sted'fgst  or  -fast,  a.    1.  Firmly 

sted'fast,  f  fixed  in  faith  or  devotion  to  duty ; 
constant.  2 .  Directed  fixedly  at  one  point  or  to 
one  end,  as  the  gaze  or  purpose ;  steady.  [  <  AS. 
sfede,  place,  -f  fsest,  fast.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

stead'y,  sted'l.  I.  vt.  &  m.  [stead'ied; 
stead'y-ing.]  To  make,  hold,  or  become 
steady.  II.  a.  [stead'i-er;  stead'i-est.] 
1.  Stable  in  position.  2.  Constant;  uniform. 
3.  Free  from  dissipation.  4.  Steadfast.  [< 
AS.  stxththig,  <  stseth,  bank.]  —  stead'i-ly, 

■   adv.  —  stead'i-ness,  n. 

steak,  stek,  n.  A  slice  of  meat,  as  of  beef, 
usually  broiled  or  fried.     [<  Ice.  steik.'] 

steal,  stil,  vt.  &  m.  [stole;  sto'len;  steal'- 
iNG.]  1.  To  take  without  right,  authority,  or 
permission;  commit  larceny;  secure  dishon- 
estly. 2.  To  act  in  a  concealed,  silent,  or  sur- 
reptitious manner.   [<  AS.  stelan,  steal.] 

stealth,  stelth,  n.  The  quality  or  habit  of 
acting  secretly;  secret  movement.  [<  AS. 
stelan,  steal.] — steaith'y,  a.  Moving  or  act- 
ing secretly  or  slyly.— stealth'i-ly,  adv.— 
Mtealth'i-ness,  n. 

steam,  stlm,  v.  I.  t.  To  saturate,  cook,  or 
otherwise  affect  by  steam.  II.  i.  1.  To  make, 
give  off,  or  send  out  steam.  2.  To  move  by 
steam,  as  a  vessel. 

steam,  n.  1.  Water  in  the  form  of  vapor.  2. 
Any  kind  of  vaporous  exhalation.  [<  AS. 
steam.,  vapor.] —steam'boat'',  n.  A  boat  or 
vessel  propelled  by  steam.— steaiii'sen'^ginCe, 
n.  An  engine  that  derives  its  motive  force  from 
the  action  of  steam.— steain'er,  n.  1,  Some- 
thing propelled  or  worked  by  steam;  especially,  a 
steamship,  tj,  A  vessel  In  which  something  is 
steamed.- steam'sliip^',  n.  A  large  vessel 
for  ocean  traffic,  propelled  by  steam,  —  steam's 
tiijr'',  n.  A  tug  propelled  by  steam.— 8team''y, 
(t.    Full  of  steam;  misty.- steam'i-ness,  n. 

ste'ar-in,  stl'ar-in,  n.  A  white,  pearly,  crystal- 
line compound  contained  in  many  animal  and 
vegetable  fats.  [<  Gr.  stear,  suet.]  ste'ar- 
inet. 

steed,  stid,  n.  A  horse;  a  war»horse.  [<  AS. 
HtMa.] 

steel,  stil.     I.  vt.     1.  To  cover  with  steel; 

Elate  with  or  furnish  with  steel.  2.  To  make 
ard  or  unyielding.  II.  a.  Made  or  composed 
of  steel;  hence,  hard;  obdurate.  III.  n.  1. 
A  compound  of  iron  (chiefly  with  carbon)  that 
is  decidedly  malleable  at  some  higli  tempera- 
ture. 2.  Something  made  of  steel.  [<  AS. 
Htple^  8t<iel.]  — steep y,  a.  Of  or  like  steel, 
having  a  8teel«llkc 
hardne 

steel' 
yard, 
device 

conBist—rt  „.  „  .. I  -^  cf    1      rt 

beam,    counterpoise,    \ii   oteeiyara. 

and     hooks.        [< 

STEEL,  n.y  4-  YARD  (cnclosure);  meant  to  be  a 

translation  of  MD.  ifaelhof,  sample-yard.] 

steep',  sttp,  vt.  &  ri.     To  soak  inn  liquid; 


mingle  gradually  in  an  infusion;  macerate.  [< 
Ice.  steypa,  overturn,  <  stupa,  stoop.] 

steep.  I.  a.  1.  Making  a  great  incline;  pre- 
cipitous; sheer.  2.  [CoUoq.]  Exorbitant;  high. 
II.  71.  A  precipitous  place;  a  hill.  [<  AS. 
steap,  steep;  akin  to  stoop,?;.] 

stee'pl(e,  sti'pl,  n.  A  lofty  structure  rising 
above  the  roof  of  a  church;  a  spire.  [<  AS. 
stepel,  <  steath  steep.]  —  stee'ple-chase'',  n. 
A  race  on  horseback  across  country. 

steer,  stir,  v.  I.  t.  To  turn  or  keep  on  a 
given  course,  as  by  a  rudder.  II.  2.  1.  To 
guide  a  vessel  by  means  of  a  rudder.  2.  To 
guide  or  direct  one's  course.  [<  AS.  steoran, 
<  stem\  rudder.]  —  steers'man,  n.  [-men,^?.] 
One  who  steers  a  boat. 

steer,  n.  A  young  male  of  the  ox  kind.  [< 
AS.  steor.,  steer;  akin  to  OHG.  stin%  strong.] 

steer'age,  etir'gj,  n.  1.  That  part  of  an 
ocean  passenger^vessel  occupied  chiefly  by 
immigrants.  2.  The  act  of  steering.  3.  The 
state  of  being  steered. 

steFlar,  stel'ar,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  stars; 
astral.  \_<  lA,.  stellaris.,  <  L.  stella.,  star.]  — 
stel'late,  a.  Star=shaped  or  starlike.  steP- 
la^'tedi.  —  stel'li-foriii,  a.  Star^shaped;  ra- 
diate.—stel'lu-lar,  a.  Set  or  bespangled  with 
fine  stars. 

stemi,  stem,  vt.  &  vi.  [stemmed;  stem'ming.] 
To  make  headway  agamst,  as  a  current. 

stein.^,vt.  1.  To  remove  the  stems  from.  2. 
To  supply  with  stems. 

stem^  n.  1.  The  stock  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or 
plant.  2.  The  pedicel,  stalk,  etc.,  that  sup- 
ports the  fruit,  flower,  or  leaf  of  a  plant.  3. 
The  stock  of  a  family;  lineage.  [<  AS.  ste7}in, 
stem.  <  4/  of  stand.] 

stem2,«.  A  nearly  upright  timber  or  metal 
piece  constituting  the  forward  member  of  a 
vessePs  hull.     [<  AS.  stejn,  prow  of  a  ship.] 

stencb,,  stench,  n.  An  offensive  odor;  foul 
smell.     [<  AS.  stenc,  <  stincan,  smell.] 

Steil'Cil,Sten'sil.  l.Vf.  [STEN'CILEDOr-CILLED; 

sten'cil-ing  or  -cil'ling.]  To  make  with  a 
stencil.  II.  «.  1.  A  thin  sheet  or  plate  in 
which  a  pattern  is  cut  by  spaces,  through  which 
a  color  applied  to  the  surface  penetrates  to  a 
surface  beneath.  2.  A  decoration  or  the  like 
produced  by  stenciling.  [<  OF.  estinceller, 
sparkle,  <  L.  scintillo':  see  scintillant.]  — 
Hteii'cil-er,  n.    sten'eil-lert. 

sten'o-grapli,  sten'o-grgf,  n.  A  character 
or  writnig  in  shorthand.  —  steii-os'ra-pher, 
n.  One  wlio  writes  stenography  or  phonography. 
Hten-OK'ra-pliiHti.  —  Hteii-otr'ra-phy,  n. 
The  art  of  writing  by  tlie  use  of  oontraetlons  orar- 
bltniry  symbols;  shorthand.-  steii'^o-tfrapli'- 
if,  Hteii''o-s:rapli'ic-aI,  a. 

sten-to'ri-an,  a.  Having  or  producing  a  loud 
tone;  loud-voiced. 

step,  step.  v.  [stepped'  or  stept;  ptep'pino.] 
l.t.  1.  To  place,  set,  or  move,  as  the  foot,  in 
taking  steps.  2.  To  insert  the  lower  end  of 
(a  mast)  in  a  socket.  II.  i.  To  take  a  step  or 
steps;  move  the  feet,  as  in  walking.  [<  AS. 
steppaiu  step,  <  \f  oi  stand.] —Htep'pinK= 
stone",  n.  A  stone  affording  a  foot-rest,  as 
for  crossing  a  stream;  hence,  anytldng  by  means, 
of  which  one  rises  or  advances. 

step,  V.  1.  A  motion  by  change  of  position  of 
a  foot.    2.  The  distance  passed  over  in  making 


papa,  98k;  at,  air;  elfim^nt,  thdy,  nsfge;  it,  |,  t  (ce);  o,  dh;  erat<^r,  or;  full,  rfile;  but,  Or; 


441 


step- 
stigma 


such  a  motion.  3.  That  upon  which  the  foot 
is  placed  in  ascending  or  descending,  as  a  8tair» 
tread  or  ladder-rung.  4.  A  single  action  re- 
garded as  leading  to  something.  5.  An  ad- 
vance or  promotion.  6.  Walk;  gait.  7.  A 
footprint.  8.  Mas.  An  interval  measuring  a 
difference  of  pitch.  9.  A  step-like  projection 
or  part.  10.  A  socket  in  which  the  end  of 
something  may  rest. 

step-.  A  prefix  denoting  relationship  through 
the  marriage  only  of  a  parent,  and  not  by  blood. 
[<  AS.  xteop,  orphaned.]  — step'broth"er,  n. 
—  step'child'',  ?«.  — step'daiigli"ter,  n.— 
step'fa''ther,  «. —  step' moth ^'er,  n.— 
step'=par''ent, «.— step'sis'^ter,  m.— step'- 
son,  n. 

steppe,  step,  n.  A  vast  plain  devoid  of  forest, 
as  in  Siberia.     [<  Rush,  step'i,  heath.] 

-ster,  sr{^x.  A  termination  denoting  profession, 
occupation,  or  agency:  originally  the  feminine 
form  of  -EB  as  still  in  the  single  example  spin- 
ster. After  the  14th  century  it  denoted  sim- 
ple agency  or  profession,  ofteii  with  a  shade  of 
contempt  or  depreciation;  as,  seamsier;  punster; 
rlme.s«er.    [<  AS.  -estre,  fem.  sulflx.] 

stere,  sttr  or  star,  n.  A  cubic  unit  of  metric 
measure,  equal  to  one  kiloliter  (1,000  liters)  or 
one  cubic  meter.  See  metric  system,  under 
METRIC.     [  <  F.  stere,  <  Gr.  stereos,  solid.] 

stereo-.  A  combining  form.  [<  (jt.  8te7'eos, 
solid,  firm,  hard.] — ster^'e-op'ti-con,  n.  A 
double  magic  lantern:  used  to  bring  one  Image 
after  another  on  the  screen  by  the  alternate  use 
of  the  lanterns.  —  ster'e-o-scope,  ster'e-o- 
scop,  n.  An  optical  Instrument  for  blending  into 
one  image  two  pictures  of  an  object  from  slightly 
different  points  of  view,  so  as  to  produce  upon 
the  eye  the  impression  of  relief.—  ster^'e-o- 
scop'ic,  -al,  a.—  ster'e-o-type,  ster'e-o- 
taip.  \.  vt.  [-TYPEDt; -TY'PiNG.]  1.  TomSkc 
a  stereotype  of.  2.  To  furnish  stereotype  plates 
for.  II.  n.  A  cast  or  plate  taken  In  stereotype- 
metal  from  a  matrix,  as  of  paper,  reproducing 
the  surface  from  which  the  matrix  was  made.— 
ster'e-o-typesmef'al,  n.  An  alloy  of  type- 
metal,  but  containing  more  lead.  — ster'e-o- 
ty'^per,  n. 

ster'il(e,  ster'il,  a.  Having  no  reproductive 
power;  barren.  [<  L.  stej'ilis,  barren.]  —  ste- 
ril'i-ty,  w.— ster'il-ize,  vt.  [-izkd;  -i'zing.] 
1.  To  deprive  of  productive  power,  ti.  To  de- 
stroy bacteria  in;  make  free  from  germs,  ster'- 
il-iset. 

ster'ling:,  stgr'ling,  a.  1.  Having  a  standard 
of  value  or  fineness  established  by  the  British 
government.  2.  Having  accepted  worth;  gen- 
uine. [  <  Easterlings,  German  traders  in  Eng- 
land, <  AS.  edstan,  from  the  east.] 

stern,  stgm,  a.  1.  Marked  by  severity  or 
harshness.  2.  Strict;  severe.  3.  Inspiring  fear; 
repelling.  [<  AS.  siyrne,  stem.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  ti. 

stem,  n.  The  aft  part  of  a  ship,  boat,  etc.  [  < 
Ice.  stjorn,  steering,  <  y  of  steer,  v.] 

ster'num,  stgr'num,  n.  [sTER'NAor  -nums^, 
2)1.]  The  breast-bone.  [<  Gr.  sternon,  breast.] 
—  ster'nal,  a. 

ster^nu-ta'tion,  8tgr"niu-te'shun,  n.  The 
act  of  sneezing.  [<  L.^^  sternuto,  intens.  of 
sterm/o,   sneeze.] — ster-nu'ta-to-ry,  a.  &  n. 

Stet,   Stet,   vt.  &  ti.      [STET'TEDd;    stet'ting.] 

In  proof-reading,  a  direction  to  let  stand  as 

originally  written  or  printed.    [L.,  let  it  stand.] 

stetb'o-scope,  steth'o-scOp,  n.  An  apparatus, 


Binaural  Stethoscope, 
as  used. 


as  a  tubular  piece  of  wood  or  hard  rubber,  for 
conveying  to  the  ear  of  an  operator  the 
sounds     produced 
within  the  lungs, 
heart,  etc.     [  <  Gr. 
stethos,  breast,  -f- 

-SCOPE.] 

ste've-dore'', 

sti'vg-dor', /2.  One 
whose  business  is 
stowing  or  unload- 
ing the  hold  of 
vessels.     [<  Sp.  estivador,  wool-packer.] 

stew,  stiu.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  boil  slowly  and 
gently.  II.  n.  1.  Stewed  food,  especially  a 
preparation  of  meat.  2o  Mental  agitation; 
worry.  [<  OF.  estuve,  <  OHG.  stitbd,  hot- 
house, =  STOVE,  w.] 

stew'ard,  stiQ'ard,  n.  1.  A  person  entrusted 
with  the  management  of  estates  or  affairs  not 
his  own.  2.  A  person  put  in  charge  of  the  do- 
mestic affairs  of  an  establishment.  [<  AS. 
sdweard,  <  stlg,  sty,  -(-  weard,  ward.]—  stew'- 
ard-e$is,  n. /«/«.— stew'ard-ship,  n. 

sticb.,  Stic,  n.  A  line,  as  of  the  Bible  or  of 
poetry;  averse.     [<  Gr.  stichos,  row.] 

sticki,  Stic,  ?;.  [stuck;  stick'ing.]  1.  t.  1. 
To  cause  to  pierce;  thrust;  stab.  2.  To  fix  in 
place  by  inserting  or  piercing.  II.  i.  1.  To 
be  held  or  supported  by  being  thrust  in.  2.  To 
protrude,  with  out,  through,  and  from.  [< 
AS.  *stecan,  =  OS.  stekan,  pierce.] 

stick^,  V.  [stuck;  stick'ing.]  I.  t.  To  at- 
tach by  some  adhesive  substance.  II.  i.  1. 
To  cleave  to  a  surface ;  adhere.  2.  To  stay 
attached.  3.  To  be  stopped;  perplexed  or  dis- 
concerted.   [<  AS.  stician,  stab,  cleave.] 

—  stick'y,  a.  [stick'i-er;  stick'i-est.]  Ad- 
hering to  a  surface;  adhesive.— stick'i-ly,  adv. 
—  stick'i-ness,  n. 

sticks  n.  1.  A  piece  of  wood  that  is  long, 
compared  with  its  cross-section.  2.  Anything 
resembling  such  apiece;  a  rod,  wand,  or  cane. 
3.  Pj'int.  A  metal  frame  in  which  type  is  com- 
posed.    [<  AS.  sticca,  stick,  <  -j/  of  sticri,  v.] 

stick2,  n.    A  penetrative  thrust;  stab. 

stick'l(e,  stic'l,  vi.  [stick'l(e)d;  stick'- 
LiNG.]  To  contend  about  trifling  matters.  [Ult. 

<  AS.  stihtan,  govern.]  —  stick'ler,  n. 
stiff,  stif,  a.    1.  Resisting  the  action  of  a  bend- 
ing force.    2.  Not   easily   moved.     3.  Con- 
strained and  awkward.    4.  Viscous.     5.  Ob- 
stinate.   6.  Hard;  severe.     [<  AS.  stif,  stiff.] 

-ly,  adw.  -ness,  71.— stiff'en,  »«.  &  ?:j.  To 
make  or  become  stiff  or  stiffer. 

sti'fle,  stai'fl,  v.  [sti'fled;  sti'fling.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  kill  by  stopping  respiration.  2.  To  ex- 
tinguish. 3.  To  conceal;  suppress.  II.  i.  To 
die  from  suffocation.     [<  Ice.  sfifla,  choke.] 

sti'fle,  n.  The  joint  next  the  body,  in  the  hind 
leg  of  a  horse.  See  illus.  under  horse,  sti'- 
fle=  joint''?. 

stig'ma,  stig'ma,  n.  [stig'mas^  or  stig'ma- 
TA,  pi.]  1.  A  mark  of  infamy,  or  token  of 
disgrace.  2.  That  part  of  a  pistil  which  re- 
ceives the  pollen.    3.  A  mark;  spot;  scar.  [L., 

<  Gr.  stigma,  <  stizo,  prick.]  —  stig-mat'ie, 
a.— stig'ma-tize,  »«.  [-tized; -tt"zing.]  To 
brand  as  Ignominious.  [<  Gr.  stigmatizu,  < 
stigma;  see  stigma.]    stigr'ma-tiset. 


fiut|ure   (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;    db   {jthe)\  go;  sing,  inik;   thin. 


stiie 
stockade 


442 


stile,  stail,  ??.  A  series  of  steps  for  crossing  a 
fence  or  wall.     [<  AS.  sligel,  <  stiqan,  climb.] 

sti-let'to,  sti-let'O,  n.  A  small  dagger  with 
slender  blade.  [It.,  dim.  of  stilo.,  <  L.  stilus, 
pointed  instrument,  style.] 

still,  stil.  I.  vt.  To  cause  to  be  still;  put  to 
rest  or  silence.  II.  a.  1.  Being  without  move- 
ment. 2.  Free  from  disturbance.  3.  Making 
no  sound.  4.  Inanimate.  III.  n.  Stillness; 
calm.  IV.  adv.  1.  Now  or  then;  as  pre- 
viously ;  yet.  2.  Notwithstanding.  3.  In 
increasing  degree;  even  yet.  [<  AS.  sf.ille,  < 
stille,  a.,  still.]  —  still'sborn'',  a.  Lifeless  at 
birth.— stil I'ness,  w.—  8till'y.  I.  «.  [Poet.] 
Still;  silent.    II.  adv.    Calmly;  quietly. 

still,  n.  1.  An  apparatus  in  which  liquors  are 
distilled.    2.  A  distillery. 

stilt,  stilt,  n.  1.  One  of  a  pair  of  slender  poles, 
each  having  a  projection  to  support 
the  foot  above  the  ground  in  walk- 
ing. 2.  One  of  various  other  sup- 
ports. [ <  Sw.  stylta,  prop.]  —  stilt'- 
ed»  «.  Artificially  or  formally  eleva- 
ted In  manner;  bombastic;  Inflated. 

stim'u-lant,  stim'yu-lant.  I.  a. 
Serving  to  stimulate.  II.  n.  Any- 
thing that  stimulates,  as  an  exciting 
intoxicant.  [<  L.  stimulo  (ppr. 
gtimulan{t-)s),  prick,  <  stimulus, 
goad.]— stim'u-late,  vt.  &  vi.  [la"- 
TBDd;  -LA"TiNG.]  1.  To  rousc  to  ac- 
tivity; excite;  animate,  ii.  To  affect 
by  Intoxicants;  take  stimulants.— 
Mtiin'^u-la'tion,  n.—  stim'ii-la- 
tiv(e,  a.  &  n.— stim'u-la^'tor,  7i. 
—  stim'u-lus,  71.  [-Li,-lal  or  -II,  pi.] 
Anything  that  rouses  the  mind  or 
spirits,  or  that  excites  action  In  a 
muscle. 

sting,  sting.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [stung;  sting'- 
iNG.I  1.  To  pierce  with  a  sting;  use  a  sting. 
2.  To  cause  a  sensation,  as  from  a  sting.  3. 
To  stimulate,  4.  To  be  keenly  painful.  II. 
n.  1.  The  act  of  stinging;  the  wound  made 
by  a  sting.  2.  Zool.  A  sharj)  offensive  or  de- 
fensive organ  capable  of  inflicting  a  painful  and 
poisonous  wound.  3.  Spur;  goad.  [<  AS. 
stingan,  sting.]  —  stingier,  n. 

|stin'oi-er;  stin'gi-bst.] 
penurious  or 
selfish.      2. 'Scanty.      [< 
8TINO,  t'.]— Btln'jsl-n»?8H,  /I. 

Htlnff'ys,  HtinRi.  a.  [Colloq.  1 
StlnKinKi  plerclnK. 

stink,  Htiyk.  I.  vi.  [stank 
or  stunk;  stink'ing.]    To 
give  forth  a  foul  odor.    II. 
n.    A  stench.    [<  AS.  stincan, 
smell.] 

stint,  stint.  Id.  vt.  1.  To  pro- 
vide for  or  serve  scantily.  2. 
To  allot  a  specific  task  to.  II. 
71.  1.  A  fixed  amount,  as  of 
work;  allowance.  2.  llestric- 
tion.     [<  AS.  stj/ntan,  hhmi.] 

stipe,  Btaip,  n.  A  stalk  or  stalk- 
like support;  petiole;  stem. 
IF..  <  L.  stip€ft,oranch.] 

sti'pend,  stui'pend,  n.    A  sal- 
ary that  affords  a  bare  livelihood.     [<  L.  sii- 
pendimn,  tax.]  —  stl-pen^dUa-ry,  «.     [-riks», 


stin'gyi,  stin'ji,  a. 
1.  Extremely  penu 


Stipes  («)  of 
a  Maidenhair 
Fern. 


pi.  1    One  who  receives  a  stipend,  as  a  clergyman. 

stip'u-late,  stip'yu-let,  v.  [-la'ted*':  -la"- 
ting.]  I.  /.  1.  To  specify  as  the  terms  of 
an  agreement.  2.  To  particularize.  II.  i. 
To  make  stipulations.  [<  L.  slim/lor  (pp. 
stipiUatris).  bargain  for.]  —  stip^'ii-Ia'tioii,  n. 
1.  The  act  of  stipulating.  2.  Anything  stipu- 
lated; an  agreement  or  contract.— stip'ii-la''- 
tor,  71. 

stip'ule,  stip'yQl,  71.  One  of  a  pair  of  leaf* 
like  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  of 
certain  leaves.  [<  L.  stipula.  stalk  ]  —  stip'- 
ii-late,  stip'yu-let  or  -1ft  a.    Having  stipules. 

stir,  stgr,  V.  [stirred;  stir'ring.]  I.  /.  1. 
To  alter  the  relative  position  of  the  particles 
or  components  of,  as  by  imparting  to  them 
circular  motion.  2.  To  cause  to  move;  dis- 
turb. 3.  To  bestir;  rouse.  II.  i.  1.  To  be 
active  or  in  motion.  2.  To  move.  [<  AS. 
styrian,  stir.] 

stir,  71.  The  act  of  stirring  ;  activity ;  excite- 
ment; commotion. 

stir'rup,  stir'up  or  stgr'up,  «.  A  support  for 
the  foot,  suspended  from  the  side  of  a  saddle. 
[  <  AS.  sflraj),  <  sllgafi,  mount,  -f  ra;;,  rope.] 

stitch,  stich.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  join  together 
with  stitches;  sew.  II.  n.  1.  A  single  pas- 
sage of  a  threaded  needle;  also,  the  thread  or 
yarn  thus  placed.  2.  A  sharp  sudden  pam, 
as  in  the  side.     [<  AS.  slice,  pricking.] 

stitli'y,  stith'i.     [stith'iesS  pl]     A  smithy. 


[<  Ice.  stethi.] 
sti'-^ 


ver,  stai'vgr,  w.  1.  A  small  Dutch  coin, 
worth  2  cents.  2.  Anything  of  little  value. 
[<  D.  stuiver,  stiver.] 

stoat,  stot,  71.     The  ermine,  especially  in  its 
summer    coat,     red- 
dish '  brown     above, 
yellow    below.       [< 
Ice.  stutr,  a  bull.] 

stocks  stec,  V.    1.  t. 

I.  To  furnish  with 
stock.  2.  To  supply 
with  a  handle.  3.  To 
lay  by  for  the  future. 

II.  i.  To  lay  in  or 
provide  supplies. 

stock,  a.  Continually 
kept  ready;  standing. 


Stoat. 


stock,  n.  1.  The  trunk  or  main  support  of  a 
plant.  2.  Lineage;  family.  3.  Domestic 
animals.  4.  Goods  and  merchandise  employed 
in  trade,  as  by  a  merchant.  5.  Any  reserve 
supply.  6.  Certificates  of  shares  or  indebted- 
ness. 7.  The  handle  of  a  gun,  etc.  8.  A 
support,  as  for  a  vessel  dunng  construction. 
9.  A  neckcloth.  10.  A  block,  stake,  post,  or 
log  of  wood  ;  anything  heavy  and  senseless. 
[<  AS.  stoc,  stock.] 

—  Htock'sbro'^ker,  «.  Finance.  One  who 
buys  and  sells  stocks  for  others.—  h.  company, 
an  Incorporated  company  that  Issues  stock.  — 
atock'lioltf  rr,  «.  One  who  holds  certificates 
of  ownerslilp,  as  in  a  stock  company.— s.jjob- 
ber,  71.  A  dealer  or  speculator  in  stocks.— s,« 
jobbery,  «.  N.oobbintrt.— H.sstill,  a.  Still 
as  a  stock  or  post;  motionless. 

stock-ade',  stek-ed'.  I.  vt.  [stock- a'ded*"; 
stock-a'ding.]  To  fortify  with  a  stockade. 
II.  n.  A  line  of  stout  posts,  stakes,  etc..  set 
upright  in  the  earth  to  form  a  fence  or  barrier. 


papa,  98k;  at,  ftir;  element,  they,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  ifile;  bot,  vr; 


44d 


stocking: 
story 


[<  STOCK,  v..  imitating  F.  esUicade,  <  It. 
steccata,  palisade.] 

stock'ing,  stek'ing,  n.  A  woven  or  knitted 
covering  lor  the  foot  and  lower  part  of  the  leg. 

stock'y,  stek'i,  a.    Short  and  stout. 

Sto'ic,  stO'ic,  n.  1.  A  member  of  a  school  of 
(ireek  philosophy  that  sternly  repressed  all 
emotion.  2.  [s-]  A  person  indifferent  to 
pleasure  or  pain.  [Ult.  <  Gr.  Stoa  Poikile, 
'  the  Painted  Porch,'  at  Athens,  frequented  by 
Zeno,  founder  of  the  Stoic  school.]  — Sto'ic-al, 
a.— Sto'i-cism,  n.  1.  The  doctrines  of  the 
Stoics.  '2.  [8-]  Stoical  indifference  to  pleasure 
or  pain,    sto'ic-al-nesst* 

stoke,  stok,  vt.  &  Ti.  [stoked*;  sto'king.] 
To  supply  (a  furnace)  with  fuel;  serve  as  a 
stoker.  [<  D.  stoken,  stir  a  fire,  <  stok, 
stick.] — sto'ker,  n. 

stole,  sto'leii,  imp.  &pp.  of  steal,  v. 

stole,  n.  1.  Eccl.  A  narrow  band  fringed  at 
the  ends,  worn  by  the  clergy  of  various 
churches  while  officiating.  2.  Any  ecclesias- 
tical vestment.  [  <  L.^f  stola,  outer  garment  of 
a  Roman  matron.] 

stoFid,  stel'id,  a.  Having  or  expressing  no 
power  of  feeling  or  perceiving;  impassible; 
dull.  [<  L.  sfoJidiis,  dull.]  -ly,  adv.— sto- 
lid'i-ty,  n.    stoFifl-nesst. 

stom'acll,  stum'ac.  !«.  vt.  To  accept,  as  by 
the  stomach,  without  opposition;  hence,  to 
put  up  with.  II.  w.  1.  A  dilatation,  or  dilata- 
tions, of  the  alimentary  canal,  serving  as  one 
of  the  i)rincipal  organs  of  digestion.  2.  The 
abdomen;  belly.  3.  Desire  of  food ;  appetite. 
[<  Gr.L+F  stomac/ws,  <  stoma,  mouth.]  — 
Mtoin'ach-er,  n.  A  former  ornamental  article 
of  women's  dress  for  the  breast  and  stomach.— 
sto-inach'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  stomach. 
stoin'ach-alt;  sto-iiiach'ic-all:. 

stone,  ston.  I,  vt.  [stoned;  sto'ning.]  1. 
To  hurl  stones  at.  2.  To  remove  the  stones 
or  pits  from.  3.  To  furnish,  as  a  well,  with 
stone.  II.  n.  1.  A  small  piece  of  rock,  as  a 
cobble  or  pebble.  2.  Rock,  or  apiece  of,  rock 
hewn  or  shaped.  3.  A  gem.  4.  A  stony  con- 
cretion in  the  bladder,  or  a  disease  character- 
ized by  such  concretions.  5.  The  bony  cover- 
ing of  the  kernel  in  a  fruit.  6.  [Brit.]  A  meas- 
ure of  weight,  avoirdupois,  usually  14  pounds. 
[<  AS.  stdn,  stone.]— stone'scoal",  n.  Hard 
or  anthracite  coal.—  s.scolor,  ?i.  Bluish  gray.— 
s.sdead,  a.  Quite  dead.— s.jfruit,  «.  Afruit 
having  a  stone;  a  drupe.— stone's  cast,  the 
distance  a  stone  may  be  cast  by  hand,  stone's 
throwi.— stone'ware'',  7i.  A  variety  of 
pottery.— stone'work'',  7i.  Work  made  of 
stone.  — sto'ny,  a.  [sto'ni-er;  sto'ni-est.] 
1.  Abounding  In  stone.  2.  Hard  as  stone;  hence, 
unfeeling.— sto'ni-ness,  n. 

stood,  stud,  imp.  &  pp.  of  stand,  v. 

stool,  stiil,  n.  1.  A  backless  seat  intended  for 
one  person.  2.  Any  low  chair=like  support. 
3.  A  commode;  also,  feces.  [<  AS.  stol,  seat, 
<  V  of  stand.]  —stool'spig^'eon,  n.  A  decoy 
pigeon. 

stoops  stup,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  bend  or  lean  for- 
ward ;  bow,  or  be  bowed  down.  2.  To  bring 
down  from  dignity  or  rank ;  condescend.  3. 
To  swoop.     [<  AS.  stupian,  stoop.] 

stoopi,  w.  1.  An  act  of  stooping.  2.  Conde- 
scension.   3.  A  swoop. 

8toop2,  n.     [U.  S.]    An  uncovered  platform  at 


the  door  of  a  house;  a  porch;  veranda.     [<  I). 

■StOep,  stoop,  <    V  of  STEP.] 

stoop3,  /  n.     1.  A  drinknig=cup  or  flagon.     2. 

stoup,  S  Ecd.  A  receptacle  for  holy  water,  as 
at  the  entrance  of  a  church.  [  <  AS.  stedp,  cup.] 

stop,  step,  V.  [stopped^  ;  stop'ping.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  bring  from  motion  to  rest;  cause  to 
cease;  bring  to  an  end.  2.  To  check  before- 
hand; prevent.  3.  To  close;  keep  back.  II.  i. 
1.  To  come  to  rest.  2.  To  cease;  discon- 
tinue. [<  AS.  stoppian,  prob.  <  LL.  stupo, 
stop.]  —  stop'scock'',  71.  A  faucet  having  a 
a  stop  or  valve. —  stop'sgap'',  n.  That  which 
stops  a  gap.  —  stop'page,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
stopping.  2.  A  deduction  from  pay.  —  stop'- 
per.  t,  vt.  To  secure  with  a  stopper.  II.  «. 
One  who  or  that  which  stops  up  or  closes,  as  a 
plug  or  cork.  —  stop^pie,  step'l.  I,  vt.  [stop'- 
pled;  STOP'PLING.]  To  closc  wlth  a stopple.  II. 
n.    A  stopper,  plug,  cork,  or  bung. 

stop,  ??.  1.  The  act  of  stopping  ;  a  halt ;  ces- 
sation. 2.  An  obstruction  ;  hindrance.  3. 
A  contrivance  in  musical  instruments,  for  regu- 
lating tones.    4.  A  punctuatiou»mark. 

store,  stor.  I.  vt.  [stored;  stok'ing.]  1.. 
To  put  away  for  future  use.  2.  To  provide. 
3.  To  place  in  deposit  for  safe^keeping.  II.  n. 
1.  That  which  is  stored  or  laid  up.  2.  pi. 
Supplies.  3.  A  place  where  merchandise  is 
kept  for  sale.     [Ult.  <  L.  instauro,  restore.] 

—  stor'aste,  stor'ej,  ot.  1.  The  depositing 
of  articles  in  a  warehouse  for  safe-keeping.  "Z. 
Space  for  storing  goods.  3.  A  charge  for  stor- 
ing.—store'house",  71.  A  warehouse;  deposi- 
tary.— store'keep''er,  7i.  One  who  keeps  a 
store.— store'rooin'',  n.  A  room  In  which 
tilings  are  stored,  as  household  supplies. 

sto'ried.!,  sto'rid,  a.  1.  Having  a  notable  his- 
tory.   2.  Related  in  a  story. 

sto'ried.2,  a.  Having  or  consisting  of  stories, 
as  a  building;  as,  six'Storied. 

stork,  sterk,  n.  A  long*necked  and  long»legged 
wading  bird  related  to  the  her- 
ons.    [<  AS.  store,  stork.] 

storm,  sterm,  v.  I.  t.  Mil.  To 
take,  or  attempt  to  take,  by 
storm.  II.  i.  1.  To  take  place, 
as  a  storm.  2.  To  give  vent 
boisterously  to  passion.  3.  To 
go  noisily  about.  

storm,  w.    1.  A  dis- 
turbance  of   the   at- 
mosphere, generally  a 
great  whirling  motion 
of  the  air,  accompa- 
nied by  rain.    2.  A  violent 
commotion  of    any   sort; 
ebullition  of  passion  or  ex- 
citement.     3.  A    violent 
and   rapid   assault   on   a 
fortified    place.     [<    AS. 
st07'm,    storm.]— storm'y, 
stokm'i-est.]    1,  Characterized  by  storms;  bois- 
terous; passionate.    54.  Accompanying  stormy. 

Stor 'thing,  stOr'ting,  n.  The  Norwegian  par- 
liament. [  <  Norw.  storthing,  <  st07\  great,  + 
thiTig,  meeting.] 

sto'ry,  sto'ri.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [sto'ried  ;  sto'- 
RY-iNG.]    To  tell  stories. 

sto'ryi,  r/.  [sto'ries%  ;;;.]  1.  A  narrative  or 
recital;  especially,  a  short  tale,  novel,  anec- 


Storks  and  Nests. 
a.     [storm'i-er; 


flut|ure    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   eil;   c   (k);    chat;   db  (the);  go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


story 
streak 


444 


dote,  etc.     2.  Anything  reported  or  told.     3. 

IColloq.]     A  lie.     [Short  for  history.] 
sto'ry2,st5'ri,  n.     [sto'bies%  j;/.]    A  division 

in  a  building  comprising  the  space  between 

two  successive  floors.     [<  OF.  estoree,  fem. 

pp.  of  est07-er,  build.] 
Ntoiip,  n.    Same  as  stoop^,  7i. 
stout,  staut.    I.  a.    1.  Strong  or  firm;  tough. 

2.  Determined;  resolute.     3.  Fat;  bulky.    4. 

Having  muscular  strength.    II.  ti.    A  strong, 

very  dark  porter  or  beer.     [OF.,  <  MD.  stolt, 

D.  stout,  <  L.  stultus,  foolish.]  —  stout'ly,  adv. 

—  stout'ness,  n. 
stove,  stov,  imp.  &pp.  of  stave,  v. 
stove,  n.    An  apparatus,  usually  of  metal  and 

portable,  in  which  fuel  is  consumed  for  heating 

or  cooking.     [<  D.  stoof,  stove.] 
stow,  sto,  vt.    1.  To  put   away   compactly; 

pack.    2.  To  hide  away;  also,  to  lodge.     [< 

AS.  stowigan,  <  stow,  place.]  — stow'age,  n. 

1 .  The  act  or  manner  of  stowing,  or  the  state  of 
being  stowed.  2.  Space  or  charge  for  stowing 
goods.— sto w' a- way'',  n.  One  who  conceals 
himself,  as  on  a  vessel,  to  obtain  free  passage. 

stra-bis'inus,  stra-bis'mus  or  -biz'mus,  n. 
A  condition  in  which  the  eyes  squint;  cross= 
eye  or  wall-eye.  [  <  Gr.  strabismos,  <  strabos, 
oblique,  <  strepho,  turn.] 

strad'dle,  strad'l.  l.vt.&vi.  [strad'dled; 
strad'dling.]  To  stretch  the  legs  widely 
apart;  sit  or  mount  astride.  II.  n.  1.  Ago- 
ing, standing,  or  sitting  with  legs  wide  apart. 

2.  The  space  between  the  legs  of  one  who 
straddles.     [For  strirldle,  freq.  of  stride.] 

strag'gle,  strag'l,  fi.  [strag'gled;  strag'- 
<;i.iNG^  1.  To  wander  apart  from  the  main 
body,  etc.;  stray.  2.  To  ramble.  3.  To 
spread  out  unduly.  [<  AS.  strdc,  pret.  of 
strlcan,  go.]  —  strag'gler,  n. 

stralgllt,  stret.  I.  a.  1.  Extending  uni- 
formly in  the  same  direction.  2.  Free  from 
kinks.  3.  Erect.  4.  Not  deviating  from  truth ; 
upright;  accurate.  11.  adv.  1.  In  a  straight 
line,    straigllt'lyt.     2.    Correspondingly. 

3.  Straightway.  [<  AS.  streccan  (pp.  streht), 
stretch.]  —  stralght'en,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or 
become  straight.  — gtraiKlit'Tor' ward.  a. 
Proceeding  In  a  straight  course  or  In  a  direct 
manner;  frank.— straiglifw^ay^'ll,  adv.  Im- 
mediately. 

strain,  stren,  ?;.  1.  t.  1.  To  exert  to  the  ut- 
most of  one's  ability.  2.  To  cause  a  strain  in. 
3.  To  constrain.  4.  To  purify  by  the  use  of  a 
strainer.    II.  i.    1.  To  make  violent  efforts. 

2.  To  percolate;  filter.  3.  To  become  wrenched 
or  twisted.  [<  OF.  streindre,  <  L.  stringo, 
bind  tight.]  —  straiii'er,  n.  A  utensil  or  de- 
vice through  which  liquids  are  passed  to  separate 
tliem  from  coarse  particles. 

strain^ ,  n.  1.  A  violent  effort  or  exertion.  2. 
The  injury  due  to  excessive  tension  or  effort. 

3.  A  melody;  tune.    4.  Prevailing  tone. 
strain^,  n.    1.  Line  of  descent;  race;  stock. 

2.  Natural  tendency.  [<  AS.  st9'Pnd,<  streo- 
nan,  beget.] 

strait,  Btrdt.  I.  a.  1.  Of  small  dimensions: 
narrow.  2.  Close;  tight.  II.  n.  1.  A  narrow 
passage  of  water  connecting  two  larger  bodies 
of  water.    2.  Perplexity  or  distress:  necessity. 

3.  Any  narrow  jjass  or  passage.  [  <  OF.  esirait. 
< L.  stringo  (pp.  sfridns),  l)ind  tight,  j  -\y,adv. 


strait'en,  vt. 


1.  To  make  strait 
ri.    To  distress; 


Strait^jacket. 
[<  AS.  strand.] 


-ness, 

or  narrow;  contract;  restrict, 
hamper.— strait/sjack''- 
et,  n.  A  jacket  of  strong 
canvas,  for  confining  the 
arms  of  dangerous  lunatics 
or  violent  prisoners. 
strake,  strek,  n.  A 
breadth  of  planking  or 
plating  on  a  vessel's  hull. 
[Var.  of  streak,  n.,  and 

of  STROKE^,  n.] 

strand^,  strand.  1"^.  vt. 
&  vi.  To  run  aground; 
be  left  helpless.  II.  n. 
[Poet.]     A  shore  or  beach. 

strand^.  F.  vt.  1.  To  break  a  strand.  2. 
To  make  by  twisting  strands.  11.  n.  1.  One 
of  the  principal  members  of  a  rope.  2.  A 
fiber,  hair,  etc.     [<  D.  streen,  skein.] 

strange,  strenj,  a.  1.  Unheard  of:  unfamiliar. 
2.  Unaccountable;  remarkable.  3.  Of  a  dif- 
ferent class  or  kind.  4.  Foreign.  [<  OF. 
estra7ige,  <'L.  extraneus^ioreigii.]  -ly,  adr. 
-ness,  n.—  stran'ger,  n.  1.  One  who  is  not 
an  acquaintance.  2.  An  unfamiliar  visitor.  3. 
A  foreigner. 

stran'gl(e,  stran'gl,  vt.  &  vi.  [stran'gl(e)d; 
sTRAN'Gi.iNG.]  1.  To  chokc  to  death;  throttle; 
suffocate;  stifle.  2.  To  repress;  suppress.  [< 
Qr.L+oF  strangalao,  <  st?'angale,  halter.]  — 
stran^'gu-la'tion,  n. 

strap, strap,  l.vt.  [strapped'; strap'ping.] 
1.  To  fasten  with  a  strap.  2\  To  strop.  II. 
n.  1.  A  long,  narrow,  and  flexible  strip  of  leath- 
er, or  the  like,  for  binding  about  objects.  2. 
A  razor»8trop.     [<  L.^s  stroppns,  thong.] 

strap'ping,  «.  [Colloq.]  Large  and  muscular; 
robust.  [TUM. 

stra'ta,   strfi'ta  or  strg'ta,  n.    Plural  of  stra- 

strat'a-gem,  strat'a-jem,  n.  A  maneuver 
designed  to  deceive  or  outwit  an  enemy.  [< 
Gr.  stratlglma,  <  stratlgos,  general.] 

strat'e-gy ,  8trat'§-ji,  w.  [-gies%;>^.]  1.  The 
science  of  military  position  and  of  means  for 
gaining  advantage  in  war.  2.  The  use  of 
stratagem  or  artifice,  as  in  business.  —  stra- 
tesT'ic,  stra-tej'ic  or  -tl'jic,  stra-tes'ic-al,  a. 
Pertaining  to  strategy,  strat'^e-get'ic,  -alt. 
—  strat'e-srist,  n.    One  versed  in  strategy. 

stra'tum,  stre'tum  or  strg'tum,  n.  [stra'ta, 
less  commonly,  stra'tums^,  i)l!\  A  natural  or 
artificial  layer,  bed,  or  thickness,  as  of  rock. 
[L.,<  stratus,  pp.  of  sterno,  spread.]  —  strat'- 
i-fy,  vt.  &  vi.  I  -fied;  -fy"ing.]  To  form  or  be 
formed  In  strata.— strat^'i-fl-ca'tioii,  n. 

straw,  strS,  n.  1.  A  dry  or  ripened  stalk;  also, 
steins  or  stalks  of  grain,  collectively,  after  the 
grain  has  been  thrashed  out.  2.  Ameretrifie. 
[<  AS.  streaw,  straw,  <  |/of  strew.]— straw'- 
ber"ry,  n.  1-ries«,  pl.^  1 .  The  scarlet  berrv- 
like  edible  fruit  of  a  running  plant.  *i.  The 
plant  that  bears  this  fruit. 

stray,  stre.  l.vi.  To  wander;  rove;  roam.  II. 
a.  1.  Having  strayed;  straying.  2.  Irregular. 
III.  n.  A  domestic  animal  that  has  strayed; 
an  estray.     [  <  OF.  estraier,  <  estree,  street.] 

streak,  strtk.  V.vt.  To  mark  with  a  streak; 
stripe.  II.  n.  1.  A  long,  narrow  mark,  line, 
or  strliKJ.  2.  A  vein;  trace;  dash.  [  <  AS. 
strica,  <  slHcan,  go.]  —  streaked,  pa.  — 
streak'y,  rt.    Having  streaks. 


papfl,  98k;  at,  ftir;  el§mfint,  thfiy,  ne|ge;  It,  |,  i  (ec);  o,  oh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rule;  but.  Or; 


445 


stream 
strip 


stream,  strim,  r.  I.  ^.  1.  To  pour  forth  in 
a  stream.  2.  To  wash  in  running  water.  II. 
i.  1.  To  flow  in  a  stream.  2.  To  move  in 
continuous  succession.  3.  To  float  with  a 
waving  movement,  as  a  flag. 

stream,  n.  1.  A  current  or  flow  of  water  or 
other  fluid.  2.  Anything  continuously  flowing, 
moving,  or  passing,  as  people.  3.  A  continu- 
ous course  or  advance  ;  current.  [<  AS. 
stream.]  —  streaiii'er,  n.  An  object  that 
streams;  a  flag  that  floats  extended.— streaiii'- 
let,  strim'let,  n.    A  rivulet. 

street,  strlt,  ii.  1.  A  public  way  in  a  city, 
town,  or  village.  2.  The  roadway  for  vehicles, 
between  sidewalks.  [<  AS.  str^f,  <  LM- 
strata,  fem.  of  stratus;  see  stratum.] 

strengtli,  strength,  n.  1.  The  quality  or 
property  of  being  strong.  2 .  Power  in  general ; 
available  numerical  force.  3.  Degree  of  in- 
tensity; concentration.  [<  AS.  strengthu,  < 
Strang,  strong.]  —  strength'en,  vt.  &  vi.  To 
makestroii^'^;  tx'comeorgrow strong orstronger. 

stren'u-ous.  stren'yu-us,  a.  Eagerly  pressing 
or  urgent;  earnest.  [<  Ij. strenuiis,  active;  cp. 
Gr.  st?-enes,  strong.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

-stress,  suffix.  Aiemimue  termination  denoting 
agency;  as,  songstress.    [<  -stek  -j-  -ess.] 

stress,  stres, «.  1.  Special  weight,  importance, 
or  significance.  2.  Force  exerted ;  strain ;  ten- 
sion. 3.  Pressure;  compulsion.  [<0¥.€stres- 
sier,  <  L.  stringo  (pp.  stricti/s),  compress.] 

stretch,  strech.  I',  ft.  &  vi.  1.  To  extend 
or  draw  out;  hence,  to  draw  tight.  2.  To  ex- 
tend, or  be  extended ;  spread ;  figuratively,  to 
exaggerate.  II.  n.  1.  An  act  of  stretching: 
tension.  2.  Extent  or  reach  of  that  which 
stretches.  3.  A  continuous  extent  of  space 
or  of  time.     [  <  AS.  streccan,  stretch.] 

—  stretchier,  n.    1 .  One  who  or  that  which 
stretches.  2.  A  frame  for  carrying  the  wounded 


^m 

1 

1 

■■''-  ^^ 

P 

^1 

stretcher. 

or  dead.  3.  In  masonry,  a  brick  or  stone  lying 
lengthwise  of  a  course.    4.  A  tie»=beam,  etc. 

stre"W,  stru,  vt.  [strewed,  strewed  or 
strewn;  strew'ing.]  1.  To  throw  or  let 
fall  loosely  and  irregularly.  2.  To  lie  loosely 
here  and  there  upon.  [<  AS.  streawian, 
streoioian,  strew.] 

stri'ate,  strai'eto;- -§t.  I.  vt.  [sTRi'A"TED<i: 
stri'a'tikg.]  To  mark  with  stripes.  II.  a. 
Bearing  fine  stripes  or  grooves. 

strick'en,  stric'n,  pa.  1.  Wounded,  espe- 
cially by  a  missile.  2.  Struck  down,  as  by 
calamity. 

strict,   strict,  a.     1.    Observing  or  enforcing 


rules  exactly.  2.  Rigidly  observed.  3.  Ex- 
actly defined  or  applied.  [<  L.  stringo  (pp. 
strictus),  hmd.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  w. 
stric'ture,  stric'chur  or -tiftr,  n.  1.  Severe 
criticism.  2.  Pathol.  Contraction  of  some 
channel.      [<  L.   strictura,  <  strictus;   see 

STRICT.] 

stride,  straid,  v.  [strode;  strid'dbn,  former- 
ly strid;  stri'ding.]  I.  ^  1.  To  span  witli 
astride.  2.  To  straddle;  bestride.  II.  i.  To 
walk  with  strides.     [<  AS.  strMan,  stride.] 

stride,  n.  A  long  and  sweeping  or  measured 
step;  the  space  that  is  passed  over  by  such  a 
step ;  a  complete  movement  of  the  feet  in  pro- 
gression. 

stri^dent,  strai'dgnt,  a.  Giving  a  loud  and 
harsh  sound.  [<  L.  stHdo.,  ppr.  striden{t-)s, 
creak.]    -ly,  adv. 

strife,  straif,  n.  1.  Angry  contention;  fighting. 

2.  Rivalry.  3.  Strenuous  endeavor.  [<  OF. 
€stnj\  <  Ice.  str'ith.,  <  strldha,  contend.] 

strike,  straik,  ^^  [struck;  struck,  strick'- 
EN,  formerly  strook;stri'king.]  1.  t.  1.  To 
bring  or  cause  to  come  into  forcible  contact 
with;  hit;  smite.  2.  To  form  by  stamping,  as 
coins.  3.  To  make  and  confirm,  as  a  bargain. 
4.  To  expunge.  5.  To  impress  or  effect  sud- 
denly. 6.  To  lower  or  haul  down,  as  a  flag.  7. 
To  quit  or  cease,  as  work.  II.  i.  1.  To  be  in 
a  state  of  forcible  or  sudden  contact;  deliver  a 
blow;  beat.    2.  To  come  by  accident;  liappen. 

3.  To  enter  boldly;  proceed.  4.  To  cease  work, 
as  a  means  of  securing  the  redress  of  grievances 
or  higher  wages.  5.  To  surrender;  salute. 
[<  AS. strlcan,  go.]  —striking, pa.  Notable; 
impressive. 

strike,  n.  1.  An  act  of  striking;  a  blow.  2. 
The  quitting  of  work  by  a  body  of  laborers  to 
enforce  compliance  with  some  demand.  3. 
Any  unexpected  or  complete  success. 

string,  string,  V.  [strung;  string'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  suspend  on  a  string.  2.  To  fit  with 
a  string.  3.  To  make  tense  the  strings  of  (a 
musical  instrument).  II.  ^.  1.  To  stretch  out 
into  a  long,  irregular  line.  2.  To  present  a 
stringy  appearance.—  stringed,  a.  Furnished 
with  strings. 

string,  ti.  1.  A  slender  line  thinner  than  a 
cord  and  thicker  than  a  thread.  2.  A  strings 
like  organ  or  formation.  3 .  A  row  or  series  of 
-things  connected.  [<  AS.  s^/'e«^e,  perhaps  < 
Strang.,  strong.]  —  string'er,  n.  1 .  A  hori- 
zontal supportmg  timber.  iJ.  One  who  strings. 
—  striiig:'y,  a.  Containing  fibrous  strings;  also, 
tough.— string'i-ness,  n. 

strinff'slialt'^  n.  Same  as  speing=halt:  a  cor- 
ruption. 

strin^gent,  strin'jgnt,  a.  1.  Rigid;  severe. 
2.  Hampered  by  obstructing  conditions.  3. 
Close  or  tight.  [  <  L.  stringo  {ppr. stringen(t-)s), 
compress.] —strin'gen-cy,  n.  Strictness; 
closeness.—  strin'gent-iy,  adv. 

strip,  strip,  ?).  [stripped' or  stript;  strip'- 
PING.]  I.  ^.  1.  To  pull  off  the  covering  from. 
2.  To  rob;  plunder.  3.  To  remove  something 
from.  4.  To  tear  or  cut  into  strips.  II.  i. 
1.  To  undress.  2.  To  come  off  in  strips.  [< 
AS.  strppan,  in  be-strppan,  plunder.] 

strip,  n.  A  narrow  piece,  comparatively  long, 
as  of  cloth,  wood,  etc.     [For  stripe.] 


flutlilre    (future);    aisle;   aii    (out);    oil;    c    (k);    chat;    dli    (f/n')\   go;   sing,  ink;    tliin. 


stripe 
stuff 


446 


i< 


stripe,  etraip.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [striped';  stbi' 
PING.]  To  mark  with  stripes;  make  stripes 
II.  n.  1.  A  line,  band,  or  regular  streak  or 
strip.     2.  Kind;  sort.     [<I>.  streep,BtT'\i>e, 

stripling,  strip'ling,  n.    A  mere  youth 
8Tnip,  n.J 

strive,  straiv,  vi.  [strove;  striv'en  or 
strived!!;  stki'ving.]  1.  To  make  earnest 
effort.  2.  To  contend;  fight.  3.  To  vie;  emu- 
late. [<  OF.  estriver,  strive;  of  Germanic 
origin.] 

stroke,  strok,  vt.  [stroked';  stro'king.] 
To  pass  the  hand  over  gently  or  with  light 
pressure.  [stroking. 

strokes  n.    A  light  caressing  movement;  a 

stroke^,  n.  1.  The  act  or  movement  of  stri- 
king. 2.  One  of  a  series  of  recurring  move- 
ments, as  of  oars,  a  piston,  etc.  3.  A  move- 
ment, as  of  the  hand,  l)y  which  something  is 
made  or  done.  4.  A  blow  or  any  ill  effect 
caused  as  if  by  a  blow.  5.  A  feat;  coup.  [< 
AS.  sirac,  <  stncan,  go.] 

stroll,  strOl.  I.  vi.  To  ramble  on  foot;  go 
from  place  to  place  aimlessly.  II.  n.  An  idle 
or  leisurely  walk;  a  wandering.  [<  D.  stntik- 
elen.,  stumble.]  —  stroll'er,  n. 

sixong,  strong  or  strong,  a.  1.  Having  phys- 
ical strength  ;  muscular.  2.  Having  great 
mental  or  moral  force.  3.  Forceful;  violent; 
energetic.  4.  Vivid  ;  pungent.  5.  Firm; 
stable.  6.  Being  in  large  numbers.  7.  Not 
mild  or  weak.  [<  AS.  strong.,  mighty.]  — 
stroiiK^liolfF^  n.  A  place  that  nature  or  art 
hasmade  strongly  defensible.— stronir'ly,  adv. 
With  strength, 

strop,  strep.  I.  vt.  [stropped';  strop'ping.] 
To  sharpen  on  a  strop.  U.  n.  1.  A  strip  of 
leather  or  canvas  on  which  to  sharpen  a  razor. 
2.  A  strap.     [<  AS.  stropp:  see  strap.] 

stro'phe,  strO'ft  or  stref'§,  n.  In  ancient 
poetry,  a  rhythmical  movement,  as  a  distich; 
also,  a  modern  rimed  stanza.  [<  L.  stfvpha, 
<  Gr.  strophe,  <  strepho.,  turn.] 

strove,  Btrov,  imp.  of  strive,  v. 

strov»'IU  stro,  vt.  [stkowed;  strow'ing; 
strowed  or  STROWN.I    Same  as  strew. 

struck,  strtjc,  imp.  &pp.  of  strike,  v. 

struc'ture,  struc'cnur  w  -tiQr,  n.  1.  That 
which  is  constructed,  as  a  building  or  machine. 
2.  Manner  of  construction  or  organization. 
fF..  <  I.,  siriietiira,  <  stnictvs,  pp.  of  stmo, 
build.]      .stnic'lur-al,  a. 

strug'gle,  strijg'l.  I.  ri.  [strug'gled; 
sTiU(i'(;i.iN(i.  I  To  engage  in  a  struggle;  strive 
or  labor  (■anu■^stly.  II.  n.  A  violent  effort; 
contention.    [<  D.  struikele?!,  stumble.] 

strum^pet,  strum'pet,  n.      A  prostitute. 

striiutf,  strung,  imp.  &pp.  of  string,  v. 

strut,  strut,  vi.  [strut'ted'*;  strijt'ting.] 
To  walk  with  a  pompous  gait.  |  <  Dn.  strutte!] 

strut',  7^    A  proud  or  pompons  step  or  walk. 

strut'-^,  71.  A  compression-member  in  a  frame- 
work, keeping  two  others  from  approaching 
nearer  together. 

Strycll'nin.,      /  >lric  nin,     nin,    n.     A    wiiile, 

Strych'nine,  \  er.s.-lalline.  hitter,  extremel.v 
poisonous  compouiiil.  |-  (h.'  ,s////('A/ c.v.  kiiiil 
•)f  nightMhade.  |     strych'ni-a; . 

stub,  stub.  I.  H.  |sTi-m;i  1.;  -ri  r.'iiiN.;  | 
1.  [U.  S.]  To  strike  against  ;i  low  uli-irueiidii. 


2.  To  grub  up,  as  roots.  3.  To  render  stubby. 
II.  n.  1.  The  part  of  a  tree»trunk,  bush,  etc., 
that  remains  when  the  main  part  is  cut  down. 
2.  Any  short  projecting  part  or  piece;  a  rem- 
nant. 3.  [U.S.]  In  a  check^book  or  the  like, 
one  of  the  inner  ends  upon  which  a  memo- 
randum is  entered.  4.  Anything  short  or 
stumpy.      [<  AS.  styb.  stub.]  —  stub'bed,  a. 

1.  Made  into  a  stub.  2.  Full  of  stubs.  3. 
Sturdy  ;  blunt.—  stub'by,  a.  [stub'bi-er  ; 
STUB'Bi-EST.]  1.  Short,  stiff,  and  bristling.  2. 
Short  and  thick;  like  a  stub. 

stub''ble,  stub'l,  n.  The  stubs  of  grain^stalks, 
covering  a  harvest=field  after  the  crop  has  been 
cut.     [<  OF.  stuble.] 

stub'born,  stub'grn,  a.  1.  Unreasonably 
obstinate.  2.  Intractable.  3.  Characterized 
by  perseverance.  [Prob.  <AS.if^y6,  stub.]  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

stuc'CO,  stuc'O.  I.  rt.  &  ri.  To  apply  stucco 
to;  form  decorations  in  stucco.  II.  //.  1.  A 
fine  plaster  for  walls  or  their  relief  ornaments. 

2.  Any  plaster  used  for  the  external  coating  of 
buildings.     [It.] 

stuck,  stuc,  imp.  &pp.  of  stick,  v. 

stud,  stud,  i'^.  [stud'ded'';  stud'ding.]  Toset 
thickly  with  small  points,  projections,  or  knobs. 

stud.',  //.     1.  A  short  intermediate  post,  as  in 

a  building-frame.     2.  A  knob,  round-headed 

nail,  or  small  ornament.     [<  AS.  studu,  post.] 

—  stud'diiis:,  n.    Studs  or  joists  collectively. 

stud^,  n.  A  collection  of  horses  and  mares  for 
breeding,  racing,  etc.     [<  AS.  stod,  stud.] 

stud'ding-sall^^,  n.     An  asxiliary  sail  set 
out  beyond  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal square  sails  by  an  ex- 
tensible yard  and  boom. 

stu'dent,  stiu'dgnt.  r«.  1. 
A  person  engaged  in  a 
course  of  study;  especially, 
an  advanced  scholar.  2. 
One  who  closely  examines 
or  investigates.  [<  L. 
studeo  be  diligent.l 

stud^ied,  stud'id,  pa. 
Planned;  premeditated. 

stu^di-o,  stiu'di-O,  n.  The 
workroom  of  an  artist. 

stu'di-ous,  stiu'di-us,  a. 
1.  Given  to  studv.  2.  As- 
siduous. 3.  Studied,  -ly, 
adv.    -uess,  n. 

Stud'y,  stud'i.  I.  rl.  ^  ri. 
[stud'ied;     STi;o'v-iN(i.l 

I.  To  apply  oneself  to  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge, 
regular  course  of  study,    i 

II.  n.  [stud'ies^,  ;;/.]  1.  The  act  of  study 
ing.    2.  A  branch  or  department  of  knowledge. 

3.  In  art,  a  first  sketch.  4.  A  room  devoted  to 
study,  reading. etc.  5.  Karnest  endeavor.  [< 
OF.  estifdie,  <  \..  .•^tmlimii;  see  studio.] 

Stuff,  stuf.  I',  rt.  1.  'Vo  fill  to  distention; 
cram;  pack  full.  2.  To  till  out  with  suitable 
material  (the  skin  of  ;i  bin!  or  beastV  3.  To 
obstniet  bv  iHling.  II.  ii.  1.  The  material 
iiiit  (il  which  stmiething  may  be  shaped  or 
iii.itle  2.  The  fundamental  element  of  any- 
iliiiii.;  3.  i'ossession  generally.  4.  Rubbish: 
ir;i>h\,   wortliless  ideas.      [<'  OF.  estqfe,  < 


Studdingsail. 
a,  a,  studding«ail« 
l)ooin,  rigjjed  out  at 
the  port'onds  of  the 
foreyard  and  upper 
foretopsail  yard;  b, 
studdiu^rsuil  set  out- 
side of  the  foretopsail. 

2.  To  pursue  a 
To  contemplate. 


papa,  Cfsk;  at,  air;  element,  they,  usege;  it,  j,  £  (^ee);  o,  oh;  ©raltjr,  er;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


447 


stultify 
subaqueous 


Gr.L  stuppe,  tow.]  —  stuff-'ing,  n.  The  ma- 
terial with  which  anything  is  stuffed;  also,  the 
process  of  filling  or  stufling. 

stul'ti-fy,  stul'ti-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.] 
To  cause  to  appear  absurdly  inconsistent.  [< 
L.i'i'  stultus,  foolish,  -\-facw,  make.]  —  stuF'- 
ti-fi-ca'tioii,  11. 

stum'bl(.e,  stum'bl.  I.  rt.  &  ri.  [stum'- 
bl(e)d;  stum'bling.]  1.  To  miss  one's  foot- 
ing in  walking  or  running.  2.  To  fall  upon 
by  chance.  II.  n.  A  trip  resulting  in  a  fall 
or  partial  fall;  hence,  a  blunder;  false  step, 
r  <  Ice.  stumra^  stumble.]  —  stum'blings 
block'',  n.  Any  obstacle  or  hindrance;  some- 
thing that  may  cause  one  to  err. 

stumps  stinnp,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  canvass  by 
making  political  speeches.  2.  To  challenge. 
3.  To  brmg  to  a  halt.  II.  i.  1.  To  go  about 
on  or  as  on  stumps.  2.  [Colloq.]  To  make 
political  speeches. 

stump,  n.  1.  That  portion  of  the  trunk  of  a 
tree  left  standing  when  the  tree  is  felled.  2. 
The  part  of  anything,  as  of  a  limb,  that  re- 
mains when  the  main  part  has  been  removed. 
3.  pi.  The  legs.  4.  A  place  or  platform  where 
a  stump  speech  is  made.  5.  [Colloq.]  A  chal- 
lenge. [<  Ice.  stvmpr. ]—atump^y,  a.  1. 
Full  of  stumps.    »J,  Like  a  stump. 

stun,  stun.  I.  vt.  [stunned;  stun'ning.]  1. 
To  stupefy  by  a  blow.  2.  To  shock;  astound. 
II.  ti.  A  stupefying  blow,  shock,  or  concus- 
sion.    [<  AS.  stunian,  make  a  noise.] 

stiin&r,  stung,  imp.  &pp.  of  sting,  v. 

Nruiik,  stunk,  imp.  &  pp.  of  stink,  v. 

stunt,  stiint.  I'i.  vt.  To  check  the  natural 
development  of.  II.  it.  A  check  in  growth, 
l)rogres8,  or  development.  [<  AS.  stii/it,  dull, 
<  ti'tinta/i,  stop.] 

stu'pe-fy,  stiu'pg-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -fy"ing.] 
To  dull  the  senses  or  faculties  of;  blunt; 
deaden.  [<  L.  stupeo,  be  stupefied,  -f  facio, 
make.]  —  stu^'pe-fac'tioii,  ?i.  The  act  of  stu- 
pefying; stupor. 

stu-pen'dous,  stiu-pen'dus,  a.  Of  prodig- 
ious size,  bulk,  or  degree.  [<  L.  stvjyendus., 
gerundive  of  stupeo.,  be  astonished.]  -iy,  adv. 
-11  ess,  n. 

stu'pid,  stiu'pid,  a.  1.  Dull»witted;  sluggish; 
senseless.  2.  Stupefied.  [<  L.  stupidus.,  < 
stupeo,  be  astonished.]  -ly,  adv.  —  stu'pid- 
iiess,  n.    stii-pid'i-ty:t. 

stu'por,  stiu'p§r,  n.  A  condition  of  the  body 
in  which  the  senses  and  faculties  are  suspended 
or  greatly  dulled.     [L.,  <  stitpeo,  be  stunned.] 

stur'dy,  stur'di,  a.  [stur'di-er;  stur'di- 
EST.]       1.  Possessing    rugged    health    and 


1.  Common  Sturgeon,  i/go  2.  White  Sturgeon.  Vso 
strength;   hardy.      2.    Firm  and   unyielding. 
[<   OF.  estourdi,  pp.  of  extourdir,  astonish, 
prob.  <  L.  ex,  out,  -f  torpidun.  torpid.] 
—  stur'di-ly,  ad<'.— stur'di-iiess,  n. 
stur'geon,  stur'jun,  n.     A  large  fish  of  the 


seas  and  rivers  of  northern  regions,  with  coarse, 
oily  flesh. 

stut'ter,  stut'er.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  with 
spasmodic  hesitations  or  repetitions;  stammer. 
II.  n.  The  act  of  stuttering.  [<  Ice.  stauta., 
stutter.]  — stut'ter-er,  n. 

styi,  stai,  71.  [sTIEs^2?/.]  A  pen  for  swine. 
[<  AS.  sUgu.,  cattle»pen,  <  stlgan.,  rise.] 

sty2,  «.  [sTiESS^^.]  A  small  inflamed  swell- 
ing on  the  edge  of  the  eyelid.  [<  AS.  stigend, 
<  stlgan,  rise.] 

style,  stall,  vt.  [styled;  sty'ling.]  To  give 
a  title  or  designation  to;  name. 

style!,  ^j,.  1.  Manner  of  conduct  or  action. 
2.  Fashion;  mode.  3.  Distinctive  or  charac- 
teristic language.  4.  A  sharp  point  for  wri- 
ting, engraving,  etc.  sty'lus:}:.  5.  Zool.  A 
pointed  process  or  part.  [F.,  <  L.  stilus,  stake.] 

style^,  n.  1.  A  pin;  pointer.  2.  Bot.  The 
prolongation  of  a  carpel  or  ovary,  bearing  the 
stigma.  3.  In  joinery,  an  upright  piece  in  a 
frame.     [  <  Qv.^^  stylos,  pillar.]  —  sty'lar,  a. 

stylish,  a.  Having  style;  fashionable,  -ly, 
adv.    -iiess,  n. 

styao-graph,  stai'lo-grgf,  n.  A  pencil-like 
n 


Stylograph. 

n,  the  needleepoint,  mounted  adjustably  on  the  sliding 
yoke  is);  I,  the  ink»well;  c,  the  cap. 

writing^instrument  having  an  ink*reservoir 
from  which  ink  is  fed  to  a  tubular  writing- 
point,  stylo  graphic  pent.  —  sty^'lo- 
grapli'ic,  a. 

styp'tic,  stip'tic.  I.  a.  Causing  contraction 
of  living  tissues,  as  blood-vessels.  II.  n.  A 
substance  or  agent  that,  applied  locally,  arrests 
bleeding.  [<  Gr.^*^  styptikos.,  <  stypho,  con- 
tract.] 

sua'sion,  swe'zhun,  n.  The  act  of  persua- 
ding; persuasion.  [OF.,  <  L.  suasio{n-),  < 
suadeo,  persuade,  <  suavis,  sweet.] 

suave,  swev  or  swdv,  a.  Smooth  and  pleasant 

in  manner;  bland.     [F.,  <  L.  suavis,  sweet.] 

—  suav'i-ty,  «.    L-ties^  joZ.]     The  state  of 

being  suave;  urbanity.   [<  F.  suavitS,  <  L.  suav- 

ita{t-)s,  <  suavis,  sweet.] 

SM\t-,2ireflx.  1.  Under;  from  under.  2.  Chem. 
Less  than  normal,  as  a  basic  compound;  as, 
stibacetate  of  lead  (a  basic  acetate  of  lead). 
Before  <^,/,  g,  m.j),  r,sub-  becomes  usually  ««c-, 
«?//-,  sug-,  sum-,  sup-,  sur-,  and  in  other  cases 
it  appears  as  subs-,  sus-,  or  su-.  [<  L.  sub-,  < 
sub,  under.] 

A  large  number  of  words  beginning  with  sub- 
are  self»explaining  in  the  senses:  (1)  Somewhat; 
slightly;  not  quite;  imperfectly;  nearly;  as,  sub- 
vertical,  not  quite  vertical.  (2)  Subordinate; 
secondary;  inferior;  lower  in  position,  grade,  or 
rank;  produced  by  subdivision;  as,  sr<&commit- 
tee,  a  lower  committee;  s?<6prefect,  a  prefect  of 
secondary  rank. 

suh-ac'id,  sub-as'id,  a.    Moderately  acid. 

sub-al'tern,  sub-el'tgrn  or  sub'al-tgrn.  I.  a. 
Subordinate.  II.  7i.  A  person  of  subordi- 
nate rank  or  position;  especially,  a  military 
oflicer  ranking  below  a  captain.  [<  L.i^**' 
»m6,  under,  -f-  alterniis,  alternate.] 

sub-a'que-ous,  sub-e'cwg-us  w  -g'cwe-us,  a. 


flutlyre   (future);    aisle;   «u    (o?/t);    oil;    c   (k^:    oliat;    dl»   (Me);   go;    sing,   ink;  tlii 


subcutaneous 
subsequent 


448 


1.  Beiue.  formed,  or  operating  under  water. 

2.  Having  an  appearance  like  that  produced 
under  water. 

sub''cu-ta'ne-ous,  a.  Situated,  found,  or 
applied  beneath  the  8kin;  hypodermic. 

sub'''d.i-vide'<',  vt.  &  vi.  To  divide  a  part  or 
the  parts  resulting  from  the  previous  division 
of;  divide  again.— sub'^di-vi'sion,  n.  Divi- 
sion following  upon  division. 

sub-due',  sub-diO',  rt.  [sub-dued';  sub-du'- 
iNG.]  1 .  To  obtain  dominion  over  as  by  war  or 
force.  2.  To  render  mild;  tame.  3.  To  over- 
come by  industrial  power  or  skill.  4.  To 
soften.     [<  L.OJ"  sub,  under,  -f  dtico,  lead.] 

sub'fain''i-ly,  n.  Biol.  A  primary  division 
of  a  family  ot  one  or  more  genera. 

sub'ge''nu8,  w.  Biol.  A  primary  subdivision 
of  a  genus,  including  one  or  more  species  with 
common  characters. 

sub-jecf'i,  sub-ject',  vt.  1.  To  make  subject 
to  some  action  or  agent.  2.  To  expose  to  the 
operation  of  some  law  or  agency.  3.  To  place 
before  for  consideration  and  disposition.  4. 
To  subdue.  [  <  L.^'^'  subjicio,  <  sub,  under,  -j- 
jacio,  throw.]  —  sub-jec'tlon,  n. 

sub'ject,  sub'ject,  a.  1.  Being  under  the 
power  of  another.  2.  Exposed  to  some  agency 
or  tendency. 

sub'ject,  n.  1.  One  who  is  under  the  govern- 
ing power  of  another,  as  of  a  monarch.  2. 
Something  subjected  to  some  special  operation, 
as  a  dead  body  for  dissection.  3.  Something 
upon  which  thought,  emotion,  or  the  artistic 
sense  is  employed;  in  grammar,  the  noun, 
phrase,  clause,  or  sentence  setting  forth  the 
thing  spoken  about;  especially,  the  nominative 
case.— 8ub-jec/Uv(e,  a.  Relating  to,  proceed- 
ing from,  or  taking  place  within  the  thinking 
subject:  opposed  to  objective. 

sub-join',  subjoin',  rt.  To  add  at  the  end; 
attach;  affix.  —  sub-junc''tloii,  n.  The  act  of 
subjoining,  or  that  which  Is  subjoined. 

sub'ju-gate,  sub- ju-get,  vt.  [-ga"tbd<J;  -ga"- 
TiNG.]  To  subdue  completely.  [  <  L.  sub,  un- 
der, +  ju(/um,  yoke.]  —  8ub"ju-ga'tion,  n. 

sub-junc'tiv(e,  sub-jui>c'tiv.  I.  a.  Gram. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  that  mode  of  the  finite 
verb  that  is  used  to  express  doubtful  or  con- 
ditional assertion.  II.  71.  The  subjunctive 
mode,  or  a  verb  form  of  this  mode.  [<  L. 
sub,  under,  -\-.jungo,  join.]  [underlet. 

sub-let',  sub-let',  vt.    To  let  to  a  subordinate; 

sub'li-nxate,  sub'li-met.  I.  vt.  r-MA'TEU"i; 
-MA'TiNo.]  To  convert  from  a  solid  to  a  vapor 
by  heat,  and  then  solidify  again  by  cooling; 
refine;  purify.  II.  a.  SuDlimateo;  refined. 
III.  n.  The  product  of  sublimation.  [  <  L. 
subUmatus,  pp.  of  sublimo,  raise  on  high,  < 
gubUmis,  high.]— 8ub"ll.ma'tlon,  n.  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  sublimating.  '2.  That  which 
haw  bfcii  Ku»)llmat«d;  the  pure  essence  of  a  thing; 
quliitcsscMCf. 

sub-lime',  sub-laim'.  I.  rt.  &  ri.  [sub- 
LLMKi)';  .sub-li'ming.J  1.  To  elevatt!  or  dig- 
nify supremely;  be  ennobled.  2.  To  subli- 
mate or  be  sublimated.  II.  rt.  Characterized 
by  sublimity;  grand;  solemn;  majestic;  noble; 
Huureme;  utmost.  III.  11.  That  which  is 
Huulime,  in  any  sense:  usually  with  the  definite 

<  L  


article.     [• 


suMtnis, 


iajiy  wi 
lofty.] 


•ly,  ad».— 


sub-lim'i-ty,  8ub-llm'i-ti,  n.  [-TiES«,pZ.l  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  sublime,  In  anv 
sense,  siib-liine'nesst.  ti.  That  which  is 
sublime;  the  acme;  climax;  pinnacle. 

sub'lu-na-ry,  sub'lu-ny-ri,  a.  1.  Situated 
beneath  the  moon,  sub-lu'narj.  2.  Ter- 
restrial.    (<  SIB- +  L. /M?i«,  moon.] 

sub"ma-rine',    sub"ma-rln',   a.     Existing, 


Holland  Submarine  Boat, 
done,  or  operating  beneath  the  surfaceof  thesea. 

sub-merge',  sub-mgrj',  vt.  [sub-merged'; 
suB-MER'iiiNG.]  To  placc,  plunge,  or  Le  under 
water;  inundate;  drown;  be  hidden  or  buried. 
[  <  L.*"  snbmergo,  <  sub,  under,  -|-  mergo,  dip.] 
sub-merse':}:.  —  sub-mer'gence,  h.  sub- 
iner'siout. 

sub-mit',  sub-mit',  v.  I.  t.  [sub-mit'ted<1; 
sub-mit'ting.]  1.  To  give  up  to  another;  yield. 
2.  To  present  for  the  judgment  or  decision 
of  another.  3.  To  present  as  one's  own  opin- 
ion or  statement.  II.  i.  To  yield;  succumb; 
surrender;  be  submissive.  [<  L.^*"  sub, 
under,  -f  mitto,  send.]  —  sub-mis'slon,  sub- 
mlsh'un,  n.  1.  The  act  of  submitting;  obedience; 
yielding,  'i.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  sub- 
missive; humility  and  resignatlyn  or  meekness.— 
!4ub-ini8!!)'iv(e,  sub-mis'iv,  a.  Willing  or  In- 
clined to  submit;  yielding;  obedient;  docile,  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  11. 

sub-or'di-nate,  sub-er'di-net.  I.  vt.  [-na"- 
TED"! ;  -na"ting.]  To  make  subordinate, 
subject,  or  subservient.  II.  sub-er'di-net  ov 
-net,  a.  Belonging  to  an  inferior  order  in  a 
classification;  secondary;  subject;  subservient; 
inferior.  III.  n.  One  who  is  subordinate;  an 
inferior  in  rank  oroflicial  position.  [<  L.'-'' 
sub,  under,  -\-  ordo,  order.]  -ly,  adv.  —  sub- 
or"<li-ua'tioii,  n.    sub-or'di-na-cyt* 

sub-orn',  sub-ern',  vf.    To  induce  to  commit 
perjury;  incite  or  instigate  to  an  evil  act;  pro- 
cure or  effect  by  instigation.     [<  L.f  subortio, 
equip,  <  s^ib,  under,  -f  orno,  furnish.] 
—  8ub"or-na'tioii,  n. 

sub-poe'na,  sub-pl'im.  I.  vt.  Law.  To 
notify  by  writ  or  subpania.  II.  n.  Law.  A 
judicial  writ  requiring  a  person  to  appear  at  a 
specified  time  and  place  under  penalty  for  de- 
fault. [<  L.  8nb,m\^eT,-\-  2mna,  penalty.] 
sub-pe'nat. 

sub-scribe',  sub-scraib',  vt.  &  vi.  [sub- 
scKiBED' ;  suB-scm'BiNG.]  To  Write,  as  a  name, 
underneath  a  document;  sign  with  one's  own 
name;  give  written  promise  to  pay;  give  one's 
assent  or  consent ;  i)ie(lge  oneself  to  pay  money, 
take  a  periodical,  or  the  like.  [<  L.  siib,  un- 
der, +  scrUxK  write.] —siib-spri'ber,  11.— 
Hiib-Hcrip'tion.  suh-scrln'sliun,  n.  The  act  of 
Biihscrlliing.  or  that  wliich  is  subscribed. 

sub'se-quent,  sub'sg-cwyut,  a.  Following 
in  time,  place,  («•  order,  or  as  a  result;  suc- 
ceeding; consequent.  [<  L.  sitb,  after, -f  •*''• 
</uor,  follow.]  -Iv,  o</r.  —  sub'se-queiice, 
sub'se-tiwgns,  n.    «iuo'He-quen-cy:t* 


I)«l)fi,  «sk;  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  ^,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  «rat»r,  or;  full,  riile;  but.  Or; 


449 


subserve 
succor 


sub-serve',  sub-serv',  vt.  &  vi.  To  serve 
subordinately  ;  minister  to  ;  help  on.  —  sub- 
serv'i-ent,  a.  Adapted  to  promote  some  end 
or  purpose  ;  acting  in  the  interests  of  another ; 
obsequious;  truckling.  —  sub-serv'i-en-cy, 
n.    siib-serv'i-encei. 

sub -side',  sub-said',  vi.  [sub-si'ded'^  ;  sub- 
si'ding.]  To  cease  from  etorm  and  agitation; 
quiet  down;  abate;  cease;  sinlc;  settle  down. 
[  <  L.  siibsido,  <  mb,  under,  +  sedeo,  sit.]  — 
siib-si'dence,  sub-sai'dens  or  sub'sl-dens,  n. 

sub-sid'i-a-ry,  sub-sid'i-g-ri.  I.  a.  1.  As- 
sisting in  an  inferior  capacity ;  supplementary ; 
auxiliary.  2.  Of  or  like  a  subsidy.  II.  n. 
[-RiES^,  pL]  An  auxiliary;  assistant.  [<  L. 
subsidiaHus,  <  subsido;  see  subside.] 

sub'si-dy,  sub'si-di,  n.  [-diesS  pi."]  Pe- 
cuniary aid  granted  by  a  government  to  an  in- 
dividual or  commercial  enterprise;  money  fur- 
nished by  one  nation  to  another  to  aid  it  in  war 
against  a  third;  formerly,  in  England,  a  special 
aid  or  tax  in  emergencies,  granted  to  the  King. 
[ <  L.  mbsidium,  <  sub,  under,  +  sedeo,  sit.] 

—  sub'si-dize,  sub'si-dolz,  vt.  [-dized;  -di'- 
ZTN^G.]    To  furnish  with  a  subsidy,    -disel:. 

SUb-sist'<*,  subsist',  i?.  1.  t.  To  provide  with 
sustenance;  support.  II.  i.  1.  To  be  furnished 
with  sustenance ;  live.  2.  To  exist  in  or  by 
something;  inhere.  3.  To  exist;  continue. 
[<  L.F  mbsisto.,  <  sub,  under,  +  sisto,  stand.] 

— sub-slst'ence,  sub-sist'ens,  7i.  1.  The  act 
of  subsisting;  also,  that  on  which  one  subsists; 
sustenance.  2,  The  state  of  being  subslstent;  In- 
herent quality.  3.  That  which  subsists;  real  be- 
ing. sub-8i8t'en-cy:t.  — sub-sist'ent,  sub- 
slst'ent,  a.  1.  That  subsists  or  Is  Inherent.  2. 
Existing;  having  real  being  or  action. 

SUb'soiV,  sub'seil'.  I.  vt.  To  turn  up  the 
subsoil  of;  plow  with  a  subsoil-plow.  II.  n. 
The  stratum  of  earth  next  beneath  the  surface 
soil. 

sub'stance,  sub'stans,  n.  1.  The  material 
of  which  anything  is  made.  2.  The  essential 
part  of  anything;  brief  summary;  solid  basis. 
3.  Material  possessions  ;  wealth ;  property. 
[F.,  <  L.  substantia,  <  sub,  under,  -j-  sto, 
stand.] — sub-stan'tial,  sub-stan'shal,  a.'  1. 
Solid;  strong;  Important;  valuable;  considerable 
and  sure.  2.  Possessed  of  wealth  or  sufficient 
means;  responsible.  3.  Of  or  pertaining  to  sub- 
stance; having  real  existence;  actual;  perma- 
nent; lasting.  4.  Containing  or  conforming 
to  the  essence  of  a  thing;  giving  the  correct  Idea; 
essential;  material;  fundamental.— siib-stan'^- 
ti-al'i-ty,  n.  sub-stan'tial-nesst.— sub- 
8tan'tial-Iy,  arfu.  —  siib-stan'ti-ate,  vt. 
|-A"TED<i;  -a'ting.]    To  establish;  vcHfy. 

sub'stan-tiv(e,  sub'stan-tiv.  I.  a.  1. 
Gram.  Capable  of  being  used  as  a  noun;  de- 
noting existence.  2.  Having  substance  or  re- 
ality; hence,  lasting;  explicit.  II.  n.  Gh^am. 
A  noun,  or  something  used  as  a  noun,  -ly ,  adv. 

sub'sti-tute,  sub'sti-tiiit.  I.  vt.  [-tu"ted<*; 
-TU'TiNG.]  To  put  in  the  place  of  another  per- 
son or  thing;  replace  by  substitution.  II.  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  takes  the  place  of  an- 
other. [<  L.  sub,  under,  +  statuo,  cans,  of 
sto,  stand.]  —  sub^'sti-tu'tlon,  gub"sti-tiu'- 
Bhun,  n.  The  act  of  substituting,  or  the  state  of 
being  substituted,  in  any  sense. 

sub-stra'tum,  sub-stre'tum  or  -strg'tum,  n. 
f-sTRA'TA,  -stre'ta  or-strg'ta,  pl.l  An  underly- 
ing stratum;  foundation;  groundwork. 


sub-struc'ture,  sub-struc'chur  or  -tjijr,  n. 
An  under=8tructure  or  foundation. 

sub-tend''',  sub-tend',  t)^  1.  Geom.  To  ex- 
tend opposite  to,  as  the  chord  of  an  arc.  2. 
Bat.  To  enclose  in  its  axil;  as,  a  leaf  subtends  a 
bud.     [<  L.  sub,  under,  -\-  tendo,  stretch.] 

siibter-,  prefix.  Under;  less  than.  [<  L.  subter, 
below.] 

sub'ter-fuge,  sub'ter-fiuj,  n.  That  to  which 
one  resorts  for  concealment;  a  false  excuse. 
[<  L.  si/bfer  (see  subter-)  -\-fugio,  flee.] 

sub"ter-ra'ne-an,  sub'te-re'ng-an,  a.  Un- 
derground ;  hidden.  [<  L.  sub,  beneath, -f 
terra,  earth.]    sub"ter-ra'ne-oust. 

sub'til(e,  sub'til,  a.  1.  Having  fine  structure; 
delicately  formed;  ethereal;  rarefied;  refined; 
hence,  penetrating;  pervasive.  2.  Subtle.  [< 
L.  subtUis,  <  sub,  beneath,  4-  tela,  web.]  -ly, 
ad».— 8ub-til'i-ty,  sub-til'I-tl,  w.  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  subtile;  thinness;  fineness. 
sub'til (e  - nessi:.  —  8ub"til  - i  -  za'tion  or 
-sa'tion,  n.  — sub'til-ize,  sub'tll-aiz,  v. 
[-IZED;  -I'ziNG.]  I.  t.  To  render  subtile  or  ethe- 
real; refine.  II.  i.  To  draw  subtile  distinctions. 
sub'til-iset.  —  8ub'til-ty,  sub'til-tl,  n. 
[-ties»,  pl.'\    Refinement  or  niceness;  a  nicety. 

sub'tle,  sut'l,  a.  1.  Characterized  by  cun- 
ning, craft,  or  artifice;  wily;  crafty.  2.  Keen; 
penetrative;  discriminating;  also,  overrefined. 
3.  Apt;  skilful.  4.  Executed  with  nice  art; 
ingenious;  clever.  5.  Subtile.  [<  L.^f  sub- 
tilis;  see  subtile.] —sub'tle-ty,  sut'l-ti,  n. 
[-TIESI,  pl.^  The  state  or  quality  of  being  subtle; 
artifice;  cunning,  sub'tle-ness:]:.— sub'tly, 
sut'll,  «d».    In  a  subtle  manner. 

sub-tract'"',  sub-tract',  vt.  To  take  away,  as 
a  portion  from  the  whole,  or  one  quantity  from 
another;  deduct-  withdraw.  [<  L.  s^ib,  under, 
+  traho,  withdraw.]  —  gub-trac'tion,  sub- 
trac'shun,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  subtracting; 
a  deducting.— 8ub-tract'iv(e,  a.  Serving  or 
tending  to  diminish;  that  Is  to  be  subtracted. 

sub'tra-hend",  sub'tra-hend",  n.  That 
which  is  to  be  subtracted. 

sub'urb,  sub'urb,  n.    A  place  adjacent  to  a 
city;  in  the  plural,  collectively,  environs;  out- 
skirts.    [<  L.OF  sub,  under,  -j-  urbs,  city.] 
—  8ub-ur'ban,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  suburb. 

sub-vert'<*,  sub-vgrt',  vt.  To  overthrow  from 
the  very  foundation;  utterly  destroy.  [<  L.^ 
sub,  under,  -f  verto,  turn.]  —  sub-ver'sion,  n. 
Overthrow;  ruin.—  8ub-ver'siv(e,  a.  Tend- 
ing to  subvert;  destructive.— sub-vert'er,  n. 

suc-ceed'"*,  suc-sTd',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  be  or 
take  place  immediately  after;  follow.  2.  To 
come  next  in  order.  3.  To  meet  with  success. 
[<  L.f  sub,  under,  -|-  cedo,  go.] —sue- cess', 
suc-ses',  n.  1 ,  A  prosperous  or  advantageous  is- 
sue, tj.  A  successful  person  or  affair.— 8uc- 
ce88'ful,  a.  Obtaining  success;  prosperous.- 
8Uc-ce8'8ioii,  suc-sesh'un,  n.  1 .  A  following 
consecutively.  2.  A  sequence.— 8uc-ce8'8iv(e, 
suc-ses'iv,  a.  Following  In  succession;  consecu- 
tive, -ly,  ad».— 8Hc-ce8'8or,  suc-ses'gr,  n. 
One  who  or  that  which  follows  in  succession. 

suc-cinct',  suc-si^ict',  a.  Comprised  within 
a  narrow  compass;  concise.  [<  L.  sub,  below, 
-f-  cingo,  gird.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

suc'cor,  suc'gr.  I.  vt.  To  go  to  the  aid  of; 
help.  II.  n.  1.  Help  or  relief  rendered.  2. 
One  who  or  that  which  affords  relief.  [  <  F. 
secours,  <  L.^l  sub,  under,  -j-  curro,  run.] 


flfitgnre  (future);   aisle;   au  (out);    ©11;  c  (k);  cliat;   db  (jtho);   go;  sing,  i^^k;  thin. 


succotasli 
sulfur 


450 


Hp.ad  of  Mis- 
souri Sucker. 


suc'co-tash,  suc'o-tash,  n.  [U.  S.]  A  stew 
of  green  Indian  corn  and  beans.  [<  Am.  Ind. 
m'  sicfcQuatash.] 

suc'cu-lent,  suc'kiu-lgnt,  a.  Juicy;  fleshy, 
as  a  plant.  [<  L.  sticculentKS,  <  succus, 
juice.]  —  sue' c'u-Ience,  n.    suc'cu-len-cy:j:. 

suc-cumb',  8uc-cum',  vi.  1.  To  sink  down 
as  under  a  burden;  yield.  2.  To  die.  [<  L. 
sub,  beneath,  +  cubo,  recline. 1 

such,  such.  I.  a.  1.  Of  that  kind;  being  the 
same.  2.  So  extreme;  intolerable.  "Ll.jyron. 
Such  a  person  or  thing.  III.  adv.  So.  [< 
AS.  swylc,  such.] 

sucks  sue,  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  draw  into  the  mouth 
by  lips  and  tongue.  2.  To  absorb  or  drink  in 
by  any  means.  II.  i.  1.  To  suckle.  2.  To 
draw  in  liquid  by  suction.  [<  AS.  sucan, 
suck.] — suck,  n.  1.  The  act  of  sucking; 
suction.  2,  That  which  is  sucked  or  comes  by 
sucking.— suck'er,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  sucks,  ti.  One  of  various  fishes.  3.  An 
organ  by  which  an  animal  adheres 
to  other  bodies.  4.  A  shoot  or 
sprout  arising  at  or  near  the  root 
of  a  plant.  5.  Anything  that  acts 
by  oris  used  for  suction.— suck'- 
l(e,  vt.  &  vi.  [suck'l(e)d;  suck'- 
LiNG.]  To  give  suck  to,  as  at  the 
breast;  suck;  take  nourishment 
by  suction.— suck'ling,  n.  An 
un weaned  mammal;  hence,  a  young,  Inexperi- 
enced person.— sue' ti on,  suc'shun,  n.  The  act 
of  sucking;  the  production  of  a  partial  vacuum, 
as  by  pumping.—  siic-to'ri-al,  suc-to'rl-al,  a. 
Adapted  for  sucking  or  for  adhesion. 

sud^den,  sud'n.  I.  a.  Happening  quickly  and 
without  warning;  hurried;  hasty.  II.  n.  The 
state  of  being  sudden.  [<  LJ  subitaneus,  < 
svbitus,  sudden.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

su''dor-if' er-ous,  sirrdgr-ifgr-us,  a.  Sweat* 
producing.— 811  ^'dor-ific,  a.  &  n. 

suds,  sudz,  n.pl.    Soapy  water;  foam. 

sue,  siQ,  vt.  &  vi.  ^sued;  su'ing.]  1.  To  in- 
stitute legal  proceedings  against.  2. To  entreat; 
beg.    [  <  F.  mivre,  <  L.  seguor,  follow.] 

su'et,  siQ'§t,  n.  The  fatty  tissues  about  the 
loins  and  kidneys  of  sheep,  oxen,  etc.  [<  F. 
smf,  <  L.  sebum.,  grease.]  —  su'et-y ,  a. 

Burter,  suf'gr,  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  have  a  painful 
experience;  feel  pain.  2.  To  endure.  3.  To 
undergo;  experience.  4.  To  sustain  loss  or 
injury.  5.  To  tolerate;  allow.  {<¥.  souffrir., 
<  L.  svffero,  <  sub,  beneath,  -\-fero,  bear.] 

—  sur'fer-a-ble,  a.  Such  as  can  be  suffered 
or  endured;  endurable.— siiffer-ance,  suf 'gr- 
ans, n.  1.  Negative  consent,  till.  Suffering; 
wretchedness.  311.  Submission.— suPfer-er, 
7i.— suffer-in^,  n.    Misery;  distress. 

suf-fice^,  suf-fais'  or  euf-fdiz',  vt.  &  vi.  [suf- 
ficed''; suF-Fi'cmo.]  To  be  sufllcient  for;  be 
satisfactory  or  adequate.  [<  L.*'  st0cio,  af- 
afford.]  —  suf-fl'den-cv,  suf-flsh'gn-si,  n.  1. 
The  state  of  being  sufficient,  ti.  That  which  is 
sufficient.  3.  Qualiflcatlon.  4.  Conceit;  self- 
Huffldency.— Hiif-fi'cicnt,  suf-fish'gnt,  a.  Be- 
ing all  that  is  needful  or  requisite;  enough,  -ly, 
adv.  [pend. 

suf- fix",  8of-flx',  vt.    To  add  as  a  sufBx;  ap- 

surflx,  suf'ix,  n.  1.  A  formative  element 
attached  to  the  end  of  a  word  or  root  to  modify 
it.  2.  Any  added  title  or  designation.  [<  L. 
sub,  under,  -{-Jt{/o,  fix.] 

surfo-cate,  sufo-kSt,  v.     [-ca'ted*';  -ca"- 


fauces,  gullet.] 


TING.]  l.t.  1.  To  kill  by  stopping  the  respira- 
tion; choke.  2.  To  oppress  (the  breathing). 
3.  To  stifle.  II.  i.  To  become  choked  or 
stifled.  [  <  L.  sub,  under, 
—  suffo-ca'tion,  n. 

suf''frage,  suf'rgj,  n.  1.  A  vote  in  support  of 
some  measure  or  candidate;  hence,  approba- 
tion; assent.  2.  The  right  of  voting.  [F.,  < 
L.  svffraqinm,  voting  tablet,  vote.] 

suf- fuse',  suf-fiuz',  vt.  [suf-fused';  suf- 
FU'siNG.]  To  overspread,  as  with  a  vapor, 
fluid,  or  color.  [  <  L.  sub,  beneath,  -{-/undo, 
pour.]  —  suf-fu'sion,  n. 

sug'ar,  shug'ar.  I.  vt.  To  sweeten,  cover, 
or  coat  with  sugar.  II.  n.  1.  A  sweet  crystal- 
line compound  derived  chiefly  from  the  juice 
of  the  sugar«cane  or  sugar-beet.  2.  Any  of 
many  sweet  compounds.  [Ult.  <  Sans,  gark- 
ard,  sugar.] — sug'arsbeet'',  n.  Any  sugar* 
producing  variety  of  the  common  garden  beet.— 
8.  scan e,  n.  A  tall,  stout,  perennial  grass  of 
tropical  regions,  rich  In  sug- 
ar.—s.»maple,n.  The  hard 
maple,  from  the  sap  of  which 
maple  sugar  is  made.—  s.s 
plum,  n.  A  small  sweet- 
meat.—sug'ar-y,  a. 

sug-gest'<i,  sug-jest',  vt. 
1.  To  hint;  intimate.  2.  To 
bring  up  (an  idea)  by  asso- 
ciation. 3.  To  propose  for 
the  consideration  of  others. 
[<  L.  sub,  under,  4-  gero, 
bring.]— sug-ges'tion,  sug- 
Jes'chun,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
suggesting.  3.  A  hint;  Insin- 
uation. 3.  The  spontaneous 
calling  up  of  an  idea  In  the 
mind  by  a  connected  idea.- 
8U8:-§re8t'iv(e,  a.  Fitted 
or  tending  to  suggest. 

su'i-cide,  siu'i-said,  w.  1. 
Self-murder.  2.  Self-inflicted  political,  social, 
or  commercial  ruin.  3.  One  who  commits 
self-murder.  [<  L.  sui,  of  oneself,  -f  cxdo, 
kill.]  —  9u'i-cl''dal,  a.    Self-destructive. 

suit,  siQt.  Id.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  meet  the  re- 
quirements of;  adapt;  be  fitting;  agree.  2. 
To  please;  prove  satisfactory,  tl.n.  1.  The 
act  of  suing;  solicitation;  petition.  2.  A 
judicial  action  for  the  recovery  of  a  right.  3. 
A  group  or  series  of  things  of  like  kind.  [  < 
F.  s^uite;  see  suite.]  —  8ult'a-bl(e,  a.  Capa- 
ble of  suiting;  appropriate.  — suit/'a-bil'i-ty, 
n.  snWa.-b\(i'i-ne»»t'  —  »uiVor,7>.  1.  One 
who  institutes  a  suit  In  court.  ^.  A  wooer.  3. 
A  petitioner;  applicant. 

suite,  swtt,  n.  1.  A  succession  of  things 
forming  a  series;  a  set.  2.  A  retinue.  [<  F. 
sidfc,  following,  <  L.  segvor,  follow.] 

sul'fur,       (  sul'fur,  n.     A  pale-yellow,  non- 

sul'pliur,  f  metallic  crystalline  element  found 
largely  native,  used  in  making  gunpowder, 
matches,  vulcanized  rubber,  and  sulfuric  acid. 
[<  L.  sulfur,  the  usual  spelling,  also  sulp/iur, 
as  if  Gr.]  —  sul'fatp,  sul'phate,  ».  A  salt  of 
sulfuric  acid.— Hul'fid,  nul'pliid,  n.  A  com- 
pound of  sulfur  with  an  element  or  radical.— 
nulTu-ratc,  suFphu-rnte.  I.  vt.  T-ba'- 
TKD<1;  -KA'TiNO.l  To  treat  with  sulfur.  II.  n. 
Sulfureous.  III.  n.  Sultld.— 8ul-fu're-ou>i, 
8ul-phu'rc-ou8,  a.  Of  or  like  sulfur.— an  I'- 
fu-ret,  8ul'pliu-ret,  n.    A  sulfld.- sul-fu'- 


Sugar-cane. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  Sir;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©ratf  r,  or;  fall,  rflle;  but,  ©r; 


451 


sulk 
superadd 


ric,  sul-phu'ricj  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived 
from  sulfur.— sulfuric  acid,  a  colorless,  cor- 
rosive liquid  compound  of  sulfur,  oil  of 
vitriolt.  —  8ul'fur»pus,  sul-'phur-ous, 
sul'fu-ry,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  sulfur. 

sulk,  sulk.  V-.vi.  To  be  sulky  or  sullen.  II, 
n.  A  sulky  mood  or  humor:  often  »^.  [<  AS. 
solcen,  languid.]  —  sulk'y,  a.  [^ulk'i-er; 
suLK'i-EST.]  Sullenly  cross.— sulk'i-ly,  ad». 
—  sulk'i-ness,  n. 

sulk'y,  salk'i,  n.  [sulk'iesS  pl.'\  A  light 
two^wheeled  one-horse  vehicle  for  one  person. 
[  <  SULKY,  a.  (because  one  rides  alone).] 

suFlen,  sul'en,  a.  1 .  Obstinately  and  gloomily 
ill'humored.  2.  Depressing;  somber.  3.  Slug- 
gish. [<  L.^F 50^7/,?, alone.]  -\y^adv.  -ness,  n. 

sul^y,  sul'i.  I.  'ct.  &  vi.  [sul'lied;  sul'ly- 
ING.J  To  injure  the  brightness  or  purity  of; 
tarnish.  II.  n.  [sul'lies^,  pl.'\  A  stain; 
spot:  blemish.     [<  AS.  »ylian,  <  sol,  mire.] 

sul'tan,  sul'tan,  n.  The  sovereign  of  Turkey. 
[Ult.  <  Ar.  sultan,  <  srilta,  sway.]  —  sul-ta'- 
iia,  sul-ta'na,  n.  A  sultan's  wife,  daughter,  or 
mother. 

sul'try,  sul'tri,  a.   [sul'tri-er;  sul'tri-est.] 

1.  Hot,  moist,  and  still;  close.  2.  Emitting 
an  oppressive  heat.  [Corr.  of  sweltry,  < 
swelter.] — 8ul'tri-ly,  adv. — sul'tri-ness,  n. 

sum*  sum.  l.vt.  [summed;  sum'ming.]  1. 
To  recapitulate  succinctly:  with  up.  2.  To 
add  into  one  total.  3.  Math.  To  ascertain  the 
sum  of.  II.  n.  1.  Matfi.  The  result  obtained 
by  addition.  2.  The  whole.  3.  Any  indefinite 
amount.  4.  A  problem  in  arithmetic.  [<  L.*" 
summa,  sum.] 

su'mac,  sQ'mac  or  shu'mac,  n.  A  shrub, 
whose  dried  and 
powdered  leaves  are 
much  used  for  tan- 
ning and  dyeing.  [  < 
Ar.P  summdq,  su- 
mac]   su'maclit. 

sum'ma-ry ,  sum'a- 
ri.    1.  a.  1.  Concise. 

2.  Instant;  offhand. 
II.  n.  [-RIES=,  pi.] 
An  abridgment  or 
epitome.  [<l,.sum- 
marium,  <  summa; 
see  SUM.]  —  8um'- 
ma-rize,    sum'a- 

ralZ,  Vt.     [-KIZED;  -Kl"- 

ziXG.]  To  make  a 
summary  of.— sum'- 
nia-ri-Iy,  arf».— sum'ma-ri-ness,  n. 

sum-ma'tion,  sum-me'shun,  n.  The  act  or 
operation  of  obtaining  a  sum;  addition. 

sum'mer,  sum'gr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  keep  or 
care  for  through  the  summer;  pass  the  sum- 
mer. II.  n.  The  hottest  or  warmest  season 
of  the  year:  including  June,  July,  and  August, 
in  the  northern  hemisphere,  [<  AS.  sumer, 
summer.]  [set  J. 

snm'iner-sault,  n.    Asomersault.  sum^mer- 

sum'mit,  sum'it,  n.  The  highest  part;  the 
top;  maximum.     [<  L.^ summum,  apex.] 

sum'mon,  sum'un,  vt.  1.  To  command  to 
appear.  2.  To  call;  send  for.  3.  To  arouse. 
4.  To  bid.  [<  L.of  sub,  slightly,  +  moneo, 
warn.] — sum'mons,  sum'unz,  n,  A  call  to 
attend,  act,  answer,  surrender,  etc. 


Common  Sumacs. 

1.  A  panicle  and  leaf  of  the 

stagshom  sumac.    2.  A  leaf 

of  the  dwarf  sumac:  a,  the 

flower. 


sump'ter,  sump'tgr,  n.  A  pack-animal;  as, 
a  sumptet^'hoTBe  or  stimpter'inale.  [Ult.  <  Gr. 
sagma,  pack=saddle.] 

sump'tu-a-ry,  sump'chu-fw  -tiu-]g-ri,  a. 
Pertaining  to  expense;  limiting  or  regulating 
personal  expenditure,  as  some  laws.  [<  L. 
sumptuarius,  <  sub,  under,  +  emo,  buy.] 

sump'tu-ous,  sump'chu-us  or  -tiu-us,  a.  In- 
volving or  showing  lavish  expenditure;  hence, 
luxurious.  [<  1,.  sumptuosus,  <  «m6,  under, 
+  emo,  buy.] 

sun,  sun.  I,  vt.  &  vi.  [sunned;  sun'ning.] 
To  expose  to  the  sun.  II,  w.  1.  The  heavenly 
body  that  is  the  center  of  attraction  and  the 
main  source  of  light  and  heat  in  the  solar  sys- 
tem. 2.  Any  star  that  is  the  center  of  a  sys- 
tem. 3.  Sunshine.  [<  AS.  sunne,  sun.]  — 
sun'beam'',  n.  A  ray  or  beam  of  the  sun;  pL, 
sunlight.— sun'burn'^.  IK  vt.  &  vi.  To  affect, 
or  be  affected,  with  sunburn.  II,  n.  Discolor- 
ation or  inflammation  of  the  skin,  produced  by 
exposure  to  the  sun.— sun'burnt'''',  «.  sun'- 
buriied''$.— sun'sdi'^al,  M.  A  device  that 
measures  time  by  shadow.  — sun'down'',  n. 
Sunset.— sun'flovr^'er,  n.  A  tall,  erect,  stout, 
rough  herb  of  the  aster  fami- 
ly, with  very  large,  terminal, 
flat,  circular  heads  of  flowers. 
— sun'less,  a.  Dark;  cheer- 
less.—sun'ligrht'',  n.  The 
light  of  the  sun.- sun'iiy, 
a.  fSITN'NI-ER;  stjn'ni-est.] 
1 .  Filled  with  the  light  and 
warmth  of  the  sun.  2.  Bright 
like  the  sun.—  sHu'rise'^  n. 

1 .  The  dally  first  appearance 
of  the  sun.  2.  The  time  at 
which  the  sun  rises.  — sun'- 
set'',  n.  1.  The  daily  dis- 
appearance of  the  sun.  ti. 
The  time  at  which  the  sun 
sets;  twilight. —  sun'- 
shine",  n.  1.  The  shining 
light  and  radiance  of  the  sun. 
"2.  Figuratively,  brightness. 

—  aun'stroke'',  n.     Pros-        «„nflnwpr 
tration  from  excessive  heat.        bunnower. 

Sun'day ,  8un'd§,  n.  The  first  day  of  the  week ; 

the  Christian  Sabbath.     [<  AS.  sunnan  dseg; 

sunnan,  gen.  of  sunne,  sun;  daeg,  day.] 
sun'der,  sun'dgr,  vt.  &  vi.    To  break;  part, 

or  be  parted ;  sever.    Compare  asunder.     [  < 

AS.  svndor,  apart.] 
sun'dry,  sun'dri,  a.     Various;  several.     [< 

AS.  stindrig,  <  sundor,  apart.]  —  sun'dries, 

n.  pi.    Items  or  things  not  separately  specified, 
sune,  sung,  imp.  &pp.  of  sing.w. 
sunk,  sunk,  imp.  &  pp.  of  sink,  v. 
sunk'en,  sunk'n,  a.     1.  Deeply  depressed. 

2.  Located  beneath  the  surface. 

sup,  sup,  V.  [supped';  sup'ping.]  I.  t.  To 
take,  as  fluid  food,  in  successive  mouthfuls. 
II.  i.  1.  To  partake  of  (supper).  2.  To  sip. 
[<  AS.  supan,  sup.]— sup,  n.  A  mouthful 
or  taste  of  liquid  or  semiliquld  food. 

super-,  prefix.  Above;  over;  beyond.  (1) 
Above  in  position.  (2)  Above  in  degree  or 
amount:  usually  denoting  excess.  [<  L.*z</?er-, 
<  super,  over.] 

su''per-a-bound''J,  siii"pgr-a-baund',  vt.  To 
abound  to  excess.  —  8u''per-a-bunMance,  v. 

—  su''per-a-bun'dant,  a.   Abounding  exces- 
sively; excessive. 

su''per-add'<*,  siu'pgr-ad',   vt.      To  add  in 


fiut|ure  (future)-    aisle;  au  (owt);    oil;  c  (k);  chat;   dli  (^^e);   go;  sing,  iijik;  thin. 


superannuate 
supply 


452 


addition  to  what  has  been  added.  —  su'^per- 
ad-<1i'tion,  n. 

su''per-an'nu-ate,8iu''per-an'yu-gt,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-A"TEDd;  -A"TiNG.]  To  incapacitate  by  age; 
retire  on  account  of  age.  [<  super-  +  L. 
an?ius,  year.] 

su-perb',  siu-pgrb',  a.  1.  Having  grand,  im- 
pressive beauty;  majestic.  2.  Luxurious; 
rich  and  costly.  [<  L.  superbus,  <  sujjer, 
over.]     -ly,  adv. 

su''per-car'go,  siu'pgr-cflr'go,  n.  An  agent 
on  board  ship,  sent  by  owners  of  merchandise 
in  charge  of  the  cargo. 

su"per-ciri-ous,  siu"[or  Bu'']per-8il'i-us,  a. 
Exhibiting  haughty  contempt  or  indifference; 
arrogant.  [<  h.  mperciliosus,  <  svper,  oxer, 
-\-  cuium,  eyelid.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

su''per-eni'i-nence,  n.    Preeminence. 
—  su"per-ein'i-neiit,  a. 

su^'per-er'^o-ga'tion,  siu'per-er"o-ge'shun, 
n.  The  performance  of  any  meritorious  act  in 
excess  of  the  demands  of  duty;  hence,  some- 
thing superfluous.  [<  L.^  svper,  over,  -}- 
erof/o,  expend.] 

su''per-fl'cial,  siu'pgr-fish'al,  a.      1.   Per- 
taining to  surface.     2.  Not  learned  or  pro- 
found; shallow.      3.  Cursory;   hasty;   slight. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

SU'per-flne'',  siu'pgr-fain",  a.  1.  Of  sur- 
passing fineness  of  quality.    2.  Overrefined. 

su-per^flu-ous,  siu-pgr'flu-us,  a.  1.  Being 
more  than  is  needed.  2.  Mus.  Augmented. 
[<  L.  superfluus,  <  super.,  over,  -\-1luo^  flow.] 
— su"per-flu'i-ty,  slu'per-flu'I-tf,  7i.  [-tiesi, 
»?.]  Superabundance  or  that  which  is  supera- 
bundant or  superfluous. 

su"per-lxu'nian,  siu'pgr-hiu'man,  a.  Above 
the  range  of  human  power  or  skill. 

su''per-in-cuni'l>ent,  siu"pgr-in-cum'bgnt, 
a.  Resting  or  lying  upon  something  else.  [< 
L.  superincumbo^  he  upon.] 

su''per-in-duce'S  siu'pgr-in-dius',  vt.  To 
induce  or  give  rise  to  additionally. 

su'^per-in-tend''',  siu"pgr-in-tend',  vt.  &  vi. 
To  have  the  charge  and  direction  of;  manage; 
supervise.  [<  L.^  super,  over,  -j-  intendo, 
direct.]  — 8u*per-in-tend'ence,  n.  Direction 
and  management.  «u''per-in-tend'en-cyt. 
—  8U''per-iii-ten<l'eiit,  n.  One  whose  func- 
tion Is  to  superintend  some  particular  work. 

su-pe'ri-or,  siu-pi'ri-^r.  I.  a.  1.  Surpassing; 
more  excellent;  preferable.  2.  Of  higher  grade. 
3.  Higher;  upper.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  sur- 
passes another.  2.  The  ruler  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical order  or  house.  [  <  L.*"  superior,  compar. 
of  siipervs,  upper.] —  8u-pe"ri-or'i-ty,  n. 

su-per'la-tiv(e,  siu-pgr'la-tiv.  I.  a.  1. 
Elevated  to  tlie  highest  degree.  2.  Expressing 
the  highest  degree.  II.  n.  1.  That  which  is 
of  the  highest  possible  excellence  or  eminence. 
2.  The  highest  degree  of  comparison  of  the 
adjective  or  adverb.  [<  1,.^^*^  super,  oyer, 
flatus,  borne.]    -ly,  adv.    -netw,  n. 

su-per'nal,  siu-pgr'nal,  a.  Heavenly;  ex- 
alted; lofty.     [<  Ij.  super?ws,  <  super,  over.] 

su''per-nat'u-ral,  siu'pgr-nach'u-ral  or 
-nat'yu-ral.  I.  a.  1.  Transcending  the  forces 
of  nature;  miraculous.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
supernatural.  II.  ti.  That  which  tranBcends 
nature  and  includes  the  Creator. 


su^per-nu'mer-a-ry,  siu"pgr-niu'mgr-g-ri. 

1.  a.  Being  beyond  a  certain  number;  super- 
fluous. 11.  n.  [-Ri'ES^,  pi. ]  A  person  or  thing 
in  excess  of  the  regular  number;  a  stage  per- 
former without  any  speaking  part. 

su'^'per- scribe',  siu"pgr-scraib',  vt. 
[-scribed';  -scri'bing.]  To  write  or  engrave 
on  the  outside  or  on  the  upper  part  of.  [< 
L.  super,  over,  -f-  scribo,  write.] —su'^per- 
scrip'tion,  n.  The  act  of  superscribing  an 
address  on  a  letter;  the  address  superscribed. 

8u''per-sede',  siu"pgr-sid',  vt.  [-se'ded<>; 
-se'ding.]     1.  To  take  the  place  of;  replace. 

2.  To  suspend;  annul.  [<  h.^  super,  over, -(- 
sedeo,  sit.]  —  su'^per-se'dure,  n. 

su'^per-sti'tion,  siu'pgr-stish'un,  n.  1.  A 
false  religion  based  upon  or  marked  by  igno- 
rance, or  any  of  its  rites.  2.  Belief  in  omens, 
charms,  and  signs.  [P\,  <  L.  super,  over,  -f- 
sto,  stand.] — su'^per-sti'tious,  siu'pgr-stish'us, 
a.  1.  Disposed  to  believe  in  superstitions.  2. 
Involving  superstition. 

su'^per-struc'ture,  siu'pgr-struc'chur  or 
-tiyr,  n.  Any  structure  considered  in  relation 
to  the  part  on  which  it  rests.  [<  L.  super, 
over,  -|-  struo,  build.] 

su''per-vene',  siu"pgr-vin',  vi.  [-vened'; 
-ve'ning.]  To  follow  closely  upon  something; 
to  happen.     [  <  L.  super,  over,  -f-  venio,  c©me.] 

su'^per-vise',  siu"pgr-vaiz',  t^^.  [-vised;  -yi'- 
siNG.]  To  superintend;  inspect.  [<!,. super, 
over,  -f  video,  see.]—  su'^per-vi'sion,  n.    su''- 

f>er-vi'8ali.—  su^per-vi'sorj  n.  A  super- 
ntendent;  inspector.— su'-'per-'vi'so-ry,  a. 

su-pine',  siu-pain',  a.  1.  Lying  on  the  back. 
2.  Inactive.  3.  Inclined.  [<  L.  supinus,  < 
sub,  under.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

su'pine,  siu'pain,  n.  One  of  two  parts  of  the 
Latin  verb,  regarded  as  verbal  nouns. 

sup'per,  sup'gr,  n.  The  last  meal  of  the  day; 
also,  a  banquet.  [<  F.  s&uper. ]—sup^per-leaa, 
a.    Having  no  supper;  hungry. 

sup-plant'*",  sup-plant'  or  -plant',  vt.  To  take 
the  place  of,  as  by  treachery;  displace.  [<  L.*' 
sub,  nnder,-{- plarda,  sole.] 

sup'ple,  Bup'l.  l.vt.&vi.  [sup'pled;  sup'- 
PLiNG.]  To  render  supple.  II.  a.  1.  Easily 
bent;  flexible;  pliant.  2.  Compliant.  [<  L.*" 
si/pplex,  submissive.] 

sup'ple-ment,  sup'lg-mgnt.  I^.  vt.  To  make 
additicms  to.  II.  n.  Something  added;  es- 
pecially, an  addition  to  a  publication.  [OF.,  < 
L.  sub,  under,+;;/^o,  fill.]  —  sup^ple-men'tal, 
a.  Like  a  supplement;  supplementing.  8up"- 
ple-ineu'ta-ryl:. 

sup'pli-ant,  sup'li-ant.  I.  a.  1.  Entreating 
earnestly  and  humbly.  2.  Manifesting  en- 
treaty. "II.  «.  One  who  supplicates.  [F.,<L. 
supjMico,  beg.] 

sup'pli-caxe,  sup'li-ket,  vt.  &  vi.  [-ca'ted''; 
-CA'TING.I  1.  To  seek  humblv  by  earnest 
prayer.  2.  To  pray  to  grant  a  favor.  [<  L. 
supplicatus,  pp.  of  supplico,  beg.]  —  sup'plt- 
cant.  I.  a.  Asking  or  entreating  humbly.  II. 
n.    One  who  supplicates.  —  sup^pli-ca'tion. 


-Hup'pll-ca-to-r; 
up-ply',  sop-plai'.  I 
PLY'iNO.]     1.  To  furnish  witli  what  is  needed. 


t.vt 


.     [sin 
with  w 


SITP-PLIED' ;  SUP- 


2.  To  give;  afford.  3.  To  occupy  temporarily. 
II.  n.  [8iTP-pi.iEs'»,  pi.]  1.  The  available 
aggregate  of  things  needed  or  demanded.    2. 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  uafge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  bwt,  *r,: 


453 


support 
surprise 


An  amount  sufficient  for 


i& 


en  use.     3.  A 


l)leo,  fill.] 
sup-port',  sup-pOrt'.    I**,  vt. 


1.  To  bear  the 
weight  of :  keep  from  falling.  2.  To  provide 
for.  3.  To  carry  on.  4.  To  bear  or  endure; 
tolerate.    5.  To  sustain:  defend;  aiil;  Tinm-ish. 


Surf. 
II.  n.    1.  The  act  of  supporting.   2.  One  who 
or  that  which  supports.     3.  Subsistence;  liv- 
ing.    [  <  LJ  sub,  beneath,  -|-  porto,  carry.] 

—  siip-port'a-bKe,  a.  That  may  be  sup- 
ported; bearable;  endurable.— gup-port'a- 
bly,  adr.— sup-port'er,  n. 

sup-pose',  sup-poz',  V.  [sup-posed'  ;  sup-po'- 
siNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  think  orimagine;  believe. 
2.  To  assume  as  true.  II.  i.  To  frame  a  sup- 
position; think.  [  <  F.  supposer,  <  sup-,  under, 
-^]x>ser;  see  pose^  t'.] — 8up-po'sa-bl(e,  a. 
That  may  be  supposed.— sup-po'ser,  n. 

sup'^po-si'tion,  sup'po-zish'un,  n.  The  act 
of  supposing;  conjecture.  [<  L.^^+f  sub,  un- 
der, -\-pono,  place.] — sup-pos^'i-ti'tious,  sup- 
pez'l-tish'us,  a.    Supposed;  fraudulent. 

sup-press",  sup-pres',  vt.  1.  To  ov6rpower; 
crush.  2.  To  withhold  from  publication;  re- 
press; conceal.  3.  To  stop;  arrest;  extinguish. 
[<  L.  s^wft,  under, +j9remo,  press.]— sup-press'- 
er,  sup-press'or,  «.— sup-pres'sion,  n. 

sup'pu-rate,  sup'piu-ret,  vi.  [-ra"ted<*; 
-RA'TiNG.]  To  form  or  generate  pus.  [<  L. 
sub,  under,  -\-pus  {pur-),  pus.]  —  8up''pu-ra'- 
tion,  n.— 8up'pu-ra-tiv(e,  a. 

supra-,  pr^^a;.  Above;  beyond.  [<  L.  supra-, 
<  supra,  above.] 

su-pr erne' ,  siu-prtm' .  l.a.  Highest  in  pow- 
er, degree,  etc.  II.  n.  1.  The  supreme  or 
highest  point.  2.  A  chief.  [<hJ supremus, 
superl.  of  superus,  higher.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
n.— su-prein'a-cy,  siu-prem'a-si,  n.  The  state 
of  being  supreme;  supreme  power  or  authority. 

sur-,  pr^x.    Same  as  super-. 

su'rah.,  su'ra,  n.  A  soft  twilled  silk  stuff. 
[Prob.  <  Surat,  India.]  . 

sur'cin'"gl(e,sur'8in"gl,  w.  1.  A  girth  or  strap 
encircling  the  body  of  a  beast  of  burden.  2.  A 
girdle.    [<  L.^f  super,  over,  -f-  cingulum,  belt.] 

sure,  shiir,  a.     1.  Not  liable  to  change  or  fail- 
ure. 2.  Reliable;  trustworthy.  3.  Certain;  pos- 
itive.   [<  F.  sur,  <  L.  securus;  see  secure,  a. 
— snre'efoot''''ed,  a.  Not  liable  to  fall  or  stum- 
ble.—sure'ly,  adv.   [sukk'u-er;  sure'li-est.] 


I.  Without  doubt;  certainly.  2.  Securely;  safely. 
—  8ure'ness,  n.—  sure'ty,  shur'ti,  7i.  [surk'- 
TiEsi,  pl.'\  1 .  A  person  who  engages  to  be  re- 
sponsible for  another's  payment  or  performance; 
something  deposited  as  security;  a  guarantor; 
pledge.  2.  That  which  gives  security  or  confi- 
dence. 3.  The  state  of  being  sure;  certainty.  [< 
F.  sfirete,  <  L.  securitait-)s,  security.]— sure'- 
ty-ship,  71. 

surf,  siJrf,  n.  The  swell  of  the  sea,  that  breaks 
upon  a  shore.  See  illus.  in  preceding  column. 
[Var.  of  SOUGH.] 

sur'facojsur'fgs,  n.  1.  The  exterior  part  of 
anything.  2.  Geom.  That  which  has  length 
and  breadth,  but  not  thickness.  [F.,  <  sicr- 
(see  SUR-);  and  see  face,  «.] 

sur'feit,  sur'fit.  I^.vt.&vi.  To  overfeed;  sup- 
ply or  be  supplied  to  satiety.  II.  n.  1.  Ex- 
cess in  eating  or  drinking.  2.  Satiety.  [<  L.of 
super,  over,  -\-facio,  do.] 

surge,  surj.  I.  vt.  &vi.  [surged;  sur'ging.] 
To  raise  or  rise  high  and  roll  onward,  as  waves. 

II.  w.  1.  A  lar^e  swelling  wave;  billow.  2. 
The  act  of  surging.  [<  L.^  sur  go,  contr.  of 
surrigo,  raise.] 

sur'geon,  sur'jun,  n.  One  who  practises  sur- 
gery. [Ult.  <  Gr.  cheirourgos,  <  cheir,  hand, 
+  ergon,  work.]  —  sur'ger-y,  n.  [-iess  pL] 
The  branch  of  the  healing  art  that  relates  to  ex- 
ternal Injuries,  deformities,  etc.,  to  be  remedied 
by  operations  or  instruments.- sur'gi-cal,  a. 

sur'loin'',  7i.  Sirloin:  the  etymologically  correct 
form. 

sur'ly,  sijr'li,  a.  [sur'li-er;  sur'li-est.] 
Crabbed;  cross;  rude;  gruff.  [<  AS.  sur,  sour; 
but  perhaps  <  sir,  meaning  like  a  lord,  haugh- 
ty.]—sur'li-ly,  adv. —  sur'ii-ness,  n. 

sur-mise',  sur-maiz'.  I.  vt.  [sur-mised'; 
suR-Mi'siNG.]  To  form  opinions  concerning 
on  slight  evidence;  suppose.  II.  n.  A  con- 
jecture; supposition.  [OF.,  fem.  pp.  of  sur- 
mettre,  accuse,  <  L.  supe?',  over, -\-mitto,  send.] 

sur-mount'd,  siJr-maunt',  vt.  To  mount  up- 
on and  pass  over;  overcome;  conquer;  cap. 

sur'name'',  sur'nem"  or  stir-nem'.  I.  vt.  To 
call  by  a  surname.  II.  n.  A  name  subjoined 
to  a  personal  name;  family  name. 

sur-pass'S  sur-pgs',  vt.    To  go  beyond  or  past 
in  degree  or  amount;  exceed; 
excel.  — sur-pass'jng,    pa. 
Preeminently  excellent,    -ly, 
adv. 

sur'plice,  sur'plis,  n.  A 
loose  white  vestment  worn 
by  the  clergy  of  certain 
churches.  [<  L.^**"  super, 
over,  -\-pellis,  skin.] 

sur'plus,  sijr'plus,  11.  That 
which  remains  above  what 
has  been  used  or  is  required. 
[F.,  <  L."-  super,  over,  + 
plus,  more.] 

sur-prise',  sur-praiz'.  I.  vt. 
[sur-prised';  sur-pri'sing.] 

1.  To  strike  with  astonish- 
ment  by   something    unex- 
pected. 2.  To  take  unawares 
at  a  disadvantage.     3.    To        Surplice, 
dupe;  betray.    11.  n.   1.  The  act  of  surprising. 

2.  A  surprised  state.  3.  A  sudden  and  unex- 
pected event.      [F.,  <  L.^  super,  upon,  -|- 


fiut|gre  (future);   aisle;  au  (cmt);    ell;  c  (k);  chat;   db  (/Ae);   go;  sing,  i^k;  thin. 


surrender 
swamp 


454 


prendo,  grasp.] — sur-pri'sal,  n.    The  act  of 

surprising;   surprise.— sur-pri'sing-ly,  adv. 

sur-ren'der,  sur-ren'dgr.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    1. 

To  yield  to;  give  up,  as  to  an  enemy  in  warfare. 
2.  To  resign:  relinquish.  3.  To  yield  to  any 
influence.  II.  n.  The  act  of  surrendering.  i< 
L_LL+oF  suj)e7\  over,  +  reddo,  give  back.] 

sur^'rep-ti'tious,  sur"rep-tish'us,  a.  Ac- 
complished by  secret  or  improper  means.  [< 
L.  mb,  under,  -f  rapio,  snatch.]    -ly,  adv. 

sur''ro-gate,  sur'o-get,  n.  1.  A  substitute. 
2.  [U.  W.]  A  probate  judge.  l<Jj.mrrogatus, 
pp.  of  surrogo.,  substitute.] 

sur-round'd,  sur-raund',  vt.  1.  To  place 
something  around;  encompass.  2.  To  enclose; 
encircle.  [<  L.^^+^f  super.,  above, -f- ?/w6?a, 
wave.]  — sur-round'ing,  n.  That  which  en- 
virons; the  act  of  one  who  surrounds. 

sur-veil'lance,  sur-vel'yans  or  sur-ve'lans, 
n.  The  act  of  watching,  or  the  state  of  being 
watched.     [F.,  <  surveiller,  superintend.] 

sur-vey',  sur-ve'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  determine 
the  area,  contour,  or  boundaries  of  by  measure- 
ment and  calculation.  2.  To  view  in  its  en- 
tirety. 3.  To  scrutinize;  inspect.  II.  n.  1. 
The  operation  of  surveying.  2.  A  general  or 
comprehensive  view.  3.  An  inspection.  [< 
L.OF  super,  over,  -j-  video,  see.]  —  sur-vey'Ing, 
n.  The  art  of  determining  the  area  or  configura- 
tion of  portions  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  and 
representing  them  on  maps.—  sur-vey'or,  n. 

sur-vive',  sur-vaiv',  v.  [sur-vived';  sur- 
vi'viNG.]  I.  t.  To  outlive ;  outlast ;  live 
through.  II.  i.  To  remain  alive;  exist.  [< 
L.^*^ supe7\  over,  -\-invo,  live.]  —  sur-vi'val, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  surviving;  an  outliving.  2. 
Something  surviving.—  sur-vi'-vor,  n. 

sus-cep^ti-bl(e,  sus-sep'ti-bl,  a.  1.  Yielding 
readily.  2.  Sensitive ;  impressionable.  [F., 
<  L.  sub,  under,  -\-  cajno,  take.]  — sus-cep'^tl- 
bil'i-ty,  «.— su8-cep'ti-bly,  adv. 

sus-pect''',  sus-pect',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  imagine 
to  exist;  mistrust;  conjecture.  2.  To  infer 
the  possible  guilt  of  (a  person)  on  slight  or  no 
evidence.  3.  To  distrust.  II.  i.  To  be  sus- 
picious.    [<  L.^sub,  beneath,  -|-  spicio,  see.] 

sus-pend''",  sus-pend',  v.    I.  t.    1.  To  cause 


to  hang  down  from  a  support.  2.  To  sustain 
in  the  body  of  a  fluid.  3.  To  internipt:  stay. 
4.  To  hold  in  a  state  of  indecision.  5.  To  de- 
bar from  any  privilege.  II.  i.  To  cease  from 
action  or  operation;  stop  payment.  [<  L.*' 
sub,  waAcT,  -\-  ])€7ido,  hang.]  — 8U8-pena'er, «. 
One  who  or  that  which  suspends;  one  of  a  pair  of 
straps  for  supporting  the  trousers.- sus- 
pense'^ sus-pens',  n.    1 .  The  state  of  being  un- 


certain or  Insecure,  iill.  The  state  of  being  sus- 
pended.—sus-pen'sion,  8us-pen'shun,n.  The 
act  of  suspending;  also,  that  which  is  suspended.— 
suspension  bridge,  any  bridge  in  which  the 
roadway  is  stretched  without  support  from  below 
over  the  interval  to  be  crossed.  See  illus.  in  pre- 
ceding column.— sus-pen'so-ry,  sus-pen'so-ri. 
I.  a.  Suspending;  sustaining;  delaying.  II,  n. 
[-KIES2, ;?/.]    That  which  suspends. 

sus-pi'cion,  sus-pish'un,  n.  1.  Conjecture; 
doubt;  mistrust.  2.  [Colloq.]  The  least  par- 
ticle, as  of  a  flavor. —  sus-pi'cious,  sus-pish'us, 
a.  1.  Inclined  to  suspect.  2.  Questionable.  3. 
Indicating  suspicion,    -ly,  «(/?;.    -ness,  «. 

sus-tain^,  sus-ten',  vt.  1.  To  uphold,  as  a 
weight.  2.  To  endure  ;  suffer.  3.  To  keep 
up  the  courage  or  spirits  of.  4.  Tokeepalive; 
support.  5.  To  establish;  prove.  [<  L.^p 
sub,  under,  -f  teneo,  hold.]  —  8us-tain'a-bl(e, 
a.— sus-tnin-'er,  n.— sus'te-iiance,  sus'te- 
nans,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  sustaining;  also, 
subsistence;  food.— sus^'ten-ta'tion,  sus'ten- 
te'shun,  n.    Support  of  life;  maintenance. 

sutler,  sut'lgr,  n.  A  small  trader  who  follows 
an  army  and  who  is  licensed  to  sell  goods  and 
food.     [<  MD.  soeteler,  <  soetelen,  peddle.] 

su'ture,  siu'chur  or  -tiljr,  n.  1.  The  junction 
of  two  surfaces  or  edges,  especiallv  the  joining 
of  two  bones  by  mutually  serrated  edges,  as  in 
the  skull.  2.  The  act  or  operation  of  uniting 
parts  by  stitching,  as  in  surgery.  [<  L.  sutura, 
<  sutus,  pp.  of  suo,  sew.] 

su'ze-raiu,  siii'zg-ren,  n.  One  invested  with 
superior  or  paramount  authority.     [F.] 

S'wab,  sweb.  I.  vt.  [swab3ed;  swab'bing.] 
To  clean  out  with  a  swab.  II.  n.  A  cleaning 
utensil  consistingof  a  soft  absorbent  substance 
on  the  end  of  a  handle.     [Of  D.  origin.] 

—  swab'ber,  n. 

swad'dle,  swed'l,  vt.  [swad'dled  ;  swad'- 
DLiNG.]  To  wrap  around  with  a  bandage; 
swathe.     [<  AS.  swethel,  <  swethian,  bind.] 

swag-'ger,  swag'gr.  I.  vi.  .1.  To  walk  with 
a  swaying  motion;  strut.  2.  To  boast;  bluster. 
II.  71.  Braggadocio.  [Frequentative  <  Norw. 
svaqa,  sway.] 

swain,  swen,  n.  A  youthful  rustic;  a  lover. 
[  <  Ice.AS  svei7i7i,  youth.] 

swale,  swel,  n.  Low,  marshy  ground.  [< 
Ice.  svalr,  bleak.] 

sw^ariow,  swel'O,  vt.  1.  To  take  into  the 
stomach,  as  food.  2.  To  engulf  or  cause  to 
disappear.  3.  To  believe  credulously.  4.  To 
endure  quietly  or  submissively.  5.  To  recant. 
[<  AS.  swekfUTi,  swallow.] 

swallow^  n.  1.  That  which  is  swallowed  at 
once;  the  act  of  swallowing.    2.  The  gullet. 

swal'low*,  71.  1.  A  small  bird  with  short, 
broad,  depressed  bill,  long,  jwinted  wings,  and 
forked  tail  :  noted  for  swiftness  of  flight.  2. 
A  swift  or  other  bird  resembling  the  swallow. 
[<  AS.  sivalewe,  swallow.] — swaPlow* 
tailed",  a.  1 .  Haying  a  tall  like  or  suggestive 
of  that  of  a  swallow.    2.  In  Joinery,  dove»talled. 

swam,  swam,  frnp.  of  swim,  v. 

sw^amp,  swemp.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  sink,  as 
a  boat,  by  filling  with  water.  2.  To  ruin;  be 
overwhelmed  with  diftlculties.  II.  «.  A  tract 
or  region  of  low  land  saturated  with  water; 
wet  bog.     [<  Dn.  svamp,  sponge,  fungus.] 

—  swamp'y,   a.     Pertaining  to  or    like  a 
swamp;  boggy. 


papfi,  98k;  at,  air;  elgmfint,  th6y,  usgge;  it,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rQle;  but,  ur; 


455 


swan 
swift 


swan,  swen,  n. 
necked  bird, 
noted  for  its 
grace  on  the 
water.  [<AS. 
sivan.'] 

swap,  swep. 
I.    Tt.   &   vi. 

LsWAPPEDt; 
SWAP'PING.] 

[  Colloq.  ]  To 
exchange ; 
trade.  II.  n. 
The  act  of 
swapping.  [  < 
Prov.  Eng. 
swap,     strike. 


A  large,  web«f  ooted,  very  long» 


Swans.    J/45 
,  The  whooping  swan.   2.  The  whis- 
ing  swan.    3.  The  trumpeter  swan. 


i.  e..  Strike  a  bargain  ;  var.  of  sweep.]     sw^opl:. 
sward,  swerd,  n.    Land  thickly  covered  with 

grass;  turf.     [<  A^.  siveard,  skin.] 
swarell,  swar,  imp.  of  swear,  v. 
swarm,  swerm.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    1.  To  come  or 

bring  forth  in  swarms  ;  congregate  ;   throng. 

2.  To  send  out  a  new  colony,  as  bees.  II.  n. 
A  large  number  of  insects  or  small  living 
things,  as  bees.     [<  AS.  awearm,  swarm.] 

swartli'y ,    swerth '  i,    a.     [swarth  '  i  -  er  ; 

swARTH'i-EST.]     Having  a  dark  hue;   tawny. 

[  <  AS.  sweart.]  swartj.— swarth'i-Iy ,  adv. 

—  swarth'i-ness,  n. 
swash,  swesh.    I',  vi.    1.  To  dash  or  wash 

with  noise,  as  water.   2.  To  splash  water  about. 

3.  To  brag;  bluster.  II.  ii.  1.  The  splash 
of  a  liquid.  2.  A  narrow  channel  through 
which  tides  flow.     [<  Sw.  dial,  svasska.'] 

swatb,  sweth,  n.  1.  A  row  or  line  of  cut  grass. 
2.  The  space  cut  by  a  machine  or  implement 
in  a  single  course.     [  <  AS.  swathu,  swath.] 

swathe,  swedh.  I.  vt.  [swathed  ;  swa'- 
THiNG.]  To  bind  or  wrap,  as  in  bandages.  II. 
n.  A  bandage  for  swathing.  [<  AS.  swathu, 
band.] 

sway,  swe,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  lean  or 
inclme  to  one  side.  2.  To  cause  to  bend  or 
swing;  oscillate.  3.  To  direct;  influence; 
rule.  II.  i.  To  swing  or  bend  unsteadily. 
[<  Ice.  svei0a,  lean.] 

sway,  n.  1.  Power  exercised  in  governing; 
dominion.    2.  The  act  of  swaying. 

swear,  swar,  ?;.  [swore  orswAREll;  sworn; 
swEAR'iNG.]  1.  t.  1.  To  utter  or  aflirm 
solemnly,  with  an  appeal  to  God  or  something 
held  sacred  ;  make  a  solemn  affirmation.  2. 
To  utter  profanely,  as  oaths.  3.  To  administer  a 
legal  oath  to.  II.  L  1 .  To  give  testimony  under 
oath.  2.  To  vow.  3.  To  utter  profanity; 
blaspheme;  curse.    [<  AS.  swerian,  swear.] 

sweat,  swet,  v.  [sweat  or sweat'ed^;  sweat'- 
ING.]  1.  t.  1.  To  send  forth  through  the 
pores.  2.  To  cause  to  perspire  freely.  II.  i. 
1.  To  exude  sensible  moisture  from  the  pores 
of  the  skin  ;  also,  to  gather  moisture.  2.  To 
perspire  from  hard  labor  ;  hence,  to  toil.  [< 
AS.  swmtan,  <  swat,  sweat.]  —  sweat'er,  n. 
1.  One  who  or  that  which  sweats.  2.  A  heavy 
jersey-like  outside  garment,  used  by  athletes.— 
8  weat'y,  swet'l,  a.  1 .  Moist  with  or  discolored 
by  sweat.    2.  Pertaining  to  sweat. 

sweat,  n.  1.  Sensible  perspiration,  or  any 
moisture  resembling  it.  2.  The  act  or  state  of 
sweating.  3.  Hard  Tabor.   [<  AS.  «wa^,  sweat.] 


Swede,  swid,  n.  A  native  or  naturalized  in- 
habitant of  Sweden.— Swe'dish.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Sweden,  the  Swedes,  or  their  language. 
II.  11.    The  language  of  Sweden. 

sweep,  swtp,  V.  [swept;  sweep'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  collect,  remove,  or  clear  away  with 
a  broom.  2.  To  move  forcibly  and  with  a 
broad  effect  over  or  through.  3.  To  cause  to 
move  with  a  swift  brushing  action.  II.  i.  1. 
To  brush  a  floor,  etc.,  w' ith  some  form  of  broom. 
2.  To  move  with  a  strong,  even  action.  [< 
AS.  swapan,  sweep.] 

sweep,  swip,  n.  1.  The  act  or  result  of  sweep- 
ing. 2.  The  range,  area,  or  compass  reached 
hj  sweeping,  as  extent  of  stroke,  range  of 
vision,  etc.;  a  curve  or  bend,  or  something 
bent.  3 .  A  sweeper.—  8weep'er,  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  sweeps.  — sweep'ings,  n.  pi. 
Things  swept  up;  refuse. 

sweet,  swit.  I.  a.  1.  Agreeable  to  the  sense 
of  taste;  having  a  flavor  like  that  of  sugar. 
2.  Harmonious;  lovely;  restful.  3.  Agreeable 
or  delightful.  4.  Gentle;  kind;  amiable;  as, 
a  sweet  temper.  II.  7i.  1.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing sweet;  sweetness.  2.  Something  sweet; 
a  sweetmeat.  [<  AS.  swete,  sweet.]  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  w.— sweet'bread'',  n.  The  pancreas 
of  a  calf  or  other  animal.—  sweefbri'^er,  n. 
A  stout  prickly  rose  with  aromatic  leaves,  eg'- 
lan-tinet.— 8weet'en,«.  I.  t.  1.  To  make 
or  become  sweet  or  sweeter.  2.  To  make  or  be- 
come more  endurable;  lighten.  3.  To  make  or 
become  wholesome.  II,  i.  To  become  sweet. 
—  sweet'en-er,  ?i.— sweet'en-ingr,  n.  1, 
The  act  of  making  sweet.  3.  That  which  sweet- 
ens.—sweet'hearf,  n.  One  who  is  particu- 
larly loved  by  or  as  a  lover.— sw^eet'ish,  a. 
Somewhat  sweet.— sweet'meaf,  n.  A  con- 
fection, preserve,  or  the  like. 

swell,  swel,  V.  [swelled  or  swoll'en; 
swell'ing.]  1.  t.  1.  To  increase  the  bulk 
of;  bulge;  enlarge.  2.  To  raise  to  arrogance. 
II.  i.  1.  To  be  inflated.  2.  To  increase  in 
force,  intensity,  or  volume.  3.  To  rise  up  or 
well  up;  roll  up;  grow.  [<  AS.  swellan, 
swell.]  —  swell'ing,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  ex- 
panding, inflating,  or  augmenting.  2.  Morbid 
enlargement  of  a  part.    3.  A  protuberance. 

swell.  I,  o.  Pertaining  to  swells;  dandified. 
II.  n.  1.  The  act,  process,  or  effect  of  swell- 
ing; expansion.  2.  A  billow.  3.  A  bulge  or 
protuberance.  4.  A  person  of  the  ultrafash- 
lonable  set. 

sweFter,  swel'tgr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  oppress  or  be 
oppressed  with  heat.     [<  AS.  swelsan,  die.] 

swept,  swept,  imp.  &pp.  of  sweep,  v. 

swerv(e,   swgrv,  vt.    &   vi.       [swerv(e)d; 


.  >'^!L7.ar> 


swerv'ing.]  To  turn 
from  a  course  ;    de- 
flect; deviate.  [<AS. 
sweorfan,  rub.] 
swift,  swift.  I.  a.  1. 
Fleet ;   rapid;  quick. 
2.  Capable  of  quick 
motion.     3.  Passing 
rapidly  ;  brief  ;  sud- 
den,  4.  Prompt.  II. 
n   Abirdof  swallow-     chimney-swlft 
like  form,  possessing  ^nd  its  Nest.    Ve 
extraordinary  powers 
of  flight.      [<  AS.  swift,  <  V  of  sweep.] 
—  swift'ly,  adr.— swift'ness,  n. 


flutgj^re  (future):    aisle; 


(owt);  ©11;   c  (k);    cliat;   dli  (.th€)\  go;   eing,  ijgik;  thin. 


swig 
sylpn 


456 


8"Wlg,  swig,  n.  A  deep  draft,  as  of  liquor.  [< 
AS.  swelgan^  swallow.] 

swill,  swil.  I.  vt.&vi.  1.  To  drink  greedily 
and  to  excesa  2.  To  fill;  inebriate.  II.  n. 
1.  Liquid  food  or  kitchen  refuse  given  to 
swine.  2.  Liquor  drunk  greedily  or  grossly. 
[<  AS.  swilian,  bathe.] 

swimi,  swim,  v.  [swam  or  swum;  swum; 
swim'ming.]  I.  t.  To  move  in  or  pass 
through  or  over  (water)  by  paddling  with  the 
linbs,  or  operating  the  fins,  tail,  etc.    II.  i. 

1.  To  move  through  water  by  natural  means 
of  propulsion.  2.  To  float;  be  buoyed  up 
and  move  along.     [<  AS.  swimman,  swim.] 

—  Bwiiii'mer,  n.—  swiin'ininff,  pjjr.  &  vn. 

—  swiiii'niinff-ly,  adv.  In  a  swiramlng  man- 
ner; easily,  rapidly,  and  successfully. 

swim^,  vi.  To  be  dizzy.  [<  AS.  swima, 
swoon.] 

swim,  fi.  1.  The  action  or  pastime  of  swim- 
ming. 2.  Agliding,  swaying  motion  or  move- 
ment. 

sw^in'dler,  swin'dlgr,  n.  A  rogue;  cheat.  [< 
G.  schwindler,  <  schwindeln,  freq.  of  schwin- 
den,  decay.]  —  8win'dl(e.  I.  vt.&vi.  [swin'- 
dl(k)d;  swin'dling.]  To  cheat  and  defraud. 
II.  n.    A  cheating;  fraud.    [<  swindler.] 

swine,  swain,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  An  omnivorous 
mammal;  a  domesticated  nog.  [<  AS.  swln, 
swine.]—  swine'herd'',  n.    A  tender  of  swine. 

—  8  wi'niHh,  a.    Resembling  or  befitting  swine. 

—  swlne'spox'',  n.  A  form  of  chIcken«pox  In 
which  the  pustules  are  deep-seated. 

sw^lng,  swing.  1.  vt.&vi.  [swung  or  8wang§; 
swiNo'iNo;  SWUNG.]  1.  To  move  to  and  fro 
while  suspended;  move  or  wave  rhythmically. 

2.  To  cause  to  wheel  or  turn  about.  3.  To 
turn,  as  on  a  pivot.  II.  n.  1.  The  action  of 
swinging.  2.  A  free  swaying  motion.  3.  A 
contrivance  of  hanging  ropes  with  a  seat,  on 
which  a  person  may  move  to  and  fro  as  a 
pastime.  4.  Free  course;  compass;  sweep. 
[  <  AS.  swing,  <  swingan,  flutter.] 

swinge,  swiijj,  t'^  [swinged;  swinge'ing.] 
1.  To  weld  together;  forge.  2.  To  flog;  chas- 
tise.    [<  AS.  *wm(7a//,  shake.] 

swiDK^Inff,  ppr.  &  verbal  n.  of  swing,  v. 

BWin'gle,  swiij'gl,  n.  1.  A  wooden  imple- 
ment, for  beating  flax.  2.  The  short  wooden 
bar  of  a  flail.  [<  AS.  swingel,  whip,  <  swin- 
gan,  swing.]  -  swln'gle-tree'',  n.  A  hori- 
zontal cross-bar,  to  the 
ends  of  which  the  traces 
of  a  ImrncsH  are  attached. 
Mlii'irle-tree"t. 

sw^irl,  Hwyrl.  I.  vl.  &  vi. 
To  whirl  along,  as  in  ed- 
dies. II.  n.  A  whirling 
along,  as  in  an  eddy;  Swlngletrees. 
whirl.  [<  Norw.  svirla, 
whirl.]  ».  «.  ■wingletrees;    t, 

■wish,  swish.  I«.  Vt.  &  ri.    ^'■**"f"=   !*'    «loubletree; 

T<.  move  with  a  sweeping  ^'  »••»*•'-'»'"• 

motion  and  a  whistling  sound,  as  a  whip.    II. 

//.    A  hissing,  swishing  sound.    [Imitative.] 
SmtIbs,  swis.    I.  a.    Pertaining  to  Switzerland. 

11./*.     [Swififl  orSwiss'Es,!.^.]    A  native  or 

naturalized  inhabitant  of  Switzerland.     [<  Q. 

Hc/iiveiz,  Switzerland.] 
■Witch.  Bwlch.     r.  vt.  Avi.    1.  To  whip  or 

lash  with  a  switch.  2.  To  shift  from  one  track 


to  another,  as  a  car.  3.  To  make  a  lashing 
motion.  II.  n.  1.  A  small  flexible  rod;  light 
whip.  2.  A  tress  of  human  or  false  hair.  3. 
A  mechanism  for  shifting  a  railway  train, 
directing  an  electric  current,  etc.  4.  The  act 
or  operation  of   switching.      [<  MD.  swick, 

<  swicken,  wag.] — switch'man,  w.  [-men, 
pi.']    One  who  handles  railway-switches. 

swiv'el,  swiv'l,  n.  A  coupling  device  that 
permits  either  half  of  a  mechanism  to  rotate 
independently;  a  pivot  turning  in  all  direc- 
tions.    [<  AS.  swlfan,  revolve.] 

swob,  swob'ber.    Same  as  swab,  etc. 

swoll'en,  swol'n,  joa.    Swelled. 

swoon,  swun.  I.  vi.  To  sink  into  a  faint- 
ing-fit. II.  n.  The  act  of  swooning  ;  a 
fainting=fit.     [<  AS.  swogan,  sigh,] 

swoop,  swup.  I',  vi.  To  sweep  down,  as  a 
bird  on  its  prey.  II.  n.  A  sweeping  down, 
as  by  a  bird  of  prey.  [<  AS.  swdpan,  move 
quickly.] 

swop,  V.  &  n.    [Archaic  or  Prov.]  Same  as  swap. 

sword,  sOrd,  n.  1.  A  weapon  consisting  of  a 
long  blade  fixed  in  a  hilt.  2.  The  power  of 
the  sword;  military  power.  [<  AS.  sweord, 
sword.]  — sword'flsh'',  n.  A  large  fish  of  the 
open  sea,  having  the  bones  of  the  upper  jaw  con- 
solidated to  form  an  elongated  sword -like  proc- 
ess.—swords'inan,  n.  [swords'men,  pi.] 
One  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  sword. 

s^vore,  sworn,  imp.  &  pp.  of  swear,  v. 

swum,  swum,  imp.  &pp.  of  swim,  v. 

swung,  swung,  imp.  &pp.  of  swing,  ». 

syc'a-minel,  sic'a-mln,  n.  The  black  mulberry. 
[<  Gr.  ftykaminos,  mulberry »tree.] 

syc'a-nxore,  sic'a-mOr,  n.  1.  A  medium- 
sized  bushy  tree  of 
Syria  and  Egypt,  al- 
lied to  the  common 
fig.  2.  [U.  S.]  The ' 
buttonwood.  [< 
Gr.L^F  sykon,  fig,  -f- 
fnorwi,  mulberry.] 

syc'o-pliant,  sic'o- 
fant,  n.  A  servile  flat- 
terer. [<Gr.^^^syk- 
ophantls,  <  sykon,  iig, 
■^phaind,  show.] 

— syc'o-phan-cy, 
ti.  The  practises  of  a 
sycophant ;  base  flat- 
tery; fawning.— syc"- 
o-plinn'tic,  -al,  a. 

syria-bKe,  sil'a-bl,n 
lated  vocal  sound  forming  a  word,  or  part  of  a 
word.  2.  A  very  slight  utterance.  [<Gr.i'*F 
syn,  together,  -\-lainbano,  take.]  —  syl-lab'ie, 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  syllables. 
8y1-lab'ic-al:t.  —  syl-lab^ic-al-Iy,  adv.  — 
syl-lab'i-cate,  vt.  To  divide  into  syllables. 
8yl-lab'i-fy:t.  —  syl-Iab'^i-ca'tion,  «. 
Hyl-lab^M-fl-ca'tion:t. 

syl'la-bub,  //.    Same  as  sillibijb. 

syl'lo-gism,  sil'o-jizm,  n.  The  regular  logic- 
al form  of  reasoning,  in  which  two  premises 
lend  necessarilv  to  a  conclusion.— syr'lo-gls'- 
tic,  siro-Jls'tfc,  a.  syP'lo-ffls'tic-ali.— 
syl^'lo-ffis'tic-al-ly,  adv. 

sylph,  silf,  n.  Myth.  A  being  living  in  the  air; 
a  slender,  graceful  girl.    [<  F.  sylphe,  perhaps 

<  Gr.   suphi,    beetle.]— ay Iphad,  a.  &  n. 


Leaf  of  thei 
American^ 
Svcamore. 

a,  the  fertile  head  or 
tonball."    M 

1.  A  single  or  articu 


papd,  gsk;  at,  &lr;  element,  tb6y,  uafge;  it,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


457 


sylva 
syringe 


syl'va,  sil'va,  n.    The  forest»trees  of  a  region, 

collectively.    [<  L.  sylva,  forest.] 
syFvan,  sil'van,  a.    Forest»like;  rustic;  rural. 

[<  L.  silvanm,  <  silva,  forest.]    sil'vaii:^' 
sym-,  prefix.    Same  as  syn-. 
sym^bol,  sim'bgl,  71.  1.  Something  that  stands 

for  something  else;  an  emblem;  a  type.   2.  A 


Interior  of  a  Synagogue. 
character,  mark,  etc.,  indicating  something,  as 
a  quantity  in  mathematics.  [<  Gr.^^+F  syrn- 
bolon,  <  syn,  together,  +  ballo,  throw.]  —  syiii- 
bol'ic,  sim-beric,  a.  syni-bol'ic-alt.— sym- 
bol'ic-al-ly,  orZw.  —  syin'bol-isin,  n.  1. 
Representation  by  symbols.  2.  A  system  of 
symbols.— syin'bol-ize,8im'bgl-aiz.r<.  [-ized; 
-I'ziXG.l  1.  To  typify.  2.  To  treat  as  figura- 
tive.   3.  To  formulate  Into  a  creed. 

sym'met-ry ,  sim'et-ri,  n.  [-riesS  pL]  Due 
arrangement  or  balancing  of  parts  or  elements; 
harmony.  [<  Gr.i'+F  syti,  with,  +  jiietron, 
measure.] —  sym-met'ric-al,  a.  Exhibiting 
symmetry;  harmonious,    syin-inet'rict. 

sym'pa-tliy,  sim'pa-thi,  w.  [-thiesS/?;.]  1. 
Feeling  correspondent  to  that  of  another;  fel- 
lowfeeling:  followed  by  with.  2.  Pity;  com- 
miseration: followed  by /or.  3.  Congeniality; 
accord;  affinity.  [<  Gr.^  symimtjieia,  <  syn, 
with,  -^pathos,  feeling,  passion.] 

—  8yni''pa-thet'ic,a.  1.  Pertaining  to  sym- 
pathy. 2.  Having  a  fellow»feelIng  for  others. 
3.  Congenial.  sym''pa-thet'i.c-al1:.  -al-ly, 
adp.  — syin'pa-thize,  vi.  [-thized;  -thi"- 
ziNG.]  1.  To  share  the  sentiments  or  mental 
states  of  another.  2.  To  be  In  harmony  with. 
3.  To  suffer  sympathetically.  4.  [CoUoq.l  To 
condole,  syin'pa-thiset*  —  syin'pa-thi''- 
zer  or  -ser,  n. 

sym'plio-iiy,  sim'fo-ni,  w.  [-nies^,»^.]  1.  A 
harmonious  or  agreeable  mingling  01  sounds. 
2.  Miis.  (1)  A  sonata  for  orchestra.  (2)  An 
instrumental  prelude,  interlude,  or  postlude. 
[<  Gr.L+f  syn,  together,  -j- phone,  sound.] 

—  sym-piio'ni-ous,  sim-fo'ni-us,  a. 
syxn-po'si-um,  sim-po'zi-um,  w.     _[-si-a,  pi.] 

1.  A  drinking  together;  a  conversational  feast 
or  banquet.  2.  Hence,  a  collection  of  opinions 
or  brief  essays  brought  together.  [L.,  <  Gr. 
syn,  together,  +pi«o,  drink.] 

symp'tom,  simp'tom  or  -tum,  n.  1.  A  func- 
tional or  vital  phenomenon  of  disease.  2.  Any 
sign,  token,  or  indication.  [  <  Gr.r  symptoma, 
<  syn,  with,  -{-piptd,  fall.]  — symp-^to-mat'ic, 
symp''to-mat'ic-al,  a.  —  symp^'to-inat'- 
ic-al-ly,  adv.  [with.] 

syn-,  preflx.   With.   [<  L.  syn-,<  Gr.  syn-,<syn. 


syn-'a-gogcue,  sin'a-geg,  n.  1.  A  place  of 
meeting  for  Jewish  worship.  See  illus.  in  pre- 
ceding column.  2.  A  Jewish  congregation. 
[<  Gr.  syn,  together,  -j-  ago,  lead.] 

syn'cliro-nous,  sin'cro-nas,  a.  1.  Occur- 
ring at  the  same  time;  coincident.  2.  Happen- 
ing at  the  same  rate.  [<  Gr.i-  syii,  together,  -f- 
chronos,  time.]  —  syn-chron'ic,  a.  —  syn'- 
chro-iiisin,  n.  Simultaneousness.  —  syn'- 
cbro-nize,  vt.    To  render  synchronous. 

syn'co-pe,  sin'co-pe,  n.  1.  The  elision  of  a 
vowel  or  syllable  from  the  midst  of  a  word,  as 
e'er  for  ever.  2.  Sudden  fain tness.  [L.,<  G. 
syn,  together,  +  kopto,  cut.]  —  syn'co-pate, 
vt.  [-PA"TEDd;-PA"TiNG.]  To  coutract,  as  a  word, 
by  syncope.—  syn^'co-pa'tion,  n. 

syn'di-cate,  sin'di-ket.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-ca"- 
TED'';  -ca'ting.]  To  form  a  syndicate.  II. 
n.  1.  An  association  of  individuals  united 
for  the  prosecution  of  some  enterprise  requir- 
ing large  capital.  2.  The  office  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  syndic.  [<  Gr.^L  syii,  together,  +  dike, 
law.]  —  syn' die,  sin'dic,  n.  A  civil  officer  in 
many  countries. 

syn'od,  sin'§d,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  council; 
hence,  any  deliberative  assembly.  [<  Gr.i'  +  *' 
syn,  together,  +  hodos,  way.]  —  syn-od'ic, 
sin-ed'lc,  a.    syn-od'ic-alt. 

syn'o-nym,  sin'o-nim,  72.  1.  A  word  having 
the  same  or  almost  the  same  meaning  as  some 
other;  oftener,  one  of  a  number  of  words  that 
have  one  or  more  meanings  in  common.  2. 
The  equivalent  of  a  word  in  another  language. 
[<  Gr.i'  +  P  syn,  together,  -(-  onoma,  name.] 
syn'o-nymej. —  syn-on'y-mous,  sin-en'i- 
mus,  a.  Being  synonyms;  equivalent  or  similar 
In  meaning;  closely  related. 

syn-op'sis,  sin-ep'sis,  n.  [-ses,  /)/.]  A  gen- 
eral view,  as  of  a  subject  or  its  treatment;  a 
summary.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  syn,  together,  -f-  apsis, 
view.]  — syn-op'tic  or  -al,  a. 

syn'tax,  sin'tax,  n.  1.  The  part  of  grammar 
that  treats  of  the  sentence  and  its  construction. 
2.  The  construction  of  sentences  in  conformity 
with  rule.  [<  Gr.Li'+F  ^^/n,  together,  +  tasso, 
arrange.] — syn-tac'tic,  a.     syn-tac'tic-al:!:. 

syn'tlie-sis,  sin'thg-sis,  n.  [-ses,  pL]  The 
putting  of  different  things  together;  combi- 
nation; composition;  construction.  [L.,<  Gr. 
syn,  together,  -f-  tithemi,  place.]— syn-thet'ic, 
-al,  a.    -al-ly,  adv. 

sy'plion,  sy'ren,  n.    Same  as  siphon,  siren. 

Syr'i-ac,  sir'i-ac.    I.  a.    Pertaining  to  Syria  or 
Its  language.  II.  n.   The  Ian 
guage  of  Syria. 

sy-rin'ga,  si-rin'ga, 
n.  1.  The  mock* 
orange.  2.  [S-]  A 
small  genus  of  orna- 
mental shrubs,  the  lilacs. 
[<  Gr.  syrinx  {syring-), 
pipe.] 

syr'inge,    sir'inj.     I.    vt. 

[SYR'INGED  ;   8.YK'IN-GING.] 

To  spray  or  inject  by  a 
syringe.  II.  n.  An  instru- 
ment by  which  to  withdraw 
a  fluid  from  a  reservoir  and 


Syrlnga  or  Mock* 

orange. 

a,  the  dehiscent 

fruit. 


eject  it  in  a  stream, 
pipe.] 


[<  Gr.  syrinx  (syring). 


flutiare  (future);   aisle;   au  {put);    ©11;  c  (k);  cliat;   dh  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


syrup 
tadpole 


458 


syr'up,  syr'up-y.    Same  as  sirup,  etc. 

sys'tem,  sis'tera,  n.  1.  Orderly  combination 
or  arrangement,  as  of  parts  or  elements,  into  a 
whole;  any  orderly  classification.  2.  A  whole 
as  made  up  of  constitutive  parts.  3.  Orderli- 
ness ;  method.    [<  Gr.J^  eystdma,  <  si/?i,  to- 


gether, 4-  histemi,  stand.]  —  sys'^tem-at-'ic,  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  system.  5J,  Methodical,  sys''- 
tein  -  at '  ic-  alt.  —  sys'^tem-afic  -  al  -  ly, 
adv.  —  Hys'tem  -  a  -  tize,  sis'tem-a-talz,  vt. 
[-TIZED;  -Ti'ziNG.]  To  rcduce  to  a  system;  dis- 
pose methodically,    sys'teiii-a-tise:}:. 


T 


T,  t,  tt,  n.  [tees,  T's,  or  T^s,  ttz,  pi.]  1.  A 
letter:  the  twentieth  in  the  English  alphabet. 
2.  Something  shaped  like  the  letter  T. 

tab,  tab,  n.  A  flap,  strip,  tongue,  or  appendage 
of  something.     [For  tape,  n.] 

tato'by,  tab'i.  I.  a.  Watered;  mottled.  II. 
n.  [tab'bies^,  pL]  1.  Any  watered  fabric. 
2.  A  brindled,  mottled,  or  streaked  cat;  popu- 
larly, any  female  cat.  [<  Ar.F  'attdbh  <  'At- 
tabtya,  a  portion  of  Bagdad.] 

tab'er-na-cl(e,  tab'gr-na-cl.  l..vi.  To  dwell 
in  a  tent.     II.  n.     1-   A  tent  or  similar  strnc- 


poi  table  Kinctuary 


ture.    2.  Specificallj 
used    by   the    Jews 
in   the    wilderness, 
hence,  any  house  of 
worship.     [F.,  <   L 
tabernaculmn,    dim 
of  (aberna.  shed.] 
tab'la-ture,  tab'la- 
chur  or  -tiur,  n.    A 
tablet   or   platC'like 
structure;  tablet«like 

Eainting,  etc.    \F.,< 
I.  tabula,  board.] 

ta'ble,  te'bl.  I.  vt.  Mormon  Tabernacle  In 
[ta'bled;  ta'-  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 
BLiNG.]  1.  To  postpone  formally,  as  a  resolu- 
tion; lay  on  the  table.  2.  To  place  on  a  table. 
II.  n.  1.  An  article  of  furniture  with  a  flat 
horizontal  top.  2.  Entertainment;  fare.  3.  A 
company  about  a  table.  4.  A  collection  of  re- 
lated numbers,  signs,  or  items  in  condensed 
form.  5.  A  slab;  thin  plate.  {¥.,<!,.  tabula, 
board.]  --  to'blesland'',  n.  An  elevated  level 
region;  plateau.— ta'blc-Hpoon^^  n.  A  large 
spoon  for  table  use.— ta^ble-i^poon^^ful,  n. 

ta'''bleau',  ty'blO',  n.  lTA"BLEAUx',tg"bl5',TA"- 
BLEAU8'»,^»/.]  Aplcturc-llke  scene  reiu-esentedby 
motionless  persons,  with  suitable  adjuncts.    [F.] 

ta'ble  d'hdtc.  tQ'bl  dot.  [ta'bles  d'hote,  tQ'- 
I»ld0t,  ;j/.l  A  common  table  for  guests,  as  at  a 
hotel.    (F.:  table,  table;  de,  of;  ti6te,  host.] 

tab'let,  tab'let,  n.  1.  A  thin  solid  sheet,  as  of 
ivory,  for  writing  on  ;  also,  a  pad  of  writing- 
paper.  2.  A  small  table  or  flat  surface,  as  for 
an  inscription.  3.  A  lozenge;  troche.  [<  LL.*" 
tabtileta,  dim.  of  L.  tabula,  tablet.] 

ta"boo',  I  tQ'bO'.     I.  vt.    To  place  a  taboo 

ta"bu',  fui)on;  forbid;  exclude.  II.  v.  1. 
A  iHjnal  system  of  the  Polynesians,  whereby 
things  are  set  apart  as  sacred  or  forbidden  to 
be  used.  2.  Hence,  prejudice  or  ostracism.   [< 


Polynesian  tnini,  forbidden.] 
ta'bor,  t€'bgr,  n.    A  small  dr 


„.         drum  ortambourlno 

jithout  JinslM.   [<  OF.  labour,  <  Ar.  tambar, 
kind  of  luteO 


tab'u-lar,  tab'yn-lar,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
table  or  list.  2.  Having  a  flat  surface;  tablet- 
like.    [  <  L.  tabulaHs,  <  tabula,  table.] 

— tab'u-late,  tab'yu-let,  vt.  [-la'ted^;  -la"- 
ting.]  1,  To  arrange  in  a  table  or  list.  »i.  To 
form  with  a  tabular  surf  ace.— tab^'u  -la^ti  ou,  n. 

ta-cbyg'ra-pliy,  ta-kig'ra-fi,  ti.  Stenogra- 
phy.    [  <  Gr.  tachys,  swift,  -f  -graphy.] 

tac'it,  tas'it,  a.  1.  Existing,  inferred,  or  im- 
plied. 2§.  Silent  and  quiet.  {<1j.  tacitus,  < 
taceo,  be  silent.]  -iy,  adv. —  tac'i-turn,  tas'i- 
tfJrn,  o.  Habitually  silent  or  reserved;  disinclined 
to  conversation.— tac^'i-tur'ni-ty,  n. 

tacks  tac,  ?;.  1.  t.  1.  To  fasten  with  tacks. 
2.  To  annex;  append.  II.  i.  1.  Naut.  To 
change  course  so  as  to  bring  the  wind  to  the 
other  side:  said  of  a  sailing  vessel  or  the  per- 
son controlling  her.  2.  To  change  one's 
course;  veer. 

tack,  n.  1.  A  small  sharp-pointed  nail.  2.  A 
fastening  ;  stitch.  3.  Nant.  (1)  A  rope  for 
hauling  down  and  fastening  corners  of  certain 
sails.  (2)  The  act  of  tacking;  the  course  sailed 
from  one  sucli  act  to  the  next.  [<  OF.  taque, 
of  Celtic  origin.] 

tack'Ke,  tac'l.  I.  vt.  [tack'l(e)d  ;  tack'- 
LiNG.l  1.  To  grapple  with.  2.  Toattacliby 
a  tackle.  II.  n.  1.  A  hoisting  contrivance 
of  ropes,  pulley-blocks,  etc.  2.  Gear;  equip- 
ment. 3.  The  act  of  tackling.  [<  D.  takel, 
tackle,  <  \'  of  take.]  —  tack^llng,  n.  Tackle 
collectively,  or  material  for  it. 

tact,  tact,  n.  1.  An  intuitive  appreciation  of 
what  isflt,  proper,  or  right; 
adroitness;  address.  2. 
Feeling;  touch.  [<  L. 
tactus,  <  tactus,  pp.  of 
tanqo,  touch.] 

tac^iics,  tac'tics,  n.  1. 
The  science  and  art  of  mil- 
itary and  naval  evolutions. 
2.  Adroit  management. 
[<  Gr.  taktika,  <  tassd,  ar- 
range.] —  tac'tie-al,  a. 
tac'tict.  —  tac-ti'clan, 
lac-tlsh'an,  n.   An  expert  In 

t£LCtlCS 

tac^til(e,   tac'til,   a.      1. 
Pertaining  to  touch ;  caused  velop^'lfills;'(a7devei 
by  contact.    2.  Tangible,  opmeiit  of  hind  logs 

[F.,  <  L.  tactilis,<tactUi<,    (^    (4)    absorption  of 
tOMOli  1  —  tar.tlPi-tv      ?}     ^^^  tail  and    appear- 
♦J^/^lli-.//    *    1/    -1.  ''       A    ance  of  front  legs. 

tad'pole'',  tad'pol  ,  n.   A 
young  frog  or  toad,  breathing  by  external  gills 
and  having  a  fin-like  membrane  on  the  tail.   [  < 
AS.  tddie,  toad,  -f  poll»,  «.] 


Tadpoles. 
Showing  (1)  fully  de- 


papA,  Qsk;  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  they,  asfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


459 


tafft*ail 
tan 


taffrail,  taf'rel,  n.  1.  The  rail  around  a  ves- 
eePs  stern.  2.  The  upper  part  of  a  vessers 
stern.    [<  D.  tafereel,  <  tafel,  table.] 

taffy,  taf'i,  7i.  1.  A  sweetmeat  of  brown 
sugar  or  molasses  boiled  down.  2.  [Slang.] 
Flattery;  blarney.  [<  Malay ^  iq/la,  spirit  dis- 
tilled from  molasses.] 

tags  tag.    I.  vt.  &  vt.    [tagged  ;  tag'ging.] 

1.  To  supply  or  label  with  a  tag.  2.  To  follow 
closely  or  persistently.  II.  n.  1.  Something 
attached  ;  a  label  fastened  by  one  end.  2.  A 
loose  or  ragged  edge.     [<  Sw.  tagg,  point.] 

tag2,    I,  ^t^    To  overtake  and  touch.    II.  iu 

A  juvenile  sport  in  which  the  object  is  to  keep 

from  being  overtaken  and  touched. 
tails  tel,  n.  1.  The  appendage  at  the  hindmost 

part  of  the  body  of  many  animals.    2.   Any 

pendant,  flap,  stem,  appendage,  etc.    3.  The 

hind  or  inferior  portion  of  anything,  as  of  a 

coin.     [<  AS.  txgl,  tail.] 
taiP,  n.    Law.     A  cuttmg  off;   abridgment. 

[<  L.F  talea,  slip  of  wood.] 
tai^lor,  te'lur,  n.    One  who  makes  to  order  or 

repairs  men's  outer  garments.     [<  F.  tailleur, 

<  tailler,  cut.]— tai'lorsbird'',  n.    A  bird  that 

sews  leaves  to  form 

a  receptacle  for  its 

nest, 
taint,  tent.    I'^.rt. 

&   vi.    To   imbue 

with  a  taint;  take  or  have 

a  taint;    infect;    corrupt. 

II.  fi.    A  trace  or  germ  of 

decay;   a  cause  or  result 

of  corruption,  physical  or 

moral.     [  <  OF.  teindre,  < 

L.  tingo,  stain.] 
take,  tek,  v.    [took;  ta'- 

ken;  ta'king.]     1. 1.    1. 

To  gain  possession  of  by 

putting     forth     exertion ; 

seize;  secure.    2.  To  carry 

off;  abstract;  deduct.    3. 

To   admit.    4.  To   make 

choice  of;  employ.    5.  To   Tailor Jblrd  and  Its 

contract,  as  a  disease.    II.  Nest.    Ve 

i.     1.  To  lay  hold  of,  get,  or  receive  anything. 

2.  To  remove.  3.  To  make  a  favorable  im- 
pression.   [<  AS.  tacan,  <  Ice.  iaka,  take.] 

take,  n.  The  act  of  taking,  or  that  which  is 
taken.  — ta'king.  I.  pa.  Fascinating;  cap- 
tivating.   11.71.    The  act  of  one  who  takes. 

talc,  talc,  n.  A  soft,  greasy,  hydrous  compound 
of  magnesium  and  silica.  Varieties  are  called 
soapstoneand  steatite.    [F.,<  Ar.  talq,  talc] 

—  talc'ose'",  talc'ous,  a.    Composed  of  or 
containing  talc,   talc'yt;  talck'yl:;  talk'yn 

tale,  tel,  n.  1.  A  narrative  or  story.  2.  A 
counting;  reckoning.  [<  AS.  tahi,  tale,  num- 
ber.] —  talCbear^'er,  n.  One  who  tells  mis- 
chievous tales.  —  tale'bear'^ing,  a.  &  n. 

taFent,  tal'gnt,  n.  1.  Superior  mental  endow- 
ments or  capacities.  2.  A  particular  faculty 
or  gift.  3.  An  ancient  weight  and  denomina- 
tion of  money  (Roman  talent  =  $500,  Attic 
$1,200,  Hebraic  $1,550  to  $2,000). 

tales'man,  telz'mgn,  n.  [tales'men,  pi.']  A 
person  summoned  to  make  up  a  jury. 

tal'is-man,  tal'is-man,  w.  [-mansSjdZ.]  Some- 
thing supposed  to  produce  magical  effects;  a 


charm.    [Sp.,  <  Gr.^r  tdesma,  <  telos,  end.] 

talk,  tek.  I',  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  give  utterance 
to  in  words;  exercise  speech.  2.  To  converse. 
II.  n.  The  act  of  talking,  or  that  which  is 
said;  report;  topic;  conference.  [<  AS.  talian, 
speak,  <  talu,  tale.]  —  talk'a-tiv(e,  a.  Given 
to  much  talking.  —  talk'er,  ?i. 

tall,  tel,  a.  Having  more  than  average  height; 
high,     -ne.ss,  n. 

tal'low,  tal'o.  I.  vt.  To  grease  with  tallow. 
II.  ?^  A  mixture  of  the  harder  fats,  as  of 
beef  or  mutton.     [<  OD.  talgh.] 

tal'ly,  tal'i,  •?;.  [tal'lied;  tal'lt-ing.]  1. 1. 
To  score;  record;  register.  II.  i.  1.  To  agree 
precisely.    2.  To  keep  tally. 

tal'ly,  n.  [tal'lies^,  pi.]  1.  A  piece  of  wood 
on  which  notches  or  scores  are  cut.  2.  A  score 
or  mark;  hence,  a  reckoning;  account.  3.  A 
counterpart.     [<  F.  faille;  see  tail^,  n.] 

Tarmud,  tal'mud  or  tql'mud,  n.  The  body  of 
Jewish  civil  and  canonical  law  not  in  the  Pen- 
tateuch.    [<  Chal.  talmud,  instruction.] 

taFon,  tal'un,  71.  A  claw,  especially  of  a  bird 
of  prey.     [F.,  <  L.  talus,  heel.]  [tamed. 

ta'ma-'blCe,  te'ma-bl,  a.    Capable  of  being 

tain'a-rack,  tam'a-rac,  71.  1,  The  American 
or  black  larch,  hack'iiia-tackj:.  2.  A  North. 
American  pine.    [Am.  Ind.] 

tam^a-rind,  tam'a-rind,  71.  A  tropical  tree, 
with  pinnate  leaves  and  showy  yellow  flowers- 
also,  its  fruit,  a  flat  brown  pod  with  soft  acid 
pulp.     [  <  Ar.  ta77ir  Hindi,  Indian  date.] 

taxn'a-risk,    tam'a-risk,    n.     An  evergreen 
shrub  of  the  Mediterranean 
region,  western  Asia,  and 
India.     [<  L.  tamariscus.] 

tam'bour,  tam'bur, «.  1. 
A  drum,  or  druniolike  de- 
vice. 2.  A  frame  for  em- 
broidery, or  a  fabric  em- 
broidered on  it.  [F.,  <  Ar. 
ta7nbur,  drum.] 

— tam^'bou-rineS  tam"- 
bu-rln',  n.  Mus.  An  Instru- 
ment like  the  head  of  a  drum, 
with  jingles  In  the  rim, 
played  by  striking  It  with 
the  hand. 

tame,  tem.  I.  vt.  [tamed; 
ta'ming.]      1.    To   make 
tame;  domesticate.     2.  To  Flowerlug  Branch 
bring  into  subjection;  con-        of  Tamarisk, 
quer.    3.  To  soften.    II.  a.     a,  a  single  flower. 
[ta'mer;    ta'mest.]     1.   Domesticated.     2. 
Docile;  tractable;  also,  subdued.    3.  Dull;  in- 
ert.    [<  AS.  tarn,  tame.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

tanxpS  tamp,  vt.    To  ram  down,  as  a  packing 
on  a  charge  in  a  blast'hole.    [Ult.  <  tap,  bung.] 
—  tam'per,  n. 

tam'per,  tam'pgr,  vi.  To  experiment  officious- 
ly or  fraudulently;  make  unju  still  able  altera- 
tions: followed  by  with.     [For  temper,  v.] 

tan,  tan,  v.  [tanned;  tan'ning.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  convert,  as  hides,  into  leather,  especially  by 
treating  with  tannin.  2.  To  bronze,  as  the 
skin.  3.  [Colloq.]  Toflog.  II.  i.  To  become 
tanned. —  tan'ner,  n.  One  who  tans  hides.— 
tan'ner-y ,  n.   A  place  where  leather  Is  tanned. 

tan,  a.    Of  a  yellowish  or  reddish  brown. 

tan,  w.  1.  Tan=bark.  2.  Yellowish  brown 
tinged  with  red.  [F.,  <  Bret,  tann,  oak.]-  tan's 


flutjflre   (future);   aisle;  au   {out);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dh   {the);  go;  sing,  ink; 


tliin. 


tandem 
tare 


460 


bark",  n.    A  bark,  as  of  oak,  containing  tan- 
nic acid  in  quantity. 
tan^dem,  tan'dem.    I.  a.    Arranged  one  be- 


Tandem, 


fore  the  other.  II.  n.  1 .  Two  or  more  horses 
harnessed  in  single  file.  2.  A  cycle  with  seats 
for  two  persons,  one  behind  the  other.  III. 
adv.  One  before  the  other,  as  horses.  [<  L. 
tandem,  at  length.] 

tangS  tang,  n.  A  slender  projecting  shank  or 
tongue;  tongue»like  member.     [<  Ice.  tanpi.] 

ta,ns^,n.  1.  An  unusual  flavor  in  something. 
2.  Any  distinct  quality,  especially  if  disagree- 
able.    [  <  OD.  tanger,  sharp.] 

tan'gent,  tan'jent.  I.  a.  1.  Geom.  Meeting 
a  line  or  a  surface  at  a  point  and  then  leaving 
without  intersection.  2.  Touching.  II.  n. 
A  straight  line  tangent  to  a  curve.  [<  L. 
tango  (ppr.  tangen{t-)s),  touch.]— tan'gen-cy, 
n.  L-f'Esi,  p;.|  The  state  of  being  tangent.— 
taii-iren'tial,  a. 

tan'gi-'bl(e,  tan'ji-bl,  a.  Perceptible  by  touch 
or  by  the  senses.     [F.,  <  L.i^  tango,  touch.] 

—  tan"ari-bil'i-ty,  tan^Ki-bKe-ness,  n.— 
tan'ffi-bly,  adv. 

tan'glie,  taij'gl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [tan'gl(e)d; 
tan'oling.]  To  intertwine  confusedly;  com- 
plicate inextricably.  II.  n.  1.  A  confused  in- 
tertwining of  flexible  materials  in  a  complica- 
ted mass.  2.nence,  a  state  of  confusion.  [Ult. 
<  Ice.  tfiang,  kelp.] 

tank,  taijk,  n.  A  large  vessel,  receptacle,  or 
structure,  generally  for  containing  a  fluid.  [< 
Pg.  tanque,  <  L.  stognum,  pool.] 

tank'ard,  ta^ik'ard,  n.  A  large  drink- 
iiig-cup.     [<  OF.  tanguard,  tankard.] 

tan'nic,  tan'ic,  a.  Pertiiin- 
ing  to  or  derived  from  tan. 

—  tannic  aci<l,  any  one 
of  nmiiy  UMtrlngcnt  princi- 
ples contained  in  veKctables, 
as  In  <)ak«bark.    tan^ninU 

tan'sy,  tan'zi,  «.  A  coarse 
perennial  Old  World  herb, 
2  or  3  feet  high,  with  ray  less 
heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
[  <  Gr.»'  athanasia,  immor- 
tality.] 

tan^ia-lize,    tan'ta-laiz, 
vt.    [-lized;  -Li'ziNo.]    To  tease  by  repeated 
disappointments  in  the  attainment  of  some  ap- 

Earently  attainable  object;  harass,    tan'ta- 

tan'ta-mount",  tan'tamaunf,  a.  Having 
e<jiilvalent  vahie,  effect,  or  imiKtrt;  equivalent. 
[  <  F.  taut,  Bo  much,  -f  amount.] 

tan^trunx,  tan'trum,  n.  A  petulant  fit  of 
{wssion.    [<  W.  iant,  sudden  impulse.] 


Tankard. 


taps  tap.  ^'  ^^-  [tapped';  TAP'piNG.]  To 
draw  liquid  or  the  like  from,  as  by  opening  a 
tap.  II.  n.  1.  A  plug,  stopper,  or  faucet  by 
means  of  which  liquid  may  be  drawn  from  a 
cask.  2.  A  tool  for  cutting  internal  screw= 
threads.  3.  [Colloq.]  A  place  where  liquor  is 
served;  bar.     [<  AS.  tseppan,  <  faeppa,  tap.] 

tap2.  P.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  touch  or  strike  gently. 
2.  To  apply  leather  to  (the  heel  of  a  shoe)  ni 
repair.  3.  To  strike  gently  with  (something, 
as  the  finger).  II.  n.  1.  A  gentle  or  playful 
blow.  2.  Leather  put  upon  the  heel  of  a  shoe. 
[<  F.  taper,  <  G.  tappen,  fumble.] 

tape,  tep,  n.  A  narrow,  stout  strip  of  woven 
fabric;  also,  a  flat  strip  of  paper,  etc.  [<  L.^^ 
tapete  (<  Gr.  tapes),  carpet.]— red  tape,  the 
close  observance  of  forms  and  routine.— tape'- 
worm'",  71.  A  ribbon=like  worm  infesting  the 
alimentary  canal  of  a  vertebrate. 

tamper,  te'pgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  be- 
come smaller  toward  the  end;  hence,  to  lessen 
gradually.  II.  a.  Growing  small  by  degrees 
toward  the  end.  III.  n.  1.  A  small  candle. 
2.  A  gradual  diminution  of  size  in  an  elongated 
object.     [<  AS.  taper.] 

tap'es-try,  tap'es-tri.  I.  vt.  [-tried;  -try- 
ing.] To  hang  with  tapestry.  II.  n.  [-tries^, 
pL]  A  loosely  woven,  ornamental  fabric  used 
for  hangings.     [Ult.  <  Gr.  tape{t-)s,  tapestry.] 

tap'^i-o'ca,  tap"i-0'ca,  n.  A  starchy  substance 
having  irregular  grains,  obtained  from  cassava. 
[Sp.,  <  Braz.  tipioca,  juice  of  the  cassava.] 

ta'pir,  te'pgr,  n.  A  large  mammal,  having 
short  stout 
limbs  and  flex- 
ible proboscis. 
[<  Braz.sp  ta- 
py''ra,  tapir.] 

ta'pis,te'pisor 
tg"pl',  n.  Tap- 
estry; now  on- 
ly in  the  phrase 
on  the  tapis 
(up  for  consid- 
eration). 

tap^pet,  tap'- 
et,  n.  A  pro- 
jecting arm  of  Malayan  Tapir  and  its  Young.  i/5c> 
a  mechanism,  to  operate  an  unattached  part 
automatically.     [Perh.  <  tap",  v.] 

tap'ster,  tap'stgr,  n.    A  bartender. 

tar,  tQr,  vt.  [tarred;  tar'ring.]  To  cover 
with  tar. 

tar',  n.  Chem.  A  dark,  viscid,  oily  liquid  ob- 
tained from  resinous  woods,  coal,  etc.  [< 
AS.  tejni,  tar;  akin  to  tree.] 

tar2,  ?i.    IColloq.]    A  sailor.   iFor  tarpaulix.] 

ta-ran'tu-Ia,  ta-ran'tiu-la,  n.  A  large  hairy 
spider.  See  illus.  on  next  page.  [<  It. 
tarantda.] 

tar'dy,  tflr'di,  a.  [tar'di-er;  tar'di-est.] 
1.  Dilatory;  late.  2.  Slow;  reluctant.  [< 
F.  tard  ( <  L.  tardus),  slow.]  —  tar'dl-ly,  adv. 
—  tar'di-ness,  n. 

tarell,  imp.  of  tear,  v. 

tare',  tar,  n.  Any  one  of  various  weeds,  as 
vetch.     [<  AS.  teran,  tear.] 

tare'',  n.  An  allowance  made  for  the  weight 
of  the  receptacle  in  which  goods  are  contained. 
[F.,  <  Ar.  tarha,  <  tarah,  throw  away.] 


\^h 


papa,  98k;  at,  ftlr;  elgmfint,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erator,  5r;  full,  rule;  bot,  fir; 


461 


target 
tax 


Dorsal  View  of  a 
Male  Tarantula.  1/4 
1.  A  water»proof 


tar'get,  tar'get,  n.  1.  A  mark  to  be  shot  at. 
2.  A  shield  or  buckler,  targe:?.  [<  F. 
tarqe^  shield,  of  Teut.  origin.] 

tar'iff,  tar'if,  n.     A  schedule   of  articles   of 
merchandise  with  the  rates 
of  duty  to  be  paid  for  im- 
port or  export.    [<  Ar.^p  +  ^ 
/aV7/,  <  'arff/a,  know.] 

tar'la-tan,  tdr'la-tan,  n. 
An  open,  transparent  mus- 
lin. [<  Milanese  tarlan- 
tanna^  linsey  -  woolsey.] 
tarae-tan*. 

tarn,  tarn,  n.  A  small  moun- 
tain lake.  [Akin  to  Ice. 
tjarnA 

tar''nisli,  tSr'nish.  I«.  vt. 
&  vi.  1 .  To  lessen  the  lus- 
ter of;  lose  luster.  2.  To 
stain;  disgrace.  II.  n. 
Loss  of  luster;  hence,  a 
blemish.  [  <  OHG.*'  ta7y)i^ 
hidden.] 

tar-pauain,  tQr-pe'lin,  n. 
canvas  for  covering  merchandise.    2.   A  sail- 
ors' widcbrimmed  storm^hat.      [<  tarI,  w., 
-\-paUin(/,  covering.] 

tar'ry,  tar'i,  ^'^.  [tar'ried;  tar'ry-ing.]  1. 
To  put  off  going  or  coming;  linger.  2.  To 
abide;  stay.     [uTt.  <  L.  tardus.,  slow.] 

tar-'ry,  tflr'i,  a.    Covered  with  tar;  like  tar. 

tart,  tart,  a.  1.  Having  a  sharp,  sour  taste. 
2.  Severe;  cutting.  [<  AS.  teart,  <  teran, 
tear.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

tart,  n.  1.  [U.  S.]  A  small  piece  of  pastry 
with  fruit  filling.  2.  [Eng.]  A  fruit  pie.  [< 
L.ii'+F  toi'tus,  pp.  of  iorqneo,  twist.] 

tar'tan,  tar'tan,  n.  A  Scotch  plaid  fabric; 
also,  its  design  or  pattern.  [<  Sp.*"  tintana, 
thin  woolen  cloth.] 

Tar'tari,  tur'tar,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  Tatar. 

tar'tar^,  n.  1.  An  acid  substance  deposited 
from  grape* juice  during  fermentation,  ar'- 
gol:?.  2.  A  yellowish  incrustation  on  the 
teeth.  [<  Ar.iJ-  durd,  dregs.] —  tar-ta're- 
oiiN.  a.  Resembling  tartar.  — tar- tar'ic,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  tartar  (argol).— 
tar'tar-oiis,  a.    Pertaining  to  tartar. 

task,  task.  I*,  vt.  1.  To  assign  a  task  to. 
2.  To'overtax  with  labor.  II.  n.  1.  A  spe- 
cific amount  of  labor  imposed  or  undertaken. 
2.  Burdensome  work.  [<  L.^'^'+^f  taxo,  ap- 
praise, <  tango,  touch.]  —  task'mas'^ter,  n. 
One  who  assigns  tasks. 

tas'sel,  tas'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.    [tas'seled  or  tas'- 

SELLED  ;    TAS'SEL-ING    Or    TAS'SEL-LIKG.]      To 

provide  with  or  form  in  a  tassel;  bear  a  tassel. 
II.  n.     1.  A  pendent  ornament,  as  a  tuft  of 
loose  thread.    2.  The  pendent  head  of  some 
plants  or  flowers.     [OF.,  clasp.] 
taste,  test,  V.     [TA'sTED<i;  ta'sting.]     I.  t. 

1.  To  perceive  the  flavor  of.  2.  To  test  by 
taking  a  little  of  into  the  month.  3.  To 
have  slight  experience  of.  II.  i.  1.  To  take 
a  taste.  2.  To  have  a  particular  flavor.  [< 
L.of  taxo,  freq.  of  tango,  touch.] 

taste,  n.  1.  The  sensation  excited  when  a 
soluble  substance  is  put  into  the  mouth;  flavor. 

2.  That  one  of  the  five  senses  that  gives  such 
sensation.     3.  A  small  quantity  tasted;  also, 


the  act  of  tasting.  4.  Nice  perception  of  artis- 
tic excellence.  5.  Inclination.  —  taste'ful,  a. 
1.  Conforming  to  taste.  2.  Possessing  good 
taste,  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.— taste'less,  a.  1 . 
Insipid;  dull.  ti.  Devoid  of  taste.— ta'sfy,  a. 
1.  Having  a  fine  flavor;  savory.  2.  [Colloq.J 
Tasteful.— ta'sti-Iy,  adv. 

tat,  tat,  vt.  &  ri.  [tat'ted"*;  tat'ting.]  To 
make,  as  an  edging,  by  tatting.  [<  Ice.  taeta, 
pick.]  —  tat'ting,  n.  A  lace»like  threadwork, 
made  by  hand. 

Ta'tar,    Ka'tar,  tflr'tflr,  «;    1.  A  Turk,  Cos- 

Tar'tar,  f  sack,  etc. ;  also,  the  dialects  spoken 
by  these  peoples.  2.  One  of  the  Moguls  of 
the  13th  century  who  ravaged  Europe  and  Asia. 
3.  [T- or  t-1  A  person  of  savage  temper:  in 
this  sense  always  Tartar;  as,  to  catch  a  7'ar- 
tar.     [Ult.  <  Per.  Tatar,  Tatar.] 

tat'ter,  tat'gr,  w.  A  torn  and  hanging  shred; 
rag;  m  the  plural,  ragged  clothing.  [<  Ice. 
toturr,  rags.]  —  tat'tered,  a.  1.  Torn  into 
tatters.    2.  Clothed  in  rags;  ragged. 

tat'tle,  tat'l.  \.vt.&ti.  [tat'ti.ed;  tat'- 
TLiNG.]     To  blab;  tell  tales;  gossip.    II.  n. 

1.  Idle  talk  or  gossip.  2.  Prattling  speech. 
[<  LG.  tateln,  tattle.]  —  tat'tler,  v. 

tat-too'i,  tat-tu'.  I.  vt.  To  prick  and  mark 
(the  skin)  in  patterns  with  indelible  pigments. 
II.  n.  A  pattern  so  made.     [<  Tahitian  tatu, 

<  ta,  mark.] 

tat-too'2,  n.  A  continuous  beating  or  drum- 
ming.    [<  D.  taptoe,  '  the  tap  is  closed.'] 

tauglit,  tet,  imp.  &  pp.  of  teach,  ». 

taunt,  tantw  tent.  I*",  vt.  To  reproach  with 
insulting  words.  II.  n.  A  bitterly  sarcastic 
remark.     [  <  L.of  tenfo  or  tempto;  see  tempt.] 

Tau'rus,  te'rus,  n.  1.  A  constellation,  the 
Bull.    2.  The  second  sign  of  the  zodiac.     [L., 

<  Gr.  taiiros,  bull.]  —  tau'rine,  a.  Of  or  like 
a  bull;  resembling  the  ox  kind. 

taut,  tet.  a.  Naut.  1.  Hard»drawn;  stretched 
tight.    2.  Tidy.     [For  tight,  a.] 

tau-tog',  te-teg',  n.  A  food»fish,  the  black- 
fish.     |Am.  Ind.] 

tau-toFo-gy,  te- 
tel'o-ji,  n.  Unnec- 
essary repetition, 
whether  in  word 
or  sense.  [<  Gr. 
tauto  (for  to  auto), 
the  same,  +  lego, 
speak.] 
—  tau''to-log'ic,  tau^'to-log'iC" 

tav'ern,  tav'grn,  n.  A  public  hotise  where 
guests  are  entertained  for  pay;  a  house  licensed 
to  sell  liquors.    [<  L.^  taberna,  hut.] 

taw,  te,  xt.  To  convert  into  leather  by  some 
process  other  than  soaking  in  tan^-liquor.  [< 
AS,  tawian,  prepare.] 

taw,  n.    A  game  of  marbles;  a  marble. 

taw'dry,  te'dri,  a.  [-dri-er;  -dri-est.] 
Showy  without  elegance;  gaudy.— taw'dri-ly, 
adv.—  taw'dri-ness,  n. 

taw'ny,  te'ni,  a.  Tan»colored;  brownish- 
yellow.     [Ult.  <  Bret,  tatin,  oak.] 

tax,  tax.    I',  vt.      1.  To  impose  a  tax  upon. 

2.  To  subject  to  a  severe  strain.  3.  To  ask 
as  a  price.  II.  n.  1.  A  compulsory  contri- 
bution for  the  support  of  government;  any 
assessment.     2.  A  heavy  demand  upon  one's 


flutjure  (future);    aisle;   au   (owt);    ©11;   c  (k);   cliat;    dli  (the);    go;  sing,   ii^k;  tliin. 


taxidermy- 
telescope 


462 


Flowerins 
Branch  of  Tea. 


tea'spoon''- 


resonrces.    [<  L.'  taxo,  tax,  <  tango,  touch.] 

—  tax'a-Dl(e,  a.  Subjectto  taxation.— tax- 
a'tion,  n.  The  act  of  taxing;  also,  the  amount 
assessed  as  a  tax. 

tax'i-der''iny,  tax'i-dgr"mi,  n.  The  art  of 
stuffing  and  mounting  the  skins  of  dead  ani- 
mals for  preservation.  [<  Gr.  taxis,  arrange- 
ment, +  derma,  slvin.]  —  taxM-der-^inist,  n. 

tea,  tt,  n.    1.  An  evergreen 
Chinese  or  Japanese  shrub 
or    small    tree.      tea's 
plant"?.       2.    The    pre- 
pared leaves  of  this  plant, 
or  an  infusion  of  them  used 
as  a  beverage.    3.  A  light 
evening    meal.     [<    Chin. 
Amoy  /6.]  —  tea'eup'',  n.    1. 
A  small  cup  suitable  for  serv- 
iuK  tea.  ;i.  As  much  as  a  teacup 
will  hold.— tea'keftle,  «.   A 
kettle  In  which  water  Is  heated 
for    culinary  purposes.— tea'- 
pof ,    n.     A   vessel  with   lid, 
spout,  and  handle.  In  which  tea 
may  be  drawn.— tea'spoon'', 
n.   A  small  spoon  used  as  in  stir- 
ring and  sipping  tea  and  cofEee.- 
ful,  n.    [tea'spoon'fuls,  jaZ.] 

teacb,  ttch,  v.    [taught;  teach'ing.]    I.  t. 

1.  To  impart  knowledge  to  by  lessons;  instruct. 

2.  To  make  known.  3.  To  impart  skill,  facil- 
ity, etc.,  to.  II.  i.  To  impart  knowledge; 
give  instruction.     [<  AS.  tsecan,  teach.] 

—  teach'a-bl(e,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
taught;  docile,  ti.  Capable  of  being  Imparted 
by  teaching.— teach'er,  «.— teacli'inK,  n.  1. 
The  act  or  business  of  a  teacher.    52.  Doctrine. 

teak,  tik,  n.  A  large  East-Indian  tree,  yielding 
durable  timber.     [<  Malayalam  tekka,  teak.] 

teal,  til,  n.    A  small  river-duck. 

team,  ttm,  n.  1.  Two  or  more  beasts  of  bur- 
den harnessed  together;  also,  locally,  a  single 
horse  and  vehicle.  2.  A  set  of  workers  or 
players.  3.  A  flock;  brood.  [<  AS.  team, 
family,  <  tedn,  draw.]—  team'ster,  n. 

tear,  tar,  v.  [tore,  formerly  tare;  torn; 
tear'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  pull  apart,  as  a  tex- 
tile fabric;  rend;  also,  to  lacerate.  2.  To  make 
by  rending.  3.  To  sunder  or  sever  violently. 
II.  i.  1.  To  part  or  separate  on  being  pulled. 
2.  To  move  or  act  with  precipitate  haste.  [< 
AS.  teran^  tear.] 

tear>,  tar,  n.  1.  A  fissure  made  by  tearing;  a 
rent;  an  act  of  tearing.    2.  [Slang.]  A  carouse. 

tear^,  tir,  «.  1.  A  drop  of  the  saline  liquid  from 
the  eye.  2.  A  drop  or  drop-like  portion.  3. 
jH,.    Sorrow;  lamentation.     [<  AS.  ^ert?*,  tear.] 

—  tear'ful,  o.  Full  of  tears;  causing  tears.- 
tear'leHS,  a.    Shedding  no  tears. 

tease,  ttz.  I.  vt.  [teased;  teas'ino.]  1. 
To  vex,  annoy,  irritate,  or  harass  in  a  petty 
way.  2.  To  importune  persistently.  3.  To 
comb  or  card,  as  wool.  II.  n.  1.  A  teaser. 
2.  The  act  of  teasing.     [<  AS.  tSsan,  tease.] 

—  teas'er,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  teases. 
teat,  ttt,  n.    1.  A  nipple;  pap;  dug.    2.  The 

mammary  gland.     [  <  AS.  tit^ 
tea'zel,  tl'zl,  n.    The  rough  bur  of  a  plant,  or 

a  mechanical  substitute:  used  in  dressing  cloth. 

See  illuB.  in  next  column.     [<   AS.  t^sel,  < 

ta«an,  pluck.]    tea'sel?. 
teoli'iilo-al.  tec'nic-al,  a.    Pertaining  to  some 


particuJar  art,  science,  trade,  etc.;  formal;  lit- 
eral. [<  Gr.  technikos,  <  techne,  art.]  -ly, 
adv.- tech'^ni-caFl-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  pf.]  1. 
The  state  of  being  technical. 
5i.  A  technical  point;  also, 
a  petty  distinction;  quibble. 
—  tecli'nics,  n.  1.  The 
doctrine  of  arts.  tJ.  pi. 
Technical  rules,  methods, 
etc.—  tech-nol'o-gy,  tee- 
ner o-il,  n.  1.  Theoretical 
knowledge  of  industries 
and  manufactures.  *i.  The 
application  of  science  to  the 
arts.— tech  ''iio-log'ic, 
tecli^'no-log'ie-al,  a.— 
tech-nol'o-gist,  n. 

tech'^nique',  tec'nic',  n. 
Manner  of  artistic  perform- 
ance, as  in  music. 

tech.'y ,  tech'i,  a.  Peevishly 
sensitive;  irritable. 

Te  De'uin,  tt  dl'um  or  t^ 
de'um.    An  ancient  Chris-  Teazel, 

tianhymn.    rL.;<  its  open-     „.  a  single  flower. 
Ing  words    Te   Deum  Lau-       '         ^ 
clamus  (We  praise  thee,  O  God).l 

te'di-ous,  tt'di-us,  a.  Causing  weariness ; 
wearisome;  slow.  [<  L.^'+of  tsedium,  tedi- 
um, weariness.]  '\y,adv.  -ness,  n. —  te'di- 
iim,  n.    Tediousness;  wearlsomeness. 

teem.,  ttm,  vi.  1.  To  be  full,  as  if  at  the  point 
of  producing;  abound.  2 i!.  To  bear  fruit.  [< 
AS.  teman,  <  team,  family.]  —  teem'ing,  pa. 
Prolific;  overflowing;  abundant. 

teens,  ttnz,  n.  jH.  The  numbei^  whose  names 
end  in  -teen;  the  years  of  one's  age  so  desig- 
nated, [teethe?. 

teetb,  ttdh,   vi.    To  cut    or  develop   teeth. 

teeth,  tith,  n.    Plural  of  tooth. 

tee'^to'tal,  ti'to'tal,  a.  1 .  Pertaining  to  total 
abstinence,  rj.  Total.  [<  t^-c- (lntens.)-|- total.] 
—  tee''to'taI-er,  n.  One  who  practises  total 
abstlnem-e. 

tee'^'to'tum,  ti"»to'tum,  n.  A  top,  often  a 
disk  pierced  by  a  peg,  spun  in  certain  games. 
[<  T'totvm;  L.  totiim,  all.] 

teg'u-ment,  teg'yu-mgnt,  n.  An  integument. 

—  teg''u-iiieii'ta-ry,  a. 
tere-g^ram,  ter§-gram,  n.  A  message  sent  bjr 

telegraph.  [<  Gr.  tile,  far  off,  +  gramma, 
writing.] 
tel'e-grapli,  tel'g-grgf.  I».  vt.  &  vi.  To 
send  oy  telegraph;  communicate  by  telegraph. 
II.  n.  Any  one  of  various  apparatus  or  de- 
vices for  transmitting  messages  or  signals,  es- 
pecially by  closing  and  opening  an  electric  cir- 
cuit.    [<  Gr.  tele,  far  off,-f  graphd,  write.] 

—  tel-aii'to-jfraph,  tol-S'to-grqf,  ??.  A  tel- 
egraph for  n^producing  writing  or  drawing  at  a 
distance.- teK«'-grnph"er,  n.  One  who  tel- 
egraphs. t<'l'e-Kraph''ist:t.— tefe-irraph'- 
ic,  «.  — tel'e-«rrnph-y,  n.  The  art  of  con- 
veying Intelligence  by  telegraph. 

tere-plione,tere-fOn.  l.vt.&vi.  [-phoned; 
-Puo'NiNO.]  To  send  by  telephone;  talk 
through  the  telephone.  II.  n.  An  instrument 
for  reproducing  sound  at  a  distant  point,  es- 
pecially by  electricity.  [<  Gr.  tUe,  far  off,  + 
phdn?,  sound.]  —  teP'e-phon'lc,  a. 

tel'e-scope.tel'e-scOp.  I.vt.&ti.  [-scoped'; 
-sco'PiNo.]  To  drive  together  like  the  sections 
of  a  small  telescope.    II.  n.    An  optical  in- 


papA,  98k;  at,  &ir;  element,  th6y,  osfge;  It,  $,  fi  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


463 


teU 
tenement 


Btrument  for  enlarging  the  image  of  a  distant 
object  on  the  retina  of  the  eye.  [<  Gr.  tele, 
afar,  +  skoped,  see.]  —  tel''e-scop'ic,  a.  1 . 
Pertaining  to  the  telescope.  3.  Visible  only  with 
the  aid  of  a  telescope.     teF'e-scop'ic-ali. 

tell,  tel,  V.  [told;  tell'ing.]  I.  /".  1.  To 
relate  in  detail.  2.  To  communicate  knowl- 
edge of;  inform.  3.  To  command  to;  bid.  4. 
To  utter.  5.  To  decide;  ascertain.  II.  i.  1. 
To  give  an  account  or  description.  2.  To  pro- 
duce a  marked  effect.  [<  AS.  tellan,  <  talv, 
number.]  —  tell'er,  n.  1.  One  who  relates.  2. 
A  person  who  receives  or  pays  out  money,  as  In  a 
bank,  or  who  collects  and  counts  ballots.— tell'- 
tale'',  tel'tel".  I.  a.  Tattling;  betraying.  II. 
??.    1.  A  tattler.    2.   A  token;  sign;  indicator. 

terplier-age,  tel'fgr-lj,  n.   Automatic  trans- 
portation by  electricity,  as  along  a  conducting 
cable.     [<  Gr.  tele,  far  off,  -^phero,  bear.] 
—  tel'plier,  a.  &  n. 

te-mer'i-ty,  t§-mer'i-ti,  n.  Venturesome  bold- 
ness; rashness.  [<  L.  temeritas,  <  temere, 
rashly.] 

tem'per,  tem'psr.  I.  vt.  1.  To  moderate; 
mitigate;  calm.  2.  To  adjust.  3.  To  bring 
(a  metal)  to  a  certain  degree  of  hardness  by 
heating  and  suddenly  cooling.  W.n.  1.  Pas- 
sion; irritation.  2.  Disposition.  3.  Self* 
command;  calmness.  4.  Tht;  condition  of  a 
metal  as  regards  hardness  and  brittleness.  [< 
L.F  tempero;  see  temperate,  a.] 

tenx'per-a-ment,  tem'pgr-a-msnt,  n.  Indi- 
vidual peculiarity  of  physical  and  mental  con- 
stitution; constitution;  make=up;  adjustment. 

teni''per-ate,  tem'pgr-et  or  -gt,  a.  1.  Ob- 
serving moderation;  not  indulging  in  intoxica- 
ting liquors.  2.  Moderate  as  regards  tempera- 
ture. 3.  Not  excessive.  [<  L.  tempero  (pp. 
temperatus),  proportion,  <  tenijms,  time.]  -iy, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

tem'per-ance,  tem'per-ans,  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  temperate;  habitual  moderation.  2. 
The  principle  and  practise  of  total  abstinence 
from  intoxicating  beverages. 

tem'per-a-ture,  tem'per-a-chur  or  -Uijr,  n. 
Degree  of  sensible  heat  or  cold; 'condition  as 
regards  heat  or  cold. 

tem'pest,  tem'pest,  n.  1.  An  extensive  and 
violent     wind. 


Temple  Beth 
El,  New  York. 


with     rain, 

snow,  or  hail. 

2.    A     violent 

commotion. 

[<    L.OF   tem- 

j)esfas,  <  tern- 
pus,  time.] 
—  tem-pes'- 

t  n  -  o  u  s ,    a. 

Stormy;   turbu- 
lent,   -ly,  adv. 

-ness,  n. 
t  e  m  '  p  1  (e  1 , 

tem'pl,  n.     A 

stately  edifice, 

forming  a  seat 

of  worship.  [< 

L.-^s  templum,  temple.] 
tem'plCe",  n.    The  region  on  each  side  of  the 

head  in  front  of  the  ear  and  above  the  cheek» 

bone.     [OF.,  <  L.  tempora,  pi.  of   tempus, 

temple.] 


tem'po-ral^,  tem'po-ral,  a.  1.  Secular;  civil. 
2.  Earthly;  transient.  [OF.,  <  L.  temporalis, 
<  tempus  {tempor-),  time.] 

tem'po-ral^,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  situated  at 
the  temple  or  temples. 

tem'po-ra-ry,  tem'po-rg-ri,  a.  Lasting  or  in- 
tended to  be  used  for  a  short  time  only.  [<  L. 
temporariiis,  <  tempus,  time.]  —  tem'po-ra''- 
ri-ly,  adv.  —  teiii'po-ra'^ri-ness,  n. 

tem-'po-rize,  tem'po-raiz,  vi.  [-rized;  -ri"- 
ziNG.]  1.  To  pursue  a  policy  of  delay  or  time* 
serving.  2.  To  procrastinate.  [<  F.  tempo- 
riser,  <  L.  tempus,  time.]    tem'po-riseij:. 

tempt"!,  tempt,  vt.  1.  To  offer  or  be  an  in- 
ducement to  (somebody),  especially  for  wrong* 
doing.  2.  To  provoke;  defy.  [<  L.*"  tento, 
tempto,  touch,  try.]  —  temp-ta'tion,  n.  1. 
That  which  tempts,  ij.  The  state  of  being 
tempted.— tempt'er,  n. 

ten,  ten.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more  than 
nine.  II.  n.  The  sum  ot  nine  and  one;  also, 
the  symbols  designating  it,  10  or  X.  [<  AS. 
ten,  ten.] 

ten'a-bKe,  ten'a-bl,  a.  Capable  of  being  held 
or  defended.     [F.,  <  tenir,  hold.] 

te-na'cious,  t§-ne'shu8,  a.  1.  Having  great 
cohesiveness  of  parts;  tough.  2.  Adhesive; 
sticky;  unyielding.  [<  L.  tenax,  <  teneo, 
hold.]    -\y,adv.    -ness,  w.    te-nac'i-tyj. 

ten'ant,  ten'ant,  1^.  vt.  To  hold  as  tenant; 
occupy.  II.  n.  One  who  holds  landsjar  tene- 
ments under  another;  a  lessee.  [F.,  ppr.  of 
tenir,  <  L.  te?ieo,  hold.]— ten'an-cy,  ten'an-si, 
n.  r-ciEs»,jo/.l  Thestateof  being  a  tenant;  occu- 
pancy.—ten'aiit-a-bl(e,  a.  Inhabitable.— 
ten'ant-less,  a.— ten'aiit-ry,  n.  Tenants 
collectively. 

tend.!"!,  tend,  vi.  1.  To  have  a  bent,  aptitude, 
or  tendency.  2.  To  move  in  a  certain  direc- 
tion. [<  L.^  tendo,  stretch,  tend]  —  tend'en- 
cy,  tend'en-sl,  n.  [-ciesi,  j9Z.]  1.  The  quality  of 
tending  toward  some  purpose,  end,  or  result,  ti. 
That  which  tends  to  cause  an  effect. 

tended,  vt.  &  vi.  To  look  after;  watch  over; 
attend;  serve.     [Abbr.  of  attend.] 

ten'der,  ten'dgr,  vt.  &  vi.  To  present  for  ac- 
ceptance; offer.     [<  L.*'  tendo,  stretch.] 

ten'der,  a.  1.  Easily  crushed,  bruised,  or  in- 
jured. 2.  Sensitive;  delicate.  3.  Easilj^  af- 
fected or  touched.  4.  Requiring  delicate 
treatment.  5.  Considerate  for  others'  feelings. 
[<  L.*"  tener,  tender.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ten''deri,n.    The  act  of  tendering;  an  offer. 

tend'er^,  tend'gr,  n.  1.  A  vessel  attending  a 
larger  vessel.  2.  A  vehicle  for  carrying  fuel 
and  water  for  a  locomotive.  3.  One  who  tends. 
[<  tend2,  v.] 

ten'der-loin'',  ten'dgr-lein",  n.  The  tender- 
est  part  of  the  loin  of  beef,  pork,  etc. 

ten'don,  ten'd§n,  n.  One  of  the  bands  form- 
ing the  terminations  of  the  fleshy  portion  of  a 
muscle.  [<  L.^^-  tendo,  stretch.]  —  ten'di- 
noiis,  a. 

ten'dril,  ten'dril,  n.  A  slender  leafless  organ 
of  a  plant,  supporting  it,  as  in  climbing.  [< 
F.  tendrille,  <  tendre,  tender.] 

ten'e-ment,  ten'§-mgnt,  n.  1.  A  room  or 
rooms  for  the  occupancy  of  a  family  :  usually 
of  an  inferior  grade.  2.  A  dwelling*house. 
[OF.,  <  LL.  tenementum,  <  L.  teneo,  noM.^ 


flutlyre  (future);    aisle;   au   (put);   ©11;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  {the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


tenet 
terrible 


464 


ten'et,  ten'et,  n.  An  opinion,  principle,  dog- 
ma, or  doctrine.     [L.,  lit.  '  he  holds.'] 

ten'fold'',  ten'fold".  I.  a.  Made  up  of  ten; 
tt'n  times  repeated.  II.  adv.  In  a  tenfold 
manner. 

ten'nis,  ten'is,  n.    A  game  played  by  striking 


a  ball  with  rackets  over  a  net  stretched  per- 
pendicularly across  a  space. 

ten' on,  ten'en.  I.  vt.  To  join  by  a  mortise 
and  tenon.  II.  n.  The  rectangular  end  of  a 
timber  for  inserting  in  a  socket.  [F.,  <  ten- 
ir,  hold".] 

ten'or,  ten'gr,  n.  1.  A  settled  course  or  man- 
ner of  progress.  2.  General  purport.  3.  The 
highest  adult  male  voice;  also,  a  singer  having 
snch  a  voice.     [<  LJ  tenor,  <  teneo,  hold.] 

tense,  tens,  a.  Stretched  tight.  [<  L.  tenstts; 
see  TENSION.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

tense,  n.  A  form  taken  by  a  verb  to  indicate 
the  time  of  an  action,  state,  etc.  [<  F.  temps, 
-\-h.  temjms,  time.] 

ten'siKe,  ten'sil  or -sail,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
tension.  2.  Capable  of  extension.  3.  Pro- 
ducing tones  from  stretched  strings.  [<  L. 
tenms;  see  tension.] 

ten'sion,  ten'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  stretch- 
ing; the  condition  of  being  stretched  tight. 
2.  Mental  strain.  3.  Any  strained  relation; 
stress.     [<  L.  tensioin-),  a  stretching. 

tents  tent.  I^.  vt.  &  vi.  To  cover  with  or  as 
with  a  tent; 
camp  out. 
II.  n.  A 
shelter  of 
canvas  or  the 
like,  sup- 
ported by 
{►oles,  and 
astened     by 

cords  to  pegs  in  the  ground 
pp.  of  tendo,  stretch.] 

tent^.  Su7'g.  I.  vt.  To  keep  open  with  a 
tent;  also,  to  probe.  II.  n.  A  small  roll  or 
bunch,  as  of  lint,  to  prevent  the  closure  of  an 
ulcer  or  the  like.     [<  L.^*^  tento,  touch,  try.] 

ten'ta-cl(e,  ten'ta-cl,  n.    A  protruding  flexi- 
ble appendage  (usually  of  the  head)  of  certain 
animals;  a  fw^ler.    [<  L.  tento,  touch,  try.] 
—  teii-tac'u-lar,  a. 

ten'ta-tiv(e,  ten'ia-tiv.  I.  a.  Used  in  ma- 
king a  trial;  provisional.  II.  n.  An  experi- 
ment; attempt;  trial.  [<  L.'  tentativns^  < 
tetitatvs,  pp.  of  tento,  touch,  try.] 

feen'ter,  ten'tcr.  I.  rt.  To  stretch  as  on  ten- 
ti'r'h(K)kB.  II.  7/.  1.  A  machine  for  stretch- 
ing cloth.  2.  A  tenter-hook.  [Kh.^-^'^teti- 
rfo,  stretch.]  —  U^n'terthook",  w.    1.  A  liook 


Tent. 
.    [<  h.^^^  fentus, 


for  holding  cloth  while  being  stretched.  2.  Any- 
thing that  causes  mental  tension. 

tentE,  tenth.  I.  a.  1.  Next  in  order  after  the 
ninth.  2.  Being  one  of  ten  equal  parts.  II. 
n.    One  of  ten  equal  parts.—  tenth'ly ,  adv. 

ten'u-ous,  ten'yu-us,  a.  Thin;  delicate;  rare; 
subtile.     [<  L.  tenuis,  thin.]  —  ten-u'i-ty,  n. 

ten'ure,  ten'yur  or -yijr,  w.  1.  A  holding,  as 
of  land.  2.  The  act  of  holding  in  general. 
[F.,  <  tenir,  hold.] 

tep'id,  tep'id,  a.  Moderately  warm;  lukewarm, 
as  a  liquid.   [<  L.  tepidus,  <  tepeo,  be  warm.] 
—  tep'icl-ness,  n.  — tep-id'i-ty,  n. 

term,  tgrm.  I.  vt.  To  designate  by  a  term; 
name.  II.  n.  1.  A  word  or  expression  to 
designate  some  fixed  thing;  especially,  a  tech- 
nical word.  2.  pi.  Set  speech.  3.  A  fixed 
period  or  limit  of  time.  4.  pi.  Conditions ;  basis 
of  agreement.     [<  h.^  terminus,  boundary.] 

ter'ma-gant,  tgr'ma-gant,  n.  Abrawling,  tur- 
bulent woman;  shrew. —  ter'ma-gan-cy,  n. 

ter'mi-nal,  tgr'mi-nal.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  a  boundary  or  an  end.  2.  Pertaining  to  a 
term  or  name.  II.  n.  A  terminating  point 
or  station,  etc.  [F.,  <  LL.  te7'minalis,  <  L. 
terminus,  boundary.] — ter'mi-na-bl(e,  a. 
That  maybe  terminated.— ter'nii-nate,  vt.  & 
vi.  [-N A'TEDti;  -na'ting.]  1 ,  To  put  an  end  or 
stop  to:  come  to  an  end:  cease  to  be.  "Z.  To  be 
the  boundary  of:  be  limited. —  ter'^mi-na'- 
tion,  n.  1,  The  act  of  terminating.  2.  A  close; 
end.  3.  The  terminal  letters  or  syllable  of  a 
word.— ter'mi-na-tivCe,  o.  — ter'^ini-nol'- 
o-jry.  ter'mi-nel'o-ji,  n.  1 .  The  correct  use  and 
distribution  of  terms.  2.  The  technical  terms, 
as  of  a  science  or  art,  collectively.  " 

ter'mi-nus,  tgr'mi-nus,  n.  [-ni,  -nai  or  -nl, 
pi.]  1.  The  final pointorgoahend;  terminal. 
2.  A  boundary  or  border.     [L.J  [mesj. 

ter'mite,  tgr'mait,  w.     A  white  ant.    ter'- 

tern,  tgm,  n.  A  small  gull-like  bird  with 
pointed  bill.    [<  Dn.  terne.] 

ter'na-ry,  tgr'na-ri.  I.  a. 
Formed  or  consisting  of  three. 
ter'natet.  II.  n.  [-biess 
pi.]  A  group  of  three;  a  triad. 
[<  L.^L  terni,  by  threes.] 

ter'ra,  tcr'a,?t.  The  earth;  earth. 
[L.]  —  ter'ra-cof'ta,  n.    Clay 
pottery,  as  for  building  or  orna- 
mentation.-terra  firma,  dry  common  Tern, 
land;  mainland.  i/.g 

ter'race,  ter'gs.  I.  vt.  [teb'- 
ACED';  teu'ra-cing.]  To  fashion  as  a  terrace; 
build  in  terraces.  II.  n.  1.  A  raised  level 
space,  as  of  lawn;  also,  such  levels  collectively. 
2.  The  flat  roof  of  an  Oriental  or  Spanish 
house.    [OF.,  <  It.  teiTOCcia,  <  terra,  earth.] 

ter'ra-pin,  ter'a-pin,  n.  One  of  various  tor- 
toises. 

ter-rene',  ter- 
rln',  a.  Earthy; 
terrestrial;  mun- 
dane.    [<  L.  ter- 

eartS    ^     ^''^'"'      Salt-marsh  Terrapin.    Va 
ter-res'tri-al,  ter-res'tri-al,  a.    1.  Belonging 

to  or  identical  with  the  earth.    2.  Pertaining 

to    land  or  earth.      3.  Living  on  the  earth. 

[OF.,  <  L.  terrestris,  <  teira,  earth.] 
ter'ri-tol(e,  ter'i-bl,  a.    Of  a  nature  to  excite 


P«>P<li  9»k;  at,  ftir;  elfmsnt,  thfiy,  nsfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rfile;  bot,  Or; 


465 


terrier 
texture 


terror  or  dread;  appalling.   [F.,  <  L.  ten'ibilis, 

<  teri'eo,  terrify.]  — ter^ri-hly,  adv. 
ter'ri-er,  ter'i-gr,  n.    A  small  dog,  adapted  to 

pursue  burrowing  animals  or  vermin.     [OF., 

<  LL.  terrarfus,  of  the  earth.] 
ter'ri-fy,  ter'i-fai.  vt.    [-riED;  -py"ing.]    To 

fill  with  extreme  terror.  [<  L.  terreo,  terrify, 
-\- facto,  make.]  — ter-riPic,  ter-rif'ic,  a.  Such 
as  to  inspire  with  terror;  very  alarming. 

ter'ri-to''ry,  ter'i-to'ri,  n.  [-RIEs^  pi.]  1. 
The  domain  over  which  a  sovereign  state  ex- 
ercises jurisdiction.  2.  Anj^  considerable  tract 
of  land.  3.  [T-]  A  division  of  the  national 
domain  of  the  United  States  having  a  separate 
government  in  the  expectation  that  it  will  be- 
come a  State.  [  <  L.^  territorium,  <  terra, 
earth.]  —  ter''ri-to'ri-al,  ter'i-tO'ri-al,  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  territory  or  territories. 

ter'ror,  ter'gr,  n.  1.  Extreme  fright.  2. 
That  which  causes  extreme  fear.  [<  L.^  ter- 
ror, <  ^en'eo,  frighten.]  — ter'ror-ism,  ??.  The 
act  of  terrorizing.—  ter'ror-ize,  ter'§r-aiz.  vt. 
To  reduce  to  a  state  of  terror,    ter'ror-iset. 

terse,  tgrs,  a.  Elegantly  concise;  short  and 
pointed;  sententious.  [<  L.  tersus,  pp.  of 
tergo,  rub  off.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

ter'tian,  tgr'shan.' J/(?</.  I.  a.  Recurring  on 
the  third  day.  II.  n.  A  disease,  the  parox- 
ysms of  which  return  with  one  intervening 
day.     [<  L.  tertianus,  <  ter,  thrice.] 

ter'ti-a-ry,  tgr'shi-g-ri.  Third  in  number  or 
degree.     [<  L.  tertiarius,  <  terfiits,  third.] 

tes'sel-late,  tes'el-et,  vt.  [-LA'TEDd;  -la"- 
TiNG.J  To  construct  in  the  style  of  mosaic, 
as  pavement.  [<  L.  tesseUatus,  checkered.]  — 
tes'^sel-la'tion,  7i. 

testi<*,  test,  vt.  To  try  by  experiment  or  by 
examination;  prove. 

tested,  vt.    To  attest.     [<  L.  testor,  testify.] 

test',  n.  1.  Subjection  to  conditions  that  dis- 
close the  true  character  of  a  thing.  2.  An 
examination;  critical  trial.  3.  A  criterion  or 
standard.     [OF.,  <  L.  testum,  pot.] 

test^,  V.  A  rigid  external  case  or  covering; 
shell.  [<  L.  ^e«/a,  shell.]  — Tes-Xa'ce-a,  tes- 
te'sg-a  or  -tg'ce-a,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  shell* 
bearing  Invertebrates;  shell^flsh.  —  tes-ta'ce- 
an,  «.  &  «.— tes-ta'ceou  s,  a.  1 .  Derived  from 
shells  or  shell«flsh.  '■i.  Having  a  hard  continuous 
shell. 

tes'ta-ment,  tes'ta-mgnt,  n.  1.  The  written 
declaration  of  one's  last  will  touching  the  dis- 
position of  property  after  death.  2.[T-]  One 
of  the  two  volumes  of  the  Bible,  distinguished 
as  the  Old  and  the  IVew  Testament.  [F.,  < 
L.  testainentum,  <  testor,  testify,  make  a  will.] 
—  tes'^ta-men'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  testa- 
ment or  will.—  tes'^ta-men'ta-ry,  a.  1.  De- 
rived from,  bequeathed  by,  or  set  forth  in  a  will. 
•2.  Appointed  by  a  will. 

tes'tate,  tes'tet  or  -tet,  a.  Having  made  a  will 
before  decease. 

tes-ta'tor,  tes-te't^r,  n.  The  maker  of  a  will; 
one  who  has  died  leaving  a  will. —  tes-ta'trix, 
n.fem.  [for  testing. 

test'eri,  test'gr,  n.     One  who  tests;  a  device 

tes'ter'',  tes'tgr,  n.  A  flat  canopy  over  a  tomb, 
a  pulpit,  or  a  bed.     [<  L.^f  testa,  shell.] 

tes'tl-fy,  tes'ti-fai,  v.  [-fied;  -ft'ing.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  bear  testimony  to.  2.  To  declare 
on  oath  or  affirmation.     II.  i.      1.  To  give 


legal  testimony.  2.  To  serve  as  evidence.  [< 
Jj.^^  testis,  witness,  4- facio,  make.] 

tes'ti-mo-ny,  tes'ti-mo-ni,  n.  [-nibs',  pL] 
1.  A  statement  or  affirmation  of  a  fact,  as  be- 
fore a  court;  evidence.  2.  The  act  of  testify- 
ing; attestation.  [<  L.  testimonium,  <  testor, 
testify.] —te8''ti-mo'ni.al.  I.  a-  Pertaining 
to  testimony  or  a  testimonial.  II.  n.  A  formal 
token  of  regard,  as  a  written  certificate. 

tes'ty,  tes'ti,  a.  [tes'ti-er;  tes'ti-est.]  Irri- 
table; quick-tempered.  [<  OF.  testu,  <  teste, 
head.]  —  tes'ti-ly,  adv.— tes^ti-ness,  n. 

tet'a-nus,  tefa-nus,  n.  Rigid  spasmodic  con- 
traction of  the  muscles,  as  in  lockjaw.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  tetanos,  rigid.] 

tSte's^stete',  tet'»a=tet'.  I.  a.  Being  face  to 
face;  hence,  confidential.  II.  w.  1.  A  private 
interview.  2.  A  sofa  on  which  two  persons 
may  face  each  other.  III.  adv.  In  private  or 
personal  talk.     [F.,  <  tete,  head,  -j-  a,  to.] 

teth'er,  tedh'gr.  I.  vt.  To  confine  with  a 
tether.  II.  n.  Something  used  to  check  or 
confine,  especially  a  rope  for  fastening  an 
animal  so  as  to  limit  its  range.    [  <  AS.  teddor.] 

tetra-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  tettares, 
four.]  —  tet'ra-gon,  tet'ra-gen,  n.  A  figure 
having  four  angles;  a  quadrangle.— tet-rag'o- 
nal,  «.- tef  ra-ne'dral,  tet"ra-hl'dral,  «.- 
tef  ra-he'dron,  tet'ra-hl'drgn,  n.  [-dra,  pl.'\ 
A  solid  bounded  by  four  plane  triangular  faces. 
—  tet-ram'e-ter.  Pros.  I,  a.  Having  four 
bases  or  measures.  II.  n.  A  verse  thus  com- 
posed.— tet'rarcli,  tet'rarc  or  tl'trarc,  n.  1 , 
The  governor  of  one  part  of  a  country  that  Is 
divided  Into  four  governments,  ti.  A  tributary 
prince  under  the  Romans.—  tet'rarch-y,  n.— 
tet'ra-syF'la-ble,  n.  A  word  of  four  sylla- 
bles.-tet'ra-syF'Ia-bic,  a. 

tet'ter,  tet'gr,  n.  A  vesicular  skin<=disease,  as 
eczema.     [<  AS.  teter.] 

Teu'ton,  tiu'tgn,  n.  A  German,  especially  one 
of  an  ancient  German  tribe.  [<  L.  Teutoni., 
representing  the  native  name.]  —  Teu-ton'ic, 
a.   Pertaining  to  the  Teutons. 

text,  text,  «.  1.  The  body  of  matter  on  a 
written  or  printed  page,  as  distinguished  from 
notes,  illustrations,  etc.  2.  Averse  of  Scrip- 
ture. 3.  A  topic;  theme.  4.  One  of  several 
styles  of  letters  or  types.  [<  L.-f  textus,  <  texo, 
weave.]  —  text'sbook'',  n.  A  book  used  as  a 
standard  work  In  any  branch;  8Chool»book;  a 
manual.  — tex'tu-al,  n.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
text;  verbal.    3.  Versed  in  texts. 

tex^tile,  tex'til,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  weaving 
or  woven  fabrics.  2.  Manufactured  by  weav- 
ing.    [<  L.  textilis,  <  textus;  see  text.] 

tex'ture,  tex'chur  or  -tiQr,  n.    1.  The  disposi- 


Crown  Thaler  of  Frederick  I.    i/o 
tion,  arrangement,  or  character  presented  by 
the  threads,  etc.,  of  a  woven  fabric.    2.  Hence, 
structural  order,  as  of  tissues.   3.  A  web.   [F., 
<  L.  textura,  <  texo,  weave.] 


flutigre  (future);   aisle;  au  (out};    ©il;  c  (k);  cliat;  dli  (<Ae);   go;  sing,  iijik;  thin. 


-til 

tbere 


466 


■th,  mfflx.  In  (1)  abstract  nouns,  (2)  ordinals,  and 
(3)  the  third  person  singular  of  the  present  Indic- 
ative of  verbs.   [(1)  <  AS.  -th,  -t.   (2)  <  AS.  -tha, 


tha'ler,  tQ'lgr,  n.  A  former  monetary  unit  of 
some  German  states,  worth  about  71  cents.  See 
Illus.  on  preceding  page. 

than,  dhan,  conj.  When,  as,  or  if  compared 
with:  used  to  express  comparison.  [<  AS. 
thanne,  than.] 

thane,  then,  n.  An  ancient  English  warrior 
or  nobleman.     [<  AS.  thegen,  thegn.] 

thank,  thank.  I',  vt.  To  express  gratitude 
to.  II.  n.  The  act  of  thanking;  gratitude  ex- 
pressed: generally  in  the  plural.  [<  AS.  than- 
cian,  <  thane,  thanks,  thoughts.]  —  thank'ful, 
a.  1,  Deeply  sensible  of  kindness  received.  2. 
Done  or  made  to  express  thanks,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.  — tliank'less,  a.  1.  Not  grateful. 
2.  Unthanked.    -\y,  adv.    -ness,  7i. 

thanks'giv^'ing,  thanks'giv"ing  or  tha^iks- 
giv'ing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  giving  tnanks,  as  to 
God.  2.  A  form  of  worship  in  recognition  of 
divine  mercies.  3.  A  public  celebration  in 
recognition  of  divine  favor. 

that,  dhat.  I.  a.  [those;,  dhoz,  p/.]  1.  The 
(one)  specially  designated.  2.  Such.  3.  The 
(one)  there.  II.  pron.  1.  As  a  demonstra- 
tive: the  person  or  thing  mentioned  or  under- 
stood. 2.  As  a  relative,  who  or  which.  III. 
conj.  1.  As  a  fact  that.  2.  So  that.  3.  Seeing 
that.  4.  As  a  result.    5.  When.  [<  AS.  thaeQ 

thatch,  thach.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  cover  with  a 
thatch.  II.  n.  1.  A  covering  of  reeds,  straw, 
etc.,  for  a  roof.  2.  A  palm  used  for  thatching. 
[<  AS.  thaec,  cover.]  —  thatch'er,  n. 

thaw,  thS.  I.  Dt.  &  vi.  To  dissolve  or  melt, 
as  ice  or  snow.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  thawing. 
2.  Warmth  of  weather  such  as  melts  things 
frozen.     [<  AS.  i/iaman,  thaw.] 

the,  dhl,  dhi,  or  dhg.  I.  definite  art.  or  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  distinct  and  definite  class.  II. 
adv.  By  this;  for  this;  to  this  extent;  as,  the 
sooner  Ih^  better.     [<  AS.  demon,  th-.] 

the'a-ter,  I  tht'a-tfir,  n.    1.  A  building  espe- 

the'a-tre,  f  ciallv  adapted  to  dramatic  repre- 
sentations j  playhouse.  2.  Any  place  or  re- 
gion that  IS  the  scene  of  events.  [<  Gr.^+i' 
Iheatron^K  thea,  sight.]  —  the-at'rlo-al.  I.  a. 
1 .  Pertaining  to  the  theater.  *i.  Designed  for 
show,  display,  or  effect,  the-at'rict.  II.  n. 
pi.    A  dramatic  performance. 

thee,  dhl,  pers.  pron.  The  objective  case  of  the 
personal  pronoun  of  the  second  person  singu- 
lar: used  in  prayer,  poetry,  etc.  [<  AS.  iA?, 
ace.  and  dat.  of  thU,  thou.] 

theft,  theft,  n.  1.  The  act  of  thieving;  lar- 
ceny. 2.  That  which  is  stolen.  [<  AS.  thedfth, 
<  thebf,  thief.] 

their,    \  dhar,  dhflrz,  »o»«.  pron.  pi.    Posses- 

theirs,  f  sive  cases  of  they.  [<  AS.  thdra, 
fh:Vra,  gen.  of  thd,  they.] 

the^ism,  tht'izm,  n.  Belief  in  God:  opposed 
io  atheism.  [<  Gr.  theos,  god.]  — the'iat,  n. 
—  the-ls'tic,  the-is'tic-al,  a. 

them,  dhem,  jyron.  pi.  Objective  case  of  they. 
[  <  AS.  thflm.]  —  them-selveii',  pron.    Plural 

of  niJIBELP,  HERSELF,  ITSELF. 

theme,  thtm,  n.  1.  A  subject  as  of  discourse; 
a  topic.  2.  An  essay;  dissertation.  [OF.,  < 
Or.*-  themay  <  tithlmi,  place] 


Theodolite. 


then,  dhen.  I.  adv.  1.  At  that  time.  2.  Next 
or  immediately  afterward.  3.  At  another  time. 
II.  conj.  1.  For  that  reason;  therefore.  2. 
In  that  case.     [<  AS.  thsenne;  then.] 

thence,  dhens,  adv.  1.  From  that  place  or 
time.  2.  Therefore.  [ME.  </«e«/i6*,  adv.  gen.,< 
AS.  ^^anaw.l  —  thence'^forth',  adv.  From 
that  time  forth.    thence''foi''wardt. 

theo-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  theos,  god.] 
—  the-oe'ra-cy,  th§-ec'ra-si, «.    [-ciES»,p/.] 

1.  A  government  recognizing  the  Immediate 
sovereignty  of  God.  2.  Hence,  government  by 
ecclesiastics.—  the^'o-crat'Ic,  -al,  a.—  the- 
ol'o-gy,  the-ero-ji,«.  [-gies»,  joZ.]  T lie  branch 
of  religious  science  that  treats  of  God.— tlie^'o- 
lo^gi-an.  thro-lo'ji-an,  n.  One  versed  in  the- 
ology; a  divine.— the''o-logr'ic,  the"o-log'- 
ic-al,  thi'o-lej'lc,  -al,  a.  Pertaining  to  theology. 

—  tlie''o-log'ic-al-ly,  adv.  —  the^o-logue, 
n.    [Colloq.l    A  theological  student. 

the-od.'o-lite,th§-ed'o-lait,  n.  One  of  several 
surveying  and  astro- 
nomical instruments 
for  measuring  hori- 
zontal and  vertical 
angles.  [Of  Ar.  ori- 
gin-] 

the'o-rem,  thl'o- 
rem,  n.  A  proposi- 
tion demonstrably 
true,  or  one  setting 
forth  something  to 
be  proved.  [<  Gr. 
theoi'lma,  <  theoreo, 
look  at.] 

the'o-ry,  tht'o-ri,  n. 

[-RIBS',  pi.]  1.  A  plan  or  scheme  subsisting  in 
the  mind  only.  2.  A  body  of  the  fundamental 
principles  underlying  a  science.  3.  Abstract 
knowledge  of  any  art.  4.  A  proposed  explana- 
tion. [<  Gr.L+P  the5?ia,  viewing,  theory,  < 
theored,  look  at.]  —  the''o-ret'io,  the''o-ret'- 
ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  theory;  speculative;  hy- 
pothetical.—the''o-ret'ic-al-ly,  art?'.— tlie'- 
o-rist,  n.  One  who  theorizes.- the'o-rize. 
vt.  &  vi.  [-rized;  -bi'zing.]  To  form  or  express 
theories;  speculate,    the^o-riset. 

ther'^a-peu'tic,  ther'a-piii'tic,  a.  1.  Hav- 
ing healing  qualities.  2.  Pertaining  to  thera- 
peutics. ther''a-peu'tic-ali.  [<  Gr. 
therapeutikos,  <  thermae ii (Is,  attendant.]  — 
ther'^a-peu'tics,  n.  The  department  of  med- 
ical science  that  relates  to  diseases  and  remedies 
and  remedial  treatment  of  disease. 

there,  dhar,   adv.     1.  In  or  at  that  place. 

2.  To  that  place;  thither.  3.  At  that  stage. 
[<  AS.  thlr,  <A^r,  there.]  —  there'a-bout", 
adv.  Near  that  number,  quantity,  etc.,  ap- 
proximately. there'a-bouts''t.  —  tliere- 
aft'er.  I,  n.  The  time  following  an  event. 
II.  adv.  1.  Afterward.  2.  Accordingly.- 
there-at',  adv.  Upon  that.—  there-by',  adr. 
1,  Through  the  agency  of  that.  2.  Connected 
with  that.  3.  Conformably  to  that.  4.  Near 
by.  — ihere-for',  adv.  For  that  or  this.- 
tnere'fore,  adv.  &  conj.  For  that  or  this  rea- 
son; consequently.—  tliere>froiii',  adv.  From 
this  or  that  time,  place,  etc.  — Ill erc«-in',  orfr. 

1 .  In  that  place.     2.  In  that  tlnic.  matter,  etc. 

—  theri'-oP;,  adv.  1.  Of  this,  that,  or  it.  2. 
Thcrcfroni.— there-on',  «rf».  On  this,  that, or 
It.— iInTC*-oul',  adv.  From  or  out  of  that  or 
this.-  there-to^ll,  adv.    1.  To  this,  that,  or  it. 

2.  In  addition.    there"un-to'i.  — there'^- 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  element,  thfey,  uafge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  Hr; 


467 


thermal 
thistle 


up-on^  adv.   Upon  that.—  there-witU',  adv. 

1.  With  this,  that,  or  it.  3.  Thereupon.— 
there''with-al',  adv.    Besides. 

ther^mal,  thgr'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  de- 
termined by,  or  measured  by  heat. 

thermo-.  A  combining  form.  [<  Gr.  therme, 
heat.]— ther'^mo-e-lec^'tricM-ty,  //,.  Elec- 
tricity generated  by  diflferences  of  temperature. 

th.er-inoin'e-ter,  thgr-mem'e-tgr,  ?i.  An  in- 
strument for  meas 


80-  =  2,oa    I  =  -lOO 


uring  degi-ees  of 
temperature.  — 
ther''nio-met'- 
ric,  -al,  a. 

these,  dhiz,  a.  &  pron. 
Plural  of  THIS. 

the'sis,  thi'sis  or 
thes'is,  n.  [the'ses, 
thi'siz  or  thes'es, 
pi.]  1.  A  proposi- 
tion to  be  defended. 

2.  An  essay;  theme. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  thesis,  < 
tith?mi,  pjlace.] 

thew,   thiu,    n.     A 

sinew  or  muscle;  in 

the    plural,    bodily 

strength.      [<    AS. 

theaiv.  manner.] 
they,  dhe,  pron.  pi. 

[their  or  THEIRS, 
POSS.       THEM,       Obj.] 

These  or  those  un- 
derstood or  men- 
tioned. [<  AS. 
fha,  pi,  of  the(se), 
that.] 
thick,  thic.  I.  a.  1. 
Having  relatively 
large  oepth  from  one 
surface  to  its  oppo- 
site. 2.  Having  a 
specified  dimension 
distinguished  from 
length    and    width. 

3.  Arranged  com- 
pactly ;  close.  4. 
Abounding;  dense. 
5.  Foegy  ;  misty  ; 
dull.  II.  w.  l.The 
dimension  of  thickness.  2.  The  time  when  or 
place  where  anything  is  thickest  or  most  in- 
tense. III.  adv.  In  a  thick  manner.  [<  AS. 
thicce,  thick.]  —  thick'en,  thic'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To 
make  or  become  thick  or  thicker.— thick'en- 
insr,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  or  becoming 
thick.  2.  Something  added  to  a  liquid  that  In- 
creases its  consistency.- thick'et,  thic'et,  n.  A 
thick  growth,  as  of  small  trees.— thick'ly,  adv. 
— thick'ness,  «.— thick'sset'',  a.  1.  Having 
a  short,  thick  body;  stout.     2.  Closely  planted. 

thief,  thif,  n.  [thieves,  thivz,  pi.]  One  who 
steals,  especially  one  who  steals  furtively.  [< 
AS.  theof,  thief.]  —  thiev(e,  thiv,  dL  &  xi. 
[thiev(e)d;  thiev'ing.]  To  take  by  theft;  pur- 
loin; steal.- thiev'er-y,  n.  The  practise  of 
thieving.- thiev'ish,  a.  1.  Addicted  to  thiev- 
ing.   *i.  Furtive.    3.  Resembling  theft. 

thigh,  thai,  n.  The  part  of  the  leg  between 
the  hip  and  the  knee.     [  <  AS.  theoh,  thigh.] 

thill,  thil,  n.  One  of  the  shafts  of  a  vehicle. 
[<  AS.  thille,  board.] 


Four  Principal  Thenno- 
metric  Scales. 


thim^lCe,  thim'bl,  n.  A  cap,  or  broad  ring  of 
metal,  worn  on  the  end  of  the  finger  in  sewing. 
[<  AS.  th^mel,  <  thuma,  thumb.] 

thin,  thin.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [thinned  ;  thin'- 
NiNG.]  To  make  or  become  thin.  II.  a. 
[thin'ner;  thin'nest.]  1.  Having  opposite 
surfaces  very  close  to  each  other  ;  not  thick. 
2.  Lean.  3.  Sparse;  rare.  4.  Having  little 
substance  or  consistency.  I1I\\,  adv.  Thinly, 
[<  AS.  thynne,  thin.]    -ly,  adv-    -ness,  n. 

thine,  dhain,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  thee:  used 
now  mostly  in  poetry,  prayer,  etc,  [<  AS, 
thin,  gen.  of  thu,  thou.] 

thin^,  thing,  n.  1.  Any  distinct  object  of 
thought.  2.  Any  inanimate  substance.  3. 
Any  object,  appearance,  or  existence,  indefi- 
nitely. 4.  pi.  Personal  belongings,  as  clothes. 
[<  AS.  thing,  thing,  cause.] 

think,    think,   v.      [thought  ;    think'ing.] 

I.  t.  1.  To  produce  or  form  by  mental  proc- 
esses, 2.  To  examine  mentally,  3.  To  remem- 
ber, 4.  To  conceive  of;  purpose,  II.  i.  To 
exercise  the  mind  actively  in  any  way.  [  <  AS, 
thencan,  think;  cp.  thank, /?.]  —  tliiiik'er,  m, 

—  think^ing,  n.    Mental  action;  thought, 
third,  thgrd.    I.  a.    1.  Next  in  order  after  the 

second,     2.  Bein^  one  of  three  equal  parts. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  three  equal  parts.  2.  The 
next  one  after  the  second.  3.  Mus.  The  in- 
terval between  any  note  and  the  next  note  but 
one  above  it  on  a  diatonic  scale,  [<  AS, 
thridda,  <  threb,  three.]  —  thlrd'ly,  adv. 

thirst,  thgrst,  F.  vt.  &  vi.  To  have  a  thirst 
for;  be  thirsty;  have  eager  desire,  II.  ?i. 
1.  A  general  sensation  calling  for  relief  by 
drinking.  2.  Any  eager  desire  or  longing.  [< 
AS.  thyrst,  thirst.]  —  thirst'y,  a.  [thirst'i- 
er;  thirst'i-est.]  1.  Affected  with  thirst.  3. 
Lacking  moisture:  parched.  3.  Eagerly  desirous, 

—  tliirst'i-Iy,  arir,— thirst'i-ness,  n. 
thir''teen'%  thgr'ttn",     I.  a.     Consisting  of 

one  more  than  twelve,  II.  n.  The  sum  of 
ten  and  three,  or  the  symbols  representing  it,  as 
13  or  XIII,  [<  AS.  threotf/ne,  <  threb,  three. 
At  ten,  ten.]  —  thir'teenth'*'.  I.  a.  1.  Third 
in  order  after  the  tenth.  2.  Being  one  of  thir- 
teen equal  parts.  II.  n.  1.  One  of  thirteen 
equal  parts.    2.  The  next  one  after  the  twelfth. 

thir'ty,  thgr'ti.    I.  a.    Consisting  of  ten  more 
than  twenty,    II.  n.    [thir'- 
ties^,  pl^    The  sum  of  ten 
and  twenty;  also,  the  sym- 
bols representing  it,  as  30  or 
XXX,    [<AS.^/iri- 
tig,  <  threb,  three, 
-{■-tig,  -TYi.] 

— thir'ti-eth.  I. 
a.     1,  Tenth    in    order 
after   the  twentieth.    2. 
Being  one  of  thirty  equal 
parts.    II.  n.   1.  Oneof  thirty 
equal  parts  of   anything.    2. 
The  tenth  In  order  after  the 
twentieth. 

this,    dhis.     I.  a.     [these, 
dhiz,  pL]    That  is  here  pres-  ^  ,„^.  ., 

ent.    II.  pron.    The  person  ^iTi^^fAlMfJ*'' 
or  thing  here  present,  or  as  if    ^^  i^uiutnistie. 
present.    III.  adv.    In  this  way;  to  this  de- 
gree.    [<  AS.  thes,  masc,  this,  went.] 

this'tKe,  this'l,  n.     One  of  various  vigorous 


flat|flre  (future);   aisle;  au  {.out);    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;  dli  {the);   go;  eiog,  ii^k;  tliin. 


thither 
tlirob 


468 


Human  Thorax. 

a,  b,  c,  stemum;  i, 
costal  arch;  k,  costal 
cartilages;  d,  clavicle; 
e,  scapula;  /,  true  or 
sternal  ribs;  g,  false 
ribs;  h,  floating  ribs. 

Going  through  and 


prickly  plants.      [<  AS.  thistd,  thistle.]  — 

this^tly,  a.    Abounding  orresembllng  thistles. 
thl'Ol'er,  dhidh'gr,  adv.    1.  To  that  place;  in 

that  direction.  2.  To  that  end,  point,  or  result. 

[<  AS.  thider,  thither.]  —  thith'er-ward,  adv. 

In  that  direction. 
thole,  thOl,  n.    A  pin  serving  as  a  fulcrum  for  an 

oar  In  rowing.    [<  AS.  thol,  pin.] 
thong,  theng  or  thSng,  n.  A  long  narrow  strip, 

properly  of  leather,  as  for  tying  a  whip^lash, 

etc.     [<  AS.  thwang,  thong,'] 
tho'rax,  tho'rax,  n.    1.  The  part  of  the  body 

between  the  neck  and  the 

abdomen,  enclosed  by  the 

ribs.  2.  The  middle  re- 
gion of  the  body  of  an 

insect.  [L.,  <  Gr.  thdi'ax, 

thorax.]  —  tho-rac'ic, 

tho-ras'ic,  a.    Pertaining 

to  the  thorax. 
thorn,   thSm,   n.     1.  A 

spine    or    sharp'pointed 

process   from  a  branch. 

2.  Any  one   of   various 

spiny  shrubs  or  trees.    3. 

A  discomfort ;  pain ;  vexa- 
tion.      [<    AS.    thorn., 

thorn.] —thorn'y,    a. 

[THOBN  '  I  -  ER;     thorn  '  I- 

E8T.]  1.  Full  of  thorns; 
spiny,  ti.  Sharp;  painful; 
vexatious. 

thor'ough,  thur'o,  a. 
through;  complete;  perfect.  {<  AS.  thurh, 
through.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  w.  —  thor'ough- 
bred,  a.  Bred  from  the  best  stock;  hence, 
hlgh-spIrlted;  courageous.  — thor'ough-go''- 
inur,  n.  Very  thorough  or  efflcient.—  t. spaced, 
n.    Perfectly  trained;  thoroughgoing. 

thor'ough-fare'',  n.  1.  A  frequented  way 
or  course;  highway.  2.  A  passing  through. 
[<  AS.  thnrh,  through,  -^fani,  going.] 

thor'ough-'worf ,  thnr'o-wurt",  n.  A  stout 
hairy  luTb,  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  white  flowers. 
bone'sett. 

those,  (IhOz,  a.  &  pron.  In  present  use,  plural 
of  THAT.    [<  AS.  thas,  pi.  of  thes,  this.] 

thou,  dhau,  jyron.  [thy  or  thine,  pass. ;  thee, 
0^.;  YB  or  YOU,  noni.  pi.;  your  or  yours, 
poss.  pi. ;  YOU,  obj.  pi.]  The  person  spoken  to : 
In  common  usage  superseded  by  tne  plural 
form  ymi.    [<  AS.  thil,  thou.] 

though,  dho,  carO.  1.  Notwithstanding  the 
facttluit.  2.  Even  if.  3.  And  yet;  however. 
4.  Nevertheless.     [<  AS.  theah,  though.] 

thoiiirht,  thSt,  imp.  &  pp.  of  think,  v. 

thought,  n.  1.  The  act,  process,  or  power  of 
tliinking;  reason.  2.  A  concept,  judgment, 
etc.  3.  So l)er  reflection;  also,  a  design;  pur- 
pose; memory.  (  <  AS.  theaht,  <  thencan, 
think.]  —  thought^ful,  a.  1 .  Full  of  thought; 
meditative,  ti.  Characterized  by  thought;  show- 
ing solirltous  care;  attentive,  mly.  (UlV.  -nOHN, 
n.  —  thouffht'lesM,  a.  1.  Heedless;  also,  gid- 
dy,   ti.  Stupid,    -ly,  adv.    -nesM,  n. 

thou'sand,  thou'/and.  I.  a.  Consisting  of 
a  hundred  tlmcH  ten.  II.  n.  1.  Ten  hundred; 
looeely,  a  very  large  numlM«r.  2.  The  symbols 
1000  or  M.  f<  AS.  tha»end,  thousand.]  — 
thon'aandth.  I.  u.  1.  Last  in  a  series  of  a 
tnonsand.  '^1.  Being  one  of  a  thousand  equal 
parts.    II.  n.    One  of  a  thousand  equal  parts. 


thrall,  threl,  n.  1.  A  slave;  serf.  2.  The 
condition  of  slavery;  thraldom.    [<  AS.  thrxl, 

<  Ice.  thrxll,  thrall.]  —  thraPdom.n.    Bond- 
age; servitude,    thrall'doml:. 

thrashS  thrash,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  beat,  as 
stalks  of  OTain,  by  means  of  a  flail,  a  machine, 
etc.  2.  [Colloq.]  To  beat;  whip.  II.  i.  1. 
To  beat  out  grain,  etc.  2.  To  throw  oneself 
about  violently;  dash.  3.  To  toil.  [<  AS. 
therscan,  thrash.]  threshj.— thrash'er,  n. 
tliresh'eri* 

thread*',  thred,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  furnish  with 
a  thread,  as  a  needle.  2 .  To  string  on  a  thread. 
II.  i.    To  make  one's  way  carefully. 

thread,  n.  1.  A  slender  cord,  filament,  fiber, 
or  fine  line  of  something.  2.  The  spiral  ridge 
of  a  screw.  [<  AS.  thrsed,  <  thrdwan,  twist.] 
—  thread'bare'',  a.  1.  "Worn  so  that  the 
threads  show,  as  a  garment,  ti.  Clad  In  worn 
garments.    3.  Commonplace;  hackneyed. 

threat,  thret,  n.  A  declaration  of  an  Intention 
to  inflict  pain,  injury,  etc.;  a  menace.  [<  AS. 
threat,  <  threota^i,  vex.]  — threat'en,  thret'n, 
V.  \,t.  1.  To  utter  menaces  or  threats  against. 
2.  To  be  ominous  or  portentous  of.  II.  i.  1. 
To  employ  threats.  2.  To  have  a  menacing  as- 
pect.—threat'en-ing,  pa. 

three,  thrt.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more 
than  two.  II.  n.  1.  The  sum  of  two  and 
one;  also,  the  symbols  3  or  III.  2.  Any  group 
of  three  persons  or  things.  [<  AS.  threo, 
three.]  —  three'fold''.  I.  a.  Made  up  of  three; 
triple.  11,  adv.  In  a  threefold  manner.— three'- 
score'',  a.    Sixty. 

thresh,  v.    Same  as  thrash. 

thresh^old,  thresh'old,  n.  The  plank,  stone, 
or  the  like,  placed  beneath  the  door  of  a  build- 
ing; hence,  an  entrance  or  a  starting-point. 
[<  AS.  therscold,  <  therscan.,  thrash.] 

threw,  thrQ,  imp.  of  throw,  v. 

thrice,  thrais,  adv.  1.  Three  times.  2.  In 
a  threefold  manner;  hence,  fully.    [ME.  thries, 

<  thrie,  <  AS.  tfireo,  three.] 

thrift,  thrift,  n.  1.  Care  and  wisdom  in  the 
management  of  one's  resources.  2.  A  flourish- 
ing condition;  vigorous  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 
[<  Ice.  thrift,  <  thrlfa,  thrive.]  —  thrift'Iess, 
a.— thrift'y,  a.  [thrift'i-er;  thrift'i-est.1 
1 .  Economical;  frugal.  2,  Thriving.  3.  Grow- 
ing vigorously.  — thrift'i-ly,  od».  — thrift'i- 
neNH,  n. 

thrill,  thril,  vt.  &  vl.  1.  To  cause  to  experi- 
ence a  keen  emotion;  pervade  one  suddenly, 
as  with  a  tremor  of  emotion.  2.  To  have  stir- 
ring emotion. 

thriU,!,/^-  1.  A  tremor  of  feeling.  2.  A  pul- 
sation.   [<  AS.  thyrel,  <  ^of  through.) 

thrill",  n.  A  trill;  warbling.     [Var.  of  trill.] 

thrive,  thraiv,  ri.  [throve,  rarely  thrived; 
thriv'en,  rarely  thrived;  thri'vino.]  1. 
To  prosper;  be  successful.  2.  To  grow  with 
vigor.     [<  Ice.  thrlfa^k,  thrive.] 

throat,  throt,  n.  1.  The  part  of  the  neck  in 
which  the  air-passages  are  contained.  2.  The 
passage  extending  irom  the  back  of  the  mouth 
to  the  stomach;  also,  the  windpipe.  3.  An 
Inlet;  oriflce.     [<  AS.  throte,  throat.] 

throb,  threb.  I.  vi.  [throbbed;  throb'- 
BiNo.]  To  boat  rapidly  or  strongly,  as  the 
heart:  palpitate;  vibrate;  thrill.  II.  n.  The 
act  or  state  of  throbbing.  [ME.  throbben;  cp. 
L.  trepidus,  restless,  agitated.] 


papa,  9Jjk;  at,  ftir;  elfm^iit,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but, 


469 


throe 
ticket 


throe,  thrO,  n.  A  violent  pang  or  pain;  agony. 
[<  AS.  thraw,  affliction,  <  threawan,  afflict.] 

throne,  thrOn.  I.  xt.  &  ti.  [throned; 
thro'ning.]  To  enthrone;  exalt.  11.  n.  1. 
A  monarch's  chair  of  state.  2.  Royal  estate; 
sovereign  power.     [OF.,  <  Gr.^-  thronos,  seat.] 

throng:,  throng  or  throng,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To 
crowd  into  and  occupy  fully.  2.  To  press  or 
crowd  upon.    II.  i.    To  collect  in  a  throng. 

throng;,  n.  1.  A  multitude  of  people  crowded 
closely  together.  2.  Any  numerous  collection. 
[<  AS.  gethi'ang,  <  thringan.,  press.] 

throt'tle,  thret'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [throt'tled; 
throt'tling.]  To  stop  or  obstruct,  as  the 
breath;  choke;  shut  off,  as  steam.  II.  n.  1. 
The  throat;  especially,  the  windpipe.  2.  A 
valve  closing  the  steam-supply  pipe  of  an  en- 
gine.     [Dim.  of  THROAT.] 

through,  thru.  I.  a.  Going  from  beginning 
to  end;  pertaining  to  an  entire  distance.  II. 
adv.  1.  From  one  end,  surface,  etc.,  to  or  be- 
yond the  other.  2.  JYom  beginning  to  end. 
3.  To  a  termination.  III.  prep.  1.  From 
end  to  end.  2.  Throughout.  3.  From  the 
first  to  the  last  of.  [<  AS.  thurh,  through.]  — 
throusrh-out'.  J»  adv.  Through  or  In  every 
part.    II.  jorejo.  All  through. 

throve,  throv,  imp.  of  thrive,  v. 

throw,  thro,  V.  [threw;  thrown;  throw'- 
ING.]  1.  t.  1.  To  fling,  hurl,  or  cast  forth. 
2.  To  overturn;  prostrate.  II.  i.  To  send 
an  object  through  the  air  by  force;  hurl;  fling. 
[<  AS.  throivati,  twist.]  —  throw'er,  n. 

throw,  n.  1.  An  act  of  throwing  or  hurling; 
a  cast;  a  fling.  2.  The  distance  over  which  a 
missile  is  or  may  be  thrown. 

thrums  thrum.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [thrummed; 
thrtjm'ming.]  To  play  on  or  finger  (a  stringed 
instrument)  idly  and  without  expression; 
strum.  II.  n.  Any  monotonous  drumming. 
[<  Ice.  thruma,  rattle.] 

thrum^.  I.  vt.  To  cover  or  trim  with  thrums. 
II.  n.  The  fringe  of  warp-threads  after  the 
web  has  been  cut  off;  any  loose'  thread  or 
fringe.     [<  Ice.  thromr,  edge.] 


thrushS  thrush 
bird.    [<AS 
t  h  r  y  s  ce 
thrush.] 

thrush^,  n.  1.  A 
vesicular  disease  of 
the  mouth,  lips, 
and  throat.  2.  A 
disease  of  a  horse's 
foot. 

thrust,  thrust,  v. 
thrust'ing.]    I. 


A  small  migratory  song- 


[thrust; 
1.  To  push 
or  shove.    2.  To  pierce.    II.  i. 
To  make  a  sudden  push,  as  with  gj^g  Thrush 


[<    Ice. 


Vs 


a  pointed    weapon 
thr^sta.,  thrust.] 

thrust,  n.  1.  A  sudden  and  forcible  push,  as 
with  a  pointed  weapon.  2.  A  vigorous  attack; 
sharp  onset.  3.  MecJi.  A  stress  or  strain 
tending  to  push  a  member  of  a  structure  out- 
ward or  sidewise. 

thud,  thud,  n.  A  dull,  heavy  sound,  as  of  a  hard 
body  striking  upon  a  comparatively  soft  one. 
[<  AS.  thT/dan.,  press.] 


thug;,  thug,  n.  1.  One  of  an  organization  of 
religious  assassins  in  India.  2.  A  cutthroat.  [< 
Hind,  thag.,  thug.] 

thuni(b,  thum.  I.  tt.  To  press,  rub,  soil,  or 
wear  with  the  thumb.  II.  w.  The  short,  thick 
digit  on  the  radial  side  of  the  human  hand.  [< 
AS.  thuma,  thumb.] 

thump,  thump.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  beat  or 
strike  with  a  heavy  dull  sound.  2.  To  strike 
or  beat  with  moderate  force.  II.  n.  A  blow 
causing  a  dull  sound.     [Var.  of  dump,  v.'] 

thun'der,  thun'dgr.  l.vi.  To  give  forth  a 
peal  or  peals  of  thunder;  make  a  deep  rever- 
berative  noise.  11./?.  1 .  The  sound  that  ac- 
companies lightning.  2.  Any  loud,  rumbling, 
or  booming  noise.     [<  AS.  ^^?//?ar,  thunder.] 

—  tliuii'der-bolt'',  v.  A  discharge  of  light- 
ning.—tliiin'dev-clap",  71.  A  sharp,  violent 
detonation  of  thunder.  —  thun'der-er,  n.— 
thuii'der-ous,  a.  Producing  thunder  or  a 
sound  like  thunder.— tliiin'ders8how'''er,  n. 
A  shower  with  thunder  and  lightning.  —  t.s 
storm,  n.— thuii'der-struck'',  a.    Amazed. 

Thurs'day ,  thSrz'dg,  n.  The  fifth  day  of  the 
week.  [<  AS.  thunres.,  gen.  of  thunor,  thun- 
der; dseg.,  day.] 

thus,  dhus,  adv.  1.  In  this  or  that  way.  2. 
To  such  extent.  3.  In  this  case.  [<  AS.  tMs, 
thus,  <  thes,  this.] 

thwack,  thwac.  I',  vt.  To  strike  with  some- 
thing flat;  whack.  II. /J.  A  blow  with  some 
flat  or  blunt  instrument.     [Var.  of  whack.] 

thwart"!,  thwSrt,  vt.  To  prevent  by  interposi- 
tion; foil.     [<  Ice.  thvert.,  across.] 

thwart,  a.    Lying  or  extending  across. 

thwart,  n.  An  oarsman's  seat  extending 
athwart  a  boat.     [<  AS.  thofte.} 

thy,  dhai,  p/o/a.  Pertaining  to  thee:  used  in 
poetry,  prayer,  etc.  [Short  form  of  thine.]— 
tliy'self,  pron. 

thyme,  taim,  n.  An  aromatic  undershrub,  cul- 
tivated for  seasoning  in  cookery.  [<  Gr.^+F 
tJujmon.,  <  thyo,  sacrifice.] 

ti-a'ra,  tai-e'raor  tt-g'ra,  n.    1.  The  Pope's 
triple  crown    2.  A  head»dres8; 
coronet.     [<  Gr.i'+F  tiara.,  Per- 
sian head-dress.] 

tih'i-a,  tib'i-a,  n.  [-^e,  -I  or  -e,  or 
-As^,  «h]  The  inner  one  of  the 
two  bones  of  the  leg  below  the 
knee;  the  shin-bone.     [L.] 

—  tib'i-al,  a. 
ticks  tic,  vt.  &  vi.    To  sound,  as 

a  tick;  make  a  clicking  sound  or 
a  tapping  noise.     [Imitative.] 

ticks  ^-     1.  A  significant  mark 
used  in  checking  off  something. 
2.  One  of  the  recurring  sounds  made  by  a 
watch,  clock,  or  the  like. 

tick",  n.  One  of  various  blood-sucking  para- 
sites that  infest  the  skin  of  animals.  [<  OD. 
teke,  <  i^  of  TAKE.] 

tick^,  n.  The  stout  outer  covering  of  a  bed  or 
mattress.     [<  Gt.^  theke,  case.]    tick'ingj. 

tick'et,  tik'gt.  Id.  vt.  To  fix  a  ticket  to;  la- 
bel. II.  n.  1.  A  card  with  words  or  charac- 
ters on  it  showing  that  the  holder  is  entitled  to 
something,  as  transportation.  2.  A  tag  or 
label.  3.  [U.S.]  A  ballot.  [<  F.  etiquette, 
label,  <  G.  stecken,  stick.] 


Tiara. 


fiut|ure    (future);   aisle;   au   (put);    ©il;   c   (k);    chat;    dh   (the);   go;   sing,  i^k;   tbin. 


tickle 
timid 


470 


tickaie,  tic'l,  v.  [tick'l(e)d;  tick'ling.J  I. 
t  1.  To  excite  the  nerves  of,  as  by  light  and 
repeated  touches.  2.  To  please;  amuse.  II. 
i.  To  cause  titillation  or  tingling.  [Intens.  of 
TICK,  v.']  —  tlck'llsh,  a.  1 .  Sensitive  to  tick- 
ling. 3.  Liable  to  be  upset;  unstable.  3.  Diffi- 
cult; delicate. 

tid'bit",  n.    Same  as  TITBIT. 

tide,  taid.  l.vt.&vi.  [ti'ded**;  ti'ding.]  To 
carry,  as  if  buoyed  up  by  the  tide;  to  sur- 
mount, as  a  difficulty:  followed  by  over.  II. 
n.  1.  The  periodic  rise  and  fall  of  the  oceans 
and  the  waters  connected  with  them,  due  to  the 
attraction  of  the  sun  and  moon.  2.  A  current; 
stream.  3.  Natural  drift  or  tendency  of  events. 
[<  AS.  m,  time.]  —  ti'dal,  tai'dal,  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  Influenced  by  the  tides.  3. 
Kegulatedbythe  tide. 

ti'dings,  tai'dingz,  n.  pi.  A  report  or  infor- 
mation; news.    [<  AS.  Udan,  happen.] 

tl'dy,  tai'di.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [ti'died;  ti'dy-ing.] 
[Colloq.]  To  make  tidy.  II.  a.  [ti'di-er; 
Ti'Di-EST.]  1.  Marked  by  neatness  and  order; 
trim.  2.  Of  an  orderly  disposition.  III.  n. 
[ti'dies»,  pi.]  A  light  and  detachable  cover- 
ing, as  for  a  chair-back.  [  <  tide,  w.]  —  ti'di- 
ly,  adv.  — ti'di'uess,  n. 

tie,  tai,  V.  [tied;  tt'ing.]  1. 1.  1.  To  fasten 
by  any  flexible  bond,  as  a  cord;  bind;  lash.  2. 
To  form  a  knot  in.  3.  To  unite  closely;  attach. 
4.  To  restrain;  confine.  5.  To  bring  to  a  tie, 
as  a  vote.  II.  i.  To  be  exactly  equal  in  any 
contest.    [  <  AS.  tegan,  tie,  <  tedn,  draw.] 

tie,  n.  1.  A  flexible  bond  or  fastening,  as  of 
cord.  2.  Any  bond  or  obligation.  3.  An  exact 
equality  for  and  against,  as  in  a  vote.  4.  Some- 
thing that  is  tied,  or  that  ties  or  binds.  [<  AS. 
flge,  rope,  <  tedn,  draw.] 

tier,  tir,  n.  A  rank  or  row  in  a  series  of  things 
placed  one  above  another.  [  <  OF.  ti?'e,  course.] 

tierce,  tirs,  n.  1.  Mus.  A  third.  2.  A  cask 
for  packing  salt  provisions  for  shipment. 
3.  A  sequence  of  three  playing-cards.  [F.,  < 
(OK.)  tiers,  third.] 

tif(f,  tif,  71.  A  peevish  display  of  irritation;  pet; 
huff.     [  <  Norw.  leva,  sniff.] 

ti'g;er,  tal'ggr,  n.    A  large  carnivorous  mam- 


Tlger.    V4S 


mul  with  vertical  iniuK  wavy  Htript-H  (m  the 
))ody,  and  black  rings  or  bars  on  the  limbs  and 
tall.     [<  Gr.L  -  - 

tighri,  arrow.* 
—  tl'ger-lsh/a.   Like  the  tiger;  ferocious. 


>•♦'  ttarU,  perhaps  <  O.  Per. 
.]  — tKnertcat",  n.    A  wildcat. 


ti'grisht.  —  t.»lily»  «•  A  tall  cultivated  lily 
with  purple  or  black»spotted  flowers  from  China. 
—  ti^Ki'ess,  n.    A  female  tiger. 

tigllt, tait,  a.  1.  Not  leaky;  impervious.  2. 
Closely  drawn  or  fastened;  stringent.  3.  Fit- 
ting closely.  4.  Taut.  5.  [Colloq.]  Tipsy. 
[<  Ice.  thettr;  akin  to  thick.]  —  tighten, 
tait'n,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  become  tight  or 
tighter.  —  tiarht'ly,  adv.— tight'neHS,  n. 

tile,  tail.  I.  vt.  [tiled;  ti'ling.]  1.  To 
drain  by  tiles.  2.  To  cover  with  tiles.  II.  n. 
1.  A  thin  piece  of  baked  clay  used  for  covering 
roofs,    floors,  etc.    2.  A   short   earthenware 

Eipe,  used  in  forming  sewers.  3.  [Slang.]  A 
igh  silk  hat.  [<  AS.  tigel,  <  L.  tegula,  < 
teqo,  cover.]  —  tl'ler,  w.  —  tilling,  n.  1.  The 
using  of  tiles.    3.  Tiles  collectively. 

till,  til,  vt.    To  put  and  keep  in  order,  as  soil; 
cultivate.     [<  AS.  tilian,  labor,  till.] 
— tilFa-bl(e,  a.— tillage,  n.    Cultivation. 

till,  n.  A  drawer,  compartment,  or  tray;  a 
money-drawer.     [<  AS.  tyllan  in  for'tyllan, 

.  lead  aside.]  [«^,  till.] 

till,  p7'ep.    To  the  time  of;  up  to ;  until.  [  <  Ice. 

till,  covj.    Till  such  time  as;  until. 

tiirer  > ,  n.    One  who  or  that  which  tills. 

till'er^,  n.  A  handle  or  lever  at  the  top  of  a 
rudder.  [  <  AS.  tyllan  in  foT'tyllan,  lead  aside.] 

tilts  tilt.  F.  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  raise  at  one  end 
or  side;  tip;  slant;  lean.  2.  To  aim  or  thrust, 
as  a  lance;  contend  with  the  lance.  II.  n.  1. 
An  inclination;  slant.  2.  A  medieval  sport  in 
which  knights  engaged  in  mock  contests  with 
lances.  3.  A  thrust,  as  with  a  lance.  [<  AS. 
tealt,  unsteady.]— tilfer,  y?.— tllt'=ham"mer, 
n.  A  heavy  power -hammer  that  Is  raised  or  tilted 
by  a  cam  and  delivers  a  blow  by  gravity. 

tilt*.  Id.  vt.  To  furnish  with  an  awning  or  tilt. 
II.  n.  A  canvas  cover,  as  an  awning,  used  for 
a  boat  or  wagon.    [<  AS.  teld,  tentO 

tiltb,  tilth,  n.  Cultivation;  tillage;  cultivated 
land.    [<  AS.  tilth,  <  tilian,  till.] 

tim^ber,  tim'bgr,  n.  1.  Wood  suitable  for 
building  purposes,  prepared  for  use;  also,  a 
single  piece  of  such  wood.  2.  Growing  or 
standing  trees.    [<  AS.  timber,  timber.] 

tiin1>rel,  tim'brel,  n.  An  ancient  Hebrew 
tambourine-like  instrument.  [<  F.  timbi'e, 
bell.] 

time,  taim.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [timed  ;  ti'ming.] 
1.  To  adapt  to  the  time  or  occasion.  2.  To 
regulate  as  to  time  ;  keep  time.  3.  To  recortl 
the  time  or  rate  of.  II.  n.  1.  Infinite  dura- 
tion or  its  measure.  2.  A  definite  period,  or 
an  allotted  or  sufficient  period  of  duration ;  sea- 
son ;  era  ;  opportunity.  3.  A  point  in  dura- 
tion ;  date  ;  occasion.  4.  Mas.  Character  or 
rate  of  movement.     [<  AS.  fl?na,  time.] 

—  tiiiie'keep''er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
keeps  thne.— time'ly,  a.  Ltime'li-er;  timk'- 
Li-EST.l  Being  or  occurring  In  good  or  proper 
time;  opportune. —  time'li-ness,  «.— tiine'- 
plece'',  n.  A  clock  or  a  watch.—  time'sHerv"- 
er,  11.  One  who  yields  to  the  apparent  demands 
of  the  time,  without  reference  to  principle.— 1.« 
nervinff,  a.  &  7i.—  t.'table,  n.  A  tabular  state- 
ment of  the  times  at  which  certain  things  are  to 
Imj  done. 
tim'id,  tim'id,  a.  Shrinking  from  danger  or 
from  publicity;  shy.  [<  L.''  timidm,  <  tirneo, 
fear.]  —  ti-mfd'i.ty,  n.  tlm'td-newt.—  tlm'- 
id-ly,  adv. 


papa.  9ak;  at,  «lr;  element,  th^y,  UB|ge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  bat,  or; 


471 


timorous 
tithe 


Timothy. 


tim'or-ous,  tim'gr-us,  a.  Fearful  of  danger; 
timid.  [  <  L.i^  iimor,  fear.]  -ly ,  adv.  -ness, «. 

tim'o-tliy,  tim'o-thi,  n.    A  valuable  perennial 
fodder»grass.      [<    Timothy  Han- 
son.] 

tin,   tin.     I',  vt.     [tinned;   tin'- 
NiNG.]     1.  To  coat  with  tin.    2. 
To  cover  with  tin-plate.    3.  To  in- 
case or  put  in  ting.    II.  n.     1.  A 
white  malleable  metallic  element. 
2.  Same  as  tin-plate.    3.  An  ar- 
ticle of  tinware.     [<   AS. 
tin,    tin.]  —  tin'sfoil'',    n. 
Tin  or  alloy  made  Into  foil. 
—  tiii'inaii,«.    A  maker  of 
or  dealer  in  tinware,    tin'- 
iiert. —  tin's plate'',    ii. 
Sheet  Iron  plated  with  tin.— 
tin'vrare",  n.    Household 
articles,   collectively,  made 
of  tln»plate. 

tinc'ture,  ti^c'chur  or 
-ti\Jr.  I.  vt.  [tinc'tured; 
tinc'tur-ing.]  To  impart 
a  slight  hue  or  odor  to;  imbue;  flavor.    II.  n. 

I.  A  solution,  usually  alcoholic,  of  some  prin- 
ciple used  in  medicine.  2.  A  tinge;  tint.  3. 
A  slight  flavor  superadded.  [<  L.  tinctura., 
<  tinctus,  pp.  of  tingo,  stain.] 

tin'der,  tin'dgr,  n.  A  highly  inflammable  sub- 
stance, as  charred  linen.     [<  AS.  tynder.] 

tine,  tain,  ?i.  A  spike  or  prong,  as  of  a  fork  or  of 
an  antler.    [<  AS.  rind,  prong.] 

tinge,  tinj.  I.  vt.  [tinged;  tinge'ing.]  To 
imbue  with  a  faint  trace  of  color.  II.  «.  1. 
A  faint  trace  of  added  color.  2.  A  quality  or 
peculiarity  imparted  by  a  foreign  element.  [< 
L.  tingo,  dye.] 

tin'gl(e,  ti^'gl.  I.  vi.  [tin'gl(e)d  ;  tin'- 
Gi.iNG.]     To  experience  or  produce  a  tingle. 

II.  n.  1.  A  prickly,  stingmg  sensation.  2. 
A  jingle.     [For  tinkle,  v.] 

tink'er,  tink'sr.  I.  it.  &vi.  To  mend  or  patch, 
as  a  tinker;  work  in  makeshift  fashion.  II. 
n.  1.  An  itinerant  mender  of  domestic  utensils 
of  metal.    2.  The  act  of  roughly  repairing. 

tin'kl(e,  tin'kl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [tin'kl(e)d  ; 
TiN'KLiNG.]  1.  To  give,  or  cause  to  give,  a 
series  of  quick,  slight,  metallic  sounds.  2.  To 
tingle.    11.  n.    A  sharp,  clear,  tinkling  sound. 

tin'sel,  tin'sel.  I.  vt.  [tin'seled  or  tin'- 
SELLED  ;  tin'sel-ing  or  tin'sel-ling.]  To 
adorn  or  decorate  with  tinsel.  II.  a.  Super- 
ficially brilliant.  III.  n.  1.  Very  thin  glit- 
tering bits  of  metal  used  to  ornament  articles 
of  dress.  2.  A  fabric  thus  ornamented.  3. 
Superficial  adornment.  [<  F.  etincelle,  spark.] 

tint,  tint.  I"*,  vt.  To  give  a  tint  to*  tinge. 
II.  n.  A  slight  color;  tinge;  hue.  [<  L.^' 
tinctus,  pp.  of  tingo.,  stain.] 

ti'ny,  tai'ni,  a.  [ti'ni-er  ;  ti'ni-est.]  Very 
small;  minute.  [Orig.  'fretful,'  <  AS.  teona, 
trouble.] 

-tion,  -shun,  sufflx.  A  termination  denoting  act, 
state,  or  agent.  [<  F.  -tion,  -Qon,  <  L.  -tio(n-),  a 
suiBx  of  abstract  nouns.] 

-tious,  -shus,  suffix.  Termination  of  adjectives 
corresponding  to  nouns  In  -tion.  [<  F.  -tieux,  < 
L.  -tiosus,  <  4,  ending  of  stem,  -|-  -osxis,  -ous;  or 
directly  <  L.  -cius,  -tius.] 

tipi,  tip,  V.     [tipped'  ;  tip'ping.]     I.  t.    1. 


To  cause  to  lean;  cant;  tilt.  2.  To  tap.  3. 
[Colloq.]  To  give  a  small  gratuity  to;  give 
secret  information  to.  II.  i.  1.  To  lean  over 
to  one  side;  cant;  tilt.  2.  To  bestow  gifts,  as 
on  a  servant.     [  <  Sw.  tippa,  strike  gently.] 

tip2,  vt.  [tipped';  tip'ping.]  1.  To  furnish 
with  or  form  into  a  tip.    2.  To  cover  the  tip  of. 

tipi,  n.  The  point  or  extremity  of  anything 
tapering;  end.    [Akin  to  TOpi,  n.] 

tip'^,  n.  1.  A  sum  of  money  given,  as  to  a  serv- 
ant.   2.  A  friendly,  helpful  hint.    3.  A  tap. 

tip'pet,  tip'gt,  n.  An  outdoor  covering  for 
the  neck,  or  neck  and  shoulders.  [<  Gr.i'+AS 
tapes  (tapet-),  rug.] 

tip'ple,  tip'l,  V.  [tip'pled;  tip'pling.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  drink  or  sip,  as  alcoholic  beverages, 
frequently.  2.  To  bring  under  the  influence 
of  liquor.  II.  i.  To  sip  often.  [<  Norw. 
tipla,  tipple.]  — tip'ple,  n.  Liquor  consumed 
In  tippling.— tip'pler,  n. 

tip'sy,  tip'si,  a.  [tip'si-er;  tip'si-est.]  Be- 
fuddled with  drink;  hilarious;  unsteady.  [< 
Tipi,  v.]  —  tip'si-ly,  adv.—  tip'si-ness,  n. 

tip'toe''.    I.  vi.    To  walk  on  tiptoe.    II.  n. 

1.  The  tip  of  a  toe,  or  the  tip  of  all  the  toes 
collectively.  2.  Topmost  height;  also,  alert- 
ness of  expectation. 

tip'stop".    [Colloq.]    I.  a.  Best  of  Its  kind.    II. 

n.   The  highest  point  or  degree;  the  very  top. 

III.  adv.    In  a  tip=top  manner. 
ti-rade',  ti-red',  n.    A  prolonged  declamatory 

outpouring,  as  of  censure.     [F.,  <  It.  tirata, 

pulling,  <  tirare,  pull.] 
tirei,  tair,  t;.     [tired;  tir'ing.]    I.  ^    1.  To 

weary;  fatigue.    2.  To  reduce  the  patience  of. 

II.  i.     To   become  physically  or   otherwise 

jaded.     [<  AS.  teorian,  tire,  be  tired.] 

—  tired,  iDa.—  tired'ne88,«.—  tire'80ine, 
a.  Tending  to  tire,  or  causing  one  to  tire;  weari- 
some; tedious,    -ly,  adv.    •ness,  n. 

tire2,  vt.    To  furnish  with  a  tire;  put  a  tire  on. 

tireS  n.  A  band  or  hoop  surrounding  the  rim 
of  a  wheel.     [<  tie,  v.] 

tire2,  «.  A  tiara;  head-dress.  [Short  for  attire.] 

tis'sue,  tish'Q,  n.  1.  Biol.  One  of  the  elemen- 
tary fabrics  of  which  an  organ  is  composed. 

2.  Any  light  or  gauzy  textile  fabric.  [<  F. 
tissu,  <  tissu,  pp.  of  tisser,  <  L.  texo,  weave.] 

—  tis'suespa^per,  n.  Very  thin,  unsized, 
almost  transparent  paper. 

titi,  tit,  n.  1.  One  of  various  small  birds,  as  a 
titmouse,  titlark,  etc.  2.  A  small  horse.  [< 
Ice.  titt7\  little  bird.] 

—  tit'lark",  n.  A 
amall  bird  having  a  long 
straight  hind  claw  and 
the  general  appearance  of 
a  true  lark,  pip'itt.— 
tit'mouse",  n.  [tit'- 
MiCE",  pi.']  A  small  bird 
having  a  short  bill  con-  .^„  ,  ,  a,..,  ,  ,  , 
cealed  by  feathers.  American  Titlark.  Vio 

tit2,  n.  A  blow;  tap:  in  the  phrase  tit  for  tat, 
retort  or  retaliation  in  kind.  [V^ar.  of  tip^,  n.] 

tit'bif ,  tit'bit",  n.  A  morsel,  as  of  choice 
food,    tid'-bif'l:. 

tithe,  taidh.  I.  vt.  [tithed;  ti'thing.]  To 
tax.  II.  n.  1.  A  tax  of  one^tenth,  especially 
when  payable  in  kind.  2.  The  tenth  part  of 
anything;  hence,  a  small  part.  [<  AS.  teotha, 
<  teon,  ten.]  — ti'thing,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
levying  tithes.    3.  A  tenth  part. 


flutlure  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;   dli   (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


titiUatd 
tolerant 


472 


tlt'il-late,  tit'i-let,  vt.  [-LA'TEod;  -la'ting.] 
To  cause  a  tickling  sensation  in.  [<  L.  iitil- 
latus,  pp.  of  titillo,  tickle.]  — tit^il-la'tion,  n. 

tittle,  tai'tl.  I.  vt.  [ti'tled:  ti'tling.]  1. 
To  give  a  name  to;  entitle.  2.  To  confer  an 
honorary  title  upon;  ennoble.  II.  n.  1.  An 
inscription  that  serves  as  a  name  for  a  literary 

Cluction,  legal  document,  etc.  2.  A  daim 
•d  on  an  acknowledged  or  alleged  right.  3. 
An  appellation  significant  of  office,  rank,  etc. 
rOF.  (F.  tifre),  <  1.  titnlus,  tine.]  — tVtled,  a. 
Having  a  title,  as  of  nobility. 

tit'ter,  tit'gr.  I.  ri.  To  laugh  in  a  suppressed 
orsilly  way;  giggle.   II.  w.  A  giggling.  [Imit.] 

tlt'tle,  tit'l,  n.  The  minutest  quantity;  iota. 
[For  TITLE,  n.] 

tlt'tleitaf'tle,  tlt'l.tafl.  I.vt.  To  chatter  fool- 
ishly.   II.  n.  Foolish  talk;  gossip.   [Var.  redup. 

of  TATTLE,  v.] 

tit'u-lar,  tit'yu-lar.  I.  a.  1.  Existing  in 
name  or  title  only:  nominal.  2.  Pertaining  to 
a  title.  II.  n.  One  having  a  title  in  virtue  of 
which  one  holds  an  office,  tit'u-la-ryj. 
[<  L.  titulus,  title.]  —  tit'u-lar-ly,  adv. 

to.  to.  I.  adv.  1.  Toward  the  end  of  action. 
2.  Into  normal  condition.  3.  Into  place.  4. 
In  a  direction  implied.  II.  prep.  1.  In  a 
direction  toward.  2.  Noting  an  indirect  ob- 
ject after  certain  parts  of  speech.  III.  The 
sign  of  the  infinitive  mode.     [<  AS.  <5,  to.] 

to-"t,  pr^x.    To.    [<To,pr«jo.] 

to-*,  prejlx.  An  intensive  prefix  In  various  com- 
pounds, mostly  obsolete;  as,  tobreak,  to  break  In 
pieces.    [<  AS.  to,  apart.]  ' 

toad,  tod,  n.    A  tailless,  jumping  amphibian, 
resembling      the 
frog,  and   feeding 
on  insects.    [<AS. 
tMie,  toad.] 

—  toad' » eat'' - 
er,  11.  A  fawning 
parasite;  sycophant. 
—  toad'stool",  n. 
A  poisonous  mush- 

to'SPy.   tM'l.     I.  '^-^-   Vs 

rt.  &  vi.  [toad'ied;  toad't-ino.]  To  treat 
with  subserviency;  fawn  upon.  II.  n.  [toad'- 
IE«»,  pi.]  An  obse- 
qnlouB  flatterer;  a 
Bervlle  person. 
[Short  for  toad- 
eater.] 

toast',  tost.  I<>.  vt. 
&  vi.  To  drink  to 
the  health  of;  pro- 
pose or  partlcii)ate 
In  a  toast.  II.  n. 
The  act  of  drinking 
to  some  one's  health 
or  to  some  senti- 
ment; also,  the  person  or 
the  sentiment  involved. 
[Special  use  of  toast'.] 

toast*,  fo.  vt.  &  vi.  To 
brown,  or  become  brown, 
over  a  Are.  II.  n.  Sliced 
bread  browned  at  a  Are: 
toasted  bread.  [<  L.>J-o*  «•  l**r?>t\,^''- 
tortw,  pp.  of  torrw,  poast.1         •"'  "'  '"'•^ 

tO'bao'oo,  to-bac'O,  n.    An  annual  plant  of 


Tobacco. 


the  nightshade  family,  3  to  6  feet  high,  origi- 
nally of  tropical  America;  also  its  leaves  pre- 
pared in  various  ways.  [<  Sp.  tabaco.,  <  W. 
Ind.  tabaco,  pipe  in  which  the  natives  smoked 
the  plant.]  —  to-bac'co-nist,  n. 

to-bog'gan,  to-beg'an.  1.  vi.  To  coast  on 
a  toboggan.  II.  n.  A  sled-like  vehicle,  con- 
sisting of  a  long  thin  board  or  boards  curved 
upward  at  the  forward  end.  [Corr.  of  Am.  Ind. 
odabagan,  sled.] — to-bog'gansslide",  «.  A 
declivity  prepared  for  coastihg  with  toboggans. 

toc'sin,  tec'sin,  n.  1.  A  signal;  alarm.  2. 
Hence,  an  alarm^'bell.     [F.] 

tOsday',  tu»de'.  I.  n.  The  present  day,  time, 
or  age.  U.  adv.  1.  On  or  during  this  present 
day.  2.  At  the  present  time.  [<  AS.  <5,  to; 
dxqe,  dat.  of  daeg,  day.] 

tod'dle,  ted'l,  vi.  [tod'dled;  tod'dling.] 
To  walk  unsteadily,  as  a  little  child.  [Freq. 
<  TOTTER,  v.]  —  tod'dler,  n. 

tod'dy,  ted'i,  n.  [TOD'DIEs^  pi.]  Sweet- 
ened spirits  and  water;  alcoholic  liquor  in  gen- 
eral.    [<  Hind,  tan,  <  tar,  palm«tree.] 

toe,  to.  I.  t'^.  [toed;  TOE'iNG.]  1.  To  touch 
with  the  toes.  2.  To  furnish  with  a  toe.  II. 
n.  1.  One  of  the  digits  of  a  foot  of  a  quad- 
ruped or  biped;  front  part  of  a  hoof.  2.  That 
portion  of  an  article  of  dress,  etc.,  that  covers 
the  toes.     [<  AS.  ta,  toe.] 

to'ga,  to'ga,  n.  [to'gas^  or  to'GuE,  -jt  or  -ge, 
pL]  The  large  elliptical  mantle  of  a  Roman 
citizen.     [L.,  <  tego,  cover.] 

to-geth'er,  tu-gedh'gr,  adv.  ■.  1.  Into  union 
with  each  other;  conjointly.  2.  In  company. 
3.  Simultaneously.  4.  Without  cessation. 
[<  AS.  to,  to,  -T-  gador,  together.] 

tog'gle,  teg'l.  I.  vt.  [tog'gled;  tog'glinq.] 
To  fix  or  furnish  with  a  toggle.     II.  n.    1.  A 

Sin,  or  short  rod,  properly  attached  in  the  mid- 
le,  as  to  a  rope,  and  designed  to  be  passed 
through  a  hole  or  eye  and  turned.  2.  A  toggle- 
joint.  [Dim.  <  TAQi,  n.]  —  tog'glesjoint'',  n. 
A  joint  having  a  central 
binge  like  an  elbow,  and 
operatable  by  applying  the 
power  at  the  junction,  thus 
changing  the  direction  of 
motion. 

toil,  tell,  vi.    To  labor  ar- 
duously; work  hard.     [< 
F.  toidller,  trouble.] 
— toil'er,  ?i. 

toil',  n.    Fatiguing  work;  any  oppressive  task. 

— toil'soine,  a.    Accompanied  with  fatigue. 

-ly,  adv.    •ness,  n.  [web.] 

toil'»,w.  A  net,  snare,  or  other  trap.  [<L.^t€la, 

toi'let",  tei'lef,  n.  1.  The  process  of  dress- 
ing oneself.  2.  A  person's  dress.  3.  A  dress- 
ing-table.    [<  F.  toilette,  dim.  of  toile,  cloth.] 

to'ken,  tO'kn,  n.      1.  Anything  indicative  of 


Toggle-joint. 


some  other  thing;  a  sign;  indication.    2.  A 
symbol  or  seal.    3.  A  pledge.    4.  A  keepsake. 

[<  AS.  tUcen,  sign.] 


told,  told,  imp.  &  pp.  of  TELL. 

tol'er-ant,  tergr-ant,  a.  Indulgent;  liberal. 
[OF.,  <  L.  toleran{l-)8,  ppr.  of  tolero,  bear.] 
—  tol'er-a-bl(e,  a.  1,  Passably  good;  com- 
monplace, ti.  Supportable.  3.  Allowable.  — 
tol'er-n-bly,  adp.  —  tol'er-nnce,  n.  The 
state  of  being  tolerant,  —  tol'er-ate,  vt.  [-a'- 
TED<»:  -a'tihq.]    1.  To  suffer  to  be  or  be  done 


papa,  gak;  at,  *lr;  element,  th«y,  usfge;  It,  %,  %  (.ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  or;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


473 


without  active  opposition,  ii.  To  concede,  as 
the  right  to  opinions.  3.  To  bear.  [<  L.  tol- 
eratus,  pp.  of  ioiero,  bear.]— toP'er-a'tion,  71. 

tolls  tol.  I.  rt.  &  vi.  To  sound,  as  a  bell,  with 
single  strokes  at  uniform  intervals.  II.  ?i. 
The  sound  of  a  bell  rung  slowly  and  regularly. 
[  <  ME.  tollen,  draw,  pull.] 

toll2.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  take,  as  toll;  take  or 
pay  toll.  II.  n.  A  fixed  compensation  for 
some  privilege,  as  of  passing  on  a  bridge  or  a 
turnpike.  [<  AS.  toll,  toll,  <  V  of  tell,  v.] 
—  toU'sgate^',  n.  A  gate,  as  across  a  turn- 
pike, at  which  toll  Is  paid.  — t.sgatherer,  t.s 
man,  71.    A  collector  of  tolls.    tolI'er+. 

tom'a-liawlc,  tem'a-hek.  I',  rf.  To  strike 
or  kill  with  a  tomahawk. 
II.  n.  The  North'Amer- 
ican  Indian  battle»ax  or 
hatchet.  [Of  Am,  Ind. 
origin.] 

to-raa'to,  to-mfl'to  or  to- 


me'to,  n.  [-toes^,;;^]  The 
pulpy  edible  fruit  of  a  fa- 
miliar plant  of  the  night- 
shade family,  or  the  plant 
itself.  [<  Mex.sp  toniatl, 
tomato.] 

tomb,tum.    I    vt.    To  en-  pipe^tomahawks. 
tomb;  bury;  mter.    II.  n. 
A  place  for  the  deposit  of  the  dead;  a  vault; 
grave.     [<  Gr.^L+F  tymbos.  mound.]  —  toml/- 
stone'',  11.     A  stone  marking  a  place  of  burial. 

tom'boy'',  tem'bei",  n.  A  girl  of  romping 
and  boisterous  conduct;  hoiden. 

tom'scat'',  tem'»cat%  n.    A  male  cat. 

tom'cod'',  tem'ced",  n.  A  small  edible  fish 
of  the  North- American  Atlantic. 

tome,  tOm,  n.  A  volume,  particularly  if  large. 
[F.,  <  L.  tomus,  book.] 

-tome,  ?  A  termination  signifying  "a  cutting," 

-tomy.  S  "a  cutter."   [<  Gr.  tomoii,<tem)io,  cut.] 

tom-'fool",  tem'fiH",  n.  A  silly  person. — tom-''- 
fool'er-y,  n.    Nonsensical  behavior. 

to^mor'row,  tu»mer'0.  I.  n.  The  morrow. 
II.  adv.  On  the  day  next  after  to*day.  [< 
AS.  to,  to;  morgen,  dat.  of  morgen,  niorrow.] 

tom'tit",  tem'tit",  n.    A  tit;  titmouse. 

toni,  tun,  n.  1.  A  measure  of  weight,  either 
2,000  pounds  (a  short  ton),  or  2,240  pounds  (a 
long  ton).  2.  [U.S.]  A  measure  of  capacity, 
111/25  cubic  yards.     [For  tun.] 

ton2,  tSn,  n.    Tone;  style;  votaries  of  fashion. 

-ton,  suffix.    Town.     [<  AS.  -tun,  <  tun,  town.] 

tone,  ton,  v.     [toned;   to'ning.]    I.   t.    1. 
To  give  tone  to;  modify 
intone.    2.  To  tune.    II. 
i.    To  harmonize,  as  in 
tone  or  shade. 

tone,«.  l.Asoundhav- 
ing  a  definite  pitch.  2. 
Mus.  The  peculiar  char- 
acteristic sound,  as  of  an 
instrument.    3.  A  mood. 

4.  Characteristic    style. 

5.  Vocal  inflection.  [< 
Gr.^+P  tonos,  a  sound, 
tone,  <  teino,  stretch.] 

tongs,  tengz  or  tengz,  v. 
pi.  An  implement  for 
grasping  consisting  of  a 
pair  of  pivoted  levers.     [<  AS.  tonge.'] 


Tongs, 
a,  liftings  tongs;    h, 
lazy  s  tongs;    c,    house- 
hold firestongs;  d,  pipe* 
tongs. 


toU 
top 


tongue,  tung.  1.  vt.    [tongued;tongu'ing.] 

I.  iMus.  To  modify  the  sound  of  by  the  use  of 
the  tongue.    2.  To  fit  a  tongue  for  dovetailing. 

II.  n.  1.  The  organ  of  speech  and  taste  loca- 
ted in  the  mouth.  2.  Something  likened  to 
the  tongue  of  an  animal,  as  a  promontory,  bell=- 
clapper,  pin  of  a  buckle,  etc.  3.  Figuratively, 
speech;  utterance;  a  language.  [<  AS.  tunge, 
tongue.]  —  to  hold  one's  tongue,  to  keep  si- 
lent.—tongue'stiecF'',  a.  1.  Having  abnormal 
shortness  of  the  fillet  of  the  tongue.  "Z.  De- 
barred from  speaking;  silent. 

ton'ic,  ten'ic.  I.  a.  1.  Having  power  to  in- 
vigorate ;  bracing.  2.  Pertaining  to  tone  or 
tones.  3.  Pertaining  to  tension.  II.  n.  A 
tonic  medicine  or  anything  that  imparts  vigor. 
[<  Gr.F  tonikos,  <  tonos,  sound,  tone.] 

to=niglit',  tu»nait'.  I.  n.  The  night  that 
follows  to»day;  also,  the  present  night.  II. 
adv.  In  or  during  the  present  night  or  coming 
night.     [<  AS.  to,  to;  niht,  dat.  of  niht,  night.] 

ton'nage,  tun'§j,  n.  The  cubic  capacity  of 
a  vessel  expressed  in  tons  of  100  cubic  feet 
each.    [F.,  <  tonne,  toni.] 

ton'sil,  ten'sil,  n.  One  of  two  oval  organs  sit- 
uated on  either  side  of  the  passage  from  the 
mouth  to  the  pharynx.     [<  Ij.^  tonsilla.'] 

ton-so'ri-al,  ten-sO'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
barber.     [<  L.  tonsor,  barber.] 

ton'sure,  ten'shur  or  -si\jr,  n.  The  shaving 
of  the  head,  as  of  a  priesf;  the  shaven  crown  of 
a  priest  or  monk;  hence,  the  office  of  a  priest. 
[F.,  <  L.  tonsura,  a  shearing.] 

ton-tine',  ten-ttn',  n.  A  kind  of  collective 
life  annuity,  the  individual  profits  of  which 
increase  as  the  number  of  survivors  diminishes. 
[F.,  <  Lorenzo  Tonti,  Italian  banker.] 

too,  tu,  adv.  1.  More  than  sufficiently.  2. 
[Colloq.]  Exceedingly.  3.  In  addition;  like- 
wise.    [<  AS.  to,  too,  <  to,  to.] 

took,  tuk,  imp.  of  take,  v.:  also  rarely  j9p. 

tool,  tul.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  mark  or  ornament 
with  a  tool,  as  a  book-cover.  II.  n.  1.  A 
simple  mechanism  or  implement,  as  a  hammer, 
chisel,  spade,  etc.  2.  By  extension,  a  machine. 
3.  A  person  used  to  carry  out  the  designs  of 
another.     [<  AS.  tol,  tool.] 

tootli,  tilth.  I',  vt.  1.  To  supply  with  teeth, 
as  a  rake.  2.  To  give  a  serrated 
edge  to.  II.  n.  [teeth,  tlth, 
pl^  1.  One  of  the  hard,  dense 
structures  of  the  mouth,  used  for 
seizing  and  chewing  food.  2. 
Something  resembling  the  tooth 
of  an  animal  in  form  or  use; 
specifically,  a  projecting  point, 
pin,  or  cog.  3.  A  discrimina- 
ting taste;  palate.  [<  AS.  toth.] 
—  tooth'ache^'.  n.  Pain  in  a 
tooth;  also,  neuralgia  of  the  teeth. 
—  toothed,  a.  1 .  Supplied  with 
teeth.  2.  Bat.  Dentate.— tooth'- 
less,  a.  Being  without  teeth; 
harmless.— tooth'pick^',  n.  A 
small  sliver  of  wood  or  the  like,  for 
removing  particles  of  food  from  between  the 
teeth.— tooth'soine'',  a.  Having  a  pleasant 
taste. 

top,  top,  v.  [topped',  rarely  topt;  top'ping.] 
1,  t.  1.  To  remove  the  top  of.  2.  To  provide 
with  a  top  or  summit.    3.  To  surmount;  eur- 


Sectlon  of  a 
Human  Mo- 
lar Tooth. 
1.  Pulps  cav- 
ity.   2.  Dentin. 
3.  Enamel,      i. 
Cement. 


fiutlure   (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   oil;   c   (k);    chat; 


(the);  go;  sing,  inik;   tbin. 


top 
toucan 


474 


Ease.    II.  i.     1.  To  rise  above  others;  excel. 
.  To  be  of  a  certain  height. 

top ' ,  tep,  n .  1 .  The  upper  extremity  of  any th  ing. 
2.  That  which  is  first  or  highest  in  rank  or 
degree.  3.  Naut.  A  platform  at  the  head  of 
the  lower  section  of  a  ship's  mast.  [  <  AS.  top, 
top.]—  top"gal'lant,  n.  The  mast,  sail,  yard, 
etc.,  immediately  above  the  topmast  and  topsail. 
—  top'knot'',  n.  A  crest,  tuft,  or  knot  on  the 
top  of  the  head.— top'mast,  n.  The  mast  next 
above  the  lower  mast.  — top'iiiosf,  a.  Being 
at  the  very  top.— top'sail'^  n.  A  sail  on  the 
topmast;  also,  a  sail  above  the  gaff  of  a  sloop,  etc 

top^,  n.  A  toy,  of  wood  or  metal,  with  a  point 
on  which  it  is  made  to  rotate.    [<  MD.  top.] 

to'paz,  tO'paz,  n.  A  transparent  yellowish 
mmeral,  with  a  vitreous  luster,  valued  as  a 
precious  stone.     [  <  Gr.  topazos,  topaz.] 

tope,  top,  Tt.  &  vi.    [toped*-  to'ping.1    To 
drink  excessively  (spirituous  liquors).    [<  F. 
toper,  cover  a  stake;  cp.  Ice.  topa,  pledge.] 
—  to'per,  n.    A  habitual  drunkard;  sot. 

topple,  tep'ic,  n.  A  subject  of  discourse;  a 
theme  for  discussion.  [<  Gr.  topika,  n.  pi.  of 
topikos,  of  a  place.] —top'ic-at,  o.  1.  Per- 
taining to  a  topic.  i2.  Local,  top'ict*— top'- 
ic-al«ly,  adv. 

to-pog'ra-pliy,  to-peg'ra-fi,  n.  1.  The  de- 
taileudescription  of  particular  places,  as  on  a 
map.  2.  The  physical  features,  collectively, 
of  a  region.  [Ult.  <  Gr.  topos,  place,  +  graphd, 
write.]  —  to-pog'ra-pher,  71.  An  expert  in  to- 
pography.— to-po-trrapli'ic,  to-po-graph'- 
ic-al,  a.— to-po-grapli'ic-al-fy,  adv. 

top^ple,  top'l,  V.  [top'pled;  top'pling.]  To 
totter  and  fall.     [Int^s.  of  top,  1?.] 

top"8y-tur'vy,  top'si-tur'vi,  adv.  Upside 
down;  in  dire  confusion.  [<  top',  n.,  +  80  + 
turvy,  <  AS.  ge-  tyrflan,  to  roll.] 

torcli,  tSrch,  n.  1.  A  source  of  light  made  of 
pine>knota,  or  the  like.  2.  A  light  fastened  to 
a  pole  or  otherwise  raised.  [  <  F.  torche,  <  LL. 
torfia,  <  L.  tortus;  see  torsion.] 

tore,  tflr,  imp.  of  tear,  v. 

tor-ment''*,  t6r-ment',  ri.  1.  To  torture.  2. 
To  alllict  or  vex  grievously. 

tor'ment,  tSr'ment,  n.  1.  Intense  pain  or 
anguish.  2.  One  who  or  that  which  gives  great 
distress  or  annoyance.  [OF.,  <  L.  tormentum, 
<  torqueOy  twist.]  —  tor-ment'or,  n. 

torn,  torn.  pp.  of  tkar,  v. 

tor-na'do,  tSr-nfi'dO,  n.  [-does*,  js/.]  A  very 
violent  storm,  of  small  extent,  usually  accom- 
panie<l  by  rain  and  often  by  lightning,  [<  Sp. 
tornada,  return.] 

tor-pe'do,  tSr-pI'do,  n.  1.  [-dobs«,  pl.l  A 
device  or  apparatus  contahiing  an  explosive  to 
be  fired  by  concussion  or  otherwise.  2.  A 
rav'flsh  having  an  electric  apparatus  with 
which  It  stuns  or  kills  its  prey.  [L.,  fish,  < 
torpeo,  benumb.]  —  lor-pe'do«boat",  n.  A 
Htnall  Hwlft  summer  fitted  with  apparatus  for  the 
ftrlng  of  torptfdoes.    See  Ulus.  in  next  column. 

tor'por,  tflr'i)§r,  n.  Complete  or  partial  insen- 
slbTllty;  stupor;  apathy;  torpidity.  [L.,  <  tor- 
jmK  »)e  numb.)  —  toKpid,  a.  Dormant;  numb; 
HliigglHh.  —  tor-pldM-ty,  n.    tor'pid-nvfiiit. 

tor^rent,  t«r\'nt,  n.  A  stream  of  water  flowing 
with  great  velcK-lty  or  turbulence;  any  abundant 
or  tumultuous  flow.  [F.,  <  L.  torrens,  <  tor- 
r€n(t-)9,  ppr.  of  torrto,  parch,] 


tor 'rid,  ter'id,  a.  1.  Exposed  to  the  full  force 
of  the  sun's  lieat;  sultry.  2.  Scorching.  [< 
L.*'  toiridus,  <  torreo,  parch.] 

tor^sion,  tSr'shtjn,  n.    The  act  of  twisting,  or 


S5S 

_^._=^ 

^"""  :i;=jii::j;i^M 

|M 

sL- 

^      ^1^5==^=: 

^;;=^-_-^:J 

■Sf 

./J  . 

j<&^^-.  "HT  i  ' 

'■ 

A/di 

&^^^^^ 

^^^ 

m 

k 

■^ 

Bwl 

B 

Torpedo-boat, 
the  state  of  being  twisted,    [F.,  <  L."-  tortus, 
pp.  of  torgueo,  twist.]  —  tor'sion-ai,  a. 

tor''toise,  ter'tis,  n.  A  turtle;  specifically, 
one  of  a  terrestrial  or  fresh»water  species.  [< 
L.i'  tortus,  twisted;  from  its  crooked  feet.] 

tor'tu-ous,  ter'chu-TJS  or  -tiu-us,  a.  Wind- 
ing; twisting;  hence,  erratic.  [<  L.^  tortuosus, 
<  tortus,  twisted.] 

tor'ture,ter'churor-titjr.  I.vt.  [tor'tured; 
tor'tur-ing.]  To  inflict  extreme  pain  upon; 
cause  to  suffer  keenly.  II.  n.  1.  Subjection 
to  extreme  physical  pain.  2.  Great  mental 
suflfering;  agony.  [F.,  <  L.^  tortus;  see  tor- 
sion.] —  tor'tur-er,  n. 

To'ry,  tO'ri, /?.  [To'ri-es^,  pi.]  %.  A  member 
of  an  English  historic  political  party,  origina- 
ting with  the  Cavalier  party  of  Charles  I.  2. 
One  who  during  the  American  Revolution  ad- 
hered to  the  British  cause.  [  <  Ir.  toiridhe,  pur- 
suer.] —  To'ry-isni,  n. 

toss,  tes,  V.  [tossed*  or  tost:  toss'ing.]   I.  t. 

I.  To  tlirow,  pitch,  or  fling  about.  2.  To  agi- 
tate, 3.  To  lift  or  throw  up  with  a  quick  mo- 
tion, as  the  head.  II.  i.  1.  To  throw  oneself 
from  side  to  side.  2.  To  be  moved,  rocked, 
or  blown  about.     [Cp.  Norse  tossa,  strew.] 

toss,n.    1.  The  act  of  tossing.    2.  The  state 

of  being  tossed  about.  [dwarf.] 

tot,  tet,  n.  A  little  child;  toddler.  [<  Ice.  tottr, 

to'tal,  to'tal.    I.  a.    Being  a  total;  complete. 

II.  n.  The  whole  sum  or 
amount;  the  whole.  [F,,  < 
LL,  totalis,  <  L,  totus,  all.] 

—  to-tal'i-ty,    n. — 
to'tal-ly,  adv. 

tote,     tot,    Vt.     [TO'TEDd; 


G.]    [Colloq 
.]  TO  carry  or 


TO'TING. 

calU.S. 

bear  on  the  person, 
as   a  burden;  carry 
or  haul  supplies. 
tot'ter,    tet'gr,  ri. 

1.  To  waver,  as 
if  about  to  fall. 

2.  To  shake  or 
lean  over.  [< 
AS.  tealtrian, 
<  tealt,  un- 
steady.] 

tou-can',  tu-cfln'  or  ttl'can  n.  A  large  fruit- 
eating  tropical  American  bird  with  immense 
beak.    See  illus.  above,    [F.,  <  Braz,  tucano.] 


Ariel  Toucan. 


pap«,  9ek;  at,  tlr;  element,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6b;  orator,  or;  full,  rlile;  but,  ©r; 


475 


touch 
track 


touch',  tuch,  V.  I.  i.  1.  To  be  in  or  come 
into  contact  with,  especially  with  the  hand  or 
some  part  of  the  body.   2.  To  attain  to;  reach. 

3.  To  strike;  play  upon.  4.  To  affect  with 
tender  feeling.  5.  To  relate  to;  concern. 
II.  i.  To  be  in  contact.  [<  F.  toucher,  touch  ] 

—  toiicli'insr.  I,  pa.  Appealing  to  the  sus- 
csptibllities;  affecting.  II.  prep.  With  regard 
to.— toiich'y,  a.  [Colloq.]  Apt  to  take  offense 
on  slight  provocation;  irascible. 

touch,  tuch,  n.  1.  A  touching;  physical  con- 
tact. 2.  That  one  of  the  five  senses  that  gives 
the  impression  of  contact.  3.  Any  slight  or 
delicate  effort  or  effect,  as  of  brush  or  pen. 

4.  Accord;  sympathy.  —  touch's  down",  n. 
Football.  The  act  or  play  of  touching  the  ball  to 
the  ground  behind  an  opponent's  goal.— t. slide, 
n.  The  primlng:=hole  of  a  cannon.—  t.sinesnot, 
71.  A  plant  whose  ripe,  elastic  seed-vessels,  when 
touched,  burst  open  and  scatter  the  seed. — 
toucli'stone'',  n.  1.  A  finegrained  dark 
stone,  as  jasper,  formerly  used  to  test  the  fineness 
of  gold.  ti.  Any  standard  or  criterion  of  merit 
or  value.— touch'wood",  n.  Some  soft  com- 
bustible material  used  as  tinder. 

tough,  tuf.  a.  1.  Susceptible  of  great  tension 
or  strain  without  breaking;  also,  of  a  close  tex- 
ture. 2.  Not  easily  separated ;  tenacious.  3. 
Possessing  great  endurance.  4.  Vicious;  vul- 
gar [ <  AS.  foh,  tough.]  —  tough'en,  vt.  &  vi. 
To  render  or  become  tough  or  tougher. 

tour,  tur.  1.  vt.  To  make  a  tour  of;  travel. 
II.  91.  1.  A  round  trip  or  journey.  2.  A 
passing  around;  circuit.  3.  A  turn  or  shift, 
as  of  service.  [F.;  see  turn,  n.]  — -  tour'ist, 
n.    One  who  makes  a  tour. 

tour'na-ment,  tur'na-mgnt,  n.  In  medieval 
times,  a  contest  of  skill  between  parties  of 
mounted  knights  ;  hence,  any  series  of  games 
involving  contests  of  skill.  [<  F.  tournoiement, 
<  tournoyer,  tilt,  turn  round.]    tour'ney$. 

tour'ni-q.uet,  tur'ni-ket,  n.   A  bandage,  etc., 
for  stopping  the  flow  of  blood  through 
an  artery  by   compression.     [F.,  < 
taurner,  turn.] 

tow,  to,  vt.  To  drag,  as  a  boat, 
through  the  water  by  a  rope;  drag 
behind  in  any  way.  [<  AS.  teon, 
draw.] 

tow* ,  n.  A  short  coarse  hemp  or  flax 
fiber.  [<  AS.  t02V  (in  towUc,  of 
spinning).] 

tow2,  n.  1.  That  which  is  towed,  as 
a  vessel.    2.  The  act  of  towing. 

—  to'w'agre,  n.    The  service  of 
or    charge    for    towing.—  tow'- 
boat'%  n.    A  boat  for  tow-    p„ma-p»,>s  T?iihhPr 
ing,  especially  a  stout  slde»   *^^S,?p??^r 
wheel   steamer.— tow's      lourmquet  (a). 
path-",  n.    A  path  along  a  river  or  canal,  used 
In  towing  boats.- towsrope,  n.    A  rope  used 
for  towing,    towsline:!:. 

to'ward,  tO'ard,  a.  1.  Ready  to  do  or  learn; 
apt.  2.  Approaching  attainment.  [<AS.  <o- 
iceard,  <  to,  to,  -4-  -weard,  -avard.] 

to'ward,    |  tr/ard, -ardz,  ^^r^T?.  1.  In  a  course 

to'wards,  \  or  line  leading  to  ;  also,  facing. 
2.  With  respect  to.  3.  Afraing  at  or  contrib- 
uting to;  for.    4.  Near  in  time;  about. 

tow'el,  tau'el,  n.  A  cloth,  usually  of  linen, 
for  drying  anything  by  wiping.  [Ult.  <  OHG. 
dwahila,  towel.] 


tow'er,  tau'er.  I.  ri.  To  rise  or  overtop,  like 
a  tower.  II.  w.  1.  A  structure  very  tall  in 
proportion  to  its  depth  and  width.    2.  A  cita- 


Tower  of  London  from  the  Thames. 

del;  fortress.     [<  AS.  tvr,  <  L.  turris,  tower.] 

—  tow'er-ing:,  pa.  1.  Like  a  tower;  lofty. 
2.  Marked  by  violence  or  intensity;  furious. 

town,  taun,  n.  1.  Any  considerable  collection 
of  dwelling-houses  larger  than  a  village;  also, 
the  people  of  such  place,  collectively.  2. 
[U.S.]  A  township.     [<  AS.  <?7^/,  enclosure.] 

—  towns'man,  n.  [towns'men,  joZ.]  A  resi- 
dent of  a  town;  also,  a  fellow  citizen.  —  to^vn'- 
sliip,  n.  1.  [U.  S.]  A  territorial  subdivision 
of  a  county.  »i.  [Eng.]  The  district  belonging 
to  a  town,  tithing,  etc. 

tox'ic,  tex'ic,  a.  Pertainiuj^  to  poison;  poison- 
ous. [<  Gr.i'  toxikon,  poison,  <  toxikos,  of 
the  bow.]  —  tox''i-col'o-gy,  n.  The  branch 
of  medical  science  that  treats  of  poisons.— 
tox''i-co-loir'ic-aI,  a. 

toy,  tei.  I.  vi.  To  dally  amorously  ;  trifle  ; 
play.  II.  a.  Resembling  a  toy;  of  miniature 
size.     III.  n.     1.  A  plaything  for  children. 

2.  Any  diminutive  object  imitating  a  larger 
one.  [<  D.  tuig,  tools.]  —  toy'man,  n.  [toy'- 
MEN,  pi.]    One  who  makes  or  vends  toys. 

trace*,  tres.  I.vt.  [traced';  tra'cing.]  l.To 
follow  (a  line  or  course),  as  with  a  pencil; 
hence,  to  sketch;  map  out.  2.  To  copy,  as  a 
drawing,  on  a  superposed  transparent  sheet. 

3.  To  follow  the  trace  or  tracks  of.  II.  n. 
1.  Any  vestige  or  mark  left  by  some  past  event 
or  agent.  2.  A  barely  detectable  quantity.  3. 
A  track,  trail,  etc.  [F.,  <  tracer,  <  L.  tractvs, 
pp.  of  trako,  draw.]—  traee'a-bl(e,  a.  Capable 
of  being  traced.— tra'cer,  ??.— tra'cer-y,  n. 
[-IESI,  pL]  Ornamental  stonework  formed  of 
ramifying  lines.— tra'ciiig,  n.  The  act  of  one 
who  traces;  that  which  is  traced,  as  a  copy. 

trace^.  I.  vt.  To  fasten,  as  with  traces; 
trice.  II.  ti.  One  of  two  straps  or  chains  con- 
necting the  collar  of  a  harness  with  the  swin- 
gletree  for  drawing  a  load.  [<  F.  traits,  pi. 
of  trait,  trace,  ult.  <  traho,  draw.] 

tra'che-a,  tre'k§-a  or  tra-ki'a,  n.  [-cHE-iE, 
-ke-i  or -ke-e,  ;^/.]  1.  The  windpipe.  2.  Bot. 
A  duct  or  vessel.  [  <  Gr.^L  tracheia,  <  trachys, 
rough.] 

track",  trac,  vt.     1.  To  follow  the  tracks  of; 


ftut|are  (future);   aisle;   au   (owt);    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;  dh  {th€)\   go;  sing,  iigik;  thin. 


track 
tramp 


476 


trail.  2.  To  make  tracks  upon;  traverse,  as 
on  foot. 

track^S  trac,  vt.  To  tow.  [<  D.  trekken, 
draw.] 

track,  n.  1.  A  mark  made  by  anything  that 
has  gone  by;  trail;  series  of  footprints.  2.  A 
beaten  path;  road;  race-course.  3.  A  set  of 
rails  forming  a  railway.  [<  D.*"  trek,  draft, 
<  trekken,  draw.]  — traek'Iess,  a.  Unmarked 
by  footsteps;  pathless. 

tract',  tract,  n.  1.  An  extended  area,  as  of 
land  or  water.  2.  Continued  duration,  as  of 
time.     [<  L.  tractns,  <  traho,  draw.] 

tract*,  n.  A  short  treatise,  as  on  some  ques- 
tion of  religion  or  morals.     [<  JjM- tractus; 

see  TRACT*,  72. ] 

tracVa-blCe,  tract'a-bl,  a.  1.  Manageable; 
docile.  2.  Readily  worked  or  handled.  [<L. 
tractabilig,  <  (racto,  handle.]  —  tract'''a-bil'i- 
ty,  w.    tract'a-bKe-ness:!:. 

trae'tile.    a.  Capable  of  being  drawn  out. 
—  trac-tll'i-ty,  7i. 

trac^tion,  trac'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  draw- 
ing, as  by  motive  power  over  a  surface.  2. 
Contraction,  as  of  a  muscle.  3.  Adhesive  or 
rolling  friction.  [<  L.  tractus,  pp.  of  traho, 
draw.]  —  tract'lv(e,  a.  Having  or  exerting 
traction. 

trade,  trgd,  t>.  [tra'ded**;  tra'ding.]  I.  t. 
To  dispose  of  by  bargain  and  sale;  barter.  II. 
i.      Toengagem  trade;  traffic. 

trade* ,  n.  1.  A  business,  particularly  a  skilled 
or  specialized  handicraft.  2.  Mercantile  traf- 
fic. 3.  A  bargain;  deal.  4.  The  people  fol- 
lowing a  particular  calling.  5.  Occupation.  [< 
AH. trod,  footstep,  <  tredan,  tread.]  —trade's 
mark'%  n.  A  symbol,  etc.,  legally  registered, 
a«  to  a  merchant,  to  distinguish  his  goods.— 
tra'der,  «.  1.  One  who  trades.  »i.  Any  ves- 
sel employed  In  a  particular  trade.  — trailes'- 
inaii,  n.  1 .  A  shopkeeper.  2.  A  mechanic.— 
t.siiiiion,  M.  Any  organized  association  of 
workmen  skilled  In  a  trade,  formed  for  their 
common  Interests,    trades'sun^'ioiii. 

trade^,  n.  A  trade-wind. —  trade'swind'',  n. 
A  wind  blowing  steadily  near  the  equator,  west- 
wnnlly  on  tbe  north  side  and  eastwardly  on  the 
south  Hid.' of  the  line. 

tra-dl'tion,  trn-dish'un,  ti.  1.  The  trans- 
miHHion  of  knowledge,  doctrines,  customs,  etc., 
from  generation  to  generation.  2.  That  which 
is  BO  transmitted;  stories,  beliefs,  and  usages 
handed  down.  3.  A  custom  long  continued. 
[F.,  <  L.  tradi(io{n-),  <  trans,  over,  -f  do, 
glve.l  —  tra-di^tlon-al,  a.  Relating  to  or  de- 
pending on  tradition,    tra-di'tion-a-ryi. 

tra-duce',  tra-diQs',  r/.  [tra-duced'';  tra- 
DU'ciNo.j  To  misrepresent  wilfully;  defame; 
Hlander.  f  <  L.  traduco,  <  trans,  over,  -f 
f/r/ro,  lead.]  — tra-du'cer,  f}.— tra-duc'tlon,  7/. 

tramo,  traf'ic.  l.rt.&vi.  [traf'fickei)«; 
THAr'ricK-iNo.]  To  barter;  conduct  business; 
buy  and  sell.  II.  n.  1.  The  exchange  of 
good*,  wares,  etc.;  trade.  2.  [Recent.]  The 
buBinew  of  transportation,  as  by  railroad.  [  < 
P.  tr^llc,  trafHc,  said  to  be  <  L.  trans,  across, 
-f  rW*,  change.]  —  traTflck-er,  n. 

tofaBTfa-cantli,  trag'a-canth,  n.  A  white  or 
reddish  nmcllaglnouB  gum,  used  medicinally. 

traff'e.dy,  traj'o-dl,  «.  [-i)ie8«,  pi]  1.  The 
form  of  drama  in  which  the  theme  Is  solemn. 


lofty,  or  pathetic.  2.  A  fatal  event,  or  course 
of  events;  dramatic  incident.  [<  Qv.^+^  tra- 
godia,  <  tragodos,  tragic  singer.]  —  tra-ge'- 
di-an,  n.  1,  An  actor  in  tragedy;  loosely,  any 
actor.  *i.  An  author  of  tragedies.—  tra'^jf e''- 
dienne%  tra"zhe"dyen'  or  tra-ji'di-en",  n.  An 
actress  of  tragedy.—  trag'ic,  traj'ic,  a.  1 .  In- 
volving death  or  calamity;  causing  grief  and  suf- 
fering. 3.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  nature  of 
tragedy,  trag'ic-ali.  — trag'ic-al-ly,  adv. 
—  trag'ic-al-ness,  n. 

trail,  trel,  vt.  &vi.  1.  To  draw  along  lightly 
over  a  surface;  drag  or  draw  after,  as  a  gar- 
ment. 2.  To  follow  the  trail  of;  trace;  form  or 
leave  a  trail;  creep,  as  a  plant. 

trail,  n.  1.  The  track  left  by  anything  that  has 
moved  or  been  drawn  over  a  surface ;  a  series 
of  footprints  or  indications;  track;  beaten  path. 
2.  Anything  drawn  behind;  a  train.  [< 
L.LL+OF  traho,  draw.] 

train,  tren,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  bring  to  a  requisite 
standard,  as  of  knowledge  or  skill.  2.  To 
lead  into  taking  a  particular  course  or  direc- 
tion; point;  aim.  3.  To  draw  along;  trail; 
allure.  II.  i.  1.  To  give  education  by  in- 
struction and  discipline.  2.  To  go  into  a 
course  of  exercise  and  discipline.  [<  L.U'  +  f 
traho,  draw.] 

train,  n.  1.  Anything  drawn  out  to  a  length, 
or  any  series  of  things  drawn  along,  as  a  line 
of  railway-carriages,  or  of  combustibles  laid  to 


Modei-n  Railroad  1 


conduct  fire  to  a  charge.  2.  A  succession  of 
connected  things.  3.  A  retinue;  suite.  4. 
Something  drawn  along,  as  an  extension  of  a 
dress-skirt;  a  comet's  tail. 

train'soil'',  tren'-eil",  n.  Oil  tried  out  from 
the  blubber  or  fat  of  whales. 

trait,  tret,  n.  A  distinguishing  feature  or  qual- 
ity of  mind  or  character.     [F.] 

trai'tor,  tre't^r,  w.  One  who  betrays  a  trust; 
especially,  one  who  commits  treason.  [OF., 
<  L.  tradito?',  betrayer,  <  trado,  give  up, 
deliver.]  —  trai'tor-ous,  a.  1.  Inclined  to- 
ward treason,  tj.  Involving  treason,  -ly,  adv. 
•nesB,  n.— trai'tress,  n.  A  traitorous  woman. 

tram,  tram,  71.  [Gt.  Brit.]  1.  A  street-rail- 
way or  street-car.  2.  A  railway  rail.  3.  A 
coal-car.  [<  O.  Sw.  trdm,  log.]  —  traiii'- 
way'',  n.  JEng.]  A  street-railroad;  railway. 
tram'road":t. 

tram'mel,  tram'el.  I.  vt.  [-meled  or 
-melled;  -mel-ing  or  -mel-lino.]  To  em- 
barrass with  hindrances  or  limitations.  II.  n. 
1.  An  impediment;  fetter;  bond.  2.  A  pen- 
dent hook  in  a  fireplace.     [  <  F.  tramail,  net.] 

tramp,  tramp.  I*,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  walk  with 
heavy  steps.    2.  To  travel  on  foot;  walk  or 


pap<l,  98k;  at,  Air;  element,  thfty,  uefge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  in", 


477 


tran- 
transmit 


wander  aimlessly.  II.  n.  1.  A  heavy,  con- 
tinued tread.  2.  Along  stroll  on  foot.  3.  [U. 
S.]  One  who  walks  from  place  to  place;  a  va- 
grant. [ <  LG.  trampen.]  —  tram'pl(e,  tram'- 
pl,  V.  [tkam'pl(e)d;  tram'pling.]  I.  t.  To 
tread  under  foot.     II.  i.    To  step  heavily. 

tran-,  pr^x.    Same  as  tkans-. 

trance,  trgns,  n.  1.  A  state  in  which  the  soul 
seems  to  have  passed  out  of  the  body.  2.  A 
state  of  insensibility;  hypnotic  condition.  [< 
F.  (ranse,  fright,  <  L.  transihis;  see  transit.] 

tran^quil,  tra^'cwil,  a.  1.  Free  from  agita- 
tion or  disturbance;  calm.  2.  Quiet  and  mo- 
tionless. {<'L.^tran(millus,q\niii.'\  -ly,  ad r. 
-ness,  w.— traii'quil-ize,  vt.  [ized;  -i"- 
ziNG.J  To  make  tranquil;  soothe,  tran'qiiil- 
iset;  tran'quil-Iisei;  tran'quil-lizet.— 
tran-qiiil'li-ty,  «. 

trans-,  j>re/a:;.  Across;  beyond;  through.  [< 
L.  trans-,  <  trans,  across.]  —  traiis-aPpine, 
trans-al'pin  or  -pain,  a.  1.  On  the  other  side  of 
the  Alps.  '^.  Across  the  Alps.  — tran s''at- 
lan'tic,  a.  1.  On  the  other  side  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, ti.  Across  the  Atlantic  — trans'^nia- 
rine',  a.  1.  Beyond  the  sea.  3.  Crossing  the 
sea.- traiis-sliip't,  vt.  To  transfer  from  one 
conveyance  to  another.— trans-ship'ineiit,  n. 

trans-act''*,  trans-act',  v.  To  carry  through, 
as  business;  accomplish;  do.  [<  L.  trans, 
through,  -|-  ag'O,  do.] —trans-ac'tion,  trans- 
ac'shun,  n.  1.  The  management  of  any  affair. 
'■Z.  Sometliing  transacted;  an  affair.  3.  pi. 
Published  reports.— tran s-act'or,  ii. 

tran-scend'd,  tran-send',  v.  I.  t.  To  rise 
above  in  excellence  or  degree.  II.  i.  To  be 
surpassing.  [  <  L.of  trans,  beyond,  -j-  scando, 
climb.]  —  tran-seend'ence,  n.  Surpassing 
eminence.  tran-scend'en-cyi.  —  tran- 
scend'ent,  a.  1 .  Of  very  high  and  remarkable 
degree.  *i.  Above  the  material  universe;  spiritual. 
-ly,  adv.  -ness,  n  — tran'^scen-den'tal, 
a.  1.  Of  very  high  degree.  3.  Phllos.  Tran- 
scending experience;  intuitional;  rising  above 
the  common  notions  of  men.  3.  Wildly  specu- 
lative.— tran^'scen-den'tal-ism,  n. 

tran-scribe',  tran-scraib',  f  <.  To  write  over 
again;  copy  or  recopy.  [<  L.  trans,  oyer,  -f- 
scHbo,  write.]  —  tran-scri'ber,  n.  — 'tran'- 
script,  n.  1.  A  copy  made 
directly  from  an  original.  3. 
Any  copy .-tran-scrip'tion, 
tran-scrip'shun,  n.  A  copying; 
transcript. 

tran'sept,  tran'sept,  n.  Arch. 
One  of  the  lateral  members  or 
projections  between  the  nave 
and  choir  of  a  cruciform 
church.  [<  TRAN-  4-  L. 
septum,  wall.] 

trans-fer',  trans-fgr',  xt. 
[trans-ferred';  trans-fer'- 
RiNG.]  1.  To  remove,  or  cause 
to  pass,  from  one  person  or 
place  to  another.  2.  To  con- 
vey, as  property.  3.  To  con- 
vey (a  drawing)  from  one  sur- 
face to  another,  as  by  specially 
prepared  paper.  [<  L.  trans, 
across,  -f  fero,  bear.]—  trans- 
fer'a-bl(e,  a.  That  may  be 
transferred.—  trans  -  fer'- 
ence,  n.  The  act  of  transfer- 
ring; transfer,  trans -fer'-  transepts; c,  choir! 
rencei.—  trans-fer'rer,  n.  d,  retrochoir. 


Ground=plan  of 
"Winchester 
Cathedral. 

nave;    b,  b. 


trans'fer,  trans'fgr,  n.  1.  The  act  of  trans- 
ferring. 2.  That  which  is  transferred.  3.  A 
place,  method,  or  means  of  transfer. 

trans-fig^ure,  trans-flg'yur,  vt.  [-fig'ured; 
-fig'ur-ing.]  To  change  the  outward  form  or 
appearanceof;  make  glorious;  idealize.  [<L.^ 
trans,  oyer,  -\- Jigura,  figure.]  — tcans-fl^;''- 
ur-a'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  transfiguring. 
2.  The  supernatural  transformation  of  Christ 
(see  Luke  Ix,  28.).  3.  [T-]  A  festival  commem- 
orating Christ's  transfiguration:  August  6. 

trans-fix's  trans'&x',vt.  1.  To  pierce  through ; 
impale.  2.  To  arrest  and  hold  as  if  impaled. 
[  <  L.  trans,  through,  +  Jigo,  fix.]  —  trans- 
tix'ion,  trans-flx'shun,  n. 

trans-fornx',  trans-ferm',  vt.  To  give  a  dif- 
different  form  to;  to  alter;  convert;  change. 
[^<  17.  trans,  over,  -\-foiifna,  form.]  —  trans''- 
tor-ma'tion,  «.  — trans-forni'er,  n. 

trans-fuse',  trans-fiiiz',  vt.  [trans-fused'; 
TRANS-Fu'siNG.]  1.  To  pour,  as  a  fluid,  from 
one  vessel  to  another.  2.  To  transfer  (blood) 
from  the  veins  of  one  to  the  veins  of  another. 
[<  L.  trans,  over, -{- /undo,  pour.]  —  trans- 
fii'si-bl(e,  «.— trans-fii'sion,  n. 

trans-gress",  trans-gres',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To 
break  over  the  bounds  of;  violate.  2.  To  pass 
beyond.  II.  i.  To  break  a  law;  sin.  [<  L.^ 
trans,  over,  -f-  gradior,  step.]  —  trans-gres'- 
sion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  transgressing;  sin.  2. 
An  overpassing.—  trans-gress'or,  n. 

tran'sient,  tran'shgnt,  a.  Lasting  but  a  short 
time;  passing;  hence,  brief;  hasty.  [<  L.  tran- 
sien(t-)s,  ppr.  of  transeo,  <  trans,  over,  -|-  eo, 
go.]  '\\[,adv. —  tran'sience,  tran'-sien-cy, 
n.    tran'sicnt-nesst. 

transmit,  trans'it,  n.  1.  The  act  of  passing 
over  or  through;  passage.  2.  A  specific  pas- 
sage or  route.  3.  The  passage  of  one  heavenly 
body  over  the  disk  of  another,  or  over  the  me- 
ridian. [F.,  <  L.  transitus,  <  transeo;  see 
TRANSIENT.]  —  trans-i'tlon,  n.  Passage  from 
one  place,  condition,  or  action  to  another;  change. 
—  trans-i'tion-al,  a.— trans'i-tiv(e.  1. 
a.  Gram.  Having  a  direct  object,  as  a  verb.  II. 
n.  A  transitive  verb. —  trans'i-to-ry,  a.  Ex- 
isting for  a  short  time  only;  transient. 

trans-late',  trans-let',  vt.  &  vi.  [trans-la'- 
TEDd;  trans-la'ting.]  1.  To  give  the  sense 
or  equivalent  in  another  language;  also,  to  in- 
terpret. 2.  To  change;  transform.  [<  OF. 
translater,  <  Ii.  trans,  over,  -\-  latus,  borne.] 

—  trans-la'tion,  ?J.  1.  A  translating.  2. 
A  reproduction  in  a  different  language.— trans- 
la'tor,  «.    One  who  translates. 

trans-lu'cent,  trans-lQ'sqnt,  a.  Allowing 
the  passage  of  some  light,  but  not  of  a  clear 
view  of  any  object ;  semitransparent.  [<  L. 
trans,  over,  -f  liiceo,  shine.]  —  trans-lu'cence, 
n.    trans-lH'cen-cyi. 

tran s'mi- grate,  trans'mi-gret,  vt.  &  vi. 
L-GRA'TEDt*;  -gra"ting.]  To  migrate,  as  from 
one  place  or  condition  to  another.  [<  L. 
trans,  over,  +  tnigro,  migrate.]  —  trans'mi- 
8:rant,  a.  &  «.— tr"ans"mi-jrra'tion,«.  The 
act  of  transmigrating;  especially,  the  passing  of 
the  soul  from  one  body,  after  death,  to  another. 

trans-mit',  trans-mit',  vt.  [trans-mit'ted-i; 
trans-mit'ting.]  1.  To  send  through  or 
across  ;  transfer.  2.  To  act  as  a  medium  of 
passage  for;  conduct.  [<  L.  trans,  over,  -f 
mitto,  send.]  —  trans-mis'si-bl(e,  a.     trans* 


fiut|^re  (.future);    aisle;   au   (put);   oil;   c  (k);    chat;   dl»   {the);   go;   sing,   ink;   tliin. 


transmute 
travesty 


478 


mit'ti-bKeJ.— trans-mis'sion,  n— trans- 
mis'sivCe,  a.  1.  Derivable.  3.  Tending  to 
transmit.  —  trans-mit'ter,  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  transmits:  (1)  A  telegraphic  8endmg= 
instrument.  (2)  That  part  of  a  telephone  into 
which  a  p('r.«on  talks. 
trans-mute^,  trans-miut',  vt.  [-mv'tbd^  ; 
-MU'TiNG.]  To  change  in  nature,  substance,  or 
form.     [<  L.  t7'ans,  over,  +  muto,  change.] 

—  trans-mn'ta-bl(e,  a.— trans^'mu-ta'- 
tion,  n.  The  act  of  transmuting;  a  changed 
state;  In  alchemy,  the  change  of  a  baser  metal  in- 
to one  of  greater  value,  as  of  lead  into  gold. 

tran'som,  tran'sum,  n.  Carp.  A  horizontal 
piece  framed  across  an  opening;  a  small  win- 
dow above  a  door.  [<  L.  transtrum,  <  trans, 
across."] 

trans-par'ent,  trans-par'gnt,  a.  Admitting 
the  passage  of  light,  and  of  clear  views  of  ob- 
jects beyond ;  easy  to  see  through  or  under, 
stand.  [F.,  <  L.^^  trans,  through,  -f  pareo- 
appear.] —trans-par' en-cy,  n.  [-ciES^,  pL]  1. 
The  property  of  oeing  transparent,  tj.  Some- 
thing, as  a  picture  on  glass,  intended  to  be  ex- 
hibited by  means  of  transmitted  light. 

tran-spire',  tran-spair',  vi.  [-spired';  -spir'- 
iNO.l  1.  To  be  emitted,  as  through  the  skin. 
2.  To  exhale  in  vapor.  3.  To  become  known. 
[<L.''  trans,  through,  4-spi)'0,  breathe.] 

trans-plant'*',  trans-plant' or  trgns-plgnt',  vt. 
To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place. 

—  trauH'^plnii-ta'tion,  n. 
trans-port',  transport' .   P.  vt.    1.  To  carry 

or  convey  from  one  place  to  another,  especially 
beyond  the  sea.  2.  To  carry  beyond  bounds 
of  moderation.  II.  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
transported.  2.  A  vessel  for  transporting 
troops,  military  supplies,  etc.  [<  h.^  trans, 
over,  +  porto,  carry.]  — tran8-port'a-bI(e,  a.— 
trans">or-ta'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  trans- 
porting; conveyance,  ij.  The  sending  away  of  a 
convict  to  a  remote  place.— -trans-port'er,  n. 
trans-pose',  trans-poz',  vt.  [trans-posed'; 
THANrt-ro'siNO.]  To  rcversc  the  order  or 
change  the  place  of ;  interchange.  [<  F.  trans- 
poser,  <  L.  trans,  over;  and  see  pose,  v.] 

—  tranM"po-(ii'tlon,  n.  The  act  of  trans- 
posing or  the  state  of  being  transposed,  trans- 
po'salt* 

tran"8ub-8tan'ti-ate,  tran'sob-stan'- 
8hi-fit,r/.  [-A'TED**; -A'TiNo.]  To  Change  from 
one  substance  into  another,  as  the  substance 
of  the  bread  and  wine  of  the  eucharist,  into 
the  body  and  blood  of  Christ.  [<  L.^^  trans, 
over,  +  sutistantia,  substance.] 

—  traii''«ub-»tan"ti-a'tlon,  n. 
trans-verse',  truns-vyrs'.    I.  a.    Lying  or 

being  across;  athwart.    II.  n.    That  which  is 
transverse.  [F.,  <  L.  transversus,  Iving  across, 
<  /ran«,  acroBS,  +  verto,  turn.]    -fy,  adv. 
trap',  trap,  t>.     [trapped";  trap'pino.]    I.  t. 

I.  To  catch  in  a  trap;  ensnare.    2.  Plumbing. 
To  supply  with  a  trap.    3.  To  make  a  traj)  iii. 

II.  i.    To  set  traps  for  game;  operate  a  trap. 
[<  AS.  trseppe,  trap.]  —  trap'per,  n. 

trap'*,  vt.   To  adorn  with  trapplnf^;  bedeck. 

trap>,n.  1.  A  device  for  entrapping  game  or 
otfu'r  animals,  as  a  pitfall.  2.  A  contrivance 
for  f rwing  pigeons  or  glass  balls  for  si)ortstnen 
toehootat.  8.  Anyartlflceby  which  a  person 
may  be  betrayed  or  taken  unawares.  4. 
Plumbing.   A  valve*Hke  contrivance  in  a  pipe, 


etc.,  for  stopping  return  flow,  as  of  noxious  gas. 
5.  A  trap»aoor.  [<  AS.  traeppe,  trap,  <  v  of 
TRAMP.]  —  trap'sttoor",  n.  A  door,  hinged  or 
sliding,  to  cover  an  opening,  as  in  a  floor. 

trap'',  n.  A  dark  eruptive  rock  of  columnar 
structure.     [<  Sw.  trapp,  <  trappa,  stairs.] 

tra-pan't,  v.  &  n.    Same  as  tbepan2. 

tra-peze',  tra-pTz',  n.  A  short  bar  suspended 
by  ropes,  for  various 
gymnastic  exercises. 
[<  F.  trapeze,  <  Gr. 
trapezion;  see  trape- 
zium.] 

tra-pe'zi-um,  tra-pt'- 
zi-um,  n.    [-zi-a,  pi.]  A 
quadrilateral    of   which 
two  sides  are  parallel, 
illus.  below.     [<  Gr.  trape- 
zion, dim.  of  trapeza,  table.] 

—  trap'e-zoid,  trape- 
zoid, 71.  A  four^sided  plane 
figure  of  which  two  sides  are 
parallel  and  the  other  two 
not.— trap"e-zoid'al,  a. 

trap'ping,  trap'ing,  n.    An 
ornamental  housing  or  har- 
ness  for   a   horse :    in   the 
plural,  adornments  of  any  kind. 
[<  TRAP2,  v.] 

traps,  traps,  n.  pi.  [CoUoq.]  Per- 
sonal effects,  as  luggage.  [<  F. 
drap,  <  LL.  drappus,  cloth.] 

trasb,  trash,  n.  1.  Worthless  or  waste 
matter  of  any  kind;  rubbish."  2.  That 
which  is  broken  or  lopped  oflf.  3.  A  worthless 
person.  [<  Ice.  tros,  rubbish.]  —  trash'y,  a. 
Worthless. 

trau'ma,  tre'ma  or  trau'ma,  n.  Any  injury 
to  the  body  caused  by  violence;  a  wound.  [< 
Gr.  trauma,  <  troo,  wound.]  —  trau-mat'ic, 
a.    Pertaining  to  trauma. 

trav'ail,  trav'gl,  n.  Labor  ;  anguish  or  dis- 
tress.     [Orig.  =  TRAVEL.] 

trav'el,  trav'el,  v.     [trav'eled  or  -ellbd; 

TRAV'EL-ING  Or  -EL-LINO.]      I.   t. 

To  make  a  tour  in;  journey  over. 
II.  i.  To  journey  about;  visit 
foreign  lands;  move  in  space.         t,„„„„,.„„ 

trav'el,  n.  1.  The  act  of  travel-  Trapezium, 
ing.  2.  pi.  A  narration  of  traveling  experiences. 
3.  A  moving  or  progress  of  any  kind.  [<  F. 
travail,  labor.]  —  trav'el-er,  n.    trav'el-ler$. 

trav'erse,  trav'grs,  v.  [trav'ersed';trav'- 
ERs-iNG.]  1. 1.  1.  To  cross  in  traveling;  move 
across.  2.  To  examine  carefully.  3.  To  make 
denial  of.  4.  To  oppose;  thwart.  II.  i.  To 
move  back  and  forth,  or  across.  [<  L."-*' 
transversus;  see  transverse.] 

—  trav'ers-er,  n. 

Irav'erseil,  a.    Lying  or  being  across. 

trav'erse,  n.  1.  A  thing  or  part  that  trav- 
erses or  crosses;  a  crosspiece.  2.  Something 
serving  as  a  screen  or  barrier.  3.  The  act  of 
traversing;  a  journey;  passage.    4.  A  denial. 

trav'es-^,  trav'es-tl.  I.  vt.  [-tied;  -tv- 
iNG.l  To  make  a  travesty  on;  burlesque.  II. 
n.  [-TIES*,  nl.]  1.  A  grotesque  Imitation; 
burlesque.  !&.  A  burlesque  treatment  of  a 
lofty  subject.  [  <  OF.  travester,  disguise,  < 
L.  trans,  over,  4-  vestio,  clothe.] 


£:\ 


popfl.  ^ak;  at,  tlr;  el^mtnt,  thdy,  as^;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  dh;  orator,  er;  full,  rfile;  bot,  ur; 


479 


trawl 
trespass 


trawl,  trel,  v.  I.  L  To  drag,  as  a  net;  troll. 
II.  i.  To  fish  with  a  trawl'line,  trawl-net.  or 
the  like.  [<  F.  troler,  drag  about.]  —  trawl, 
,  «.  1.  A  trawl=line.  2.  A  trawl»net.— trawl'- 
er,  ?t.  A  person  engaged  in  trawling.—  tra.wVt 
line'',  n.  A  stout  line,  of  great  length,  anchored 
and  buoyed,  and  having  hanging  from  it  lines 
bearing  baited  hooks.— t.snet,  n.  A  great  net, 
shaped  like  a  flattened  bag  and  adapted  to  be 
towed  along  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  by  a  boat. 

tray,  tre,  n.  A  flat  shallow  utensil  with  raised 
edges,  for  various  uses.     [<  AS.  treg,  tray.] 

treach'er-y,  trech'gr-i,  n.  Violation  of  al- 
legiance, confidence,  or  plighted  faith;  perfidy; 
treason.  [ <  F.  tricherie,  treachery.]— treach'- 
er-oiis,  a.  Traitorous;  perfidious;  untrust- 
worthy. 

trea'clCe,  tri'cl,  n.  The  simp  obtained  in  re- 
fining sugar;  loosely,  molasses.  [ <  OF.  t?^acle, 
F.  theriague.] 

tread,  tred.  I.  vt.&vi.  [trod;  trod'den; 
tread'ing.]  To  step  or  walk  on;  place  the 
foot  down;  walk.  II.  n.  1.  A  walking  or 
stepping.  2.  That  on  which  something  treads 
or  rests  in  moving,  as  the  part  of  a  wheel  or 
runner  that  bears  upon  the  ground,  the  upper 
or  level  part  of  a  stair,  etc.  [<  AS.  tredan, 
tread.]  —  tread'le,  tred'j,  n.  A  lever  operated 
by  the  foot.— tread'mill'',  n.  A  mechanism 
rotated  by  a  stepping  motion,  usually  by  convicts. 

trea'son,  tri'zn,  n.  Betrayal,  or  breach  of  al- 
legiance toward  government;  bad  faith ;  treach- 
ery. [<  L.f  traditio(n-),  <  trado,  give  up, 
deliver  over,  betray.]  —  trea'8on-a-bl(e,  a. 

treas'ure,  trezh'ur  or  -yQr.  I.  vt.  [treas'- 
ured;  TREAS'uR-iNG.]  1.  To  lay  up  in  storc; 
accumulate.  2.  To  fix  and  retain  carefully  in 
mind.  3.  To  prize.  II.  n.  1.  The  precious 
metals;  money;  jewels.  2.  Kiches;  wealth. 
3.  Something  very  precious.  [<  Gr.i'+f  the- 
saiiros,  <  tithemi,  place.]  —  treas'ur-er,  n. 
One  who  has  the  care  of  a  treasury  or  funds.  — 
treas'iir-y,  trezh'ur-l.«.  [-iess  «?.]  The  place 
of  receipt  and  disbursement  of  public  revenues, 
or  of  funds  belonging  to  a  society,  etc. 

treat*!,  trit,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  conduct  oneself 
(in  some  specified  manner)  toward.  2.  To  ap- 
ply a  special  process  to.  3.  To  express  or  pre- 
sent in  a  certain  manner.  4.  [Colloq.]  To  pay 
the  expense  of  entertainment,  or  drink,  for. 

II.  i.  1.  To  handle  in  writing  or  speaking. 
2.  To  negotiate.  [<  OF.  «fc  F.  traiter,  <  L. 
trado^  freq.  of  traho,  draw.] 

treat,  n.  1.  Something  that  gives  unusual 
pleasure.  2.  Entertainment  of  any  kind  fur- 
nished gratuitously  to  another.  —  treat'ment, 
n.  The  act  or  mode  of  treating,  especially  of 
handling  or  behaving  In  some  specified  manner. 

trea'tis(e,  trl'.tis,  n.  An  elaborate  literary 
composition  presenting  a  subject  in  all  its  parts. 
[<  F.  traite;  see  treaty.] 

trea'ty ,  tri'ti,  w.  [trea'ties*,  jo/.]  1.  A  for- 
mal agreement  or  compact.  2.  The  act  of  ne- 
gotiating for  an  agreement.  [<  F.  traite,  < 
h.^^  tractatus,  pp.  of  tracto,  handle.] 

treb1(e,  treb'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [treb'l(e)d; 
treb'ling.]  To  multiply  by  three;  triple.  II. 
a.    1.  Threefold;  triple.    2.    Mus.    Soprano. 

III.  n.  1.  Mus.  The  soprano.  2.  High  piping 
sounds.     [OF.,  <  L.  triplus;  see  triple,  a.] 

—  treb'ly,  adv.    Triply. 


tree,  tri.  I.  vt.  [treed;  tree'ing.]  To  force 
to  climb  a  tree.  II.  n.  1.  A  perennial  woody 
plant  at  least  20  feet  in  height  at  maturity.  2. 
A  timber.     [<  AS.  treo,  tree.] 

tre'foil,  tri'feil,  n.  1.  Any  one  of  the  clovers: 
so  called  from  the  trifoliolate  leaves.  2.  Aixh. 
A  three»lobed  ornamentation. 
[  <  L.F  tres.ihxQe,-]- folium,  leaf.] 

trellis,  trel'is,  n.  A  cross'barred 
grating  or  lattice,  as  for  an  out- 
door screen.  [<  L.^  tricMla., 
trida,  bower.] 

trem-'blCe,    trem'bl.      I.   vi.      „    .  ., 
[trem'bl(e)d;  trem'bmng.]    1.       Trefoil. 
To  shake  involuntarily;   be  agitated.     2.  To 
quiver;  oscillate.    II.  n.    The  act  or  state  of 
trembling.     [<  L.^-^  +  f  tremulus,  trembling.] 
—  trein'bler,  n. 

tre-inen'dous,trg-men'dus,  a.     1.  Causing, 
or  fitted  to  cause,  astonishment.      2.  Awe-in- 
spiring.    i<l,.trenundus,  <  <?'emo,  tremble.] 
-ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

trem'or,  trem'gr,  n.  1.  A  quick  vibratory 
movement.  2.  Any  quivering  or  trembling. 
[<  L.*"  tremor,  <  tremo,  tremble.] 

trem'u-lous,  trem'yu-lus,  a.  1.  Quivering; 
trembling.  2.  Showing  timidity  and  irresolu- 
tion.   [<  L.  tremulus;  see  tremble.] 

trench,  trench.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  dig  a  trench 
in  or  about;  cut  trenches  against,  as  in  war; 
encroach;  cut  trenches.  II.  to.  A  long  nar- 
row excavation  in  the  ground;  ditch.  [<  OF. 
trencher  (F.  trancher)\  cp.  L.'  trunco,  lop.] 

trencb.'ant,  trench'ant,  a.  Cutting  deeply 
and  quickly;  sharp;  cutting,  as  sarcasm.  [OF., 
ppr.  of  trencher,  cut.] 

trench'eri,  trench'gr,  n.  1.  One  who  digs 
or  makes  trenches.    2.  One  who  carves. 

trencli'er^,  n.  A  wooden  plate  for  use  at 
table.     [  <  OF.  trenchoir.,  <  trencher.,  cut.] 

trend,  trend.  P.  vi.  To  have  or  take  a  gen- 
eral course  or  direction;  incline;  lean.  II.  n. 
General  course  or  direction;  drift;  bent.  [ME. 
trenden;  cp.  AS.  trendel,  circle.] 

trep-an'i,  trep-an'.  I.  vt.  [trep-anned'; 
trep-an'ning.]  1.  To  use  a  trepan  upon.  2. 
To  cut  a  hole  partly  through. 
U.  n.  1.  An  early  form  of 
the  trephine.  2 .  A  large  rock= 
boring  tool.  [<  Gv."^*^  t7'y- 
panon.,  <  trypad.,  bore.] 

trep-aii'2,  vt.  [Scot.  &  Prov.] 
To  ensnare;  decoy.  [<  OF. 
trappan,  <  V  of  tkapI,  v.] 

treph-ine',  tref-ln'  w  tref- 
ain'.  I.  vt.  [treph-iked' ; 
treph-in'ing.]  To  operate 
on  with  a  trephine.  II.  n. 
A  cylindrical  saw  for  remov- 
ing 'a  disk  of  bone  from  the  skull.  [<  F. 
trephine,  dim.  of  trepan;  see  trepan^,  n.'] 

trep'^i-da'tion,  trep"i-de'shnn,  w.  1.  A  state 
of  agitation  from  fear.  2.  An  involuntary 
trembling.  [OF.,  <  L.  trepidatio{n-),  <  tre- 
pido,  tremble.] 

tresspass,  tres'pas.  V-.  vi.  1.  To  commit  a 
trespass.  2.  To  pass  the  bounds  of  propriety 
or  rectitude.  II.  «.  1.  Any  voluntary  trans- 
gression of  law  or  rule  of  duty;  offense.  2.  Any 
invasion  of  another's  lights,  as  wrongful  entry 


Trepanned  Skull. 


fiutlflre    (future)';    aisle;   au   (flul);   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dh   (the)\   go;  sing,  \^k;  thin. 


tress 
trigonometry 


480 


on  another's  land.  [<  LL.  transpasso,  <  L. 
trans,  over;  and  see  pass,  v.^—trea'^&ss-er,  n. 

tress,  tres,  n.  A  lock,  curl,  or  ringlet  of  human 
hair.     [<  F.  tresse.} 

tres'tl(e,  tres'l,  n.  1.  Abeam  or  bar  supported 
by  four  divergent  legs.  2.  An  open  braced 
framework  for  supporting  a  railway^bridge, 
etc.  3.  A  stud;  prop.  [<  OF.  tresiel,  <  L. 
transtrwn,  beam.] 

tret,  tret,  n.  A  former  allowance  to  purchasers 
for  waste  due  to  transportation.  [<  F.  trait; 
see  TBAiT.] 

tri- ,  prefix.  Three ;  three  times ;  thrice.  [  <  Gr . 
tri-{<  treis,  three),  or  L.  tri-  (<  tres,  three).] 
—  tri-cus'pid,  trai-cus'pid,  a.  Having  three 
cusps  or  points,  as  a  molar  tooth.—  tri-deii'- 
tate,  a.  Having  three  teeth  or  prongs,  tri- 
den'ta'^tedt.  —  tri'fid,  trai'fld,  a.  Threes 
cleft.  — tri-he'dral,  a.  Having  three  inter- 
secting surfaces  as  sides.-  tri-lie^dron,  n.  A 
figure  having  three  sides.  [W.]  — tri-lat'er- 
al,  n.  Having  three  sides,  as  a  triangle.— tri- 
pet'aI-oii8,  a.  Bot.  Having  three  petals.— 
tri-syl'la-bl(e,  n.  A  word  of  three  syllables. 
—  tri^'syl-lab^ic,  a.    trr'syl-lab'ic-alj. 

tri'ad,  trai'ad.  I.  a.  Chem.  Having  a  com- 
bining power  of  three.  II.  n.  A  group  of 
three  persons  or  things.  [<  Gr.^  tria{d-)s,  < 
treis,  three.] 

tribal,  trai'ol,  n.  1.  The  act  of  trying,  or  the 
state  of  being  tried.  3.  That  which  tries  one; 
trouble;  hardship.  3.  Judicial  examination, 
as  before  a  jury.     [OF.,  <  tner;  see  try.] 

tri'an''gle,  trai'aij"gl,  n.  1.  A  figure,  espe- 
cially a  plane  fig- 
ure, bounded  by  /\/  /\^  I  \3 
three  sides,  and 
having  three  an- 
gles. 2.  Something 
resembling  such  a  Triangles. 

figure,  as  a  perCUS-  l.  Equilateral.  2.  Isosceles. 
Sive  musical  instru-  3.  Scalene. 

ment  consisting  of  a  resonant  bar  bent  into  a 
triangle.  [F.,  <  L.  trianguluni,  <  tres,  three, 
4-  angulm,  angle.]  —  tri-an'gu-lar,  a.  Per- 
taining to,  like,  or  bounded  by  a  triangle.—  tri- 
an'ffu-late,  rt.  [-la"tkd<1; -la'ting.]  1.  To 
divide  Into  triangles;  survey  by  the  process  of 
triangulatlon.  3.  To  give  triangular  shape  to.— 
tri-an^'irii-la'tion,  n.  The  laying  out  and 
acciirati'  measurement  of  a  network  of  triangles, 
aslnHurvcylng. 

tiribe,  traib,  n.  1.  A  division,  class,  or  distinct 
portion  of  people.  2.  A  group  of  plants  or 
animals  of  indefinite  rank.  [<  F.  tnbti,  <  L. 
tribiis,  trilx;.]—  tri'bnl,  a. 

trib'^U-la'tion,  trib'yu-le'shun,  n.  A  con- 
dition of  affiictlon  and  distress;  suffering.  [F., 
L.''*'*''  tribulatus,  pp.  of  tribulo,  press.] 

tri-bu'nal,  trai-bm'nal,  n.  A  court  of  justice; 
any  judicial  body.  [L.,  <  tribunus,  tribune, 
<  tribus,  tribe.] 

trib'uneS  trib'yQn  or  trib'ifin,  n.  1.  Itwi. 
Antiq.  A  magistrate  chosen  bv  the  plebeians 
to  protect  them  against  patrician  oppression. 
2.  Oneot  various  civil  or  military  officers  of 
later  times.     [<  h.^  ttibi/rtus.] 

trlb'une^,  «.  1.  A  raised  floor  for  the  chair 
of  u  Roman  magistratt;.  2.  A  bishop's  throne. 
8.  A  roBtrum;  platform.  [F.,  <  LL.  tribuna, 
=  L.  tribunal;  see  tuibunal.] 

triVute.  trlb'yut,  n.    1.  Money,  etc.,  paid  as 


to  a  conqueror.  2.  The  state  of  being  tribu- 
tary. 3.  Any  contribution,  tax,  etc.  [<  L.^ 
tributum,  <  tributus,  pp.  of  tribuo,  allot.]  — 
trib'u-ta-ry.  I.  a.  1.  Bringing  supply;  con- 
tributory. 2.  Offered  as  tribute.  3.  Subordi- 
nate. II.  11.  [-BiES«,  pZ.]  1.  A  dependent. 
2.  A  stream  that  flows  into  another. 

trice,  trais,  vt.  [triced';  tri'cing.]  Naut. 
To  raise  with  a  rope;  also,  to  tie  or  lash.  [  < 
LG.  tHssen.] 

trice,  n.  A  very  short  time;  instant:  only  in 
the  phrase  in  a  trice.     [<  Sp.  tris,  crash.] 

tri-clii'na,  tri-cai'na  or  -ki'na,  n.  [-n^e,  -ni 
or  -ne,  pi.]  A  small  worm  that  sometimes  in- 
fests the  muscles  of  man,  swine,  and  otlier 
mammals.  [<  Gr.  thrix  (trick-),  hair.] — 
trich^'i-no'sis,  %.  .  The  peculiar  disease  pro- 
duced by  trichinae  In  the  intestines  and  muscles 
of  the  body.    trich''i-ni'a-sist. 

tricki,  trie.  It.  vt.  &  vi.  To  play  a  trick  or 
tricks  upon.  II.  n.  1.  A  petty  artifice.  2. 
An  injurious  or  annoying  act.  3.  A  practical 
joke.  4.  A  characteristic;  trait.  5.  A  peculiar 
knack.  6.  In  card^playing,  the  whole  number 
of  cards  played  in  one  round.  [<  L.of  Mco/', 
<  tricse,  trifles.]  —  trick'ish,  a.  Apt  to  be 
tricky;  partaking  of  trickery,  -ly,  adv.  -ness, 
«.— trick'ster,  trlc'ster,  n.  One  who  plays 
tricks;  a  cheat. 

trick^t,  vt.  To  deck  or  ornament.  [  <  trick^,  v.] 

trick'er-yi,  trik'gr-i,  n.     Artifice;  stratagem. 

trick'er-y2,  «.    Dressing  up;  decorations. 

trick'l(e,  tric'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [trick'led;  trick'- 
LiNG.]  To  flow  slowly  or  by  drops;  drip.  [< 
AS.  strican,  move  along.] 

trick'y,  trik'i,  a.  1.  Disposed  to  tricks;  de- 
ceitful; knavish.    2.  Vicious,  as  an  animal. 

tri^col'^or,  trai'cul-er.  I.  a.  Of  three  colors. 
tri'col^oredt.  II.  n-  A  flag  of  three  col- 
ors, as  the  French,  of  red,  white,  and  blue. 

tri'cy-cle,  trai'si-cl,  n.  A  three»wheeled  ve- 
hicle of  the  velocipede  class.  [<  Gr.  treis, 
three,  +  kyklos,  circle.] 

tri'dent,  trai'dgnt,  n.  1.  A  three»pronged 
implement  or  weapon;  the  emblem  of  Neptune. 
2.  A  fish'spear  with  three  prongs.  [<  L.  tri- 
den{t-)s,  <  tres,  three, -f  den{t-)s,  tooth.] 

tri-en^ni-al,  trai-en'i-al.  I.  a.  Taking  place 
every  third  year;  also,  lasting  three  years.  II. 
n.  A  ceremony  observed  every  three  years. 
[  <  L.  tres,  three,  +  annus,  year.]    -ly ,  adv. 

tri'er,  trai'gr,  n.    One  who  tries. 

tri'fle,  trai'fl.    I.  vi.    [tri'fled;  tri'fling  ] 

I.  To  sport;  jest.  2.  To  give  one's  time  to 
trivial  things.     3.  To  play  aimlessly;  dally. 

II.  n.  Anything  of  very  little  value  or  impor- 
tance. [<  OF.  trvffle,  jest.]  —  tri^fler,  n.— 
tri'flinsT,  P«.  1.  Frivolous.  »J,  lusignlflcant. 
—  iri'flinK-Iy,  arfr.  „     . 

tri-fo'li-ate,  trai-fo'li-et  or  -gt,  a.  Having 
three  leaves.    tri-fo'li-a"ted|. 

trig,  trig.  I.  vt.  [trigged;  trig'ging.]  To 
check;  stop.    II.  n.  A  check  or  brake;  chock. 

[<    TRIGGER.] 

trig'ger,  trig'er,  n.  The  finger-piece  of  a  gun- 
lock  or  pistol-lock,  for  releasing  the  hammer. 
[<  D.  trekker,  j^iUer,  <  trekken,  pull.] 

trlg"o-noxii'e-try,  trig'o-nom'g-tri,  n.  The 
branch  of  mathenuitics  that  treats  of  the  rela- 
tions of  the  sides  and  angles  of  triangles  and 
applies  them  to  other  figures.   [  <  Gr.  trigdnon. 


I>apfl,  98k;  at,  Air;  element,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  ©rat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  or; 


481 


triliteral 
troll 


triangle,  -f-  -metron^  measure.]  —  trig''o-no- 
met'ric-al,  a.    trig^o-uo-inefrict. 

tri-lit'er-al,  trai-lit'er-al,  a.  Contained  in 
or  consisting  of  three  letters 

trill,  tril.  l.vt.&vi.  1.  Tosingquaveriugly 
or  tremulously.  2.  To  give  forth  a  sound  of 
tremulous  pulsation.  II.  n.  A  tremulous  ut- 
terance of  successive  tones ;  shake ;  quaver.  [  < 
F.  triller,  trill  (imitative).] 

tril'lion,  tril 'yon,  n.  A  cardinal  number:  in 
the  French  (also  U.  S.)  system  of  numeration, 
a  million  millions;  in  the  English  system,  the 
third  power  of  a  million.  [<  It.  trillione,  < 
L.  tres,  three.] 

trim,  trim,  v.  [trimmed;  trim'ming.]  I.  t. 
1.  To  put  in  or  restore  to  shape;  adjust; 
smooth.  2.  To  prune;  clip.  3.  To  provide 
with  trimmings.  4.  To  adjust  or  balance; 
make  trim,  as  a  vessel.  II.  i.  1.  To  prac- 
tise double»dealing  or  time-serving.  2.  To 
be  or  keep  in  equilibrium:  said  of  a  vessel. 
[<  AS.  trymian,  <  trum,  strong.]  —  trim'- 
mer,  n.  A  time-server.— triin'ming,  ?«.  1. 
Something  added  for  ornament;  in  the  plural, 
articles  of  equipment;  fittings,  ii.  The  act  of 
one  who  or  that  which  trims. 

trim,  a.  [trim'mer;  trim'mest.]  Adjusted 
to  a  nicety;  spruce,  [<  AS.  t9^m,  strong.] 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

trim.,  91.  1.  State  of  adjustment,  preparation, 
or  equipment;  condition.  2.  Costume;  dress. 
3.  JVaut.  Fitness  for  sailing;  degree  of  im- 
mersion. 

trim'e-ter,  trim'§-ter,  7i.  Pros.  A  verse  con- 
sisting of  three  measures.  [<  Gr.^  trimeiros, 
<  treis,  three,  -j-  metron,  measure.] 

trine,  train.  I.  a.  Threefold;  triple.  II. 
n.  A  trio;  triad.  [<  L.  trinus,  <  tree.,  three.] 
—  tri'nal,  a. 

trin'i-ty,  trin'i-ti,  n.  [-tiess  j)l.]  1.  [T-] 
Theol.  The  threefold  personality  of  God  the 
Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit.  2.  The  state 
or  character  of  being  three;  any  union  of  three 
in  one.  [<  LL.*'  tnnitas.  <  L.  trinus,  three- 
fold.]—Trin'"i-ta'ri.an.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Trinity.  II,  n.  A  believer  In  the  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity.  —  Trin'^i-ta'ri-an-isin,  n. 

trin'ket,  triij'k§t,  n.  Any  small  ornament,  as 
of  jewelry.     [<  OF.  trenchet,  knife.] 

tri-no'mi-al,  trai-no'mi-al.  I.  a.  Having 
or  employing  three  terms  or  names.  II.  n. 
An  algebraic  expression  consisting  of  three 
terms.     [  <  tri-  -f  L-  nomen,  name.] 

tri'o,  tri'O  or  trai'O  n.  1.  Any  three  things  as- 
sociated together.  2.  Mus.  A  composition  for 
three  performers.     [It.,  <  L.  tree,  three.] 

trip,  trip,  V.      [tripped^;   trip'ping.]     I.  t. 

1.  To  cause  (one)  to  lose  balance,  stumble,  or 
fall.  2.  To  perform  (a  dance)  lightly  or  nimbly. 

3.  Mech.  To  free;  release,  as  a  catch  or  trig- 
ger. II.  i.  1.  To  move  quickly  with  light 
and  nimble  steps.  2.  To  make  a  misstep; 
stumble;  hence,  to  commit  an  error.  [<  V  of 
TRAMP.]  —  trip'sham^'iner,  n.  A  tilt*hammer. 

trip,  n.     1.  A  short  journey;  excursion;  jaunt. 

2.  A  misstep  or  stumble.    3.  A  nimble  step. 

4.  A  blunder;  mistake. 
trip'ar-tite,   trip'ar-tait  or  trai-pQrt'ait  a. 

Divided  into  three;  threefold.  See  illus.  in 
next  column. 


Three  vowels 


tripe,  traip,  n.    A  portion  of  the  stomach  of 

the  ox  or  of  some  other  ruminant  as  used  for 

food.     [F.] 
triph'thong,  trif'theng,   n. 

combined  to  produce  one 

sound,  as  in  beau.    [<  Gr. 

treis,   three,   -f  phthengo- 

mai,  sound.] 
trip'l(e,   trip'l.     I.  vi. 

[trip'l(e)d  ;     trip'ling.] 

1.  To     make    threefold ; 
treble.      2.    To    be   three  ,u   t     f 
times  as  many  or  as  large  as.     ^  ripartite  L/eat. 
II.  a.    1.  Threefold.    2.  Multiplied  by  three. 
[F.,  <  L.  tnplus,  <  tres,  three,  -f-  -plus,  -fold.] 

trip'let,  trip'let,  71.  1.  A  group  of  three  of  a 
kind.  2.  One  of  three  children  born  at  one 
birth.  3 .  A  group  of  three  rimed  lines ;  a  group 
of  three  notes  performed  in  the  time  of  two. 

trip'li-cate,  trip'li-ket.  I.  vt.  [-ca'ted"*; 
-ca'ting.]  To  treble.  II.  a.  Threefold; 
triple.  III.  n.  A  third  thing  corresponding 
to  two  others  of  the  same  kind.  [<  L.  triplico 
(pp.  triplicatm),  treble.]  —  trip^'Il-ca'tion,  n. 
—  tri-plic'i-ty,  n.  [-ties*,  pl.'\  Threefold 
character. 

tri'pod,  trai'ped,  n.  A  utensil  or  article  having 
three  feet  or  legs;  a  three»legged  stand.  [<  L. 
tripus {tripod-),  <  Gr.  treis,  ih.ve(i,-\-pous,  foot.] 

tri-sect''',  trai-sect',  vt.  To  divide  into  three 
parts.     [  <  TRI-  -\-  L.  seco,  pp.  sectus,  cut.] 

—  tri-sec'tion,  n. 

trite,  trait,  a.  Used  so  often  as  to  be  hack- 
neyed; made  commonplace  by  repetition.  [< 
L.  tero  (pp.  tHtus),  rub.]  —  trit'u-rate,  vt. 
[-RA'TEDd;  -ra'ting.]  To  rcduce  to  a  fine  pow- 
der or  pulp;  pulverize.—  trif  u-ra'tion,  n. 

tri'umpli,  trai'umf.  I',  vi.  1.  To  obtain 
a  victory.  2.  To  exult.  3 .  To  celebrate  vic- 
tory. II.  71.  1.  Exultation  over  victory.  2. 
The  condition  of  being  victorious.  [<  L.*"  iri- 
umpho,  <  ^riMW^Viw^, triumph.]— tri-um'phal, 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  triumph;  celebrating  a  vic- 
tory.—tri-uni'phant,  a.  1.  Exultant.  3. 
Crowned  with  victory;  victorious. 

tribune,  trai'yiin,  a.  Three  in  one:  said  of  the 
Godhead.     [<  tri-  -f  L-  imiis,  one.] 

—  tri-un'i-ty, «.    Trinity. 

triv'et,  triv'et,  w.     Athree»legged  stand.      [< 

OF.  tripled,  <  L.  tres,  three,  -f  pe{d-)s,  foot.] 
triv'i-al,  triv'i-al,  a.  1.  Trifling;  insignificant. 

2.  Commonplace;  ordinary.  3.  Trifling;  pal- 
try. [F.,  <  L.  trivialis,  at  cross^-roads,  com- 
mon.] —  triv''i-al'i-ty,  n.    triv'i-al-ness:}:. 

tri-week'ly,  trai-wlk'li,  a.  1.  Performed, 
occurring,  or  appearing  three  times  a  week. 
2.  Done  or  occurring  every  third  week. 

tro'clia,  tro'ca,  n.  A  path;  road;  also,  an  obstruc- 
tion on  a  road,  designed  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
an  enemy.    [Sp.] 

tro'clxe,  trO'ki,  w.  A  medicated  lozenge.  [< 
Gr.  trochos,  <  trecho,  run.] 

tro-'chee,  tro'kt,  TO.  Pros.  A  foot  comprising 
a  long  and  a  short  syllable  (—  ^),  or,  in  modern 
English  verse,  an  accented  syllable  followed 
by  an  unaccented  one.  [<  Gr.^^  trochaios,  < 
trochos,  running.]  — tro-cha'ic,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  composed  of  trochees,    tro-cha'ic-alj. 

trod,  trod'den,  trode,  imp.  &  pp.  of  tread,  v. 

troll,  trOl,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  sing  (the  parts  of 
a  song)  in  succession,  or  to  roll  out  (a  song) 


flfltSfire  (future);   aisle;   an  (owt);    eil;  c  (k);  chat;   dli  {th€)',   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 
31 


troll 
truculent 


482 


tern  6o  operated 
3.  A  small  truck 
or    car.       [< 

TROLL,  v.] 

trom'bone, 

trem'bOn,  «.  A 
powerful  brass 
instrument  of 
the  trumpet  f am 


in  a  free,  hearty  manner.    2.  To  fish  by  drag- 
ging a  hook  and  line  near  the  surface.     [< 
MHG.F  trollen,  roll.]  —  trolFing,  n. 
troU.!,  trOl,  n.    1.  itfw*.  A  catch  or  round.    2. 

Fishing.    A  reel;  lure  used  in  trolling. 
troll^,  n.   A  giant;  also,  a  mischievous  dwarf. 

[<  Ice.  <roZ;,  troll.] 
trol'ley,  trer§,  n.    1.  A  grooved  metal  wheel 
for    rolling   in 
contact  with  an 
electric    con- 
ductor (the 
trolleywire), 
to     con- 
vey   the 
current 
to  a  mo- 
tor -  car. 
trol'- 

ley»'wlieel"$.   The  Overhead-trolley  System. 
2.  A  car  or  sys-      l.  A  trolley»car:  m,  motors;  mm, 
■      inotor»man;  f,  trolley;  <j),  trolley* 
pole;    ts,    trolley »  sprinjrs.      The 
current  passes  from  the  generator 
(a)  along  the  line  (t),  dividing  at 
the  trolley  (t),  part  of  it  running 
down  the  trolley»pole  to  the  mo- 
tors (m),  from  which  it  passes  off 
through  the  wheels  and  rails,  pass- 
ing the  rail'joint  (j )  by  means  of 
an  underground  wire,  and  return- 
ing to  the  source.    2.  Detail  show- 
ily,      commonly    ^'^^  construction  of   the  trolley* 

with  a  U-shaped  '^^^*^- 

slide.    [F.,  <  It.  trombone,  <  tromba,  =  F. 

tronipe;  see  trump^,  «.] 

troop,  trup.  I',  vi.  1.  To  move  along  as  a 
troop.  2.  To  congregate  ;  depart  hastily. 
II.  t}.  1.  An  assembled  company,  especially 
a  body  of  soldiers;  an  army:  generally  in  the 
plural.  2.  A  company  of  cavalry.  [<  F. 
troupe.']  —  troop'er,  n.  1 .  A  cavalryman.  2. 
A  troop-horse;  charger. 

trope,  trop,  n.  The  figurative  use  of  a  word. 
[F.,  <  L.  tropus,  <  Gr.  tropos,  <  trepd,  turn.] 

tro'ph.y,  tro'fl,  n.  [tro'phies*,  pi.]  Any  me- 
mento of  victory  or  success.  [<  Gr.^-  tropaion, 
<  tropS,  defeat  (as  of  an  enemy).]  —  tro'phied, 
trO'fla,  a.    Adorned  with  trophies. 

trop'lc,  trep'ic.  I.  a.  Tropical.  II.  n.  1. 
Either  of  two  parallels  of  latitude  (23°  27'), 
north  and  south  of  the  equator,  that  form  the 
limits  of  the  torrid  zone:  respectively,  the  trojnc 
of  Cancer  and  tropic  of  Capricorn.  2.  pi. 
The  regions  of  the  earth's  surface  between  the 
tropics.  [<  Gr.i-L+F  tropikos,  <  trepd,  turn.] 
—  tvopMc-al,  a.  1 .  PertainlnR  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  the  tropics;  torrid ;  sultry,  ij.  Of  the 
nature  of  a  trope  or  metaphor. 

trot,  tret.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [trot'ted'';  trot'ting.] 
To  ride,  drive,  or  go  at  the  pace  known  as  a 
trot;  go  with  a  steady,  hastened,  jogging  pace. 
II.  n.  A  progressive  motion  of  a  quadruped, 
in  which  each  diagonal  pair  of  legs  is  alternate- 
ly lifted.  [  <  OHG."'+or  trotti^  (freq.  of  tre- 
tan),  tread.]  —  trot'ter,  n.    A  trottlng-horse. 

troth,  troth,  tr6th,  or  treth,  n.  Good  faith; 
fidelity;  also,  betrothal.  [<  AS.  tredwth,tmth.] 

trou1>a-dour",  trn'ba-dOr",  n.  One  of  a' 
class  of  lyric  poets  of  the  Middle  Ages.     [F.] 

trouble,  trob'l,  v.  [troub'lbd  ;  troub'- 
LiNo.]    1.  t.    1.  T«  give  trouble  to;  vex.    2. 


To  stir  up,  as  water.  3.  To  inconvenience;  in- 
commode. 4.  To  spoil;  mar.  II.  i.  To  take 
pains;  worry.  [<  L.^  trubula,  dim.  of  turba, 
crowd.] — troub'le-some,  a.  1.  Causing 
trouble;  vexatious.  '2.  Tumultuous.  3.  Troub- 
lous.—troub'lous,  a.  1,  Full  of  commotion, 
tumult,  or  trouble.    »J.  Restless. 

trouble,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  troubled; 
also,  grief;  affliction;  disturbance.  2.  A  thing 
that  occasions  difficulty  or  perplexity. 

trough.,  tref  or  tref,  n.  A  long  or  narrow  open 
receptacle  for  holding  food  and  water  for  ani- 
mals, or  for  the  conveyance  of  a  fluid.  [<  AS. 
tivg,  trough.] 

trounce,  trauns,  vt.  [TKOUNCEDt;  tkoun'cing.1 
[Colloq.]  To  whip  severely.  [<  OF.  <roncer,  cut.] 

troupe,  trap,  n.     A  troop,  as  of  actors.     [F.] 

trou'sers,  trau'zgrs,  n.  pi.  A  man's  garment, 
covering  the  body  from  the  waist  to  the  ankles 
or  knees;  pantaloons.  [<  F.  trousses,  pi.  of 
trmisse;  see  truss.] 

trous^'seau',  tru"sO',  n.  [trous"seaux',  trii"- 
s5',  pi.}  A  bride's  outfit.  [F.,  dim.  of  trousse; 
see  truss.] 

trout,  traut,  n.  A  salmonoid,  f resh'water  f ood- 
fisli.      [< 
AS.  truht, 
<    Gr.i- 
trokte, 
nibbler.] 

trowll,  tro, 
V  i.  To 
suppose  ; 

As"^'<re5-       American  Speckled  Trout.    Vio 
wian,  trust,  <  treoice,  true.] 

trow'el,  trau'el,  n.  1.  A  flat^bladed  imple- 
ment: used  by  plasterers,  etc.  2.  A  small  con- 
cave scoop  with  a  handle,  for  digging  about 
plants,  etc.    [  <  L.^  t7-vlla,  dim.  of  trva,  ladle.] 

troy,  trei,  n.  A  system  of  weight-measures 
used  by  goldsmiths  and  jewelers.  See  weight. 
[<  Troyes,  in  France.]    troy  weight^:. 

tru'ant,  tru'ant.  I.  a.  1.  Playing  the  truant; 
idle;  loitering.  2.  Relating  to  a  truant.  II. 
n.  One  who  absents  himself  from  duty,  es- 
pecially from  school  without  leave.  [OF.,  < 
Bret,  tmant,  vagabond.]  —  tru'an-cy,  n. 

truce,  triis,  n.  An  agreement  between  belliger- 
ents for  a  temporary  suspension  of  hostilities; 
an  armistice.    [ME.  trues,  pi.  of  treice,  true.] 

trucks  true.  r.  vt.  &  vi.  To  barter;  peddle. 
II.  n.  1.  Commodities  for  sale.  2.  [U.  S.l 
Garden  produce  for  market.  3.  [Colloq. J 
Rubbish.      [<  OF.  tjvc,  <  troquer,  barter.] 

truck".  V-.vt.&vi.  To  cart  about  on  a  truck; 
drive  a  truck.  II.  n.  1.  One  of  several  forms 
of  stout  vehicles  for  moving  bulky  articles, 
freight,  etc.  2.  A  set  of  wheels  or  runners 
bearing  a  swiveling  frame.  3.  A  disk;  wheel. 
[<  Gr.^  /?Y)r//w,  wheel,  <  j'7wA5,nm.]— truck'- 
age,  n.  The  conveyance,  or  money  paid  for 
conveyance,  of  goods  on  trucks. 

truck'l(e, truc'l.  l.vi.  [truck'led;tritck'- 
LiNQ.]  To  curry  favor  with  servility.  II.  n. 
A  truck;  pulley.     [<  Gr.i'  trochilea,  pulley.] 

truck'miaiii,n.  [truck'mkn,  p/.]  A  dealer  in 
truck;  one  who  trucks  or  trades.    truck'er$. 

truck'xuan",  n.  One  who  drives  a  truck. 
truck'erj. 

tru'cu-lent,  trQ'kiu-lgnt,  a.  Barbarous ;  threat- 


popa,  98k;  at,  *ir;  el«mfint,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  orator,  ©r;  fuU,  rflle;  but,  0r; 


483 


trudge 
-tude 


ening;    ferocious.     [OP.,    <    L.    truculentus, 
fierce.]  —  tru'cu-Ience,  n.     tru'cu-len-cyj. 

trudge,  truj,  ti.  [trudged;  trudg'ing.]  To 
walk  laboriously;  plod.  [<  Sw.  dial,  truga^ 
snow'shoe.] 

true,  tru,  a.  1.  Conformable  to  fact  or  reality; 
genuine.  2.  Marked  by  fidelity;  faithful; 
guileless.  3.  Precisely  right;  exact.  [<  AS. 
treowe^  true.]  — tru'ism,  tru'izm,  n.  An  un- 
questionable and  obvious  truth.— tru'Iy,  tru'Il, 
adv.  1.  In  conformity  with  fact  or  reality.  2. 
With  accuracy.  3.  With  loyalty  or  fidelity.  4. 
Surely;  verily. 

truffle,  truf'l,  n.  Any  one  of  various  fleshy 
underground  fungi  resembling  the  mushroom. 
[<  OF.  tnifle,  ult.  <  L.  tvber,  tuber.] 

trumpi,  trump.  I',  fi.  To  impose  unfairly; 
obtrude  by  fraud.  II.  n.  1.  [Scot.]  Ajew's» 
harp.  2.  [Poetic]  A  trumpet.  [<OF.  «&F. 
trompe,  =  LL.  tromba,  trumpet,  <  L.  tuba., 
pipe.]  —  trump'er-y.  I.  Having  a  showy  ap- 
pearance, but  valueless.  II,  n.  1,  Worthless 
fluery.    2.  Rubbish;  nonsense. 

trumps.  Card'playing.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  play 
a  trump;  take  with  a  trump»card.  II.  n.  A 
card  of  the  suit  that  temporarily  ranks  above 
all  others.     [<  F.  triomjihe;  see  triumph,  «.] 

trump^et,  trump'et.  I"*,  vt.  &  vi.  To  proclaim 
by  trumpet;  give  forth  a  sound,  as  from  a  trum- 
pet. II.  n.  A  wind-instrument  with  a  flaring 
mouth.  [<  F.  trompette,  dim.  of  trompe, 
trumpet.]  —  trump'et-er,  n.  1 .  One  who 
sounds  a  trumpet.  3.  One  of  several  birds  and 
fishes. 

trun'cate,  trun'ket.  I.  vt.  [-ca'ted^;  -ca"- 
TiNG.]  To  cut  the  top  or  end  from.  II.  a. 
Termmating  abruptly;  appearing  as  though 
cut  squarely  off.  trun'ca'^tedt.  [  <  L. 
titinco,  pp.  triincatus,  <  trvncus,  maimed.] 

—  triiri-ca'tion,  n. 

trun''clieon,  trun'shun,  n.  1.  A  club;  staff; 
baton.  2.  A  lopped  tree»trunk.  [<  F.  trongon., 
dim.  of  tronc;  see  trunk,  «.] 

trun'dKe,  trun'dl.  l.vt.&vi.  [trun'dl(e)d; 
trun'dling.]  To  roll  along  freely,  as  a  hoop; 
also,  to  roll  on  casters.  II.  n.  1.  A  small 
broad  wheel,  as  of  a  caster.  2.  The  act  of 
trundling.     [For  trendle,  <  AS.  trendel,  roller.] 

—  trun'dKesbed'',  n.    A  bed  with  very  low 
frame  resting  upon  casters.   truck'l(e5be<l'''i. 

trunk,  trunk.  I.  a.  Being  or  belonging  to  a 
trunk.  II.  n.  1.  The  main  body  or  stock  of 
a  tree;  hence,  the  main  body  of  any  structure. 
2.  The  body,  as  distinguished  from  the  limbs, 
neck,  head,  etc.  3.  A  light<=framed  box  or 
case     with     a  a  ,  j, 

hinged  lid,  used  1  >e=t=^  - 
for  packing  arti- 
cles. 4.  A  pro- 
boscis, as  of  an 
elephant.  [<0F. 
(F.)  trcmc,  <  L. 
truncus,  <  trufi- 

^I'ttf'^l'^^^-^  Tt  Bridge.Trusses. 

truss,    trus.       r.  1.  The  Howe  truss.    2.  Thetri- 

rt.     1.  Bmlatfig.  angular  truss:    6,   b,  braces;    c. 

To   support  by  a  counterbraces;  I,  lower  chord;  t, 

truss;    brace.     2.  top  chord;  r,  rod. 

To  skewer,  as  a  fowl,  before  cooking.    II.  n. 

1.  Surg.    A  bandage  or  support  for  a  rupture. 

2.  A  braced  framework,  as  for  a  roof  or  a 


'M^ 


bridge.    3 .  A  bundle,  as  of  hay.    [  <  F.  tivvsse, 

<  tr<Mssei\  fasten.] 

trust**,  trust,  «;.  I.  ^.  1.  To  repose  trust  in.  2. 
To  commit  to  the  care  of  another  with  assur- 
ance entrust;  confide.  3.  To  furnish  with 
goods,  etc.,  expecting  future  payment.  4.  To 
believe.  II.  i.  1.  To  place  confidence;  rely. 
2.  To  give  credit. 

trust,  n.  1.  Confidence;  faith.  2.  A  charge 
or  responsibility  accepted.  3.  Credit,  as  for 
goods.  4.  A  combination  for  the  purpose  of 
controlling  production,  prices,  etc.  [<  Ice. 
traust.,  <  |/  of  TRUE.]  —  trus-tee',  n.  Any  one 
who  holds  property  in  trust.— tru st'ful,  a.  Dis- 
posed to  trust.— tru  St' wor'^tby,  a.  Reliable. 
—  trust'y,  «.  [tkust'i-er;  tkust'i-est.]  1. 
Faithful  to  duty  or  trust.    3.  Stanch;  firm. 

truth,  truth,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  true. 
2.  That  which  is  true.  3.  A  fact;  reality.  4. 
Veracity.  5.  Fidelity;  constancy.  [<  AS. 
treowth.,  <  treowe.,  true.]  —  truth'ful,  a.  Vera- 
cious, as  a  person;  true,  as  a  narrative. 

try,  trai,  v.  [tried;  try'ing.]  1.  t.  1.  To 
cause  to  pass  through  a  trial  or  test.  2.  To 
make  experimental  use  of.  3.  To  undertake; 
attempt;  endeavor.  4.  Toafllict.  5.  To  strain. 
6.  To  investigate  judicially.  II.  i.  To  put 
forth  effort;  make  an  attempt  or  endeavor.  [< 
OF.  trier,  pick.]  —  try'ing,  pa.  Testing  se- 
verely; hard  to  endure. 

tryst,  trist  or  traist.  I<<.  tt.  &  vi.  To  appoint 
a  meeting  with;  meet  by  appointment.  II.  9>. 
An  appomtment  to  meet,  or  the  place  agreed 
upon  for  meeting,  tryst'ingj.  [For  trust.] 

tsar,  tsar'e-vitcli,  etc.    Same  as  czar,  etc. 

tub,  tub.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [tubbed;  tub'bing.] 
To  bathe  in  a  tub.  II.  w.  1.  A  broad  open 
vessel,  moderately  deep,  formed  with  staves, 
bottom,  and  hoops:  used  for  washing,  etc.  2. 
A  small  cask.  3.  A  bath  in  a  tub.    [<  D.  tobbe.] 

tul>e,tiub.  I.  vt.  [tubed;  tu'bing.]  To  fit  or 
furnish  with  a  tube.  II.  n.  1.  Along,  hollow 
cylindrical  body;  a  pipe.  2.  Atmt.  A  tubular 
organ.  [F.,  <  L.  tubvs,  tube.]  —  tu'bing,  tiu'- 
bing,  n.  Tubes  collectively.—  tu'bu-lar,  tiu'- 
biu-lar,  a.  1.  Tube»8haped.  3.  Made  up  of  or 
provided  with  tubes.  —  Crookes's  tube,  a 
glass  tube  for  maintaining  a  high  vacuimi. 

tuljer,  tiu'bgr,  n.  Bot.  A  short,  thickened 
portion  of  an  underground  stem,  as  in  the  po- 
tato. [L.,  a  swelling.]  —  tu'^ber-os-'i-ty,  n.  — 
tu'ber-ous,  a.  1.  Bearing  projections  or 
prominences.  3.  Bot.  Bearing  tubers. —  tu'- 
ber-cKe,  n.  1.  A  small  rounded  eminence,  es- 
pecially a  process  of  bone.  3.  A  small  granular 
tumorformed  within  an  organ, as  the  lung.  [OF., 

<  L.  tuberculum,  dim.  of  tuber,  a  swelling.]  — 
tu-ber'cH-lar,  a.    tu-ber'cu-lousl:. 

tu'lje-rose",  tifi'bg-ros"  or  tiub'roz",  n.  A 
bulbous  plant  bearing  a  long  raceme  of  fragrant 
white  flowers.    [  <  L.  tvberosus,  <  tvber,  bulb.] 

tuck,  tuc.  I',  vt.  1.  To  fold  under.  2.  To 
enclose  or  cover  snugly.  3.  To  cram;  hide. 
4.  To  make  tucks  in.  II.  n.  A  fold  made 
in  a  garment,  usually  horizontal.  [<  AS. 
tucian^  —  tuck'er,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  tucks.  3,  A  covering,  formerly  worn 
over  the  neck  and  shoulders  by  women. 

-tuile,  srifflx.  State  of  being;  as,  gr&tUude,  the 
state  of  being  grateful:  a  termination  of  nouns 
of  Latin  origin.  [<  F.  -tude,  <  L.  -tudo,  a  termi- 
nation of  abstract  nouns.] 


fiat|are  (future);    aisle;   an   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


Tuesday- 
Turk 


484 


Flower  and  Leaf  of 

the  Tulip.tree. 
a,  the  fruit;  b,  a  carpel 
of  the  fruit  detached. 


Tues'day,  tiuz'dg,  n.  The  third  day  of  the 
week.  [<  AS.  Tiwes,  gen.  of  Tzw,  Norse  god 
of  war;  daeg,  day.] 

tuft,  tuft.  F.  vt.  1.  To  separate  or  form 
into  tufts.  2.  To  cover  with  tufts.  II.  n. 
A  collection  or  bunch  of  small  flexible  things 
held  together  at  the  base.  [<  OF.  tufe,  <  G. 
zopf,  tuft,  top.]  —  tuft'y,  a.  Abounding  or 
growing  in  tufts. 

tug,  tug.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [tugged;  tug'ging.] 
To  pull,  draw,  or  drag  with  great  effort;  exert 
a  strenuous  dragging  force.  II.  n.  1.  The 
act  of  tugging.  2.  A  struggle;  wrestle.  3.  A 
Bteam-vessel  specially  adapted  for  towing. 
[Var.  of  TUCK,  v.] 

tu-i'tion,  tiu-ish'un,  n.  1.  Teaching;  instruc- 
tion. 2.  The  charge  for  instruction.  [OF., 
<  L.  titUioin-),  <  tuitus,  pp.  of  ftieoi\  defend.] 

tu'lip,  tiu'lip,  n.      A  bulbous  plant,  bearing 
variously    colored     bell» 
shaped  flowers.     [Ult.  < 
Per.  dvlband,  turban.] 

—  tuMip5tree'^  n.  A 
large  tree  allied  to  the 
magnolias  and  found  In 
North  American  forests. 

tulle,  tul,  n.    A  fine  silk 

material,  used   for  veils, 

etc.     [<    Tulle   (city   in 

France).] 
tuin'tol(e,      tum'bl,     v. 

[tum'bl(e)d;     tum'- 

BLING.]       I.    t.       To     toss 

carelessly;  throw  down; 
throw  into  disorder  or 
confusion.  II.  i.  To  roll  or  toss  about,  espe- 
cially violently  or  awkwardly;  fall  or  move  in  a 
careless  or  headlong  manner.  [  <  AS.  tumbian, 
dance.]  —  tuin'bl(e,  n.  1.  The  act  of  tum- 
bling; a  fall,  tj,  A  state  of  disorder  or  confu- 
sion.—tiim'bler,  n.  1.  A  drlnklng^glass  with- 
out a  foot;  also,  the  contents  of  such  a  glass.  »J. 
One  who  or  that  which  tumbles.  3.  A  pigeon 
noted  for  tiirnlng  somersaults  In  the  air.  4.  lu 
a  lock,  a  latch  that  engages  a  bolt. 

tum'brel,  tum'br§l,  n.  A  cart.  [<  OF.  tum- 
hrell,  <  (amber,  tumble.]    tum'brllt. 

tu^me-fac'tion,  tiu'mg-fac'shun,  w.  A  swell- 
ing; puttiness.  [<  LJ  tumeo,  swell, -f-/acio, 
make.]  — tu'me-fy,  vt.  &  vi.  [-fied;  -fy"- 
iNG.l    To  swell  or  puff  up. 

tu'mld,  tiO'mid,  a.  Swollen;  enlarged;  protu- 
berant; bombastic.     [<  L.  tumidus,  swollen.] 

—  tu-iiiid'i-ty,  n. 

tu'mor,  tifi'm^r,  n.  A  local  swelling  on  any 
part  of  the  body.  [<  L.*'  tuvwi\  <  tumeo, 
swell.]  tu'mourt:.— tu'niu-Iar,  a.  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  mound,    tu^niu-loiisj:. 

tu'mult,  tiQ'mult,  n.  The  commotion,  disturb- 
ance, or  agitation  of  a  multitude;  an  uproar; 
Imbbub;  any  violent  commotion  or  agitation. 
f<  L.f  fumultus,  <  iirmco,  ti\\e\\.]  —  tH-inuV- 
tu-oun,  n.  Characterized  by  or  causing  tu- 
nmlt;  disorderly.    tii-niiiPtu-a-ryt. 

tun,  tun.  I.  vt.  [tunned;  tun'ning.]  To 
put  into  a  cask  or  tun.  II.  n.  1.  A  large 
caak;  fermenting'vat.  2.  A  brew.  3.  A  vary- 
ing measure  of  capacity.    [<  AS.  tunne,  tun.] 

tune,  tlOn.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [tuned;  tu'nino.] 
1.  To  iMit  in  tune;  adjust  to  or  accord  with  a 
inu8tcal  standard;  put  or  be  in  tune;  attune. 


2.  To  celebrate  with  song.  II.  n.  1.  An  ar- 
rangement of  musical  tones;  melody  or  air. 
2.  The  state  of  being  in  the  proper  pitch;  har- 
mony; concord.  3.  Suitable  temper  or  humor. 
[<  F.  ion,  <  L.  torms,  <  Gr.  tOTios,  sound,  tone.] 
—  tune'ful,  a.  Musically  disposed;  melo- 
dious; musical.- tnne'less,  a.  Not  being  In 
tune;  unmusical;  silent. 

tun^^sten,  tung'sten,  n.  A  steel-gray,  heavy, 
easily  powdered  metallic  element.  [Sw.,  < 
tunq,  weighty,  -f  sten,  stone.] 

tu'nic,  tiu'nic,  n.  1.  Among  the  ancient 
Greeks  and  Romans,  a  body^garment  reach- 
ing to  the  knees.  2.  A  modern  outer  garment 
gathered  at  the  waist,  as  a  short  overskirt  or  a 
blouse.     [<  F.  tunique,  <  L.  tunica,  tunic] 

tun^nagre,  tun'gj,  n.    [Eng.]    Tonnage. 

tun'nel,  tun'el.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [tun'neled 
or  -nelled;  tun'nel-ing  or  -nel-ling.]  To 
make  a  tunnel  (through).  II.  n.  1.  An  arti- 
ficial subterranean  passageway,  as  for  the  use 
of  a  railway.  2.  Same  as  funnel.  3.  The 
main  flue  or  shaft  of  a  chimney,  or  the  like. 
[  <  F.  tonnelle,  dim.  of  tonne,  pipe.] 

tun'ny,  tun'i,  n.  A  large  oceanic  fish,  dark* 
blue  above  and  dusky  spotted  with  silver  be- 
low.    [<  Gr.i'+F  thijnnos,  <  thyno,  dart.] 

turban,  tur'ban,  n.  1.  An  Oriental  head- 
covering  consisting  of  a  sash  or  shawl,  twisted 
about  the  cap.  2.  A  round*crowned  brimless 
hat  for  women  or  children.  [F.,  <  Turk,  tvl- 
bend,  turban.] 

tur'toid,  tur'bid,  a.  Having  the  sediment  or, 
lees  stirred  up;  cloudy;  muddy.  [<  L.  tur- 
bidus,  <  turba,  disturbance.] 

tur''bi-nate,tur'bi-net<?r'-ngt,  a.  Top-shaped; 
tapering;  spinning.  [<  L.  turbinatus,  < 
turbo;  see  tukbine.]    tur'toi-nal:}:- 

tur'lline,  tur'bin,  n.    A  water-wheel  turning 
on   a   vertical    axis. 
[F.,  <  L.  turbo,  top, 
whirlwind.]       tur- 
bine wheel  J. 

tur'bot,  tur'b^t,  n. 
A  large  European 
flatfish,  esteemed  as 
food.     [F.] 

tur'bu-lent,  tiir'- 
biu-lgnt,  a.  1.  Being 
in  violent  agitation  or 
commotion.  2.  In- 
subordinate. [F.,  < 
L.  turbtilentus,  tur- 
bulent.] —  tur'bu- 
leiice,  «. 

tu-reen',  tiu-rin',  n. 
A  deep,  covered  dish,  as  for  soup. 

turf,  turf.  I',  vt.  To  cover  with  turf;  sod. 
II.  n.  1.  A  mass  of  matted  roots  of  grass; 
sod.  2.  Peat.  3.  Loosely,  a  grass«plot.  4.  A 
race-course.     [<  AS.  tu/f,  turf.]  —  turPy,  «. 

tur'gid,  tOr'jid,  a.  1.  Unnaturally  distended; 
swollen.  2.  Figuratively,  inflated;  bombastic. 
[<  L.F  turgidm,  <  turqeo,  swell.]  —  tiir-jces'- 
cent,  tQr-jes'gnt,  a.  Becoming  turgid  or  Infla- 
ted.—tiir-sres'cence,  n.  tiir-sre»'ceu-cyl. 
—  tiir-trlilM-ty,  w.    tur'srid-nesst. 

Turk,  tOrk,  n.  One  of  the  Mohammedan  peo- 
ple now  dominant  in  Turkey.  [Ult.  <  Per. 
Turk,  Turk.] 


1.  Turbine.  2.  Wheel  de- 
tached, showing  floats. 
3.  Sectional  view  of 
wheel. 


papa,  9sk;  at,  ftlr;  el^m^nt,  thfiy,  usgge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erater,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


485 


turkey 
t'wenty 


turnkey,  tur'k§,  n.  A  large  American  bird 
related  to  the  pheasants:  much  esteemed  as 
food.  [  <  Turlcey  (whence  the  bird  was  thought 
to  have  come).]  — 

turnkey  s buz ''-  .«_n,    ttt,,  ,  m    ^         m 
zard,«.  AnAiner-  ^^B    Wild  Turkey.    V27 
ican      sooty  *  black 
vulture.— t.sred,?;. 
A  brilliant  red  pig- 
ment, or  its  color. 

tur'mer-ic,  tur'- 
mgr-ic, «.  The  root 
of  an  East'Indian 
plant,  used  as  a  yel- 
low dyestuff,  as  a 
condiment,  etc.  ; 
also,  the  plant.  [< 
F.  terrernerite.^ 

tur^moil,  tur'meil,  n 


Confused  motion;  dis- 


turbance; tumult  of  mind;  public  agitation. 
[<  OF.  tremouille,  hopper  of  a  mill.] 

turn,  turn.  I.  tl.  &Ti.  1.  To  give  to  or  to 
have  a  more  or  less  complete  rotary  motion; 
revolve;  rotate;  move  or  go  round.  2.  To 
change;  alter.  3.  To  shape  (an  object  rotated, 
as  in  a  lathe);  round;  mold.  4.  To  reverse  or 
invert;  incline;  bend.  5.  To  take  a  new  direc- 
tion. II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  turning;  a  change; 
variation.  2.  A  revolution.  3.  A  round; 
spell.  4.  Shape  or  form  ;  mold.  5.  Disposi- 
tion. [<  L.^  torno,  round  off.]  —  tiirn'coat'', 
71.  One  who  goes  over  to  the  opposite  side  or 
party;  a  renegade.— tiirn-'er,  «.— tiirii'er-y, 
71.  [-iES»,  pi.  ]  Lathe»work,  or  the  place  where  it 
Is  done :  a  literary  word.—  tiirn'key''',  n.  One 
who  has  charge  of  the  keys  of  a  prison;  a  jailer. 
—  turn'out^^  71.  1.  A  tm-ning  out  or  coming 
forth.  3,  An  equipage.  3.  A  side=track,  as 
along  a  road  or  railway.  4.  Product;  output.— 
turn'o'^ver.  I.  a.  Designed  for  turning  over 
or  reversing.  II.  71.  1.  The  act  of  turning  over. 
2.  A  small  pie  having  a  crust  turned  over  on  it- 
self.- turn'pike'',  «.  1 .  A  road  on  which  are 
tollsgates;  loosely,  any  highway,  tiirn'pike^' 
roadt.  2.  A  toll-bar  or  toil*gate.— tiirn'- 
8|>if ,  71.  One  who  turns  a  spit;  a  menial.— 
tiii'ii'stile'',  71.  An  X»shaped  frame,  pivoted 
on  an  upright  post,  to  turn  as  people  pass  through 
it.  —  turn'ta'^ble,  n.  A  rotating  platform  ar- 
ranged to  turn  a  locomotive  or  car  so  that  it  may 
be  run  off  on  any  connecting  track. 

tur'nip,  tur'nip,  w.  The  fleshy  globular  edible 
root  of  a  biennial  pjant  of  the  mustard  family. 
[<  TURN  +  AS.  nsep  (<  L.  7)apus),  turnip.] 

tur'pen-tine,  tur'pen-tain,  «.  A  resmous 
substance  exuding  from  any  one  of  several 
coniferous  trees.  [Ult.  <  Gr.  terebinihos,  tur- 
pentinc'tree.J 

tur'pi-tude,  tiir'pi-tiud,  n.  Inherent  base- 
ness; vileness;  depravity.  [F.,<  L.  turpitudo., 
<  tnrpis^  vile.] 

tur-quoise',  tOr-ceiz'  or  -kiz',  «,.  A  blue  or 
green  gem»stone,  subtranslucent  to  opaque. 
[F.,  lit.  Turkish  stone.]    tur-quois':}:. 

tur'ret,  tur'§t,  n.  1.  A  small  tower  rising 
above  a  larger  structure.  2.  A  rotating  armed 
tower,  forming  part  of  a  man-of-war  or  of  a 
fort.  See  illus.  in  next  column.  [<  OF. 
tonrette,  dim.  of  tour  (<  L.  itm^s)^  tower.] 

tur'tl(ei,  tur'tl,  n.  A  reptile,  characterized 
by  a  short  and  stout  body  covered  above  and 
below  with  a  bony  shell ;  a  marine  tortoise. 
[Corr.  of  TORTOISE.] 


tur'tl(e2,  ??.  A turtle«dove.  \_<K^.  turtle.,  < 
L.  turtur.']  —  tur'tl(esdove'',  n.  An  Old  World 
dove,  noted  for  Its  soft  cooing,  and  Its  affection 
for  Its  mate  and  young. 

tusk,  tusk,  n.  A  long,  pointed  tooth,  as  in  the 
boar,  Avalrus,  or  elephant.  [<  AS.  tiisc,  tusk.] 
—  tusked,  a.    Furnished  with  tusks. 

tus'sle,  tus'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [txjs'sled;  ttts'- 
SLiNG^.]  To  have  a  tussle  with;  engage  In  a  tus- 
sle. II,  71.  A  disorderly  struggle,  as  In  sport; 
scuffle.    [For  tousle.] 

tut,  tut,  interj.  An  exclamation  to  check  rash- 
ness or  express  impatience. 

tu'tel-age,  tiu'tel-ej,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
under  a  tutor  or  guardian.  2.  The  act  of  tu- 
toring or  training.     [<  F.  tutele,  <  L.  tutela, 

<  titeor.,  defend.]  —  tu'tel-ar,  a.  1.  Invested 
with  guardianship.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  guardian. 
tu'tel-a-ryi. 

tu-'tor,  tiu'tgr.  I.  vt.  To  act  as  tutor  to;  have 
the  guardianship  of .  II.  w.  One  who  instructs 
another,  especially,  a  private  teacher  or  sub- 
ordinate instructor  in  a  college.    [<  OF.  tutor, 

<  L.  tvtor;  <  tiiem\  guard.] 
twad.'dl(e,  twed'l.  I.  tt.  &  vi.  [twad'dl(e)d; 

twad'dling.]  To  prate  weakly  and  preten- 
tiously. II.  n.  Pretentious,  silly  talk.  [<Ice. 
thwsetta,  talk.]  —  twad'dler,  w. 

twainll,  twen.  I.  a.  Two.  II.  71.  A  couple; 
pair.    [<  AS.  ticegen,  two.] 

twang,  twang.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [twanged; 
twang'ino.]  To  sound  with  a  twang.  II.  n. 
1 .  A  sharp,  vibrating  sound,  as  of  a  tense  string 
plucked.  2 .  A  sharp,  nasal  sound  of  the  voice. 
[Imitative.] 

tweak,  twtk.  I',  vt.  To  pinch  and  twist 
sharply  ;  twitch.  II.  71.  A  twitch.  [For 
TWITCH,  t?.] 

tweed,  twid,  n.  A  twilled  woolen  fabric,  of 
unlinished  surface.     [Perhaps  <  twill,  v.] 

twee'zers,  twi'zgrs,  w.  pi.  Small  pincers  for 
tiny  objects.  [<  tweeze,  perhaps  associated 
with  ME.  twisel.,  <  AS.  twisel,  fork.] 

twelv(e,  twelv.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  twice 
six.  II.  n.  The  sum  of  ten  and  two,  or  the 
symbols  representing  it,  as  12  or  XII.  [<  AS. 
twelf.\  —  twelfth.  \.  a.  1.  Second  in  order 
after  the  tenth.  2.  Being  one  of  twelve  equal 
parts.    II.  71.    1.  One  of  twelve  equal  parts. 


''  uu^MiiyHK'-  -  ■  ■  ilil 


2.  MuH.  Au  iiilfi'val  compounded  of  an  octave 
and  a  fifth.—  twelv(e'Hioiitli,  «.  A  year. 
twen'ty,  twen'ti.  I.  a.  1.  Consistins  of 
twice  ten.  2.  A  considerable  number.  II.  7i. 
[-TiES^,  pi.']  The  sum  of  ten  and  ten.  or  the 
symbols  representing  it,  as  20  or  XX.  [<  AS. 
twentig.]  —  twen'ti-eth.     I.  a.     1.  Tenth  in 


flutlflre  (future);    aisle;   au   (out);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dli  (the);   go;   sing,   irik;  tliin. 


twi- 
typo- 


486 


order  after  the  tenth.  "Z.  Being  one  of  twenty 
equal  parts.    II,  n.    One  of  twenty  equal  parts. 

twl-,  twy-.  A  prefix  meaning  two;  double,  as  in 
twilight.  [<  AS.  tivi,  <  tica,  two.]  — twice* 
twals,  adv.    Two  times;  in  double  measure. 

twiddle,  twld'l,  V.  &  n.    Twirl. 

twig,  n.  A  small  shoot  or  branchlet  of  a  tree. 
[<  AS.  twig,  perhaps  <  twi-;  see  twi-.] 

twi'lighf,  twai'lait'.  1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  twilight.    2.  Shaded;  dim.    II.  n. 

1.  The  light  diffused  over  the  sky  after  sunset 
and  before  sunrise,  caused  by  reflection  of  sun- 
light from  the  higher  portions  of  the  atmos- 
phere. 2.  Indistinct  apprehension  or  percep- 
tion.    [<  TWI- 4-  LIGHT,  n.] 

twill,  twil.  I.  vt.  To  weave  so  as  to  produce 
diagonal  lines  or  ribs  on  the  surface  of  (the 
cloth).  II.  n.  A  fabric  made  by  the  shuttle 
carrying  the  woof=thread  over  one  and  under 
two  or  more  warp'threads.  [<  LG.  twillen, 
double,  <  y  of  TWO.] 

twin,  twin.     I.  a.    1.  Being  a  twin  or  twins. 

2.  Double.  II.  w.  1.  One  of  two  young  pro- 
duced at  a  birth.  2.  The  counterpart  of 
another.    [<  AS.  getwin,  <  twi-;  see  twi-.] 

twine,  twain.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [twined  ;  twi'- 
NiNG.]  1.  To  twist  spirally.  J2.  To  coil  about 
something;  curl  around.  3.  To  interlace.  4. 
To  wind  sinuously;  meander.  II.  a.  Of  or 
like  twine.  III.  n.  1.  A  string  composed  of 
two  or  more  strands  twisted  together;  loosely, 
any  small  cord.  2.  The  act  of  twining,  [< 
AS.  twin,  <  twi-;  see  twi-.] 

twinge,  twinj.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [twinged; 
twin'ging.]  To  affect  with  a  twinge.  II.  n. 
A  darting  momentary  local  pain;  also,  a  mental 
pang.     [Of  D.  origin.] 

twin'kl(e,twiij'kl.  I.vt.&vi.  [twin'kl(e)d; 
twin'kling.]  1.  To  flash  out  or  shine,  as  a 
star,  with  rapidly  quivering  light.  2.  To  wink 
or  blink,  as  the  eyelids.  II.  n.  1.  A  sparkle 
orglimmer.  2.  An  instant.  [<AS.twindian, 
twmkle.]  —  twin'kling,  n.    1 .  A  scintillating. 

3.  The  act  of  winking.     3.  A  moment. 
twirl,  twgrl.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To  give  a  whirling 

motion  to;  be  whirled  about.  II.  n.  A  whirl- 
ing motion.     [Freq.  <  AS.  thwerati,  turn.] 

twist,  twist.  F.  Tt.  &vi.  1.  To  wind  (strands, 
etc.)  round  each  other  tightly;  turn  round  and 
round  spirally;  intertwine.  2.  To  give  a 
spiral  form  or  motion  to.  3.  To  distort-  per- 
vert; writhe.  II.  n.  1.  Anything  made  by 
twisting.  2.  The  act  or  result  of  twisting. 
[<  AS.  twist,  <  twi-;  see  twi-.]  —  twist'er,  w. 

twit,  twit,  vt.  |^twit'ted<i;  twit'ting.]  To 
annoy  by  remindmg  of  something  unpleasant; 
taimt.     [<  AS.  set,  at,  -|-  witan,  reproach.] 

twitch,  twich.    I*,  vt.  &  vi.    To  pull  sharply; 

J)luck  with  a  jerky  movement.  II.  n.  A  sud- 
len  jerk  or  pull.  [<  AS.  twiccian,  twitch.] 
twlt'ter,  twit'er.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  utter  with 
or  give  a  continuous  rapid  chirping.  II.  n.  A 
Buccession  of  light  tremulous  sounds.  [Im- 
itative.] 
two,  to.  I.  a.  Consisting  of  one  more  than  one. 
II.  n.  The  sum  of  one  and  one;  the  symbols  2 
orll.  [<  AS. //o<7.]  — twc^tedgcd'',  a.  Having 
an  edge  on  eacli  side,  cutting  lM)th  ways.— two'- 
fold".  I.o.  Double.  IJ.adv.  In  a  twofold 
manner  ordegree.— two*liandcd,  u.     1.  Re- 


quiring both  hands  at  once.  3.  Constructed  for 
use  by  two  persons.  3.  Ambidextrous.—  t^vo'- 
pence,  n.  [Gt.  Brit.]  1.  Money  of  account 
of  the  value  of  two  pennies.  2.  A  silver  coin  of 
the  same  value.—  two^pen-^ny,  a.  Of  the  price 
or  value  of  twopence;  hence,  cheap. 

fwy-,  prefix.    Same  as  twi-. 

-tyi.  suffix.    Ten:  a  termination  of  numerals;  as, 
thirty.     [<  AS.  -tig,  ten;  cp.  Goth.  UguSiten.'[ 

-ty2,  suffix.    A  termination  of  abstract  nouns  of 
Latin  origin;  as,  fellcUj/.     [<  F.  -te,  <  L.  -tas.^ 

tyke,  talk,  n.    [Scot.]    A  dog;  a  cur;  hence,  a 
churl.    [<  Ice.  tik.^ 

tym'pan,  tim'pan,  n.  1.  A  thickness  (or, 
more  usually,  several  thicknesses),  as  of  paper, 
on  the  impression^'Surface  of  a  printing-press. 
2.  A  tympanum.  [F.,  <  L.  tynipanvm;  see 
TYMPANUM.]  — tym'pa-num,  tim'pa-num,  n. 
[-NA,i9?.]  1,  Anat.  The  middle  ear;  also,  the  ear- 
drum; hence,  some  similar  membrane.  iJ.  Arch. 
An  ornamental 
space  bounded  by 
an  arch  or  the  like. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  tympa- 

7lO?l,ATUTn,<tl/ptO,  ' 

beat.] 
type,  taip,  n.    1. 
An    image;     em- 
blem; sj^mbol.  2. 
An   object  repre- 


Tympanum. 


sentative  of  a  class 
or  group,  or  pre- 
flguring  something  future.  3.  A  piece  or 
block  of  metal  or  of  wood,  bearing  on  its 
upper  surface,  usually  in  relief,  a  letter  or 
character  for  use  in  printing;  also,  such  pieces 
collectively.  4.  A  distinctive  sign;  stamp; 
mark;  ideal  representation;  distinct  class.  [F., 
<  Gr.i'  typos,  <  typto,  strike.]  —  type'set^'ter, 
n.  A  compositor,  or  a  machine  for  composing 
type.— type'sefting,  ri.- type'wri^'ter,  n. 
1.  A  typewrltlst.  tj.  A  machine  for  producing 
printed  characters  as  a  substitute  for  writing.— 


type^wri'^ting,  n.  1.  The  act  or  operation 
of  using  a  typewritlng«machlne.  2.  Work  done 
by  such  process. -type'^vri^'tist,  n.  [Re- 
cent.]   One  who  uses  a  typewrltlng-machine. 

-type.  A  termination  used  to  signify  "type," 
*'  representative  form,"  "  stamp  ";  as  prototype. 
[<  F.  type;  see  type,  m.] 

ty'plioid,  toi'feid.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  ty- 
phoid. 2.  Resembling  typhus.  II.  n.  An 
infectious  fever  marked  by  great  prostration. 
[<  Gr.  typhos,  smoke,  stupor;  and  see  -oid.] 

ty-phoon',  tai-fun',  n.  A  wind  of  cyclonic 
force  and  peculiar  violence,  occurring  in  the 
China  Sea.     [<  Ar.^e  tilfdn,  typhoon.] 

ty'ph.us,  tai'fus,  n.  A  continued  fever  marked 
by  a  rash,  accompanied  with  extreme  prostra- 
tion and  cerebral  irritation.  [<  Gr.  typhos, 
smoke,  stupor,  <  typM,  smoke.] 

typ'ic-al,  tip'ic-al,  a.  1.  Having  the  nature  or 
character  of  a  type;  symbolical.  2.  Charac- 
teristic, ty'palt;  typ'icj.  — typ'i-fy,  vt. 
f-FiED;  -PY'iNG.]  1,  To  represent  by  a  type. 
»J.  To  constitute  a  type. 

typo-,  typ-.  A  prefix  from  Gr.  typos,  type,  < 
typtb,  strike.— ty-pog'ra.pher,  toi-peg'ra-fgr, 


y-pog'ra< 

ty"po-8rr"apli'io-nl,  a. 
ly.     ty'^po-irrapli'i 
tof-peg'ra-ti,  7/.    ].  The  ar- 
id type,  or  the  appearance 
of  printed  matter.  4.  The  act  or  art  of  composing 
and  printing  from  types.    [<  typo-  -f  -obaphy.J 


A  printer 
ty-poff'ra-iiliy 


Pt   _      - 

talning  to  typography,     ty'^po-iri'aplj^'ict.- 
■pl 

rangenient  of  composed  type,  or  the  appearance 


papA,  98k;  at,  ftir;  elemfiut,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  dh;  orator,  dr;  full,  rllle;  bm.  Or; 


487 


tyrant 
•un 


ty'rant,  tai'rant,  n.  1.  One  who  rules  op- 
pressively; a  despot.  2.  One  who  exercises 
absolute  power  without  legal  warrant.  [<  F. 
tyran,  <  L.  tyrannus,  <  Gr.  tyrannos,  master.] 
—  ty-ran'nic-al,  tai-ran'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  like  a  tyrant,  ty-ran'nici:.  —  ty-ran'- 
nic-al-ly,  adv.  —  tyr'an-nize,  vt.  &  vi. 
[-NIZED;  -Ni'ziNG.J    To  domineer  over;  play  the 


t3Tant.     tyr'an-niset.  —  tyr'an-nous,     a. 

Despotic;  tyrannical.  — tyr'au-ny,  n.  [-nibs», 
pl.1  1.  Absolute  power  arbitrarily  or  unjustly 
administered;  despotism.    2.  A  tyrannical  act. 

ty'ro,  tai'rO,  n.  One  who  is  in  the  rudiments 
of  any  study  or  occupation;  a  beginner;  nov- 
ice.    [<'L.  tiro,  recruit.] 

tzar*  tza>ri'uat  etc.    Same  as  czab,  etc. 


U 


U,  u,  yii,  n.  [UES,  U'Sj  or  Z7s,  yQz,  pi.]  A 
letter:  the  twentyfirst  in  the  English  alpha- 
bet. 

U-biq'ui-ty,  yu-bic'wi-ti,  n.  Omnipresence, 
real  or  seeming;  the  state  of  being  in  an  indef- 
inite number  of  places  at  once.  [L.^  ubique, 
everywhere.]  —  u-biq'ui-tous,  a.  Omnipres- 
ent; seeming  to  be  everywhere  at  once. 

ud'der,  tJd'gr,  n.  The  organ  that  secretes  milk; 
the  milk»bag;  dug.     [<  AS.  ude7%  udder.] 

u-dom'e-ter,  yu-dem'g-tgr,  n.  A  rain=>gage. 
[<  L.  lidus,  moist,  -f-  -meter.] 

ug'ly,  ug'li,  a.  [ug'li-er;  ug'li-est.]  1. 
Ill'looking;  unsightly.  2.  Repulsive;  revolt- 
ing. 3.  [IT.  S.]  Ill'tempered;  perverse.  [< 
Ice.  iiggligr,  <  uggr,  horror.]  — iig'li-ness^  n. 

u'^kase',  yQ'kes',  n.  An  edict  of  the  Russian 
government.   [F.,  <  Rus.  vkazfi,  edict.] 

uFcer,  ul'sgr,  n.  An  open  sore.  [<  L.^  ulcus 
{ulcer-).,  ulcer.]  —  uFcer-ate<i,  rt.  &  vi.  To 
become  ulcerous.— ul'''cer-a'tion,  w.— ul'- 
cer-ous,  a.  1.  Having  the  character  of  an 
ulcer.     3.  Affected  with  ulcers. 

-ule.  szifflx.  Used  in  words  of  Latin  origin  as 
a  diminutive  termination.  [<  L.  -ulus,  -ula, 
-ulum,  a  dim.  suffix.] 

urna,  ul'na,  n.  That  one  of  the  two  long 
bones  of  the  forearm  that  is  on  the  same  side 
as  the  little  finger.     [L.,  elbow.] 

-iilous,  suffix.  A  suffix  in  words  of  Latin  origin 
denoting  "  full  of  ";  as,  qnt^rulous.  [<  L.  -ulosus, 
<  -ulus,  -TJLE,  -\-  -osus,  -ous;  also  representing  L. 

-illUS,  -tJLE.] 

ul'ster,  ul'stgr,  n.  A  very  long,  loose  overcoat. 

Ul-te'ri-or,  ul-ti'ri-gr,  a.  1.  More  remote; 
lying  beyond;  undisclosed.  2.  Following;  suc- 
ceeding.    [L.,  compar.  of  vlte?\  beyond.] 

urti-mate,  ul'ti-met  or  -m§t,  a.  1.  Final. 
2.  Fundamental;  hence,  primary.  [<  L.^^ 
ultimo,  come  to  an  end,  <  uliimus,  last.]  — 
ul'ti-mate-ly,  adv.  At  last.— uF'ti-ina''- 
tuin,urti-me'tum  or -mg'tum,7i.  [-ta.joZ.J  1. 
A  final  statement;  last  proposal  or  demand,  ti. 
Anything  ultimate. 

uFti-mo,  ul'ti-mo,  adv.  In  the  last  month: 
shortened  to  ult.,  following  a  date.    [L.] 

ul'tra-,  prefix.  A  prefix  of  Latin  origin  mean- 
ing beyond;  on  the  other  side  of;  beyond  what 
is  usual  or  natural  [=  F.  mitre-,  <  L.  ultra; 
see  ULTRA.]  —  uF'tra-iTia-rine',  n.  A  blue 
pigment,  or  its  sea=blue  color.— iil'''tra-iiion'- 
tane,  a.  Situated  beyond  the  mountains;  es- 
pecially south  of  the  Alps,  that  Is  Italian  or  papal. 

uFtra,  ul'tra.  I.  a.  Exceeding  moderation; 
extreme;  extravagant.  II.  n.  One  who  holds 
extreme  opinions.  [L.,  orig.  abl.  fern,  otulter, 
that  is  beyond.] 


unlabel,  um'bel,  n.    A  flower«cluster  in  which 
a  number  of  pedicels  radiate 
like  the  stays  of  an  umbrel- 
la.   [<  L.  umhella,  dim.  of 
umbra,  shade.]  —  um'bel- 
late,  a.     Disposed  In  um- 
bels.   um'bel-Iart;  uin'-  if 
bel-la''tedt.— um^'bel-lif er-    ll    Umbel. 
OII8,  a.    Bearing  umbels.                      • 

um'ber,  um'bgr.  I.  a.  Brownish.  II.  n.  A 
brown  pigment;  also,  the  color.  [  <  It.i'  ombra 
(for  terra  d'ombra,  lit.  shade^earth).] 

um^brage,  um'brej,  n.  1.  Resentment,  as 
at  being  obscured  by  another;  a  sense  of  in- 
jury. 2.  Shadow.  [<  F.  ombrage,  <  L.  um- 
brdticns,  shady.]  —  um-bra'geous,  a.  Form- 
ing a  shade  or  screen;  shady. 

um-brel'la,  um-brel'a,  n.  A  light  portable 
canopy  on  a  folding  frame,  carried  as  a  protec- 
tion against  sun  or  rain.  [<  It.  ombrella,  dim. 
of  ombra,  shade.] 

um^'laut,  Qm'laut,  n.  A  change  of  a  vowel 
followed  by  a,  i,  or  w  to  a  sound  more  like  that 
of  the  following  vowel,  as  in  German,  Scandi- 
navian, and  Anglo'Saxon;  also  the  dotsC")  in- 
dicating this  change.  [<  G.  um,  about,  -|- 
laut,  sound.] 

um'pire,  um'pair.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [um'pired; 
um'pir  "iNG.]  To  decide  or  act  as  umpire.  II. 
n.  A  person  chosen  to  decide  a  question  or 
to  enforce  the  rules  of  a  game.  [  <  OF.  nonper, 
unequal,  <  noti,  not,  -\-per,  equal.] 

un-i,  prefix.  Not:  used  to  express  negation,  In- 
completeness, or  opposition.  [<  AS.  U7i-,  =  L. 
in-,  =  Gr.  aji-,  a-,  not.] 

un-2,  prpix.  Back:  used  to  express  the  reversal  of 
the  action  of  the  verb.  [<  AS.  un-,  on-,  and-,  an-, 
and;  back.] 

The  following  list  contains  some  of  the  more 
noticeable  of  the  many  self=»explalning  words 
beginning  with  un-  (either  «n-i  or  un-^).  (1)  In 
the  verbs  In  the  list  un-  gives  the  sense  of  re- 
versal (see  xJN-2  above);  as,  wnchain,  "to  loose 
the  chains  of."  (2)  In  the  nouns  and  the  ad- 
jectives (including  participles  In  -ing  and  -ed)  it 
has  simple  negative  force,  except  In  such  of  the 
words  In  -ed  and  -ing  as  may  be  regarded  as 
participles  of  a  corresponding  verbal  form  In 
TJN-2.  Thus,  unburdened  may  be  regarded  as  an 
adjective  (un-i  +  burdened),  meaning  "not 
burdened,"  or  as  a  participle  of  the  verb  w«- 
burden,  meaning  "  relieved  of  a  burden." 
un"a-bashed'  un"a-dorned' 

un"a-ba'ted  un"ad-vl'sa-bl(e 

un"a-brldged'  un'ad-vlsed' 

un"ac-cept'a-bl(e  un'ad-vi'sed-ly 

un'ac-cus'tomed  un-aid'ed 

un'ac-quaint'ed  un"al-loyed' 


flfit|$re   (future);   aisle;   au   {out);   oil;   c   (k):    cliat;   db   {tM);  go;  sing,  i^k;   thin. 


un- 
unaccountable 


488 


un-al'ter-a-bl(e 

un'for-glv'en 

un'ob-struct'ed 

un-screw' 

un-al'ter-a-bly 

un'for-glv'lng 

un"ob-tru'slv(e 

un-scru'pu-louB 

un-al'tered 

un-fre'quent 

un-oc'cu-pled 

un-sea'wor'thy 

un-an'6wer-a-bl(e 

un'fre-quent'ed 

un-o'pened 

un'sec-ta'ri-an 

un'ap-proach '  a-bl(e 

un-fro'zen 

un'or-dalned' 

un-seem'11-ness 

-ness 

un-frult'ful 

un-o8"ten-ta'tlous,    -ly, 

un-seem'ly 

un-asked' 

un'ful-fllled' 

-ness 

un-sel£'lsh,    -ly, -ness 

un'as-sall'a-bKe 

un-fur'nlshed 

un-pack' 

un-serv'ice-a-bl(e 

un"at-taln'a-bl(e 

un-gen'er-ous,  -ly 

un-pald' 

un-serv'ice-a-bly 

un'at-test'ed 

un-gen'tle 

un-par"lla-men'ta-ry 

un-set'tled 

un"at-tract'iv(e 

un-gen'tle-man-ly 

un-para-ta-bl(e 

un-shack'le 

un-au'thor-lzed 

un-grace'ful,  -ly 

un-pal'a-ta-bly 
un-par'don-a-bl(e,  -nes 

un-8ha'pen 

un-au'thor-lsedt 

un"gram-mat'ic-al 

8  un-sheath(e' 

un'a-vail'a-bKe 

un-grudg'ing,  -ly 
un-hal' lowed 

un-par'don-a-bly 

un-shed' 

un'a-vall'lng 
un'a-vowed^ 

un-paved' 

un-shel'tered 

un-hand'some 

un-peo'pled 

un-8hod' 

un'be-llev'lng 

un-hand'y 

un'per-ceived' 

un-8hrink'lng,    -ly 

un-bind' 

un-harined' 

un'per-turbed' 

un-skll'ful 

un-blessed' 

un"har-ino'nl-ous 

un-plt'y-lng 

un-skllled' 

un-blest' 

un-har'ness 

un-pleas'lng 

un-slacked' 

un-bolt' 

un-health'ful 

un'pol-lu'ted 

un"80-cia-biri-ty 

unbound' 

un-health'y 

un-prac'ti-cal 

un-so'cia-bl(e 

un-bound'ed 

un-hes'I-ta'ting,  -ly 

un"pre-med'i-ta"ted 

un"80-llc'lt-ed 

un-brald' 

un-hewn' 

un'pre-pared' 

un-sought' 

un-bri'dled 

un-hon'ored 

un-pre'pos-sess'ing 

un-sound' 

un-cage' 

un-hurt' 

un"pre-8ent'a-bl(e 

un-spar'lng 

unchain' 

un"Im-ag'l-na-bl(e,  -ness 

un'pre-tend'ing,  -ly 

un-splr'i-tu-al 

un-change'a-bl(e 

un"lin-ag'l-na-bly 

un-prof  lt-a-bl(e 

un-spoUed' 

un-changed' 

un"lm-ag'l-na-tlv(e 

un-prom'l8-lng 

un-spoilt' 

un-chan'ging 

un'Im-ag'lned 

un'pro-nounce '  a-bl  (e 

un-spo'ken 

un-cha8te',-ly,-nes8 

un"Im-pa8'8ioned 

un'pro-pl'tlous,  -ly 

un-sports '  man-like 

un-chas'tl-ty 

un'lm-por'tant 

un-proved' 

un-stalned' 

un-clasp' 
un-cloak' 

un"lm-proved' 

un'pro-voked' 

un-states'man-like 

un'in-cum'bered 

un-pub'lished 

un-8tead'i-ly 

un-close' 

un'ln-formed' 

un-pun'lshed 

un-stead'y 

un-clothe' 

un"ln-hab'It-a-bl(e 

un-quench'a-bl(e 

un'suc-cess'ful 

un-cloud'ed,  -ness 

un"ln-hab'it-ed 

un-read'y 

un-8ult'a-bl(e,  -ness 

un-come'ly 

un'in-splred' 

un-real' 

un-8ult'a-bly 

un-curtl-va"ted,    -ness 

un'lu-splr'lng 
un'm-teril-gf-biri-ty 

un"re-al'i-ty 

un'sus-pect'ed 

un"de-crpher-a-bl(e 

un-reck'on-a-ble 

mi'sus-pect'Ing 

un'de-flled' 

un"ln-tel'll-gl-bl(e, 

un-rec'og-ni'za-  \_or  -sa-]  un'sus-pl'clous 

un'de-flned' 

-ness 

bl(e 

un'sus-tained' 

un'de-m  on '  stra-bl  (e 

un"ln-terii-gl-bly 

un-rec'on-clled 

un-sworn' 

un"de-nra-bl(c,    -bly 

un-ln'ter-est-ed 

un're-gen'er-ate 
un're-flect'lng 

un'sym-pa-thet'Ic 
un-talnt'ed 

un'de-slgn'ing 

un-ln'ter-est-lng 

un"de-8lr"a-bll'I-ty 
un"de-9lr'a-bl(e,  -bly 

un'In-vrtlng 

un're-fresh'lng 
un-reg'u-la"ted 
un're-lent'lng 

un-tan'gle 

un-ju8'ti-fl'a-bl(e 

un-ta'sted 

un'de-vel'oped 
un-de'vl-a'tlng,  -ly 

un-ju8'tl-fl"a-bly 

un-ten'a-bl(e 

un-lade' , 

un"re-lent'lng-ly 

un-ten'ant-ed 

un'dlscov'ered 

un-latch' 

un"re-ira-bl(e,    -ness 

un-thank'ful 

un'dls-gulsed' 

un-leav'ened 

un're-mlt'tlng,    -ly 

un-touched' 

un"dl8-tln'gul8h-a-bl(e 

un-let'tered 

un"re-inu '  ner-a-tlv  (e 

un-tram'mel(l)ed 

un"dl8-tlii'gul8Ked 

un-H'censed 

un're-pent'ant 

un"tran8-fer'a-bl(e 

un'dl8-turl)ed' 

un-lim'ber 

un-rep're-sent'ed 

un-trled' 

un'dl-vi'ded 

un-llm'lt-ed 

un"re-proved' 

un-trod'den 

un-du't!-ful,    -ly,    -ness  un-love'ly 

un're-slst'ed 

un-troub'led 

un-earned' 

un-mald'en-ly 

un're-slst'lng 

un-twlst' 

un-ed'u-ca'ted 

un-man'ly 

un're-8i8t'Ing-ly 

un-used' 

un'en-cum'bered 

un-man'ner-ly 

un-rest'lng,  -ly 
un're-stralned'^ 

un-u'su-al,    -ly 

un'en-deared' 

un-mar'ried 

un-va'ried 

un'en-dowed' 

un-matched' 

un're-strlct'ed 

un-var'nlshed 

un'en-llght'ened 

un-meas'ured 

un're-venged' 
un're-ward'ed 

un-va'ry-Ing 
un-war'Uke 

un-er' ring, -ly, -ness 
un'e-vent'ful 

un-men'tlon-a-bl(e, 

-ness 

un-ripe' 

un-wa'ry 

un'ex-pect'ed,  -ly,  -ness  un-mer'lt-ed 

un-robe' 

un-wa'ver-lng,    -ly 

un'ex-pe'ri-encea 

un-mit'1-ga'ted 
un-mlxed' 

un'ro-man'tic 

un-wear'led,    -ly 

nn'ex-plored' 

un-ruf  fled 

un- weave' 

un-fairing 

un-mlxt' 

un-sad'dle 

un-wed' 

un-fal'ter-lng 

un'mo-Jest'ed 

un-safe',  -ly,  -ness 

un-wed'ded 

un'fa-miriar 

un-moor' 

unsaid' 

un-whlpped' 

un-fash'lon-a-bUe 

un-moved' 

un-sal(e'a-bl(e 

un-whipt' 

un-fast'on 

un-muz'zle 

un-sa'vo-ry 

un-wlt'nessed 

un-fath'oni-a-bl(e 

un-nav'l-ga-bl(e 

un-say' 

un-woni'an-ly 

un-fclgncd' 

un-ncc'es-sa-ry 
un-nec'es-sa-ri-ly 

un-sea'wor'thy 

un-work'man-like 

un-felgn'cd-ly 

un-seen' 

un-wrap' 

un-fet'ter 

un-nelgli'bor-ly 

un-schol'ar-ly 

un-writ'ten 

un-fll'lal 

un-no'tlced 

un-8cljooled' 

un-yleld'lng 

un-fln'i8hed 

un-num'bered 

un-8rl"on-tlf' Ic 

un-yoked' 

un-flag'ging 

un"ob-Jcc'tton-a-bl(e 

tui-a''ble,  on-6'bl,  a. 

Notable:  incompetent. 

on'for-bid'den 

im'ob-8erv'»nt 

un''ao-oount'a-bl(e,  a.     Impossible  to  be 

papfl,  fjsk;  at,  ftir;  elgmtnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  ©r;  full,  riile;  but,  ur; 


489 


unaffected 
under 


accounted  for;  extraordinary.— un'^ac-count'- 

a-bly,  arft'.— iin^'ac-couiit'a-ble-ness,  n. 
un^'af-fect'edi ,  a.    Not  showing  affectation ; 

natural,    -ly,  adv. 
un''af-fect'ed2,  a.    Not  having  the  feelings 

moved;  not  influenced. 
u-nan''i-nious,  yu-nan'i-mus,  a.     Agreeing 

without  dissent,  or  expressing  such  agreement; 

harmonious.  [<  L.t/ww^,  one, -f-a;?mWi'?, mind.] 
—  u'^na-niiii'I-ty,    yti'na-nlm'i-ti,  n.     The 

state  of  being  unanimous;  complete  agreement 

of  a  number  of  persons  in  opinion  or  action.  — 

H-uan'i-mous-ly,  adv. 
un-apt',  un-apt',  a.   1.  Not  likely  or  inclined. 

2.  Not  suitable  or  qualified.— un-apt'ly,  adv. 
—  uii-apt'iiess,  n. 

un-armed',  a.    Not  armed;  defenseless. 

un^as-su'ming,  a.    Unpretentious;  modest. 

un^'a-void'a-blCe,  a.  1.  Inevitable.  2. 
That  can  not  be  made  null  and  void. 

un^'a-ware',  a.  Giving  no  heed;  not  cogni- 
zant.—un'-'a-wares',  ad^T.  Unexpectedly;  un- 
wittingly. 

un-baranced,  a.  Not  balanced;  lacking 
mental  soundness.  [able;  improper. 

un'^Tie-conx'ing,  a.    Not  becoming;  unsuit- 

un'^be-lief,  n.  1.  Lack  of  belief;  incre- 
dulity. 2.  Disbelief .— un''be-liev'er,  n.  1. 
One  who  withholds  belief,  ti.  One  who  has  no 
religious  faith;  an  Infidel. 

un-T>end',  vt.  &  vi.  [un-bent'  or  un-bend'- 
EDd;  un-bend'ing.]  1.  To  Straighten  after 
having  been  bent.  2.  To  free  from  tension  or 
strain ;  be  aif  able,  condescending,  or  genial. 

un-Mnd',  t'<.  1.  To  let  loose;  loosen.  2.  To 
remove,  as  something  that  binds. 

un-born'',  a.  1.  Not  yet  born.  2.  Being  one 
of  a  future  generation. 

un-bos'om,  un-buz'um,  vt.  &  vi.  To  free 
one's  bosom  of;  confess;  open  the  heart. 

un-bur'den,  vt.  To  remove,  as  a  burden; 
free  from  a  burden;  relieve,  as  the  mind  or 
heart,    un-bur'tbent. 

un-called',  a.  Without  being  asked.  —  un- 
called  for,  unnecessary;  gratuitous. 

un-cer'tain,  a.  1.  Variable;  changeful;  fit- 
ful.   2.  That  can  not  be  certainly  predicted. 

3.  Not  having  certain  knowledge  or  assured 
conviction;  having  doubt.  4.  Not  surely 
known. —  un-cer'tain-ty,  to.  [-TlES^  jo^.]  .1. 
The  state  of  being  uncertain,  uii-cer'tain- 
uesst.    2.  A  doubtful  matter;  a  contingency. 

un-cbar-'i-ta-blCe,  a.  Manifesting  lack  of 
charity;  censorious. 

un-chris'tian,  a.  1.  Unbecoming  to  a 
Christian.  2.  IJnchari table,  ungracious,  rude, 
etc.     3.  Pagan. 

un-civ'il,  a.  Wanting  in  civility;  discourte- 
ous. —  iin-civ'i-lized  or  -lised,  a.  Destitute 
of  civilization;  barbarous. 

un'cl(e,  nn'cl,  n.  The  brother  of  one's  father 
or  mother;  also,  the  husband  of  one's  aunt.  [  < 
F.  oncle,  <  L.  avunculus,  dim.  of  avvs,  grand- 
father.] 

-uncle.  A  diminutive  sufiix  in  words  of  Latin 
origin;  as,  carbwncZe.  [<  L.  -unculus,  dim.  suf- 
fix, <  -un-,  ending  of  noun  stem,  -\-  -cuius,  dim. 
sutfix,  <  -CO;  formative,  -\-  -Ins,  dim.] 

un-clean', un-cltn',  a.  1.  Not  clean;  foul.  2. 
Unchaste.  3.  Ceremonially  impure.  —  un- 
clean'ly,   un-clen'll,  a.    Lacking  cleanliness; 


dirty;  filthy;  unchaste.  — un-clean'li-ness,  «. 
un-cleaii'iiesst. 

un-coni'fort-a-bl(e,  a.  1.  Causing  uneas- 
iness or  disquietude.  2.  Not  at  ease. — un- 
com'fort-a-bly,  adv. 

un-com'mon,  a.  Out  of  the  natural  or  usual 
order;  worthy  of  remark. 

un-com'pro-mi^'sing,  a.  Inflexible;  strict. 

un"con-cern',  ??.  Absence  of  concern  or 
anxiety;  inditference.—  un'^con-cerned',  a.  — 
tin^'coii-eern'ed-Iy,  adv. 

un'^con-di'tion-al,  a.  Limited  by  no  con- 
ditions: absolute. —iiii''coii-di'tion-al-ly,a(Z'i). 

un-con'scion-a-bl(e,  a.  1.  Going  beyond 
customary  or  reasonable  bounds.  2.  Not 
governed  by  sense  or  prudence.  —  un-con'- 
scion-a-bly,  adv. 

un-con'scious,  a.  1.  Temporarily  deprived 
of  consciousness.  2.  Not  cognizant;  una- 
ware,   -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

un-con''sti-tu'tion-al,  a.  Contrary  to  or  vi- 
olative of  the  constitution  or  fundamental  law. 

—  uii-coii''sti-tu'''tion-al'i-ty,  n.  —  un' 
con''8ti-tu'rion-al-Iy,  adv. 

un'"con-trona-bl(e,  a.  Beyond  control; 
ungovernable. 

un-coutb',  un-cuth',  a.  1.  Outlandish;  un- 
gainly. 2.  Not  common.  [<  AS.  uncuth,  < 
z/«-,UN-i,-fc?7</i,  known.]    -\'^,adv.  -ness,  w. 

un-cov'er,  un-cuv'gr,  t;.  I.^.  1.  To  remove 
the  covering  from.  2.  To  disclose.  II.  I.  To 
remove  the  hat,  as  in  respect. 

unc'tion,  u^ic'shun,  n.  1.  The  act  of  anoint- 
ing, as  with  oil.  2.  An  unguent  or  a  salve. 
3.  Religious  fervor.  4.  Divine  grace.  [<  F. 
onction,  <  L.  unciio(n-),  <  ungo,  anoint.] 

—  iinc'tu-ous,  unc'chu-us  0/* -tlu-us,  a.    1. 


Hav  Ing  the  characteristics  of  an  unguent;  greasy. 

■  by  deep  sympathetic  feel' 
3.  Oily^tongued.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


ii.  Characterized  by  deep  sympathetic  feeling. 


un-daunt'ed,  a.  Fearless;  intrepid.—  un- 
flaunt'ed-ly,  adw.— un-daunt'ed-ness,  n. 

un''de-ceive',  vt.  To  free  from  deception, 
as  by  apprising  of  the  truth. 

un'^de-ci'ded,  a.  1.  Irresolute.  2.  Not  de- 
termined; yet  in  doubt,    -ly,  adv. 

un'der,  un'dgr.  I.  a.    1.  Lower  or  lowermost, 

2.  Subordinate.  II.  adv.  In  a  lower  posi- 
tion or  inferior  degree.  III.  j)rep.  1.  Be- 
neath; covered  by.     2.  In  a  i)lace  lower  than. 

3.  Less  than.  4.  By  virtue  of ;  in  conformity  to; 
in  accordance  with ;  authorized,  attested,  or  war- 
ranted by.  [<  AS.  under,  under.]  —  un'^der- 
\tiA',vt.  To  bid  lower  than  (another).— un'- 
der-brush'',  n.  Small  trees  and  shrubs  grow- 
ing beneath  the  large  trees  of  a  forest.— iin'der- 
clothes-",  n.  pi.  Clothes  for  wear  next  the 
skin,  uii'der-clo'^tliingt.—  un'der-cur''- 
rent,  n.  A  current,  as  of  water,  below  the  sur- 
face; a  hidden  drift  or  tendency. —  u under- 
done''', a.  Insufliciently  cooked;  rare.- un'^- 
der-go',  vt.  [un"der-went';  -gone';  -go'ing.  1 
1.  To  bear  up  under.  3.  To  pass  through,  as  an 
experience.  3.  To  exist  under.—  iin'^der- 
Krad'n-ate,  n.  A  student  who  has  not  taken 
the  bachelor's  degree.— un'der-arroiind''.  I. 
a.  1 .  Situated,  done,  or  operating  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground.  2.  Done  In  secret.  II.  adv. 
Beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground;  hence,  se- 
cretly.— un'der-srro  wtli'',  n.  1 .  A  thicket  in 
a  forest.  2.  The  condition  of  being  undergrown. 
—  un'der-hand'',  a.  Done  or  acting  In  a 
treacherously  secret  manner;  unfair;  sly.—  un'- 


flutlflre  (future);    aisle;   au   {out)',  ©11;  c  (k);    chat;   dli  (fh&);  go;   sing,  ink;  tliin. 


understand 
ung^uent 


4dO 


der-hand^^,    adr.  —  un'Mer-hand'ed,    a. 

Clandestinely  carried  on.— un''der-lay',  v.  I, 
t.  To  lay  somethiug  under;  support  or  bring  up, 
as  a  cut  in  printing,  by  underlays.  II.  e.  To  in- 
cline, as  a  vein,  from  the  perpendicular.  —  un'- 
der-lay'',  n.  1.  Print.  A  piece  of  paper, 
etc.,  placed  under  certain  parts  of  a  form  to  bring 
them  up  to  the  proper  level.  2.  Mining.  An  in- 
clination, as  of  a  lode.  —  un''der-let',  vt.  To 
lease  (premises  already  held  on  lease);  -ublet.— 
un''der-Iie%  v.  l,t.  1.  To  lie  below  or  under. 
'i.  To  be  the  ground  or  support  of.  3§.  To  be 
subject  to.  II.  ».  To  occupy  a  position  imme- 
diately below.— uIl''de^-line^  ?•«.  To  mark 
with  a  line  underneath.  — un'der-ling,  «.  A 
subordinate;  an  Inferior.—  un'^der-mine',  vt. 
1.  To  excavate  beneath.  2.  To  wear  away  and 
weaken.—  un^der-most^%  a.  Having  the  low- 
est place.  —  un^'der-neath'.  I.  adv.  In  a 
place  directly  below.  II.  prep.  Beneath;  un- 
der; below.—  un'^dor-paj',  vt.  To  pay  insuffi- 
ciently.- un'iler-piii^'niiig,  n.  A  foundation 
wall  or  support.— un-'^der-rate'd,  vt.  To  rate 
too  low.— un'-'der-score',  vt.  To  underline.— 
un''der-sell',  vt.  To  sell  atalower  price  than. 
—  uii'der-shot'',  a.  1.  Propelled  by  water 
that  flows  underneath:  said  of  a  water»wneel.  2. 
Projecting,  as  the  lower  jaw  of  a  bull-dog. — 
un^'der-sien',  vt.  To  sign  at  the  foot  of. —un'- 
der-tone'',  n.  1.  A  tone  of  lower  pitch  or 
loudness  than  is  usual.  2.  A  subdlied  shade  of 
acolor.— un'der-tow^',  h.  A  flow  of  water  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  sea  in  a  direction  opposite 
to  the  surface  current. —  iiii'''der-val'iie,  vt. 
To  underrate;  underestimate.— un'''der-Tal'''- 
u-a^tion,  w.— un'der-wear^',  n.  Undercloth- 
ing.— un'^der- went',  imp.  of  UNDEKGO,  V.  — 
un'der- wood'",  n.  Underbrush;  undergrowth. 
— un''der->vork",  vt.&vi.  1.  To  work  for  less 
wages  than  (another  or  others).  2.  To  do  less 
than  is  requisite.  —  un'der- work'',  n.  Subor- 
dinate or  routine  work.— iin"der-write',    vt. 

1.  To  write  beneath;  subscribe.  2.  To  execute 
and  deliver,  as  a  policy  of  insurance ;  Insure.— 
un'der-wri"ter,  n.  A  body  corporate  or  a 
person  in  tli(!  Insurance  business. 

un"der-stand',  un"dgr-6tand',  v.  [-stood'; 
-sTANu'iNG.J  I.  ^  1.  To  take  in  or  make 
out  the  meaning  of;  perceive;    comprehend. 

2.  To  take  or  suppose  to  mean;  supply  men- 
tally. 3.  To  learn;  have  information  of.  II. 
i.  1.  To  exercise  power  of  comprehension  and 
understanding.  2.  To  know  through  infor- 
mation, [<  AS.  under.,  under,  4-  standan., 
stand.]  —  iin"der>Htand'ing,  n.  1 .  Intellec- 
tual apprehension.  2.  The  faculty  by  which  one 
understands.  3.  The  facts  of  a  case  as  appre- 
hended. 4.  An  Informal  compact.  — un'der- 
8trap"pcr,  n.    An  underling. 

un'^der-take',  v.  I.  t.  l.  To  take  in  hand; 
attempt;  try.    2.  To  covenant;  engage.    II.  i. 

1.  To  make  oneself  responsible  for  anything. 

2.  To  enter  into  any  contract  or  business  re- 
lationship.— iiii'der-ta"ker,  n.  One  who  un- 
dertakes, ••speoially  one  whose  business  It  is  to 
overs.'c  funerals.- uii"der-ta'kinir,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  one  who  undertakes.  2.  An  enter- 
prise; task.  3.  The  management  of  funerals.— 
un"dcr-took',  imp.  of  undertake. 

Un>dinp',  un-din',  n.  A  fabled  water-nymph. 
i<  L.  »Hf/rt,  wave.]    On'dlnet. 

un-do',  un-dn',  tt.  [iTN-niD';uN-Do'iNo;  un- 
done'.] 1.  To  annul  or  counteract  as  a  wrong. 
2.  To  ruin.  3.  To  loosen  or  untie.— un-do?- 
Inir,  «.—  un-done',  pp. 

un*doubt'ed,  a.  1.  Assured  beyond  ques- 
tion.   2.  Not  regarded  with  distrust. 


un-dress'S  un-dres',  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  divest 
of  clothes;  strip.  2.  To  remove  the  dressings 
or  bandages  from.  II.  i.  To  remove  one's 
clothing. 

un'dress,  un'dres  or  un-dres',  a.  Pertaining 
to  everyday  attire;  hence,  informal. 

un-dress',  71.    Ordinary  attire;  negligee. 

un-due',  un-diu',  a.  1.  More  than  suflacient; 
excessive.  2.  Not  justified  by  law  or  propriety. 
3.  Not  due. —  un-du'ly,  ao?^, 

un'du-late,  un'diu-lei.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [-la"- 
TED<i;  -LA"TiNG.]  To  movc  like  a  wave  or  in 
waves;  have  a  wavy  appearance.  II.  un'diu- 
let  or  -let,  a.  Wavy.  [<  L.  undulatus,  <  unda, 
wave.]  —  un"du-la'tion,  n.  A  waving  or  sin- 
uous motion;  a  wave.— uii'du-la-to"ry,  a. 

un-eartli'S  un-grth',  vt.  1.  To  dig  up  from 
the  earth.    2.  To  reveal;  discover. 

un-earth'ly,  un-grth'li,  a.  Supernatural; 
weird;  appalling. 

un-eas'y,  un-iz'i,  a.    1.  Disturbed;  unquiet. 

2.  Uncomfortable.  3.  Showing  embarrass- 
ment.— un-eas'i-ly,  adv.  —  un-eas'i-ness,  n. 

un-e'QLual,  a.  1.  Not  having  equivalent  or 
equal  properties.    2.  Inadequate;  insufficient. 

3.  Not  balanced;  disproportioned.  —  un-e'- 
qualed,  a.  un-e'qualledl:.  — un-e'qual- 
ly,  adv. 

un-e'ven,  a.     1.  Having  irregularities;  not 
level.  2.  Not  divisible  by  2  without  remainder; 
.  odd.    3.  Not  balanced;  not  fair  or  just. 

un"ex-am'pl(e)d ,  a.    Without  a  parallel. 

un"ex-cep'tion-a-bl(e,  a.  That  can  not 
be  taken  exception  to;  f aultiess.  —  un"ex- 
cep'tion-a-bly,  adv. 

un-fair',  un-far',  a.  Marked  by  fraud;  not 
just.— un-fair'ly,  adv. —  un-fair'ness,  n. 

un-faitli-'ful,  a.  1.  Perfidious;  faithless.  2. 
Not  true  to  a  standard,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

un-fa'vor-a-'blCe,  a.   Not  favorable.  (1)  Un- 
propitious;  adverse.    (2)  Showing  no  favor. 
—  un-fa'vor-a-bly,  adv. 

un-f eel'ing;,  a.  Not  sympathetic ;  hard ;  cruel. 

un-fit'.    I*",  vt.  To  disqualify.    II.  a.  1.  Hav- 
ing no  fitness;  unsuitable.  2.  Not  appropriate. 
-ly,  adv.    -nesSf  n. 

un-fold'"!,  vt.  &  vt.  To  open  or  spread  out; 
reveal  itself;  develop. 

un-for'tu-nate,  a.  Having  ill  fortune;  un- 
successful; disastrous. 

un-found'ed,  a.  1.  Groundless;  baseless. 
2.    Not  founded,  established,  or  set  up. 

un-friend'ly,  a.  1.  Unkindly  disposed.  2. 
Not  favorable  or  propitious.  —  un-frlend'Ii- 
ncss,  n. 

un-fUrl',  rt.  1.  To  unroll  or  spread  out;  ex- 
pand.   2.  To  disclose. 

un-galn'ly,  un-gen'li,  a.  Lacking  grace  or 
case;  clumsy.  [<  UN-^  -f  Ice.  gegnligr, 
straight.]  —  iin-gain'li-ness,  n. 

un-god'ly,  a.  1.  Impious;  wicked.  2.  Un- 
holy.—iin-sod'li-ly,  orfi'.— un-god'll-ne88,  n. 

un-gov'ern-a-bl(e,  a.  That  can  not  be 
govfiiKul. —  iin-gov'crn-a-bly,  adv. 

un-gra'cious,  a.  1.  Unmannerly.  2.  Not 
pleasin<r.    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

un-grate'fiil,  a.  1.  Making  ill  return.  2. 
Disngreeable.  3.  Thankless,  -ly,  adv.— unr 
irrate'lul-nesH,  n.    Ingratitude. 

un'guent,  uu'gwgnt,  n.     Any  ointment  for 


poptt,  9sk;  at,  Air;  element,  th6y,  UB%gfi;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  bot,  ©r; 


401 


uneulA 
unuke 


Ungulate  Feet. 
1.  Hind  foot  of  a  horse.  2. 
Foot  of  a  stag.  3.  Left  fore 
foot  of  the  Indian  rhinoceros. 
i.  A  side  view  of  the  hoof  of  a 
stag,  showing  the  false  hoof  (a). 

-iin-hap'- 


local  application.  [<  L.  unguentum,  <  unguo, 
anoiut.] 
un''gu-la,  ui?'gia-la,  n. 

1.  A  hoof,  claw, 
or  talou.  2.  That  ir 
which  is  left  of  a  •* 
cone  or  cylinder 
when  the  top  is  cut 
off  by  a  plane  ob- 
lique to  the  base. 
[L.,  dim.  of  un- 
guis, nail.]  —  un'- 
su-late.  I,  a. 
Hoofed  or  hoof:= 
like.  II.  n.  A 
hoofed  animal. 

un-liap'py,  a.  1. 
Sad; depressed.  2. 
Causing  misery  or 
dissatisfaction.  3. 
Unfortunate.—  un-hap'pi-ly,  adv 

un-lieard',  a.    1.  Not  perceived  by  the  ear. 

2.  Not  granted  a  hearing.  3.  Not  known  to 
fame:  often  with  o/". 

un-Mnge',  1)^     1.  To  take  the  hinges  from; 

disconnect  the  hinges  of.    2.  To  wrench  out 

of  place;  deprive  of  support. 
un-h.O'T.y,  a.    1.  Not  hallowed.    2.  Lacking 

moral  purity.— un-ho'li-ly,  adv.— un-ho'li- 

ness,  71. 
un-horse'St'^.    To  unseat;  dismount. 
u'ni-corn,    yu'ni-cem,    n.     1.    A   fabulous 

horsc'like  animal  with  a  horn 

on   the  forehead.    2.  JBib.    A 

two»horned    animal,    probably 

the  urus.     [<  L.  unus,  one,  + 

coi'nu,  horn.] 
u'ni-form,  yu'ni-ferm.    I.  xt. 

1.  To  put  into  uniform.  2.  To 
make  uniform  or  conformable. 
II.  a.  1.  Being  the  same  or 
alike.  2.  Agreeing  with  each 
other;  harmonious.  III.  n.  A 
dress  of  uniform  style  and  ap- 
pearance, as  worn  by  soldiers, 
etc.  [<  F.  uniforme,  <  L.  vni- 
for'mis,  <  unus,  one,  -\-  forma, 
form.]  -ly,ac?v.— u''ni-form'i- 
ty,  n.    u'lii-form^'nessi. 

U'ni-fy,  yu'ni-fai,  vt.     [-fied; 
make  uniform ;  make  one ;  unite.  [  <  P.  unifier 
<  LL.  uniflco,  make  one,  <  L.  unus,  one,  -j- 
facio,  make.]  —  u^'ni-fi-ca'tion,  «,. 

un'iou,  yun'yun.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
union.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  uniting,  or  the 
state  of  being  united;  a  joining;  coalescence. 

2.  A  whole  formed  by  uniting  elements  pre- 
viously separate;  a  combination;  consolidation; 
confederation  ;  league.  3.  Agreement ;  con- 
cord ;  harmony.  4.  Wedlock.  [F.,  <  LL. 
unio{n-),  <  L.  unus,  one.] 

u^ni-ped,  yu'ni-ped,  a.  Having  only  one  foot. 
[<  L.  unus,  one,  +  L.  jjes,  foot.] 

u-nique',  yu-nTc',  a.  1.  Being  the  only  one 
of  its  kind  ;  singular ;  uncommon.  2.  Not 
complicated.  3.  Sole.  [F.,  <  L.  unicus, 
single,  <  unus,  one.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

u'ni-son,  yu'ni-sun,  n.  1.  A  condition  of  per- 
fect accord;  harmony.    2.  Mus.  Coincidence 


Unicorn  from 
British  Coat 
of  Arms. 

-FT'ING.]      To 


of  sounds.  [<  L.^^"^  unus.,  one,  +  sonus, 
sound.]  —  u'ni-so''nance,  n.  Accordance  in 
sounds.— u'ni-8o''noii8,  a.  u^ni-so^'nantl:. 

u'uit,  yii'nit,  n.  1.  A  single  person  or  thing 
regarded  as  an  individual.  2.  Math.  A  least 
whole  number;  one;  unity.    [Abbr.  of  tjnity.] 

U''ni-ta''ri-an,  yu"ni-te'ri-an.  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  Unitarians.  2.  [u-l  Pertaining  to  a 
unit.  II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  a  religious  Dody 
that  rejects  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  2.  [u-] 
An  upholder  of  any  unitary  system. 

—  U'''ni-ta'ri-an-i8in, «.— u'lii-taTy,  a. 
Pertaining  to  unity  or  to  a  unit. 

u-nite',  yu-nait',  vt.  &  vi.  [u-ni'ted^;  u-ni'- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  join  together  so  as  to  form  a 
whole ;  be  merged  into  one;  combine;  com- 
pound. 2.  To  associate  intimately;  ally; 
harmonize.  3.  To  attach  permanently  or 
solidly.  [<  LL.  unio  (pp.  unitus),  <  L.  unus, 
one.] — u-ni'ted,  pa.  Incorporated  into  one. 
-ly,  adv.    -ness,  w. 

u'ni-ty,  yti'ni-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  «(?.]  1.  The  state 
of  being  indivisibly  one;  singleness.  2.  Union; 
harmonj;  concord.  3.  The  number  one.  [< 
F.  unite,  <  L.  unitas,  <  unus,  one.] 

u'ni-va''lent,  yfl'ni-ve'lent,  a.  Chem.  Having  a 
combining  power  of  one. 

u'ni-valve,  yu'ni-valv.  I.  a.  Having  only 
one  valve,  as  a  mollusk.  u'ni-valved$. 
II.  n.  A  mollusk  having  a  univalve  shell; 
a  gastropod.     [<  uni- +  valve.] 

u''ni-ver'sal,  yu'ni-vgr'sal,  a.  1.  Relating 
to  the  entire  universe;  unlimited;  general.  2. 
Common  to  all  in  any  specific  group.  3 .  Entire. 
4.    Suited   to    all   purposes  and   conditions. 

—  U'^ni-ver'sal-ism,  n.  The  doctrine 
that  all  souls  will  finally  be  saved.— U^'ni-ver'- 
8al-i8t,  n.  A  believer  In  the  doctrines  of 
Universalism.- u^ni-ver-sai'i-ty,  n.  The 
state  of  being  all«embracing. —  universal 
joint,  a  joint  that  permits  both  connected  parts 
to  be  turned  in  all  directions.—  u-'^ni-ver'sal- 
ly,  adv. 

u'ni-verse,  yu'ni-vfirs,  n.  The  aggregate  of 
all  existing  things;  the  whole  creation;  all 
mankind.  [  <  l!*'  universum,  neut.  s.  of  iini- 
versits,  whole.] 

u''ni-ver''si-ty,  yu'ni-vgr'si-ti,  n.  [-ties^, 
^)l.]  An  educational  institution  for  superior 
instruction. 

un-just',  un-just',  a.  Not  legitimate,  fair,  or 
just ;  wrongful  ;  unrighteous.  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n.  [-ness,  «. 

un-kind'',  a.  Unsympathetic;  harsh,  -ly,  adv. 

un- known',  un-non'.  I.  a.  Not  known,  or 
not  capable  of  being  known  or  computed.  II. 
n.    An  unknown  person  or  quantity. 

un-law'ful,  a.  Contrary  to  law;  illegal,  -ly, 
adv.    -ness,  n. 

un-Iearn',  vt.  &  vi.  To  dismiss  from  the 
mind;  forget.—  un-learned',  pp. 

un-learn'ed,  un-lgm'gd,  a.  1.  Without 
learning;  illiterate;  uncultured.  2.  That  has 
not  been  learned. 

un-less',  un-les',  conj.  1.  If  it  be  not  a  fact 
that;  supposing  that  .  .  .  not.  2.  Save;  ex- 
cept. [Formerly  onlesse,  <  on,  prep.,  -{- 
less,  a.] 

un-like'.  I.  a.  Different.  II.  adv.  In 
another  manner.— un-like'ly.  I.  a.  1.  Im- 
probable.   3.  Not  promising  success.    II,  adv. 


flutjure   (future);   aisle;  au  (flut)',  oil;   c  (k);   cliat;   dli  (the)]  go;  sing,  ijjik;   tliin. 


unload 
unutterable 


492 


Improbably.— nn-like'li-ness,  n.  nn-like'- 
li.boodt. 

un-load'<',  vt.  1.  To  deprive  of  a  load  or 
burden.    2.  To  discharge,  as  a  cargo. 

un-lock",  vt.  1.  To  unfasten  a  lock;  open, 
as  by  removing  any  hindrance.  2.  To  make 
available. 

un-loose'S  un-liis',  t.  1. 1.  To  release  from 
fastenings,  un-loos^ent.  II.  i-  To  be- 
come disconnected  or  unfastened ;  fall  to 
pieces.     [<  un-2  intens.  +  loose,  v.'] 

un-luck'y,  a.      Not  favored   by  luck;    ill* 

starred;   unfortunate;  disastrous;  ill-omened. 

—  uii-luck'i-ly,a<^Z».— uii-Iuck'i-ness,  n. 

un-man',  vt.  1.  To  cause  to  lose  manly 
courage  or  nerve.  2.  To  make  destitute  of 
men,  as  a  fortress. 

un-mask'S  vt.  1.  To  remove  a  mask  from. 
2.  Fijjuratively,  to  take  any  disguise  from. 

un-nxean'lng:,  a.    Meaningless.    -ly,  adv. 

un-mer'ci-ful,  a.  1.  Cruel;  pitiless.  2. 
[CoUoq.J     Exorbitant,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

un''mis-ta'ka-'bl(e,  a.  That  can  not  be 
mistaken  for  something  else.  un'^mis- 
take'a-bl(et.—  un''mTs-ta'ka-bly ,  adv. 

un-nat'u-ral,  a.  1.  Contrary  to  the  laws  of 
nature,  or  of  ordinary  morality  and  decency; 
monstrous.  2.  Destitute  of  natural  feeling  or 
affection.  3.  Not  consistent  with  nature; 
artificial.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

un-nerve',  vt.  To  deprive  of  control  of  the 
nerves;  deprive  of  strength  or  courage. 

un-par'al-leled,  a.  Without  parallel;  un- 
matclu'd ;  unprecedented. 

un-pleas^ant,  a.  Failing  to  give  pleasure; 
disagreeable; objectionable.  -ly,a(?t;.  -ness,??. 

un-pop'u-lar,  a.  Having  no  popularity; 
generally  disliked  or  condemned,  -ly,  adv. 
—  nii"i>op-ii-Iar'i-ty,  n.  iadv. 

un-prec'e-denfed,  a.   Unexampled.    -ly, 

un-prej'u-diced,  a.  1.  Free  from  prejudice 
or  bias;  impartial.  2.  Not  injured  or  impaired. 

un-prin'ci-pled,  a.  Unscrupulous;  wicked. 

un"pro-duc'tiv(e,  a.  Producing  little  or 
nothing;  barren,     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

un"pr6-voked',  a.  1.  Having  received  no 
provocation.  2.  Not  called  forth  by  provo- 
cation or  just  cause. 

un-q.ual'i-fied,  a.  1.  Being  without  the 
proper  (jualilications;  unfit.  2.  Having  failed 
to  qualify.  3.  Given  or  done  without  limita- 
tion or  restrictions,    -ly,  adv. 

un-ques^tion-a-bl(e,  a.  Too  certain  or 
sure  to  admit  of  question;  being  beyond  a 
doubt.—  un-ques'tion-a-bly,  adv. 

un-qui'et,  a.  1.  Not  at  rest;  disturbed.  2. 
Causing  unrest,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

un-rav'el,  un-rav'l  w  -rav'el,  vt.  1.  To 
separate  the  threads  of,  as  a  tangled  skein  or 
knitted  article.     2.  To  unfold;  explain. 

un-rea'son-a-bli  e,a.  1 .  Acting  without  or 
contrary  to  reason.  2.  Not  according  to  reason; 
irrational.  3.  Exceeding  what  is  reasonable; 
immoderate. —  un-rea'son-a-bl(e-nes8,  n. — 
uu-ren^Hon-a-bly,  adv. 

un"re-8erved',  «.  1.  Given  without  re- 
serve. 2.  Having  no  reserve  of  manner.— un"- 
re-Morv'etl-Iy,  adv.  [mind. 

un-resV.  >i.     Restlessness,  especially  of  the 

un-rlgrht'eous,  a.     Not  righteous;  wicketl. 


un-ri'valed,  a.  Having  no  rival  or  competi- 
tor; unequaled;  matchless.  un-ri'valled$. 

un-roll',  vt.  1.  To  spread  or  open  (that  which 
has  been  rolled  up).    2.  To  exhibit  to  view. 

un-ru'ly,  un-ru'li,  a.  Disposed  to  resist  rule 
or  discipline;  intractable;  ungovernable.—  un- 
ru'Il-ness,  n.  [Injured. 

un-scath.ed',  un-skedhd',  a.  Unharmed;  un- 

un-scru'pu-lous,  a.  Not  scrupulous;  hav- 
ing no  scruples;  unprincipled. 

un-searcb'a-blCe,  a.  That  can  not  be 
searched  or  explored;  hidden;  mysterious. 

un-sea'son-a-blCe,  a.     Not  being  in  the 

E roper  season;  inappropriate. —  un-sea'son-a- 
l(e-ne88,  n.— nn-sea'son-a-bly,  adv. 

VLXi-seaX''^.  vt.  To  remove  from  a  seat.  (1)  To 
unhorse.  (2)  To  deprive  of  a  seat  as  legislator. 

un-set'tle,  ^'i!.  1.  To  move  from  a  fixed  or 
settled  condition.    2.  To  confuse;  disturb. 

un-sex",  vt.  To  rob  of  the  distinctive  qualities 
of  a  sex;  make  unfeminine,  as  a  woman. 

un-sbip",  t'^.  1,  To  unload  from  a  ship.  2. 
To  move  or  throw  out  of  place,  as  a  rudder. 

un-sigbt'ly,  a.    Offensive  to  the  sight;  ugly. 

un''so-pbis''ti-ca'"ted,  un"so-fi8'ti-ke"t§d, 
a.  1.  Genuine;  pure.  2.  Artless;  simple.  3. 
Showing  inexperience;  verdant. 

un-speak'a-bl(e,  a.  1.  That  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed; unutterable.    2.  Extremely  bad, 

un-spot'ted,  a.  Not  marked  with  spots;  free 
from  blemishes;  immaculate.  [ness. 

un-sta'ble,  a.     Lacking  in  stability  or  firm- 

un-string',  r<.  1.  To  remove  from  a  string. 
2.  To  take  the  strings  from  ;^  also,  to  loosen 
the  strings  of,  as  a  bow  or  a  guitar.  3.  To  re- 
lax as  if  by  loosening. 

un-stud'ied,  a.  1.  Unpremeditated.  2.  Not 
stiff  or  artificial ;  natural.  3.  Unskilled;  un- 
versed.   4.  Not  studious. 

un-sung',  a.  1.  Not  celebrated  in  song  or 
poetry;  obscure.    2.  Not  yet  sung,  as  a  song. 

un-tbink^ing,  a.  Not  having  the  power 
of  thought;  lacking  though tfulness,  care,  or 
attention;    heedless.  — un-tliink'ing-ly,  adv. 

un-tie',  vt.  To  loosen,  as  a  knot;  hence,  to  free 
from  any  fastening.—  un-tied',  a. 

un-til',  un-tir.  I.  prep.  Unto  the  time  of; 
up  to;  till.  II.  conj.  To  the  time  when;  to 
the  place  or  degree  that.  {ME.  until,  <  unto 
(see  unto),  by  substituting  til  (<  Ice.  til),  to, 
for/o(<  AS.  ^5),  to.] 

un-tinxe'Iy,  a.  Coming  before  time  or  not 
in  proper  time;  unseasonable;  ill-timed. 

un'to,  un'tu,  prep.  To:  a  formal,  poetical, 
or  archaic  form,  used  in  all  senses  except  as  the 
sign  of  the  infinitive.  [ME.  nnto,  <  vn-  (<  Old 
Saxon  ««<:?,•  cp.  AS.  dth,  up  to)  -f  to,  <  AS.  td, 
to;  cp.  Old  Saxon  imtd,  unto.] 

un-told',  a.  1.  That  can  not  be  described. 
2.  That  can  not  be  numbered  or  estimated. 

un-to'ward,  un-to'ard,  a.  1.  Vexatious;  un- 
favorable. 2.  Not  yielding  readily,  -ly,  adv. 
-neHN,  n. 

un-true',  a.  Lacking  truth;  not  true.— un- 
trHtli%  n.  1.  The  character  of  being  untrue. 
ti.  A  falsehood;  lie. 

un-u^su-al,  a.  Of  a  character,  kind,  number, 
or  size  not  usually  met  with;  such  as  does  not 
usually  happen.  —  un-u'su-al-ly,  adv. 

un*ut''ter-a-bl(e,  a.     That  can  not  be  ut- 


papa,  Qsk;  at,  air;  element,  thSy,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  eratf^r,  er;  full,  tale;  but,  ur; 


493 


unveil 
-ure 


tered;  inexpressible.  —  un-ut'ter-a-bly,  adv. 

un-veil',  'Vt.  1.  To  remove  the  veil  or  cover- 
ing from,  as  from  a  statue,  with  public  cere- 
monies.   2.  To  disclose  to  view;  unfold. 

un-war'rant-a-bl(e,  a.  That  can  not  be 
warranted;  unjustifiable;  indefensible.  —  un- 
war'raiit-a-bly,  adv. 

un-war'rant-ed.,  a.  1.  Unwarrantable;  un- 
jiistitiable.  3.  Being  without  warranty  or 
guaranty. 

un-weli',  a.  Somewhat  ill;  ailing;  indisposed. 

un-wept',a.  1.  Not  lamented,  as  a  deceased 
person.    2.   Not  shed,  as  tears. 

un-"wliole'soine,a.  1.  Deleterious  to  physic- 
al, mental,  or  moral  health.    2.  Unsound. 

un-wield.''y,  un-wtld'i,  a.  Moved  or  man- 
aged with  difficulty;  bulky;  clumsy. 

un-\vill''ing,  a.  1.  Unfavorably  disposed  to- 
ward some  course  of  action;  reluctant;  loath. 
2.  Done  with  reluctance.     '\\,adv.   -ness, ;/. 

un-wise',  a.  Acting  with  or  showing  lack  of 
wisdom:  injudicious;  foolish.    -\\,adr. 

Un-wit'ting,  a.  Having  no  knowledge  or  con- 
sciousness of  the  thing  in  question,    -ly,  adv. 

un-wont'ed,  a.  Not  according  to  wont  or 
custom,    -ly,  adv. 

un-wor'thy,  a.  Not  worthy;  not  becoming; 
wrong.  —  iin-wor'thi-ly,  adv.  —  un-wor'thi- 
ness,  n. 

un- yoke's  vt.  &  vi.  To  release  or  be  loosed 
from  a  yoke;  hence,  to  separate;    disunite. 

up,  up.  I.  a.  Moving  or  sloping  upward. 
II.  n.  That  which  is  up,  chiefly  in  the  phrase 
lips  and  downs.  III.  adv.  1.  Toward  a 
higher  place  or  level.  2.  In  or  on  a  higher 
place.  3.  Standing.  4.  So  as  to  be  level 
(to)  or  even  (with)  in  space,  degree,  etc.  5. 
Aroused;  astir.  6.  In  or  into  prominence.  IV. 
prep.  1.  From  a  lower  to  a  higher  point  or 
place.  2.  At,  on,  or  near  a  hi";her  place  or 
part  of.  [<  AS.  ?/;>,  up.]  —  up'srovvth",  n. 
1 .  The  process  of  growing  up.  "2.  That  which 
grows  or  has  grown  up.— nn-lieave',  ?'.  I.  t. 
To  heave  up;  raise  or  lift  with  effort.  II.  i.  To 
be  raised  or  lifted  —  up-heav'air  n.  —  nv 
held',  imp.  &  pp.  of  rpiioLD,  ?'.— up'shill", 
a.  1.  Going  up  a  hill;  extending  upward.  2. 
Attended  with  difficulty  or  exertion.  —  up- 
hold', vt.  1.  To  hold  up;  keep  from  falling  or 
sinking,  or  from  over- 
throw, loss,  failure,  etc. 
"2.  To  support;  encour- 
age.—up-iilV"i,  vt.  To 
lift  up  or  raise  aloft;  ele- 
vate.—up'lift,  V.  1.  A 
movement  upward ;  in 
geology,  an  upheaval.  2. 
A  mental  or  moral  up- 
raising. 

u'pas,  yu'pas,  n.  A  tall 
tree,  of  the  island  of 
Java,  with  an  acrid 
milky,  poisonous  juice. 
[<  Malay  Xfuhri'ilpas., 
poisou'tree.] 

up-braid''',  up-bred', 
vt.  &  vi.    To  reproach; 

tlCCUSG 

up-hoi'ster,     up-hol'-  Upas-tree  or  Sack=tree. 
Stgr,    vt.     1.  To   fit,    as       a,  a  spray  of  leaves, 
furniture,  with  coverings,  cushioning,  etc.    2. 
To  provide  or  adorn  with  hangings,  curtains. 


etc.,  as  an  apartment.  [  <  uphold.] —up-hoF- 
ster-er,  ».— up-hol'ster-y,  n.  1.  Goods 
used  In  upholstering.  2.  The  act  or  business  of 
upholstering. 

up'land,  up'land.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
upland;  higher  in  situation.  II.  n.  The  higher 
portions  of  a  region,  district,  etc. 

up-on',  upon',  adv.  &  prep.  On. 

up'per,  up'gr.  I.  a.  Higher  than  something 
else.  II.  ?i.  1.  That  part  of  a  boot  or  shoe 
above  the  sole  and  welt.  2.  pi.  Gaiter-tops  for 
wearing  above  the  shoe.  [Compar.  of  up.]  — 
np'per-niost,  a.  1.  Highest  in  place,  rank, 
etc.    '2.  First  to  come  into  the  mind. 

up'right,  up'rait.  I.  a.  1.  Being  in  a  ver- 
tical position ;  erect.  2.  Just  and  honest.  II. 
n.  Something  having  a  vertical  position.  [< 
AS.  tipriht,  <  vp,  up,  -j-  riht,  right.J 

up-ri'sing,  n.  1.  The  act  of  rising.  2. 
Strong  excitement  on  the  part  of  many  people; 
revolt;  insurrection. 

up'roar,  up'rOr,  n.  Violent  disturbance  and 
noise;  tumult.  [<  D.  op,  up,  +  roeren,  stir.] 
— up-roar'i-ou8,  up-ror'i-us,  a.  Accompa- 
nied by  uproar,  especially  convivial  uproar. 

up-root''^,  up-rut',  vt.  To  tear  up  by  the  roots; 
eradicate;  destroy  utterly. 

up-set',  up-set'.  I.  vt.  1.  To  overturn.  2. 
To  greatly  discompose.  3 .  To  throw  into  con- 
fusion. 4.  To  shorten  and  thicken  (metal)  by 
hammering  or  by  pressure.  II.  n.  The  act 
of  upsetting,  or  state  of  being  upset. 

up'shot,  up'shet,  91.    The  final  outcome. 

up'side",  up'said",  n.  The  upper  side  or  part. 
—  upside  tlo^vn,  with  the  upper  side  down; 
hence,  in  disorder  or  confusion. 

up'=stairs".  I.  ;<.  The  upper  story.  II.  adv. 
Up  the  stairs. 

up'start",  up'stQrt'.  I.  a.  Suddenly  raised 
to  prominence,  wealth,  or  power;  pretentious. 
II.  n.  One  who  or  that  which  springs  up 
suddenly;  especially,  one  who  has  risen  sud- 
denly from  a  humble  position  to  consequence. 

up'ward,  up'ward,  a.  Turned  or  directed 
toward  a  higher  place.  [<  A^.  upweard,  < 
vp,  up,  +  -tveard,  -ward.] 

up'ward,    {adv.    1.  Toward  a  higher  place 

up'wards,  i  or  price.  2.  In  excess;  more. 
3.  Toward  that  which  is  better  or  nobler. 

u"ra-nog'ra-pliy,  yii" [or  u'']ra-neg'ra-fi,  n. 
Descriptive  astronomy.  [  <  Gr.  onranos,  heav- 
en, -f   -GRAPHY.] 

U'ra-nus,  yu'[or  u']ra-nu8,  n.  1.  Gr.  Myth. 
The  son  and  husband  of  Gtea  (Ge)  and  father 
of  the  Titans  and  the  Cyclopes.  2.  Astron. 
A  planet,  the  outermost  of  the  solar  system 
except  Neptune.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Ouranos,  <  oura- 
nos,  heaven.]  —  u-ra'ni-um,  yu-re'ni-um  or 
u-rg'nl-um,  n.    A  heavy  white  metallic  element. 

ur'ban,  ur'ban,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  city; 
situated  or  dwelling  in  a  city.    [<  L.  vrbanns; 

see  URBANE.] 

ur-bane',  ur-ben',  a.  Characterized  by  civil- 
ity or  refinement;  polite;  suave.  [<  L.  V)'- 
banvs,  of  a  city,  <  urbs,  city.]— ur-ban'i-ty,  7i. 

ur'cliin,  ur'chin,  n.  1.  A  roguish,  mischie- 
vous boy.  2.  A  hedgehog.  3.  A  sea»urchin. 
[  <  L.OF'enc/'Ws  ( <  er),  hedgehog.] 

-ure.  A  substantive  ending  found  In  nouns  deno- 
ting action,  or  the  product  or  result  of  action, 
and  usually  attached  to  the  past-partlclple  stem; 


flutlflre    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);   ©II;    c   (k);    chat;   dli   (.the);   go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


urge 
vacillate 


494 


as,  cincture,  i)icture.  [  =  F.  -ure,<  L.  -ura,  fem. 
substantive  ending.] 

urge, urj,  vt.  [urged;  ur'ging.]  1.  To  drive; 
impel.  2.  To  press  earnestly  the  doing  or  con- 
sideration of,  etc.  3.  To  hasten;  hurry.  [< 
h.  vrr/eo,  press.]  —  ur'gen-cy,  n.  —  ur'gent, 
a.    Pressing:  imperative;  importunate. 

u'rine,  yfi'rm,  n.  A  pale»yellow  fluid  secreted 
from  the  blood  by  the  liidneys.  [F.,  <  L. 
vrina.]  —  u'ri-nal,  n.  A  fixture  used  in  uri- 
nating, or  a  place  provided  with  such  appliances. 

—  u'ri-na-ry,  a. 

urn,  urn,  n.  1 .  A  rounded  or  angular  vase  hav- 
ing a  foot.  2.  Avase-shaped 
receptacle,  as  for  a  dead 
body  or  its  ashes.  [<  F. 
ume^  <  L.  urna,  <  vro, 
burn.] 

ur^sine,  xir'sin,  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  like  a  bear. 

u'rns,  yil'rus  or  u'rus,  n.  An 
extinct  wild  ox. 

US,  OS,  vron.  The  objective 
case  plural  of  the  personal 
pronoan  of  the  first  person. 
I  <  AS.  us.] 

use,  yuz,  v.   [used;  u'sing.] 

1.  ^    1.  To  make  use  of. 

2.  To  put  into  practise  3.  xjrn  with  Pedestal. 
To  treat.    4.  To  accustom. 

II.  i.  To  be  accustomed.— u'sa-bl(e,  yii'za-bl, 
a.  Such  as  can  be  used.—  u'sagre,  yu'zgj, «.  1 . 
The  manner  of  using  or  treating  a  person  or 
thing.  3.  A  custom.— u'ser,  n. 
use,  yiis,  n.  1.  The  act  of  using;  application 
to  an  end.  2.  Serviceableness.  3.  Necessity. 
4.  Custom.  [<  OF.  ns,<  L.  U8U8,<  usus,  pp. 
of  utor,  use.]  —  use'ful,  yus'ful,  a.  Serving  a 
use  or  purpose;  beneficial.*  -ly,  adv.    -ness,  «. 

—  use'less,  yus'les,  a.    Being  of  no  use. 
ush.'er,  ush'gr.    I.  vt.  To  attend  as  an  usher; 

introduce.  II.  n.  1.  One  who  acts  as  door- 
keeper, conducts  persons  to  seats,  etc.  2. 
[Eng.]  Anunder  teacher  in  a  school.  [<  L.^f 
ostiariiis,  <  ostium,  door.] 

u'su-al,  yii'zhu-al,  a.  Such  as  occurs  in  the 
ordinary  course  of  events;  frequent;  common. 
[<  hJ  usualis,  <  urns,  use.]     -ly,  adv. 

u'su-flruct,  yii'ziu-f  ruct,  n.  The  right  of  using 
the  property  of  another  without  wasting  its  sub- 
stance.   [<  L.  usus.,  use,  4-  fi^uctus,  fruit.] 


U-surp",  yu-ziJrp',  vt.  To  seize  and  hojd  with- 
out right;  take  or  assume  arrogantly.     [<  L.^ 
usuriw,  use,  <  usvs,  use,  +  rapio,  seize.] 
—  u^'sur-pa'tion,  7?.— u-siirp'er,  n. 

U'su-ry,  yu'zhu-ri,  n.  [-RiESSp/.]  The  taking 
of  a  rate  of  interest  beyond  what  is  allowed 
by  law;  originally,  interest  in  general.  [< 
L.OF  usura,  <  vsiis,  use.]  —  u'su-rer,  ??.  One 
who  practises  usury.—  u-su^ri-ous,  yu-zhQ'ri- 
us,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  usury. 

-ute,  suffix.  A  suffix  of  Latin  origin  used  to  form 
(1)  adjectives,  asabsoh^^e,  destitute,  and  (2)  verbs, 
as  constit?<«e.    [<  L.  -utus,  pp.  suffix.] 

u-ten'sil,  yfi-ten'sil,  n.  A  thing  serving  a 
useful  purpose;  usually,  an  implement  or  vessel 
for  domestic  or  farming  use.     [<  L.*^^  utemile, 

<  utensilis,  fit  for  use,  <  ufor,  use.] 
u'te-rus,  yii'te-rus,  n.    [-ri,  -rai  o?'  -rl,  pi.] 

The  womb.     [L.] 

u-til'i-ty,  yu-til'i-ti,  w.    [-tiess  pi.]    Fitness 

.  for  some  desirable  practical  purpose;  service- 
ableness. [<  Ij.*^  utilitas,  <  ntilis,  useful,  < 
?/tor,  use.]  — u-tiF'i-taM-an,  a.  Relating  to 
utility;  especially,  placing  utility  above  beauty  or 
the  amenities  of  life.— u-tiPize,  vt.  [-ized;  -i"- 
ziNG.]    To  make  useful  or  serviceable. 

upmost,  nt'most.  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  highest  de- 
gree or  the  largest  amount.  2.  Most  remote; 
last.  11.  n.  1.  The  greatest  possible  extent. 
2.  The  extreme  boundary.  [<  AS.  ut,  out, + 
-mest,  -MOST.] 

U-to'pi-a,  yu-tO'pi-a,  n.  An  imaginary  island, 
the  seat  of  an  ideally  perfect  social  and  politic- 
al life;  any  state  of  ideal  perfection.  [<  Gr. 
mi,  not,  -f  fopos,  place.^— U-ttJ'pi.aii,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  like  Utopia;  ideal. 

ut'ter,  ut'gr,  vt.  1.  To  give  out  or  send  forth 
with  audible  sound.  2.  To  say  publicly;  put  in 
circulation.     [<  AS.  utian,  put  out,  <  ut,  out.] 

ut'ter,  a.  Absolute;  total;  unqualified.  [<  AS. 
iltera,  compar.  of  ut,  out.]  —  ut'ter-Iy,  adv.— 
ut'ter-most,  a.  &  n.    Same  as  utmost. 

ut'ter-ance,  ut'gr-ans,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
uttering;  vocal  expression.  2.  A  thing  uttered 
or  expressed. 

u'vu-la,  yu'viu-la,  n.  The  pendent  fleshy  por- 
tion of  the  soft  palate.    [<  L.  uva,  grape.] 

ux-o'ri-ous,  ux-o'ri-us,  a.  Extravagantly  or 
foolishly  devoted  to  one's  wife.    [  <  L.  uxorius, 

<  uxor,  wife.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


V.  V,  vt,  n.  [VEES,  "V'8,  or  Fe,  viz,  pi.]  A 
letter :  the  twentysecond  in  the  English 
alphabet. 

va'oant,  vS'cant,  a.  1.  Containing  or  holding 
nothing;  empty.  2.  Not  occupied;  unem- 
ployed. 8.  Without  thought  or  expression; 
vague;  expregsionless;  dull.  [F.,  <  L.  ra- 
can(t-)it,  ppr.  of  raco,  be  empty.]  — va'can-ov, 
n.  ]-<iEH«.  pi.]  1.  The  state  of  being  vacant. 
11.  Kmpty  Hpiu-e;  a  gap.- va'rant-ly,  adr.— 
varn^lion,  71.  1.  An  Intermission;  Interval  of 
■ome  length,  aa  for  recreation,  a.  The  act  of 
vaoatlDg. 


va'oate,  vg'ket,  r.  [va'ca"ted<>;  va'ca'ting.] 
I.  /.  1.  To  make  vacant.  2.  To  set  aside; 
annul.    II.  i.    To  give  up;  quit;  leave. 

vac'cin(e,  vac'sin.  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
cows.  2.  Pertaining  to Qowpox.  II.  n.  The 
virus  of  cowpox,  as  prepared  for  or  introduced 
by  vaccination.  [<  F.  vaccin,  <  L.  vaccinus, 
<  rarca,  cow.]  — vac/ci-nate,  rf.  [-na'ted''; 
-NA'TiNo.]  To  perform  the  operation  of  vacci- 
nation upon.— vac'Vi-na'tloii,  7i.  Inocula- 
tion with  cowpox  as  a  preventive  of  smallpox.— 
vac'rl-na^tor,  n. 

vao'll-Iate,  vas'l-iet,  vi.  [-la'tbd<»;  -la'tino.] 


papA,  98k;  at,  &ir;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  dh;  erat^r,  $r;  full,  rfile;  bnt,  Or; 


495 


vacuity 
vane 


To  fluctuate  in  mind;  be  irresolute;  waver.  [< 
h.vacUlatus,  pp.  of  vacillo,  waver.]  —  vac'al- 
la'tion,  71.  ,-,     .. 

va-cu'i-ty,  va-kiu'i-ti,  n.  [-ties*,  pi]  1. 
The  state  of  being  a  vacuum.  2.  Vacant  space; 
a  void.  3.  Idleness.  4.  Stupidity.  [<  L.*' 
vaciiUas,  <  vacuus,  empty.] 

vac'u-um,  vac'yu-um,  n.  [-ums*  or  -u-a,  pL] 
Theoretically,  a  space  absolutely  devoid  of 
matter  ;  ordinarily,  a  space  from  which  the 
air  has  been  exhausted  to  a  very  high  degree. 
[L.,  <  vacuus,  empty.] 

vag'a-'bond,  vag'a-bend.  I.  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  vagabond.  2.  Having  no  definite 
residence;  wandering.  3.  Aimless.  II.  n. 
One  who  wanders  idly  from  place  to  place; 
a  worthless  fellow;  tramp;  vagrant.  [F.,  < 
L.  vagabundus,  <  vagus,  wandering.] 

va-ga'ry,  va-ge'ri,  n.  [-ries*,  pQ  A  wild 
fancy;  extravagant  notion.  [<  L.  vagari,  inf. 
of  vago)\  wander.] 

va'grant,  ve'grant.  I.  a.  Wandering  about 
as  a  vagrant.  II.  n.  An  idle  wanderer; 
vagabond.  [<  L.o^  vagan{i-)s,  ppr.  of  vagor, 
wander.]  — va-'gran-cy,  7i.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  a  vagrant.— va'grant-ly,  adv. 

vague,  veg,  a.  1.  Lacking  definiteness  or 
precision;  indistinct;  ambiguous.  2.  Of  un- 
certain source.  3 .  Not  clearly  recognized.  [F. , 
<  L.  vagus,  wandering.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  w. 

vail,  V.  &  n.    Same  as  veil. 

vain,  ven,  a.  1.  Elated  with  self -admiration ; 
greedy  of  applause.  2.  Giddy.  3.  Ostenta- 
tious; showy.  4.  Unproductive;  ineffectual; 
empty;  unreal.     [F.,  <  L.  vanus,  empty.] 

-ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.  —  vain''grlo'ry,  n. 
Glory  that  Is  vain  or  without  grounds;  also,  vain 
pomp.  —  vain'^glo'ri-ous,  a. 

vale,  vel,  n.    A  valley.     [<  L.^  vallis,  vale.] 

val'^e-dic'tion,  val"§-dic'shun,  n.  A  bid- 
ding farewell.  [<  L.  vale,  farewell,  +  dico, 
gay  J  —  val''e-dic-to'ri-an,  n.  One  who  de- 
livers a  valedictory.—  vaF'e-dic'to-ry.  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  leave-taking.  II.  m.  [-ries«, 
pi.]  A  parting  address,  as  by  a  member  (ordina- 
rily the  first  in  rank)  of  a  graduating  class. 

va'lence,  ve'lgns,  n.  The  combining  power 
of  chemical  elements  or  radicals.  [<  LL. 
valentia,  strength.]    va'len-cy$. 

val'en-tine,  varen-toin,  n.  1.  A  letter  or 
token  sent  on  St.  Valentine's  day  (Feb.  14),  as 
indicating  regard,  or  sometimes  ridicule.  2. 
A  sweetheart. 

va-Ie'ri-an,  va-lt'ri-an,  n.  An  Old  World 
perennial  herb  with  small  pink  or  white 
flowers  and  a  strong,  peculiar  odor;  also,  its 
root:  used  in  medicine.  [ant.     [F.] 

val'et,  val'et,  n.     A  gentleman's  body-serv- 

val''e-tu''di-na'ri-an,var'e-tiii"di-ne'ri-an. 
I,  a.  Seeking  to  recover  health;  infirm.  II. 
n.  A  chronic  invalid.  val''e-tu'di-na-ry:j:. 
[<  L.  valetudinai'ius,  <  valetudo,  health.] 

val'iant,  val'yant,  a.  1.  Strong  and  intrepid; 
brave.  2.  Heroic.  [<  L.^  valen{t-)s,  ppr.  of 
valeo,  be  strong.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

val-'id,  val'id,  a.  Based  on  evidence  that  can 
be  supported;  sound;  just.  [<  L.^  validus,  < 
valeo,  be  strong.]  —  va-lid'i-ty ,  n. 

va-lise',  va-lis',  n.  A  portable  receptacle  for 
clothes  and  toilet-articles;  traveling-bag.   [F.] 


vaFley,  val'g,  n.  1.  A  depression  of  the 
earth's  surface,  as  one  through  which  a  stream 
flows;  level  or  low  land  between  hills.  2. 
Arch.  The  gutter  or  angle  formed  b^  the 
meeting  of  two  roof-slopes.  [<  F.  vallee,  < 
vol,  <  L.  vallis,  vale,  valley.] 

val'or,  val'Qr,  n.  Intrepid  courage;  personal 
bravery.  [<  LL.of  valor,  <  L.  valeo,  be 
strong.]  —  val'or-ous,  val'gr-us,  a.  Coura- 
geous; valiant,    -ly,  adv. 

val'ue,  val'yu.  I.  vt.  [val'ued;  val'u-ing.] 
1.  To  assess;  appraise.  2.  To  have  in  high 
esteem;  prize.  3.  To  take  into  account.  II. 
n.  1.  Intrinsic  worth;  utility.  2.  The  market 
price.  3.  Esteem;  regard.  [OF.,  ult.  <  L' 
valeo,  be  strong.]  —  val'u-a-bl(e,  val'yu-a-bl. 
I.  a.  Having  value;  costly;  worthy.  II.  n.  A 
thing  of  worth  or  value.— val'^u-a'tion,  val'- 
yu-e'shun,  n.  l.The  act  of  valuing,  ij.  Ap- 
praisement.—TaFue-less,  a. 

valv(e,  valv,  n.  1.  Any  contrivance  or  arrange- 
ment that  opens  a  passage  to 
permit  the  flow  of  a  liquid  or 
gas  in  one  direction,  and  closes 
against  its  return,  etc.  2§. 
One  of  a  pair  of  folding  doors. 
[F.,  <  L.  valva,  leaf  of  a  door.] 
—  valv'ate,  a.  1.  Serving 
as  a  valve.  2.  Having  a  valve. 
—  valv'u-lar,  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  valve. 

vanxp,  vamp.  I',  vt.  1.  To 
provide  with  a  vamp.  2.  To 
repair.  II.  n.  1.  The  piece 
of  leather  forming  the  upper  valves  of  Veins, 
front  part  of  a  boot  or  shoe.  2.  i.  a  venous 
Something  added  to  give  an  old  trunk  cut  open 
thing  a  new  appearance.  [<  above  to  show  two 
F.  amnt'pied,  fore  part  of  the  p^"'^  %  Y^^^l 
foot.]-vanip/er,w.  l^Sd  open  to  show 

vam'pire,  vam'pair,  n.  1.  A  the  valves  dosed 
fabulous  ghostly  being  that  (a,  V)  and  open 
sucks  the  blood  of  the  living  ('''  '*^- 
while  they  sleep.  2.  One  who  preys  upon  his 
fellow  men.  3.  A  large  blood-sucking  bat  of 
South  or  Central  America.  [F.,  <  Serv.  vam- 
jnr,  vampire.] 

vani,  van,  n.  A  large  covered  wagon  or  other 
vehicle  for  removing  furniture,  transporting 
goods,  or  the  like;  a  caravan.  [Short  for  car- 
avan.] 

van^,  n.    A  vanguard;  the  front;  advance. 

van3,  71.  A  fan;  winnowlng-machine.  [F.,  <  L. 
vaniius,  fan.]  [barbarous. 

van'dal,  van'dal,  a.     Being  a  vandal;  hence, 

Van'dal,  n.    1.  One  of  a 
Teutonic  race  that  in  the 
5th  century  ravaged   Gaul 
and  pillaged  Rome.    2.  [v-] 
Hence,  a  ruthless  plunderer; 
wilful  destroyer  of  what  * 
beautiful  or  artistic. —  Van- 
dal'ic,  van-dal'ic,  a.    Per- 
taining to  the  Vandals.—  van'dal- 
ism,    van'dal-izm,    7i.     The    acts 
or  spirit  of  the  Vandals;  wilful  de- 
struction of  artistic  works. 

vane,  ven,  n,.  1 .  A  thin  plate,  piv- 
oted out  of  center,  on  a  vertical 
rod,  to  indicate  the  direction  of  the 
wind.     2.  An  arm  or  blade,  as  of  a  windmill. 


Vane. 


flut|fire    (future);   aisle;   au   (out);    ©11;   c   (k);    chat;   dh   (the);  go;  sing,  ink;   thin. 


vang 
vault 


496 


propeller,  etc.    3.  The  shaft  and  barbs  of  a 
feather.    [<  AS./atia,  flag.] 

vang,  vang,  n.  Naut.  One  of  two  guy-ropes 
running  from  the  end  of  a  gaff  to  the  deck  to 
steady  the  peak.  [<  D.  vang^  =  AS.  fang; 
see  FANG.] 

van'guard'',  van'gflrd",  n.  The  advance* 
guard  of  an  army;  the  van.  [<  F.  avanU 
garde,  <  avant,  before,  +  garde,  guard.] 

va-nil'la,  va-nil'a,  n.  A  tall»climbing  or- 
chid having  large  fra- 
grant flowers  and  a 
fruit  known  as  the  va- 
nillasbean;  also,  the 
fruit,  or  an  extract  pre- 
pared from  it.  [<  Sp. 
Tainilla.] 

van'isliS  van'ish,  vi. 
To  disappear  from 
sight;  fade  away;  de- 
part; disappear.  [<  L. 
vanesco,  <  vanus,  empty.] 

van'i-ty,  van'i-ti,  n.    [-tiess  pi.] 

1.  The  condition  or  character  of 
being  vain;  shallow  pride;  con- 
ceit; ostentation;  show.  2.  That 
which  is  vain  or  unsubstantial. 
[<  F.  vanite,  <  L.  vanitas,  < 
vanus,  empty.]  A  Flowering 

van'quisllS  va^'cwish,  vt.  1.  Branch  of 
To  subdue,  as  in  battle;  conquer.       vamlia. 

2.  To  confute.     [<   F.  vaincre,      «.  apod- 
pret.  vainquu,  <  L.  vinco,  conquer.] 

van'tage,  van'tyj,  n.  Superiority  over  a  com- 
petitor; advantage. 

vap'id,  vap'id,  a.  Having  lost  sparkling 
quality  and  flavor;  flat;  dull;  insipid.  [<  L. 
rapidns,  insipid.]  — va-pld'l-ty,  n.  vap'id- 
nesst.— vap'id-Iy,  adv. 

va'por,  ve'per.  In.  vt.  &  H.  To  vaporize; 
emit  vapor.  II.  ?).  1.  Moisture  in  the  air; 
especially,  visible  floating  moisture.  2.  The 
gaseous  form  of  a  substance  that  is  normally 
solid  or  liquid.  3.  That  which  is  fleeting  and 
unsubstantial.  [<  L.^  vamr,  steam.]  va'- 
pour^.  —  va'por-Ize,  va'por-lse,  ve'p§r-aiz, 
vt.  &  vl.  [-IZED,  -isED;  -I'ziNG,  -I'siNG.]  To  Con- 
vert or  be  converted  Into  vapor.— va'por-oiis, 
vf'pgr-U8,  a.  1,  Of  or  like  vapor;  misty;  ethe- 
real. *i.  Full  of  vapors.  3.  Hypochondriac 
va'por-yt.  [Sp.J 

va-que'ro,  va-kC'rO,  n.   A  herdsman,  or  cowboy. 

va'ri-a-bl(e,v6'ri-a-bl.  I.  a.  1.  Alterable; 
mutable.  2.  Not  constant.  II.  ».  1.  That 
which  varies  or  is  liable  to  change.  2.  Math. 
A  quantity  susceptible  of  continuous  change  of 
value.  [F.,  <  L.'-i- r«n?/.«,  .various.] —va'rl- 
a-bl(e-ncHM.  n.  va''rl-a-bil'l-ty}.— va'- 
ri-a-bly,  adv. 

va'ri-ant,  vC'ri-ant.  I.  a.  1.  Having  or 
showing  variation:  v^irying;  variable;  flckle. 
II.  n.  A  thing  that  difl'ers  from  another  in 
form  only;  a  variant  form  of  the  same  word; 
in  the  usage  of  this  Dictionary,  a  word  or 
pliraw?  of  the  same  meaning.  [F.,  <  L.  va- 
H«/<(/-)a,  j)pr.  of  rario,  vary.]  —  va'ri-ance,  n. 
The  act  of  viiryliiff,  or  tlie  Htatc  of  hcliiff  variant; 
hence,  dlBHciiBinn;  discord. —  \-a''rl-a'tloii,  vO"- 
rl-f-'Hhim,  n.  \ ,  The  act,  process,  state,  or  result 
of  varying:  modification;  diversity.  2.  The  ex- 
tent to  which  a  thlUK  varies.     3,    (7ram.  Inflec- 


tion.   4.  Mus.  Change  of  tunc  or  melody  with 
fanciful  embellishments. 

var'i-cose'',  var'i-cos",  a.  Abnormally  dilated 
or  contorted,  as  veins.  [<  L.  varicosns,  < 
varix,  dilation.] 

va'ri-e-gate,  ve'ri-g-get,  'vt.  [-ga"tkd'';  -ga"- 
TiNG.]  To  diversify  with  different  colors  or 
tints;  dapple;  spot;  streak.  [<  L.^^  varins, 
various,  4- a<70,  make.]  —  va'''ri.e-ga''tion,  ??. 

va-ri'et-y,  va-rai'et-i,  w.  [-IEs^7;/.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  varied;  diversity.  2.  A  col- 
lection of  diverse  things.  3.  A  limited  class 
of  things  that  differ  in  some  respects  from  a 
larger  class  to  which  they  belong.  [<  L.^  ta- 
7i€ta(t-)s,  <  varhis,  various.] 

va-ri'o-la,  va-rai'o-la  or  -ri'o-la,  ?j.  Small- 
pox. [LL.]  —  va'ri-o-loid,  ve'ri-o-leid  or  var'- 
i-o-leld.  I,  a.  Resembling  smallpox.  II,  w.  A 
mild  form  of  smallpox. 

va'ri-ous,  ve'ri-us,  a.  1.  Characteristically 
different  from  one  another;  diverse.  2.  Sev- 
eral. 3.  Many*sided;  changeable;  inconstant. 
4.  Variegated.  [<L.varius,\ariou8.]  -ly, adv. 

var-let,  vQr'let,  n.  A  low  menial  or  subordi- 
nate: formerly,  a  page  preparing  to  be  a  squire. 
[<  OF.  varlet,  valet.] 

var'nisli,  vQr'nish.  I',  vt.  1.  To  cover,  as 
a  surface,  with  varnish.  2.  To  give  a  super- 
ficial polish  to;  gloss  over.  II.  n.  A  solution 
of  certain  gums  or  resins  in  alcohol,  linseed* 
oil,  etc.,  used  to  produce  a  shining,  transparent 
coat  on  a  surface;  superficial  polish.  [Ult.  < 
L.  vitrinus,  glassy.] 

va'ry,  ve'ri  or  ver'ii  vt.  &  vi.  {va'ried;  va'- 
RY-iNG.]  1.  To  change  partially;  make  differ- 
ent; diversify- be  altered;  differ.  2.  To  devi- 
ate; depart.     [<  L.^  vafi^,  <  varim,  various.] 

vase,  ves  or  v<5z,  n.  An  urn«like  vessel,  usu- 
ally of  circular  section,  with  a  bulging  body 
supported  by  a  base:  generally  ornamental. 
[F.,  <  L.  vas.,  vessel.] 

vas'el-in(e,  vas'el-in,  n.  A  fatty  substance 
obtained  from  petroleum.  [<  G.  wasser, 
water,  -f  Gr.  elaion,  olive-oil.] 

vas^sal,  vas'al,  n.  One  who  held  land  of  a 
superior  lord  by  a  feudal  tenure;  a  retainer; 
slave;  bondman;  servant.  [F.,  ult.  <  W. 
gzva^,  servant.]  —  vas'sal-age,  n.  Servitude 
in  general;  slavery. 

vast,  vgst,  a.    Of  great  extent  or  degree;  very 
large,  numerous,  or  important.     [<  L.*"  vas- 
<«*,  waste.]  -ly,  adv. 
-nes»,  n. 

vat,  vat,  n.  A  large 
vessel,  tub,  or  cistern, 
especially  for  holding 
liquids.  [<  AS. /set, 
vat.] 

Vat'i-can,  vat'i-can, 
71.  1.  The  palace  of 
the  popes  in  Rome. 
2.  The  papal  govern- 
ment. [<  L.  T'fl^i- 
canus,   Vatican   hill, 

vaudeville,    vnd'-      Hemispherical  Vault, 
vil. ;/.    1.  A  miscellaneous  theatrical  entertain- 
nuMit.    2.  A  topical  song;  street  ballad.     [F.]  . 

vaults  vSlt.  I<*.  vt.  To  form  with  a  vaulted 
roof.     II.  n.     1.   An  arched  apartment  or 


papa,  Qsk;  at,  fiir;  el©m$nt,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  |,  fi  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  nr; 


497 


vault 
ventilate 


chamber;  also,  a  subterranean  compartment; 
cellar.  2.  An  arched  structure;  arched  ceiling 
or  roof.     [<  OF.  vdte,  voute,  <  volt,  arched.] 

vaults,  velt.  I<i.  vt.  &  vi.  To  leap,  especially 
with  the  aid  of  a  pole  or  by  resting  the  hands. 
II.  n.  A  springing  leap,  as  one  made  with  the 
aid  of  a  pole.     [<  F.  volte,  wheel  ] 

vaunt,  vQnt  or  vent.  F.  vt.  &  vi.  To  speak 
of  boastfully;  boast;  exult;  glory.  II.  71. 
Boastful  assertion  or  ostentatious  display.  [< 
OF.  vanter,  <  L.^l  vanus,  empty.] 

veal,  vTl,  n.  The  flesh  of  a  calf  considered  as 
food.     [<0¥.veel{¥.veau),c&\f.'\ 

ve-d.ette',v§-det',«.  Mil.  A  mounted  sentinel 
in  advance  of  an  outpost.     [F.]    vi-d.ette''+. 

veer,  vir,  vt.  &  vi.  To  change  direction  more  or 
less  gradually,  as  the  wind ;  be  variable  or  fickle. 
[<  F.  virer,  turn,  <  h.^^  vinse,  bracelets.] 

veg'e-ta-'bl(e,vej'§-ta-bl.  I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  vegetables.  Tl.  n.  1.  The  edible  part  of 
a  garden  plant.  2.  In  the  scientific  sense,  a 
plant.  [0F.,<  LL.  vegetabilis,  animating.]  — 
veg''e-ta'ri-an,  vej"e-te'rl-an.  I.  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  or  advocating  vegetarianism.  -Z. 
Exclusively  vegetable,  as  a  diet.  II.  n.  One 
who  holds  or  practises  vegetarianism.— vegr'^e- 
ta^ri-an-isin,  n.  The  theory  that  man's  food 
should  be  exclusively  vegetable. 

veg'e-tate,  vej'g-tet,  vi.  [-ta'ted"*;  -ta"- 
TiNG.]  1.  To  grow,  as  a  plant.  2.  To  live 
in  a  monotonous,  passive  way.  [  <  LL.  vege- 
tatus,  pp. of  vegeto,  quicken.]  —  veg'^e-ta'tion, 
n.  1.  The  process  of  vegetating.  3.  Plant»llfe 
in  the  aggregate.  —  veg'e-ta-tivCe,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  producing  plant»llfe. 

ve'Tie-ment,  vl'he-mgnt,  a.  1.  Arising  from 
or  marked  by  impetuosity  of  feeling  or  passion ; 
ardent.  2.  Acting  with  great  force  or  energy; 
energetic;  violent;  furious.  [OF.,  <  L.  ve- 
hemen{t-)s,  impetuous,  perhaps  <  vehx),  carry, 
4-  menit-)s,  mind.]  -ly,  adv.—  ve'he-mence, 
vl'he-mens,  71.    ve^he-inen'^cyt. 

ve'lii-cl(e,  vi'hi-cl,  71.    That  in  or  on  which 
anything  is  carried;  a  conveyance,  as  a  wagon, 
car,  or  sled.   [<  L.^  vehiculum,  <  veho,  carry.] 
—  ve-hic'u-lar,  a. 

veil,  vel.  I.  vt.  To  cover  with  a  veil;  hide; 
disguise.  II.  n.  1.  A  piece  of  thin  and  light 
fabric,  worn  over  the  face  or  head  for  conceal- 
ment, protection,  or  ornament.  2.  A  screen; 
curtain.  3.  A  disguise;  pretext.  [<  OF.  veile, 
<  L.  velum,  <  veho,  carry.]    vail^. 

vein,  ven.  I.  vt.  To  furnish,  traverse,  or  fill 
with  veins.  II.  71.  1.  One  of  the  muscular 
tubular  vessels  that  convey  blood  to  the  heart; 
loosely,  any  blood-vessel.  2.  One  of  the  ribs 
of  an  insect's  wing,  or  of  a  leaf.  3.  A  mineral 
seam  or  a  bed  of  ore.  4.  A  long  irregular  col- 
ored streak,  as  in  wood.  5.  A  distinctive  trait; 
humor;  mood.     [<  \i^  vena,  blood»vessel.] 

vellum,  vel'um,  «. 
Fine  parchment,  or  a 
manuscript  written 
on  it.  [<  F.  velin,  < 
L.i-L  vitulus,  calf.] 

ve-loc'i-pede,  ve- 
les'i-pld,  n.  An  early 
form     of     bicycle     or 

^LS^feycir^L':     velocipede  Of  .SI 
velox  (veloc-),  swift,  -f  pe(d-)s,  foot.] 


ve-loc'i-ty,  ve-les'i-ti,  71.  [-tiess  pi.]  1. 
The  state  of  moving  swiftly;  rapid  motion; 
celerity.  2.  Rate  of  motion.  [kL.^  velocita{t-)s, 
<  velox,  swift.] 

vel'vet,  vel'v§t.  I.  a.  1.  Made  of  velvet. 
2.  Smooth;  velvety.  II.  w.  A  fabric,  properly 
of  silk,  closely  woven  and  having  on  one  side  a> 
thick,  short,  smooth  nap.  [0F.,<  L.^  villus, 
shaggy  hair.]  —  vel^'vet-een',  71.  A  fabric 
Imitating  silk  velvet.  —  vel'vet-y,  a.  Like  vel- 
vet; smooth  and  soft. 

ve'nali,  vT'nal,  a.  Ready  to  sell  honor  or 
principle;  mercenary;  purchasable.  [OF.,  < 
L.  venalis,  <  venu7n,  sale.]  —  ve-iiaPi-ty,  71. 

ve'nal2||,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  veins;  venous. 
—  ve-na'tion,  11.    Arrangement  of  veins. 

vend.<i,  vend,  vt.  To  dispose  of;  sell;  carry  about 
and  offer  for  sale.  [<  L.*"  vendo,  sell,  <  ve- 
7iU7n,  sale,  -|-  do,  give.]  —  vend'er,  n.  One 
who  vends;  a  pedler;  hawker,  veiid'ort.— 
vend'i-bl(e.  I.  a.  Marketable.  II.  71.  A 
thing  exposed  for  sale.  — ven-diie',  n.  A  pub- 
lic sale  at  auction.  [feud.    [It.] 

ven-det'ta,  ven-det'a,  71.    Private  warfare  or 

ve-neer',  v§-nir'.  l.vt.  1 .  To  cover  (a  sur- 
face) with  veneers.  2.  To  conceal,  as  some- 
thing disagreeable,  with  a  sujierflcial  polish. 
II.  n.  A  thin  layer,  as  of  choice  wood,  upon 
a  commoner  surface;  mere  outside  show  or  ele- 
gance. [<  OF.«/owr•?^^r,furni8h.]— ve-iieer'- 
in^,  M.  1.  The  art  of  applying  veneer.  2.  Ma- 
terial used  for  veneers. 

ven'er-a-bl(e,  ven'gr-a-bl,  a.  1.  Meriting  or 
commanding  veneration.  2.  Exciting  reveren- 
tial feelings.  [OF.,  <  L.  ve7ierabilis,  <  vener07\ 
revere.]  —  ven'er-ate,  vt.  [-a"ted<1;  -a"ting.] 
To  look  upon  or  regard  with  honor  and  defer- 
ence; revere.  — ven^er-a'tion,  11.  The  act 
of  venerating;  profound  reverence. —  ven'er- 
a^'tor,  71. 

ven"e-sec'tion,  ven'g-sec'shun,  n.  The  op- 
eration of  opening  a  vein  for  drawing  off  blood. 
[<  L.  ve7ia,  VEIN,  -\-  seco,  cut.] 

venge'ance,  venj'ans,  n.  1.  The  infliction 
of  a  deserved  penalty;  retributive  punishment. 
2.  Revenge.  [F.,  <  venger,  <  L.  vindico, 
avenge,  revenge.]  —  venge'ful,  a.  Prone  to 
Inflict  vengeance. 

ve'ni-al,  vi'ni-al,  a.  That  may  be  pardoned, 
overlooked,  or  tolerated;  excusable.  [OF.,  < 
L.i^  venia,  pardon.]  —  ve''ni-aPi-ty,  n.  ve'- 
ni-al-nesst,- ve'ni-al-ly,  aAv. 

ven'i-soja,  ven'zn,  71.  The  flesh  of  deer  or,  for 
merly,  of  any  edible  game.  [  <  F.  veTiaison,  < 
L.  venatio{n-),  <  veno7%  hunt.] 

ven'oxn,  ven'um,  w.  1.  The  poisonous  fluid 
that  certain  animals,  as  serpents  and  scorpions, 
secrete.  2.  Malignity;  spite.  [<  0¥.  veni7n, 
F.  venin,  <  h.  venemim,  poison.] —ven'om- 
0U8,  a.  1,  Secreting  venom;  noxious.  2.  Work- 
ing harm;  baneful;  malignant. 

ve'nous,  vl'nus,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
veins.  2.  Marked  with  or  having  veins.  [< 
L.  ve7iosus,  <  vena,  vein.] 

vent,  vent.  1'^.  vt.  To  permit  to  escape  at 
a  vent;  let  out;  emit.  II.  n.  1.  An  opening, 
commonly  small,  for  the  passage  of  something, 
as  air;  hence,  an  outlet  of  any  kind.  2.  Utter- 
ance.   [<  F.fenfe,  <fend7'e,  <  \j.fi7\d0,  split.] 

ven'ti-late,  ven'ti-let,  7',t.  [-la'ted'';  -la"- 
TiNG.]     1.  To  admit  fresh  air  into;  purify.    2. 


flflt|Ore  (future);    aisle; 


(owt);   ell;   c   (k"^;    cliat;    dli   {th^);   go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


ventral 
verse 


498 


To  expose' to  examination  and  discussion.  [  < 
L.  ventUatus,  pp.  of  ventilo,  fan.]— ven'^ti-la'- 
tion,  «.— ven'ti-la''tor,  ii.  A  device  or 
opening  for  supplying  fresh  air. 

ven'tral,  ven'tral,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  situated 
on  the  abdomen  or  the  front  surface  of  any  or- 
gan.    [F.,<  LL.  centralis,  <  L.  venter,  belly.] 

ven'tri-cl(e,  ven'tri-cl,  n.  Any  cavity  of  a 
hollow  organ,  as  of  the  brain ;  especially,  one  of 
the  two  chambers  of  the  heart,  from  which 
blood  is  forced  into  the  arteries.  [  <  L.^  ventric- 
uhis,  dim.  of  venter,  belly.]— ven-tric'u-lar,  a. 

ven-tril'o-quism,  ven-tril'o-cwizm,  n.  The 
act  or  practise  of  speaking,  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  sounds  seem  to  come  from  some  source 
other  than  the  person  speaking.  [<  L.  venter, 
belly,  -f  loquor,  speak.]  ven-triro-quy:^. 
—  Ten-tril'o-quist,  n.  —  ven-tril'o- 
quize,  tt. 

ven'ture,  ven'chnr  or  -ti^r.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[ven'tured;  ven'tur-ing.]  To  hazard;  risk; 
dare.  II.  n.  1.  A  hazard;  risk.  2.  A  busi- 
ness speculation.  3.  Property  risked.— ven'- 
ture-soine,  a.  1.  Bold;  daring.  '^.Involving 
hazard.— ven'tur-ou8,  a.    Adventurous. 

ven'ue,  ven'iu,  n.  Law.  The  place  where  a 
crime  is  committed  or  in  which  atrial  or  action 
is  held.    [OF.,  <  L.  venio,  come.] 

Ve'nus,  vl'nus,  w.  1.  Myth.  The  Roman  god- 
dess of  love.  2.  The  second  planet  from  the 
sun.     [L.,  personification  of  venus,  love.] 

ve-ra'cious,  v§-re'shus,  a.  1.  Truthful.  2. 
Conforming  to  or  expressing  truth;  true.  [< 
L.  vei'ox  iverac-),  <  veruK,  true.]  -ly,  adv.— 
ve-rac'i-ty,  n.  Habitual  regard  for  truth; 
truthfulness;  truth. 

ve-ran'da,  v§-ran'da,  n.  An  open  portico 
along  the  side  of  a  building.  [  <  Hind,  varandd, 
<   O.  Sp.  varanda.]    ve-ran^dalit. 

verb,  vgrb,  n.  That  part  of  speech  which  as- 
serts, declares,  or  predicates  something.  [< 
L.*'  verbum,  word.]  —  ver'bal,  a.  1 .  Pertaining 
to  words  rather  than  the  ideas  they  convey.  3. 
Uttered  by  the  mouth;  not  written;  oral.  3.  Cor- 
responding word  for  word;  literal.  4.  Grain. 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  a  verb.  —  ver'- 
bal«ly,  adv.—  \er-ha.'tlm,  adv.  In  the  exact 
words;  word  for  word.—  ver'bi-aiJre,  n.  Use  of 
unnecessary  words;  superabundance  of  words.  — 
ver-bose',  «.  Employing  an  unnecessary  num- 
ber of  words;  wordy;  prolix.— ver-bos'i-ty,  n. 

ver-be'na,  v^r-Wna,  n.  An  Amer- 
ican plant  having  dense  terminal 
spikes  of  showy  flowers.  [  <  L.  ver- 
bena, sacred  bough.] 

ver^dant,  vfr'dant,  a.     1.  Green 
with  vegetation;  fresh.   2.  LGolloq.] 
Immature;  unsophisticated.     [<  F. 
verdoyer,  ppr.  verdoyant, 
grow  green.]    -ly,  adv. — 
ver'dan-ry,  n. 

verd"=an-tiaue',  vj;rd"- 
an-lic',n.  1.  .Xn  ornamen- 
tal stone,  usually  grwn  or 
green-mottled .  2 .  A  green 
coating  on  ancient  bronzes. 
[  <  OF.  verd  antique,  an-  _  ,  ^, 

clent  irroen  1  Leaves  and  Flowers 

ver"diSt!  ver'dict,  n.     1.      ^^erben'a"'"""'"'' 
The  decision  of  a  jury  upon 
an  issue.    2.  A  decision  or  conclusion.    [OF., 


<  LL.  veredictum,  <  L.  vej^e,  truly,  -\-  dictum, 
saying.] 

ver'di-g^ris,  vgr'di-grts,  n.  The  green  rust 
of  copper,  or  a  green  crystallized  substance 
obtained  from  copper:  used  as  a  pigment,  etc. 
[<  OF.  verd  de  gris,  lit.  Greek  green.] 

ver'dure,  vgr'jur  or  vgr'diyr,  n.  The  fresh 
greenness  of  tlirifty  vegetation,  or  such  vege- 
tation itself.     [F.] 

verge,  vgrj,  vi.     To  come  near;  approach; 

'  border.     [<  L.  vergo,  incline.] 

verge,  «.  1.  The  extreme  edge;  margin.  2. 
A  bounding  or  enclosing  line.  3.  A  stick  or 
rod,  especially  as  a  wand  or  staff.  [F.,  <  L. 
virga,  twig.] — ver''ger,  n.  An  officer  who 
carries  a  wand;  usher  in  charge  of  a  church. 

ver'i-fy,  ver'i-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -ft'ing.]  1. 
To  prove  to  be  true;  substantiate;  confirm. 
2.  To  authenticate.  [<  L.i^+o^  verus,  true, 
-\-facio,  make.]  —  ver''i-fl-ca'tion,  n. 

ver'i-ly,  ver'i-li,  adv.  In  truth;  beyond  all 
doubt;  assuredly;  really. 

ver'^i-sim'i-lar,  ver"i-6im'i-lar,  a.    Appear- 

*  ing  or  seeming  to  be  true;  likely.  [<lj.vervm, 
truth,  4-  similis,  lilie.]  —  ver'^i-si-miPi-tude, 
n.    Appearance  of  trutn  or  reality. 

ver'i-ty,  ver'i-ti,  n.  [-ties^,  pi.]  1.  The 
quality  of  being  correct  or  true.  2.  A  true 
statement;  a  truth.  [<  L.^  verita{t-)s,  truth,  < 
verus,  true.] — ver'i.ta-bl(e,  a.  Genuine; 
true;  real.— ver'i-ta-bly,  adv. 

ver'juice,  vgr'jus,  n.  1.  Tlie  sour  juice  of 
green  fruit.  2.  Sharpness  or  sourness;  acidity. 
[<  OF.  verd,  green,  -\-jus,  brotb,  juice.] 

vermi-.  A  combining  form.  [<  L.  vermis, 
w  orm.]  — ver'^mi-cel'Ii,  vgr'nii-sel'l  or  ver'mi- 
chel'l,  n.  A  paste  made  into  slender  pipes  resem- 
bling worms.— ver-iiiic'u-lar,  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  worm.  ii.  Resembling  the  tracks  of  a 
worm;  vermiculate.  —  ver-inic'u-late,  ver- 
mlc'yu-lfit,  V.  [-LA'TEDd;  -la"tixg.]  I.  t.  To 
adorn  with  tracery  simulating  the  tracks  of 
worms.  II.  i.  To  become  worm«eaten.— ver- 
niic'u-late,  a.  1 .  Worm-llke  or  covered  with 
worm.llke  markings.  »i.  Worm»eaten.— ver'- 
ini-fiiKe,  n.  Any  remedy  that  destrov-s  In- 
testinal worms.— ver-niiv'o-rou8,  a.  Eating 
worms  or  grubs. 

ver-mirion,  vgr-mil'yun,  n.  1.  A  brilliant 
durable  red  pigment.  2.  The  color  of  this 
pigment.     [<  F.  vermilion,  a  bright  red.] 

ver'min,  vgr'min,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  A  noxious 
or  troublesome  small  animal,  as  one  of  certain 
insects,  rats,  mice,  etc.,  or  such  animals  col- 
lectively.      [<  L.P  vermis,  worm.] 

ver-nac'u-lar,  vgr-nac'yu-lar.  I.  a.  Origi- 
nating in  or  belonging  to  one's  native  land;  m- 
digenous;  local.  11.  n.  One's  mother-tongue. 
[<  L.  vernacidus,  <  vema,  home-born  slave.] 

veronal,  vgr'nal,  a.  Belonging  to  spring; 
also,  pertaining  to  youth.  [F.,  <  LL.  veimalis, 

<  L.  ver,  spring.] 

ver'sa-til(e,  vgr'sa-til,  a.  1.  Having  an 
aptitude  for  new  occupations.  2.  Inconstant. 
[F.,  <  L.  versatilis,  <  verso,  turn.]  —  ver'^sa- 
lil'i-ty,  n.    ver'sa-tiKe-iiessI:. 

verse,  vgrs,  n.  1.  In  poetry,  a  number  of 
feet  written  in  one  line.  2.  A  stanza.  3. 
Metrical  compositi(m.  4.  One  of  the  short 
divisions  of  a  chapter  in  the  Bible.  [<  AS. 
fers,  =  F.  vers,  <  L.  verms,  <  verto  (pp.  vei'sm). 


papA,  98k;  at,  &lr;  element,  thdy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  «b;  erat^r,  «r;  full,  rule;  but,  vr; 


499 


versed 
vicar 


turn.]  — ver'8i-cl(e,  vgr'si-cl,  n.  A  little  verse. 
— ver'si-fy,  ».  [-fied; -fy"ing.1  I.  t.  1.  To 
change  from  prose  into  verse.  3.  To  narrate 
(something)  in  verse.     II.  i.     To  write  poetry. 

—  ver'"8i-fi -caption,  n, 

versed,  vgrst,  a.  Thorougli  acquainted  with  a 
subject  or  art;  proficient. 

ver'sion,  vgr'shun,  n.  1.  A  translation,  or 
translating.  2.  A  description  of  something  as 
modified  by  the  relator.  [F.,  <  L.^  versiis, 
pp.  of  ve7'to,  turn.] 

ver'sus,  vgr'sus,  p?'ep.    Laiv.    Against.     [L.] 

ver 'te-bra,  ver't§-bra,  n.  [-br^,  -bri  or  -bre, 
2)1.]  One  of  the  segmented  portions  of  the 
spinal  column.  [<  L.  vertebra,  joint.]  —  ver'- 
te-bral,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  vertebra.  2. 
Having  vertebrae.— ver'te-brate.  I.  a.  Hav- 
ing a  back'bone  or  spinal  column.  II.  n.  A 
vertebrate  animal;  an  animal  with  a  back»bone. 

—  ver'te-bra'^ted,  a.    Having  vertebrae. 
ver'tex,  vgr'tex,  n.    [ver'tex-es,  -ez;  ver'ti- 

CES,  -siz  or  -ces,  j9^.]    The  highest  point  of 

anything;  apex;  top.     [L.,  <  verto,  turn.]  — 

ver'ti-cal.     I.  a.     1.  Occupying  a  position 

directly  above;  being  at  the  highest  point.    2. 

Perpendicular;  upright.    3.  Anat.  Pertaining  to 

the  vertex  of  the  head.    II.  «.    A  vertical  Ime, 

plane,  or  circle. 
ver'ti-go,  vgr'ti-go  or  vgr-tai'[or  -ti']gO,  n.  A 

feeling  of  dizziness;    swimming  of  the  head; 

giddiness.     [L.,  <  mi'to,  turn.] 
ver'y,  ver'i.     I.  a.     [ver'i-er  ;  ver'i-est.] 

Real;  actual;  true;  same.    II.  adv.    In  a  high 

degree;  extremely.     [<  F.  'vrai,  <  L.  verax, 

<  verus,  true.] 
ves'i-cl(e,  ves'i-cl,  n.     Any  small   bladder* 

like  cavity,  cell,  or  cyst.     [<  L.  vesicula,  dim. 

of  vesica,  bladder.] — ve-slc'u-lar,  a.  ve-slc''- 

u-latet. 
ves'per,  ves'pgr.     I.  a.     Pertaining  to  the 

evening  or  to  the  service  of  vespers.    II.  n. 

1.  pi.    The  evening  services  of  prayer  or  song. 

2.  [V-]  Venus  when  an  evening  star.  3.  A 
vesper'bell.  [<  OF.  vespre  (<  L.  vesjjer), 
evening  star.] 

ves'sel,  ves'el,  n.  1.  A  hollow -receptacle, 
especially  one  capable  of  holding  a  liquid.  2. 
A  ship  or  craft  designed  to  float  on  the  water. 

3.  Anat.  &  Zool.  A  duct  or  canal  for  fluid. 
[OF.,  <  L.  vascellum,  dim.  of  vas,  vase.] 

vest'*,  vest,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  endow  as  with 
authority;  invest.  2.  To  confer  ownership  of. 
II.  i.  1.  To  clothe  oneself  with  vestments. 
2.  To  take  effect,  as  a  title.  [<  OF.  vestir,  < 
L.  vestio,  <  vestis,  garment.]  —  vested,  pa. 

1.  Having  vestments;  robed.  2.  Law.  Held  by 
a  tenure  subject  to  no  contingency. 

vest,  n.  1.  A  short  sleeveless  jacket;  waist- 
coat. 2.  One  of  various  minor  garments; 
clothing;  vesture.  [<  F.  veste,  <  L.  vestis, 
garment.]  —  vest'ment,  n.  An  article  of  dress; 
clothing;  particularly,  a  robe  of  state.—  ves'- 
try,  ves'trl,  n.  [vEs'TRiEssi,  pl.'\  1,  A  room 
where  vestments  are  put  on  or  kept.  2.  A  room 
attached  to  a  church;  chapel.  3.  A  body  adminis- 
tering the  affairs  of  the  parish.— ves'try-man, 
n.  A  member  of  a  vestry.—  ves'ture,  ves'chur 
or  -tlur,  n.  Something  that  invests  or  covers; 
garments;  clothing;  a  robe. 

ves'tal,  ves'tal.   I.  a.   1.  Pertaining  to  Vesta. 

2.  Suitable  for  a  vestal  or  a  nun.  II.  n.  1. 
Eom.  Antiq.  One  of  the  virgin  priestesses  of 


Crown 
Vetch. 


Vesta.  2.  A  virgin;  nun.  [<  L.  Vestalis,  < 
Vesta,  Vesta.] 
ves'ti-bule,  ves'ti-biQl,  n.  1.  A  small  ante- 
chamber. 2.  An  enclosed  entrance  to  a  rail- 
way passenger^car.  3.  A  porch;  entrance. 
[F.,  <  L.  vestibulum,  <  ve-,  apart,  -i-statmlum; 

see  STABLE,  71.'] 

ves'tige,  ves'tij,  n.  A  visible  trace  or  im- 
pression; originally,  a  foot » print;  track.     [F., 

<  L.  vestigium,  footstep.] 

vetch.,  vech,  n.    An  annual  plant  of  the  bean 
family,  with  a  climbing  stem 
2  to  3  feet  long.    [  <  F.  vesce., 

<  L.  vicia,  vetch.] 
vet'er-an,  vet'gr-an.   I.  a. 

1.  Old  in  service.  2.  Be- 
longing to  a  veteran.  II.  n. 
One  long  trained  or  exercised 
in  any  service :  said  especial- 
ly of  an  old  soldier.  [<  L. 
veteramis,  <  vetus  (veter-), 
old.] 

vet'er-i-na-ry,  vet'gr-i-ng- 
ri,  a.  Pertaining  to  diseases 
or  injuries  of  domestic  animals,  as  the  horse, 
and  their  treatment.  [<  L.  Tete?'inarius,  < 
veterina,  beast  of  burden.] 

ve'to,  vi'tO.  I.  vt.  To  refuse  executive  ap- 
proval to  (a  bill  passed  by  a  legislative  body). 
II.  71.  [ve'toes^,  pL]  1.  The  act  of  refusing 
to  approve  a  legislative  enactment,  as  by  a 
chier  executive.  2.  Any  authoritative  pro- 
hibition.    [L.,  I  forbid.] 

vex*,  vex,  vt.    1.  To  provoke;  irritate;  annoy. 

2.  To  afl^ict.  3.  To  agitate;  disturb.  [<  F. 
vexer,  <  L.  vexo,  shake!]  —  vex-a'tion,  vex-e'- 
shun,  n.  1 .  The  act  of  vexing,  or  the  state  of 
being  vexed.  3.  That  which  vexes.— vex-a'- 
tious,  a.  1.  Beingasourceof  vexation;  trouble- 
some. 2.  Full  of  vexation.   -\y,adv.   -ness,  n. 

vi'a,  vai'a  or  vi'a.  I,  n.  [vi'^,  vai'l  or  vl'e, 
pl.'\  A  Roman  highway.  Jl.prep.  By  way  of : 
said  of  the  route  traveled  over  or  any  place 
passed  through.    [L-] 

vi'a-duct,  vai'a-duct,  ti.  A  bridge^like  struc- 
ture, especially  a 
large  one  of  arched 
masonry,  to  carry 
a  roadway  or  the 
like  over  a  valley 
or  ravine.  [<  L.^^^^ 
via,  way,  -(-  duc- 
tus, a  leading.] 

vi'al,  vai'al,  n.  A 
small  bottle,  com- 
monly of  glass  and 
cylindrical.  [<  F. 
fiole,  <  Gv.^phiele,  shallow  cup.]     phi'al:}:. 

vi'and,  vai'and,  n.  An  article  of  food,  espe- 
cially meat;  in  the  plural,  victuals;  provisions; 
food.     [<  F.  viande.] 

vi'brate,  vai'bret,  vt.  &  vi.  [vi'bra'ted'*; 
vi'bra"ting.]  To  put  in  vibration;  move  or 
swing  back  and  forth,  as  a  pendulum;  oscil- 
late; to  fluctuate;  vacillate.  [<  L.  vibrattis, 
pp.  of  wbro,  brandish.]  —  vl-bra'tion,  n.  1. 
The  act  of  vibrating:  oscillation.  2.  A  com- 
plete rapid  motion  back  and  forth.— Ti'bra- 
to-ry,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  causing  vibration. 

vic'ar,  vic'ar,  w.      One  who  is  authorized  to 


Viaduct. 


fiut|Qre   (future);   aisle;   au  (out);   eil;   c   (k);    claat;   dli  (^^e);   go;  sing,  i^k;   thin. 


vicarious 
vindicate 


500 


perform  functions,  especially  religions  ones, 
m  the  stead  of  another;  a  parish  priest  or 
perpetual  curate.  [  <  L.''  vicarivs,  vicarious.] 
—  vic'ar-atre,  n.  1.  The  benefice,  office,  or 
duties  of  a  vicar.    2.  A  vicar's  residence. 

vi-ca'ri-ou8,  vai-ke'ri-us,  a.  1.  Made  or 
performed  by  substitution.  2.  Filling  the 
office  of  or  acting  for  another.  3.  Belonging 
to  a  vicar.  [<  L.  vicainus,  <  vicis,  gen,  of 
H'ix,  change.]    -ly,  adv. 

vicei,  vais,  n.  1.  Depravity;  gross  immorality. 

2.  Something  that  mars;  a  defect.  3.  A  bad 
trick,  as  of  a  horse.     [F.,  <  L.  vitium,  fault.] 

vice2,  n.    Same  as  vise. 

vi'ce,  vcu'sl  or  vl'c§,  prep.  Instead  of;  in  the 
place  of.     [L.,  abl.  ot  *t;ix,  change.] 

vice-«  vols,  prefix.  Substitute;  subordinate;  sub-; 
second.  L<  L.  vice.  Instead  of,  <  *vix,  change.] 
— vice'sad'^mir-al,  vals'-ad"mi-ral,  n.  A  na- 
val officer  next  in  rank  after  an  admiral.— Tice- 
jje'rent,  vals-jl'rent.  I.  a.  Acting  in  the  place 
of  another.  II.  n".  One  duly  authorized  to  exer- 
cise the  powers  of  another ;  a  deputy ;  vicar.— 
v.spresidency,  n.  The  office  or  term  of  vlce» 
president.— v.spresident,  n.  One  who  Is  to 
act,  on  occasion,  In  place  of  a  president,  —  vice- 
re'gal,  a.  Of  or  relating  to  a  viceroy.—  vice'- 
roy,  n.  A  ruler  acting  with  royal  authority  in 
the  place  of  the  sovereign. 

vi'ce  ver'sa,  vai'si  vgr'sa  or  vt'ce  vgr'sa. 
The  order  or  relation  of  terms  being  reversed. 
[L.;  17(76 (see  vice-);  versa.,  fem.  of  versus,  pp. 
of  ve7'to.,  turn.] 

vic'i-nage,   vis'i-ng^,   n.      1.    Neighboring 

E laces  collectively;  vicinity.  2.  The  state  of 
eing  a  neighbor.  [<  F.  voisinage,  <  voisin, 
near.]  —  vl-cin'i-ty,  n.  1.  Nearness;  prox- 
imity. 2.  That  which  is  near  or  not  remote; 
neighborhood. 
vi'cious,  vish'us,  a.  1.  Addicted  to  vice; 
depraved;  wicked.    2.  Morally  injurious;  evil. 

3.  Unruly;  faulty;  malignant.  [OF.,  <  L. 
vitiosns,  <  vithim,  fault.]    -ly,  adv.  -ness,  w. 

vi-cis'si-tude,  vi-sis'i-tiiid,  n.  A  change, 
as  of  fortune;  mutation.  [<  L.  vicissitudo, 
<  vicis.,  gen.  of  *vix,  change.] 

vic'tim,  vic'tira,  n.  1.  A  living  creature 
sacrificed  or  subjected  to  injury,  pain,  or 
death.  2.  A  sufferer  from  any  disease.  3. 
One  who  is  swindled;  a  dupe.  [<  L.*"  victima, 
beast  for  sacrifice,  <  vincio,  bind.] 

vic'tor,  vic'tgr,  n.  1.  One  who  vanquishes 
an  enemy;  a  conqueror.  2.  One  who  is  suc- 
cessful in  any  struggle.  [L.,  <  vinco.,  pp. 
victun,  conquer,] 

vic'to-ry,  vic'to-ri,  n.  [iuess  ;>Z.]  1.  The 
state  of  oeing  a  victor.  2.  The  overcoming  of 
an  enemy  or  of  opposition  or  difticulty.  [< 
L.^  victoria,  <  victor;  seevicTou.]  —  vlc-to'- 
rl-ouM,  a.  1.  Conquering;  triumphant.  2. 
Bringing  victory,    -ly,  adv.    -ucss,  n. 

Victual,  vit'l,    I.  rt.  &  vi.    [vict'ualed  or 

VICT'UAI.LED  ;     VICT'UAL-INO     Or     VICT'UAI.- 

LiNo.]  To  furnish  or  store  with  victuals.  II. 
n.  pi.  Food  for  human  beings,  as  prepared  for 
eating.    [<  L.^-^^  victus,  food.] 

vi'de,  vQl'dt  or  vl'di*,  v.  See:  used  to  make  a 
reforcnco;  as.  tHde  p.  86.  [L.,  Imper.  of  video,  see.  J 

vi-deri-cet,  vl-del'i  set,  adv.  To  wit;  name- 
ly: abbreviated  viz.  [L.,  <  videre  licet:  videre, 
Inf.  of  video,  see;  licet,  It  is  permitted.] 

vl-dette'«  n.   Same  as  vedkttk. 


vie,  vai,  vi.  [vied;  vt'ing.]  To  strive  for 
superiority.  [Contr.  form  <  OF.  envier,  <  L. 
invito,  invite.] 

view,  viii.  I.  vt.  To  look  at  scrutinizingly; 
inspect;  also,  to  see.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of 
viewing  or  seeing;  survey.  2.  Mental  ex- 
amination. 3.  Range  of  vision.  4.  A  spec- 
tacle; landscape.  5.  Intention.  6.  Opinion; 
notion.  [<  F.  vue,  <  vu,  pp.  ol  voir,  see,  < 
L.  video,  see.]  —  view'er,  /?.  — view'less,  a. 
Invisible;  unseen. 

vig'il,  vij'il,  n.  1.  The  act  of  keeping  awake; 
watchfulness.  2.  Religious  devotions  on  the 
eve  of  any  holy  day.  3.  Nocturnal  devotions: 
usually  plural.  [<  Y.vigile,  <  1,.  vigilia,  < 
vigil,  awake.]  —  vig'i-lance,  n.  Alertness; 
watchfulness.— vigr'i-lant,  a.  Being  awake 
and  on  the  alert  to  discover  and  ward  off  danger; 
watchful;  heedful,    -ly,  adv. 

vign-ette',  vin-yet',  w.  1.  A  running  orna- 
ment of  leaves  and  tendrils.  2.  An  engraving, 
drawing,  or  the  like,  having  a  background  that 
is  shaded  off  gradually.  [F.,  dim.  of  vigne, 
vine.] 

vig'or,  vig'gr,  n.  1.  Active  strength  or  force, 
physical  or  mental.  2.  Forcible  exertion  of 
strength;  energy.  [<  L.*"  vigoi',  <  vigeo, 
thrive.] — vig'or-ous,  a.  1.  Full  of  vigor; 
robust.  3.  Pertaining  to  vigor,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  n. 

vile,  vail,  a.  [vi'ler;  vi'lest.]  1.  Shame- 
fully wicked;  sinful;  also,  disgusting.  2. 
Mean;  objectionable.  [<  F.  vu,  <  L.  vilis, 
worthless.]  -ly,  adv.  -ness,  n.—  viPi-fy,  v. 
[-FIED;  -FY'iNG.]  I,  t.  1,  To  defame;  slander, 
2.  To  make  base  or  vile;  degrade.  II.  /.  To 
indulge  In  defamation.— vil''i-fi-ca'tion,  n. 

vil^a,  vil'a,  w.  An  elegant  country  house.  [It., 
<  L.  villa,  dim.  of  vicus,  village.] 

village,  vil'§j,  n.  A  collection  of  houses 
smaller  than  a  town;  also,  its  inhabitants  col- 
lectively, [F.,  <  L.  vUlaticiis,  <  villa;  see 
VILLA.]  —  vlPla-ger,  n. 

viriain,  vil'§n,  n.  1.  A  basely  wicked  per- 
son; vile  scoundrel.  2.  Formerly,  a  feudal 
serf;  farm^servant,  [<  F.vilaiti,  serf,  <  LL. 
villanns,  <  L.  villa;  see  villa.]  —  vil'laln- 
ous,  a.  1.  Having  the  nature  of  a  villain,  tj. 
Marked  by  extreme  depravity.— vil'laiii-y,  n. 
1,  Moral  depravity.  2.  Conduct  or  purpose 
befitting  a  villain. 

vil'len-age,    I  vil'§n-§j,  n.     Old  Enq.  Law. 

vil'lein-age,  f  1.  The  state  or  condition  of 
a  villain  or  serf.    2.  The  tenure 
by  which  villains  held  land. 

vil'lous,  vil'ns,  a.  Covered 
with  short  soft  hairs;  nappy. 
[  <  L.  villosKs,  <  villus,  shaggy 
hair.]    villoset. 

Tim,  vim,  n.  Force  or  vigor;  ener- 

fry; spirit.  [L.. ace. of tu-v, power.] 
n"ai-grette',    vin'g-grct', 
n.     An  ornamental  smelling- 
bottle.     [F.,  <  vinaigre;  see 
vinegar.] 
vln'di-cate,    vin'di-k^t,    vt. 
[-CA'TEi)'*;  -CA'TiNG.]    To  as- 
sert  or  defend  against  anything 
that  attacks;  maintain  snccess-    vinaigrette, 
fully,  as  right;  justify.    [<  L,  vindicatus,  pp. 
id.]  — vln"di.ca'llon, 


of  vindico,  claim,  defenc 


popfl,  gek;  at,  ftlr;  el^mfint,  th«y,  usfge;  It,  %,  f  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  »r;  full,  rille;  biit.  Or; 


501 


vindictive 
viscous 


n.  Justification;  defense.—  viu'di-ca''tiv(e, 
a.  Contributing  to  vindication.—  vin'di-ca''- 
tor,  ?i.— vin'di-ca-to''ry,  a. 

vin-d.ic'tiv(.e,  vin-dic'tiv,  a.  Having  a  re- 
vengeful spirit;  pertaining  to  revenge,  -ly, 
adv.    -nesSf  n. 

vine,  vain,  w.  1.  Any  plant  having  a  slender, 
weak  stem  that  may  clasp  or  twine  about  a  sup- 
port. 2.  A  grape-vine.  [OF.,  <  L.  vifiea, 
vine, vineyard.] — vi'ner-y,  vai'ngr-i,  ?i.  [-ies% 
pi.}  1.  A  grapery.  2.  Vines  In  general.— viiie'- 
yard,  vln'yard,  n.  A  large  collection  of  culti- 
vated grape=vlnes.— vi'noiis,  vol'nus,  a.  Per- 
taining to  wine;  wIne*producIng. 

vin'e-gar ,  vin'§-gar,  n.  1 .  An  acid  liquid  ob- 
tained from  an  alcoholic  liquid;  a  sour  fer- 
ment: used  as  a  condiment  and  as  a  preserva- 
tive. 2.  Anything  sour.  [<  Y.vinaigre,  < 
vin,  wine,  -f-  aigre.,  sharp.] 

vint'age,  vint'gj,  n.  1.  The  yield  of  a  vine- 
yard or  wine'=growing  district.  2.  The  harvest- 
ing of  a  vineyard.—  vint'a-ger,  n .  A  harvester 
of  grapes.— vint'iier,  n.    A  wlne«merchant. 

vi'ol,  vai'gl,  n.  A  stringed  instrument  of  the 
violin  class.  [<  OF.  viole,  <  L.^-^viMo7%  keep 
holiday.]  —  vi'o-Ia,  vai'o-la  or  vi-O'la,  n.  A 
stringed  Instrument  somewhat  larger  than  the 
violin.  — vi'ol-ist,  n. 

vi'o-late,  vai'o-let,  vt.    [-la'ted^;  -la'ting.] 

I.  To  break  or  infringe,  as  a  law  or  an  oath; 
transgress.  2.  To  treat  irreverently.  3.  To 
do  violence  to;  ravish.  [<  L.  violatus,  pp.  of 
t'iolo,  <  vis,  force.]  —  vi'o-la-bl(e,  a.  That 
may  be  violated. —  vi'^o-la'tioii,  «.  —  vi'o- 
la-tiv(e,    a.  —  vi'D-la^'tor,  «. 

vi'o-lent,  vai'o-lgnt,  a.  1.  Marked  by  great 
physical  force-  forcible.  2.  Caused  by  in- 
tensely excited  feeling.  3.  Marked  by  imjust 
exercise  of  force;  severe.  [F.,  <  L.  violentus, 
<  vis,  strength.]  -ly,  a^v.  —  vi'o-lence,  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  violent;  violent 
exercise  of  force;  injury;  outrage. 

vi'o-let,  vai'o-let.    I.  a.  Of  the  color  of  violet. 

II.  n.  1.  A  low=growing  plant,  bearing  flow- 
ers typically  of  a  purplish  blue  color. "  2.  A 
color  seen  at  the  end  of  the  spectrum,  opposite 
the  red,  beyond  the  blue.  [OF.,  dim.  <  L. 
viola,  violet.] 

vi"o-lin',  vai"o-lin',  w.     1.  A  musical  instru- 


Parts  of  the  Modern  Violin. 
1.  Front  view  of  a  Stradivarius.  2.  Back  view  of  a 
Guarnerius.  3.  Violin=bow.  a,  scroll;  b,  pegsbox;  c, 
pegs;  d,  finger-board;  e,  neck;/,  button;  g,  belly;  h, 
back;  k,  shoulder;  I,  waist:  m,  one  of  the  bouts;  n, 
bridge;  o,  sound=hole;  p,  tail=piece;  r,  taiUpin. 

ment  of  the  viol  class,  having  four  strings.    2. 

A  violinist.  [<  It.  violino,  dim.  of  viola,  viol.] 

—  vf  o-liii'ist,  n.     One  who  plays  on  the 

violin. 

vi'^o-Ion-cel'lo,    vi"o-len-chel'lo   or  vai"- 


o-len-sel'O,  7i.      A  bass  violin    having  four 

strings.  [It.]  cel'loj.— vi^'o-lon-cePhst,  7i. 
vi'per,  vai'pgr,  n.    1.  A  venomous  Old  World 

snake;  adder;  also,  some  similar 

dangerous  snake.    2.  A  venom- 
ous, malicious  person.     [< 

L.^vipera,  <  vivus,  alive,  + 

pario,  bear.]  —  vi'per-infe, 

«.- vi'per-ous,  a. 

Having  the  qualities 

of  a  viper;  venomous; 

malicious. 
vi-ra'go,    vai-re'- 

go   or    vi-rQ.'g5,    n. 

[-GOES,  ;>;.]     A  tur- 
bulent   woman;    vixen 

[L.,  <  vir,  man.] 
vir'gin,  vgr'jin.     I.  a. 

1.  Pertaining  or  suited  to  a  vir 

gin;  maidenly;  chaste.    2.  Un- 

corrupted;   pure.     3.  Untried; 

new;  maiden.    II.  n.    A  chaste 

unmarried  woman;  a  maiden. 

[ <  L.OF  Virgo  {virgin-),  virgin  ]    „,;,;P?/:„ 

ty,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  vir- 
gin; maidenhood. 

vir'il(e,  vir'il,  a.    Having  the 
characteristics  of  mature  manhood ;  masculine. 
[<  Ij.^  virilio,  <  vir,  man.]  —  vi-ril'l-ty,  n. 

vir-tu',  vir-tii',  n.  Rare,  curious,  or  beauti- 
ful quality:  generally  in  the  phrase  objects  or 
articles  of  virtu.  [<  It.  virtu,  =  F.  vertu; 
see  VIRTUE.] 

vir'tue,  vgr'chu  w  -tiu,  n.  1.  Moral  excel- 
lence; virtuousness.  2.  Abstinence  from  vice; 
morality;  chastity.  3.  Any  admirable  quality. 
[<  F.  vertu,  <  L.  virtus,  <  vir,  man.]  — 
vir'tu-al,  ver'chu-al  or  -tlu-al,  a.  Being  in 
effect,  but  not  In  form  or  appearance,  -ly,  adv. 
—  vir'tu-oiis,  a.  Characterized  by  or  "having 
the  nature  of  virtue,    -ly,  adv.    -iiess,  n. 

vi'rus,  vdi'rus  or  vl'rus,  n.  A  morbid  poison 
that  is  the  medium  for  communicating  infec- 
tious disease;  figuratively,  a  moral  taint  or 
mental  bitterness.  [L.,  poison.]  —  vir'u-lence, 
n.  vir'u-Ien-cyt.  —  vir'ii-lent,  vir'u-lent, 
a.  1.  Manifesting  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
virus.    2.  Malignant.— vir'u-lent-ly,  adv. 

vis'age,  viz'gj,  n.  The  face  or  look  of  a  per- 
son; distinctive  aspect.     [F.,  <  L.  t7S?<5,  look.] 

—  vis'aged,  a. 

vis^'sasvis',  vlz"=a»vi'.  I.  n.  One  of  two  per- 
sons or  things  that  face  each  other.  II.  adv. 
Visage  to  visage;  face  to  face.    [F.] 

vis'ce-ra,  vis'sg-ra  or  -ce-ra,  n.pl.  The  or- 
gans of  the  great  cavities  of  the  body;  espe- 
cially the  intestines.  [L.  pi.  of  viscus,  internal 
organ  ] —  vis'cer-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
enclosing  the  viscera.     *i.  Abdominal. 

vis'cid,  vis'sid,  a.  Sticky  or  adhesive;  vis- 
cous. [<lAj.viscidus,  <  L.  mseww,  mistletoe.] 

—  vis-cid'i-ty,  n. 

vis'count",  vai'caunt",  n.  1.  In  England, 
a  title  of  nobility  between  earl  and  baron.  2. 
In  continental  Europe,  the  son  or  younger 
brother  of  a  count.  [<  OF.  visconte,  <  LL. 
vicecomes,  <  L.  vice  (see  vice-)  +  comes;  see 
couNT^.]  —  vis'counf'ess,  n. 

vis'cous,  vis'cus,  a.  1.  Glutinous;  sticky.  2. 
ImperfectljL  fluid,  as  tar  or  wax.  [<  LL.  vis- 
cosus,  <  L.  viscum,  birdlime.]  — vis-cos'i-ty,  n. 


fiut|fire   (future);    aisle;    au    (out);   oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dli   (the);   go;    sing:,    ink;   tlii 


vise 
voice 


502 


vise,  vois,  n.     A  clamping  device  consisting 
usually  of  two  jaws  made  to  be 
closed  togetlier  by  a  screw  or  the 
like.      [<  OF.  vis,  screw, 
<  L.  vitis,  vine.]    vice$. 

vis'i-bl(e, viz'i-bl,  a.  Per- 
ceivable by  the  eye:  per- 
ceptible; evident.     [F.,  < 


Vise. 


LL.  lisibilis,  <  L.  vims;  see  vision.]  — vis'^i- 
vis'i-bKe-nesst.— vis'i-l 


•biy, 


bil'i-ty 

adv. 

vi^sion,  vizh'un,  ?i.  1,  The  sense  of  sight; 
act  of  seeing.  2.  That  which  is  or  has  been 
seen.  3.  An  apparition;  dream;  fantasy;  spe- 
cifically, an  inspired  revelation.  4.  Some  pro- 
duction of  fancy  or  imagination.  [F.,  <  L. 
visio{n-),  <  visits,  pp.  of  video,  see.]  —  vi'sion- 
a-ry.  1.  a.  1.  Impracticable,  ti.  Dreamy; 
unpractical.  3.  Associated  with  apparitions, 
dreams,  etc.  II,  Ji.  [-ries»,j9Z.]  One  who  has 
visions;  a  dreamer. 

vis'it'',  viz'it,  I?.  I.  t.  1.  To  make  a  visit  to. 
2.  To  send  or  come  upon,  as  good  or  evil.  II. 
i.  To  call  or  make  calls.  [<  L.^  visito,  < 
viso,  behold.] 

vis'it,  n.  The  going  to  see  a  person,  place,  or 
thing;  sojourn  m  a  place  or  with  a  person;  a 
call  as  for  inspection  and  examination. —  vis'- 
it-aiit,  n.  A  visitor;  that  which  comes  and 
Ifoes  or  makes  a  transient  appearance.—  vis"- 
it-a'tion,  n.  1.  A  visit.  tJ,  A  dispensation. 
—  vis'it-or,  n. 

▼is'or,  11.    Same  as  vizob. 

vis'ta,  vis'ta,  n.  A  view  or  prospect,  as  when 
the  eye  is  directed  along  an  avenue;  an  out- 
look.    [It.] 

vis^u-al,  vizh'yu-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
serving  the  sense  of  sight.    2.  Visible.     [OF., 

<  LL.  visualis,  <  L.  visus,^  seen.]    -ly,  adv. 
vi'tal,  vai'tal,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to  organic  life. 

2.  Essential  to  life.     3.  Affecting  life.     [F., 

<  L.  vitalis,  <  vita,  life.]  — vi-tal'i-ty,  n. 
Vital  principle  or  force;  hence,  power  of  contin- 
uing in  force  or  effect.— vi'tal-Iy,  adii.—  M\f~ 
tals,  n.  pi.  The  vital  parts,  or  those  necessary 
to  life,  as  the  heart  and  brain. 

vi'ti-ate,  vish'i-et,  vt.     [-a"ted<';    -a'ting.] 
To  contaminate;  debase;  impair;  destroy.     [< 
L.  vltiatvs,  pp.  of  vilio,  <  viiium,  fault.] 
—  vF'ti-a'tion,  n. 

vit're-ous,  vit'r§-us,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
glass;  glassy.  2.  Obtained  from  glass.  [< 
L.  vitreu«,  <  vitrufti,  glass.]  vit're-ous- 
nessj.- vi-tre»'oence,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
coming vitreous.— vi-tres'cent,  a.  —  vit'ri- 
fy,  r.  I-FIEU;  -FY'iNO.]  I,  t.  To  fuse  Into  glass; 
ujake  vitreous;  glaze.  II.  i.  To  become  glass 
or  glassy. 

vit'ri-ol,  vit'ri-gl,  n.  1.  Sulfuric  acid,  origi- 
nally made  from  green  vitriol.  2.  Any  of  the 
salts  of  sulfuric  acid.  [F.,  <  LL.  viitiolum,  < 
L.  rifreus,  glass.]  —  blue  v.,  a  hydrous  copper 
sulfate.— greeu  v.,  copperas.- vit"ri-ol'ic, 
<t.  1.  Derived  from  a  vitriol.  "2,  Corrosive, 
burning,  or  caustic. 

vi-tu'per-ate,  val-tiQ'psr-6t  or  vi-tin'pfir-6t, 
vf.  [-A'TEU'i;  -A'TiNu.]  To  find  fault  with 
ubuBlvbly;  upbraid;  rail  at.  [<  L.  Hdiperatm, 
pp.  of  vittipero,  <  vitiittn,  fault,  -f  paio,  pre- 
pare.] —  vt>tu'^per-a'tion,  n.  —  vl-tu'per-a- 
tWCet  a.    Defamatory. 

vi«va'oious,   val-vfi'shuB  or  vl-vfi'shua,  a. 


Full  of  life  and  spirits;  lively;  active.  [<  L. 
vivax  (vivac-),  <  vivo,  live.]  —  vi-vac'i-ty,  n. 
[-TIESI,  pl.'\  The  state  of  being  vivacious; 
sprlghtllness.    vi-va'cious-nessj:. 

viv'id,  viv'id,  a.  1.  Having  an  appearance 
of  vigorous  life;  intense.  2.  Producing  lifelike 
imagery  or  suggestion.  [<  L.  vividns,<  vivo, 
live.]     -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

viv'l-fy,  viv'i-fai,  vt.  [-fied;  -fy'ing.]  To 
endue  with  life;  animate.  [<  L.^^*'^  vivvs, 
alive,  -\-facio,  make.]  —  vWi-fl-ca'tion,  n. 

vi-vip'a-rous,  vai-vip'a-rus,  a.  Bringing 
forth  living  young,  as  most  mammals.  [<  L.'-'' 
vivus,  alive,  -1-  jjatio,  bear.] 

viv^'i-sect'**,  viv"i-sect',  vt.  &  vi.  To  dissect 
(an  animal)  while  living.  [<  L.  vivns,  alive, 
+  seco,  cut.]  —  viv^'i-sec'tion,  n.  The  dissec- 
tion of  a  living  animal. 

vix'en,  vix'n,  n.  1 .  A  turbulent,  quarrelsome 
woman;  shrew.  2.  Afemalefox.  [<AS.Jixen, 
she  fox.]  —  vix'en-ish,  a.    vix'en-ly}:. 

vi-zier',  I  vi-ztr',  n.    A  high  official  in  a  Mo- 

vi-zir',     I  hammedan  country.  [<  Turk,  vezlr, 

<  At.  wazir,  counselor.] 

viz'or,  viz'§r,  n.    1.  A  projecting  piece  on  a 
cap.  2.  The  front  piece  of 
a  helmet.     [  <  F.  visiere, 

<  vis,  face.]     vis'orj. 
vo'ca-bl(e,  vo'ca-bl,  n. 

A  word,  or  a  vocal  sound. 
[F.,  <  L.  vocoMliim,  < 
voco,  call.]  —  vo-cab'u- 
la-ry, «.  I-eiessp?.]  1. 
A  list  of  words,  especially 
a  list  arranged  In  alpha- 
betical order,  tj.  An  ag- 
gregate of  words. 

vo'cal,  vO'cal,  a.  1.  Having  voice;  oral.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  voice;  uttered  or  modulated 
by  the  voice;  sonant.  [F.,  <  L.  vocalis,  sound- 
ing.] —  vo'cal-ist,  n.  A  singer,  especially  one 
of  cultivated  voice.—  vo-cal'i-ty,  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being,  vocal.— voVal-ize,  r.  [-ized  ; 
-I'ziNQ.]  I.  t.  1.  To  make  vocal.  2.  To  utter 
with  the  voice.  II.  i.  To  produce  .sounds  with 
the  voice,  as  in  singing.— vo'^'cal-i-za'tion, 
n.— vo'cal-ly,  adv. 

vo-ca'tion,  vo-ke'shun,  n.  A  stated  or  regu- 
lar occupation ;  a  calling.    [F.,  <  L.  vocatio{ti-), 

<  vocatus,  pp.  of  voco,  call.] 
voc'a-tiv(e,  vec'a-tiv.    I.  a.    Pertaining  to 

the  act  of  calling  ;  noting  the  case  of  a  noun, 
pronoun,  or  adjective  used  in  personal  address. 
II.  n.  Gram.  The  vocative  case.  [<  F. 
vocatif,  <  L.  vocafivvs,  <  voco,  call.] 

vo-cif'er-ate,  vo-sif'gr-et,  vt.  &  vi.  [-a"teu<>; 
-A"TiNG.]  To  utter  with  a  loud  and  ve- 
hement voice ;  exclaim  noisily.  [  <  L.  ro- 
ciferatus,  pp.  of  vodferar,  <  vox,  voice,  -\-fe)v, 
bear.]— vo-ciP'er-a'tlon, «.— vo-clPer-ou8,  a. 
Making  aloud  outcry;  clamorous,    -ly,  adv. 

vogue,  vOg,  n.  The  prevalent  W'ay  or  fashion; 
popular  temporary  usage.     [F.] 

voice,  veis.  I.  rt.  [voiced*;  voi'cing.]  1. 
To  put  into  speech.  2.  To  tune.  S.Mus.  To 
write  the  voice-parts  for.  II.  n.  1.  The  sound 
produced  by  the  vocal  organs  of  a  person  or  ani- 
mal. 2.  The  power  of  vocal  utterance.  3. 
Opinion  or  choke  expressed.  4.  The  form  of 
a  verb  that  expresses  or  indicates  the  relation 
of  the  subject  to  the  action  afllrmed  by  the 


A  Casque,  with  fixed 
VIzor  (rt)  and  mov- 
able Chln»plece  (6). 


popA,  9sk;  at,  &ir;  elf m^Qt,  th6y,  ub^;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  dh;  orator,  Sr;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


503 


void 
vow 


verb,  as  active  or  passive.  [<  F.  voix,  <  L.  vox 
(WC-),  voice.]  —  voiced,  a.  Having  a  voice; 
expressed  by  voice.— voice'less,  a. 

void,  veid.  I*^.  ft.  1.  To  render  of  no  validity 
or  effect;  annul.  2.  To  send  out;  emit;  evacu- 
ate. II.  a.  1.  Not  occupied  by  matter; 
empty.  3.  Destitute;  clear  or  free.  3.  Un- 
occupied. 4.  Ineffective  or  invalid;  useless; 
null.  III.  n.  1.  An  empty  space;  a  vacuum. 
2.  A  disconnecting  space.  3.  Empty  condi- 
tion; a  blank.     [Ult.  <  Sans,  vindh.,  lack.] 

vora-til(e,  vel'a-til,  a.  1.  Evaporating  at 
ordinary  temperatures  on  exposure  to  the  air. 
2.  Easily  influenced;  fickle;  changeable;  tran- 
sient. [<  LJ  voiatilis,  <  volo,  fly.]— voPa- 
tiUe-ness,  n.  voF'a-til'i-tyt.— voPa-til- 
ize  or  -ise,  vera-til-aiz,  vt.  &  vi.  To  cause  to 
pass  off  in  vapor;  become  volatile. 

vol-ca'no,    vel-ke'nO,   n.     [-noes^,  pl.l     A 


Volcano, 
mountain,  having  a  crater  from  which  lava  is 
or  has  been  ejected.    [It.,  <  L.  Vulcanus,  Vul- 
can.] —  vol-can'lc,  a. 

vo-li'tion,  vo-lish'un,  n.  1.  The  power  of 
willing;  any  exercise  of  will.  2.  That  which 
is  specifically  willed.     [F.,  <  L.^-''  volo.,  will.] 

vol'ley,  ver§.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  discharge  with 
a  volley;  be  let  fly  together.  II.  ,7i.  A  simul- 
taneous discharge  of  many  missiles;  also,  the 
missiles  so  discharged.  [<  F.  volee,  flight,  < 
L.  Tolo,  fly.] 

volt,  volt,  n.  The  practical  unit  of  electromo- 
tive force;  such  an  electromotive  force  as  would 
carry  one  ampere  of  current  against  one  ohm 
resistance.  [After  A.  Volta,  Italian  electrician.] 
—  volt'age,  volt'lJ,  n.  Electromotive  force 
as  measuredor  expressed  in  volts.— vol-ta'ic, 
vel-te'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  electricity  developed 
through  chemical  action  or  contact;  galvanic. 

vol'u-bI(e,  vel'yu-bl,  a.  1.  Having  a  flow  of 
words  in  speaking.  2.  Turning  readily.  [F., 
<  L.  vohMlis,  <  rolutus,  pp.  of  I'olvo.,  turn, 
roll.]  —  vol'^u-bil'i-ty,  «.— vol'u-bly,  adv. 

vol'ume,  vel'yQm,  n.  1.  A  collection  of  sheets 
of  paper  bound  together;  a  book;  anciently,  a 
written  roll,  as  of  papyrus  or  vellum.  2.  A 
large  quantity.  3.  The  amount  of  space  in- 
cluded by  the  bounding  surfaces  of  a  solid.  4. 
Fulness  or  quantity  of  sound  or  tone.  [F.,  < 
L.  volmnen,  <  volutiis;  see  voluble.]  —  vo-lu'- 
mi-nous,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  many  volumes; 
also,  of  great  volume  or  bulk.  2.  Having  writ- 
ten much;  productive.  ' 

vol'un-ta-ry ,  vel'un-tg-ri.    I.  a.  1.  Uncon- 


strained; intentional;  volitional.  2.  Possess- 
ing or  exercising  will.  3.  Subject  to  will,  as 
a  muscle  or  movement.     II.  n.     [-ries^,  pi.'] 

1.  Any  work  or  performance  not  compelled. 

2.  Mus.  An  organ  solo  played  before,  during, 
or  after  service.  [  <  L.*'  voluntanus,  <  volun- 
tas, will.]  — voKun-ta-ri-Iy,  adv. 

vol'''un-teer',  verun-tir'.'  I.  vt.  &  m.  To 
offer,  contribute,  or  enter  into  service,  as  in 
the  army,  of  one's  free  will.  II.  a.  Voluntary. 
III.  71.  One  who  enters  into  any  service,  as 
in  the  army,  of  his  own  free  will.  [  <  F.  toIo?i- 
taire,  voluntary.] 

vo-lup''tu-a-ry,  vo-lop'chu-[o7'-tiu-]g-ri.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  sensual  desire  or  indulgence. 
II.  n.  [-RiES^,  pi.]  One  addicted  to  sensual 
pleasures.  [<  L.  voluptuarivs,  <  volvpta{t-)s, 
pleasure.] 

vo-lup'tu-ous,  vo-lup'chu-ijs  o?-  -tiu-us,  a. 
1.  Belonging  to  sensuous  gratification.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  enjoyment  of  pleasures  or 
luxuries; luxurious;  sensual.  [<  h.^  volvptu- 
osus,  <  voli/ptas,  pleasure.] 

vom'it,  vem'it.  I'',  vt.  &  vi.  To  throw  up 
from  the  stomach;  spew;  belch  forth.    II.  n. 

1.  Matter  that  is  ejected,  as  from  the  stomach 
in  vomiting.  2.  An  emetic.  3.  The  act  of 
vomiting.    [<  L.  vomitus,  pp.  of  vomo,  vomit.] 

voo'dOO,  vu'du,  «.  1.  The  superstitions  (col- 
lectively) prevalent  among  West<=Indian  and 
southern  United  States  Creoles  and  negroes, 
and  dealing  with  charms,  witchcraft,  etc.  2. 
A  negro  conjurer.  [Of  African  origin;  cp. 
HOODOO.]  —  voo'doo-isiii,  n. 

vo-ra'cious,  vo-re'shus,  a.  Eating  with  greed- 
iness; ravenous;  greedy;  rapacious.  [<  L.  vo- 
rax  (vorac-),  <  vojv,  devour.]  -ly,  adv.—  \o- 
rac'i-ty,  vo-ras'i-tl,  n.    xo'va'cions-nesst. 

vor'tex,  ver'tex,  n.  [vor'ti-ces,  ver'ti-stz  <??• 
-ces,  or  vor'tex-es,  pL]  A  mass  of  rotating 
fluid;  a  whirlpool.  [L.,  <  verto,  turn.]  —  vor'- 
ti-cal,  a. 

vo'ta-ry,  vO'ta-ri.  I.  a.  Consecrated  by  a 
vow  or  promise.  II.  n.  [-niES^,  pi.]  One  who 
is  devoted  to  some  particular  worship,  pursuit, 
study,  etc.  [  <  L.  votum;  see  vote,  w.]— vo'ta- 
ress,  n.fem.    vo'ta-ristt. 

vote,  vot.  I.  vt.&vi.  [vo'ted'';  vo'TiNG.] 
To  enact  or  determine  by  vote;  cast,  as  a  vote; 
exercise  the  ri^ht  of  suffrage.  II.  n.  1.  A 
formal  expression  of  will,  as  at  an  election. 

2.  That  by  which  such  choice  is  expressed,  as 
a  show  of  hands,  or  ballot.  3.  The  result  of  an 
election;  votes  in  the  aggregate.  [F.,  <  L.  vo- 
tnm,  wish,  vow,  <  votus,  pp.  of  voveo,  vow.] 

—  vo'ter, «. 

vo'tiv(e,  vO'tiv,  a.  Dedicated  by  a  vow.  [< 
L.f  votivus,  <  votum,  wish,  vow.] 

VOUChS  vauch,  t;.  1.  t.  1.  To  uphold  by  sat- 
isfactory proof ;  support;  confirm.  2.  To  war- 
rant, il.  i.  To  become  surety  for  another. 
[<  OF.  voucher,  <  L.  voco,  call.]  —  vouch'er, 
n.  1.  Any  material  thing  (as  a  writing)  that 
serves  to  attest  an  alleged  act.  2.  One  who 
vouches  for  another.  —  vouch-safe',  vauch- 
sef ,  vt.  [-sAFED't;  -sa'fing.]  To  grant,  as  with 
condescension;  permit;  deign. 

VOW,  vau  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  promise  solemnly; 
especially,  to  promise  to  God  or  to  some  deity; 
make  a  vow.    II.  n.     A  solemn  promise,  as 


fiut|ure  (future);    aisle;   au   (put);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;   dh  (the);  go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


vow^el 
wagon 


504 


to  God,  to  perform  some  act;  solemu  pledge. 
[<  F.  van,  <  L.  votum^  wish,  vow.] 

vo'w'el,  vau'el.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  vowel. 
II.  n.  1.  An  open  vocal  sound  as  opposed  to 
a  closed  or  consonant  sound.  2.  A  character 
representing  such  a  sound,  as  a,  e,  i,  o,  or  u. 
[  <  F.  voyelle,  <  L.  vocalis,  sounding.] 

voy'age,  vei'gj.     I.  vt.  &  vi.     [voy'aged; 

voy'a-ging.]    To  travel  over;  make  a  voyage. 

II.  71.     A  journey  by  water,  especially  by  sea. 

[OF.,  <  L.  viaticum^  provisions  for  a  journey.] 

—  voy'a-srer,  7i. 

Vul'can,  vul'can,  n.  Ham.  Myth.  The  god 
of  fire  and  of  the  arts  of  forging  and  of  smelt- 
ing. [<  L.  Vulcatius,  Fo/canw*.]— vulcan- 
ite, n.  A  dark»colored  hard  variety  of  vulcan- 
ized lndia=rubber.— vul-^can-i-za'tion,  n. 
The  process  of  treating  crude  india=rubber  with 
sulfur  at  a  liigh  temperature,  yielding  either  soft 
rubber  or  vulcanite.— vul'can-ize,  vt. 

vul'gar,  vul'gar.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
common  people;  coarse  or  common;  low;  inel- 
egant; unrefined;  vernacular.  II.  n.  The  com- 
mon people.  [<  L.*"  vulgaris,  <  vulgus,  com- 
mon people.]—  vul'gar-ism,  n.  1 .  Vulgarity. 
iJ,  A  word  or  phrase  offensive  to  good  taste.— 


vul-gar'i-ty,  vul-gar'I-ti,  n.    The  quality  or 

character  of  being  vulgar;  coarseness. 
Vul^gate,  vul'ggt,  n.    St.  Jerome's  Latin  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible.    [  <  L.  vulgatus,  pp.  of  vulgo, 

make  common.] 
vurner-a-bl(e,  vul'ngr-a-bl,  a.    1.  Capable 

of  receiving  injuries.    2.  Liable  to  attack;  as- 

sailaole.     [<  L.i^+f  vulnero,  wound.]  — -  vul'^- 

ner-a-biFi-ty,  viil'ner-a-bKe-ness,  n.— 

viil'nev-a-ry.    1.  a.  Tending  to  cure  wounds. 

11,11.   [-KiEs»,  jo^.]    A  healing  application. 
vul'pine,  vul'pin  or  -pain,  a.  Foxlike;  crafty. 

[<  L.  rulpinus, 

<  vidpes,  fox.] 
vuFture,  vul'- 

chur  or  -tiQr,  n. 

One  of  certain 

birds  that  feed 

on  carrion.    [< 

L.^   vidtv?',   < 

vulsus,    pp.   of 

vello,  tear.] 
—  vul'tiir- 

iii(e,  a.   vul'-  Vulture.   Vzb 

tur-ousi:. 
vy'injr,  val'ing,  pp.  of  tie,  ».— vy-ing'ly,  adv. 


W 


W,  w,  dob'l-yQ,  n.  [w's,  Ws,  or  Ws,  dub'l- 
yuz,  pL]  A  letter:  the  twenty-third  in  the 
English  alphabet. 

wab'ble,  web'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [wab'bled; 
WAB'BLING.]  1.  To  sway  or  cause  to  sway 
unsteadily,  as  a  top  while  rotating  at  a  low 
speed.  2,  To  vacillate.  II.  n.  An  unsteady 
wabbling  motion.     [<  LG.  wabbeln,  wabble.] 

■wad,  wed.  1. 1'<.  [wad'i)ed<i;  wad'ding.]  1. 
To  press  (fibrous  substances)  into  a  mass.  2. 
To  pack  with  a  wad  or  wadding.  3.  To  place 
a  wad  in,  as  a  gun-barrel.  II.  n.  1.  A  small 
compact  mass  of  any  soft  or  flexible  substance, 
especially  as  used  for  stuffing,  packing,  or  li- 
ning. 2.  A  piece  of  paper,  leather,  etc.,  used  to 
hold  powder  and  shot  m  place.  3.  Wadding. 
[<  Sw.  vadd.]  —  wadMing,  n.  Wads  collect- 
ive! v;  any  substance  used  as  material  for  wads,  es- 
pecially carded  cotton  In  sheets  used  for  padding. 

wad'dle,  wed'l.  I.  vi.  [wad'dled;  wad'- 
i>LiNo.]  To  rock  or  sway  from  side  to  side  in 
walking.  II.  n.  A  clumsy  rocking  walk. 
[Dim.  of  wade.]— wad'dler,  n. 

wade,  w6d,  r<.  &  i'i.  [wa'i)ed<«;  WA'DiNG.]  1. 
To  walk  through  water  or  other  yielding  sub- 
stance. 2.  To  proceed  laboriously  or  tedious- 
ly. [  <  AS.  zvadan,  move.]  —  wa'der,  n.  1 . 
One  who  wades,  ii.  A  long-legged  bird  that 
wades  In  water,  as  a  plover. 

wa'fer,  wfi'fgr.  I.  vt.  To  attach  or  seal  with 
a  wafer.    II.  «.     1.  A  thin  hardened  disk  of 

Sastc  for  sealing  letters,  etc.    2.  A  small  flat 
isk  of  unleavened  bread,  used  in  the  eucharist 
in  some  churches;  the  host.    3.  Any  circular 
cake  of  cooked  paste,  dough,  or  the  like,     f  < 
D.OF  w(\fel,  wafer.] 
warfle,  wef  1,  n.    1.  A  batter  cake  baked  in 


Waffle- 
irons. 


waffle-irons.    2.  A  thin  cake;  \vafer.     [<  D. 
wafel,  wafer.]  —  waPfles 
i^'rons,  n.  pi.    A  utensil 
consisting  of  hinged  halves 
for  baking  waffles. 

waft,  wgft.  Id.  vt.  To 
carry  gently  or  lightljr  with 
waving  motion,  as  in  air 
or  water.  II.  n.  A  breath 
or  current  of  air;  a  passing 
odor;  a  waving  motion, 
[Var.  of  WAVE,  v.'] 

wag,  wag,  vt.  &  vi. 
[wagged;  avag'ging.]  To  move  quickly  in  alter- 
nate opposite  directions.  [  <  O.  Sw.  wagga.]  — 
wasr'Kle,  vt.  &  vi.  [wag'glkd;  wag'gling.] 
To  wag  In  short,  quick  movements;  wabble. 

w^agi,  n..   The  act  or  motion  of  wagging. 

wag2,  n.  A  droll  fellow ;  wit;  a  joker.  [Abbr. 
of  waghalter,  <  wag,  v.,  -f-  halter,  n.]  — 
^vajr'irer-y,  n.  Mischievous  jocularity;  droll- 
ery.—w^ajT'srish,  a.  1.  Being  like  a  wsig.  ♦}, 
Said  or  done  In  waggery.    -ly,  adv.    -ne88«  ". 

wage,  wej.  I.  vt.  [waged;  wa'ginq.]  To 
engage  in  and  maintain  vigorously,  as  a  con- 
flict. II.  n.  Payment  for  service  rendered, 
especially  pay  of  workers  by  the  day,  week,  or 
month :  usually  in  the  plural.  [  <  LL.op  wadio, 
<  U'adiu?n,  pledge.] 

wa'ger,  we'jijr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  stake  (some- 
thing) on  an  uncertain  event;  bet.  II.  «.  1. 
The  staking  of  something,  as  money,  upon  the 
happening  or  not  happening  of  an  uncertain 
event;  a  bet.  2.  The  thing  pledged.  [<  OP. 
gageiire,  <  wager,  pledge,  wage.] 

waggon,  wag'un,  n.  1.  A  strong  four-wheeled 
vehicle  for  carrying  loads;  loosely,  any  fonr- 
wheeled  vehicle.    2.  Eng.    A  freight-car.    [< 


papfi,  9Bk;  at,  Air;  el«m$nt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  «r;  full,  rflle;  bot,  or; 


505 


w^agtall 
wane 


Blue«headed  Yel- 
low Wagtail.    Vs 


OHG .»  weg-an,  move.]    wag'gont    [Eng.] 

—  wajr'oii-er,  n.    A  wagon.ariver. 
wag'tail",  wag'tel',  n.   A  small  singing  bird 

named  from  its  habit  of  wagging  the 
tail  when  on  the  ground. 
waif,  wef,  n.    1.  A  home- 
less,  neglected  wanderer. 

2.  Any  odd  or  stray  article. 

3.  Anything  found  and  un- 
claimed. [OF.,  <  Ice.  veif, 
waif,  <  veifa,  shake.] 

wail,  wel.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To 
utter  wails;  express  sorrow 
by  moans  or  cries.  II.  w. 
A  prolonged  moan;  plain- 
tive cry.     [ME.  waileir,  <  Ice.  vxla,  <  vse,  wo.] 

wain,  wen,  ?i.  1.  [W-]  Seven  bright  stars  in 
Ursa  Major.  2il.  A  wagon.  [<  AS.  waegen, 
<  wegan,  carry.] 

■wain'scot,  wen'scgt.    I.  vt.    [-scot-ed"*  or 

-SC0T-TED<1;      -SCOT-ING      Or     -SCOT-TING.]      To 

form  a  wainscot  for.  II.  n.  A  lining  for  the 
lower  portion  of  inner  walls,  usually  ot  paneled 
wood.     [<  I),  wagenschot,  choice  oak»timber. 

—  w^ain'scot-iiiff,  n.     Material  for  a  wain- 
scot ;  a  wainscot ;  wainscots  collectively. 

"waist,  west,  n.  1.  That  part  of  the  body  be- 
tween the  chest  and  the  hips.  2.  The  middle 
part  or  section  of  a  ship  or  other  object.  3. 
That  part  of  a  gown  covering  the  body  from  the 
waistband  upward.  [<  AS.  *W3ext.,  <  tveaxan, 
grow.]  —  waist'band,  west'bgnd,  n.  A  band 
for  the  waist,  constituting  the  upper  part  of 
trousers,  skirts,  etc.— waist'eoat,  wfis'cot  or 
wes'cut,  n.    A  man's  vest. 

wait'*,  wet,  ?;.  I.  t.  1.  To  delay  action  for 
(something);  await.    2.  To  postpone.    II.    i. 

1.  To  rest  in  exjiectation.  2.  To  stand  in 
readiness.    3.  To  be  or  act  as  a  waiter. 

wait,  n.  The  act  of  waiting;  delay.  [<  OHG.f 
wahta,  watchman.] — wi&Wer,  n.  1.  One 
who  waits  upon  others  as  a  servant  or  attendant. 

2.  One  who  awaits  something.  3.  A  tray  for 
dishes,  etc.— wait'ress,  n. 

waiv(e,  wev, -w^  [waiv(e)d;  waiv'ing.]  To 
relinquish,  especially  temporarily,  aS  a  right  or 
claim;  put  aside;  yield.  [<  OF.  weyver,  per- 
haps <  Ice.  veifa,  wave.] 

wake,  wek,  v.  [waked'  or  w^oke;  wa'king.] 
1.  t.  1.  To  rouse  from  slumber;  awake.  2. 
To  resuscitate.  3.  To  excite;  arouse.  II.  i. 
1.  To  be  aroused  from  sleep,  etc.  2.  To  be 
set  in  action.  3.  To  keep  watch  or  guard  at 
night.     [<  AS.  wacian,  wake,  wacan,  arise.] 

wakeS  n.  1.  A  watching  all  night  over  the 
body  of  a  dead  person.  2.  [Gt.  Brit.]  A  fes- 
tivity formerly  preceded  by  a  night  vigil.  [< 
AS.  wacu,  <  wacan,  arise.]  —  wake'ful,  a. 
1,  Remaining  awake,  especially  at  night.  2. 
Attended  by  want  of  sleep,  -ly,  adv.  -iicss,  n. 
—  vra'ken,  w^'kn.t^;;.  1.  To  arouse  from  sleep; 
awaken,    ti.  To  incite  to  activity. 

wake'^,  n.  The  track  left  by  a  vessel  passing 
through  the  water.     [<  Ice.  vok,  hole.] 

wale,  wel.  I.  vt.  [waled;  wa'ling.]  1.  To 
lash;  flog,  wlialej.  2.  To  mark  with  wales 
or  strakes.  II.  n.  1.  A  stripe  or  ridge  made 
on  living  flesh  by  flogging.  2.  A  ridge,  stripe, 
or  strake,  as  in  the  planking  of  a  vessel.  [< 
AS.  walu,  wale.] 

walks  wek,  v.    I.  t.    1.  To  proceed  or  pass 


through  at  a  walk.  2.  To  lead,  ride,  or  drive 
at  a  walk,  as  a  horse.  II.  i.  1.  To  advance 
by  alternate  steps,  without  running.  2.  To 
take  a  walk.  3.  To  behave;  live.  [<  AS. 
wecUcan,  move.] 

walk,  n.  1.  The  act  of  walking;  the  slowest 
pace;  an  advance  movement  in  which  a  quad- 
ruped has  always  two  or  more  feet  on  the 
ground,  and  a  biped  always  one  foot  on  the 
ground.  2.  The  carriage  or  gait  of  one  who 
walks.  3.  A  promenade  or  stroll.  4.  A  place 
for  walking;  path;  sidewalk;  ran^e;  pasture. 
5.  Avocation;  course  of  life;  conduct. 

"wall,  wel.  I.  vt.  To  provide  with  a  wall; 
fortify;  defend.  11.  7i.  1.  A  continuous  struc- 
ture, as  for  the  side  of  a  house;  also,  a  fence 
of  stone  or  masonry.  2.  Mil.  A  fortification: 
often  in  the  plural.  3.  The  side  of  any  cavity, 
vessel,  or  receptacle.  [  <  L.'^^  vallum,  wall,  < 
valhis,  palisade.]  — wall'flow^'er,  n.  A  pop- 
ular garden  perennial  of  the  mustard  family. 

wal'let,  weVet,  ??.  1.  A  pocketbook,  usually 
large,  to  contain  bank=notcs.  2.  A  bag;  knap- 
sack.    [<  AS.  watel,  a  hurdle.] 

waFlop,  wel'gp.  I',  vt.  [Slang.]  To  flog;  whip; 
beat.    II.  «.    A  severe  blow. 

wal'low,  wel'O.  I.  vi.  To  roll  about,  as  in 
mud  or  mire.  11.  n.  1.  The  act  of  wallow- 
ing. 2.  A  mud-'hole  in  which  animals  wallow. 
[<  AS.  wealwian,  wallow.] 

wal'nut,  wel'nut  or  wel'nut,  n.    A  valuable 
timber^tree,  its  edible  nut, 
or  its  wood.    [  <  AS.  wealh, 
foreign,  -{-  hnutu,  nut.] 

wal'rus,  wel'ras  or  wel'- 
rus,  n .  A  large  marine  seal* 
like  mammal  having  hind 
limbs  flexible  forward  and 
tusk'like  canines  in  the  up- 
per jaw.  See  illus.  on  next 
page.  [<  Sw,  hvcd,  whale, 
-f-  O.  Sw.  ross,  horse.] 

waltz,  welts  or  vfllts.  I'. 
vi.  To  dance  a  waltz.  II. 
n.  1.  A  round  dance  in 
triple  time.  2.  The  music 
for  such  a  dance.  [<  G. 
walzer,  <  xcalzen,  roll.] 

wam'pum,  wem'pum,  n.  Leaf  and  Fruit  of 
Beads  formed  of  shells  the  Black  Walnut, 
strung  on  threads,  former-  a,  nut,  as  it  grows; 
ly  used  by  the  American  &.  nut  with  shuck 
Indians  as  currency.  [<  removed. 
Am.  Ind.  wompam,  <  wompi,  white.] 

wan,  wen,  a.  1.  Pale,  as  from  sickness;  pallid. 
2.  Dismal.     [<  AS.  tvann,  wan.] 

wand,  wend,  w.  1.  A  long  slender  rod.  2.  A 
musician's  baton.     [<  Ice.  vondr.] 

wan'der,  wen'dgr,  rl.  1.  To  journey,  ramble, 
or  roam  hither  and  thither;  stray.  2.  To  lose 
one's  way.  3.  To  migrate.  4.  To  be  out  of 
one's  mind.  [<  AS.  wandrian,  <  windan, 
wind.]  —  wan'der-er,  n. 

wane,  wen.  I.  vi.  [waned;  wa'ning.]  1. 
To  diminish  in  size  and  brilliancy.  2.  To  de- 
cline gradually.  II.  n.  1.  Decrease,  as  of 
power,  prosperity,  or  reputation.  2.  The  de- 
crease of  the  moon's  visible  illuminated  sur- 
face. [<AS.waman,wana,  <  wan,  wanting.] 


flfitlure   (future);    aisle;   au    (out);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;  tliin. 


"(vant 
wasli 


506 


■want<i,  wSnt,  v.    1. 1.    1.  To  feel  the  need  of; 
deeire;  crave.    2.  To  be  without;  lack.    3.  To 
be  in  need  of;  require.    II. 
i.    1.  To  be  needy.    2.  To 
be  deficient.    3.  To  be  lack- 
ing or  absent. 

—  want'ingr, 
pa.  1.  Not  at 
band;  missing.  2, 
Marked  by  lack 
of  something. 

want,  72.  l.Lack 
or     absence    of 
something;  scar- 
city.    2.  Priva-  ^  , 
tion  ;  indigence,  walrus.    V75 
3.  The  thing  that  is  lacking,  needed,  or  desired. 
[<  Ice.  t'ant,  <  vanU  neut.  of  tanr^  deficient.] 

wan^ton.  wen'tun.  1. 1)1.  &  vi.  To  squander 
or  waste  wantonly;  revel  unrestrainedly.  II. 
a.  1.  Being  or  acting  without  restraint;  frol- 
icsome; licentious.  2.  Inexcusable.  III.  n. 
A  licentious  person.  [<  AS.  wan,  deficient, 
4-  ME.  tmven,  <  AS.  togen,  pp.  of  teon,  train, 
draw.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

wap'i-ti,  wep'i-ti,  n.  A  large  North'* American 
deer  erroneously  called  elk  in  America.  [  <  Am. 
Ind.  wapitik.  Rocky 
Mountam  goat.] 

war,  w5r,  V.  I.  vt.  & 
vi.  [warred;  war'- 
RiNG.]  To  carry  on, 
as  a  war;  be  at  war; 
make  war;  strive. 
II.  n.  A  contest,  as 
between  nations  or 
states,  carried  on  by 
force  and  with  arms; 
also,  the  condition  of 
things  created  by 
such  a  contest.  [< 
AS.  werre.] 

war'lJlCe,  wSr'bl.  I. 
vt.&vi.  [war'bl(e)d;  wAu'jii  i\(.  ]  l.Tosing 
with  trills  and  runs,  as  a  bird;  tiill.  2.  To  make 
a  liquid,  murmuring  sound.  II.  w.  The  act  of 
warbling;  a  song.  [<  (ifi^  wifbeln,  <  MIIG. 
werben,  twist.]  —  war'hler,  71.    A  singing  bird. 

ward,  w5rd.  I<^.  vt.  1.  To  repel  or  turn 
aside,  as  a  blow.  2.  To  defend.  II.  n.  1.  A 
person  who  is  under  the  guardianship  of  an- 
other. 2.  A  territorial  division  of  cities.  3.  A 
division  in  a  hospital,  prison,  etc.  4.  A  pro- 
jection or  division  inside  a  lock;  also,  a  cor- 
responding division  in  the  proper  key.  [< 
AS.  weard,  watchman.] 

-w^nrd,  -warilH,8i(fflx.  A  termination  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  to  denote  motion  to  or  from  a 
point.  [<  AS.  -weard,  -weardes;  akin  to  weorth- 
an,  bcconu',  <  L.  verto,  turn.] 

w^ard'en,  wSrd'n,  n.  One  who  keeps  ward;  a 
keeiMT;  guardian;  chief  officer  of  a  prison; 
cliurcluvurden.    [<  OF.  gardien,  guardian.] 

ward'er>,r*.  A  keeper;  guard;  sentinel.  [< 
OlKt.of"  warfen,  watch.]  [ward,  v.] 

ward'er",  n.    An  official  staff  or  baton.    [< 

ward'robe",  wSrd'rob",  «.  1.  A  large  up- 
right cabinet  for  keeping  wearing-apparel.  2. 
The  outnt  in  garments  of  any  one  person.  [  < 
OF.  varderohi',  <  warder,  keep,  +  robe,  robe.] 


ware,  war.  I.  vt.  To  guard  against;  beware  of. 
II.  a.  Conscious;  aware;  hence,  cautious;  wary. 
[<  AS.  wser,  wary.] 

ware,  n.  1.  Articles  of  the  same  class; 
especially,  manufactured  articles:  used  col- 
lectively, often  in  composition;  as,  tableware, 
gluBswar^e.  2.  pi.  Articles  of  commerce; 
goods.  [<  AS.  warn,  wares.]  — ware'house'", 
n.  A  storehouse  for  the  safe=keeplng  of  goods 
and  merchandise. 

war'fare'^,  wer'far",  n.  The  w^aging  or  carry- 
ing on  of  war;  conflict  with  arms;  struggle; 
strife.  [ness,  71. 

wa'ri-ly,  adv.     In  a  wary  manner.— wa'ri- 

war'like,  w  er'laik,  a.  Disposed  to  engage  in 
war;  martial;  military;  belligerent. 

warm,  worm.  I.  tt.  &  -vi.  To  make  or  be- 
come warm;  raise  the  temperature  of;  beat 
slightly.  II.  a.  1.  Heated  moderately.  2. 
Bemg  above  temperate  heat.  3.  Marked  by 
ardor,  zeal,  enthusiasm,  etc.  4.  Passionate. 
[<  AS.  wearTT)..]  — warmth,  wermth,  71.  The 
state,  quality,  or  sensation  of  being  warm. 

warn,  worn,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  give  notice  of 
danger  to.  2.  To  notify  authoritatively.  [< 
AS.  warnian,  <  wearn,  refusal.]  — warn-'iiig. 
\.pa.  Serving  as  a  warning.  W,n.  1.  Notice 
of  danger;  admonition.    3.  That  which  warns. 

warp%  werp.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  turn  or  twist 
out  of  shape,  as  by  shrinkage.  2.  To  distort; 
bias.  3.  Weaving.  To  stretch  or  arrange 
yarn.  4.  To  move  (a  vessel)  by  hauling  on 
a  rope  attached  to  some  fixed  object.  [<  Ice. 
varpa,  throw:  akin  to  AS.  weofpan,  throw.] 

warp,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  warped.  2. 
The  threads  that  run  the  long  way  of  a  fabric. 
3.  A  light  cable.  [<  AS.  weaiy,  <  weo7T)a7i, 
throw.] 

war'rant,  wer'ant.  I^.  vi.  1.  To  guarantee 
the  quality  or  character  of.  2.  To  be  suf- 
ficient grounds  for;  justify.  3.  To  assure. 
II.  n.  1.  A  judicial  writ  authorizing  arrest, 
search,  seizure,  etc.  2.  A  voucher;  guaranty^ 
3.  Official  sanction.  [<  OF.  warant,  ppr.  of 
warir,  guard.]  —  war'rant-a-bl(e,  a.  Justifi- 
able.—war'raiit-y,  n.  [-IES»,  ja;.]  A  written 
warrant  by  a  seller. 

war'ren,  wer'en,  n.  1.  A  place  where  rabbits 
live  and  breed.  2.  An  enclosure  for  keeping 
small  game.     [<  OIIQ.^^  warjan,  defend.] 

war'rior,  wor'^'gr  or  wer'i-gr,  n.  A  soldier; 
especially,  a  distinguished  soldier.  [<  OF. 
guerreor,  <  guerreier,  wage  war.] 

wart,  wert,  71.     1.  A  small  excrescence  formed 

on  and  rooted  in  the  skin.  2.  A  hard  glandular 

protuberance  on  a  plant.  [  <  AS.  trearte,  wart.] 

—  wart'y,  a.    Abounding  In  warts;   of  the 

nature  of  warts. 

wa'ry,  we'ri,  a.  [wa'ri-er;  wa'ri-est.]  1. 
Carefully  watching  and  guarding.  2.  Shrewd; 
wily.     [<  WARE,  a.] 

was,  wez,  v.  A  form  of  a  defective  verb,  used 
in  the  first  and  third  jwrsons  singular  to  sup- 
ply the  imperfect  tense  of  the  verb  be.  [< 
AS.  wiJBo,  pret.  of  wesan,  be.] 

wash',  wesh,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  cleanse,  espe- 
cially with  water.  2.  To  sweep  over  or  dash 
against.  3.  To  purify.  4.  To  8uj)ply  with  a 
thin  coat,  as  of  metal,  or  color.  II.  i.  To 
perform  one's  ablutions.     [<    AS.  wascan. 


papA,  98k;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  uefge;  It,  J,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


507 


wash 
water=spout 


Social  Wasp  and  Section 
of  its  Nest. 


wash.]  —  wash'sboard'",  n.  1.  A  board  or 
frame  having  a  corrugated  surface  for  rubbing 
articles  upon  in  washing  by  hand.  *^,  A  mop- 
board.— wash'er,  n.  1 .  One  who  or  that  which 
washes.  3,  Mech.  A  small  flat  perforated  disk, 
as  for  placing  beneath  a  nut.— wash'ers 
woni'''an,  n.  A  laundress.—  wasli-'ouf ,  n. 
A  considerable  erosion  of  earth  by  the  action  of 
water.— ^vash'y,  a.    Diluted;  watery;  feeble. 

wash.,  wesh,  n.  1.  The  act  or  process  of 
washing.  2.  A  number  of  articles  washed  at 
one  time.  3 .  A  i)reparation  used  in  washing, 
coating,  or  smearing.  4.  The  brealcing  of  a 
body  of  water  upon  a  shore.  5.  Material  de- 
posited by  water. 

wasp,  wesp,  n.  A  predatory  stinging  insect, 
having  membranous 
wings.  [<  AS.  ?<'«.*», 
wasp.]  —  wasp'ish, 
a.  1,  Irritable:  iras- 
cible. 2.  Having  a 
waspslike  waist. 

was'sail,  wes'gl  or 
was'el,  n.  An  occa- 
sion of  festivity  at 
which  healths  are 
drunk ;  a  carousal. 
[<  AS.  we8  Ml,  be 
whole.]  —  was'sail- 
er,  n. 

wvLSt,  west,  'M  per.  sing.  imp.  ind.  of  be,  v. 

waste,  west,  V.  [wa'sted'';  wa'sting.]  I. 
t.  1.  To  expend  thoughtlessly  or  idly; 
squander.  2.  To  cause  to  lose  strength  or 
vigor.  3 1|.  To  desolate.  11.  i.  To  lose  bulk 
or  substance  gradually.  [<  OF.  waster,  <  L. 
vasfo,  <  vastus,  waste.] 

waste,, a.  1.  Cast  aside  as  worthless;  useless; 
refuse.  2.  Unproductive;  desert.  3.  Made 
desolate.  4.  Superfluous.  [<  OF.  tvast,  <  L. 
vastus,  empty.] 

waste,  71.  1.  The  act  of  wasting  or  squan- 
dering. 2.  A  continuous  diminishing  or  fail- 
ing ;  wasting ;  decline.  3.  Refuse.  4.  A 
wilderness;  desert. —  waste'ful,  a.  1.  Prone 
to  waste;  extravagant.  "2.  Causing  waste;  ruin- 
ous.—wa'ster,  n. 

watch.',  wech,  v.  I.  t.  To  observe  closely; 
keep  in  view;  guard.  II.  i.  1.  To  be  con- 
stantly on  the  alert;  be  wakeful;  serve  as  a 
watchman.  2.  To  wish  and  wait  expectantly: 
followed  hy  for.     [<  AS.  wseccan.] 

watch,  n.  1.  Vigilant  observation;  wakeful- 
ness. 2.  One  who  watches;  a  watchman; 
guard.  3.  Naut.  The  period  of  time  during 
which  a  watch  is  on  duty;  hence,  a  division  of 
the  night;  also,  the  men  on  duty.  4.  A  pocket 
mechanism  for  keeping  and  indicating  time. 
[<  AS.  waecce,  <  ivacian,  wake.]  —  watch'er, 
n.  One  who  watches,  as  a  nurse.— watcli'ful, 
a.  Vigilant. -'^vatcli'ma'^ker,  n.  A  person 
who  manufactures  orrepairs  watches.— watch'- 
man,  n.  [-men,  pL]  One  whose  business  is  to 
keep  watch  or  guard,  as  at  night.  —  watch'- 
word'",  71.    A  secret  password;  a  rallying»cry. 

waiter,  we'tgr,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  pour  water 
upon;  provide  with  water.  2.  To  dilute  or 
treat  with  water.  II.  i.  1.  To  secrete  or  dis- 
charge water.  2.  To  have  a  longing;  as,  my 
mouth  ivaters  for  it.  3.  To  get  and  take  in 
water.    4.  To  drink  water. 

wa'ter,  n.     1.  A  colorless  limpid  liquid  com- 


Common  Wa- 
tercress. 


pound  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  constituting 
the  bulk  of  the  ocean,  rivers,  lakes,  etc.  2. 
Any  particular  body  of  water.  3.  Any  one  of 
the  aqueous  secretions  of  animals.  4.  A 
watery  appearance,  as  in  precious  stones,  or 
in  silks,  etc.;  luster;  sheen;  hence,  purity. 
[<  AS.  wseter,  water.]  —  wa'terscol'or,  n. 
1.  A  color  for  painting  rendered  semifluid  with 
water  for  use.  ij.  That  branch  of  painting  in 
which  such  colors  are  used.  3.  A  painting  in 
such  colors.— •wa'ter-coiirse''',  w.  A  stream 
of  water;  river;  brook.— w.scraft,  «.  Craft 
for  sailing  on  water.— ijva'ter-cress''',  n.  A 
creeping  perennial  herb  of  the 
mustard  family.— w.scure,  7i. 
The  treating  of  diseases  by  the 
application  of  cold  water,  warm 
baths,  sweating,  etc.;  hydropa- 
thy.—w.sdogr,  71.  1.  A  dog 
that  takes  readily  to  the  water, 
as  a  retriever.  3.  [CoUoq.]  An 
old  sailor.- wa'ter-fall'',  w. 
1,  A  cataract;  cascade.  2.  [Col- 
loq.]  A  chignon.— w.sfovl,  n. 
A  bird  that  lives  on  or  about  the 
water.— \*-.sliIj%  7^.  An  aquatic 
plant  that  bears  a  flower  on  a 
long  cylindrical  stalk,  rising  just 
above  or  floating  on  the  water.— 
^v.iiosrsred,  a.  Heavy  and  im- 
manageable  on  account  of  the 
leakage  of  water  Into  the  hold, 
as  a  ship;  also,  water»soaked.— 
■wa'ter-niaii,  n.  A  man  who 
plies  for  hire  with  a  boat  or  small  vessel  on  the  wa- 
ter: a  boatman.— wa'ter-iiiel'^oii,  n.  The  large 
edible  fruit  of  a  trailing  plant  of  the  gourd  family, 
containing  a  refreshing  sweet  watery  juice.— w.s 
po^ver,  71.  1 .  The  power  of  water  derived  from 
Its  gravity  or  Its  momentum  as  applied  to  the  dri- 
ving of  machinery.  2.  A  descent  or  fall  in  a  stream 
from  which  motive  power  may  be  obtained.— 
wa'ter-proof".  1*.  vt.  To  render  water* 
proof.  II,  n.  Material  rendered  impervious  to 
water;  also,  a  garment  made  from  such  material  .— 
-w.sproof,  a.  Allowing  no  water  to  enter  or 
pass  through,  as  a  fabric— wa'ter-slied-",  7i. 
The  line  of  separation  between  two  contiguous 
drainage-valleys.  — ^v.ssoakS  vt.  To  fill  the 
pores  or  crevices  of  (a  fibrous  body)  with  water.— 
•w.stigrht,  a.  So  closely  made  that  water  can 
not  pass  through.— w.s  wheel,  n.  A  wheel  so 
arranged 
with  floats, 
buckets, 
etc.,  that  It 
may  be 
turned  by 
flowing  wa- 
ter. —  w ,  3 
■»vork8,w. 
pi.  A  sys- 
tem of  ma- 
c  h  in  es, 
buildings, 
and  appli- 
ances for 
furnishing 
a  waters 
supply. 
—  w  a  '  - 


Pelton  Water-wheel. 


The  water  is  ejected  at  the  nozle  (n) 
under  high  pressure  aguiust  the  buck- 
ets. The  buckets  (b)  are  shaped  for  a 
discharge  at  minimum  velocity.  The  , 
speed  is  regulated  by  the  governor  (fif), 
ter-lilg!  and  the  lever  (I)  serves  to  adjust  the  in- 
carf ,  71.  clination  of  ihe  nozle;  p,  driving»pulley. 
A    streets 

sprinkler.—  wa'ter-ingsplace,  ».    1 .  A  place 
at  which  a  supply  of  water  can  be  obtained,  as  a 
spring.  2.  A  health  resort  having  mineral  springs; 
also,  a  pleasure  resort  near  a  lake  or  by  the  sea. 
waiter- spouf,  w.     A  moving  column  of 


fiut|ure  (future);   aisle;   au   {puiy,    all;  c  (k);  cliat;   dli  (fhe);   go;  sing,  inik;  tliin. 


■watery 
^veasel 


508 


epray  and  mist,  with  masses  of  water  in  the 
lower  parts, 
due  to  a 
whirlwind  at 
sea. 
wa '  ter  -  y , 
wS'tgr-i,     a. 

I.  Contain- 
ing much  wa- 
ter; filled 
with  mois- 
ture; tearful; 
soggy;     thin 

orhqnid.    2.  WRtPrsnonfR 

Consisting  waterspouts. 

of  or  pertaining  to  water.  —  wa'ter-i-ness,  n. 
wat'tle,  wet'l.     I.   H.     [wat'tled;   wat'- 
TUNG.]     1.  To  weave  or  twist,  as  twigs,  into 
a  network.    2.  To  form,  as  baskets,  by  platting 
flexible  twi^s.    II.  ?^     1.  A  frame  of  rods  or 
twigs  platted  together.    2.  A  twig,  as  used  for 
platting  with  others.    3.  A  naked,  fleshy  proc- 
ess depending  from  the  head  or  neck  of  a  bird, 
[<  AS.  watel,  hurdle.] 
waul,   \  w61,  vi.    To  give  a  prolonged  plaintive 
wawl,  )  cry  like  that  of  a  cat.    [Imitative.] 
■wave,  wev,  v.    [waved;  wa'ving.]    1,1.    1. 
To  cause  to  move  to  and  fro  in  the  air.     2.  To 
form  with  an  undulating  surface  or  outline. 
3.  To  signal  by  a  movement  of  the  hand,  a  flag, 
etc.,  to  and  fro.    II.  i.    To  move  in  undula- 
tions, as  a  wave.    [<  AS.  wafian,  wave.] 
■wave,«.   1.  An  undulation  larger  than  a  rip- 

Sle  on  the  surface  of  a  liq^nid.  2.  Physics.  A 
isturbance  of  the  equilibrium  of  a  body  or 
medium,  that  is  propagated  continuously  from 
point  to  point.  3.  An  undulating  line,  move- 
ment, etc.  — wa'ver,  vt.  &  vi.  To  move  one 
way  and  the  other;  have  a  wavy  motion;  sway; 
falter;  be  Irresolute;  show  signs  of  retreating, 
falling,  or  giving  way.— wa'ver-er,  «.— wa'- 
vy,  a.  Full  of  waves;  undulatory;  waving. 
■waxi,  wax.    It.  m.  To  coat  or  treat  with  wax. 

II.  «.  A  fatty  solid  substance  of  animal, 
vegetable,  or  mineral  origin.  [<  AS.  weaxan, 
wax.]  —  wax'en,  a.  Consisting  of  wax;  wax- 
like;  waxy.— wax'F,  n.  1.  Resembling  wax; 
hence,  plastic,  ii.  Made  of  or  coated  with  wax. 
—  wax'i-ness,  n. 

■wax'",  ri.  1.  To  become  larger  gradually; 
grow.    2.  To  assume  a  condition  by  degrees. 

"way,  wS,  «.  1.  A  path,  course,  or  track;  a 
road,  passage,  channel,  or  the  like.  2.  Length 
of  space  passed  over;  distance.  3.  A  line;  di- 
rection. 4.  A  means  or  method  of  procedure; 
customary  manner  or  stj;le ;  plan  of  action; 
course  of  life.  5.  A  relation  or  respect;  point; 
particular.  6.  pi.  Longitiidinal  guides,  as 
those  on  which  a  ship  slides  when  launched. 
[<  AS.  iveff,  way.]  — way'far''er,  n.  One 
who  journeys  along  a  way  on  foot.— wayTar''- 
inir,  pa.— way"lay',  rt.  Iway'laid';  way'- 
lay'ino.]  1.  To  watch  for  by  the  way,  as  with 
a  view  to  rob.  2.  To  accoHt  on  the  way.— way'- 
Mlde",  u.  T!ie  side  or  edge  of  the  road  or  high- 
way—way Htalioii,  any  railroad-statlon  be- 
tween prliu-lpal  stathms.— way  train,  a  train 
stopping  at  way  Htatlons.-  way' ward,  o.  1 . 
Wandering  away;  wilful;  forward,  ti.  Without 
definite  way  or  course;  unsteady;  vacillating, 
-ly,  arfr.  -neM«  n.— way'worn",  a.  Fa- 
tigued by  travel. 


-way,    Imfflj'-    A  termination  of  Auglo»Saxon 

-ways, )  origin,  found  as  -way  (accusative)  In 
aUca?/,  nowau,  etc.,  and  as  -ways  (genitive)  In 
Always,  longways,  etc.  [<  AS.  weg,  gen.  tveges, . 
way.] 

we,  wi,  pron.  1st  per.  pi.  [poss.  our  or  ours, 
obj.  us.J  1.  Plural  of  I,  including  the  speaker 
with  another  or  others.  2.  The  writer  or 
speaker.     [<  AS,  we,  we.] 

weak,  wlk,  a.  1.  Lacking  in  strength,  power, 
or  force.  2.  Unduly  compliant.  3.  Showing 
poor  judgment.  4.  Deficient.  5.  Declining 
in  price.  [<  Ice.  mA;r,  weak.]  —  weak'en, 
vt.  1.  To  render  weak;  enfeeble.  3.  To  dilute. 
—  w^eak'fisli'',  ii.  An  American  food«flsh: 
named  from  the 
tenderness  of 
Its  mouth.— 
>veak  '  liugr. 

I.  a.   Having  no 
natural    vigor. 

II.  n.    A  feeble  \^ 

S-weaK       Common  Weakfish.    Vso 
ly.    I.  rt.    Sickly.    II.  adv.    In  a  weak  man- 
ner.—weak'ness,  n. 

weal,  n.  1.  A  sound  or  healthy  state;  pros- 
perity. 2.  The  body  politic,  state,  or  nation. 
[<  AS.  wela,  <  ivel,  well.] 

■wealtll,  welth,  ?i.  1.  A  large  aggregate  of 
property;  riches.  2.  The  state  of  being  rich. 
3.  Exuberance.     [<  weali,  n.] 

—  wealtli'y,  a.    [wealth'i-er;   wealth'- 
i-EST.]     Possessing  wealth;  affluent. 

■wean,  win,  vt.  1.  To  transfer  (the  young  of 
any  animal)  from  dependence  ou  its  mother's 
milk  to  another  form  of  nourishment.  2.  To 
alienate  the  affections  of.  [<  AS.  weniati, 
accustom.] 

■weap'on,  wep'tin,  n.  Any  implement  of  war 
orcombat,  as  a  sword,  gun,  etc.  [<  AS. 
ivaepe?!,  weapon.]  —  weap' on-less,  7i. 

■weari,  w3r,  v.  [wore;  worn.]  1.  t.  1.  To 
carry  on  the  person;  have  on.  2.  To  maintain 
habitually.  3.  To  exhibit.  4.  To  impair  by 
use;  efface  or  rub  off.  II.  i.  To  be  impaired 
gradually  by  use;  also,  to  bear  using;  hold 
out;  endure.     [<  AS.  zverian.,  wear.] 

■wear^,  vt.  &  vi.  Naut.  To  go  about  with  the 
wind  astern.     [For  veer.] 

■wear,  war,  n.  1.  The  act  of  wearing,  or  the 
state  of  being  worn.  2.  Wearing  apparel.  3 
Impairment  from  use  or  time.— wear  and 
tear,  loss  by  the  service,  exposure,  decay,  or  in 
jury  Incident  to  ordinary  use. 

■wear'y,  wir'i.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [wear'ied 
wear'y-ing.1  To  make  or  grow  weary;  fa 
tigue;  tire.  ll.  a.  [wear'i-er;  wear'i-kst.] 
1.  Worn  with  exertion,  vexation,  or  endurance; 
tired.  2.  Discontented;  vexed.  \_<  AS.  wirig, 
weary.]  —  wear'l-ly,  adv.—  wear'i-ness,  n.— 
w  e  a  r  '  i  - 
some,  a.  Tire- 
some. 

■wea'sel,  wt'- 
zl,  n.  A  small 
elongated  red- 
dish-brown, 
carnivorous 

quadruped,  .^       ,     ,, 

t\mt  preys  on  ^^asel.    Vi8 

smaller  mammals  and  birds.    [<  AS.  wesle, 
weasel.] 


papa,  98k;  at,  *lr;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  ©rat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  ©r; 


509 


weatlier 
weigh 


weatli'er,  wedh'gr.  I.  tt.  1.  To  encounter 
successfullv;  survive.  2.  To  expose  to  the 
action  of  the  weather.  3.  Nam  To  go  to 
the  windward  of.  II.  n.  1.  Atmospheric 
conditions,  as  regards  temperature,  moisture, 
winds,  etc.  2.  The  common  phenomena  of 
wind,  rain,  cold,  heat,  or  storm.  [<  AS.  wedei\ 
weather.] —weath'ersbeat'''en,  a.  Bearing 
the  effects  of  exposure  to  weather.— w.sboard, 
11.  A  board  prepared  for  the  outside  covering 
of  wooden  buildings.— w.sbouiid,  a.  Detained 
by  unfavorable  weather.  —  W.  Bureau^a bu- 
reau of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  Wash- 
ington for  meteorological  observation,  the  diffu- 
sion of  information  concerning  the  weather,  etc. 
—  weath'er-cock'",  ?*.  A  vane,  properly  one 
In  the  semblance  of  a  cock,  weath'er: 
vane^'t.- w.jgage,  ??.  Naut.  A  position  to 
windward;  figuratively,  any  advantage  gained.— 
w.sjflass,  «.  Abarometer.— w.swise,  a.  Ex- 
perienced In  observing  the  weather. 

weav(e,  wtv,  vt.  [wove  or  weav(e)d;  wo'- 
v(e)n  or  wove  or  weav(e)d;  weav'ing.]  1. 
To  entwine  or  lace  together,  as  threads,  in  a 
loom.  2.  To  produce  by  the  foregoing  process. 
[<  AS.  tvefan^  weave.]  —  weav'er,  n.  1.  One 
who  weaves.  2.  A  weaver »bfrd.  —  >veav'ers 
bird'',  n.  A  flnch«=like  bird  that  constructs  a 
woven  nest. 

wea'zen,  wl'zn,  a.    Same  as  wizen. 

wel),  web.  I.  vt.  [webbed;  web'bing.1  1.  To 

frovide  with  a  web.  2.  To  ensnare.  II.  n. 
.  A  textile  fabric,  as  in  the  piece.  2.  A  long 
sheet  or  roll  of  material.  3.  A  scheme  or  snare. 
4.  A  membrane  connecting  the  digits  of  an 
animal.  5.  A  cobweb.  [<  AS.iceb,  <  ivefan, 
weave.] — webbed,  a.  1.  Having  a  web.  2. 
Having  the  digits  united  by  a  membrane.— 
web'bing,  n.  A  woven  strip;  the  structure  of 
a  web. —web' 5 foot",  n.  1.  A  foot  with 
webbed  toes.  2,  A  web»footed  bird.  — webs 
footed,  a.  Having  the  toes  connected  by  a 
membrane,  as  many  aquatic  animals  and  birds. 
wed,  wed,  vt.  [wED'DEDd  or  wed;  wed'ding.] 

1.  To  marry;  join  in  wedlock.  2.  To  attach 
(oneself)  permanently  to  a  thing.  [<  AS. 
tveddian,  engage,  <  wed,  pledge.]  —  wed'ding, 
n.  1.  A  marriage  ceremony.  3.  The  anniver- 
sary of  a  marriage.— w^ed'lock,  n.  Matrimony. 

wedge,  wej.  l.rt.&vi.  [wedged;  wedg'- 
ING  J  To  operate  upon  by  driving  in  a  wedge; 
split.  II.  fi.  One  of  the  mechanical  powers, 
practically  a  double  inclined  plane;  a  V»shaped 
piece,  as  for  splitting.     [<  AS.  wecg,  wedge.] 

"Wednes'day,  wenz'de,  n.  The  fourth  day  of 
the  week.  [<  AS.  Wodnes  daeg,  day  of  the 
god  Woden  or  Odin.] 

weedi,  wid.  I.  vt.  1.  To  remove  the  weeds 
from.  2 .  To  pull  up  or  root  out,  as  weeds.  II. 
)i .  Any  unsightly  or  troublesome  useless  plant. 
[  <  AS.  wedd,  weed.]  —  weed'y,  a.  1 .  Having 
or  containing  weeds.    5i.  Kesembling  a  weed. 

weed^,  7?.  A  token  of  mourning  worn  as  part 
of  the  dress.     [<  AS.  wxde,  garment.] 

week,  wik,  n.  A  period  of  seven  successive 
days;  especially,  such  a  period  beginning  with 
Sunday;  also,  the  six  working  days  collect- 
ively. "  [<  AS.  «'?ce,  week.]  — week'sday", 
n.  Any  day  of  the  week  except  Sunday.— 
week'ly.     I.  a.    1,  Reckoned  by  the  week. 

2,  Occurring  once  a  week.  IT,  n.  [week'- 
LiEs«,  pZ.]  A  publication  Issued  once  a  week. 
III.  adv.    Once  a  week. 


ween,  win,  ?Ji.  [weened  or  wENTf.]  To  enter- 
tain a  notion;  guess;  fancy.  [<  AS.  wenav,  < 
icen,  hope,  <  V  of  win,  ■».] 
weep,  wip,  iJi.  &  ^'^.  [wept;  weep'ing.]  1. 
To  let  fall,  as  tears;  shed  tears.  2.  To  lament; 
bewail;  grieve.  3.  To  be  pendulous  and  droop- 
ing. [<  AS.  loepan,  weep.]  —  weep'er,  n. 
wee'vil,  wi'vl,  n.  1.  A  small  beetle  destruc- 
tive to  plants.  2.  Any  insect  injurious  to  stored 
grain.  [<  AS.  wifel,  beetle.] 
weft,  weft,  n.  The  cross'threads  in  a  web  of 
cloth;  woof.  [<  AS.  weft,  <  wefan,  weave.] 
weigh.,  we,  v.  1.  t.  1.  To  find  the  weight 
of.  2.  To  estimate  the  worth  or  importance 
of.  3.  To  press  upon  heavily;  burden.  4. 
To  lift  up,  as  an  anchor.  II.  i.  1.  To  have 
a  specified  weight.  2.  Xaut.  To  raise  anchor. 
[<  AS.  we<7a/?,  lift.]  —  weigh'er,  n.—  weight, 
wet.  \^.  vt.  To  add  weight  to:  burden.  II.  n. 
I .  The  measure  of  the  force  with  which  bodies 
tend  toward  the  earth's  center.  2.  A  definite 
mass  used  in  weighing.  3.  Any  quantity  of 
heaviness;  a  heavy  mass;  efficacy;  preponderance; 
oppressiveness.  4.  A  graduated  system  of  stand- 
ard units  of  weight. 

Troy  Weight 
(used  in  weighing  gold,  silver,  and  precious 
stones). 
24  grains  (gr.)       =  1  pennyweight  (pwt.). 
20  pennyweights  =  1  ounce  (1  oz.). 
12  ounces  =  1  pound  (lb.). 

Note.— 1  lb.  Troy  =  5T60  grains.    In  weighing 
diamonds  1  carat  =  3.168  Troy  grains,  and  Is  di- 
vided Into  quarters,  which  are  called  carat  grains. 
See  also  cakat  in  vocabulary. 

Apothecaries'  W^eight 

(used  in  compounding  medicines). 

20  grains  (gr.)  =  1  scruple  (3). 

3  scruples       =  1  dram  ( 3  ). 

8  drams  =  1  ounce  ( | ). 

12  ounces         =  1  pound  (S).). 

Note.— The  pound,  ounce,  and  grain  have  the 

same  weight  as  those  of  Troy  Weight. 

Avoirdupois  Weight 
(used  in  weighing  all  articles  except  drugs, 

gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones). 
2711/32  grains  =  1  dram  (dr.). 

16  drams  =  1  ounce  (oz.). 

16  ounces  =  1  pound  (lb.). 

25  pounds  =  1  quarter. 

loJP^^f  =1  hundredweight 

20  hundredweight  or    i  _  .  ^_„  ,)^\  ^•'■ 
2000  pounds  ^-lton(i.). 

Note.— lib.  Avoirdupois  =  7000 grs. 
The  ton  and  hundredweight  above  given  (often 
called  the  short  ton  and  the  short  hundredweight) 
are  those  in  common  use  in  the  United  States. 

The  ton  of  2240  lbs.,  and  the  hundredweight  of 
112  lbs.  (often  called  the  long  ton  and  the  long 
hundredweight),  are  used  at  United  States  Cus- 
tom Houses  and  In  wholesale  transactions  In  coal 
and  Iron,  and  are  in  general  use  In  Great  Britain. 
See  ton  In  the  vocabulary.  "VNTien  the  long  ton 
Is  the  standard,  1  qr.  =  28  lbs. 

For  weights  of  the  metric  system,  see  metkio 
system,  under  metric. 

—  weigrht'less,  a.  Having  no  weight;  Im- 
ponderable. —  weight'y,  a.  [weight'i-ek; 
wEiGHT'i-EST.l  1.  Having  great  weight.  3. 
Possessing  great  Importance;  Influential.  — 
weight'i-ly,  ari«.-- weight'i-ness,  n. 


flut|Ore    (future);   aisle;   au   (put);   oil;    c   (k);    cliat;   dli   {the);   go;   sing,  ink;   thin. 


weir 
wheal 


510 


weir,  wlr,  n.  1.  Adam;  also,  that  part  of  a 
dam  which  contains  gates  for  discharging 
surplus  water.  2.  A  series  of  wattled  enclo- 
sures in  a  stream,  to  catcfc  fish.  [<  AS.  wer, 
<   V  of  werian,  defend.]    wear:}:. 

weird,  wird,  a.  Concerned  with  the  unnatural; 
awakening  superstitious  feeling;  uncanny. 

wel^come,  wel'cum.  I.  vt.  [wel'comed; 
wel'com-ing.]    To  give  a  welcome  to.    II.  a. 

1.  Admitted  gladly.  2.  Pleasing.  3.  Made 
free  to  use.     III.  n.    1.  A  hearty  greeting. 

2.  Hospitality.  [<  AS.  wileuma,  welcome 
guest,  <  willa,  will,  +  cuma,  comer.]  —  wel'- 
coin-er,  n. 

weld,  weld.  I^.  vt.  To  unite,  as  heated  metal, 
in  one  piece  or  mass  under  the  hammer  or  by 
pressure.  II.  n.  The  consolidation  of  pieces 
of  metal  by  welding;  also,  the  closed  joint  so 
formed.     [Corr.  of  well,  t?.] 

welfare'',  wel'far",  n.  The  state  of  faring 
well;  prosperity. 

weFkin,  werkln,  n.  [Poet.]  The  vault  of  the 
sky;  the  region  of  the  clouds.  [<  AS.  wolcnu, 
pi.  of  wolcen,  cloud.] 

well,  wel,  vt.  &  vi.  To  flow  up,  as  water  in  a 
spring.    [<  AS.  wellan,  <  wecdlan,  boil.] 

well,  a.  [bet'ter;  BEST.]  1.  Rightly  done  or 
arranged;  gratifying.  2.  Suitable;  fit;  right.  3. 
Having  physical  health.    4.  Free  from  trouble. 

well,  n.  1.  A  hole  sunk  into  the  earth  in 
order  to  obtain  a  fluid,  as  water,  oil,  or  natural 
gas.  2.  A  spring,  as  of  water.  3.  A  source 
of  continued  supply.  4.  A  depression,  cavity, 
etc.  f  <  AS.  ivdl.,  <  iveallan,  well  up.]— well's 
spri  nfir",  71.    An  Inexhaustible  fountain. 

"wen,  adv.  [bet'ter;  best.]  1.  In  a  praise- 
worthy manner.  2.  Suitably  to  the  nature  of 
things.   3.  Prosperously.  4.  To  a  great  extent. 

t<  AS.  wel,  well,  <  */  of  will',  v.']  —  well'« 
e^'inir,  n.    Happiness  or  prosperity;  welfare.— 
w.tborn,  a.    Of  good  lineage. —iiv.sbred,  a. 

1,  Of  good  ancestry.  2.  Polite.  — w.snigh, 
adv.    Very  nearly;  almost. 

Welsh.,  welsh.  1.  a.  Pertaining  to  Wales,  its 
people,  or  their  language.  II.  n.  1.  The 
natives  of  Wales.  2.  The  language  of  Wales. 
Cym'rict.    [<  AS.  welisc,  foreign.] 

welt,  welt.    Id.  vt.    1.  To  sew  a  welt  on  or  in. 

2.  To  flog  severely.  II.  n.  1.  A  strip  of  ma- 
terial, covered  cord,  etc.,  applied  to  a  seam  to 
cover  or  strengthen  it.  2.  A  swollen  stripe  on 
the'skin,  made  by  a  lash.  [<  W.givald,  hem.] 

wel'ter,  wel'ter,  vi.  To  roll  or  tumble  about, 
as  in  mud;  wallow.     [<  AS.  wealfan,  roll.] 

wen,  wen,  n.  1.  An  encysted  tumor.  2.  Any 
protuberance  or  prominence.    [<  AS.  wen.] 

wench,  wench,  n.  1.  A  damsel  of  lowly  con- 
dition; serving-maid.  211.  Any  girl.  3t.  A 
prostitute.     [<  AS.  weticel,  orplian.] 

wend<>,  wend,  vt.  &  vi.  To  direct  one's  course; 
go.    [<  AS.  wendan.  <  windan,  turn.] 

wenti,  went,  vi.  An  obsolete  Imperfect  of  to«nd, 
now  used  uh  Imperfect  of  go. 

wen|2t,  imp.  &  pp.  of  ween,  v.    wentet. 

we  pi,  wept.  imp.  &  pp.  of  WEEP,  v. 

W^er(e,w<;r.  indicative  plural  and  subjunctive 
singular  and  plural  of  was,  imperfect  of  be, 
V.  [<  AS.  w&ron,  pi.  pret.  ind.  wSre,  subj. 
prot.  <  wetany  be.] 

wert,  id  per.  »tng.  ind.  &  «wy.  of  was,  r. 

west,  west.     I.  a.    1.  Located  at  the  west; 


facing  the  west.  2.  Coming  from  the  west. 
II.  n.  1.  That  point  of  the  compass  or  quar- 
ter of  the  heavens  where  the  sun  sets.  2.  Any 
western  region.  III.  adv.  In  a  westerly  di- 
rection. [<  AS.  west,  west,  <  v  was,  dwell.] 
—  west'er-Iy,  I.  a.  Approximately  west- 
ern.    II.    adv.     Westwardly.  — west'ern,  a. 

I.  Being  in  the  west;  pertaining  to  the  west. 
54.  Proceeding  from  the  west.  — westward, 
a.  Tending  or  lying  toward  the  west.  — west'- 
ward,  -westwards,  adv.  Toward  the  west. 
— west'ward-ly,  adv.  In  a  westerly  direction. 

wet,  wet.  I.  vt.  [wet'ted*!  or  wet;  wet'- 
TiNG.]    To  moisten  or  saturate  with  liquid. 

II.  a.  1.  Moistened  or  saturated  with  water 
or  other  liquid.  2.  Marked  by  rainfall.  3. 
Containing  or  like  water;  watery;  moistening. 

III.  n.  A  considerable  degree  of  moisture; 
rain.  [<  AS.  wset,  wet;  akm  to  water.]  — 
wet'ness, «.— vret'sniirse'',  n.  Awoman  who 
Is  hired  to  suckle  the  babe  of  another  woman. 

whackt,  hwac.  [CoUoq.]  I.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To 
strike  sharply;  beat.  3.  [Slang.]  To  share.  II. 
n.  1.  A  sharp  blow.  2.  A  share.  [<  AS.  thac- 
cian,  beat.] 

whale,  hwel,  n.  A  marine  mammal  of  fish- 
like  form,  especially  one  of  the  larger  pel- 
agic species.  See  illus.  under  sperm-whale. 
[<  AS.  hwsel,  whale.]  —  whale'back'',  n.    A 


Whaleback. 
form  of  vessel  having  the  main  decks  covered  in 
and  rounded  over.  —  >vliale'bone'',  ii.  The 
horny  substance  developed  In  plates  from  the 
palate  of  the  whalebone-whales.— wlia'Ier,  n. 
A  person  or  a  vessel  engaged  In  whaling.— wha'- 
liiig,  n.    The  industry  of  capturing  whales. 

wharf,  hwerf,  n.  [wharfs  or  wharves,  pi.] 
A  landing-place  for  vessels  and  their  cargoes. 
[<  AS.  hwerf,  dam,  turning.]  —  wharfage,  n. 
vom.  1.  charge  for  the  use  of  a  wharf,  ij. 
Wharf  accommodations.- wharfingr-er,  n. 
One  who  keeps  a  wharf  for  landing  goods. 

what,  hwet.  I.  a.  1.  In  interrogative  con- 
struction, asking  for  information  as  to  a  per- 
son or  thing.  2.  How  surprising,  ridiculous, 
great,  or  the  like.  II.  interrog.  pron.  Which 
circumstance,  event,  relation,  or  the  like.  III. 
rel.  pron.  That  which:  a  double  relative.  IV. 
adv.  1.  In  what  respect;  to  what  extent.  2. 
In  some  measure;  partly.  V.  conj.  1.  So  far 
as;  as  well  as.  2.  Tnat:  especially  in  the 
phrase  6w<  what.  [<  AS.  ^^^a?/",  what,  neut. 
of  hwa,  WHO.]  —  what-ev'er,  ptvn.  The 
whole  that;  all  that;  nnvthlng  that.-  what'< 
not'',  «.  1.  An  ornamental  set  of  shelves  for 
holding  brlc-ft-brac,  etc.  ti.  Somotliing  or  other. 
—  what"80-ev'er,  a.  &  pron.  Wliatever. 

Wheal,  hwtl,  n.  A  discolored  ridge  on  the 
skhi,  as  from  the  stroke  of  a  whip.  [<  AS. 
hw?l€.] 


papfi,  Qsk;  at,  *ir;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  ©r;  full,  riile;  but,  ©r; 


511 


wheat 
whim 


Vehlcle^wheel. 

t,  tire;  r,  wooden 
rim;  s,  spokes;  h,  hub; 
a,  axle»nut. 


Wheat,  hwtt.  n.  A  grain,  the  edible  product  of 
a  cereal  grass  :  the  most  important  of  the  ce- 
reals; also,  the  plant  producing  this  grain.  [< 
AS.  hwsete.]  —  wheat'en,  a.    Made  of  wheat. 

whee'dle,'  hwi'dl,  vt.  &  vi.  [whee'dled; 
whee'dling.]  To  persuade  by  flattery;  coax; 
deceive.     [<  G.  tvedeln,  wag  the  tail.] 

wheel,  hwil.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  carry  or  move 
on  wheels;  roll;  turn;  rotate;  revolve;  gyrate. 
II.  n.  1.  A  circular  framework  or  a  disk, 
made  to  rotate  on  an  axis 
and  employed  to  reduce 
friction,  to  perform  rotary 
motion,  etc.  2.  Something 
resembling  a  wheel  or  hav- 
ing a  wheel  as  its  distinct- 
ive characteristic,  as  a 
steering»wheel,  a  pulley,  a 
bicvcle,  a  potters'  rotating 
disk  or  table,  etc.  3.  A 
wheeling; turning.  [<AS. 
hweol,  contr.  of  hiceoivol, 
wheel.] — wheel'bar^'row, 
n.  A  boxolike  vehicle  with 
ordinarily  one  wheel  and 
two  handles.— vi'heel'ingr, 
n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
wheels,  especially  of  one  riding  a  bicycle,  ii. 
The  condition  of  the  roads,  as  regards  traveling 
on  wheels.  3.  A  turning.— wheelsman,  n.  1. 
The  man  who  steers  a  vessel.  2.  A  bicyclist.— 
wh  eeFwright'',  n.  A  man  whose  business  is 
to  make  or  repair  wheels  and  wheeled  vehicles. 

wheez(e,  hwTz,  vi.  [wheez(e)d;  wheez'- 
ing]  .  To  breathe  hard  and  with  a  husky,  whis- 
tling sound.  [<  AS.  hwesan,  wheeze.]  — 
wheex(e,n.  A  wheezing  sound.— ^fvheez'y, 
a.    Subject  to  wheezing. 

whelk^,  hwelk,  n.  A  marine  mollusk  having 
a  whorled  shell.     [<  AS.  wiloc,  <  wealcan, 

roll.]  [of  WHEAL.] 

whelk^,  n.    A  swelling;  protuberance.     [Dim. 

whelm,  hwelm,  vt.  To  submerge;  overpower; 
hence,  to  destroy.  [  <  AS.  whelfan  in  dwhelfan, 
overwlielm.] 

whelp,  hwelp.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  bear  whelps. 
II.  n.  The  young  of  the  dog,  lion,  seal,  etc.;  a 
cub;  puppy;  worthless  young  fellow.  [<  AS. 
hwelp,  whelp.] 

when,  hwen,  adv.  1.  At  what  or  which  time. 
2.  At  the  time  that;  while;  although;  after 
that.  [<  AS.  hwaenne,  when.]— when-ev'er, 
adv.  &  conj.  At  whatever  time.  Trhen'^so- 
ev'ert. 

whence,  hwens,  adv.  1.  From  what  place  or 
source.  2.  For  which  reason;  wherefore. — 
wlieiice'"so-ev''er,  adv.  &  conj. 

where,  hwar,  adv.  At  or  in  what  place,  rela- 
tion^ or  situation;  whither;  whence.  [<  AS. 
Awoer,  where.] — where'a-bouts'''.  I.  n.  The 
place  in  or  near  which  a  person  or  thing  is. 
■where'a-bouf  t.  II.  adv.  Near  orat  what 
place;  about  where.  —  where-as',  co7ij.  1. 
Seeing  that.  3.  The  fact  of  the  matter  being 
that.  — where-at',  afZ?;.  1.  At  what.  2.  At 
which.  —  wliere-by',  adv.  1,  By  what;  how. 
2.  By,  near,  through,  or  by  means  of  which.— 
where'fore,  adv.  1.  For  what  reason;  why. 
2.  Therefore.- wliere-in',  adv.  1.  In  what 
particular  or  regard.  2.  In  which  thing,  place, 
etc.;  in  whatever.— wliere-of',art».  1.  Of  or 
from  what.  2.  Of  which  or  whom.  — ivhere- 
on',  adv.  1.    On  what  or  whom.    2.  On  which. 


—  where'^so-ev'er,  adv.  1.  Wherever.  2. 
Whithersoever.— where-to',arft\  1.  To  what 
place  or  end.  2.  To  which;  whither.— where''- 
up-on',  adv.  1.  Whereon.  2.  Conjunctively, 
upon  which  or  whom;  after  which.  —  wher- 
ev'er,  adv.  &  conj.  In  or  at  whatever  place. — 
where-with',  adv.  1.  With  what.  2.  With 
which.— where'^t^'ith-al'.  I.  ?i.  The  neces- 
sary means  or  resources.   IIL  adv.  Wherewith. 

wher'ry ,  hwer'i,  w.  [wher'biesS;p^.]  Alight, 
sharp  row- 
boat  used  on 
inland  wa- 
ters; also,  a 
decked  fish- 
ing -vessel 
with  two 
sails.  [< 
Ice.  hveifr, 
shifty,  < 
hverfa,  turn.] 

whet,  hwet.   I 
1.  To  sharpen, 


Thames  Wherry. 


vt.  [whet'ted'I;  whet'ting.] 
as  an  edged  tool,  by  friction. 
2.  To  make  more  keen  or  eager;  excite.  II. 
n.  The  act  of  whetting;  also,  something  that 
whets  or  excites;  specifically,  a  dram.  [ <  AS. 
htcettan,  <  hicaet,  keen.]  —  whefstone'',  n. 
A  flne»grained  stone  for  whetting  edge=tools. 

wheth'er,  hwedh'gr.  l\\.a.&pron.  Which: 
properly  of  two,  less  exactly  of  more  than  two. 
II.  conj.  In  case;  if:  introducing  an  alterna- 
tive clause,  followed  by  a  correlative  or,  or  w 
whether.    [<  AS.  hivaether,  <  hwa,  who.] 

w^hey,  hwg,  n.  A  clear  liquid  that  separates 
from  the  curd  when  milk  is  curdled.  [<  AS. 
hwit.g,  whey.]  — whey'ey,  a.  — whey'ish,  a. 

which,  hwich,  ^ron.  I.  interrog.  What  indi- 
vidual person  or  thing  of  a  certain  number  or 
class.  II.  rel.  What  particular  one  of  a  cer- 
tain number  or  class  referred  to.  [<  AS.  hwilc, 
which,  <  hwd,  who,  +  -tic-,  -Ij-l — which- 
ev'er,  pron.  Whether  one  or  another  (of  two 
or  of  several).    wliich''80-ev'ert. 

Whiff,  hwif.  It.  vt.  &  vi.  To  send  forth 
whiffs,  as  of  smoke;  throw  out  whiffs.  II.  n. 
Any  sudden  or  slight  gust,  as  one  bearing  an 
odor;  puff,  as  of  smoke.     [Imitative.] 

whiffle,  hwif 'I,  vt.  &  vt.  [whif'fled;  whif'- 
FLiNG.]  To  waver;  sway ;  shift ;  vacillate ;  blow 
with  puffs  or  whiffs.  [Freq.  of  whiff,  t'.]  — 
wliirfler,  «.— whif  fle-tree'',  n.    Same  as 

SWINGLETKEE. 

Whig,  hwig,  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  England  in  the  18th  and  19th  centuries ; 
also,  a  Covenanter  or  a  Roundhead.  2.  An 
American  colonist  who  supported  the  Revolu- 
tionary war;  later,  a  member  of  a  party  opposed 
to  the  Democratic.  [Prob.  abbr.  <  Whigga- 
more,  name  applied  to  Scotch  opponents  of 
Charles  I.]  —  \Vhig'ger-y,  n.  The  doctrmes 
of  Whigs. 

while,  hwail.  I.vt.  [whiled;  whi'ling.]  To 
cause  to  pass  lightly  and  pleasantly;  spend,  as 
time.  II.  n.  A  short  time;  also,  a  period  of 
time.  III.  COT) J.  1.  During  the  time  that.  2. 
At  the  same  time  that;  sometimes;  though. 
[<  AS.  hwH,  while.] —whilesll.  I.  adv. 
[Scot.]  Sometimes.  II.  conj.  While.— M^hilst, 
co))j.    While:  old  form. 

whim,  hwim,  n.  A  caprice;  freak.  [<  Ice. 
hvima,  wander  with  the  eyes.] 


flutlure    (future)-    aisle;   au   Cant);   oil;   c   (k);    cliat;    dli    (the);   go;  sing,  i^k-  thin. 


-^hiinper 
whittle 


512 


Whim'per,  hwim'pgr.  I.  vt.  &vi.  To  whine; 
complain.  II.  n.  A  low,  broken,  whining  cry; 
whine.     [Perhaps  akin  to  whine.] 

■wMm'sy,  hwim'zi,  n.  [wHIM'8IE8^  pi.]  A 
whim.  wMm'seyt.— whim'si-cal,  o.  1. 
Having  eccentric  ideas;  capricious.  2.  Oddly 
constituted.  —  whim -"si-cal'i -ty,  n.  — 
wliim'si-cal-ness,  «. 

■»vhin,  hwln,  n.    Furze.    [<  W.  chwyn.} 

whine,  hwain.  I.  vt.  &ri.  [whined;  whi'- 
NiNG.]  To  utter  with  a  whine;  give  forth  a 
whine;  find  fault  in  a  weak  or  childish  way. 
11.  n.  A  plaintive,  complaining  cry;  hence,  a 
suppressed  nasal  drawl  regarded  as  the  tone 
of  childish  complaint.  [  <  AS.  hwlnan,  whine.] 

w^Mn'iiy,  hwin'i.  I.  ri.  [whin'nied;  whin'- 
NY-iNG.J  To  neigh.  11.  n.  [wHIN'NIES^  p^.] 
The  cry  or  call  of  a  horse;  a  neigh.  [Freq.  of 
whine.] 

wMp,  liwip,  r.  [whipped'  orwHiPT;  whip'- 
PING.]  I.  t.  1.  To  Strike  with  a  whip;  flog; 
beat;  lash.  2.  To  effect  by  or  as  by  blows  of 
a  whip.  3.  To  jerk;  move  or  sweep  with  a 
lashing  motion.  II.  i.  To  move  nimbly. 
[ME.  ivhippen;  cp.  G.  &  D.  wippen,  seesaw.] 

whip,  n.  1.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a 
handle  and  lash,  flexible  rod,  or  the  like,  used 
for  driving  draft*animals  or  for  administering 
punishment.  2.  One  who  drives  with  or  as 
with  a  whip;  a  driver.  3.  A  rope  and  pulley 
rigged  for  hoisting,  etc.  —  wnip'per,  n.  — 
whip'piiis:,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  whips  or 
the  condition  of  being  whipped;  castlgatlon. 

wMp'ple-tree'',  hwip'1-trl",  n.  A  swingle- 
tree.     [V'ar.  of  whiffletree.] 

wMp'poor-will'',  hwip'pur-wir,  n.    A  goat- 
sucker of  the  eastern  United  States, 
remarkable  for  its  cry,  closely  imi- 
tated in  its  name. 

whir,  hwgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
[whirred;  whir 'ring.] 
To  whirl ;  move  or  fly  with 
a  whir.     II.  n.     A 


trilling,  swishing 
sound,  produced  by 
the  euduen  rising  o*f 
birds.  [<  Dn.  hrirre, 
whirl  (imitative).] 
whirr  $. 

whirl,  liwgrl.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  turn,  or  cause  to 
turn;  gyrate;  twirl.  II.  n.  1.  A  swift  rota- 
ting or  revolving  motion.  2.  Something  whirl- 
ing. [ME.  whirlen, of  Scand.  origin;  cp.  Ice. 
hnrfla.  freq.  of  hverfa,  turn.]  —  whirrer,  n. 
—  whirl'i-Kijr,  n.  1.  A  toy  that  revolves 
ranldly  on  an  axis.  ti.  A  merry .go»round. — 
wblrl'pool'',  71.  An  eddy  or  vortex  where 
water  moves  with  a  gyrating  sweep.—  whirls- 
wind",  «.  A  moving  f  unnel.shaped  column  of 
air.  causing  waterspouts,  duut-whlrls,  etc. 

w^hisk,  hwisk.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  move  or  be 
moved  along  with  a  light  sweeping  movement. 
11.7/.  1.  A  light  sweeping  movement.  2.  A 
little  broom  or  brush,  3.  A  wisp.  [<  Sw. 
ri/ika.'] 

whisk'er,  hwlsk'^r,  n.  1.  pi.  The  hair  that 
grows  on  the  sides  of  a  man's  face;  loosely, 
any  part  of  the  beard.  2.  One  of  the  long 
bristly  hairs  on  the  sides  of  the  mouth  of  some 
animals,  as  the  cat.  [<  wbibk,  f]  — whl»k'- 
vrvA,  a.    Having  whiskers. 


whis'ky,     I  hwis'ki, -ke,  ?/.    [kies', />;.]    An 

whis'key,  j  alcoholic  liquor  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  grain.  [<  Gael,  uisgebeatha, 
'water  of  life.'] 

whis'per,  hwis'pgr,  v.  I.  t.  To  utter  in  a 
whisper.  II.  ^.  1.  To  speak  in  a  whisper. 
2.  To  make  a  low  rustling  sound.  3.  To  speak 
with  caution;  also,  to  devise  mischief.  [< 
AS.  hwispi'ian;  imitative.] — wliis'per-er,  7i. 

whis'per,  n.  1.  An  articulated  but  not  so- 
nant breath;  also,  a  low,  rustling  sound.  2.  A 
secret  communication. 

whist,  hwist,  a.    Made  silent  or  quiet;  calmed. 

'whist,  n.  A  game  of  cards  played  by  four  per- 
sons.   [<  WHISK,  n.\  orig.  name  of  the  game.] 

'wYiisX,.  inter:].    Hush!  be  still!     [—hush.] 

whis'tl(e,  hwis'l.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  [whis'tl(e)d; 
whis'tling.]  To  make  or  emit  the  musical 
sound  called  a  whistle;  sound  as  a  whistle; 
call  or  guide  by  a  whistle.  II.  n.  The  sound 
of  air  forced  through  a  narrow  aperture  or 
against  a  thin  edge;  also,  a  mechanical  device 
for  producing  such  a  sound.  [<  AS.  hwistlian 
(imitative).]  —  whis'tler,  n. 

whit,  hwit,  n.  The  smallest  particle;  speck. 
[<  AS.  wiht;  see  wight,  n.] 

White,  hwait.    I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  whiten.    II.  a. 

1.  Having  the  color  produced  by  irregular  re- 
flection, as  from  a  rough  surface;  snow-colored. 

2.  Having  alight  complexion;  blond.  3.  Pure: 
innocent.  4.  Light  and  translucent,  as  certain 
wines.  III.  n.  1.  That  color  which  is  devoid 
of  any  tint,  and  is  the  opposite  of  black.  2. 
Any  thing  white,  as  the  white  portion  of  the 
eyeball,  a  white  person,  etc.  [<  AS.  hwlt, 
white.]  —  white'bait,  7i.  The  young  of  various 
fishes,  especially  of  sprat  and  herring.—  white'- 
fi8h'%«.  l.A 
salmonold  food* 
fish  of  northern 
regions.  2.  The 
menhaden.— 
^vhi'ten,  ®.  I. 
t.  To  make 
white ;  bleach. 
II.  i.  To  be- 
come white. 
white'ness. 


Common  Whitefish 


•wliite'wasli's.    I*,  vt.   1. 

To  coat  with  whitewash.  '2.  To  attempt  to  ex- 
cuse or  defend  a  corrupt  person,  act,  or  thing. 
3.  LColloq.,  U.  S.]  To  beat  In  a  game  without 
allowing  the  opposite  side  to  score.  II.  7i.  A 
mixture  of  slaked  lime  and  water,  used  for  whi- 
tening walls,  etc.  —  white'wash^er,  7J.— 
whi'tiuff,  hwal'tlng,  71.  A  white  powdered 
chalk  used  as  a  pigment  and  for  polishing.- 
whi'tinii,  a.    Somewhat  white. 

whith'er,  hwidh'gr,  adv.  1.  As  a  relative, 
to  which  or  what  place.  2.  As  an  interroga- 
tive, to  which  or  what.  3.  Wheresoever.  [< 
AS.h7vider,  whither;  akin  to  hwa,  who.] 

—  whith''er-80-ev'er!i,    adv.       To    what 
place  soever. 

whit'low,  hwit'lo,  n.  An  inflammatory  tu- 
mor, especially  on  a  finger.    [For  whickflaiv.,  < 

QUICK,  7K,  1  4-  FLAWl,  71.] 

Whit'sun-day,  hwit'sun-de  or  hwit'sun'dg, 
71.  The  seventh  Sunday  after  Easter:  a  church 
festival  commemorating  Pentecost.  Whit'- 
sunt.—  Whil'siin-lide",  n.  The  week  be- 
ginning with  Whitsunday. 

whit'tle,  hwit'l,  vt.&vi.  [whit'tled;  whit'- 


popA,  90k;  at,  &lr;  element,  thfty,  asfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  dr;  full,  rflle;  hxrt,  Or; 


513 


whiz 
wild 


TLiNG.]    To  cat,  carve,  or  shape  by  hand  with 
a  knife.     [<  AS.  thwltan^  cut.] 

whiz,  hwiz.  I.  ti.  [whizzed;  whiz'zing.] 
To  move  swiftly  with  a  hissing  or  humming 
sound.  II.  n.  A  sound  such  as  is  produced 
by  a  flying  missile.     [Imitative.] 

who,  hii,7)?'o«.  l.interrog.  Which  or  what  per- 
son. II.  rel.  l.That.  2.  He,  she,  or  they  that. 
[<  AS.  hwd,  who,  <  pron.  hw-  (interrog.).] 

—  who-ev'er,  pron.    Any  one  without  ex- 
ception who.  [uo,  interj.] 

Whoa,  hwO,  inteiy.     Stop  I  stand  still !     [For 

whole,  hol.  I.  a.  1.  Containing  all;  entire; 
total ;  complete.  2.  Sound;  healthy.  II.  n. 
1.  All  the  parts  or  elements  entering  into  and 
making  up  a  thing.  2.  An  organization  of 
parts  making  a  unity.  [  <  AS.  kfd,  well,  sound.] 
— ■whole'ness,  n.  Entireness;  completeness. 
—  whole'sale",  a.  1.  Selling  in  quantity.  2. 
Pertaining  to  wholesale  trade;  made  or  done  on 
a  large  scale.— >vhole'80ine,  a.  1.  Tending 
to  promote  health.  3.  Salutary.—  whol'ly,  adv. 
Totally;  exclusively. 

whom,  hiim,  pran.  The  objective  (formerly 
dative)  case  of  tvho. —  •whom''so-ev'er,  p7'on. 

whoop,  hup.  I«.  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  call  upon 
with  whoops;  mock.  2.  To  utter  whoops; 
hoot.  II.  n.  1.  A  shout  of  excitement,  de- 
rision, etc.;  a  hoot.  2.  A  loud  convulsive  in- 
spiration after  a  paroxysm  of  coughing.  [< 
OF,  haitper,  whoop.]  —  whoop'ingjcou^h'', 
n.  A  contagious  disease,  marked  by  violent 
coughing,  ending  with  a  whoop, 

Whorl,  hwOrl,  n.    1.  Bot.  A  set  of  leaves,  etc., 
on  the  same  plane  with  one 
another,  distributed  in  a  cir- 
cle.   2.  A  turn,  as  of  a  spi- 
ral shell. 

whor'tle-ber^'ry,  hwOr'tl- 
ber'l,  7i.    1.  [U.S.]  Same  as 

HUCKLEBERRY.        'i,    [En^.  | 

A  dwarf  hardy  shrub  and  its 
blue=black  fruit,  bi  I'ber'^- 
ryU    [<  AS.  wyrtil  (dim.  of 

2VJ/rt,  root)  +  BERRY,  «.]  Whorl  nf  T  Pivos 

Whose,   huz,  pron.     The  ^^^^' ^^  ^'^'''''^• 

possessive  case  of  7vho  and  often  of  which.    [< 

ME.  hwas,  gen.  of  htva,  who.] 
Trho'soll,  hu'so,  pron.     Whoever. —  whose''- 

80-ev'er,  pron.   Possessive  case  of  whosoever. 

who'''so-ev'ert 


tup. 

L  set  of  leaves,  etc.. 


why,  hwai.  I.  adv 
pose,  or  reason. 
II.  co?ij.  1.  Be- 
cause of  which; 
for  which.  2.  As 
a  relative,  the  rea- 
son or  cause  for 
which.  III.  interj. 
An  introductory 
expletive.  [<  AS. 
hwi,  <  hwa,  who.] 

w^ich'sha ''  zel, 
wich'»he"zl,  n.  A 
shrub,  10  to  12  feet 
high,  of  the  eastern 
United  States  and 
Canada,  yielding 
an  ointment  and 
fluid  extract  used 
in  pharmacy.     [< 


For  what  cause, 


HAZEL.]    w^itch'=ha''zelt:. 


Wlch=hazel. 

a,  the  leaves;  b,  a  flower; 

c,  fruits. 

AS.    wice,    wych*elm, 


wick,  wic,  n.  A  band,  as  of  woven  fibers, 
operating  by  capillary  attraction,  to  convey 
oil  or  other  illuminant  to  a  flame.  [<  AS. 
weoca,  wick.] 

wick'ed,  wik'gd,  a.  1.  Evil;  depraved; 
vicious;  sinful.  2.  Mischievous.  [<  AS. 
wicca,  wizard.]     -ly,  adv.     -ness,  n. 

wick'er,  wik'gr.  I.  a.  Made  of  twigs,  osiers, 
etc.    II.  n.    1.  A  pliant  young  shoot  or  rod. 

2.  Ware  made  of  such  shoots.  [Ult.  <  AS. 
tvlcan,  bend.] 

wick'et,  wik'§t,  n.  1.  A  small  door  or  gate 
subsidiary  to  a  larger  entrance.  2.  A  small 
opening  in  a  door.  3.  Cricket.  An  arrange- 
ment of  three  upright  rods  set  near  together, 
with  two  crosspieces  over  the  top.  [<  Ice.oF 
tikinn,  pp.  of  vlkja,  turn.] 

wide,  waid.  I.  a.  [wi'der;  wi'dest.]  1. 
Having  relatively  great  extent  between  sides; 
broad.  2.  Extended;  ample.  3.  Having  a 
specified  degree  of  width.  4.  Full^  open; 
expanded.  II.  adv.  To  a  great  distance. 
[<  AS.  w'lde,  <  wld,  wide.]— wide'sa- wake-", 
a.  Marked  by  vigilance  and  alertness.— wide'- 
ly,  adv.—  ^vi'den,  vt.  &  vi.  To  make  or  grow 
wide.- wide'ness,  Ji.- vi'idtli,  n.  Space 
between  sides,  or  extent  from  side  to  side. 

widge'on,  wij'on,  n.  A  river-duck  with  short 
bill  and  wedge- 
shaped  tail.  [< 
OF.  vigeon,  <  L. 
vipio,  kind  of 
crane.]  wige'- 
on+. 

wid'ow,  wid'o.   I. 
rt.      To    make    a 
widow.     Ilil.  a. 
Widowed.   III.  7i. 
A  woman  who  has 
lost    her   husband 
by  death  and  is  still    American  Widgeon.    Vis 
unmarried.     [<  AS.  mdeive,  widow,  prob.  < 
\/  in  Sans,  vindh,  lack.]  —  wid'ow-er,  n.    A 
man  whose  wife  is  dead  and  who  has  not  married 
again.— ^^'id'cvv-hood,  n. 

wield*,  wild,  vt.  1.  To  use,  control,  or  man- 
age, as  a  weapon  or  instrument.  2.  To  com- 
mand. [<  AS.  geiceldaUy  <  ivealdan;  akin  to 
L.  valeo,  be  strong.] 

wife,  waif,  n.  [wives,  waivz,  pl.l  1.  A 
woman  joined  to  a  man  in  wedlock.  2.  A 
housewife;  goodwife.  [<  AS.  tuif,  wife,  < 
|/  wib,  tremble.]  — wife'hood,  «.— wife'ly,  a. 

WXg,  wig,  n.  A  covering  of  false  hair  closely 
fitting  the  head.     [Short  for  periwig.] 

wig'gle,  wig'l.  [Colloq.  or  Prov.]  I.  vt.  &  vi. 
To  squirm  about;  wriggle.  II.  n.  The  act  of 
wriggling.    [For  waggle. J  —  wig'gler,  n. 

wight,  wait,  n.  A  person :  generally  in  good=' 
humored  contempt.     [<  AS.  wiht.] 

wig'wam,  wig'wem,  n.  1.  A  lodge  or  tent 
of  the  North'American  Indians.  See  illus.  on 
next  page.  2.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]  A  large  public 
building.  [  <  Algonkian  or  Massachusetts  tvek, 
his  house.] 

wild,  waild.  I.  a.  1.  Not  domesticated  or 
tamed.      2.   Living  without  any  civilization. 

3.  Uncultivated  or  uninhabited.  4.  Dissolute; 
prodigal.  5.  Stormy;  turbulent.  6.  Keenly 
eager.    II.??.    An  uninhabited  or  uncultivated 


flutiure  (future);    aisle;   au  (.out);    ©11;  c  (k);   chat;   dli  (the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 
33 


wilder 
windy 


514 


place;  a  wilderness.     [<  AS.  wild,  wild,  <  \/ 


of  WILLI,  ?;.]    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 
'il'der,  wil'der,  ».    [Poet.]    I, 


To  mislead; 


wi    

bewilder.    II.  i. 

To  wander. 
wil'der-ness, 

wil'der-nes,  n. 
1.  An  unculti- 
vated, uninhab- 
ited, or  barren 
region.  2.  A 
waste,  as  of  an 
ocean.  [<  AS. 
wilder,  contr.  of 
wild  deor,  wild 
beast.] 

wile, wail.  l.vt.    ^^,  ^,  ^^    , 

LwiLED  ;  wi'-  Chlppeway  Wigwam  of  Bark. 
LING.]  1.  To  mislead,  or  lead  with  guile.  2. 
To  pass  divertingly,  as  time.  II.  n.  An  act 
or  a  means  of  cunning  deception.  [<  AS.  wile, 
wile.]  —  wi'li-ly,  arft'.— wi'Ii-ness,  n. 

wil'ful,  wil'ful,  a.  1.  Headstrong;  self" 
willed.    2.  Voluntary,    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

will',  wil,  V.  [pres.  sing.,  will,  wilt,  will; 
pi.  will;  imp.  sing.,  would,  wouldest  or 

WOULDST,    would;    pi.  WOULD.]      Ifl.    t.     To 

wish  or  desire.     II.  i.    1.  To  be  desirous; 

have  a  wish:  mostly  in  the  form  would.    2. 

With  auxiliary  force,  a  sign  of  futurity  or  of 

purpose.    See  SHALL.     \_<  A^.  willan,  v/'iW.'] 
will",  vt.  &  vi.     [willed;  will'ing;  wills.] 

[Confused  with  will'.]      1.   To  produce  by 

the  exercise  of  will;  exercise  volition.    2.  To 

resolve  upon;  determine.    3.  To  bequeath  by 

a  will.     r<  AS.  willian,  <  willa,  will.] 
will,  n.    1 .  The  power  of  willing;  also,  a  choice; 

volition;  purpose.    2.  Energy  of  character.    3. 

The  legal  declaration  of  a  man's  intentions  as 

to  the  disposition  of  his  property,  etc.,  after 

his  death.     [<  AS.  willa,  <  willan,  will.] 
wil  Infill,  -ly,  -ness.    Same  as  wilful,  etc. 
will'ing,  a.    1.  Having  the  mind  favorably 

inclinea    or   dis-posed.      2.    Compliant.      3. 

Gladly  proffered  or  done.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  v. 
will'so'»tlie=wisp",    wil'«o'<=dhe»wisp%     n. 

The  ignis  fatuus. 
wil'low,  wil'O,  n.     A  tree  or  shrub  having 

generally  smooth  branches  and 

often  long,  slender,  pliant,  and 

sometimes  pendent  branchlets. 

[  <  AS.  welig,  willow.]— weep- 

ina;   willow,  an   Old  World 

wiliow  remarkable  for  Its  long, 

Blender,  pendulous  branches.— 

wll'low-y,  a.    1.  Abounding 

In  willows.    54,  Having  supple 

grace. 
wilt>'',  wilt,  V.    I.  t.   To  cause 

to  dfoop  or  wither.    II.  i.    To 

lose   freshness;    droop,    as    a 

plant.      [Akin  to  D.  welken, 

wither.] 
wilts,  -jd  per.  sing.  pres.  ind.  act. 

of  WILL,  V. 

wi'ly,  wui'li,  a.  [wi'li-er; 
wi'Li-EST.]  Full  of  or  charac- 
terized by  wiles;  sly;  cuiming. 

wim'blie,  wim'bl,  v.  Anything  that  bores  a 
hole;  a  gimlet  or  a  brace  and  bit.  [<  Dn, 
vimuiel,  auger.] 


Willow  Leaves. 

1.  Uiffhiand  wil- 
low. 2.  White 
willow.  3.  Weep- 
injf  willow.  4. 
Shininjj  willow. 
6.  Velvet  osier. 


Winch. 
[wind'ed'' 


win,  win,  vt.  &  vi.  [won;  win'ning.]  To  gain 
or  succeed  in,  as  against  difficulties  or  com- 
petitors; achieve;  attain;  be  victorious.  [<  AS. 
wivnan,  contend.]  —  win'ner,  n. —  win'ning. 

1.  pa.  Successful  in  competition;  capable  of 
winning;  winsome.  II.  n.  1.  The  act  of  one 
who  wins.  3.  That  which  Is  won:  usually  in  the 
plural. 

wince,  wins,  vi.  [wincedi^;  win'cing.]  To 
shrink  back  or  start  aside,  as  from  a  blow: 
flinch.  [  <  OHG.oF  ^venkan,  G.  wanken,  wince.] 

wincb.,  winch,  n.    1.  A  windlass,  particularly 
one  used  for  hoisting.    2.  A 
crank  used  as  a  handle.    [ < 
AS.  wince,  winch.] 

windi,  waind,  v.    [wound; 
wind'ing.]     I.  ^.      1.  To 
cause  to  pass  around ;  twine; 
wreathe;   encircle.      2.  To 
renew  the  motion  of,  as  a  watch. 
II.  i.    1.  To  move  or  be  ar- 
ranged in  a  circular  or  spiral 
manner.    2.  To   go  tortuously 
round  about;  twist.    3.  To  have 
a  twisted  form.     [<  AS.  win- 
dan.'] 

wind^,  wind  or  waind,  vt.  &  t 
(erroneously,  wound);  wind'ing.]     To  blow, 
as  a  horn;  sound  by  blowing.     [<  wind',  n., 
but  confused  with  wind',  v.] 

winded,  wind,  vt.  1.  To  detect  or  follow  by 
scent.     2.  To  exhaust  the  wind  or  breath  of. 

wind',  n.  1.  A  current  of  air.  2.  Lung- 
power;  breath.  3.  Flatulence.^  4.  Idle  talk. 
[<  AS.  wind,  wind,  <  4/  in  Goth,  waian,  G. 
wehen, blow.] — wind'sbro-^lien, a.  Asthmatic: 
said  of  a  horse.  —  wincl'falF',  «.  1.  Some- 
thing, as  ripening  fruit,  brought  down  by  the 
wind.  2.  A  piece  of  unexpected  good  fortune. 
—  w^.sgall,  n.  A  soft  swelling  near  the  pas- 
tern»jolnt  of  a  horse.— wind'less,  a.  1.  With- 
out wind ;  breezeless ;  calm.  5i.  Being  out  of 
breath.— wincl'mill",  n.  A  machine  turned 
by  the  wind  and  designed  to  furnish  motive  pow- 
er.—wind'pipe'',  n.  The  duct  by  which  the 
breath  is  carried  to  and  from  the  lungs. 

Wind^,  waind,  n.  A  winding;  bend,  turn,  or 
twist.  —  wind'ing,  pa.  1 .  Turning  spirally 
about  an  axis.  tj.  Having  bends  or  lateral  turns; 
twisting.  —  wind'ingsslieet",  n.  The  sheet 
that  wraps  a  corpse. 

wind'lass,  wind'los,  n.  Mech.  A  drum  for 
winding,  or  for  hoisting  by  winding.  [Corr.  or 
ivindas{<  D.  windas,  <  winden,y{'ma,-{-  aes, 
pole).] 

win'dow,  win'do,  n.  1.  An  opening,  as  in  a 
wall  of  a  building;,  for  the  admission  of  light 
or  air,  including  the  casement,  sash,  panes,  etc. 

2.  Anat.  A  windowlike  aperture.  [<  Ice. 
rindavga,  <  vindr,  wind,  -|-  auga,  eye.] 

wind'row,  wind'rO  or  win'rO",  n.  A  long 
ritlge  or  ^)ile,  as  of  hay  on  the  ground  shaped 
by  tlie  wind. 

wind'ward,  wind'ward.  I.  a.  Being  on  the 
siile  exi)()st'(l  to  the  wind.  II.  n.  The  direc- 
tion from  wliich  the  wind  blows.  111.  adv.  In 
the  direction  from  which  the  wind  blows. 

Wind'y,  wind'i,  a.  [win'di-kh;  win'pi-est.] 
1.  Abounding  in  wind;  stormy.  2.  Exposed 
to  the  wind.    3.  Bombastic;  pompous.   [<  AS. 

■    windig,  <  wind.,  wind.]— wlnd'I-ness,  n. 


papfl,  *j8k;  at,  ftlr;  element,  thfiy,  usfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  5h;  orator,  er;  full,  rfile;  but,  fir; 


515 


wine 
witliout 


wine,  wain.  I.Tt.&vi.  [wined;  wi'ning.] 
To  entertain  or  treat  with  wine.  II.  «.  The 
fermented  juice  of  the  grape,  or  sometimes  of 
other  fruit.  [<  AS.  win,  <  L.  vinum,  wine.] 
— wiiie'sbib'^ber,  n.  A  tippler.— ^v.sglass, 
n.    A  small  goblet  from  which  to  drink  wine. 

wing,  wing  V.  I.  t.  1.  To  accomplish  by  the 
aid  of  wings.  2.  To  impart  rapid  motion  to. 
3.  To  furnish  with  wings.  4.  To  slioot  in  the 
wing;  hence,  to  disable.  II.  i  To  fly  with 
or  as  with  wings. — wing(e)d,  a.  1.  Having 
wings;  passing  swiftly.     2.  Soaring;  lofty;  rapt 

wing,  n.  1.  The  fore  limb  of  a  bird,  adapted 
for  flight.  2.  That  which  is  conceived  as  per- 
forming some  function  of  wings.  3.  Flight  or 
passage  as  by  wings.  4.  Any  side,  part,  ap- 
pendage, etc.,  suggesting  a  wing.  [<  Ice. 
rseng7\  wing.] 

wink,  wink.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  close  and 
open  (the  eyes  or  the  eyelids)  quickly.  2.  To 
pretend  not  to  see.  3.  To  twinkle.  II.  n.  1. 
The  act  of  winking.  2.  The  time  necessary 
for  a  wink.  3.  A  twinkle.  4.  A  short  nap.  [< 
AS.wincian,  wink.]— wlnk'er,  w.  1.  One  who 
winks,  "i,  A  blinder  for  a  horse.    3.  An  eyelash. 

win'ner,  win'ning.    See  wix,  v. 

win'now,  win'O,  vt.  &  vi.  To  separate  grain 
from  chaff  by  means  of  a  current  of  air.  [  <  A8. 
windivian,  <  wind,  wind.]  —  win'now-er,  n. 

win'some,  win'som,  a.  Having  a  winning 
appearance  or  manner.  [<  AS.  wynsum,  < 
iV]/n.joy;  and  see  -some.] 

win'ter,  win'tgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  care  for  dur- 
ing the  winter;  pass  the  winter;  be  affected  b\' 
winter  weather.  II.  n.  The  coldest  season  of 
the  year.  [<  AS.  trititer,  winter.]  —  win'ter- 
green",  n.  A  small  creeping  evergreen  plant 
with  oval  leaves  and  red  berries,  used  in  phar- 
macy and  flavoring.— win'try,  a.  Belonging  to 
winter;  cold;  frosty,  win'ter-yt.— win'tri- 
ness,  n.  [of  wine. 

wi'ny,  wai'ni,  a.   Having  the  taste  or  qualities 

wipe,  waip.    I.  vt.     [wiped';    wi'pino.]     1. 
To  rub  lightly,  as  with  a  towel.     2.  To  remove 
by  rubbing  lightly;  brush.    II.  p.    The  act  or 
process  of  wiping.     [<  AS.  ivipian,  wipe.] 
—  wi'per,  n. 

wire,  wair,  v.  [wired;  wir'ing.]  I.  ^.  1. 
To  furnish  with  wire;  fasten  with  wire.  2.  To 
transmit  by  electric  telegraph.  IL;  i.  [CoUoq.] 
To  send  a  telegram. 

wire,  n.  A  slender  strand  or  thread  of  metal, 
formed  by  drawing  through  dies  or  holes. 
[<  AS.  wlr,  wire.]  —  wire'draw''',  vt.  To 
draw,  as  a  metal  rod,  through  a  series  of  holes  of 
diminishing  diameter  to  reduce  it  to  a  wire.— 
wir'y,  a.  1.  Having  great  resisting  power; 
thin,  but  tough  and  sinewy:  said  of  persons,  tj. 
Like  wire;  stiff.—  wir'i-ness,  n. 

iivisll*,  wis,  vt.    To  suppose;  think.    [<  iwis.l 

wis'dom,  wiz'dum,  n.  1.  The  power  of  ftrue 
and  just  discernment.  2.  Sound  practical 
judgment;  common  sense.  3.  A  high  degree 
of  knowledge;  erudition.  [<  AS.  wisdom,  < 
^(;^s,  wise;  and  see  -dom.] — wis'dom stooth'', 
n.  The  last  or  third  molar  of  the  human  jaw, 
which  appears  about  the  twentieth  year. 

wise,waiz,  ff.  [wi'ser;  wi'sest.]  Possessed  of 
wisdom;  sagacious; prudent; sensible;  shrewd; 
erudite;  sage.  [<  AS.  wis,  wise,  <  \/  of 
rvitan,  know.]     -ly,  adv. 

'Wise,  suffix.    Way  or  manner:  used  as  a  termina- 


tion; as,  TLOzoise,  liketci.se:  often  confused  with 
-loay,  -ways. 

wise'a'^cre,  waiz'e'kgr,  n.  One  who  affects 
great  wisdom;  hence,  a  dunce.  [<  G.  weis- 
sager,  <    OHG.  ivlzago,  soothsayer.] 

wish.,  wish.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  desire;  want; 
have  a  wish;  feel  a  longing.  II.  n.  1.  A  de- 
sire or  longing.  2.  A  petition.  3.  Something 
wished  for.  [<  AS.  ivDscan,  <  wusc,  wish.]  — 
wish'fiil,  a.    Full  of  longing. 

wisli^yswash^'y,  wish'i^wesh'i,  a.  fColloq.] 
Thin,    weak,   and   diluted.     [Reduplication    of 

AVASHY.] 

wisp,  wisp,  n.  1.  A  small  bunch,  as  of  hay, 
straw,  or  hair.  2.  A  \vhisk=broom.  [ME.  ivisp 
for  wips;  akin  to  wipe.] 

vrist,  wist,  imp.  of  wit,  v.:  sometimes  used  in- 
correctly for  the  present  tense.    Compare  wis. 

wist'fui,  a.  1.  Wishful;  longing.  2.  Mu- 
sing; pensive.  [For  wishful.]  —  wist'ful-ly , 
adv.  —  tvist'fiil-ness,  n. 

witll,  wit,  vt.  &  vi.  [wist,  imp.'\  To  be  or  become 
aware;  learn.  [  <  AS.  witan,  know,  <  wltan,  see.] 
—  to  ■\vit,  that  Is  to  say;  namely. 

wit,  wit,  ».  1.  Sudden  and  ingenious  associa- 
tion of  ideas  or  words  causing  surprise  and 
merriment.  2.  A  witty  person.  3.  The  reason- 
ing power  or  faculty;  sense.  [<  AS.  wit,  < 
witan,  know,  <  tc'itan,  see.] 

witch.,  wich.  It.  vt.  To  bewitch.  II.  w.  1. 
One  supposed  to  have  dealings  with  evil  spirits ; 
a  sorceress.  2.  A  hag.  3.  A  bewitching  wom- 
an or  girl.  [<  AS.  wicca,  ivicce,  <  wltiga, 
wizard,  <  wltan,  see.]  —  witch'craft'',  n. 
1.  Sorcery.  '■Z,  Extraordinary  fascination.— 
'ivitch'er-y,  n.     [-ies»,  pZ.]     Power  to  charm. 

with,  widh.  ])rep.  1.  Expressing  relations  of 
intimate  connection,  as  in  space,  time,  quality, 
or  condition;  in  the  company  of;  in  the  case  of; 
in  the  same  direction  or  sense  as.  2.  Express- 
ing the  relation  of  means,  instrument,  or  cause: 
by  the  use  of;  by;  because  of.  3.  Expressing 
the  relation  of  endowment  or  possession :  hav- 
ing. 4.  Expressing  separation:  from;  as,  to 
part  tvith.  5.  In  opposition  to;  against; 
as,  to  fight  with.  [<  AS.  with,  with.] — 
with-al'.  J,  adv.  With  the  rest;  in  addition. 
nil.     p/'ej9.     With.  — with-flraw',  r.      I.  t. 

1.  To  draw  or  take  away;  remove;  recall.  Z. 
To  keep  or  abstract  from  use.  II.  i.  To  draw 
back;  retire.  [<  with-  -\-  draw.]  — -with - 
draw'al,  n.  [_witfi-,  <  with,  against.] 

with-,  prefix.    Against;  as,  icii/istand.     [<  AS. 

withe,  with.  V-.vt.  To  bind  wdth  withes.  II. 
n.  1.  A  willow;  supple  twig.  2.  A  band 
made  of  twisted  flexible  shoots,  straw,  or  the 
like.     [<  AS.withthe,  <  wlthig,  wiWow.] 

with'er,  widh'cr,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  cause  to 
become  limp  or  dry,  as  a  plant  when  cut  down. 

2.  To  waste,  as  flesh.  3.  To  droop  or  perish. 
[<  AS.  tcedrian,  air,  <  wedei\  weather.] 

with'ers,  widh'grz,  n.  pi.    The  highest  part 

of  the  back  of  the  horse,  between  the  shoulder* 

blades.     [  <  AS.  wither,  against.] 
with-hold',  widh-hold',  vt.  &  vi.      To  hold 

back;  restrain.     [<  with-  +  hold,  ■?;.] 
with-in'.     I.   adv.     1.   In  the   inner   part; 

interiorly.     2.  At  home;  indoors.    II.  prep. 

1.  Inside.     2.  In  the  limits,  range,  or  compass 

of.       3.  Not  going  beyond.      [<  AS.  with, 

with,  4-  innan,  in.] 
with-out'.    1.  adv.  1.  In  or  on  the  outer  part. 


flut|are  (future);    aisle;    au   (out);    oil;   c  (k);   cliat;    dli  (the);    go;  sing,   ink;  tliin. 


withstand 
w^oody 


516 


2.  Out  of  doors.  3.  External.  II.  prep.  1. 
Destitute  of;  lacking.  2.  On  the  outside  of; 
external  to.  3.  Beyond  the  limits  of.  [<  AS. 
withutan,  <  tviih,  against,  -1-  utan,  out.] 

witlx-stand',  v.  I.  t.  To  oppose  with  any 
force;  resist.  II.  i.  To  make  resistance;  en- 
dure. [<  AS.  withstandan,  <  with,  against, 
4-  ftfandan,  stand.] 

■witli'y,  with'i,  a.  Made  of  withes;  flexible 
and  tough.     [<  AS.  withig,  willow.] 

■wit'less,  a.    Lacking  in  wit;  foolish. 

■wit'ness,  wit'nes.  I',  vt.  &  vi.  To  see 
or  know  by  personal  experience;  be  witness  to 
or  of;  attest;  bear  witness;  give  evidence.  II. 
n.  1.  A  person  who  has  seen  or  known  some- 
thing; a  spectator.  2.  One  who  or  that  which 
furnishes  evidence  or  proof.  3.  An  act  of  at- 
testation, as  to  a  fact,  an  event,  or  a  signature. 
[<  AS.  wifnes,  <  witan,  see.]        [designedly. 

■vrit'ting-ly,  wit'ing-li,  adv.    Knowingly  and 

■wit'ty,  wit'i,  a.  [wit'ti-er;  wit'ti-est.] 
1.  Having  or  displaying  wit.  2!!.  Sarcastic.  [< 
AS.  witig,  wise.]  — wit'ti-cism,  w.  A  witty 
or  clever  saying.  — ^vit'ti-ly,  adv.— wWti- 
ne88«  n. 

•wive,  waiv,  vt.  &  vi.  [wived;  wi'ving.] 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  wife;  mate.  2 §.  To  mar- 
ry.    [  <  AS.  wlflan,  <  tvif,  wife.] 

wives,  walvz,  n.    Plural  of  wife. 

wiz'ard,  wiz'ard,  n.  1.  A  male  witch;  sor- 
cerer. 2.  One  who  practises  jugglery.  [< 
OF.  *tvvichard,  guischard,  cunning.] 

wiz'en,  wiz'n,  a.  Shrunken;  withered.  [< 
AS.  wisnian,  wither.] 

wo,     I  wO,  n.  Overwhelming  sorrow;  heavy  af- 

woe,  f  fliction  or  calamity.  [<  AS.wa(interj.), 
wo.]  —  wo'be-gone'',  a.  Overcome  with  wo; 
mournful;  sorrowful.  woe'be-gone''t.— wo'- 
ful,a.  1.  Accompanied  by  or  causing  wo;  dire- 
ful. 2.  Expressive  of  sorrow;  doleful.  \»'oe'- 
fuU.    -ly,  adv.    -ness,  n. 

wolf,  wulf,  w.  [wolves,  wulvz,  ^;/.]  1.  A  wild 
"and  savage  dog-like  mammal.  2.  Any  raven- 
ous, cruel,  or  rapacious  person  or  thing.  [  < 
AS.  wi^f,  wolf.]  —  wolPish,  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  a  wolf ;  rapacious;  cruel.— ^volfs's 
bane'',  n.  1.  A  species  of  aconite  of  the  Alps; 
monk's^hood.    2.  A  European  species  of  arnica. 

wol"ver- 
e  n  e  ' , 
wul"  vfir- 
tn',  n.    A 
rapacious   and 
cunning      car- 
nivore      of 
northern     for- 
ests, with  stout 


bodyand  limbs 


Wolverene. 


and  bushy  tail.  [<woLr.]  wol^ver-ine't- 
wom'an,  wum'an,  n.  [wom'en,  wim'gn,  pi.] 
1.  All  adult  human  female.  2.  Women  col- 
lectively. 3.  Womanly  character;  femininity. 
[<  AS.  wlf,  wife,  +  mat),  man.]  —  wom'a-n 
hood,  n.  I ,  The  Htatc  of  a  woimui  or  of  wom- 
ankind. '2.  Wonu'ii  collectively.  — woin'an- 
iiih«  a.  Characteristic  of  ii  woman;  effeminate. 
—  w^om'an-klnd,  n.  Women  collectively.— 
woiii'an-ly.  1.  «.  Ilavlng  the  (niallties  be- 
coming tu  a  woman.  II.  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  woman. 
womb,  wQm,  w.    1 .  The  organ  in  which  young 


To  be  affected 
II.  n.     1.  A 


are  developed;  the  place  where  anything  is  en 

fendered  or  brought  into  life.     2.  A  cavern 
<  AS.  womb,  belly.] 

iivon,  wun,  imp.  &pp.  of  wik,  v. 

won'der,  wun'dgr.  I.  vt.  &  vi 
or  filled  with  wonder;  marvel, 
feeling  of  mingled  surprise  and  curiosity  ex- 
cited by  something  extraordinary.  2.  A  prod- 
igy- [<  AS.  wundrian,  <  wtmdor,  wonder.] 
—  won'der-fiil,  a.  Of  a  nature  to  excite 
wonder  or  admiration;  marvelous,  -ly,  adv. 
-ness,  71.— ■won'der-land'',  n.  A  realm  of 
fairy  romance.— -won'dro  us,  a.  Command- 
ing wonder;  wonderful,    -ly,  rtf/r.    -ness,  M. 

■wont'i,  wunt,  vt.  &  vi.  To  habituate:  used  re- 
flexively.—  wont'ed,  pa.  Commonly  used  or 
done;  habitual;  accustomed,    -iiens,  n. 

wont,  wunt.  I.  a.  Vsing  or  doing  habitually; 
accustomed;  used.  II.  n.  Ordinary  manner 
of  doing  or  acting;  habit.  [<  AS.  wunian, 
dwell.] 

■won't,  wont.    [Colloq.]    Will  not. 

woo,  wQ,  vt.  &  vi.  1.  To  make  love  to;  court. 
2.  To  entreat  earnestly.  [<  AS.  wogian,  < 
woh,  bent.] 

wood^'',  wud,  ?;.  I.  ^  1.  To  furnish  with  wood 
for  fuel.  2.  To  convert  into  a  forest.  II.  t. 
To  supply  wood. 

wood,  n.  1.  A  large  and  thick  collection  of 
trees;  forest;  grove:  often  in  the  plural.  %. 
The  sub- 
stance of 
which  a 
tree  is  com- 
posed, or 
something 
made     of 

AS.    wvdu,    wood.]  —  wood'bine'',    n.      1. 

The  common  European  honeysuckle.  2.  The 
Virginia  creeper.—  wood'scar^'ver,  n.  One 
who  carves  wood  as  for  a  living.— w.scarviiijr, 
n.  1.  The  art  of  carving  wood,  especially  for 
decoration,  tj.  A  carving  In  wood.— wood'- 
cock'',  11.  A  small  game.bird  having  the  thigh.s 
entirely  feathered.— wood'craff,  n.  Skill  in 
such  things  as  belong  to  woodland  life.- -wood'- 
ciit'',n.  An  engraving  on  wood;  also,  a  print  from 
such  a  blo(;k.—  w. scatter,  n.  One  who  chops 
wood.—  wood'ed,  a.  Having  a  sui>ply  <>f  wood; 
abounding  with  trees.—  wood'en,  '/.  1 .  ^lade 
of  wood.  3.  Like  a  block  of  wood;  stupid;  me- 
chanical.—w.sengravinar,  n.  The  art  of 
making  woodcuts.— wood'Iand,  n.  Land  oc- 
cupied by  or  given  up  to  growing  trees,  as  woods 
or  forests.— wood'inan,  ?<.  |-mkx,jd;.I  l.A 
wood»cutter;  lumberman.  '•i,  A  forester.— 
wood'|>eck''er,  n.  A  bird  having  a  chlseLlike 
bill,  that  pecks  holes  in  bark  in  search  for  Insects. 
—  w.stiirusii,  n.  A  thrush  of  a  prevailing 
cinnanu)n»bro\vn  color,  noted  for  tlie  sweetness 
of  Its  song,  found  in  the  eastern  United  States. 
— wood'work",  n.  The  wooden  i)arts  of  any 
structure,  especially  Interior  wooden  parts. 

wood'chat",  wud'chat",  n.  A  European 
shrike. 

wood'chuck''',  wud'chuk",  n.  A  marmot  of 
eastern  North  America.  See  illus.  above. 
[Corr.of  Am.  InCi.w^ack.]  g:round'--llog"t:. 

wood'y,  wud'i,  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  wood. 
2.  Pertaining  to  wood;  resembling  wood.  3. 
Wooded. —  wood'i-ncM,  n. 


papfl,  gsk;  at,  *ir;  el^ingnt,  thfey,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  or;  full,  rule;  bot.  Or; 


517 


wooer 
wortliy 


woo'er,  wu'gr,  n.    One  who  woos;  a  lover. 

woof,  wuf,  n.  The  croHs^threads  of  a  woven 
fabric;  weft.    \_<K^.dwef^  <  aivefan,  weave.] 

wool,  wul,  n.  1.  The  soft  long,  curly,  or 
crisped  hair  obtained  from  sheep  and  some 
allied  animals.  2.  Something  resembling 
wool.  [<  AS.  wiiU,  wool.]  —  wool'en.  I.  a. 
Consisting  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool.  II.  «. 
Cloth  or  clothing  made  of  wool,  wool'lent.— 
•wool'ly,  a.  1 .  Consisting  of,  covered  with,  or 
resembling  wool.  3.  Bot.  Having  a  pubescence 
of  wool=llke  hairs.— wool'i-ness,  7i. 

word,  wOrd.  I'^.  ft.  1.  To  express  in  words; 
phrase.  2.  To  affect  by  a  word.  II.  n.  1. 
A  vocal  sound,  or  combination  of  such  sounds, 
used  as  a  symbol  to  signify  a  thought.  2.  The 
letters  that  stand  for  a  significant  vocal  sound. 
3.  Conversation  ;  talk.  4.  A  brief  remark. 
5.  A  message;  command;  promise.  [<  AS. 
word,  word.]—  word'iiig,  n.  The  act  or  style 
of  expressing  In  words;  phraseology.—  word'y, 
a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  words;  verbal.  "Z.  Ex- 
pressed in  many  words.  3.  Verbose;  prolix.— 
word'i-ly,  adv.- woril'i-ness,  n.  [v. 

■wore,  wor.  imp.  (also  Incorrectly  pp.)  of  weak, 

work,  wurk,  V.  [worked'  or  wrought  ; 
work'ing.]  I.  t.  1.  To  expend  labor  on.  2. 
To  cause  to  do  work,  or  to  produce  by  toil. 
3.  To  influence  by  exertion.  4.  To  investigate 
or  solve.  II.  i.  1.  To  exert  physical  or 
mental  power;  labor;  toil.  2.  To  make  prog- 
ress. 3.  To  be  effective.  4.  To  have  motion; 
run.  5.  To  ferment.  [<  AS.  wytvan,  work.] 
—  work'er,  n.  One  who  or  that  which  works, 
as  a  working  ant  or  bee. 

work,  n.  1.  Manual  labor;  occupation.  2. 
An  undertaking;  task.  3.  That  which  is  pro- 
duced by  labor.  4.  pi.  An  industrial  estab- 
lishment. 5.  ])l.  Itunning'gear.  [<  AS. 
weorc,  work.]  —  work'sbag'%  w.sbox,  n.  A 
small  bag  or  box  for  needlework,  etc.—  w.  :day, 
71.  Any  day  not  a  Sunday  or  holiday,  woi'k'- 
ing5day'''t.— work'liouse'',  n.  1.  An  alms- 
house, '■i.  A  workshop.— work'ingsman'',  «. 
One  who  earns  his  bread  by  manual  labor;  an  arti- 
san; mechanic— work'iiian,  n.   1 .  A  man  who 

works;  aworking.man.   ti.  A  worker %vork'- 

inan-Iike''^  a.  Like  a  skilled  tt^orkman. 
^vork'man-lyl:.- work'nian-ship,  n.  1. 
The  art  of  a  workman.  5J.  The  woik  produced 
by  a  worker. 

world,  wurld,  n.  1.  The  earth.  2.  A  division 
of  tilings  belonging  to  the  earth.  3.  Mankind; 
the  public.  4.  Tlie  practises  and  ways  of  men. 
5.  Secular  affairs;  worldly  pleasures,  aims, 
life,  or  people.  6.  A  scene  of  existence; 
earthly  life.  [<  AS.  world,  <  wer,  man,  -{- 
yldo,  age,  <  eald,  old.]  —  world'ling,  n.  One 
who  lives  merely  for  this  world.—  world'ly.  I. 
a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  world;  earthly,  ij.  De- 
voted to  temporal  things.  3.  Secular  or  lay.  II. 
adv.  In  a  worldly  manner.—  world'li-ness,  n. 

worm,  wijrm,  v.  I.  t.  1.  To  insinuate  (oneself 
or  itself)  into  as  or  like  a  worm ;  effect  as  by 
crawling;  as,  to  worm  one's  way:  with  in  or 
into.  2.  To  draw  forth  by  artful  means,  as  a 
secret:  with  out.  II.  i.  To  work  or  proceed 
stealthily  and  slowly. 

worm,  wurm,  n.  1.  A  small,  legless,  inverte- 
brate crawling  animal.  See  illus.  in  next  col- 
umn. 2.  A  small  creeping  animal  with  short  or 
undeveloped  feet.  3.  A  despicable  person.  4. 
A  short  threaded  portion  of  a  shaft  constituting 


1.  The  Common  Earthworm. 
2.  The  Young,  escaping 
from  its  case. 


an  endless  screw  formed  to  mesh  with  a  gear- 
wheel. 5.  Anat.  An  organ  or  part  that  re- 
sembles a  worm  in  shape.  6. 2)1-  An  intestinal 
disorder.  [<  AS.  wyrm,  worm.] — worm's 
eaf  en,  pa.  Eaten  or  bored 
through  by  wonns.— 'w.sgear, 
n.     A  gear»wheel  , 

having   teeth  ' 

shaped  so  as  to 
mesh  with  a  worm. 
w.  s  wheel  t.— 
worin'y,  a.  In- 
fested with  worms; 
earthy;  groveling. 

worm. '  wood '', 
wOrm' wild ",  n.  1 .  A  perennial  herb  that  is  aro- 
matic, tonic,  very  bitter,  and  formerly  used  as  a 
vermifuge.  2.  That  which  embitters.  [<  AS. 
wemiod.^ 

worn,  worn,  pp.  of  weak:  used  also  as  joa. 

wor'ry,  wGr'i,  v.    [wor'ried;  wor'ry-ing.] 

I.  ^  1.  To  harass  or  vex.  2.  To  affect  by 
worrying.  II.  i.  To  be  uneasy  in  mind;  fret. 
[<  AS.  wyrgan,\ndwyrgan,\iSii:m.'\ 

wor'ry,  7i.  [wor'ries^,  pl.'\  A  state  of  per- 
plexing anxiety;  vexation.— wor'ri-some,  a. 

worse,  wijrs.  I.  a.  [Used  as  compar.  of  bad, 
ill,  evil,  and  the  like.]  1 .  More  evil ,  unworthy, 
objectionable,  etc.  2.  Physically  ill  in  a 
greater  degree.     3.  Less   favorably  situated. 

II.  adv.  1.  In  a  manner  more  evil  or  ill.  2. 
With  greater  intensity,  severity,  etc.  [<  AS. 
wyrsa,  worse.] 

wor'sMp,  wur'ship,  vt.  &  vi.  [wor'shiped' 
or  wor'shipped';  wor'ship-ing  or  wor'ship- 
piNG.]  I.  t.  1.  To  pay  an  act  of  worship  to; 
perform  acts  or  have  feelings  of  worship.  2||. 
To  honor.  II.  n.  1.  Religious  homage; 
prayer.  2.  Deference,  respect,  etc.  3.  Exces- 
sive or  ardent  admiration.  [  <  AS.  weorthscipe, 
<  weorth,  worthy,  -\--scipe,  -ship.] — wor'ship- 
er,  n.  wor'sliip-perl.— wor'ship-ful,  a. 
Worthy  of  honor. 

worst,  wOrst.  I"*,  vt.  To  get  the  advantage 
over  in  a  contest.  II.  a.  Bad,  ill,  or  evil  m 
the  highest  degree.  III.  n.  The  most  evil 
or  calamitous  state  or  result.  IV.  adv.  In 
the  worst  manner  or  degi-ee.  [<  AS.  wyrsta, 
superl.  of  ivyrm,  worse.] 

wors'ted,  whrs'ted  or  wust'ed.  I.  a.  Made 
of  worsted.  II.  n.  Woolen  yarn,  with  fibers 
combed  parallel  and  twisted  hard ;  also,  a 
lightly  twisted  woolen  yarn.  [<  Worsted,  now 
Worstead,  in  England.] 

worts  wiJrt,  n.  A  plant;  herb;  as,  \\\etwoi't. 
[<  AS.  wyrt,  plant.] 

wort2,  n.  The  infusion  of  malt  that  when  fer- 
mented becomes  beer.  [<  AS.  wyrte.,  <  wyrt, 
plant.] 

w^ortll,  wiJrth.  I.  a.  1.  Having  value;  equal 
in  value  (to);  exchangeable  (for).  2.  Deserv- 
ing (of).  II.  n.  That  quality  which  renders 
a  thing  useful  or  desirable;  value;  excellence. 
[<  AS.  weorth,  <  weorth,  worthy.]  —  worth'- 
less,  a.   Having  no  worth.   -ly,  ad».   -ness, ». 

-worth,  ->vorthy,  siifflx.  Used  in  composition 
to  represent  worth,  «.,  worthy,  a. 

wor'tliy,  wur'dhi.  I.  a.  [wor'thi-er;  wor'- 
thi-est.]  1.  Possessing  worth;  having  valu- 
able qualities.  2.  Fit;  suitable.  II.  n.  [wor'- 
thies»,  pl.'\    A  person  of  eminent  worth. 


flutlflre  (future);   aisle;   au  (owt);    ©11;  c  (k);  chat;  dli  {the);   go;  sing,  ink;  thin. 


wot 
■wry- 


sis 


—  wor'thi-Iy,  adv.    In  a  worthy  manner.— 
\s'nt].,  wet,  vt.  &  vi.,  ist  &  3d  per.  (sing.  pres.  ind. 

of  WIT,  V. 

'would,  wud,  v.,  imp.  of  will,  auxiliary.  Ex- 
pressing desire,  conditional  assertion,  or  de- 
termined action.  [<  AS.  wolde.,  pret.  of  willan, 
will.] 

wound"'',  wundw wound,  ?;.  I.  t.  To  inflict 
a  wound  upon.  II.  i.  To  hurt;  give  pain. 
[<  AS.  wundian,  <  wund;  see  wound,  n.} 

wouud^,  waund,  imp.  &  pp.  of  wind,  v. 

wound,  wiind  or  waund,  n.  A  hurt  or  injury 
caused  by  violence  ;  especially,  a  cut,  bruise, 
stab,  etc.     [<  AS.  wund,  <  winnan,  strive.] 

wove,  imp.  &  pp.  of  weave,  v.—  wo'ven,  pp. 

wraith,  reth,  n.  A  fantom  of  a  living  person ; 
loosely,  any  specter.     [<  Ice.  wr^A,  guardian.] 

wran'gl(e,  ra^i'gl.  I.vt.&vi.  [wran'gl(e)d; 
wran'gling.]  To  maintain  by  noisy  argu- 
ment or  dispute;  brawl.  11.  n.  An  angry  or 
noisy  dispute.  [ME.  wranglen,  akin  to  LG. 
tvrangen,  wrangle.]  —  wran'gler,  n. 

wrap,  rap,  tt.  &  vi.  [wbapped'  or  wrapt; 
WRAP'PiNG.]  1.  To  fold  or  draw  together,  as 
a  fabric,  so  as  to  enclose  something.  2.  To 
cover  by  infolding;  infold.    [<  warp,  ■?;.] 

wrap,  n.  An  article  of  dress  intended  to  be 
drawn  or  folded  about  a  person;  a  wrapper.— 
wrap'per,  «.  1,  An  outer  covering.  3.  A 
loose  flowing  outer  garment. 

W^rath,  rflth,  n.  Determined  and  lasting  anger; 
extreme  passion;  rage.  [<  AS.  wraeththo,  < 
wrath;  see  wroth.]  — wfath'ful,  a. 

wreaks  rik,  vt.  To  inflict,  as  vengeance; 
satiate,  as  a  feeling  or  passion.  [<  AS. 
wrecan,  revenge,  impel.] 

wreath,  rith,  n.  1.  A  twisted  band  of  leaves 
or  flowers,  as  for  a  crown  or  chaplet.  2.  Any 
curled  band  of  circular  or  spiral  shape.  [< 
AS.  wraeth,  <  wnthan,  twistJ—  wreathe,  vt. 
[wbbathed;  wreath'ing.]  1.  To  form  into  a 
wreath;  also,  to  form  (a  wreath)  out  of  flowers, 
branches,  etc.    "2.  To  encircle;  embrace. 

wreck,  rec.  I',  vt.  1.  To  cause  or  suffer  the 
destruction  of,  as  a  vessel;  shipwreck.  2.  To 
bring  destruction  upon.  II.  n.  1.  The  act 
of  wrecking;  total  ruhi;  shipwreck.  2.  That 
which  has  been  wrecked  or  ruined.  [<  AS. 
wrsec,  <  wrecan,  drive  out.]  —  wreck'ase,  n. 
1.  The  act  of  wrecking.  'J.  Material  from  a 
wreck.—  wreck'er,  n. 

^^nren,  ren,   n.     A  small    bird,   having  short 
rounded  wings  and  a  shoit 
tail  carried  erect.     [<  AS. 
ivrenna,  wren.] 

WTench,  rench.  I',  vt.  To 
twist  violently ;  wrest ; 
hi'iicc,  to  sprain;  distoit. 
11./-.  l.'riic;i(t(.rwrciicli- 
iiiii.  2.  A  tool  for  twisting 
or  turning  bolts,  nuts,  etc. 
[<   AS.   wrenc,  stratagem, 

<    V  of  WRING.] 

wrest,  rest.    I'l.  vt.    1.  'i'o 

pull  by  violent  twisting;  \\  r 

from  the  true  meaning,  « iiai 

1.  An  act  of  wresting.     2.  A  i<ey  for  tuning  a 

stringed    instruinent.      [<    AS.    wrxstan,  < 

writhaii,  writhe.] 
wres'tlie,  res'l,  rl.     fwREs'Ti,(E)n;  wkes'- 


Coninion  }i(iuse< 

wren.    V'g 

■iicli.     2.  To  tin 

•t.T,  el(;.     II. 


TLiNG.]  To  contend  or  grapple,  as  opponents 
striving  each  to  bring  the  other  to  the  ground. 
[<  AS.  wrsBsilian,  freq.  of  wrsestan;  see 
WREST,  V.I  —  wres'tKe,  n.  An  act  of  wres- 
tling.—  wres'tler,  n. 

WTetch.,  rech,  n.  1.  A  base  person;  despi- 
cable character.  2.  A  miserable  or  unhappy 
person.  [<  AS.  wrecca,  outcast,  <  wrecan, 
banish.]  —  wretch'ed,  a.  1 .  Profoundly  un- 
happy. 2.  Causing  misery.  3.  Very  poor  or 
mean;  despicable. 

■wrig'gle,  rig'l,  vt.  &  vi.  [wrig'gled;  wrig'- 
GLiNG.]  To  squirm,  twist,  or  writhe;  also,  to 
show  confusion  or  uneasiness,  as  under  ques- 
tioning. [<  D.  wriggekn,  freq.  <  |/  of  MD. 
zv?'icken,  turn.]  — wrig'gle,  n.—-wr\g'gler,  n. 

WTight,  rait,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
do  mechanical  or  constructive  work:  used 
chiefly  in  compounds;  as,  shiptvright.  [<  AS. 
ivyrhta,  <  wyrcan,  work.] 

■wring,  ring,  vt.  [wrung,  wringed,  or  wrang 
(Prov.) ;  wring'ing.]  1.  To  compress  by 
twisting;  pass  (clothes)  through  a  wringer.  2. 
To  squeeze  or  press  out,  as  water,  by  twisting; 
figuratively,  to  extort.  3.  To  torture;  distress. 
[<  AS.  wringan,  wring.]  —  wring'er,  n. 

■wrin'kl(e,  rin'kl,  vt.  &  vi.  [wrin'kl(e)d: 
wrin'kling.]  To  contract  into  furrows  and 
prominences;  assume  furrows  and  ridges. 

■wrin'kl(eS  ?i.  A  small  ridge  or  prominence; 
crease.     [<  V  of  wring.]  — 'wrin'kly,  a. 

wrin^liKe^,  n.  [Colloq.]  A  curious  or  Ingenious 
notion;  happy  thought.    [<  AS.  wrenc,  artifice.] 

wrist,  rist,  n.  The  part  of  the  arm  Immediately 
adjoining  the  hand.  [AS.  tvi'ist.  <  wrlthan, 
twist.]  —  wrist'band,  risfbgnd,  n.  The  band 
or  part  of  the  sleeve  that  covers  the  wrist. 

■writ,  rit,  n.  1.  Law.  A  mandatory  precept, 
under  seal,  issued  by  a  court,  and  command- 
ing the  person  to  w^hom  it  is  addressed  to  do 
or  not  to  do  some  act.  2.  That  which  is  writ- 
ten.    [<  AS.  writ,  <  wr'itan,  write.] 

■write,  rait,  v.  [wrote  orwRiTll;  writ'ten 
or  wRiTJl  ;  wri'ting.]  I.  t.  1.  To  trace  or 
inscribe  on  a  surface,  as  in  letters.  2.  To  de- 
scribe, compose,  or  produce  in  writing.  II.  i. 
To  engage  in  literary  composition.  [<  AS. 
wrltariy  write.] —wrWer,  w.  —  wri'ting,  n. 
1 .  The  act  of  one  who  writes.  2.  The  charac- 
ters so  made;  chlrography.  3.  Anything  writ- 
ten In  letters. 

■writhe,  raidh,  vt.  &  vi.  [writhed;  wri'- 
THiNG.]  To  twist  with  violence;  wrench;  dis- 
tort, as  the  bodjr,  face,  or  limbs  in  pain.  [< 
AS.  wrUhan,  writhe.] 

wrong,  reng  or  reng.  I.  vt.  1.  To  inflict 
injury  upon.  2.  To  misrepresent.  II.  a.  1. 
Violating  right  or  justice.  2.  Erroneous;  im- 
proper; incorrect.  III.  v.  An  injury;  mis- 
chief; crime;  error.  [<  AS.  *icra/ig,  < 
ivnugat),  wring.]  —  wroug'fui,  a.  Character- 
ized hy  wrong  or  injustice.  Ay,  adv.  -ne88,»t. 
—  wroiig'Iy,  Mf/?).— wroiuf'iiess,  n. 

wrote,  rot,  imp.  of  write,  v. 

wrotlill,  roth,  a.  Being  In  a  state  of  wTath;  angry. 
I  <  AS.  icrdth,  <  wrlthan,  writhe.  | 

wroiitrlit,  rSt,  imp.  &  pp.  of  work,  v. 

wrutiff,  rung,  ii7ip.  &  pp.  of  wring,  v. 

wry,  rai,  a.  1.  Bent  out  of  position;  con- 
torted; askew.  2.  Deviating;  perverted.  [< 
AS.  ivrigian,  twist.]    -iy,  adv.    -ness,  n. 


papfl,  ysk;  at,  air;  elfintnt,  they,  usfge;  It,  g,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


519 


X,  X 
year 


X,  X,  ecs,  n.  [exes,  X's,  or  A's,  ecs'§z,  j)l.] 
A  letter:  the  t\venty»fourth  in  the  English 
alphabet. 

xan'tMc,  zan'thic,  a.  Having  a  yellow  color. 
[<  Gt.  xanthos,  yellow.] 

xan'tMn,     (  zan'thin  w  -thain,  n.    Chem.  A 

xan^tMne,  )  white  cryetalliiie  compound  con- 
tained in  blood,  urine,  and  other  animal  secre- 
tions.    [<  Gr.  a;a?^^Aos,  yellow.] 

xe'bec,  zT'bec,  n  A  small  sharp»built  three= 
masted  vessel :  carrying  both  square  and  lateen 
sails.     [<  Turk,  snnibeki,  kind  of  ship.] 

xipli'oid.,  zif'eid,  a.  Shaped  like  a  sword. 
xipli-oi'di-an:;:.     [<  Gr.  x'lphos,  sword,  + 

-OID.] 

X'srays",    Same  as  Roentgen  kays. 


xylo-,  I  Combining  forms.  [<  Gr.  xylon, 
xyl-.  j  wood.]  —  xy''lo-car'pous,  zai"Io-cflr'- 
pus,  a.  Having  a  bard,  woody  fruit.—  xy'lo- 
graph,  zai'lo-graf,  n.  Au  engraving  on  wood, 
or  a  print  from  such  engraving.— xy-log'ra- 
pher,  zai-leg'ra-fer,  «.  —  xy^'lo-grapli'ic, 
xy^lo-grapli'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  wood, 
engraving.— xy-log'ra-pliy,  7i.  1.  Wood» 
engraving,  especially  of  the  15th  century,  ti. 
The  making  of  prints  showing  the  grain  of 
wood.—  xy-Iopli'a> 


goiis,  zai-lef'a-gus, 
a.  Feeding  on  or  bor- 
ing In  wood,  as  insect 
larvae.  —  xy'lo- 
plioiie,  n.  A  musical 


Modern  Xylophone. 


instrument  having   wooden  bars   graduated  to 
form  a  scale,  and  sounded  by  small  mallets. 


Yacht  "Defender." 


Y,  y,  wai,  n.  [wyes,  Y's,  or  Fs,  waiz,  pi.] 
A  letter:  the  twentyflfth  in  the  English 
alphabet. 

y-,  prefix.  Used  in  Middle  English  as  a  sign  of  the 
past  participle;  as,  //clept.     [AS.  fife-.] 

yacht,  yet,  n.  A  vessel  specially  built  or  fitted 
for  pleasure;  alight, 
trim,  swift,  sailing 
or  steam  vessel.  [< 
MJy.jacht.,  <  jar/en., 
hunt.]  —  yacht'ing, 
n.  The  act  or  prac- 
tise of  sailing  In  or 
managing  a  yacht. 

yak,  ygk,  ?i.  A  bo- 
vine ruminant  of 
central  Asia,  inter- 
mediate between  the 
bisons  and  true  oxen. 
[<  Tibetan  f/y/a^-.] 

yam,  yam,  n.  1.  A  climbing  tropical  plant 
having  a  fleshy  edible  tuberous  root.  2. 
[U.  S.]  A  large  variety  of  the  sweet  potato. 
[<  Pg.  inhame,  prob.  of  African  origin.] 

yanks  yank,  vt.  &  vL  To  pull;  jerk.  [<  Sw. 
dial,  jakka,  wander.] 

Yan'kee,  ya^'kg.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Yan- 
kees. II.  n.  A  New  Englander;  hence,  any 
citizen  of  the  United  States.  [Prob.  same  as 
So.  yankie.,  a  sharp,  clever  woman,  <  yank, 
v.\  but  perhaps  <  D.  harvest  song,  whose 
refrain  began  '  Tanker  didee  doodle  down.''] 

yap,  yap,  vi.  1.  [Prov.l  To  bark  or  yelp,  as  a 
cur.  "Z.  [Slang,  U.  S.]  To  prate;  jabber. 
[Imitative.] 

yard^  ydrd,  n.  1.  The  standard  English 
measure  of  length  ;  36  inches.  2.  Naut.  A 
spar  suspended  crosswise  on  a  mast.  [<  AS. 
gyrd,  rod;  akin  to  gad,  goad.]  —  yard^arm'% 
n.  Naut.  Either  end  of  a  yard.— yarrt'stick", 
n.  A  graduated  measuring»stick  a  yard  in  length. 


yard^,  n.  A  tract  of  ground  enclosed  or  set 
apart,  as  near  a  residence  or  other  building. 
[<  AS.  geard,  yard.] 

yarn,  ydrn,  n.  1.  Spun  fiber,  as  for  knitting, 
etc.;  loosely,  thread.  2.  [Colloq.]  A  long  ex- 
tiavasrant  story.     [<  AS.  gearn,  yarn.] 

yar'row,  yar'b,  n.  A  common  perennial  herb 
with  a  pungent  odor  and  taste;  milfoil.  [< 
AS.  gea?^i/ive,  yarrow.] 

yat'a-glian,  n.   A  Turkish  sword  or  simitar  with 
a    doubles 
curved   blade. 
[Turk.] 

yaw,    ye.     I.   __*>^-^  Yataghan. 

vi.  [Naut.  or 
Prov.]  To  steer  wildly  or  out  of  her  course,  as 
a  ship.  II.  ?/.  A  movement  of  a  vessel  by 
which  she  temporarily  alters  her  course.  [< 
Norw.  gaga,  bend  back.] 

yawl,  yel,  n.  1.  A  small  sailing  vessel  rigged 
like  a  sloop,  with  a  small  additional  mast  in 
the  stern.    2.  A  ship's  jolly-boat.     [kD.joL] 

yawn,  yen.  I.  vi.  1.  To  open  the  mouth 
wide,  with  a  full  inspiration  of  the  breath,  as 
when  drowsy.  2.  To  stand  wide  open;  gape. 
II.  n.  A  wide  opening  of  the  mouth,  a^  from 
weariness.     [<  AS.  gdnian,  <  glnan,  yawn.] 

ye,  ye,  dhi.  The:  an  archaic  contraction  in 
which  the  y  represents  the  Anglo=S?xon  char- 
acter thorn,  y,  sometimes  incorrectly  pro- 
nounced yi. 

ye,  ji.pron.  The  nominative  plural  of  the  per- 
sonal pronoun  of  the  second  person.  [<  AS. 
ge,  ye.] 

yea,  ye.  I.  adv.  Yes;  verily.  II.  n.  An 
affirmative  vote.     [<  AS.  ged,  yea.] 

yeaiill,  yin.  vt.  &  vi.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a 
sheep.  [<  AS.  fl'eeamrtn.]  — yean'liug:,  n.  The 
young  of  a  goat  or  sheep. 

year,  yir,  n.     1.  The  period  of  time  in  which 


flutlure   (future);    aisle;    au    (out);   eil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli   (the);   go;    sing,    ink;   tliin. 


yearn 
Yule 


520 


Cells  of  the  Yeast 
of  Beer. 


the  earth  completes  a  revolution  around  the 
Bun:  about  365  days,  used  as  a  unit  of  time, 
and  divided  into  12  months.  2.  Any  period  of 
12  months.     [<  AS.  gear,  year.]  —  year'ling. 

1.  a.  Being  a  year  old.  II.  n.  An  animal 
between  one  and  two  years  old.— year'ly.  I. 
(I.  1.  Occurring  once  a  year;  annual,  ii.  Con- 
tinuing a  year.    II.  adv.    Annually. 

yearn,  ygrn,  vi.  To  desire  something  anx- 
iously; long.    [<  AS.  giernan,  <  georn,  eager.] 

yeast,  ylst,  n.    1.  A  fungous  growth  consist- 
ing of  minute  vegetable  cells 
that  develop  or  increase  b 
germination  in  contact  witl 
saccharine    liquids,    produ- 
cing alcoholic  fermentation. 

2.  Such  a  substance  as  pre- 
pared for  raising  dough.  3. 
Froth  or  spume.  [<  AS. 
gist,  <  \/  in  OHG.  jesan, 
ferment.]  —  yeast'y,  a. 

yelk,  yelk,  7i.    [Dial.]    Same 

us  YOLK. 

yell,  yel.    I.  vt.  &  vi.    To 
express  with  a  yell;  utter  a 
yell.    II.  n.    A  sharp,  loud,  inarticulate  cry. 
I  <  AS.  gellan,  yell.] 

yeriow,  yel'O.  I.  a.  Having  the  color  of 
brass,  gold,  saffron,  etc.  II.  n.  The  color  of 
the  spectrum  between  green  and  orange.  [  < 
AS.  gedu,  yellow.]—  yer low-bird'',  n.  1 .  The 
American  goldttnch.  ii.  The  yellow  warbler.  3. 
The  golden  oriole.  —  yellow  fever,  an  acute 
Infectious  fever,  endemic  in  tropical  countries. 
yellow  Jackt.  —  yel'low-liain'^iiier,  n. 
1.  An  Old  World  bunting,  mostly  yellow  and 
black.  5j.  rU.  S.]  The  golden-winged  wood- 
pecker.—yel'low-isli,  a.  —  yel'lowjjack''- 
et»  n.  Asocial  wasp  marked  with  yellow.— yel'- 
low^-neHH.  n.  —  yel'lo^vs,  n.  A  disease  of 
peach*,  nectarine-,  apricot-,  and  almond-trees, 
resulting  in  yellowing  of  the  foliage,  and  decay. 
—  y.  Hpot,  a  small  yellowish  spot  in  the  ret- 
ina, the  region  of  most  acute  vision. 

yelp,  yelp.  i'.  xi.  To  give  a  yelp.  II.  n.  A 
sharp,  shrill  cry  or  bark.     [<  AS.  gielp.] 

yeo'man,  vo'man,  n.  [yeo'me'n,  jH.]  1. 
[Eng.]  A  freeholder  next  under  the  rank  of 
gentleman;  in  modern  usage,  a  farmer.  2. 
[U.  S.  Navy.]  A  petty  ofHcer  in  charge  of 
stores.  [<  AS.  ga,  district,  -\-7)ian,  man.] — 
— yeo'man-ry,  7i.  The  collective  body  of  yeo- 
men; freemen;  fanners. 

yes,  yes,  adv.  As  you  say;  truly;  just  so.  [< 
AS.  gexe,  gine,  prob.  <  ged,  yea,4-  s'l,  be  it  so.] 

yester-,  prefix.  Pertaining  to  the  day  before 
the  present.  [<  AS.  geo.'tfra/i-,  giestraii-.]  — 
ye«'ter-day.  I.  n.  i  .  The  dayVreccdlng  to- 
day.  »i.  Loosely,  the  near  past.  II.  (nU\  On 
the  dav  last  past.- yeH'ter-iiijflit".  1.;/.  The 
nJght  last  past.  If.  adt>.  In  or  during  the  night 
last  past. 

yet,  yet.  1.  adv.  1.  In  addition; besides.  2. 
Before  or  at  some  future  time;  eventually.  3. 
Still.  4.  At  the  present  time;  now.  5.  After 
all  the  time  that  has  or  lind  elapsed.  6.  Ilere- 
tofore.  II.  conj.  1.  Nevertheless;  notwith- 
standing. 2.  But.  3.  Although.  [<  AS. 
git,  now.] 

yew,  yO,  n.  An  Old  World  evergreen  tree  of 
hIow  growth  and  long  life.  See  Ilhis.  In  next 
column.     [<  AS.  \w,  yew.] 

yield,  ylld,    I^.  vt.  &  vi.     1.  To  funiish  in  re- 


Spray  of  European 

Yew. 

/,  a  single  sterile 

catkin. 


turn  for  labor.  2.  To  give  way;  also,  to  give 
forth.  3.  To  surrender;  relinquish.  4.  To  ad- 
mit; assent.  5.  To  grant.  II.  ?i.  The  amount 
yielded;  product;  result.  [<  AS.  gield,  pay- 
ment.] —  yield'ing,  pa.    Disposed  to  yield. 

my\,  .stifflx.  Chem.  A  termination  noting  a  radical, 
[<  Gr.  hyle,  wood,  material.] 

yoke,  yOk.  I.  vt.  [yoked';  yo'king.]  1. 
To  attach  by  means  of  a  yoke; 
put  a  yoke  upon.  2.  To  join 
with  a  yoke.  3.  To  enslave.  II. 
n.  1.  'a  curved  timber  having  a 
l)ow  at  eacli  end  to  receive  the 
neck  of  a  draft-animal.  2.  One 
of  many  contrivances  for  har- 
nessing, suspending  burdens,  etc. 

3.  A  joining  or  connecting  piece, 

4.  That  which  binds  or  connects. 

5.  Servitude.  6.  sing.  & 
2)1.  A  couple;  -pair,  as  of 
yoked  oxen.  [<  AS.  geoc, 
yoke,  <  V  in  'L.jungo,  join.] 

—  yoke'Iel^low,  n.  A 
mate  or  companion  in  labor. 
yoke'inate^t. 

yolk,     yok    or    yOlk,    n. 

1.  The  yellow  portion  of 
an  egg.    See  illus.  below. 

2.  A  soapy  exudation  in 
sheep's  wool.    [<  AS.  geolca,  <  geolu,  yellow.] 

yon,  yen,  a.  &  adv.    Yonder:  chiefly  poetic, 

[<  AS.  geon,  that.]  —  yon'der,  yen'dgr.     I.  a. 

Being  at  a  distance  indicated.    \t.  adv.    In  that 

place;  there.    [<  yon.] 
yore,  yor,  n.  sing.  &  pi.    [Archaic  &  Poet.]    Old 

time;  originally,  years.    [<  AS.  geara,  gen.  pi.  of 

gear,  year.] 
you,  yii,  ]n'on.  The  person  or  thing  addressed: 

the  personal  pronoun  of  the  second  person 

plural.     [<-AS.  edw,  dat.  &  ace.  of  ge,  ye.] 
young,  yim^.    I.  a.    1.  Being  in  the  early 

l)eriod    of    life.       2. 

Newly    formed.       3. 

Pertaining  to    youth; 

immature.    4.  Full  of 

vigor.      II.   n.      Off- 
spring,   especially   of 

animals.       [<    AS. 

geong,  young.] 

—  youiigr'ish,  a. 
Rather  young.— 
youiiff 'liiigr,  n.  A 
young  person,  animal, 
or  plant.  —  you nif'- 
ster,  11.  A  young  per- 
soji;  a  child. 

your,  yur,  pwn.    Be- 
longing to  you:  the  possessive  case  singular 
and  plural  of  you:  in  use  preceding  the  noun. 

tAS.  edwer,  gen.  of  ge,  you.]  —  yours,  pron. 
'ossesslve  case  of  Yor:  used  when  the  noun  la 
omitted.— yoiir-HelP,  n.  |  yovr-sklves',  jl»/.J 
A  reflexive  and  often  emphatic  form  of  the  sec- 
ond-personal pronoun. 

youth,  yuth, /i.  [youths,  yiidhz,  ji>/.]  1.  The 
state  of  being  young.  2.  The  period  when  one 
is  young,  3.  A  young  man.  \<  AS.  gedgoth, 
<  geong,  young.]  —  yoiilh'fiil,  a.  1 .  Pertain- 
ing to  vouth;  being  still  young.  *i.  Not  far  ad- 
vanced,   -ly,  udv.    -ness,  n. 

Yule,  yOl,  n.  Christmas  time,  or  the  feast  cel- 
ebrating it.    [<  AS.  geU,  December.] 


Section  of  a  Hen's  Egg. 

V,  formative  yolk;  j/j/, 
yellow  food-yolk;  trj/,  white 
yolk;  i/7«,  yolk-membrane; 
a,  albumen;  s,  shell;  a.  ch, 
air-chamber. 


papa,  98k;  at,  &lr;  el^mgnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  or;  full,  rflle;  but,  Or; 


521 


Z,  z 

zymotic 


Z 


i^^^^N' 


/l 


Z,  z,  zi,  71.  [zees,  Z's,  or  Zs,  ziz,  pl.^  A  let- 
ter: the  twenty =sixth  and  last  in  the  English 
alphabet. 

za'ny,  ze'ni,  n.  [za'nies^,  jil-}  An  awkward 
simpleton;  buffoon;  fool.  [<  F.  zani,  <  It. 
zanni,  contr.  of  Giovanni,  John.] 

zeal,  zil,  n.  Ardor  for  a  cause;  enthusiastic 
Jevotion;  fervor.  [<  Gr.i'+F^;^^,*,  <  s-eo,  boil.] 
— zeal'ot,  zel'gt,  n.  One  who  Is  over»zealous; 
a  fanatic;  hnmoderate  partizan.— zeal'ot-ry,  ?i. 
The  conduct  or  disposition  of  a  zealot.— zeal'- 
OU8,  zel'us,  a.   Filled  with  or  incited  Ity  zeal. 

ze^ra,  zl'bra,  n.    An  African  ass^like  mam- 
mal marked  with  stripes.     [Pg. ;  of 
Afr.  origin.] 

ze'bu,  zi'biii,  71.    The  Indian  ox, 
having  a  hump  on  the  withers. 
P.  zebu.] 

zed,  zed,  n.  The  letter 
z :  generally  called  zee 
in  the  United  States. 
[<  Gr.^zefa,  zed.] 

zeu-a'na,  ^zen-u'na, 

za-ua'na,  i  za  -  nu  '  nu, 
n.  In  India,  the  wom- 
en's apartments;  the 
East  =  Indian  harem. 
[<  Per.  zenana,  be- 
longing to  women,  < 
zen,  woman.] 

Zend,  zend,  n.  The 
eastern  branch  of  the 
old  Iranian  group  of 
Aryan  languages.     [Old  Per.,  translation.] 

ze'nitli,  zi'nith  or  zen'ith,  n.  1.  The  point 
in  the  celestial  sphere  that  is  exactly  overhead. 
2.  The  culminating' point  of  prosperity,  great- 
ness, etc.     [<  Ar.*^p  +  F  semt,  path.] 

zepU'yr,  zef'gr,  n.  1.  The  west  wind;  poetic- 
ally, any  soft,  gentle  wind.  2.  Anything  very 
lightand  airy,    [<  Gr.^^^  zepfnjros,  west  wind.] 

ze'ro,  zi'rO,  n.  1.  The  numeral  t);  a  cipher. 
2.  The  absence  of  quantity;  nothing.  3.  The 
point  on  a  scale,  as  of  a  thermometer,  from 
which  measures  are  counted;  hence,  the  lowest 
point.     [<  Ar.i'+*' ^i/r,  zero.] 

zest,  zest.    F.  vt.    To  give  a  zest  to.    II.  /(. 

\  1.  Agreeable  excitement  of  the  mind  accom- 
\  panying  exercise.    2.  That  whicti  imparts  such 
\excitement.    3.  An  agreeable  and  piquant  iia- 
vor.     [<  Gr.i'+i'  schistos,  divided,  cleft.] 

zlg'zag^'',  zig'zag",  V.  [zig'zagged";  zig'- 
?ag"ging.]  I.  vt.  &  vi.  To  form  a  zigzag, 
tr  move  in  zigzags.  II.  a.  Having  a  series 
Of  zigzags.  III.  n.  A  series  of  short,  sharp 
aWles  from  one  side  to  the  other,  or  some- 
tang,  as  a  path,  characterized  by  such  angles. 
Iv  adv.  In  a  zigzag  manner.  [F.,  <  G. 
zidczack,  reduplication  of  zacke.,  sharp  point.] 
zin^,  zinc.  I',  vt.  To  coat  or  cover  wth  zinc. 
II.\w.  A  bluish'Vt'hite  metallic  element  oc- 
curjpg  mostly  in  combination.  [F.,  <  G. 
zin1<\zmc.~\  — zlnc-iPer-ous,  zink-iPer-ou.s, 
a.  ll^elding  zinc,  as  ore.— zinc-og'ra-pher, 
n.  Aryexpert  in  zincography.— zi nc-o-graph '- 
ic,  «\  Pertaining  to  zincography,  zinc-o- 
tfrapyic-alj.— ziuc-og'ra-i>li"y,  n.  The  art 


of  etching  on  zinc  for  producing  plates  for  print- 
ing.—ziuck'y,  a.  ziiik'yt.  —  zinc'ous,  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  zinc. 

zir'con,  n.  An  adamantine,  variously  colored 
silicate,  certain  varieties  of  which  are  cut  into 
gems.     [F.,  <  Per.  sar,  gold, -)-g'M?^,  color.] 

zitli'er,     \  zith'gr,  zith'grn,  n.    A  simple  form 

zitli'erii,  \  of  stringed  instrument,  having 
flat  sounding" 
board  :  played 
with  the  Augers. 
[G.,  <  L.  cithara; 
see  GiiTAK.] 

zo^di-ac,  zo'di-ac, 
//.  1.  Astron.  An 
imaginary  belt  en-  Zither, 

circling  the  heav- 
ens and  extending  about  8°  on  each  side  of  the 
ecliptic,  within  which  are  the  larger  planets. 
It  is  divided  into  twelve  parts,  called  signs  of 
the  zodiac,  which  formerly  corresponded  to 
twelve  constellations  bearing  the  same  names. 
2.  Figuratively,  a  complete  circuit;  round.  [< 
Gr.i'+*'  zodiakos,  of  animals.]  —  zo-di'ac-al,  a. 

zone,  zOn,  n.  1.  One  of  five  divisions  of  the 
earth's  surface, 
bounded  by 
lines  parallel  to 
the  equator,  and 
taking  their 
names  from  the 
prevailing  cli- 
mate. 2.  A  belt, 
band,  stripe, 
etc.,  distin- 
guished by  any 
characteristic. 
[F.,  <  Gr.L+sp 
zone,  girdle.]  — 
zoned,  a.  1. 
Wearing  a  gir- 
dle. 2.  Marked 
with  zones. 

ZOO-,  ZO-.  Combining  forms.  [  <  Gr.  zoon,  ani- 
mal (<  zao,  live).]  —  zo-og'ra-phy,  n.  The 
branch  of  zoology  that  describes  ani- 
mals.— zo-og:''ra-phei*,  n.—  zo''- 
o-grapli'ic,  -al,  a.— zo'o-lite, 
n.  A  petrified  animal.— zo-ol'o- 
gy.  n.  1.  The  science  that  treats 
of  animals  with  reference  to  their 
structure,  functions,  etc.  '2,  The 
animal  kingdom.  3.  A  treatise  on  ' 
animals.- zo'^o-log^ic-al,  a.— zo- 
ol'o-gist,  ?i.— zo'o-phyte,  71.  An 
invertebrate  animal  resembling  a 
plant,  as  a  coral  or  sponge. 

Zou-ave',  zu-uv',  n.  1.  A  light- 
armed  French  infantryman.  2.  [z- 
[U.  S.]  A  member  of  one  of  certain 
volunteer  regiments  that  assume  the 
name.  [F.,  <  Zwaica,  name  of  Al- 
gerian tribe.] 

zounds,    zaundz,    interj.      God's    gouave 
wounds:  denoting  astonishment. 

zy-mofic,  zai-met'ic,  a.  Relating  to  or  pro- 
duced by  fermentation,  as  a  disease.  [<  Gr. 
zymotikos,  zymosis,  <  zyme,  ferment.] 


Terrestrial  Zones. 


flut|ur6  (future);    aisle;   au   {mt)\    ©il;   c  (k);   cliat;    dh  {the);    go;  sing,   i^k;  tliin. 


ABBEEVIATIONS  AND  CONTEACTIONS, 

AS  COMMONLY   USED  AMONG   THE   ENGLISH-SPEAKING  PEOPLES,  WITH   THEIR 

MEANING  AND  WITH    INDICATION    OF    THE    PREFERRED 

USAGE    AS    TO    CAPITALIZATION. 


For  Abbreviations  peculiar  to  this  Dictionary,  see  page  viil. 


A.  Academy,  America,  Augustus. 

a.  Accepted,  acre,  active,  adjective,  afternoon, 
aged,  alto,  anonymous,  answer,  ante  (before), 
are,  at. 

a.,  aa.,  aa.  {Med.)  Ana.  (of  each). 

A.  A.  Associate  of  Arts. 

A.  A.  A.  S.  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science. 

AA.  C.  Antarctic  circle. 

A.  A.  P.  S.  American  Association  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Science. 

A.  A.  S>.  Fellow  of  the  American  Academy, 
American    Academy  of  Sciences  and  Arts. 

A.  A.  S.  S.  Fellow  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society. 

Ab.  Abyssinia,  Abyssinian. 

Abb.  Abbess,  abbey,  abbot. 

abbr.,  abbrev.    Abbreviated,  abbreviation. 

abd.  Abdicated. 

ab  init.  From  the  beginning. 

abl.,  ablat.  Ablative. 

Abp.  Archbishop. 

abr.  Abridged,  abridgment. 

abst.,  abHtr.  Abstract. 

abt.  About. 

Abys.  Abyssinia,  Abyssinian. 

A.  C.  Ante  C7<n>«?/m (before Christ),  Arch-chan- 
cellor, Army  Corps. 

acc.«  acct.  Account,  accountant. 

ace,  accus.  Accusative. 

act.  Acting,  active. 

A.  D.  In  the  year  of  our  Lord. 

a.  d.  After  date. 

ad.,  adv.  Advertisement. 

adag.,  adiro.  Adagio. 

A.  I>.  C.  Aide-de-camp. 

add.  Additional. 

ad  fin.  Ad  flucm  (at  the  end,  to  the  end). 

ad  h.  I.  Ad  hinic  locum  cit  this  place). 

ad  inf.  Ad  iufniitinn  (to  iiitiiiily  i. 

ad  init.  Ad  iniliui/L  (ut  the  bot;iiming). 

ad  int.  Ad  interim,  (in  tlmxne&n  time). 

adj.,  adject.  Adjectival,  adjective. 

Adj.  or  Adjt.  Adjutant. 

ad  lib.  AdUbituni  (at  pleasure). 

ad  loc.  Ad  Idciitn  (at  trii'  place). 

Adni.  Admiral,  admiralty. 

adin.,  admr.  Admiiilstrator,  admlnlstratii.x. 

adinrx.,  adinx.  Administratrix. 

adn.,  advtH.  Advertisements. 

Adv.  Advent,  advocate. 

adv.  Ad  vdloreni  (according  to  the  value),  ad- 
verb, adverbial,  adverbially,  adi^emuH  (against, 
opposite),  advertisement. 

«.,  ret.,  retat.    ^^^tdtin  (of  age,  aged). 

A.<F.,  A.»Fr.  Anglo-French. 

At".,  Afr.  Africa,  African. 

all*.  Affectionate,  atllrmatlve,  affirming. 

aft.  After. 

Airt.  Agent.— agt.  Against. 

A,  I.  American  Institute. 

Al.  Albert,  aluminum.— al.  Others. 

Ala.  Alabama  (official). 


Alas.  Alaska. 

Alb.  Albanian,  Albert. 

Aid.  Alderman. 

Alex.  Alexander. 

A  If.  Alfred. 

Alg.  Algerian,  Algiers.— algr.  Algebra. 

all'  ott.  AlV  ottavo  (an  octave  higher). 

alt.  Alternate,  altitude,  alto. 

Alum.  Alumni. 

A.  M.  A7mo  Mundi  (in  the  year  of  the  world', 
ante  meridiem  (before  noon). 

Am.,  Amer.  America,  American. 

Amb.  Ambassador. 

amm.  Amalgama  (amalgamation). 

amt.  Amount. 

A.sN.  Anglo-Norman. 

an.  Anno  (In  the  year),  anonymous,  answer. 

Anacr.  Anacreon,  Anacreontic. 

anal.  Analogous,  analogy,  analysis,  analytic,  an- 
alytical. 

an  at.  Anatomical,  anatomist,  anatomy. 

anc.  Ancient,  anciently. 

And.  Andrew. 

Anff.  Anglice  (In  English). 

Ansloslnd.  Anglo-Indian. 

Auff.sSax.  Anglo-Saxon.    See  also  A. -S. 

Anon.  Anonymous. 

an  not.  Annotated,  annotator. 

ans.  Answer. 

ant.  Antiquarian,  antonym. 

anth.  Anthology. 

antbrop.  Anthropological,  anthropology. 

Antiq.  Antiquarian,  antiquities,  antiquity. 

aor.  Aorlst. 

A  p.  Apostle,  Applus,  April. 

apli.  Aphorism. 

Apl.,  Apr.  April. 

apo.,  apoK.  Apogee. 

Apoc.    Apocalypse,  Apocrypha,  Apocryphal. 

A  pp.   Apostles.  — app.  Appendix,  appointed. 

aq.  Aqua  (water). 

Ar.  Arab,  Arabia,  Arabian,  Arabic. 

ar.  Argent,  arrival,  arrive,  arrived. 

Arab.  Arabia,  Arabian,  Arabic. 

A.  R.  A.  Associate  of  the  lioyal  Academy. 

arbor.  Arboriculture. 

arch.  Archaic,  archery,  architecture. 

arch.,  archt.  Architect. 

Archd.  Archdeacon.  Archduke. 

archeol.  Archeologlcal,  archeology. 

arte.  Argentuin  (j^llvcr).  (//<'?•.)  argent. 

Arar,  Rep.  Argent iiic  Kepubllc. 

Ari.,  Ariz,  (otllcial).  Arizona. 

arilli.  Arithmetic,  arithmetical. 

Ark.  Arkansas  (otilclal). 

Arm.  Armenian,  Armorlc. 

arm.  Armor. 

arr.  Arrival,  arrive,  arrived,  arrives. 

A.  R.  H.  A.  Associate  of  the  Royal  SJOttlsh 
Academy,  Associate  of  the  Royal  Society  <f  Arts. 

A.  R.  S.  Li.  Associate  of  the  Royal  Sclety  of 
Literature. 

A.  R.  S.  S.  AnUquariornm  Begise  iocietatia- 
Soclua  (Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries). 


papa,  gsk;  at,  air;  element,  th6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  t  (ee);  o,  5h;  erat^r,  Sr;  full,  rflle  but,  6r; 
(522) 


523 


art. 
Ce. 


art.  Article,  artillery. 

A.  S.  Academy  of  Science. 

A.sS.  AnglosSaxon. 

As.  Arsenic,  Asia,  Asiatic. 

Ass.,  Assn.,  Asso.,  Assoc.  Association. 

Asst.,  assist.  Assistant. 

astr.,  astron.    Astronomer,  astronomy. 

astrol.  Astrologer,  astrology. 

A.sT.  Arch«=treasurer. 

a  t.  ^  tempo  (in  time). 

At.,  Atty.  Attorney. 

At  I.  Atlantic. 

ats.  At  suit  of. 

attrib.  Attributive,  attributively. 

at.  wt.  Atomic  weight. 

All.  Augustus,  Aurelius,  aurum  (gold). 

au.  Aune. 

A.  U.  C  Anno  Urbis  Conditse,  or  Ab  Urbe  Con- 

cUta  (in  the  year  of  the  building  of  the  city  [Rome] 

or  from  the  city's  construction. 
XnS'  August,  Augustan,  Augustus. 
aug.  Augmentative. 

Alls.,  A  list.,  Austr.    Austria,  Austrian. 
Austral.  Australasia,  Australia. 
Auth.  Author.— aiitli.  Authority. 
Autli.  Ver.,  A.  V.  Authorized  Version. 
aiix.,  aiixil.  Auxiliary. 
Av.,  Ave.  Avenue. 
av.,  avdp.,  avoir.  Avoirdupois. 
az.  {Her.)  Azure. 


B.  Bay,  British,  Brutus. 

b.  Base,  book,  born. 

B.  A.  British  America. 

Ba.  Barium. 

bacli.  liachelor. 

Ball.  Bahamas. 

Bat.,  Baluch.  Baluchistan. 

bal.  Balance. 

Bait.,  Balto.  Baltimore. 

Bap.,  Baut.  Baptist.— bap.  Baptized. 

Bar.  Barrister,  Baruch. 

bar.  Barleycorn,  barometer,  barrel. 

Barb.  Barbadoes. 

Bart.,  Bt.  Baronet. 

bas.  Basso. 

bat.,  batt.  Battalion,  battery. 

Bav.  Bavaria,  Bavarian. 

bbl.,  bri.  Barrel. 

B.  C.  Before  Christ,  Board  of  Control,  British 

Columbia. 
bd.  Bond,  bound. 
bdl.  [BDLS.,  joZ.]  Bundle. 
bds.  (Bookbinding.)  Boards. 
b.  e.  Bill  of  exchange. 
Bel.,  Belgr.  Belgian,  Belgic,  Belgium. 
Ben.,  Benj.  Benjamin. 
Ben^  Bengalee,  Bengali, 
bet.  Between. 

B.  I.  British  India.— Bi.  Bismuth. 
Bib.  Bible,  Biblical. 
bibl.  Bibliotheca. 
bioe.  Biographer,  biography. 
biol.  Biologic,  biological,  biology. 
bis.  Bissextile. 
Bisc.  Biscayan. 
bk.  Bank,  bark,  book. 
bkg.  Banking. 
bkt.  [BKTS.,  pl.A  Basket. 
b.  1.  Bill  of  lading. 
bl.  [BLS.,pZ.]  Bale,  barrel. 
bldgr.  [BLDGs.,  i9/!.]  Building. 
bn.  Battalion. 

b.  o.  Branch  office,  buyer's  option. 
Boll.,  Bolieiii.  Bohemia,  Bohemian. 
Bol.  Bolivia.— bol.  Bolus. 
Boin.  Bombay. 
bor.  Borough. 
bot.  Botanical,botanl8t,botany,bought. 


boul.  Boulevard. 

b.  p.  Bills  payable.— bp.  Bishop. 

bp.,  bpl.  Birthplace. 

bqiie.  Barque. 

Br.  Breton,  British,  bromine. 

br.  Brig,  brother.    " 

Br.  Am.  British  America. 

Braz.  Brazil,  Brazilian. 

b.  rec.  Bills  receivable. 

Bret.  Breton. 

brev.  Brevet,  brevetted. 

Brig.  Brigade,  brigadier. 

Brit.   Britain,  Britannia,  Britannica,  Brittanicus, 

British. 
Brit.  lYIiis.  British  Museum. 
Bro.  [Bros.,  pi.]  Brother. 
bryol.  Bryology. 

fe,  s.  Bill  of  sale. 
t.  Baronet. 
bu.,  bus.  Bushel,  bushels. 
bnl.  Bulletin. 
Biilg.  Bulgaria.  Bulgarian. 
burs:.  Burgess,  burgomaster. 
burl.  Burlesque. 
bush.  Bushel,  bushels. 
But.  Butyruni  (butter). 
bx.  [Bxs.,i9.'.]  Box. 


C.  Caesar,  Calus,  caZc?ida3  (calends),  carbon,  Catho- 
lic, Centigrade,  chairman,  chancellor,  chancery, 
chief,  church;  Congress,  Conservative,  consul. 
Court. 

c.  Caput,  carton,  cent,  centime,  centimeter,  cen- 
tum, century,  chapter,  circa,  circiter,  circuin 
(about),  city,  (Naut.  log-book  cloudy),  conduct- 
or, congius,  court,  cubic. 

C  A.  Chartered  accountant,  chief  accountant, 
commercial  agent.  Confederate  army,  controller 
of  accounts. 

Ca.  Calcium.— ca.  Cases,  centare. 

Cal.  Calcium,  calendar,  calomel. 

Cal.  (official),  Calif.  California. 

C7ain.,  Cainb.  Cambridge. 

Can.  Canada.— can.  Canon,  canto. 

Cant.  Canterbury,  Canticles. 

Cantab.     Cantabrigie?isis  (of  Cambridge). 

Cap.,  Capt.  Captain.  — cap.  Capital,  capital  let- 
ter [caps.,  jaZ.]. 

Car.  Carolu.'i  (Charles). —  car.  Carat. 

Card.  Cardinal. 

carp.  Carpentry. 

Cartli.  Carthaginian. 

Cash.  Cashier. 

Cat.  Catechism. 

Cat.,  Catal.  Catalan. 

cat.,  catal.  Catalogue. 

Cath.  Catherine,  cathedral,  Catholic. 

caus.  Causative. 

Cav.  Cavalry. 

C.  B.  Cape  Breton,  Chief  Baron,  Common  Bench, 
Companion  of  the  Bath. 

Cb.  Columbium. 

C.  C.  Caius  College,  Circuit  Court,  Civil  Court,  Con- 
sular Clerk,  County  Clerk,  County  Commissioner, 
County  Court,  Cricket  Club,  Crown  Clerk. 

cc.  Chapters. 

c.  c.    Compte  courante  (account  current),  cubic 

C.  C.  C.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  Corpui 
Chrlsti  College. 

C.  C.  P.  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas. 

C.  Cr.  P.  Code  of  Criminal  Procedure. 

Cd.  Cadmium. 

C.  D.  S.  O.  Companion  of  the  Distinguished 
Service  Order. 

c.  d.  V,  Carte  de  vlslte. 

C.  E.  Canada  East,  civil  engineer. 

Ce.  Cerium. 


flutiyre   (future);    aisle;    au    (snit)\   eil;    c   (k);    chat;    dli   (<Ae);   go;    sing,   i^ik;   tbin. 


eel. 
cres. 


524 


eel.  Celebrated. 

Cel.,  C'els.  Celsius. 

Celt.  Celtic. 

cen.  Central,  century. 

Cen,  Am.  Central  America. 

Cent.,  Ceiitigr*  Centigrade. 

cent.  Central,  centum,  century. 

ceram.  Ceramics. 

cerat.  Ceratum  (ointment). 

cert.,  certif.  Certificate,  certify. 

cf.  Calf,  confer  (compare). 

c.  f.  «St  i.  Cost,  freight,  and  Insurance. 

C.  G.  Captain«general  Captain  of  the  Guard, 
Coast  Guard,  Commlssary-general,  Consul-gen- 
eral.—cif.  Centigram. 

C.  ii.  H.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

C.  G.  S.  Centimeter.gram»second,  Commissary 
General  of  Subsistence. 

C  H.  Captain  of  the  Host,  Court  House,  Custom 
House. 

Ch.  Charles,  chief,  China,  Chinese,  church. 

cli.  Chaldron,  chapter,  child,  children. 

Chal.,  Chaul.  Chaldaic,  Chaldean,  Chaldee. 

dial.,  cliald.  Chaldron. 

Chain.  Chamomile. 

Cliamb.  Chamberlain. 

C^lian.,  Chanc.  Chancellor. 

C/liap.  Chaplain.— chap.  Chapter. 

chart.  Chartse  {Med.),  papers  [containing  pow- 
ders, etc.]. 

Chas.  Charles. 

Ch.  C,  Ch.  Ch.  Christ  Church. 

Ch.  Clk.  Chief  Clerk. 

Chein.  Chemical,  chemist,  chemistry. 

Chf.  Chief. 

Ch.  hiHt.  Church  history. 

Chi.  Chicago. 

Chin.  China,  Chinese. 

Ch.  J.,  C.  J.  Chief  Justice. 

Chr.  Christ,  Christian,  Christina,  Christopher. 

chr.  Chrestomathy. 

Chron.  Chronicles. 

chron.,  chrunol.  Chronological,  chronology. 

Chs.  Charles. 

cht.  [CHTS.,  pl.^  Chest. 

C.  I.  Calus  Julius,  [Order  of  the]  Crown  of  India. 

Cic.  Cicero. 

cir.,  circ.    Circa,  circUer,  cfrc?/m  (about). 

cit.  Citation,  cited,  citizen. 

Civ.  Civil,  civilian. 

C.  J.  Chief  Justice. 

ck.  [cK8.,p/.]  Cask. 

CI.  Clergyman,  Claudius,  Clodius. 

cl.  Centiliter,  clause,  clerk,  cloth. 

clasti.  Classic,  classical,  classification. 

cJd.  Cleared. 

clk.  Clerk. 

C.  li.  I*.  A.  Common  Law  Procedure  Act. 

C.  >l.  ('(this  M<iriu«,  Certificated  Master,  com- 
mon meter,  Corresponding  Member. 

cin.  (  till  Imeter.—  cm.*  Square  centimeter.- cm.s 
Culiic  ci'ntlmeter. 

C.  M.  I).  Coiumon  meter  double. 

cml.  ('oniuicrelal. 

Cn.  CnieuH. 

C.  O.  Commanding  Officer,  Criminal  Office,  Crown 
Office.—  c.  o.  Care  of. 

i!o.  CoMlt,  company,  county. 
'oad.  Coadjutor. 

coch..  cochl.  A  spoon,  spoonful.— coch.  amp. 
A  tablespoonful.— coch.  mas.  A  large  spoon- 
ful.—coch.  med.  A  dessertspoonful.— coch. 
parv.  A  teaspoonful. 

Cod.  Codex. 

C.  O,  D.  ("ash  (or  collect)  on  delivery. 

C.  of  <«.  If.  (ape  of  Good  Hope. 

coir.  Cognate,  cognalt'  with. 

Col.  Colonel,  Colosslans.- col.  College,  collegi- 
ate, colloquial,  culloqulallsm,  colonial,  color,  col- 
ort'd  column. 


Col.,  Colo,  (official).    Colorado. 

Coll.  Collector,  college. 

coll.  Colleague,  collection. 

coll.,  colloq.   Colloquial,  colloquialism. 

collat.  Collateral,  collaterally. 

collect.  Collective,  collectively. 

Com.  Commander,  commentary,  commission, 
commissioner,  committee,  commodore,  com- 
moner, commonwealth. 

com.  Comedy,  comic,  commerce,  commercial, 
common,  commonly,  conmmne,  communicated, 
communication,  community. 

comb.  Combined,  combining. 

comdg.  Commanding. 

Co  melt.  Commandant. 

comin.  Commentary,  commerce,  commonwealth. 

coinmeutt.  Commentators. 

com.  off'.  Commissioned  officer. 

com  p.  Comparative,  compare,  comparison,  com- 
piled, compiler,  composer,  composition,  com- 
positor, compound,  compounded. 

Complt.  Complainant. 

compo.  Composition,  compost. 

Comr.  Commissioner. 

Com.:Sergt.  Commis8ary»sergeant. 

Com.  Ver.  Common  Version  (,of  the  Bible). 

Con.  Consul.— con.  Conclusion,  contra  (in  oppo- 
sition to),  conversation. 

conch.,  conchol.  Conchology. 

con.  cr.  Contra  credit. 

Conf.  Conference. 

conf.  Confer  (compare). 

Cong.  Congius  (gallon).  Congregation,  Congrega- 
tional, Congregationallst,  Congress,  Congres- 
sional. 

Cong.  Rec.  Congressional  Record. 

conj.    Conjugation,   conjunction,  conjunctive. 

Conn.  Connecticut  (official). 

Cons.  Consolidated,  constable,  constitution.— 
cons.  Consonant. 

con.  sect.  Conic  section. 

Const.  Constable,  Constantlne,  constitution,  con- 
stitutional. 

constr.  Construction,  construed. 

Cont.  Continent,  continental, contracts. 

cont.  Containing,  contents,  continued,  contracted, 
contraction. 

contr.  Contracted,  contraction,  contrary. 

Conv.  Convent,  convention,  conversation. 

Cop.  Copernican,  Coptic. 

cop.  Copper. 

Copt.  Coptic. 

Cor.  Corinthians,  Cornelia,  Cornelius,  coroner. 

cor.  Corner,  cornet,  corpus,  correction,  correla- 
tive, correspondence,  correspondent,  correspond- 
ing, cornii)te(l,  corruption. . 

Cor.  Mem.  (Oiresponding member. 

Corn.  Cornisli,  Cornwall. 

coroi.,  coroll.  Corollary. 

corr.,  corrup.  Corrupted,  corruption. 

Cors.  Corsica. 

Cor,  Sec.  Corresponding  Secretary. 

COS.  ('oiisiliiirUoi  (counsellor),  cosine. 

cosec.  Cosecant. 

coHiiiog.  Cosmography. 

CoHN.  Coihsiilen  (consuls). 

col.  Cotangent. 

cp.  Comi)are. 

cf.  I*.  Chief  Patriarch,  cIvU  power.  Clerk  of  the 
Peace,  Code  of  Procedure,  Common  Pleas,  Court 
of  Probate. 

C.  P.  C.  Clerk  of  the  Privy  Council. 

C.  P.  M.  Common  particular  meter. 

C.  P.  S.  Custos  Privati  StgUli  (Keeper  of  the 
Privy  Seal). 

Cr.  Chromium,  credit,  creditor,  crown. 

crauiol.  Craniology. 

craniom.  Craniometry. 

crast.  Crantina  (to»morrow). 

ores.  Crescendo. 


IMipfl,  98ki  at,  &lr;  element,  th6y,  OBfge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  ur; 


525 


crim. 
Ens. 


crim.  Crimiaal. 

criin.  con.  Criminal  conversation. 

crit.  Critical,  criticized. 

C's.  Caesar,  Caesium,  consul.—  cs.  Cases. 

C  S.  Civil  Service,   Clerk  of  Session,    Clerk  to 

the  Signet,  Commissary  of  Subsistence,  Court  of 

Spssioris. 
C.  S.  A.  Confederate  States  army,  Confederate 

States  of  America. 
C't.  Connecticut,  Count,  Court. 
ct.  [CTS.,  pL]  Cent,  centum. 
ctl.  [CTLS.,  pL]  Cental. 
Cu.  Cuprum  (copper). 
cu.,  cub.  Cubic. 
CuAib.  Cumberland. 
cur.  Currency,  current. 
curt.  Current. 
C.  V.  Common  Version  (of  the  Bible). 

C.  W.  Canada  West. 

c.  w.  o.  Cash  with  order. 

cwt.  Hundredweight  or  hundredweights. 
Cyc,  cycle.  Cyclopedia,  cyclopedic. 
Cym.  Cymric. 

I> 

D.  David,  Decimus,  Decius,  Democrat,  Demo- 
cratic, deputy,  deserter,  didymium,  dowager, 
Dublin,  duchess,  duke,  Dutch. 

d.  Daughter,  day,  dead,  degree,  denarius,  deserted, 
died,  dime,  dollar,  dose. 

dal.  Decaliter. 

Dan.  Daniel,  Danish. 

dtfewtf.   Daily  and  weekly  till  forbidden. 

dat.  Dative. 

dau.  Daughter. 

Dav.  David. 

D.  B.  Domesday  Book. 

dbk.  Drawback. 

D.    C.    Da  cano   (from  the  beginning).  Deputy 

Consul,  district  Court,  District  of  Columbia. 
D.  C.  S.  Deputy  Clerk  of  Sessions. 
d.  d.  Days  after  date,  days'  date. 
Dea.  Deacon. 
Dec.  Decani,  December. 
dec.  Declaration. 

dec,  decl.  Declension,  declination. 
decid.  Deciduous. 
deciin.  Decimeter. 
decl.  Declension,  declination. 
decoct.  Decocturn  (decoction). 
def.  Deflned,  definite,  definition. 
del".,  deft.  Defendant. 
dee.  Degree. 
dekasr.  Dekagram. 
dekal.  Dekaliter. 
dekain.  Dekameter. 
Del.  Delaware  (oflliclal),  delegate. 
Dein.  Democrat,  Democratic. 
demon.,  demoustr.  Demonstrative. 
Den.  Denmark. 

Dent.  Dental,  dentist,  dentistry. 
dep.  Deposed. 

Dep.,  Dept.  Department,  deponent,  deputy. 
der.,  deriv.  Derivation,  derivative,  derived. 
Deut.  Deuteronomy. 

D.  F.  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  Defender  of  the  Faith. 
dft.  Defendant,  draft. 
dg.  Decigram. 
D.  G.  Dei  gratia  (by  the  grace  of  God),  Deograti- 

an  (thanks  to  God),  Dragoon  Guards. 
dial.  Dialect,  dialectal,  dialectic,  dialectical. 
diam.  Diameter. 
Diet.  Dictator,  dictionary. 
diflT.  Difference,  different,  differs. 
dim.  Diminuendo,  diminutive. 
dio.,  dioc.  Diocesan,  diocese. 
dipl.  Diplomat,  diplomatist. 
dis.  Discipline,  distanced,  distant. 
dis.,  disc,  disct.  Discount. 
disc.  Discovered,  discoverer. 


Disp.  Dispensatory. 

diss.  Dissertation. 

dist.  Distance,  distant,  distinguish,  distinguished, 

district. 
distr.,  distrib.  Distributed,  distributive. 
div.   Divide,  divided,  dividend,  divine,  division, 

divisor. 
dl.  Deciliter. 
D.  L.  Deputy  Lieutenant. 
D.  L.  O.  Dead  Letter  Oflice. 
dm.     Decimeter.— dm.2     Square    decimeter.— 

dm. 3  Cubic  decimeter. 
Dn.  Danish. 
do.  Ditto. 

Doc  [Docs.,jo?.]  Document. 
dol.,  <loll.  [DOLS.,  DOLLS.,  p^.]  Dollar. 
Dom.  Dominion.— dom.  Domestic. 
Dor,  Doric. 
doz.  Dozen,  dozens. 
D.  P.  O.  Distributing  Post.offlce. 
Dpt.  Department,  deponent. 
Dr.  Debtor,  doctor. 
dr.  Dram,  drawer. 
dram.  Dramatic,  dramatist. 
Dram.  Pers.  Dramattsjoersonas  (the  persons  of 

the  drama). 
d.  8.  Days'  sight,  days  [after]  sight. 
d.  t.  Delirium  tremens. 
Du.,  Dut.  Dutch. 
dub.  Diibitante  (doubting). 
Dnb.,  Dubi.  Dublin. 
D.  V.  Deovolente  (God  being  willing). 
dwt.  A  pennyweight. 
dwtf.  Daily  [andl  weekly  till  forbidden. 
dyn.,  <lynam.  Dynamics. 


E.  Earl,  east,  eastern,  Edinburgh,  English,  erbium. 

e.  Eagle,  eagles  [coin]. 

E.,  Edw.  Edward. 

ea.  Each. 

E.  &  O.  E.  Errors  and  omissions  excepted. 

Eb.  Erbium. 

Eben.  Ebenezer. 

E.  C  Eastern  Central  (London  postal  district), 
established  church. 

Eccl.,  Eccles.  Ecclesiastes.— eccl.,  eccles. 
Ecclesiastic,  ecclesiology. 

Eccl  us.  Ecclesiasticus. 

eclec  Eclectic. 

econ.  Economics,  economist,  economy. 

Ecua.  Ecuador. 

Ed.  LEDS.,pZ.]  Editor. 

Ed.,  Edin.  Edinburgh. 

ed.,  edit.  Edited,  edition. 

E.  E.  Ells  English,  errors  excepted. 

E.  E.  «fe  M.  P.  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minis- 
ter Plenipotentiary. 

E.  Fl.  Ells  Flemish. 

E.  Fr.  Ells  French. 

Eg.,  Egy.  Egypt,  Egyptian,  Egyptology. 

e.  g.,  ex.  gr.  Exempli  gratia  {for  tha  sake  of  ex- 
ample; for  Instance). 

E.  I.,  E.  Ind.  East  India,  East  Indies. 

ejusd.  Ejusdem,  (of  the  same). 

elec,  elect.  Electrical,  electricity. 

elect.  Electuarium  (electuary). 

elem.  Elementary- 

Eliz.  Elizabeth,  Elizabethan. 

E.  Ion.,  E.  long.  East  longitude. 

Elz.  Elzevir. 

Em.  Emanuel,  Emma,  Emily,  eminent. 

embryol.  Embryology. 

emp.  Emperor,  empire, empress. 

enclit.  Enclitic. 

ency.,  encyc.  Encyclopedia,  encyclopedic. 

E.  N.  E.  East»northeast. 

Eng.  England,  English. 

eng.  Engineer,  engraver,  engraving. 

Ens.  Ensign. 


flutfure  (future);    aisle;   an    (w/t);   oil;   c   (k);    chat;   dli   (the);   go;   sing,   ink;  thin. 


ent. 
G.  T. 


526 


ent.,  entoin.  Entomology. 

Env.  Ext.  Envoy  Extraordinary. 

eod.  Every  other  day. 

Ep.,  EpiH.  Epistle. 

Eph.,  Epiies.  Epheslans. 

Epipn.  Epiphany. 

EpiH.,  Episc.  Episcopal. 

epit.  Epitaph,  epitome. 

eq«  Equal,  equivalent. 

equiv.  Equivalent. 

Er.  Erbium. 

E.  S.  Ells  Scotch. 

Esd.  Esdras. 

E.  S.  E.  East-southeast. 

esp.,  espec.  Especially. 

Esq.,  Esqr.  [Esoks.,  EsQS.,pZ.]  Esquire. 

est.,  estab.  Established. 

Esth.  Esther. 

E.  T.  Electric  telegraph,  English  translation. 

et  al.  Et  alibi  (and  elsewhere),  et  alii,  aliae,  or  alia 

(and  others). 
etc.,  «fcc.  Etcetera. 
ethnoir.  Ethnographical,  ethnography. 
ethnol.  Ethnological,  ethnology. 
et  seq.j  sq.;  or  sqq.  -Et  sequetites,  et  sequentia 

(and  the  following). 
etyni.,   etyniol.   Etymological,  etymologically, 

etymology. 
euphem.  Euphemism,  euphemistic. 
euphon.  Euphonic,  euphony. 
Enr.  Europe,  European. 
ex.  Example,  executive,  export. 
ex.,  exd.  Examined. 
Ex.,  Exod.  Exodus. 
Exc.  Excellency.— exc.  Except. 
Exch.  Exchange,  exchequer. 
excl.,  exclain.  Exclamation,  exclamatory. 
ex.  cp.  Extra  (without)  coupon. 
Exec,  Exr.  Executor. 
Execx.,  Exrx.,  Exx.  Executrix. 
exp.  Export,  exportation,  exported,  express. 
ext.  External,  extra,  extract. 
Ez.,  Ezr.  Ezra. 
Ezek.  Ezekiel. 


F,  Fabius,  Felix,  fellow,  flamen,  fluorln,  Fortuna, 

France,  French,  Friday. 
F.,  Fah.,  Fahr.  Fahrenheit. 
f.    Farthing,  fathom,  feminine,  florin,  folio,  foot, 

forte,  franc. 
f.  a.  a.  Free  of  all  average. 
F.  A.  M.  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 
fam.  Familiar,  familv. 
Far.  P'arriery,  farthing. 
F.  A .  S.  Fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  Fellow 

of  the  Society  of  Arts. 
fath.  Fathom. 

f.  c.  Fidei  comynimum  (bequeathed  In  trust). 
P.  C.  1*.  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Preceptors. 
fcp.,  fcap.  Foolscap. 
Fe.  Ferrum  (Iron). 
F.  E.  Flemish  ells. 
Feb.  February. 
fee.  Fecit  (did  It.  or  made  It). 
F.  E.  I.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Educational  Institute 

of  Scotland. 
fem.  Feminine. 
Ferd.  Ferdinand. 
feud.  Feudal. 

II".  Folios,  following,  fortissimo. 
flbr.  Fortissimo. 

F.  F.  V.  First  FamJUoH  of  Virginia. 
f.  ir.  a.  Free  of  general  average. 
Act.  Fiction. 

fljar.  Figurative,  flguratlvelv,  llgure. 
Fin.  Finland.-  Fin..  Finn.  Finnish. 
fln.  Adfinem  (at  the  end). 
Fin.  Hec.  Financial  Secretary. 
flr.  Firkin. 


Fl.  Flanders,  Flavins, Flemish. 

fl.  Florin,  flourished. 

Fla.  Florida  (oflicial). 

Fl.  E.  Flemish  ells. 

Flem.  Flemish. 

F.  M.  Field  Marshal,  Foreign  Mission. 

fm.  Fathom. 

fo.,  fol.  Folio. 

f.  o.  b.  Free  on  board. 

fol.,  foil.  Following. 

For.  Foreign. 

fort.  Fortitication,  fortified. 

P.  P.  Fire  plug. 

f.  p.  a.  Free  of  particular  ave:age. 
Fr.  France,  Francis,  French,  Friday. 
fr.  Fragment,  franc,  from. 

fr.,  freg.  Frequent,  frequentative. 

Fred.,  Fredk.  Frederick. 

Fri.  Friday. 

Fries.,  Frs.  Fviesian,  Friesic. 

F.  R.  S.  Fraternitatis  Begise  Socius  (Fellow  of 

the  Royal  Society). 
frs.  Francs. 

F.  S.  A.  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 

Ft.  Fort.— ft.  Feet,  flat,  foot,  f ortifled. 
fth.,  fthm.  Fathom. 
fur.  Furlong. 
fut.  Future. 

o 

G.  Gaius,  Gallia,  Gellius,  grand,  gulf. 
G.,  Ger.,  Germ.,  German,  Germany. 

g.  Genitive,  gram,  guide,  guinea. 
G.  A.  General  Assembly. 

Ga.  Gaelic,  Gallium. 

Ga.  (oflicial),  Geo.  Georgia. 

Gael.  Gaelic. 

Gal.  Galatians,  Galen. 

s:al.,  gall.  [GALS.,j»i.]  Gallon. 

galv.  Galvanic,  galvanism. 

G.  A.  11.  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

Gaz.  Gazette,  gazetteer. 

G.  B.  Great  Britain. 

G.  B.  &  I.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

G.  C  Grand  Chancellor, Grand  Chapter. 

«,  c.  m.  Greatest  common  measure. 

G.  D.  Grand  Duchess,  Grand  Duke. 

Gd.  (gadolinium. 

Gen.  General,  Genesis,  Geneva,  Genevan. 

gen.  Gender,  genera,  general,  generally,  generic, 

genus. 
gen.,  genit.  Genitive. 
geneal.  Genealogist,  genealogy. 
Genl.  General. 

?ent.  [GBNTN.,  GKNTs,  joZ.]  Gentleman. 
ico.  George. 
Geod.  Geodesy. 

geog.  Geograpner,  geographical,  geography. 
gcol.  Geological,  geologist,  geology. 
geoin.  Geometer,  geometrical,  geometry. 
ger.  Gerund. 
g.  gr.  Great  gross, 
gi.  Gills. 

G.  Ij.  Grand  Lodge. 
gl.  Gloria  (glory). 
GI.  Gluclnum. 
gloss.  Glossary. 
Go.,  (wotli.  Gothic. 
Gov.  Government,  governor. 
Gov.  Pig.  Oft".  (Government  Printing  Office. 
Govt.  Govi-nmiciit. 
(Jr.  Greece,  (Jn-ck. 
gr.  Grain,  ^nain,  great,  groschen. 
gr.,  gram.  Grammar,  grammarian. 
gr.,  gro.  Gross. 

G.  S.  Grand  Scribe,  Grand  Secretary,  Grand  Sen- 
tinel, Grand  Sentry. 
gs.  Guineas. 
G.  T.  (rood  Templars,  Grand  Tiler. 


papa,  gsk;  at,  fth ;  el§mcnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  %,  t  (ee);  o,  6h;  orator,  or;  full,  rule;  bot,  iir; 


527 


fu 


at.  iGTT.,  pi.}  Gutta  (drop). 

tit.  Br.,  Gt.  Brit.  Great  Britain. 


gu.  Guinea,  gules. 
Guate.  Guatemala. 
guin.  Guinea. 
gun.  Gunnery. 


H 


H.  Hydrogen. 

h.  Harbor,  hardness,  height,  hour,  hundred,  hus- 
band. 

ha.  Hectare. 

Hab.  Habakkuk.-hab.  Habitat. 

Hag.  Haggai. 

H.  B.  M.  His  (or  Her)  Britannic  Majesty. 

liilkf.  Handkerchief. 

H.  E.  His  Eminence,  His  Excellency,  Hydraulic 
Engineer. 

h.  e.  Hie  est  (this  is),  hoc  est  (that  is). 

Heb.,  Hebr.  Hebrew,  Hebrews. 

hectol.  Hectoliter. 

Hen.,  Hy.  Henry. 

her.  Heraldic,  heraldry,  Aeres  (heir). 

hf.  Half.— hf.  cf.  Half  calf. 

Hg.  Hydrargyrum  (mercury). 

hg.  HeKtogram. 

if.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Highness,  His  Holiness  (the 
Pope). 

hhd.  Hogshead. 

H.  I.  Hawaiian  Islands. 

hibr.,hvbr.F«&ndaA?/6nrfa  (hybrid). 

Hier.  Hierosolyma  (Jerusalem). 

H.  I.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Imperial  Highness. 

H.  I.  M .  His  (or  Her)  Imperial  Majesty. 

Hind.  Hindu,  Hindustan,  Hindustani. 

Hipp.  Hippocrates. 

hist.  Historian,  historical,  history. 

H.  Ij.  House  of  Lords. 

hi.  Hektoliter. 

H.  M.  Hallelujah  meter.  His  (or  Her)  Majesty, 
Home  Mission,  Home  Missionary. 

hin.  Hektometer. 

ho.  House. 

Hon.  Honorable,  honorary. 

Hond.  Honduras. 

lion'd.  Honored. 

Iior.  Horizon,  horology. 

bort.,  liortic.  Horticultural,  horticulture. 

HoH.  Hosea. 

H.  P.  Half  Pay,  High  Priest. 

h    p.  Horse  power. 

fi.  P.m.  Hallelujah  particular  meter. ' 

H.  R.  Home  Rule,  House  of  Representatives. 

Iir,  [HRs.,  pi.}  Hour. 

H.  R.  E.  Holy  Roman  Emperor  or  Empire. 

H.  R.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Royal  Highness. 

H.  H.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Serene  Highness. 

H.  S.  (5.  Historise  Societatis  /Socm^s  (Fellow  of  the 
Historical  Society). 

ht.  Height. 

Hun.,  Hung.  Hungarian,  Hungary. 

hund.  Himdred. 

hvd.,  liydraul.  Hydraulics. 

hyd.,  hydros.  Hydrostatics. 

hypoth.  Hypothesis,  hypothetical. 


I.  Idaho,  Island. 

i.  Immortalis  (undying),  intransitive. 

la,  (official),  lo.  Iowa. 

ib.,  ibid.  Ibidem  (in  the  same  place). 

Ice.,  Icel.  Iceland,  Icelandic. 

ich.,  ichth.  Ichthyology. 

Icon.  Iconographic,  iconography. 

id.  Idetn  (the  same). 

Ida.  Idaho. 

I.  D.  N.  In  Dei  nomine  (in  the  name  of  God). 

i.e.  Id  est  (that  is). 

111.,  Ills,  (official).    Illinois. 

ill.,  illns.  Illustrated,  illustration. 


udg. 


imag.  Imaginary,  imagination. 
iinit.  Imitative. 

Imp.    Imperator   (emperor),    imperatrix    (em- 
press), imperium  (empire). 
imp.  Imperial,  imported,  importer. 
imp.,  imper.  Imperative. 
imp.,  imp  erf.,  impf.  Imperfect  (tense). 
imp.,  impers.  Impersonal. 
improp.  Improperly. 
Impx.  Imperatrix  (empress). 
In,  Indliun. 
in.  [iNS.,j9^.]  Inch. 
inc.,  incor.,  incorp.  Incorporated. 
incept.  Inceptive. 
inch.,  incho.  Inchoative. 
incl.  Including. 
incog.  Incognito. 
in  or.  Increased,  increasing. 
Ind.  India,  Indian,  Indiana  (official),  index. 
ind.,  indie.  Indicative. 
indecl.  Indeclinable. 
indef.  Indefinite. 
Indo:Eur.  Indo»European. 
Ind.  T.  Indian  Territory  (official). 
inf.,  infin.  Infinitive. 
in  f.  In  fine  (at  the  end). 
init.  Initio  (in  the  beginning). 
in  lim.  In  limine  (on  the  threshold). 
in  loc.  cit.  In  the  place  cited. 
in  pr.  In  principio  (in  the  beginning). 
ins.  Inspector,  insurance. 
inscr.  Inscriptions. 
insep.  Inseparable. 
inst.  Instant,  institute,  institution. 
instr.  Instrument,  instrumental. 
insur.  Insurance. 
Int.  Interior,  interpreter. 
int.  Interest,  interjection. 
interj.  Interjection. 
intr.,  intrans.  Intransitive. 
in  trans.  In  transitu  (in  the  course  of  transit). 
Intro.,  Introd.  Introduction. 
inv.  Invented,  inventor,  invoice. 
Invert.  Invertebrata,  invertebrate 
Ion.  Ionic. 
I.  O.  U.  I  owe  you. 
i.  q.  Idem  quod  (the  same  as). 
Ir.  Ireland,  iridium,  Irish. 
Iran.  Iranian,  Iranic. 
Ire.  Ireland. 

irr.,  irreg.  Irregular,  irregularly. 
I.  S.  Inside  Sentinel,  Irish  Society. 
Is.,  Isl.  [ISLS.,J9;.]  Island,  islands,  isles. 
Is.,  Isa.  Isaiah. 
It.,  Ital.  Italian,  Italic,  Italy. 
Itin.  Itinerant,  itinerary. 
I.  W.  Isle  of  Wight. 


J.  Judge,  Julius,  Junius,  Jupiter,  Justice  (JJ.,p^) 

judex  (judge). 
Jac.  Jacob,  Jacobus  (James). 
Jam.  Jamaica. 
Jan.  January. 
Jap.  Japan,  Japanese. 
Jas.  James. 
Jav.  Javanese. 
J.  C.  Jesus  Christ,  Julius  Caesar,  Jurisconsultus 

(jurisconsult),  Justice  Clerk. 
Jer.  Jeremiah. 
Jno.  John. 
Jo.  Joel. 

Jon.,  Jona.  Jonathan. 
Jos.  Joseph. 
Josh.  Joshua. 

jour.  Journal,  journey,  journeyman. 
J.  P.  Justice  of  the  Peace. 


jr.,  jun.,  junr.  Junior. 
Jud.  Judicial,  Judith. 
Judg.  Judges. 


fiutlilre    (future);   aisle;   au   (fmt)\   oil;    c   (k);    chat;    dli   {th€)\   go;  sing,  iijik;    thin, 


Jul. 
misc. 


528 


Jul.  Julep,  Julian,  Julius,  July. 
Juu.  June,  Junius. 
Juuc.  Junction. 
juriHp.  Jurisprudence. 
Jus.,  Just.  Justice. 

K 

K.  Kalium  (potassium).  King,  Knight. 

K.,  Ki.  Kings. 

R.,  Kal.  Kalendm  (kalends). 

Kan.,  Kaiis.,  Kas.  (official).  Kansas 

Hen.,  Ky.  (official).  Kentucky. 

R.  tr.  Knight  of  the  Garter. 

kg.  Keg,  kilogram.— kKS.  Kegs. 

kilo.,  kilog.  Kilogram. 

kilo.,  kilom.,  km.  Kilometer. 


kilo.,  kilom.,  km.  K 
kingtl.,  km.  Kingdom 

R.  J.  Knight  of  St.  Joachim. 
RR.  Karissimus  (very  dear). 
R.  R.  R.  KuKluxKlan. 
Rm.  Kilometer. 
Rm.3  Square  kilometer. 
Rnt.,  Rt.  Knight. 
kr.  Kreutzer. 
Ky.  Kentucky  (official). 


li.  Lady,  lake,  Latin,  Liberal,  libra  (pound),  lithi- 
um, London,  Lord,  Lucius. 

1.  Latitude,  league,  length,  line,  liter. 

IJa.  Lanthanum,  Louisiana  (official). 

Lab.  Labrador. 

Liam.  Lamentations. 

lansr.  Language. 

liap.  Lapland.— Lapp.  Lappish. 

Lat.  Latin.— lat.  Latitude. 

lb.  [LBS.,joZ.]  Ziftra  (pound). 

li.  C  Lower  Canada. 

1.  c.  Left  center,  letter  of  credit,  lower  case. 

I.  c.  m.  Least  common  multiple. 

L.  D.  Light  Dragoons,  Low  Dutch. 

lid  p.,  Lp.  Ladyship,  lordship. 

lea.  League,  leave. 

lect.  Lecture. 

lieg.  Legal,  legate,  legato. 

lies.,  liefgis.  Legislative,  legislature. 

Lei  p.  Lelpslc. 

Lev,,  Levit.  Leviticus. 

Lex.  Lexicon. 

lexicoff.  Lexicographer,  lexicography. 

L.  G.  Life  Guards,  Low  German. 

Ji.  iir.  Low  Greek. 

I.  h.  Left  hand. 

L.  I.  Light  Infantry,  Long  Island. 

Li.  Lithium. 

Lib.  Librarian,  library. 

lib.  Liber  (book). 

Lieut.,  Lt.  Lieutenant. 

I  in.  Lineal,  linear. 

Linn.  Linna-us,  LInnean. 

liq.  Liquid,  liquor. 

lit.  Liter,  literal,  literary,  literature. 

Lith.  Lithuanian. 

lith.,  lithoK.  Lithograph, lithography. 

Lit  hoi.  Lithology. 

lift.  Litterateur. 

liturir.  Liturgies. 

liv.  Lirre  (book, pound  [weight  or  coluj). 

L.  L.  Late  Latin,  Law  Latin,  Low  Latin. 

1.  I.  fyOro  Innddto  (In  the  place  quoted). 

L.  M.  Licentiate  In  Midwifery,  long  meter. 

L.  I>I.  I>.  Long  meter  double. 

loK.  Logiirithm. 

IjOu.,  Loud.  London. 

Ion.,  lonu.  Longitude. 

lo<i.  Loquitur  (speaks). 

IjOU.  Louisiana. 

L.  1*.  31.  Long  particular  meter. 

L.  S.  Llnuean  Society,  loctm  nigilH  (the  place  of 
the  seal).— I.  s.  Left  side. 


L.  (or  ii,)  8.  «l.  Librae,  solicli,  denarii  (pounds, 

shillings,  pence). 
Lt.  Lieutenant. 
I.  t.  Long  ton. 
Luth.  Lutheran. 
Iv.  Leave,  livres. 
lyr.  Lyric. 

II 
31.  Marcus,   Marius,   Marquis,   member,   middle, 

Mille  (one  thousand).  Monsieur. 
m.  Married,  masculine,  meridiem,  meridies  (noon), 

meter  (m.2,  square  meter;  m.3,  cubic  meter). 

mile,  mill,  minim,  minute,  month,  moon. 
M.,  3lo.,  Mon.  Monday. 
Mac,  31acc.  Maccabees. 
mach.,  macliin.  Machinery,  machinist. 
Mad.,  Madm.  Madam. 
31adr.  Madras. 
31  ag.  Magazine. 
31  ai.  Major. 
3Ial.  Malachi,  Malayan. 
mam.  Mammalogy. 
man.  Manege,  manual. 
3Ianit.  Manitoba. 
manuf.  Manufactory,  manufacturer. 
Mar.,  Mch.March.— mar.  Maritime. 
March.  Marchioness. 
marg.  Margin,  marginal. 
3Iarq.  Marquis. 
mas.,  masc.  Masculine. 
Mass.  Massachusetts  (official). 
math.  Mathematics. 
Matt.  Matthew. 
Max.  Maxim,  Maximilian. 
M.  C  Master  Commandant,  Member  of  Congress, 

Member  of  Council. 
M.  D.  Middle  Dutch. 
3Id.  Maryland  (official). 
Mdlle.  Mademoiselle. 
Mdm.  Madam. 
mdse.   Merchandise. 

31.  E.  Methodist  Episcopal,  Middle  English. 
3Ie.  Maine  (official). 
meas.  Measure. 
mech.  Mechanical,  mechanics. 
med.  Medical,  medicine,  medieval. 
Medit.  Mediterranean. 
Mem.  Memorandum. 
mer.  Meridian. 
31  ere.   Mercurial,  mercury. 
Me.'wsrs.,  3I3I.  Messieurs  (gentlemeTi). 
met.,  nictaph.  Metaphor,  metaphorical,  meta- 

phvsiciil.  nictaphvsirs. 
3Iet.,  -Uetrop.  .Alotropolltan. 
metal.,  metall.  Metallurgy. 
meteor.  Meteorological,  meteorology. 
Meth.  Methodist. 
meton.  Metonymy. 
metrol.  Metrology 
3Iex.  Mt'xiciin.  Mexico. 
m.  f.  Me-:vifnrte  (  Mns.,  rather  loud). 
mfd.  Manuiacrmt'd. 
mte.  Mamil'acturing. 
3Iri-s.  Miinulaclurers. 
mfs.  Manufactures. 
3Ijr.  Magnesium. 
mjr.  Milligram. 
31.  CJr.  Middle  Greek. 
mgr.  Monsignor. 
31.  II.  G.  Middle  High  German. 
31  ic.  Micah. 

3Iicli.  Micliaelmas.  Michigan  (official). 
micros.  Microscopy. 
mid.  Middle.  midsliii>ninn. 
mil.,  milit.  Military. 
min.  Mining,  minute. 
min.,  mineral.  Mineralogy. 
3Iinn.  Minnesota  (official). 
3Il8.  Missouri. 
misc.  Miscellaneous,  miscellany. 


papA,  gsk;  at,  ftir;  el^m^nt,  th6y,  ut»^ge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  erat^r,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


529 


Miss. 
Ont. 


lethodfst  Protes- 


Miss.  Mission,  missionary,  Mississippi. 

M.  Li.  Medieval  Latin,  Middle  Latin. 

ml.  Milliliter. 

M.  li.  G.  Middle  Low  German. 

Mile.  Mademoiselle. 

mm.    Millimeter.— mm. 2    Square    millimeter.- 

mm.3  Cubic  millimeter. 
Mme.  [Mm^s.,  pi.]  Madame. 
Mn.  Manganese. 

Mo.  Missouri  (official).  Molybdenum. 
mo.  iMOs., pL],  mtli., Month. 
mod.  Moderato,  modern. 
Moham.  Mohammedan, 
mol.ivt.  Molecular  weight. 
Mon.  Monastery,  Monday. 
mon.  Monetary. 
Mons.  Monsieur. 
Monsigr.  Monsignor. 
Mont.  Montana  (official). 
Mor.  Morocco. 
morn.  Morning. 

morph.,  morphol.  Morphology 
M.  P.  Member  of  Parliament,  Me 

tant.  Metropolitan  Police. 
Mr.  Mister  (Master). 
M.  R.  Master  of  the  Rolls. 
Mrs.  Missis  (Mistress). 
M8.  [MSS.,joZ.]  Manuscript. 
m.  H.  Months  [after]  sight. 
m.  8.  1.  Mean  sea<=level. 
Mt.  [Mts.,  pL]  Mount,  mountain. 
M.  T.  C.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero. 
3Ius.  Museum,  music,  musical. 
m.  V.  Mezza  voce  {Mus.,  with  half  the  power  of 

the  voice). 
Myst.  Mysteries. 
myth.  Mythological,  mythology. 

N.  Nero,  nitrogen,  Norse,  North. 

n.  Name,  natus  (bom),  neuter,  new,  nominative, 
noon,  noun,  number. 

n.,  na.  Nail. 

Na.  Natrium  (sodium). 

N.  A.,  N.  Am.  North  America,  North  American. 

N.  A.  D.  National  Academy  of  Design. 

Nah.  Nahum. 

Nap.  Napoleon. 

N.  A.  S.  National  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Nat.  National. 

nat.  Natural,  naturalist.  , 

Nath.  Nathaniel. 

Nat.  Hist.  Natural  history. 

nat.  ord.  Natural  order. 

naut.  Nautical. 

uav.  Naval,  navigation. 

navi?.  Navigation,  navigator. 

N.  B.  New  Brunswick,  North  Britain,  North 
British,  nota  bene  (note  well). 

N.  C.  New  Church,  North  Carolina  (official). 

n.  d.  No  date. 

N.  Dak.  North  Dakota  (official). 

N.  E.  Northeast,  northeastern. 

N.  E.,  N.  Eng.  New  England. 

Neb.,  Nebr.  (official).    Nebraska. 

Nee.  Negative,  negatively. 

Nen.  Nehemiah. 

n.  e.  i.  Non  est  inventus  (is  not  found). 

nem.  con.  Nemine  contradicente  (no  one  con- 
tradicting, i.  e.,  unanimously). 

Nep.  Neptune. 

Neth.  Netherlands. 

neut.  Neuter. 

Nev.  Nevada  (official). 

Newf.  Newfoundland. 

New  M.  New  Mexico. 

New  Test.  New  Testament. 

N.  F.  Newfoundland,  New  French,  Norman 
French. 

N.  G.  National  Guard,  New  Granada. 


Ng.  Norwegian.— n.  g.  No  good. 

N.  Gr.  New  Greek. 

N.  H.  New  Hampshire  (official). 

N.  Heb.  New  Hebrew. 

N.  H.  G.  New  High  German. 

Ni.  Nickel. 

Nicar.  Nicaragua. 

N.  J.  New  Jersey  (official), 

N.  li.  New  Latin. 

N.  1.  jyon  licet  (it  is  not  permitted). 

N.  I.  North  latitude. 

N.  M.,  N.  Mex.  (official).  New  Mexico. 

N.  N.  E.  North»northeast. 

N.  N.  W.  North^northwest. 

N.  O.  Natural  order.  New  Orleans. 

No.  North,  Ntimero  [Nos.,  pi.]  (number). 

nol.  pros.  Unwilling  to  prosecute. 

nom.,  nomin.  Nominative. 

non.  seq.  It  does  not  follow. 

n.  o.  p.  Not  otherwise  provided  for. 

Nor.  Nonnan,  North. 

North.  Northern. 

North um.  Northumberland. 

NorM^.  Norway,  Norwegian. 

Nos.  Numeros  (numbers). 

Nov.  November. 

N.  P.  New  Providence,  Notary  Public. 

N.  S.  New  School,  New  Series,  New  Side,  New 

Style,  Nova  Scotia. 
n.  s.  Not  specified. 
N.  S.  VV.  New  South  Wales. 
N.  T.  New  Testament,  new  translation. 
n.  u.  Name  unknown. 
Num.,  Numb.  Numbers. 
num.  Numeral. 

numis.  Numismatics,  numismatology. 
nux   vom.  Nux  vomica. 
N.  V.  New  "Version. 
N.  W.  Northwest,  northwestern. 
N.  W.  T.  Northwest  Territory. 
N.  Y.  New  York  (official). 
N.  Z.,  N,  Zeal.  New  Zealand. 

o 

O.  Ohio,  Ossa,  oxygen. 

ob.  Obiit  (died),  obiter  (by  the  way). 

Ob.,  Obad.  Obadiah. 

obdt.,  obt.  Obedient. 

obj.  Object,  objection,  objective. 

obi.  Oblique,  oblong. 

obs.  Observation,  observatory,  obsolete. 

obstet.  Obstetrics. 

O.  Bulg.  Old  Bulgarian. 

oc.  Ocean. 

O.  Cel.,  O.  Celt.  Old  Celtic. 

Oct.  October. 

O.  D.  Old  Dutch. 

O.  Dan.  Old  Danish. 

O.  E.  Old  English. 

O.  F.  Odd  Fellow,  Old  French. 

off.  Official,  officinal. 

offg.  Officiating. 

O.  Fries.  Old  Friesian. 

O.  Gael.  Old  Gaelic. 

O.  H.  G.  Old  High  German. 

O.  Ice.,  O.  Icel.  Old  Icelandic. 

O.  Ir.  Old  Irish. 

O.  It.  Old  Italian. 

O.  K.  All  correct.     (Oil  korrect.) 

Okla.  Oklahoma  (official). 

0.  L..  Old  Latin. 

01.  Olexim  (oil),  olympiad. 

Old  Test.,  O.  T.  Old  Testament. 

O.  li.  G.  Old  Low  German. 

Olym.  Olympiad. 

O.  M.  Old  measurement. 

O.  N.  Old  Norse. 

O.  N.  F.  Old  Northern  French. 

onomat.  Onomatopoetlc. 

Ont.  Ontario. 


flutlfire   (future);    aisle; 


(owt);   ell;   c  (k);    chat;    dh  (<Ae);   go;   sing,   i^k;  thin. 


Op. 

Prus. 


530 


Op.  Opera.—  op.  Opposite,  opus. 

o.  p.  Opposite  prompt  [sidej,  out  of  print. 

opp.  Opposed,  opposite. 

opt.  Optative,  optical,  optician,  optics. 

Or.  Oregon,  Oriental. 

orat.  Orator. 

ord.  Ordained,  order,  ordinance,  ordi- 
nary.— ord.,  ordn.  Ordnance. 

Ore.  (official),  Oreg.  Oregon. 

orsr.  Organic,  organized. 

oriff.  Origin,  original,  originally. 

ornith.  Ornithological,  ornithology. 

O.  S.  Old  Saxon,  Old  School,  Old  Series,  Old  Side, 
Old  Style,  Outside  Sentinel. 

O.  SI.  Old  Slavonic. 

Oxf.  Oxford. 

oz.  [oz.  or  ozs.,  pL]  Qiince. 


p.  Page,  part,  participle,  past,  piatio  (soft),  pint. 


pipe,  pole,  population 
P.  Parnelllte,  phosporus,  Publius, 


p.  a.  Participial  adjective. 
Pa.  Pennsylvania  (official) 
Pac.  Oc.  Pacific  Ocean. 


Palestine.- pal.  Paleontology. 
»aiii.,  painpli.  Pamphlet. 


p.  jB.  J'artes  sequales  (egual  parts) 

Pal. 

pain.,  p: 

Pan.  Panama. 

par.  Paragraph,  parallel,  parish. 

Para.  Paraguay. 

Pari.  Parliament,  parliamentary. 

part.  Participle. 

pass.  Passive. 

Pata.  Patagonia. 

path.,  pathoI.  Pathology. 

Patk.  Patrick. 

Pat.  Off.  Patent  Office. 

paym't,  payt.,  pay't.  Paymeftt. 

Pb.  Plumbum  (lead). 

Pd.  Palladium.— pd.  Paid. 

P.  E.  Presiding  Elder,  Prot.  Episcopal. 

P.  E.  I.  Prince  Edward  Jsland. 

pen.  Peninsula. 

Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

Pent.  Pentecost. 

peo.  People. 

per.  Period,  person. 

Per.,  Pers.  Persia,  Persian. 

per  an.  Per  annum  (by  the  year). 

per  ct.  Per  cent. 

perf.  Perfect. 

perh.  Perhaps. 

peri.,  periff.  Perigee. 

pers.  Person,  personal,  personally. 

perHp.  Perspective. 

pert.  Pertaining. 

Peruv.  Peruvian. 

Pet.  Peter. 

petrol.  Petrology. 

pf.    Perfect,  preferred. 

p.  f.  Piufortt'  oi  little  louder). 

Par.  Portugal,  Portuguese. 

Pnar.,     Pliarni.      Pharmaceutical,     Phaniia- 

copcwla,  pharmacy. 
Phen.,  Fhenlc.  Phenlclan. 
Phil.  Phlh-mon,  Philip,  Phlllpplans. 
Phil.,  IMiiln.  (official).  PhHadelphla. 
pliil.,  pliiloH.  Philosopher,  philosophy. 
Pliil<>m.  Plillcnion. 

Philol.  Philological,  philologist,  philology. 
hll.    Hoc,    Ph.    8.    American    Philological 
Society. 
phon.,  phonet.  Phonetics. 
phonoK.  Phonography. 
phonol.  IMionolugy. 

phot.,  phototf.  Photographic,  photography. 
photoni.  Photomutrlcaf,  photometry. 
phr.  Phnwe.  ' 


phren.,  phrenol.  Phrenology. 
phys.  Physician,  physics. 


phys.,  physiol.  Physiological,  physiology. 
Phys.  Sci.  Physical  science. 
P.I.  Phonographic  Institute. 


Sci.  Physical  science 
r'honograp'  '    ' 
pil.  Pilula  (pill) 


pinx.,  pnxt,   pxt.  Pinxit  (painted  [it]). 

P.  J.  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Police  Justice,  Presi- 
ding Judge,  Probate  Judge. 

pk.  [PKS.,joZ.]  Peck. 

pkg.  [PKGs.,joZ.]  Package. 

P.  L.  Paradise  Lost,  Poet  Laureate. 

pi.  Place,  plate,  plural. 

PI.  D.  Piatt  Deutsch  (Low  German). 

pU.,  piff.,  pltff.  Plaintiff. 

Plin.  Pliny. 

plup.,  plupf.  Pluperfect. 

plur.  Plural,  plurality. 

P.  M.  Past  Master,  paymaster,  peculiar  meter, 
postmaster,  post  meridiem  (afternoon).— pm. 
Premium. 

p.  n.  Promissory  note. 

pneuni.  Pneumatic,  pneumatics. 

po.  Pole:  a  measure. 

P.  O.  Post-office,  Province  of  Ontario. 

P.  O.  D.  Pay  on  delivery,  Post=offlce  Department. 

poet.  Poetic,  poetical,  poetry. 

Pol.  Poland,  Polish. 

pol.,  polit.  Political,  politics. 

polit.  econ.  Political  economy. 

pom.  Pomologlcal. 

P.  O.  O.  Post=office  order. 

pop.  Popular,  popularly,  population. 

Port.  Portugal,  Portuguese. 

pos.,  posit.  Positive. 

pos.,  poss.  Possession,  possessive. 

pot.  Potential. 

pp.  Tages,  pianissimo  (soft) . 

p.  p.  Past  participle,  plav  or  pay,  proprietor. 

pp..  ppp.,  pppp.  Pianissimo. 

P.  P.  Praemisis  praemittendis  (In  place  of  omitted 
titles  in  address). 

P.  P.  C.  Pour  prendre  conge  (to  take  leave). 

pph.  Pamphlet. 

p.  p.  i.  Policy  proof  of  interest. 
•.,  ppr.  Participle  preser 
rogr.  Pilgrim's  Progress. 
.  Province  of  Quebec, 
air,  price,  pronoun,  proper,  present. 
■  Rico. 

prince,    printer, 


p.  pr.,  ppr.  Participle  present. 

P.  Progr.  Pilgrim's  Pr  ogre 

P.  Q.  Province  of  Quebec. 

pr.  Pair,  price,  pronoun,  prop^ 

P.  R.  Paradise  Regained,  Puerto  Rico 


Pr.     Praseodymium,     priest 

Provencal.* 
Preb.  Prebend,  prebendary. 
prec.  Preceding. 
pref.  Preface,  preference,  prefix. 
prep.  Preposition. 
Pres.  I*i-esident.— pres.  Present. 
Pres.,  Presb.  Presbyterian. 
pret.  Preterit. 
P.  Uico.  Puerto  Rico. 
prim.  Primary,  primate,  primitive. 
prin.  I*rlnclpal,  principally,  principles. 
print.  Printing. 
priv.  l*rlvatlve. 

prob.  Probable,  probably,  problem. 
Proe.  Proceedings. 
Prof.  Professor. 
prom.  Promontory. 
pron.  Pronoun,  pronunciation. 
prop.  Properly,  proposition. 
prop.,  propr.  Proprietor. 
pros.  Prosody. 
Prot.  Protestant. 

pro  tem.  Pro  tempore  (for  the  time  being). 
Prov,  Provenc-al,  Provence,  Proverbs,  province, 

provincial.  Provost. 
prov.  Proverbially,  provincial. 


irox^  Proximo  (next  J  month]). 

^ -prt 

PruH.  Prussia,  Prussian. 


•rs.  Printers.— prs.  Pairs. 


pap«,  gsk;  at,  *lr;  cl§mcnt,  th6y,  us^ge;  It,  %,  i  (ee);  o,  6h;  erat^r,  ©r;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


531 


P.  S. 
sch. 


P.  iS.  Permanent  Secretary,  »os«  scrip- 
turn  [pss.,  JO/.]  (postscript),  Prhj  Seal. 
Ps.,  Psa.  Psalm,  Psalms.— ps.  Pieces. 
pseud.  Pseudonym. 
psych.  Psychic,  psychical. 
psych.,  psychoI.  Psychology. 
pt.  [PTS.,  pl.'\  Part,  payment,  pint. 
Pt.  Platinum,  point,  port. 
p.  t.  Poststown. 
Ptg.  Portugal,  Portuguese. 
P.  T.  O.  Please  turn  over. 
pub.  Public,  published,  publisher. 
pub.,  pubn.  Publication. 
Pub.  Doc.  Public  Documents. 
pulv.  Pulvis  (powder). 
pun.  Puncheon. 
p.  V.  Post»village. 
uwt.  Pennyweight. 
P.  X.  Please  exchange. 
pxt.  Pinxit  (painted  [It]). 
pyrotech.  Pyrotechnics. 


q.  Quasi,  query,  quintal. 

Q.  Quebec,  Queen,  Quintus,  Quirites. 

Q.,  qu.,  ques.  Question. 

q.  e.  Quod  est  (which  is). 

q.  e.  d.  Quod  erat  demonstrandum  (which  was 

to  be  demonstrated). 
q.  e.  f.  Quod  erat  faciendum  (which  was  to  be 

done). 
q.  e.  i.  Quod  erat  inveyiiendum  (which  was  to  be 

found  out). 
q.  1.  QwaM<?<m  Zjftei  (as  much  as  is  agreeable).— ql. 

Quintal. 
Q.  31.  Quartermaster. 
qui.  Quomodo  (in  what  manner,  by  what  means, 

how). 
«.  p.,  q.  Pl.   Quantum  placet  (as  much  as  seems 

good). 
qr.    [QKS.,    pl.']     Quadrans    (farthing),   quarter 

(weight  or  measure),  quire. 
q.   8.    Quantum  sufflcit   (as  much   as  suffices), 

quarter=sectIon. 
Q.  S.  Quarter«ses8lons. 
qt.  Quantity,  quart.— qts.  Quarts. 
Qu.  Queen.— qu.  Question. 
qu.,  quar., quart.  Quarter,  quarterly. 
qu.,  qy.  Query. 
quad.  Quadrant,  quadrate. 
<|ue.  Quebec. 
q.  V.    Quantum,  vis  (as  much  as  you  will),  q7wd 

vide  (which  see). 

R 

R.   Radical,   railway,   Eeaumur,    recipe,   rector. 

Republican,  response,  retired,  rhodium,    river, 

Rooert,  Rufus. 
r.  Rod,  rood,  rupee. 
R.    A.    Rear=admiral,    right    ascension.    Royal 

Academy,  Royal  Arch,  Russian  America. 
Rad.  Radical.— rad.  Badix  (root) . 
rail.  Ballentando  (gradually  slower):  a  direction 

in  music. 
Rb.  Rubidium. 

R.  C.  Red  Cross,  Roman  Catholic. 
r.  c.  Right  center. 
rcpt.  Receipt. 
R.    E.    Reformed   Episcopal,    Right  Excellent, 

Royal  Engineers,  Royal  Exchange. 
R^auin.  Reaumur. 

Rec.  Recipe,  record,  recorded,  recorder. 
rec'd.,  reed.  Received. 
Rec.  Sec.  Recording  Secretary. 
Rect.  Rector. 
rec't.,  rect.  Receipt. 

ref.  Reference,  referred,  reformed,  reformer. 
Ref.  Reformation. 
Ref.  Ch.  Reformed  Church. 
refl.  Reflection,  reflective,  reflex,  reflexive. 


Res:.  Register,  Registrar. 

reg.  Registry,  regular. 

Reg:.,  Regt.  Regent,  regiment. 

rel.   Relative,   relatively,  religion,   religious,  re- 

liquse  (remains,  relics). 
rel.  pron.  Relative  pronoun. 
rem.  Remark. 

Rep.  Report,  reporter.  Representative. 
rep.,  repr.  Representing. 
Rep.,  Repub.  Republic,  Republican. 
retd.  Returned. 
Rev.    Revelation,    revenue.    Reverend    [Revs., 

pl.],  review,  revolution. 
rev.  Revise,  revised,  revision. 
Rev.  Stat.,  Rev.  Stats.  Revised  Statutes. 
Rev.  Ver.  Revised  Version  (of  the  Bible). 
Rh.  Rhodium.- r.  h.  Right  hand. 
R.  H.  Royal  Highness. 
rhet.  Rhetoric,  rhetorical. 
R.  I.  Rhode  Island  (official). 
Rich.,  Rich'd.  Richard. 
R.  I.  P.   Requiescat  in  pace  (may  he  [or  she] 

rest  in  peace). 
rit.,     ritard.     Ritardando    (Mus.     gradually 

slower). 
Riv.  River. 
rin.  Ream. 

R.  O.  Receiving  Office.— ro.  Rood. 
Robt.  Robert. 

RoHi.  Roman,  Romance,  Romans. 
Roui.  Cath.  Roman  Catholic. 
Rouiti.  Roumanian. 
R.  P.  Reformed  Presbyterian,  Regius  Professor, 

respublica  (republic). 
R.  P.  E.  Reformed  Protestant  Episcopal. 
rpt.  Report. 
R.  R.  Railroad. 
R.    S.  Recording  Secretary,  Revised  Statutes.— 

r.  s.  Right  side. 
rs.  Rupees. 
R.  S.  S.   Regiae  Societatis  Socius  (Fellow  of  the 

Royal  Society). 
R.  S.  V.  P.  Repondez,  s'il  vous  plait  (answer, 

if  you  please). 
Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honorable. 
Rt.  Rev.  Right  Reverend. 
Ru.  Runic,  ruthenium. 
Ruin.  Rumania,  Rumanian. 
Rus.,  Russ.  Russia,  Russian. 
R.  V.  Revised  Version  (of  the  Bible). 
R.  W.,  Rw.,  Ry.  Railway. 

S.   Saxon,  scribe,  segno,   Servius,   Sextus,   sign, 

Signor,  society,  south,  sulfur,  Sunday. 
S.,  Sa.,  Sat.  Saturday. 
S.,  Sab.  Sabbath. 
8.  Second,  section  [ss.,  pl],  series,  set,  shilling, 

singular,  sinister,  substantive. 
S.    A.    South    Africa,    South    America,    South 

Australia. 
s.  a.  Secundum  artem  (according  to  art),  sine 

anno  (without  date). 
sa.  (Her.)  Sable. 

S.  Am.  South  America,  South  American. 
Sam.,  Saml.  Samuel. 
Sam.,  Samar.  Samaritan. 
San.,   Sans.,  Sansc,  Sansk.,  Skr.,   Skt. 

Sanskrit. 
Sar.  Sardinia,  Sardinian. 
Sax.  Saxon,  Saxony. 
S.  B.  South  Britain,  steamboat. 
Sb.  Stibium. 

S.  C.  South  Carolina,  Supreme  Court. 
8.  c,  8.  caps.,  sm.  caps.  Small  capitals. 
Sc.  Scandium,  Scotch. 
sc.  Scene,  scilicet  (namely,  to  wit). 
Scan.,  Scand.  Scandinavian. 
sch.,  schol.  Scholium  (a  note). 
sch.,  schr.  Schooner. 


flutiure   (future);    aisle;    an    {out);   oil;    c   (k);    cliat;    dli   {th€)\   go;    eiiig,    ink;   thin. 


sci. 
Ti. 


532 


sci.  Science,  scientific. 

Sclav.  Sclavonic. 

Scot.  Scotch,  Scotland,  Scottish. 

scr.  Scruple. 

Script.  Scriptural,  scripture. 

sculp.,  sculpt.  Sculpsit  (engraved  [it]),  sculptor 

sculptural,  sculpture. 
s.  d.  Sine  die  (without  day). 
S.  Dak.  South  Dakota  (official). 
S.  E.  Southeast,  southeastern. 
Se.  Selenium. 

Sec.  Secretary.— sec.  Secant,  second. 
sec,  sect.  Section. 
Sel.  Selected,  selection. 
Sem.  Seminary,  Semitic. 
sein.  Semble  (It  seems). 
Sen.  Senate,  Senator. 
Sen,,  senr.  Senior. 
Sen.  Doc.  Senate  Document. 
sep.  Separate. 

Sep.,  Sept.  September,  Septuagint. 
seq.  Sequentes,  sequentia  (the  following). 
ser.  Series,  sermon.—  Serb.  Serbian. 
Serg.,  Sergt.  Sergeant. 
Serj.,  Serjt.  Serjeant. 
Serv.  Servia,  Servian,  Servlus. 
serv.,  servt.  Servant. 
sess.  Session. 

sfz.    Sforzando   (Mus.  sounded  with  sudden  ex- 
plosive force). 
S.  G.  SolIcltor*general. 


8.  a.  Specific  gravity. 
S.  xl. 


School«hou8e.— sli.  Shilling. 
Sliak.,  Shaks.  Shakespeare.  [word), 

s.  Ii.  V.  Sub  hoc  verbo  or  8ub  hac  voce  (under  this 
S.  I.  Sandwich  Islands,  Staten  Island. 
Si.  Sillclum,  silicon. 
Sib.  Siberia,  Siberian. 
Sic.  Sicilian,  Sicily. 
sin.  Sine.— sin.,  sins:.  Singular. 
S.  J.  C  Supreme  Judicial  Court. 
Skr.,  Skt.  Sanskrit. 
S.  Ij.  Sergeant  at  Law,  Solicitor  at  Law. 
S.  1.,  S.  lat.  South  latitude. 
Slav.  Slavic,  Slavonian,  Slavonic. 
sld.  Sailed. 

S.  31.  Short  meter.  Sons  of  Malta,  State  Militia. 
Sm.  Samarium.- sin.  c.  Small  capitals. 
S.  M.  D.  Short  meter  double. 
Smith.  Inst.  Smithsonian  Institution. 
s.  n.  Secundum  naturam  (according  to  nature).— 

Sn,  Stannum. 
S.  O.  Subofflce.— 8.  o.  Sellers' option. 
So.  South. 

Soc.  Society,  Socrates. 
sociol.  Sociology. 
Soc.  Isl.  Society  Islands. 
S.  of  Sol.  Song  of  Solomon. 
Sol.,  Solr.  Solicitor. 
sol.,  Holut.  Solution. 
sop.  Soprano. 

Soph.  Sophist,  Sophocles,  sophomore. 
Sou.  Southern. 
sov.  Sovereign. 
Sp.  Spain,  Spanish,  Spirit. 
sp.  Spelling. 
spec.  Special,  specially. 
spec,  snecif.  Specific,  specifically. 
sp.  gr.  Specific  gravity. 
S.  P.  IWL.  Short  particular  meter. 
spoutf.  Spongeology. 
sport.  Sporting. 
spt.  S»^aport. 
sq.  Sequenn,  sequentes  (the  following),  square.— 

sq.  It.,  sq.  In.,  etc.    Square  foot  (or  feet), 

square  Inch,  etc. 
sq.  Same  as  bt  sbq. 
8r.  Senior,  sir,  Btrontlum. 
8.  R.  S.  Sodetatis  Segtse  Socius  (Fellow  of  the 

Royal  Society). 


SS.  Saints.- 88.  Scilicet  (to -wit ) . 

S.  S.  Sabbath'school,  Sunday-school. 

8.  8.  Screw  steamer,  steamship. 

S.  S.  E.  Southssoutheast. 

S.  S.  W.  South=southwest. 

St.  Saint,  strait,  street.  —  Ste.  Sainte  (fern.). 

St.  Stanza,  stet,  stone,  strophe. 

8.  t.    Senza  tempo   in  music   (without  marked 

time),  short  ton. 
Stat.  Statim  (immediately),  statuary,  statute. 
ster.,  stereo.  Stereotype,  stereotyper. 
ster.,  8tff.  Sterling. 
str.  Steamer. 
sts.  Streets. 

Su.,  Sun.,  Sund.  Sunday. 
Hub.  Subject,  substitute,  suburb,  suburban. 
subj.  Subject,  subjective,  subjunctive. 
subsect.  Subsection. 
subst.  Substantive,  substitute. 
suf.,  suff.  Suffix. 
Su.:Goth.  Suio=Gothic. 
Suit.  Sultan. 
sup.  Supine,  supra. 

Sup.  Ct.  Superior  Court,  Supreme  Court. 
sup.,  super.  Superior,  superfine. 
Sup.,  superl.  Superlative. 
Sup.,  Supp.  Supplement. 
Sup.,  Supr.  Supreme. 
Supt.  Superintendent. 
Surg.,  8urg.  Surgeon,  surgery,  surgical. 
Surv.  Surveying,  surveyor. 
8.  V.    Sub  verbo  or  voce  (under  the  word). 
S.  W.  Southwest,  southwestern. 
S^v.  Sweden,  Swedish. 
Swab.  Swabia,  Swablan. 
Swit.,  Switz.  Switzerland. 
syin.  Symbol,  symbolic. 
syn.  Synonym,  synonymous. 
synop.  Synopsis. 
Syr.  Syria,  Syriac,  Syrian. 
syr.  Sirup. 
syst.  System. 


T.  Territory,  Testament,  Titus,  Tuesday,  Tullius. 
t.  Tempore  (in  the  time  [of]),  tenor,  ton,  tonneau. 

town,  transitive,  tun. 
Ta.  Tantalum. 
Tarn.  Tamil. 
tan.  Tangent. 
tart.  Tartaric. 
Tb.  Terbium,  Tiberius. 
tc.  [tcs.,  JO?.]  Tierce. 
Te.  Tellurium. 
tech.  Technical,  technically. 
tech.,  technol.  Technology. 
tel.,  teleg.  Telegram,  telegraph. 
temp.  Temporal,  temporary. 
ten.  Tenor. 

Tenn.  Tennessee  (official). 
Ter.,  Terr.  Territory. 
terat.,  teratol.  Teratology. 
term.  Termination. 
Test.  Testament. 
Tent.  Teuton,  Teutonic. 
Tex.  Texan,  Texas  (official). 
tf.  Till  forbidden. 
t.  g.  Type  genus. 

Th.  Theophllus,  Thomas,  Thorium. 
Th.,  Thu.,  Thur.,  Thurs.  Thursday. 
theat.  Theatrical. 
Theo.  Theodore. 

theol.  Theologian,  theological,  theology. 
theor.  Theorem. 
Theos.  Theosophlst,  theosophy. 
therap.  Theraneutic,  therapeutlcfl. 
Thess.  Thessalonlans. 
thlr.  Thaler. 
The,  Thos.  Thomas. 
TI.,  Tib.  Tiberius. 


papa,  98k;  at,  &ir;  element,  tb6y,  usfge;  It,  |,  i  (ee);  o,  oh;  orator,  er;  full,  rule;  but,  Or; 


533 


t.  i.  d. 
zool. 


t.  i.  d.  Ter  in  die  (three  times  a  day). 

tier.  Tierce. 

Tim.  Timothy. 

tinct.  Tincture. 

Tit.  Titus,  tit.  Title. 

Tl.  ThalUum. 

T.  O.  Turn  over. 

Tob.  Tobit. 

toiii.  Tome. 

toun.  Tonnage. 

topog.  Topographical,  topography. 

tox.,  toxicol.  Toxicology. 

t».  Township. 

Tr.  Treasurer,  trustee. 

tr.  Transpose,  trill. 

tr.,    trans.    Transitive,  translated,  translation, 

transactions,  translator,  transportation. 
trag.  Tragedy,  tragic. 
trail sf.  Transferred. 
Trav.  Travels. 
Trb.,  Tr.  Tribunus  (tribune). 
tres.  Tierces. 

Treas.  Treasurer,  treasury. 
trig.,  trigon.  Trigonometrical,  trigonometry. 
Trin.  Trinity. 
trit.  Triturate. 

trop.  Tropic,  tropical,  tropically. 
ts.  Till  sale. 

T.  T.  I,.  To  take  leave. 
Tu.  Thulium. 
Tu.,  Tues.  Tuesday. 
Tul.,  T\i.  Tullius,  Tullus. 
Tur.,  Turk.  Turkey,  Turkish. 
typ.,  typo.,  typog.   Typographer,  typographios 

typographical,  typography. 

u 

U.  Uranium,  versor. 

U.  C.  Upper  Canada. 

U.  K.  United  Kingdom. 

ult.,  nlto.  Ultimo  (last  [month]). 

urn.,  unin.  Unmarried. 

ung.  Unguentum  (ointment). 

Unit.  Unitarian. 

Univ.  Universalist,  university. 

univ.  Universal. 


up.  Upper. 
Uiu.  Ui 


iruguay. 

U.  S.  Uncle  Sam,  United  States.  [America. 

U.  S.  A.  United  States  Army,  United   States  of 
U.    S.    M.    United   States  Mail,   United   States 

Marines. 
U.  S.  N.  United  States  Navy. 
U.  S.  S.    United   States   Senate,  United   States 

Ship,  United  States  Steamer. 
usii.  Usual,  usually. 
u.  s.  w.  Und  so  wetter  (and  so  forth). 
U.  T.,  U.  Ter.  Utah  Territory. 
ut.  diet.  Z7i!  diciifm  (as  directed). 
ut.  sup.  C/7  s?<pra  (as  above). 
ux.  Uxor  (wife). 


V.  Vanadium,  vector,  venerable,  vice,  Victoria, 
violin,  viscount,  volunteers.  [ume. 

V,  Verse,  versus  (against),  village,  vocative,  vol- 
V.,  vb.  Verb. 
v.,  Tid.  Fide  (see). 
V.  a.  Verb  active,  verbal  adjective. 
Va.  Virginia  (official).— va.  Viola. 
val.  Value. 
var.  Variant,  variety. 
Vat.  Vatican. 
vb.  n.  Verbal  noun. 
V.  d.  Various  dates. 
V.  def.  Verb  defective. 
V.  dep.  Verb  deponent. 
V.  D.  li.  Van  Diemen's  Land. 
Ven.  Venerable. 
Venet.  Venetian. 


Venez.  Venezuela. 

ver.  Verse. 

Verm.  Vermont.    See  Vt. 

versin.  Versed  sine. 

Vert.  Vertebrata,  vertebrate. 

ves.  Vessel. 

vet.,  veter.  Veterinary. 

Vet.  Surg.  Veterinary  surgeon. 

V.  g.  Verbi  gratia  (for  example). 

V.  1.,  vi.  Verb  intransitive. 

Vice  Pres.  Vice»President. 

vil.  Village. 

V.  imp.  Verb  impersonal. 

V.  irr.  Verb  Irregular. 

Vis.,  Vise,  Visct.  Viscount. 

viz.  Videlicet  (to  wit,  namely). 

V.  n.  Verb  neuter. 

voc.  Vocative. 

vocab.  Vocabulary. 

vol.  [VOLS.,  pZ.]  Volume,  volunteer. 

vole.  Volcano. 

V.  P.  VIce»President. 

"V.  S.  Veterinary  surgeon.— vs.  Versus. 

V.  s.  Volte  Hubito  (turn  over  quickly). 

Vt.  (official).  Vermont. 

V.  t.,  vt.  Verb  transitive. 

vul.,  vulg.  Vulgar,  vulgarly. 

Vul.,  Vulg.  Vulgate. 

VV.  Violins. 

w.  Week,  wife.  [Wolfram. 

W.    Warden,   Welsh,  West,   Western,    William, 

W.,  We.,  Wed.  Wednesday. 

W.  A.  West  Africa,  West  Australia. 

Wall.,  Wallach.  Wallachian. 

Wash.  Washington  State  (official). 

w.  c.  Water-closet. 

W.  C.  Wesleyan  Chapel,  without  charge. 

Westm.  Westminster. 

w.  f.,  wf.  Wrong  font. 

Whf.  Wharf. 

W.  I.  West  India,  West  Indies. 

Wis.  (official).  Wise.  Wisconsin. 

Wisd.  Wisdom  (book  of). 

Wk.  Week. 

W.  Ion.  West  longitude. 

Wm.  William. 

W.  N.  W.  West.northwest. 

Wp.  Worship. 

W.  R.  West  Riding. 

W.  S.  West  Saxon,  Writer  to  the  Signet. 

W.  S.  W.  West.southwest. 

wt.  Weight. 

W.  Va.  West  Virginia  (official). 

W^yo.  AVyoming  (official). 


xep.  Without  coupon. 

xd.,  xdiv.  Without  dividend. 

Xdr.  Crusader. 

Xen.  Xenophon. 

Xm.,  Xmas.  Christmas. 


y.  Yard,  year. 

Ye.  The  or  Thee.— Ym.  Them.— Yn.    Then. 

Yr.  Their.— Ys.  This.-Yt.     That. 
Y.  B.,  Yr.  B.  Year»Book. 
yd.  [YDS.,pZ.]  Yard. 
yr.  [YRS.,it)Z.]  Year,  younger,  your. 
Yt.  Yttrium. 

z 

Zach.  Zachary. 

Zeeh.  Zecharlah. 

Zeph.  Zephaniah. 

Z.  G.  Zoological  Garden. 

Zn.  Zinc. 

zoogeog.  Zoogeography. 

zool.  Zoology,  zoological. 


flutgure   (future);    aisle;    oii    (put);   eil;    c   (k);    chat;    dl»    (('Ae);   go;   sing,   ink;   tliin. 


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THE  MOST  PERFECT  UNABRIDGED  DICTIONARY 

PROF.  A.  G.  WILKINSON,  Principal  Examiner  since  1869  in  TJ.  S.  Patent  Office :  •'/«  is  the 
most  perfect  dictionary  ever  made  in  any  laitlfuage,  and  1  have  them  and  consult  them  in  six  dif- 
ferent languages  almost  daily.  The  fiigh  authority  of  this  dictio7iary  is  one  of  its  most  important 
features.    J  should  give  it  preference  on  all  disputed  points." 

THE    FUNK  &  WAGNALLS 

STANDARD  DICTIONARY 


IT  IS  INCOMPARABLY  the  greatest,  and  positively  the  latest,  most  complete,  most 
authoritative,  and  most  sumptuous  unabridged  dictionary  in  existence.  It  embodies  the 
expert  knowledge  of  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  world's  most  eminent  authorities  and 
specialists,  its  editorial  corps  representing  nearly  one  hundred  universities,  colleges,  etc., 
and  inclu/^'r     '  '"  'ted  States  Government  Experts. 


J 
typo 

THE  W 


Two  hun 
eminent  a 
partmentf 
their  expc 


tend 

It  includ( 
capitaliza 
lines  and 


781117 


ENCE 
as  than 
ures  of 
besides 

IB. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


idicates 
snds  of 
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Its  tables  of  measures,  plants,  animals,  coins,  etc.,  are  unexcelled. 

SUPERSEDES  ALL  OTHER  EXISTING  DICTIONARIES 
PROF.  SATCE,  of  Oxford  University,  England,  the  Eminent  Philologist,  says :  "  The 
Standard  Dictionary  is  tjuly  magnificent,  and  worthy  of  the  great  continent  which  has 
produced  it.    It  is  more  than  complete.  ...  It  Is  certain  to  supersede  all  other  existing 
dictionaries  of  the  English  language." 

A  DICTIONARY'S  LIMIT  OF  HELPFULNESS 

The  helpfulness  of  a  dictionary  can  not  reach  beyond  the  limit  of  its  vocabulary  or  the  range 
of  its  editorial  specialists.    The  Standard's  editors  are  world-wide  authorities. 


Vocab.  Terms 

Editors 

105,000 

18 

125,000 

41 

225,000 

81 

301,865 

«47 

Wokcestkr's  Dictionaky 

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The  Century  Dictionary 

Funk  &  Wagnalls  Standard  Dictionary 

THE  LONDON  TIMES :   "  The  merits  of  the  Standard  Dictionary  are  Indisputable 
and  are  abundantly  attested  by  a  large  number  of  unimpeachable  authorities." 

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